Byte Magazine Volume 07 Number 12 - Game Plan 1982

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Powerful.

DPU card with error-correcting memory and controller cards

68000-Powered

Once again you get a big stride forward with Cromemco.

This time it's our new DPU Dual Processor Unit. It gives enormous power to Cromemco computer systems such as our System One shown here.

Compares with mainframes

With the new DPU you get the almost unbelievably powerful 68000 processor and its 32-bit data-handling capabilities combined with its 16 Megabyte address space.

In other words with the System One/DPU combination you get a small machine that's the equal of superminis and mainframes in some areas.

8-Bit and 68000 software

The dual part of the DPU refers to its on-board Z-80A processor. With this you have access to existing CP/M* software.

for tomorrow

But besides being compatible with this wealth of existing 8-bit software, the System One/DPU has available a whole family of new 68000 system software. This includes a wide range of high-level software such as our 68000 Assembler, FORTRAN 77, Pascal, BASIC, COBOL, and C.

Beyond all this there's a version for the 68000 of our widely admired CROMIXt Operating System. It's like UNIXt but has even more features and gives multi-tasking and multi-user capability. In fact, one or more users can run on the Z-80A processor while others are running on the 68000. Switching between the Z-80A and 68000 is automatically controlled.

The System One itself is a bus-oriented machine that has options for color graphics, for 390K or 780K of floppy storage, a 5 MB hard disk option, communications capability, and multi-processor capability using our I/O processor card.

Powerful new micro. Powerful software.

System One CS-1H

3102 Terminal

Highly expandable

With the System One/DPU combination, you get tremendous expandability. Right now you can have up to 2 MB of RAM storage. You get this with our new Memory Storage cards and our Memory Controller. The Controller fully supports the 16 MB storage space of the 68000, allowing you vast future expansion capability.

Further, the memory has built-in error detection and correction, a feature normally found only in much more costly systems.

Present customers can field-upgrade their Cromemco systems to use the DPU and still be able to run their present software using the Z-80A on the DPU. It's one more

instance of Cromemco's policy of providing obsolescence insurance for Cromemco users.

Low priced

With all this performance you might not be ready for the low price we're talking about. With 256K of RAM and 780K of floppy storage, the price of the System One/DPU is only $5495. That's hard to beat.

So contact your rep now. He'll fill you in on the many more features that this outstanding and powerful machine offers.

*CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research tCROMIX is a trademark of Cromemco. Inc. tUNIX is a trademark of Bell Telephone Laboratories

ra

Cromemco

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a t

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Tomorrow's computers today

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COLOR GRAPHICS

n m

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PWhat Cromemco computer card capability can do lor you

The above diagram shows in a functional way one of the most complete lines of computer cards in the industry.

Look it over carefully. It could be well worth your while.

These are all cards that plug into our S-100 bus microcomputers.

You can also assemble them into a custom system in convenient Cromemco card cages.

MULTI-PROCESSING AND INTELLIGENT I/O

The range of capabilities and versatility you can draw upon is enormous.

In processors, for example, you have a choice of CPU's including our extremely useful new I/O Processor. This can be used as a satellite processor to do off-line processing, multi-processing, and to form intelligent I/O. It opens the door to a whole new group of applications and tasks. Ask us about it.

HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS

Again, you can have beautiful highresolution color graphics with our color graphics interface. You can select from over 4000 colors and have a picture with a resolution at least equal to quality broadcast-TV pictures.

Q

You have an unprecedented selection of memory including our unusual 48K and 16K two-port RAMs which allow high-speed color graphics.

LOTS OF STORAGE

These days you often want lots of disk storage. So you can select from our disk controller card which will operate our 5" and 8" floppy disk drives (up to 1.2 megabytes). Or select our WDI interface to operate our 11-megabyte hard disk drives.

POWERFUL SOFTWARE AND PERIPHERAL SUPPORT

There's much more yet you can do with our cards. And, of course, there's an easy way to put them to work in our 8-, 12-, and 21-slot card cages. Our PS8 power supply makes it simple to get the system into operation.

Finally, Cromemco offers you the strongest software support in the industry

Cromemco ™

incorporated 280 BERNARDO AVE., MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

with languages like FORTRAN, C, COBOL, ASSEMBLER, LISP, BASIC and others. There is also a wide choice from independent vendors.

To top it all off, you can draw from a substantial array of peripherals: terminals, printers, color monitors and disk drives.

There is even more capability than we're able to describe here.

NOW AT HALL-MARK AND KIERULFF

For your convenience Cromemco products are now available at Hall-Mark Electronics and Kierulff Electronics. Contact these national distributors for immediate product delivery.

CROMEMCO COMPUTER CARDS • PROCESSORS — 4 MHz Z-80 A CPU, single card computer, I/O processor • MEMORY — up to 64K including special 4BK and 16K two-port RAMS and our very well known BYTESAVERS® with PROM programming capability • HIGH RESOLUTION COLOR GRAPHICS — our SDI offers up to 754 x 482 pixel resolution. • GENERAL PURPOSE INTERFACES—QUADART four-channel serial communications, TU-ART two-channel parallel and two-channel serial, 8PJO 8-port parallel, 4PIO 4-port isolated parallel, D+7A7-channel D/Aand A/D converter, printer interface, floppy disk controller with RS-232 interface and system diagnostics, wire-wrap and extender cards for your development work.

(415)964-7400

In The Queue

BOTE

Volume 7, Number 12

December 1982

Features

42 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer System, Part 2 by Steve Ciarcia / A continued description of an 8088-based system that shares its principles of operation with the IBM Personal Computer.

83 Game Plan 1982 / A section devoted entirely to games and gaming begins here.

84 The Colnless Arcade—Rediscovered by Pamela Clark and Gregg Williams / With so many games available for microcomputers and cartridge systems,

you can play forever.

92 The Vectrex Arcade System by Pamela Clark / A vector-display game system brings true arcade adventures into the home—all for less than S200.

94 Board to Death / Can you tell an Apple from a TRS-80 when they're stripped of their outer trappings? Find out by taking this quiz that tests your skill in recognizing printed-circuit boards.

96 Design Techniques and Ideals for Computer Games by Chris Crawford / Atari's prized and prolific creator of games discusses some of the special techniques he uses.

112 Chargel by C. Anthony Ray / A trajectory game that shoots electrons through stationary ions. It's the second-place winner in the BYTE Game Contest.

1 24 Cosmic Conquest by Alan Sartori-Angus /

The first-place winner in the BYTE Game Contest is a realtime space strategy game.

142, 150, 160, 162 BYTE Game Grid:

Ricochet by Gregg Williams; Action Games for the VIC-20 by Russell Kavanagh; Deadline by Chris Morgan; Penetrator by Stan Wszola

167 Character Editor for the Atari by Tim

Kilby / Explore the Atari's ANTIC 4 and 5 modes.

222 User's Column: A Slew of Languages, a Slap at Documentation, and a Curse at Keyboards by Jerry

Pournelle / Unaccustomed as he is to voicing his opinions, Jerry drops just a few hints.

260 The Soundchaser Computer Music Systems by

Robert A. Moog / Two new synthesizers make headway in the evolutionary process toward the ultimate computer music system.

278 A Brief Introduction to Electronic Music Synthesizers by Robert A. Moog / Modern-day synthesizers are direct descendants of analog computers.

288 The 8051 One-Chip Microcomputer: A Most

Powerful Microcontroller by Howard Boyet and Ron Katz / Hardware-intensive applications can show off the power of hardware.

314 Problem Oriented Language, Part 1: A New Method of Input by Mark Finger / Data entry can be shortened and simplified by using Problem Oriented Language.

372 Practical Dynamic-Memory System Design by

Rob Belies / A straightforward look at design with dynamic devices.

414 Test Your Memory Using the Barber-Pole Algorithm by H. R. Pinnick Jr. / Useful diagnostic information is not hard to obtain, as an example coded for the 8080 processor shows.

486 A Versatile Low-Cost Microprocessor

Controller Module by David L. Craig / Add intelligence to your latest project at minimal expense.

Reviews

206 Microshell and Unica: Unix-Style Enhancements for CP/M by Christopher Kern

250 Autocontrol's AC-85: A CP/M System on One

Board by JoAnne Benedict

392 Multidos: A New TRS-80 Disk Operating System by

Rowland Archer

404 Condor Series 20 DBMS by Jack L. Abbott

Nucleus

6

14

38,

182,

202,

389, 398,

500 505 506 508 512 514 518 532 589 590 591

Editorial: The Play's the Thing

Letters

202, BYTE's Bits

390 Product Description: Lotus Development

Corporation's 1-2-3; The Lobo Max-80

389 Book Reviews: PET/CBM BASIC; 8080/Z80

Assembly Language: Techniques for Improved

Programming

403 BYTE's Bugs

448 System Notes: GRPRINT: An Apple Utility

Program for Dot-Matrix Printers; A Little Apple SOS

with Your Pascal

BYTELINES

Clubs and Newsletters

Ask BYTE

Software Received

Books Received

Event Queue

Cumulative Index Update

What's New?

Unclassified Ads

BOMB, BOMB Results

Reader Service

■

r

&

Page 84

Page 92

Page 96

Page 150

Editor in Chief Christopher P. Morgan

Managing Editor

Mark Haas

Technical Editors

Gregg Williams. Senior Editor.

Richard S. Shuford. Curtis P. Feigel.

George Stewart, Arthur Little.

Stanley Wszola, Pamela Clark. Richard Malloy;

Phillip Lemmons, West Coast Editor; Steve

Garcia. Mark Dahmke. Consulting Editors;

Jon Swanson, Drafting Editor

Copy Editors

Beverly Cronin. Chief;

Faith Hanson. Warren Williamson. Anthony J.

Lockwood. Hilary Selby Polk. Elizabeth Kepner,

Nancy Hayes. Cathryn Baskin, Tom McMillan;

Margaret Cook. Junior Copy Editor

Assistants

Faith Kluntz, Beverly Jackson. Lisa Jo Stemer

Production

David R. Anderson. Assoc. Director; Patrice Scribner. Jan Muller. Virginia Reardon; Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney. Valerie Horn

Advertising

Thomas Harvey. Director; Marion Carlson. Rob Hannings, Deborah Porter. Vicki Reynolds, Cathy A. R. Drew. Lisa Wozmak; Jacqueline Earnshaw. Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li. Advertising/ Production Coordinator; Linda J. Sweeney

Circulation

Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;

Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager;

Agnes E. Perry, Barbara Varnum, Louise

Menegus, Jennifer Price, Sheila A. Bamford;

James Bingham, Dealer Sales;

Deborah J, Cadwell. Asst; Linda Ryan

Marketing Communications

Horace T. Howland. Director;

Wilbur S. Watson. Coordinator;

Timothy W. Taussig, Graphic Arts Manager;

Michele P. Verville. Research Manager

Controllers Office

Daniel Rodngues. Controller. Mary E. Fluhr. Acct, & D/P Mgr,; Karen Burgess, Jeanne Cilley, Linda Fluhr. Vicki Bennett, L. Bradley Browne, Vein Rockwell

Traffic

N. Scott Gagnon. Manager.

Scott Jackson, Kathleen Reckart

Receptionist

Jeanann Waters

Publishers

Virginia Londoner. Gordon R. Williamson;

John E. Hayes, Associate Publisher;

Cheryl A. Hurd, Publisher's Assistant

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company; Paul F, McPherson, President; Executive Vice President; Gene W. Simpson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: R. Bernard Alexander; Kemp Anderson. Business Systems Development; Shel F. Asen. Manufacturing; Harry L. Brown, Special Markets; Robert B. Doll, Circulation; James E. Hackett. Controller. Eric B. Herr. Planning and Development: H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw Jr.. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer; Joseph L. Dionne. President and Chief Operating Officer. Robert N. Landes. Senior Vice President and Secretary: Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer.

In This Issue

Video games are taking the country by storm. They provide thousands of youngsters and adults alike with hours of exciting play. Their attraction forms a complex web of challenge, high-speed action, and intrigue. Video games offer a temporary alternative to workaday problems and worries. And, as Robert Tinney's cover suggests, they transport you into another world. Swiftly moving out of the arcades and into the homes, video games for microcomputers have grown into a booming industry of their own. In keeping with this national game wave and the playful spirit of the holiday season, we have put together a section devoted exclusively to games |see page 83). Game Plan 1982 includes "The Coinless Arcade—Rediscovered" by Pamela Clark and Gregg Williams; reviews of four games in BYTE's new Game Grid; the first-and second-place Game Contest Winners, "Cosmic Conquest" by Alan Sartori-Angus and "Chargel" by C. Anthony Ray, respectively; an article by Chris Crawford of Atari on "Design Techniques and Ideals for Computer Games," a quiz called "Board to Death" that will test your skill in recognizing printed-circuit boards; and more. We have our first annual update of the BYTE Cumulative Index. We present the second part of Steve Ciarcia's three-part article "Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer System." Gregg Williams describes "Lotus Development Corporation's 1-2-3." And we have Jerry Pournelle's User's Column plus our regular features and reviews.

BYTE is published monthly by BYTE Publications Inc. 70 Main St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603) 924-9281. a wholly-owned subsidiary of McGraw-Hill. Inc. Office hours: Mon-Thur 8:30 AM - 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM - Noon. Eastern Time. Address subscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISSN 0360-5280). Canadian second class registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S19 for one year, $34 for two years, and S49 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S2I for one year, S 38 for two years, 555 for three years. $43 for one year air delivery to Europe. S35 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S2.95 in the USA and its possessions, S3.50 in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1982 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the base fee of S1.00 per copy of the article or item plus 25 cents per page. Payment should be sent directly to the CCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.

BYTE1-' is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 N Zeeb Rd. Dept PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row, Dept PR, London WCIR 4EJ England.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to: BYTE Subscriber Service

P.O. Box 328 Hancock, NH 03449

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Lie

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The system builder's best choice for color graphics is a CS5000 color system from SCION. Its basic component is MicroAngelo, the single board graphics display computer that has revolutionized monochrome display capability with low cost 512x480 pixel graphics resolution and 40 line by 85 character text capacity. When MicroAngelo boards are combined, they create high resolution color graphics that have a unique advantage. The displayed image is a combination of transparencies. So you can add, modify or delete images by transparency rather than as an entire image.

SCION's Series CS5000 builds an image with up to 8 bit planes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. You select the assignment of those bit planes to transparencies. Each transparency can display 2n-1 colors where n is the number of bit planes it uses... 2 bit planes would make a three color transparency, 8 bit planes would make a 255 color transparency. Once each transparency has been defined, your host can work with it independently, generating and modifying its graphics and text without interacting with the others. The independent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixer board which also assigns one of 16.8 million possible colors to each color of each transparency.

Vbur computer talks to the SCION Color System in SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE commands are used by the computer in each MicroAngelo bit plane to generate graphics and text primitives. User interface is made simple with prompted system set-up using SCION's ColorPak.

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy to use. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100 host. Or use the freestanding workstation configuration with its RS-232 interface. In each case, you get high resolution color graphics for such a low price you can't afford to design your own.

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Milestone is a registered trademark ol Organic Sollware CP/M and CP/M-86 frademarks o! Drgilal Research UCSD Pascal trademark ol Regent of University ol California

Editorial

The Play's the Thing

Pamela Clark, Technical Editor

Each year, we mark December's arrival by the visions of toys and games that fill store windows, newspaper ads, television screens, and, of course, children's heads. And each year, many of us remain aloof, choosing instead to concentrate our energies on work. At least that was the case until 1982.

This year, not only the children are thinking about games, reading about games, talking about games, buying games, and even playing games. Primetime television documentaries focus on the game invasion and its origins. Communities around the country picket arcade parlors in an attempt to keep the young from electronic clutches. Video-game commercials appear almost as frequently as pitches for laundry detergent. Games magazines fill the racks at supermarkets. Will 1982 be remembered as the Year the Games Got Us?

What's the Attraction?

Accompanying this newfound passion for arcade games is the inevitable quest to understand their fascination. Theories abound: games provide tension release, an escape from reality, and a techno-mystical high, to name a few. In addition to sounding vaguely like claims for snake oil, these explanations ignore the fundamental relationship of people and play. As John Huzinga writes in Homo Ludens (man as the player), "We play and know that we play, so we must be more than rational beings, for play is irrational."

Play, of course, is nothing new. Throughout history people have played games, sometimes with great abandon but more often furtively, as if playing is something we shouldn't admit we do, much less enjoy. Perhaps this very ambivalence has relegated the activity to the young. Most adults have done little more than smile wistfully at youth's antics before resuming more serious activities. The microcomputer, however, gives play an aura of respectability and therefore makes games playing an acceptable adult pastime.

Suitable for Gaming

Although the microcomputer can do many things, it is uniquely suited to game playing. For many of us, it represents a mature approach to play in the privacy of our homes. A variety of skill levels, a large selection of games, and the ability to be programmed to a vow of silence make the machine a perfect play companion. It spares us the dilemma of finding worthy opponents and the anguish of having our pet strategies revealed to friends and relatives. And because we play in private, no one need ever discover our secret passion.

For better or for worse, many of us equate a fondness for arcade games with a craven longing for the National Enquirer—a weakness we shouldn't admit to in polite company. But that attitude is changing. Those of us who want to game without shame may soon find strength in numbers. As more people own microcomputers, the ranks of game players multiply. In fact, playing games could become a worldwide pastime. After all, if robots do all the work, well need something to do.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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With Reliable Hard-Line Thinking

Let's cut through all the "compu-babble" about hard-disk systems with some hard-line thinking.

If you own an IBM-PC*, Apple II* or TRS-80* Model III, and want to expand to a hard-disk system, you want some fairly basic things from Winchester technology:

• More storage capacity than your present system

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software PERCOM DATA was pioneering critical, reliable data separation functions for micro systems long before many of today's companies even began. PERCOM DATA'S solid industry reputation is your promise of hard-disk performance, from a drive with specifications equal to or superior to your own system.

PERCOM DATA 5Va inch PHD's'" are your easy, hard-line answer. These units are available in 5, 10, 15 and 30 megabyte models. The First Drive unit has a microprocessor-based drive controller, permitting you to add up to 3 more hard-disk PHD's. And PHD series prices are more than competitive, whether your system is an IBM-PC, Apple II, or TRS-80 Model III.

So, if you're ready to expand your system, do it with PERCOM DATA'S PHD. Our hard-line thinking of more than half a decade means you get a reliable, high-quality PERCOM DATA peripheral, backed by the PERCOM DATA Performance Promise.

Take a hard-line of your own today! Call one of our Sales Consultants for more information and specifications or for the name of your close-by PERCOM DATA Dealer.

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Editorial

The Game's the Same

In 1982, few games broke new ground in either design or format. Regrettably, the trend toward uniformity may continue to be characteristic of computer gaming. There are two primary reasons for this: commercial marketing trends and the design imbalance of most games.

The microcomputer game industry is subject to the same forces that shape other industries, the primary one being to make money. If the public really likes an idea, it is milked for all it's worth, and numerous clones of a different color soon crowd the shelves. That is, until the public stops buying or something better comes along. Companies who believe that microcomputer games are the hula hoop of the 1980s only want to play Quick Profit. And when companies measure their success by quarters (both the calendar and coin variety), designing innovative games is low on the list of priorities.

Microcomputer games are now part of the mammoth entertainment industry that focuses on your play time and how much you will spend on it. Companies view games in terms of their knock-off potential, the same trend that affects television and movies. Look at Raiders of the Lost Ark, Tales of the Gold Monkey, and Pitfall—the movie, the TV show, and the game.

Ironically, in industry's rush to respond to demand, the original creative concept always seems to get copied rather than improved. Just as the birth of the microcomputer spawned a seemingly endless succession of similar machines, the instant popularity of video games will beget generations of imitative software. While the industry isn't totally saturated with look-alikes, this year has seen more money poured into promotion and advertising than into developing new and innovative games.

The Limits of Game Design

The second reason for uniformity, the design imbalance of games, has to do with the background of computer game designers. Most of the current designers acquired their computer skills before they began tinkering with games. Their games still reflect that orientation; they make the game fit the machine. Thus the microcomputer severely limits game design. Ideally, a computer game is composed of the same elements as any other game: the players' roles, the setting, and the plot (.the sequence of events and their consequences). For believable roles, designers apply an extensive knowledge of behavior. For engaging settings, they draw on their imagination and experience. By combining these elements with a suitable plot, a designer can create a particular mood.

Unfortunately, in many computer games, some elements are not as well developed as others. Because the plot can easily be reduced to a series of numbers and instructions, it is well suited to the microcomputer . Thus most computer game designers manipulate the plot rather than the roles or setting. Consider the following sequence

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of events: if Player A fires the laser pistol and hits the alien, the score will increase by 1000 and the sky will fill with swarms of attacking spaceships. (Quick: how many of you have already translated this into the appropriate code?) Programming a computer to keep a record of events and generate consequences is clearly easier than creating a complex integration that incorporates roles and settings. If you experience deja vu while playing a video game, it's because, underneath the colors and sounds, most computer games are just the same old formulas. Creating games with a balance of roles, setting, and plot may require the skills of designers who discovered games before computers.

Brave New Games

One way to balance the elements of game design is to approach the microcomputer as part of an overall system, incorporating videodiscs and holography to create your own game. You might, for example, become the hero of a life-size battlefield projected on the walls of your playroom. All you'd have to do is select the videodisc with the appropriate scenery and push the holography function key. When you tired of battling in one location, you could choose another: capture the Eiffel Tower in Paris, run with the Cossacks on a vast Tibetan plain, or engage in a warp-drive duel in another galaxy.

Similarly, if you find a game design you really enjoy, you can personalize it; descending aliens could become gypsy moths, next-door neighbors, ring-around-thecollar, or whatever nemesis you want to blast away at. In fact, if you use the microcomputer as a game-generating machine, you can create your very own game world. First determine the size of your visual display, from one screen to six—which would fill the room with pulsating scenery. Route the sound through strategically located speakers and select your setting—30,000 bc, a couple of light-years down the road, or anywhere in between. Decide whether your player image will be a projection of yourself or a symbolic playing token you create. If you like, the game machine can compute your handicap based on an algorithm of your previous experience and your present mental and physical condition. After a few moments you'd have a game to call your own.

The computer's ability to communicate means that you can even share your game with a worldwide contingent of players. As we communicate through play, microcomputer gaming could become the Esperanto of the future. The possibilities are endless if we strive to make the microcomputer a game machine instead of just making more games for the microcomputer.

Where does that leave us? This hasn't been a banner year for innovation, but during 1982 lots of us finally went public playing games. That event alone may have more influence on the look of future games than any technological breakthrough, marketing strategy, or designer's revelation.■

10 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

Logo Draws Enthusiastic Responses

Congratulations on the August 1982 BYTE theme issue describing Logo, a most interesting language and computer-based learning environment.

Daniel Watt's excellent article, "Logo in the Schools" (page 116), as well as others in that issue, states that the Logo environment improves a student's learning ability. But from the research presented in BYTE, it is not clear that Logo, per se, is really the panacea its enthusiastic sponsors claim it to be.

Many factors influence a student's ability to learn and a teacher's ability to evaluate student performance. Increased training of the teachers, increased time spent individually with students, greater availability of modern equipment, special-interest group meetings after school and on weekends, and the special recognition that a child gets for being part of the study may have had a greater impact than that of Logo.

That the student knows that he or she is participating in a study can skew the test results tremendously. This problem was demonstrated long ago in psychological research and is known as the "Hawthorne effect."

The Edinburgh study (page 117) showed that the quantitative improvement in mathematical skills was small, while the teachers perceived the students to have better reasoning abilities. In this case, it appears that the outcome of the test was influenced by what the teachers expected to find.

If teachers think that Logo-based education is good for the students, then they will tend to find mostly positive results. Nicknamed the "Rosenthal effect," this problem has also been called a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The notion of a self-fulfilling prophecy applies to students as well. Children branded as "below average" often perform at a low level because they lack the confidence to succeed. When they are specially selected for a research study, they are labeled as someone unique. That label, in turn, becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, giving them the impetus to succeed because someone expects them to.

The solution is to conduct a doubleblind experiment. The person who evaluates student ability should have no knowl

edge whatsoever of the experimental conditions applied to the student groups.

Education is a system with many subparts; Logo is only one part of that system and is merely the catalyst for all the other factors. Logo solves the problems associated with the computer (e.g., Logo is highly interactive and more user-friendly than previous systems). But Logo research projects seem to ignore all other influential forces.

When Logo systems go into the field, will classes be small enough for individual instruction? How many teachers will be given additional instruction and training in the use of Logo? Will funding be provided for teachers to supervise after-hours special-interest groups? Will schools really have enough machines to make Logo use meaningful? (Even if Apple donates a computer to every school, one computer per school doesn't provide much machine time for each student.)

Like the researchers, I also believe that the use of Logo systems will have a positive effect on learning ability. But more thorough research than that reviewed in BYTE must be done before we Logo-ize all of our schools.

Edward Mitchell, Software Development

Engineer 720-A Independence Ave. Mountain View, CA 94040

I read with interest the Logo articles in the August BYTE. I would, however, like to make two observations. First, the claim that modern program-language designers advocate the use of data typing in order to (1) discourage the use of a single variable for various purposes (see page 174 of Brian Harvey's "Why Logo?") and (2) to simplify the work of a compiler (see page 88 of "Harold Abelson's "A Beginner's Guide to Logo") are not quite accurate.

It is true that these goals can be attained by typing variables and declaring all variables used; however, the major gain is that the information required for a precise understanding of a program from its text is made available. A data type is a set of values and a group of operations; a variable is a named object declared to be of some type. A variable can have as value any element of the set of values of its declared type, and the operations of that type are the only ones that may be applied to the variable. Thus, the declaration

var i: integer

in Pascal supplies the following information: the program will be using a variable named "i," the values it may take on are in the range — maxint to +maxint, and the only operations that may be applied to "i" are the arithmetic, comparison, and evaluation operations defined for integers in the Pascal-language definition. The gain is less in automatic compiler checking than in the increase of human understandability of a program.

This brings up my second point about Logo: it appears to be an excellent tool for the sorts of exploratory learning for which it was intended. In my opinion, however, it is totally inadequate as a medium for the development of certifiable product software which efficiently uses the resources of a machine to perform a computational task. In particular, the system does not lend itself to the development of large software systems by a group of software engineers; note that this is precisely the situation in which complete accurate information about the structure of the software and its functional and performance properties must be available to personnel other than the original developer. I suspect that Logo vendors would not want to develop, modify, and maintain the Logo processor software (interpreter, editor, I/O routines, etc.) in Logo. The development and maintenance of software products should be an engineering rather than an experimental enterprise; Logo was designed for experimental rather than engineering use.

Bill Wood

St. Louis Park, MN 55426

I would like to make a few comments on Daniel Watt's article "Logo in the Schools." It only reinforces my belief that schools are not the best place to educate children.

Several points brought forth in Watt's discussion of the Brookline Logo project (page 120) deserve special emphasis. "The surprising success of students with learning disabilities. . ." seems a contradiction. One wonders if "learning disability" is not an educator's term to describe a teaching inability. Information presented in a way acceptable to each individual child will virtually eliminate this national epidemic—learning disability.

14

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

The Brookline project rejected standardized tests to measure the stated goal "to observe and document what [the children] actually learned." To me, this means that tests may be designed to evaluate the system (e.g., an educator's preplanned objectives) and not to determine a child's knowledge. One should think about this very carefully.

Watt said that a "limitation of the project was that it required an extremely sensitive and knowledgeable teacher, with a great deal of time to consider the needs of each student." To me, this is the ultimate limitation of all schools.

A final comment directed at Watt's conclusion. He said that "teachers need to understand the value of exploratory learning and student interaction." It seems to me that professional educators have been promoting just the opposite because, with student/teacher ratios of 30 and more, rigid discipline is mandatory. Watt should have said that "teachers need to unlearn their own training to limit individuality and interstudent communications." Paraphrasing the Computer in the Schools project coordinator, maybe practicing this will "turn kids on" and provide further "striking changes in kids' relationships to schools and learning."

Please continue the efforts to present a wide variety of information in BYTE so that those of us who choose to educate our children at home may learn. I found the August issue particularly supportive of my endeavor.

James O. Mayor

26824 Howard Chapel Dr.

Damascus, MD 20872

7 agree with Mr. Mayor that many of the points raised in my article, "Logo in the Schools," could be taken as criticism of prevailing classroom practices. I am delighted that he found the August issue helpful in supporting his decision to educate his children at home. On the other hand, millions of children who are in schools are also entitled to experience the kinds of benefits that a Logo learning experience can offer. I believe that Logo can help schools broaden and deepen the kinds of learning experiences that they offer and that our schools will be more likely to do so if the issues highlighted by Mr. Mayor are clearly faced and understood by educators who choose to use Logo in their classrooms. . . . D. W.

What a pleasure it was to devour the August 1982 BYTE from cover to cover! Logo is becoming a significant part of our "computer culture," and BYTE's outstanding treatment of its many aspects and levels of subtlety certainly affirms that fact. I especially appreciated the articles by Daniel Watt ("Logo in the Schools," page 116) and Cynthia Solomon ("Introducing Logo to Children," page 196). From these articles, the average reader can get an excellent overview of the tremendous practical potential for Logo in our classrooms.

The National Logo Exchange, a newsletter for Logo teachers, is dedicated to facilitating the exchange of successful Logo teaching tips, techniques, and strategies among teachers using Logo in their classrooms. As editor, I applaud BYTE's efforts to educate the general public to Logo, and I look forward to the effects of the August issue being felt in many school board meetings across the country.

Again, thank you for the efforts on behalf of Logo. The children of today will benefit from the August BYTE for many years.

Tom Lough, Editor The National Logo Exchange POB 5341 Charlottesville, VA 22905

Excellent edition—August 1982. The articles on Logo were very good. As an educator who has been using Logo for several months with children of a variety of ages (2nd to 10th grades) and with a variety of results, I thoroughly enjoyed the issue (I wanted to write to compliment BYTE even before I finished the last article).

I would also like to comment on Chris Morgan's editorial "Keeping Our Technological Edge." While I echo Mr. Morgan's thoughts about providing a greater chance for children to learn computing skills by making hardware available through tax breaks, I would like to point out what many consider a more serious problem: the dramatic shortage of qualified teachers of math and science. The reason for this shortage is clear: salary. A beginning programmer earns more than one and a half times the salary of a beginning teacher. Further, there is little job security in teaching. The National Science Teachers Association found

that 50.2% of the teachers assigned to math and science classes last year had inadequate backgrounds. And the problem is getting worse. A recent article in the New York Times pointed out that during the last decade production of secondary school teachers has declined 78% in math and 64% in science.

Although numerous solutions have been proposed, including getting industry involved on various levels, the main thrust will have to come from a commitment to education on a national basis. We are dangerously close to falling behind Japan, West Germany, and the Soviet Union in technological fields, and we will certainly fall behind if we continue to follow this path of cutting back for today and sacrificing our future.

Again, I applaud BYTE on the August issue and for its awareness of the problems that are evolving.

John Reynolds, Computer Coordinator Lenox School 170 East 70th St. New York, NY 10021

More on Logo

I have just returned from buying two additional copies of the special Logo issue of BYTE. These will remain our references, as have some other issues of BYTE.

BYTE's consulting editor, Phil Lemmons, concluded his "Logo Update" by citing the lack of hardware to teach Logo (page 334). In the YPLA (Young People's Logo Association) we have faced that problem by devising methods of teaching turtle geometry off the computer. Most certainly we don't ignore the computer. Rather, we take the geometric concepts carried out on the screen and place them into real-life situations with which young people can very easily relate. Thus, when they get their turn at the keyboard, they can use that precious time to better advantage.

Our program is quite simple. We use body geometry, arts and crafts projects, graph paper, cut-outs made from screendumped programs, worksheets, activities with Big Trak, and other devices to help provide a visual reference to the educational concepts presented by the turtle.

Also, Gregg Williams in his comparative article on the implementations of Logo overlooked what I have found to be

16 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters ■

a very important undocumented TI Logo command. (See "Logo for the Apple II, the TI-99/4A, and the TRS-80 Color Computer," page 230.) To the best of my knowledge, Turtle News is the only publication to fully describe the JOY1 and JOY2 commands. These are extremely useful for inputting numerical code to the computer.

I have enjoyed working with cerebralpalsied patients using adapted joysticks as the input devices. And the ease with which Logo can be learned, coupled with its efficiency as a general-purpose language, make it very well suited for teaching these people what can be done with the computer.

Given the confidence quickly gained through Logo, these people can, will, and do gain the confidence to go on and learn what they need to do to become productive citizens. All they need is someone to show them that they can indeed do it.

Again, thanks for a marvelous issue. It will become a most permanent and useful part of our library.

lames H. Muller, President Young Peoples' Logo Association 1208 Hillside Dr. Richardson, TX 75081

Congratulations on the August issue devoted to Logo. I can hardly imagine a better job of covering both the language and the culture. I have one complaint, however, concerning Gregg Williams's otherwise top-notch article comparing four different versions of Logo. (See "Logo for the Apple II, the TI-99/4A, and the TRS-80 Color Computer," page 230.)

His contrast between the relatively black box, user-proof character of Apple Logo and the relatively greater user access to the Terrapin/Krell version is right on the mark. But does it follow that "Apple Logo is better for situations involving nontechnical users and. . .Terrapin Logo is oriented more toward the sophisticated programmer"? I suppose that depends on one's image of the typical new user of Logo.

For the past few months, I have been giving workshops for educators interested in learning about Logo. As a group, these are overwhelmingly nontechnical users. Nevertheless, given a choice between Apple Logo and Terrapin Logo, they consistently express a preference for the Terrapin version (after overcoming some initial bias in favor of the Apple name).

The single difference that most accounts for this preference is one factor that wasn't even mentioned explicitly in the article: what the user can do with pictures in the two systems. Although it is possible to get a printer copy of the graphics screen in Apple Logo, one must "crash" Logo to do so. In Terrapin/Krell Logo, the user may save and read pictures from files that are accessible not only from within Logo but also within Apple DOS. As a result, for example, one can create and save pictures using public-domain Applesoft-based utilities and then use them freely from inside Logo programs.

To a teacher just getting started with a new language, this kind of compatibility across systems has a powerful appeal. So does a tutorial manual (from Terrapin) that is both "geared for the novice" and "does a very good job of introducing some advanced Logo concepts." Teachers also appreciate the tutorial demonstration programs and the shape-editing utility from MIT and the text-editing utilities from Terrapin. By contrast, as Mr. Williams states, "Apple Logo's greatest strength is its advanced programming commands." The applications for these commands are, of course, over the heads of the teachers in my introductory workshops.

Except for that, I could find nothing in the whole issue that didn't make sense to me. Thanks for a superb job.

David Greene 3144 David Ave. Palo Alto, CA 94303

Thanks for pointing out a difference between the two systems that is obviously important to a large body of users. When I made those comments on Apple and Terrapin Logo, I was thinking of Apple Logo's BURY and STARTUP-file features (for the benefit of nontechnical users, Terrapin Logo doesn't have these) and Terrapin's tracing and assembler features (to be used by the advanced user; Apple Logo doesn't have these). But your evaluation is equally valid—and I certainly won't argue with experience gained in the field. Thanks for writing. . . . G. W.

The August 1982 BYTE devoted to the Logo language was very interesting, but all the writers missed the existence of the hidden (and dare I say subversive) message "RESIST THE DRAFT," which is to be found on sector 8, track 8, of Apple Logo. With this product going into so

18

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters

many of our schools, it seems that Apple Computer is making an early start on 1984.

Dr. John S. Kallend Oil Life Sciences Building Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL 60616

Everyone Can Know the Real Chips

As Steve Ciarcia pointed out in his article "Everyone Can Know the Real Time," National Semiconductor's MM58167A real-time clock chip greatly simplifies the implementation of a time-of-day clock. (See the May 1982 BYTE, page 34.) However, the chip is manufactured using an extremely slow CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) process that can cause designers some unforeseen problems. Most notably, chip access can take up to 1 microsecond, necessitating the use, in some systems, of the ready line (RDY/pin 4) to force the processor into

extra wait states until data is valid.

On the positive side, while the manufacturer seems to indicate that interrupts faster than 10 Hz are not possible, in fact interrupts at speeds over 500 Hz can be implemented. This involves using the alarm-clock function and incrementing the setting by values as small as 2 microseconds after each interrupt in software. Again, the slow CMOS process keeps the user from programming faster interrupts due to the long propagation delays in the 48-bit comparator. Within a year, National plans to release a new version of the chip using a higher-speed CMOS process that should eliminate the access problem and allow interrupts at rates up to 1 kHz. The MM58167A (and other chips by Motorola and Oki) will certainly increase the use of time-of-day clocks in small systems.

Bob Rumer

Beckman Instruments Inc. 200 South Kraemer W-172 Brea, CA 92621

A Reasonable Request

Can we please quit squabbling over which operating system is the best, or at least set up some ground rules for comparisons? I am very tired of the watermelon versus kumquat comparisons of Unix and CP/M that have been raging in BYTE this year. (See "Unix Feedback," August 1982 BYTE, page 20.)

To begin with, there are many different types of operating systems, including:

• single-user systems such as CP/M and RT-11

• real-time systems such as RSX-llM

• timesharing systems such as Unix, VMS, RSTS, and MP/M

It is a waste of time to fight over members of different groups. The only thing that really matters is if you are using an operating system that is suited to the task at hand. This can be illustrated quite well with Digital Equipment Corporation's PDP series of computers. At least four choices of operating systems are available

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Letters

for it: RT-11, RSX-llM, RSTS, and Unix. For various tasks and under different conditions, any one may be the better choice. On a single machine, I have, at various times, used RT-11 to run diagnostics, RSX-llM to run a statistical package that required it, and Unix for all in-house daily processing. If I ever encountered a package that ran under RSTS, I would be glad to try to accommodate that system too.

As a matter of interest, my machine can handle one user under RT-11, about four under RSX-llM, and about ten under Unix. Because CP/M is a near double of RT-11 for 8-bit machines, the folly of direct comparisons is obvious.

If you let them, operating systems can become religions instead of tools to get your job done. More than enough religious fanatics are battling in the world today; we don't need a holy war over Unix and CP/M. If you are happy with your operating system, that is fine. But don't blind yourself to the fact that some tasks (perhaps even yours) might be much easier to perform in another environment. It is one thing to be locked into a system because of a large investment in time and money and quite another to use the fact that you are locked in to promote antiquated and low-powered systems onto new machines.

Tom Slezak, Computer Scientist Bio-Medical Sciences Division Lawrence Livermore National

Laboratory POB 808 L-452 Livermore, CA 94550

Bug In FORTRAN-80 Goes Uncorrected

I have been putting Microsoft FORTRAN-80 to quite heavy use for more than four years and have been very satisfied with its general performance. Because Microsoft is regarded as a leader in microcomputer software, one might expect it to have a reasonable approach to handling bug reports. It does not, as the following example illustrates.

About three years ago, a bug appeared in FORTRAN-80 in which it failed to correctly repeat group format specifications. (For those interested in the specifics, FORTRAN-80 will not correctly perform the READ on page 153 of Harry Katzan Jr.'s FORTRAN 77 [New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978]. The structure

is common to both '66 and '77 FORTRAN.) I reported the bug at that time, and Microsoft acknowledged its presence. When I bought the next update, the bug had not been fixed. I reported it again, this time being assured that no one had reported it before (I had reported it previously, myself!). Again, when I bought the next update, the bug was still there.

After three years and several more repeats of the above, I sent a certified letter to the president of Microsoft that outlined my experience to him and asked him for a clear statement of Microsoft's intentions. What I got was an endorsement of the following: "Microsoft has no intention of fixing the bug in FORTRAN-80 regarding FORMAT re-use."

Having been in the business for many years, I can understand a certain degree of aloofness when dealing with the user, but Microsoft advertises FORTRAN-80 to be in compliance with the "full ANSI Standard FORTRAN X3.9-1966 except the COMPLEX data type." It is not, and Microsoft has known for some three years now that it is not.

David Dunthorn CF Systems 908 West Outer Dr. Oak Ridge, TN 37830

IBM FORTRAN'S Quality Questioned

Caveat emptor: IBM Personal Computer FORTRAN "... is provided 'as is' without warranty of any kind ... including . . . implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The entire risk as to the quality and performance of the program is with you." The quotation is from the IBM Program License Agreement.

Why worry? The compiler was developed by Microsoft and is supported by IBM. With names like that behind the product, it must be pretty good . . . right?

Wrong. During my evaluation, I encountered one problem after another, ranging from disappointing omissions to outright bugs. In my opinion, this product is fundamentally unusable.

I didn't expect it to be perfect. 1 have worked with at least 15 different FORTRAN compilers during my career, and none of them has ever been perfect. But consider what I found.

22 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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Suppose you declare a character variable CHARACTER *64 LINE and then READ into LINE with a simple "A" format. If you do not supply 64 characters of input, the program terminates with fatal error number 1252: "Not enough input to satisfy IOlist. . ." This means you have to type the trailing blanks when entering input from the keyboard. It also means that you can't write a program to read a text file one line at a time. The I/O package does not provide the trailing blanks that conventional compilers do.

Now suppose, to compensate for this problem, you add error detection and recovery logic to your program using a READ statement of the form READ(*,10,ERR = 50) LINE. The first time you enter a line which is too short, the program transfers to the specified error statement (50). However, the system can't seem to forget that it detected an error, so every subsequent attempt to READ results in an immediate transfer back to the error statement without reading a thing!

Well, instead of using a formatted READ, how about using a "list directed" (sometimes called "free format") READ? Sorry to say, that feature is not provided. The IBM Personal Computer FORTRAN conforms only to the Subset FORTRAN 77 standard, and the subset does not include list-directed I/O. Never mind the fact that this is a personal computer language that will most often be used interactively . . . you still have to count your spacesl

The ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard for FORTRAN notes that the subset language is intended to make a minimum demand on storage requirements, particularly during execution. Implementing only the subset sure didn't minimize the size of this version. You have to have 128K bytes to run the compiler. Even at that, it requires two floppy disks to hold the compiler and a third one to hold the linker and library.

Memory used during execution is just as bad. A 12-line program with no arrays that does nothing more than READ from the keyboard and WRITE to the display requires 32,655 bytes of memory. (For comparison, I ran the same program on a Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11/70 under RSTS/E and ¥77—a full implementation of the language—and it required only 18,048 bytes.) Add to this the 12K bytes of DOS and you find that it takes more than 44K of memory to run a trivial program. The executable file on

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Letters

disk (which you must create) is 35,200 bytes long—more than 20 percent of the capacity of a single-sided disk.

The memory usage is due to a large (apparently monolithic) run-time library. So what do you get with the library? It's hard to tell: the library's contents are not documented. It appears that you get standard FORTRAN intrinsic functions and I/O support and nothing else. No mention is made of the library routines to get the date or time, or to control cursor position and video attributes such as color and intensity; you have to write your own in assembly language. And no tools are provided for library maintenance. For example, there is no way to build a single library consisting of both FORTRAN and assembly-language subroutines.

What about speed? This is a compiler that produces machine language that is optimized for the 8088 processor. If you avoid the use of library subroutines, you can achieve speeds up to 4 times faster than a similar program using interpreted BASIC. But the mathematical library is terribly slow. A program that sums the

square roots of the numbers from 1 to 1000 takes 38 seconds using this FORTRAN; the same process using interpreted BASIC takes only 11 seconds! Incredible ... the people who wrote the FORTRAN math library apparently didn't take advantage of the much faster routines already in read-only memory for BASIC. The list goes on, but you should see the light by now. My advice to anyone considering the purchase of a FORTRAN compiler for the IBM Personal Computer is simple: don't buy version 1.00 of this product.

T. M. Putnam

157 Ivy Hill Dr.

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User's Column Fan

Like Karim Alim, we too have enjoyed Jerry Pournelle's User's Column. (See "What's the Story, Jerry?", August 1982 BYTE, page 30.) Perhaps because we also read Dr. Pournelle's science fiction, we

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are not surprised to learn that he is on speaking terms with Arthur C. Clarke, Larry Niven, and Isaac Asimov. In any field, top professionals tend to know each other.

Jerry Pournelle uses his equipment professionally. Therefore, he can justify owning more of it than I can. Because of this, and because he knows people in the field, he can risk trying it out sooner than I can. Good. When I am ready to buy more equipment, I will review his experiences. And if in the meantime, he's told Bill Godbout his troubles, what I get may be all the better.

As a result of Jerry's reviews, we have picked up Ashton-Tate's dBase II and Oasis Systems' The Word and have been very pleased with them. If Jerry has written software that scratches an itch we share with him, we are willing to pay him for it.

We also had a systems engineer guide us in our selection of components for our system. The result is an S-100 system that has run for nearly two years with a minimum of problems. The engineer has been working with Compupro equipment for some time now. He says that the Godbout people have been most responsive to his questions and complaints. In fact, he would love to upgrade our system with all Godbout boards.

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Seeing Double

The August 1982 BYTE illustrated the latest application for publishers: the "Article Generator." What a delightful sense of irony BYTE has, using it to generate identical articles on the subject of program generators in both BYTE (see George Stewart's "Program Generator," page 38) and the September issue of Popular Computing (see page 112).

Charles H. Porter 14226 95th Ave. NE Bothell, WA 98011

Several readers, Mr. Porter included, wrote to complain about our simultaneous publication of George Stewart's arti

28 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 76 on inquiry card.

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Our newly redesigned CompuStar™ boasts the same performance statistics that made its predecessor such an overnight success, plus a host of exciting new features. CompuStar users now get the added benefits of dual character set capability, an expanded library of visual attributes including reverse video, underlining and below-the-line descenders, an enhanced disk operating system and Microsoft' BASIC — all at no extra cost! And single-user systems now start at as little as $2995.

There are four types of CompuStar™ workstations (called Video Processing Units or VPU's) that can be connected into a variety of central disk systems with 10 to 96 megabytes of multi-user storage.

Up to 255 VPU's can be tied together to form a massive multi-user network. Or, you can start with only a single VPU and easily expand your system as your processing needs become more sophisticated. But whether you start with one or one-hundred VPU's, you'll probably never outgrow your CompuStar. Unlike other systems, you configure the CompuStar the way you want it . . . connecting any combination of VPU's in a "daisy chain" fashion into the central disk system. And since each VPU has its own twin Z80 processors, its own CP/M* operating system and a full 64K of internal memory, (not to mention disk capacities of up to Wz million bytes), overall system response time remains unbelievably fast! And that's a claim most of the other multi-user vendors just can't make.

Inside our new CompuStar you'll find a level of design sophistication that's destined to establish a new standard for the industry. A series of easy-toservice modular components has been

engineered to yield the most impressive reliability figures we've ever seen. But CompuStar users are not only thrilled with our system's performance (and the miserly few dollars they spent to get it), they also have the peace of mind of knowing that Intertec's comprehensive customer protection and field service programs will insure their total after-thesale satisfaction.

For more information on what just may be the last multi-user microcomputer you'll ever ( have to) buy, ask your dealer today about our all new CompuStar™ system. Or, contact us at the number and address below. We'll gladly explain how we've made our best . . . even better!

, NTE3TEC

Cdata

=SYSTEMS.

radetnark of Microsoft Corporation. *Registered trademark of Distal Research.

2300 Broad River Rd. Columbia, SC 29210 (803) 798-9100 TWX: 810-666-2115

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

Rana's disk drive was

twice as good as Apple's

with one head.

■ ■i

w ■ ■'

.. _

SP^Mi

fe

bJ* f

Now we have two.

r\P-q

--tnJ

O1

We added another head so you won't have to buy another disk.

That's the beauty of a double sided head. A floppy disk which allows you to read and write on both sides. For more storage, for more information,

for keeping larger records, and for improved performance of your system. That's what our new Elite Two and Elite Three offers. It's the first double headed Apple® compatible disk drive in the industry. And of course, the technology is from Rana. We're the company who gave you 163K bytes of storage with our Elite One, a 14% increase over Apple's. And now with our high tech double sided heads, our Elite Two and Three offers you two to four times more storage than Apple's. That's really taking a byte out of the competition.

We put our heads together to give you a superior disk drive.

We designed the Elite Three to give you near hard disk capacity, with all the advantages of a minifloppy system. The double sided head operates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of 652K bytes. It would take 41/2 Apples to give you that. And cost you three times our Elite Three's reasonable $849 pricetag.

Rana's double sided heads give Apple II superior disk performance power than second generation personal computers such as IBM's.

It takes 4''? Apples to equal Ihe capacity of our superior Elite Three.

The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytes and 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making a real hit with users who need extra storage, but don't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, it takes 21/2 Apple drives to equal the performance of our Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave it to Rana to produce the most cost efficient disk drive in the world.

We've always had the guts to be a leader.

Our double sided head may be an industry first for Apple computers, but nobody was surprised.

(§ Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

They've come to expect it from us. Because Rana has always been a leader. We were the first with a write protect feature, increased capacity,

Your word processor stores 5 times as many pages of text on an Elite Three diskette as the cost ineffective Apple.

and accurate head positioning. A first with attractive styling, faster access time, and the convenience of storing a lot more pages on far fewer diskettes. We were first to bring high technology to a higher level of quality.

So ask for an Elite One, Two, or Three. Because when it comes to disk drives, nobody uses their head like Rana.

RanaSystems

20620 Soultl Leapwood Avenue, Carson, CA 90746 213-538-2353. For dealer information call loll free: 1-800-421-2207. In California only call: 1-800-262-1221. Source Number: TCT-654

Circle 401 on inquiry card.

Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers. See us at the Comdex Show, Booth 685,

If you use a Word Processor, you need

QRAMMATiK

Beyond Spelling Checking

Grammatik can find over 15 different kinds of common errors missed by simple spelling checkers alone, including punctuation and capitalization errors, overworked and wordy phrases, and many others. Use Grammatik with Aspen Software's spelling checker Proofreader, featuring the Random House Dictionary®, or with your current spelling checker for a complete document proofreading system.

Read what the experts say:

"The perfect complement to a spelling checker."

Alan Miller. Interface Age. 5/82

"A surprisingly fast and easy tool for analyzing writing style and punctuation."

Bob Louden, InfoWorld. 12/81

"Anyone involved with word processing in any way is encouraged to get this excellent program."

A.A. Wicks. Computronics, 6/82

"A dynamic tool for comprehensive editing beyond spelling corrections."

Dona Z. Meilach, Interface Age, 5/82

"A worthy and useful addition to your word processing software."

Stephen Kimmel, Creative Computing, 6/82

Works with CP/M®, IBM-PC®, TRS-80®

Grammatik $75.00 Proofreader $50.00

Order directly from Aspen Software, or see your local dealer. Specify your computer system configuration when ordering! Visa, Mastercard accepted.

Random House is a registered trademark of Random House. Inc. Other registered trademarks: CP/M: Digital Research -- TRS-80: Tandy Corp. -- IBM: IBM Proofreader. Grammatik: Aspen Software Co.

Aspen Software Co.

P.O. Box 339-B Tijeras. NM 87059 (505) 281-1634

Letters ————■——-f^—

cle, "Program Generators" in BYTE and Popular Computing. It was done intentionally. We reprinted the article in Popular Computing because George had done such an excellent job of reporting on program generators that we wanted to get the word out to Popular Computing's readers, too. ...CM.

The Power of Print Strikes Again

The July 1982 BYTE contained an excellent review of Joseph Weizenbaum's book Computer Power and Human Reason (page 402).

More than three years ago, I saw this book in a store and passed it by after looking at a few pages. But Nancy Robertson's review prompted me to buy it and read it from cover to cover. I learned a lot.

Mr. Weizenbaum has put wisdom and knowledge together in a field where hype and pseudoscience dominate. If the editors of BYTE could do an entire issue on this book, it would be a great public service.

John B. Palmer

POB23

Boonville, CA 95415

Setting the Record Straight

We were dismayed by the inaccuracies contained in an advertisement that appeared in the August 1982 BYTE and by the false impressions it may have left among readers. The advertised product was I-Protect, a shield which purports to protect VDT (video-display terminal) operators from "the equivalent of a chest X-ray every 12 days." To support the erroneous claim that VDT operators are exposed to significant X-ray emissions, and thus need such protection, the advertisement misinterprets VDT radiation studies that were performed by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health).

For the sake of readers who may have been misled by the advertisement, let us set the record straight.

Measurements performed under normal VDT operating conditions by the FDA and NIOSH have never shown X-ray emissions significantly above the natural background radiation to which we are all

exposed. In order for our laboratories to produce any higher levels of X-radiation, they had to resort to extreme conditions, including maximum misadjustments of both user and service controls, excessive line voltages, and intentionally induced component failure—conditions which in some cases led to illegible video displays and permanent damage to the units.

Based on our measurements of ionizing and nonionizing radiation, we do not believe that VDTs should pose a radiation risk to those who operate them. We are concerned that people who read the I-Protect advertisement may have been led to believe otherwise.

John C. Villforth, Director Bureau of Radiological Health Department of Health & Human Services Food and Drug Administration Rockville, MD 20857

Pournelle Taken to Task

In Jerry Pournelle's July 1982 BYTE User's Column, he discusses what he terms overpriced documentation. (See "Ada, MINCE, CP/M Utilities, Overpriced Documentation, and Analiza II," page 290.) It is common knowledge that most of the hardware and software documentation allied to currently available microcomputer products is of a depressingly low standard. Few suppliers seem to appreciate that the majority of end-users have nowhere near enough knowledge to make immediate and confident use of their hard-copy guides and manuals. It is unfortunate that documentation continues to be viewed by many machine and program producers as an evil necessity, and one can only hope that an increasingly competitive marketplace will result in higher overall standards.

However, I must take Jerry Pournelle to task over his comments on the cost of documentation. Actual printing costs comprise a very small proportion of the total cost of writing, editing, typesetting, reproducing, packaging, and distributing hard-copy publications. Assuming that the cost of employing qualified staff to write technical copy together with the appropriate overheads is included in the price of the software (and this is not always the case), the following considerations pertain:

1. Processing an order. This includes postage, packing, subsequent dispatch,

32 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

fTJDBE BYTES PEBDULLBB*

It's true! The AVT-2 personal computer- fully Apple™ compatible - gives you more bytes per dollar than the market leader.

Check the Specs

• Basic 64 K byte RAM memory upward expandable in 256 K byte cards to a maximum of four cards giving 1 M byte potential.

• 6502 Central microprocessor.

• 16 K byte ROM memory.

• EPROM-resident software.

• Composite B/W video output.

• Optional board generator for PAL. NTSC or RGB color signal,

• 40 col. x 24 line character display in B/W or color system.

• B/W graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• 16 Color graphic display 40 x 48 or 40 x 40 with 4 text lines.

• 6 Color graphic display 280 x 192 or 280 x 160 with 4 text lines.

• Full-feature detached keyboard with 65 keys and cursor steering.

• Seven Apple™ compatible slots for plug-in peripherals.

• Additional slot for color generation card, or programmable CTR control card or light pen interface card or 80 char, x 24 line generation card.

• Double 5Va inch floppy disk drives, optional.

• Cassette and utility strobe output.

• 4 Annunciator outputs.

* The AVT-2 has a basic 64 K memory compared to 48 K of standard Apple II™. To find out how much cheaper the AVT-2 is, write or telex for a personal quote: AVT Trading A.G., Chamerstrasse 50, CH 6300 Zug, Switzerland. Telex 865267 GSAG.

Apple and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

cxDmp 2

ERG/68000

MINI-SYSTEMS

□ Full IEEE 696/S100 compatibility

HARDWARE OPTIONS

□ 8MHz or 10 MHz 68000 CPU D Memory Management

D Multiple Port Intelligent I/O

□ 64K STATIC RAM (70 nsec) LJ 256K Dynamic RAM, with full

parity (150 nsec) D 8" D/D, D/S floppy disk drives D 5MB-32MB hard disk drives

□ Full DMA host adaptor D 20MB tape streamer

D 10 to 20 slot backplane D 30 amp power supply

SOFTWARE OPTIONS

□ 68KFORTH1 systems language with MACRO assembler and META compiler

C.l Fast Floating Point package D Motorola's MACSBUG

□ IDRIS2 operating system with C, PASCAL, FORTRAN 77, 68K-BASIC1 compilers

□ CP/M—68K3 O/S with C, Assembler, 68K-BASIC

Trademark 'ERG, Inc. Whitesmiths Digital Research

30 day delivery

with valid Purchase Order

OEM prices available

For CPU, Integrated Card Sets

or Systems.

Empirical Research Group, Inc.

P.O. Box 1176

Milton, WA 98354

206-631-4855

Letters ——■■*——■—

and, possibly, the preparation of an invoice, for which a realistic commercial charge would be between $5 and $20.

2. Stocking and storing. To avoid delays in servicing an order, a busy organization will have to print a substantial number of documents and store them at some cost.

3. Revision and amendment. The nature of products related to computing implies frequent changes due to improvements, modifications, and corrections. Thus, stocks of documentation will have to be scrapped periodically. Typesetting is not often used for reasons of speed; it is far quicker to modify hard copy using a word-processor that can look very professional when litho-printed.

Let us hope that the technology in which we are so interested and which causes us to read BYTE will overcome, through the advent of inexpensive digital typesetters, laser and ink-jet printing, FAX, and high-speed communications, some of these practical difficulties. Let us hope that the suppliers improve their communications!

C. J. Clifton, Head, Computer Products Design Engineering Software Centre Engineering Sciences Data Unit Ltd. 251-259 Regent St. London, W1R 7AD, England

Something Went Wrong

Jerry Pournelle's July 1982 BYTE User's Column contained two errors with regard to Digital Research products that I would like to correct. ("See Ada, MINCE, CP/M Utilities, Overpriced Documentation, and Analiza II," page 290.)

The article listed two different prices for Digital Research's symbolic instruction debugger SID: $195 and $295. Mr. Pournelle later commented that although it was an excellent product, the price was a bit high. The actual price of SID is only $75.

The article also listed CP/M at $180, when the actual price is $150.

Also, our Japanese representatives, Microsoftware Associates, have notified us that BYTE listed its old address, telephone, and Telex numbers in a recent article. The new location, telephone, and Telex number are:

Microsoftware Associates

6th Floor A. Y. Building

3-2-2, Kitaayama, Minato-Ku Tokyo 107, Japan tel: 03-497-0381 Telex: 2427080

Patricia Lucas, Public Relations Manager

Digital Research

POB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

A Satisfied Customer

About a year and a half ago, I first entered a personal computer store. I was ignorant of and mystified by the very word computer. I was intimidated by the seemingly nebulous array of the various brands of microcomputers, peripherals, and software.

But for previously having acquired shrewdness in the marketplace the hard way, I would have been easy prey for less scrupulous dealers and sales personnel. But I knew that I did not know enough to even begin to make intelligent choices about what, for me, is a major purchase— one with which 1 must live for a long, long time.

I approached the marketplace eager to learn everything I could about microcomputers. I avidly read various literature and BYTE magazine. I availed myself of the University of Minnesota's public service Microcomputer Helpline (call (612) DR MICRO). And I sought considerable clarification from numerous dealers.

In the marketplace, however, I experienced a number of possibly manipulative ploys: I was misled with incomplete information, I was intentionally misadvised, and (because I did not present the instant sale), perhaps the most irksome to me, I frequently experienced the cold shoulder from impatient or greedy sales personnel.

The manager and staff of only one computer store showed me the consistent patience and constant willingness to take the time to help educate me. They never misadvised me, nor have I ever felt manipulated by them. They have been customerfriendly even if this meant foregoing the sale of any item if a competitor's product was in my best interest. These days, that kind of ethics means more to me than money.

Perhaps, as was at issue in BYTE magazine several months ago, Computerland does ask somewhat more for products than some, especially mail-order competition. But if my very rewarding association

34 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A Complete Graphics Department For Just $ 1995

Realize day-in and day-out solid performance from a quiet and capable desktop plotter. It's true. For only $1995' the Houston Instrument HIPL0T™ DMP-29 will provide you with world-class multi-color hard copy graphics, and deliver a level of quality and performance that you would expect in a plotter costing three times as much.

It's a hard worker. The DMP-29 goes about its job with amazing speed and precision, Unbeatable resolution and repeatability are yours in both 8V2" x 11" and 11" x 17" formats, and 8-pen capability assures you of fast attention-free flexibility when multi-color output is required. High pen speed combined with an addressable resolution of O.OOl" assures fast, accurate and stepless traces,

It's friendly. You can call 21 different functions directly from the front-panel membrane keyboard, It's tolerant too. The DMP-29 will modestly protect itself from user

errors, as when attempting to place a pen in an already occupied stall.

And it's smart. An extensive set of firmware routines makes life easier for the user. A small sampling of the built-in talent inherent in the DMP-29 includes character generation, circle, arc and elipse synthesis, line type variations, viewport/windowing, clipping and scaling.

For more information on the hard working, friendly and smart DMP-29 plotter, contact Houston Instrument, RO. Box 15720, Austin, Texas 78761. (512) 835-0900. For rush literature requests, outside Texas call toll free 1-800-531-5205. In Europe, contact Houston Instrument, Rochesterlaan 6, 8240 Gistel, Belgium. Telephone 059/27-74-45.

BAUSCH & LOMB (J)

Circle 60 for literature.

Circle 61 to have representative call.

U.S. Domestic price only ™ Trademark of Houston Instrumenl

4P005

PRICE BREAKTHRU

BUll

I

IT'S A MIRACLE!!

TRS-80 Mod I and III

hardware

16K RAM upgrade $13.50

External Disk Drives

Inc. p.s. & enclosure"

40tk 1 side $215.00

40tk 2 sides $295.00

80tk 2 sides $425.00

Signal extender cable

for ext. drive $12.50

2 drive expansion

cable (Mod I or III) $20.00

4 drive expansion

cable (Mod I) $25.00

Bare Drives—

40tk 1 side $180.00

40tk 2 sides $245.00

Drive Service Manuals $25.00

Single drive p.s.

& enclosure $49.95

Hard Disk (Winchester)

for Mod I, LNW—

Includes DOSPLUS 4.0

6.3 meg $1649.00

9.6 meg $1849.00

19 meg $2449.00

2 x 6.3 meg $2449.00

2 x 9.6 meg $2849.00

2x19 meg $3949.00

Hard Disk 6.3 + 40tk

floppy combination $1995.00

Percom Doubler— $149.00

Data Separator— $27.00

LNW products

TRS-80 Mod III

16K L III Basic $899.00

16K upgrade $13.50

48K—1 disk $1349.00

48K—2 disk $1549.00

2 sided disk

upgrade $70.00 ea

VR RS232C—upgrade $70.00 Direct Connect 300 baud modem upgrade $275.00

Hard Disk for Mod III—IBM-PC 6.3 meg $1599.00

9 6 meg $1799.00

19.0 meg $2399.00

2 x 6.3 $2399.00

2 x 9.6 $2799.00

2 x 19.0 $3899.00

Coming Soon—Internal Hard Disk for Mod III Floppy Disk III kits for Mod III include p.s. controller & cables 40tk — 1 side $440 00

40tk —2 side $510.00

2nd —40tk 1 side $190.00

2nd —40tk 2 side $250.00

' 'We use VR Data hardware upgrades exclusively They are the best around1

Printers—

C Itoh F-10 40CPS

letter quality $1399.00

C.ltoh F-10 55CPS

letter quality $1699.00

C.ltoh tractor for

F10-40 $20000

F10-55 $225.00

Ribbons for above

printers $4.50 ea

Sheet feeder $1300.00

C.ltoh Pro-writer

parallel $475.00

serial $575.00

Okidata 80 $375.00

82A $479.00

83A $749.00

Okigraph $65.00

NEC-7710 RS232

55 CPS $2495 00

NEC —7730 parallel $2495 00

NEC —7720 KSR $2895.00

Vertical Tractors $229.00

BiDirectional Tractors

$325.00

Sheet Feeder $1175.00

Twin Feeder $1595.00

Smith Corona —TP1 pitch

10/12 pitch —Serial/

parallel interface

Super Deal $595.00

Standard Cable $25.00

Tabletop Printer stand —

12" (holds up to

50 lbs.) $17.95

Tabletop Printer stand —

16" (holds up to

50 lbs.) $24.95

Diskettes—10 per box

Verbatims'." SSDD $23.95 5'." DSDD $39.95

Maxell—5"«" $34.95

Elephant by

Leading Edge $22 95

Disk head cleaners —

VR Data (5'.") $14.95

Verbatim 5'«" or 8" $29.95

5'«" plastic library case

8" plastic library case

Paper & Labels

9'j x 11 Fanfold —

2700 ct $27.50

14'/, x 11 Fanfold —

2700 ct. $35.00

3'z x % labels —5M $15.00

Modems

Hayes

Smartmodem $229.00

Micromcdem II $278.00 Micromodem 100 $305.00

Novation

Auto cat $229.00

D Cat $16500

Cat $155.00

4202B —1200 baud half duplex $475.00

Apple Cat II $339 00

Lexicon

Lex-ll $124.00

Monitors—

BMC 12" Mean

Green $89.00

BMC 13" Composite Color $325.00

Mod Kill software*

DOSPLUS 3.4 Mod I $87.50 DOSPLUS 3.4 Mod III $87.50 LDOS 5.1 Mod I, III $117.50 Micro Term (Best yet) $75.00 Super utility (Best yel)$45.00 Micro Soft —

Adventure $25.00

Fortran-80 $80.00

A.L.D.S. $80.00

Basic Compiler $159.00 TRS-80 Mumath $69.00

Hayden Software — Sargon II $32.00

Blackjack master $27 00 Finplan $69.00

Big Five Software

Super Nova $17.00

Attach Force $17 00

Cosmic Fighter $17.00

Meteor Mission II $17.00 Defense Command $17.00 Galaxy Invasion $17.00 Robot Attack $17.00

Stellar Escort $17.00

Broderbund —

Galactic Trilogy $35.00

Inc —Galactic Empire. Trader. Revolutionavailable separately

$17.00 ea Acorn SoftwareGammon Challenger

$18.00 Pigskin $17.00

Tenpins $18.00

Invaders $18.00

Quad $18.00

Basketball $18.00

Duel-N-Droids $18.00

Astroball $17.00

Spacerocks $17.00

Everest Explorer $17.00 Elec. Handicapper Basketball $80.00

•All soltware listed is on disk — Cassetles may be available please inquire

Books —

TRS80 Disk & other

mysteries $1595

Microsoft Basic

Decoded $20.00

The Custom TRS-80 $20 00

Microsoft Basic

faster & better $20.00

The Custom Apple $17,00

Terms—COD or Prepaid Only

FOB. Shipping Point

(215) 461-5437

Prices Subject to Change Without Notice.

TRS-80 Trademark of Tandy Corp.

DISK SUPPLY CO.

Suite 439 111 S. Olive St. Media, PA 19063

Letters

of the past is any measure, the staff at Computerland of Downtown Minneapolis is well worth the investment.

Larry E. Johnson Building 9, Room 225 Minnesota Veterans Home Minnehaha Ave. and East 51st St. Minneapolis, MN 55417

Bug Fix

I use Wordstar with an IDS (Integral Data Systems) Prism 80 printer. Until recently, I could not print subscripts or superscripts. After many long-distance phone calls and letters to IDS, Micropro, and everyone else I could think of, I found the solution to be a simple matter of changing 8 bytes in Wordstar.

Specifically, to get superscript capability, you must change ROLUP: through ROLUP:+3 to 3, IB, 19, and 19 (hexadecimal), respectively. To get subscript capability, you must change ROLDOW: through ROLDOW:+ 3 to 3, IB, 14, and 14 (hexadecimal), respectively. I hope this information saves some readers the time and money I invested.

Leo J. Scanlon 7708 East Allen Dr. Inverness, FL 32650

Shedding Light on Battery-Powered Displays

I read with interest Chris Morgan's editorial "The Briefcase Computer Market Heats Up" (July 1982 BYTE, page 6). On page 7, he states that "electroluminescent (EL) displays consume a lot of power—so much that they cannot be battery operated as can LCDs [liquid-crystal displays]."

EL-display technology is the most power-efficient of all the emitting technologies, except for CRTs (cathode-ray tubes). We at Aerojet have developed an EL display for a battery-operated portable terminal. This work has been under the sponsorship of the Army (ERADCOM). The display is being installed in the Digital Message Device terminal manufactured by Magnavox. The terminal will be evaluated in the U. S. Army's TACFIRE system.

LCDs are inherently the lowest powerconsuming display technology ever conceived by man. However, they are not matrix-addressable in large panels of 320

36 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Check The Chart Before You Choose Your New 16-Bit Computer System.

Columbia Data Products New Multi-Personal* Computer, Featuring IBM-PC* Compatibility, Excels In Professional, Business And Industrial Applications. Check it out.

Columbia Data Products' MULTI-PERSONAL* COMPUTER ise software and hardware originally intended for the IBM* Personal Computer . . . while enjoying the flexibility and expandability of all Columbia Data's computer systems.

Available operating system software includes single-^ user MS-DOS' orCP/M 86" or multi-user, multi-tasking MP/M 86s or OASIS-16", with XENIX" available soon, providing users with a host of compatible software packages for personal and professional business and indusnplications. A large selection of higher level languages are also available, including BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, PASCAL and MACRO Assembler.

Our standard 16-Bit 8088 hardware configuration provides 128K RAM with parity, two RS-232 serial ports, Centronics parallel printer port, interrupt and DMA controllers, dual floppy disks with 640K storage, Winchester disk and keyboard interfaces, and eight IBM-PC compatible expansion slots... and lists for only $2995. Winchester hard disk configurations, featuring cache buffer controllers for enhanced disk access performance are also available, starting at $4995.

So, when you need to grow, why gamble and hassle with independent third party hardware and operating system vendors which may or may not be compatible ... not to mention the hidden expense and frustration of implementing peripheral drivers in the different operating systems and upgrades? Who needs the finger-pointing when things don't work out?

After you review our chart, you will agree... for overall 16-Bit microprocessor superiority, expandability, flexibility, compatibility and real economy, Columbia Data is your total source.

Our Multi-Personal Computer ... the 16-Bit system born to grow!

Get yours now. Circle 94 on Inquiry card.

MAIN FEATURES

CDP-MPC

IBM-PC"

OTHERS

Microprocessor

IB-Bit 8088 8-Bil 2-80 (Opt)

16-Bit 8088

7

USER Memory

PC Compatible Expansions Slots Beyond il i;onliqurationi

128K-1 Mbytes

8 Slots

16K-25B Kbytes

?

0

7

.';•/ Disk Storage

Dual 320K (stc)

Dual I60K (Opt) Dual 320K tOplI

7

Resident Cache Buffer Haul Disk Storage

5M/10M

7

OPTIONAL OPERATING SYSTEMS (Supported by Company)'

MS-DOS iPC-DOS)

Yes

Yes

7

.'' 86

Yes

Yes

Yes

_

7

?

Soon

i

OPTIONAL HARDWARE EXPAN i

i.munlcatlons

Yes

Yes

■)

olor Display

Yes

Yes

•)

.jinofy

Yes

Yes

1

■Li Board

Yes

7

LJiSk

Yes

7

! aiendar Board

Yes

?

Yes

_

?

(stem

Yes

i

.1 Disk System

Up to 40 Mbytes

?

irtrirjgj System

Yes

7

'For comparison purposes, typical professional configurations consist ot 16-Bil 8088 Processor, 128K RAM with Parity, Dual 320K 5-inch DMA ant! Interrupt Controller, Dual RS-232 Serial Porta, nica Parallel Port and Dumb Computer Terminal or Equivalent la Products also supports CP/M 80" with an optionally available Z-80 CP/M Expansion Board.

•rtlsod In BYTE Magazine. August 1982

COLUMBIA

DATA PRODUCTS, INC.

Home Olllce: 8080 Route 108 Columbia, MD 21045 Telephone 301-992-3400 TWX 710-862-1891

West Coast:

3901 MacArlhur Blvd

I 211 Newport Beach, CA 92663 Telephone 714-752-5245 Telex 277778

Europe.

PO. Box 1118

450 Moenchengladbach 1

West Germany

Telephone 02161-33169

Telex 852452

MP/M are trademarks ot Digital Research. OASIS Is the trademark ol Phase One. MS-DOS and XENIX are

Letters .

columns by 192 rows or more. Additional power must be consumed to make them matrix-addressable, such as thermal addressing. When provided with thermal addressing, LCDs consume more power than EL displays.

Larry E. Tannas Jr., Engineering Manager

Thin Film Device Laboratory

Aerojet Electro Systems

1100 West Hollyvale St.

POB 296

Azusa, CA 91702

Actually, just about any electrical or electronic device can be run by batteries. The question is, would the batteries be too bulky for use with a portable computer? I've heard from a number of companies who are working on that very problem. Many thanks to Mr. Tannas and the other readers who noted that electroluminescent displays can indeed be run by batteries. ...CM.

Sorry, Wrong Number

A pin number is incorrect in "MPI Disk Drives Meet IBM" in the September 1982

BYTE Letters (page 20). When following the procedure to use MPI B51 drives in the IBM Personal Computer, reference to pin 34 should be to pin 32, Side Select. Also, pins 7 and 8 (head load connecting to motor) can be jumper-connected on the shunt socket of the MPI drives instead of pins 1 and 14 (head load connecting to drive select). Either way will work.

Kim B. Lignell

649 South Harvard Ave.

Addison, 1L 60101

Adventures Paid Off

In response to Hans Strasburger's request in the August 1982 BYTE (page 32) for "real" adventures like the original, we, too, were starved for adventure after getting 350 points. So we wrote our own and now offer three additional adventure-type programs. A Remarkable Experience is a cave-exploration game with passwords to unravel, unique locations to investigate, new treasures to find, and unusual actions to take. A Galactic Experience is a space

THE MULTI-USER FRIENDLY MEMORY BOARD WITH

□256 Kilobytes □6 MHZ with no wait states—most processors

□ Designed to operate in any S-100 System IEEE or NonIEEE

□ 16-bit addressing option: Powerful Macrotech Memory Mapping (M3) bank select architecture allows each 4K block of the 16 bit (64K) logical addresses to be dynamically translated toany4Kblockofthe256K on board physical memory.

□ 24-bit direct addressing option

□ "Educated" cycle control module generates all timing on board asynchronously for maximum access speed and uniform operation

□ Comprehensive technical manual with complete installation guide and source listings for MP/M II™* and "Virtual Disk" solid state disk applications.

□ DMA operation fully supported in strict accordance with IEEE 696 standard.

□ 8/16 data transfer protocol

□ Parity error detection

□ Multilayer board and bus signal filtering for noisefree operation.

□ Full one year warranty

If you wish, send a check or money order lor $1,379 (in California add 6% sales tax where applicable). Manual available at $25.00 each refundable with order.

"Registered Trademark ol Digital

Research Corp.

OEM & Dealer Inquiries invited

MACROTECH International Corp.,

22133 CohassetSt., Canoga Park,

California 91303

(213)887-5737

In the U.K. call "0621" 828-763

exploration adventure with a murder mystery to analyze and a planet to save (by far our largest and most complex adventure). A Physical Experience is another space adventure where the user, Captain Player, must reverse the experiments of a group of scientists, prevent a supernova, and save the universe.

These are assembly-language programs with playing styles similar to the original Adventure; the computer recognizes and responds to one- or two-word sentences of four or five letters each. They are available in HDOS for Heath/Zenith computers and for standard 8-inch CP/M version 2.2 or higher. Further information can be obtained by writing to the address below.

Janet C. Hoyle, Business Manager Hoyle and Hoyle Software 716 South Elam Ave. Greensboro, NC 27403 ■

BYTE's Bits

Intel and Microsoft Ink Xenix Pact

Intel Corporation and Microsoft have signed an agreement making the Xenix operating system available for Intel's iAPX 86 microprocessor family. Under the terms of the agreement, Xenix for the iAPX family will be marketed by Intel. Intel began shipping the first iAPXs running Xenix in July. The company also announced plans to have the iAPX 286 outfitted with the operating system by the first half of 1983, which will make Unixderived software available for 8086 system users.

Xenix is Microsoft's fully licensed 16-bit microprocessor adaptation of Bell Laboratories' Unix version 7 operating system.

Quarterly Calls for Papers

The editors of The Journal of Computers Reading & Language Arts have issued a call for papers dealing with the interdisciplinary theme of computers and their relationship to the reading and language arts. Papers or requests for information should be sent to George H. Block, Journal, of Computers Reading & Language Arts, POB 13039, Oakland, CA 94661. ■

38 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 280 on inquiry card.

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Two Seven Segment Status Display

(Can be used as a line monitor lor data

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(route RS232 to one ol two devices)

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Did¥)u?

They did.

And perhaps you did too. If you own an IBM Personal Computer,™ an Apple HI™ a Zenith Z-89™ or a Hewlett-Packard HP-87,™ you've had the chance to pick Peachware.'" All these companies chose Peach tree Software'" to get the most out of their machines for you.

And with good reason. Peachtree Software is the recognized leader in business software for microcomputers, with a reputation for comprehensive, well-designed packages, easy-to-use documentation and Peachcare™ —our own array of support services unmatched in the industry.

With integrated systems like the Peachpak"' 8 Accounting Series — General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable, Sales Invoicing, Inventory Control and PeachPay™ Payroll —Peachtree offers the manager unprecedented control over his critical accounting activities. And the Peachpak 9 Office Productivity Series, based on the PeachText™* word

processor and including the PeachCalc™ Electronic Spreadsheet, Spelling Proofreader, Mailing List Manager and Telecommunications, expands the power of Peachtree Software to all areas of the office.

Those qualities made our software the natural choice of these big manufacturers. But they're not the only ones who've picked a peach. So have tens of thousands of individual users of the better CP/M"* —compatible microcomputers.

If you haven't picked the Peach, isn't it about time you did?

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

*We improved Magic Wand,™ and it's so good we put our name on it.

Please send me information on Peachware™ by Peachtree Software.

Name:

Company:. Address:_ City:

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I am a: □ prospective dealer □ user of software

Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company

3445 Peachtree Road, N.E. /8th Floor / Atlanta, Georgia 30326/(404) 266-0673

IBM is a trademark oflnternational Business Machines Corp.

Apple III is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Z-89 is a trademark of Zenith Corporation. HP-87 is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard Company. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Inc. Peachware, Peachtree Software, Peachcare, Peachpak, PeachPay, PeachText and PeachCalc are trademarks of Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company.

Copyright © 1982 Peachtree Software Incorporated, an MSA Company.

B1282

Peachtree Software

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer System

Part 2

A continued description of an 8088-based system that shares its principles of operation with the IBM Personal Computer.

This article is the second of three describing the design and operation of my most ambitious construction project to date: the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system. I've written these articles with the intent of giving you a grasp of the basic functional parts of a complicated piece of electronic equipment and how these parts work together.

Because the MPX-16 is somewhat more complex than the projects I normally write about, I've had to simplify the presentation of many details to fit them into the magazine, but if you're interested in building an MPX-16, you can get all the details you need from the MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual, which comes with the printed-circuit board available from The Micromint (see the text box on page 78). This book includes timing diagrams and listings

Copyright © 1982 by Steven A. Garcia. All rights reserved.

IBM and IBM Personal Computer are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.

CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033

of the MPX-16's special software.

Last month I presented an overview of the system and a discussion of the coprocessors and bus structures. This month, I'd like to continue by explaining memory, interrupts, the expansion bus, and I/O (input/output) decoding. But first, here's a recap of the MPX-16's features.

System Features

The Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system fundamentally consists of a single 9- by 12-inch five-layer printed-circuit board (containing 120 integrated-circuit packages), to which various peripheral devices are attached. It has nine expansion slots and is completely compatible with the I/O-expansion bus of the IBM Personal Computer.

The MPX-16 uses the Intel 8088 microprocessor and the optional 8087 numeric coprocessor; the main circuit board has room for 256K bytes of user memory and contains two serial and three parallel I/O ports, a floppy-disk controller, and EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories) containing the BIOS (basic I/O system) module of Digital Research's CP/M-86 16-bit disk operating system. The MPX-16 can be

readily expanded to provide a full 1 megabyte of user memory and several megabytes of hard-disk mass storage. A more detailed list of characteristics appears in table 1.

The MPX-16 was initially designed to run CP/M-86, but eventually Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system will be available for it, making it possible to run most software written for the IBM Personal Computer on the MPX-16, except software that uses unique features of the IBM PC. The principal difference is this: with the present BIOS, the MPX-16 communicates with the user through a serially interfaced display terminal instead of a memory-mapped video display. (You could theoretically install an IBM Color Graphics Display Adapter and a serial IBM-type keyboard for exact hardware emulation.)

The MPX-16 is well suited for use as a low-cost 8088-based computer for integration into a complete hardware/software package, chiefly because it combines so many functions on a single printed-circuit board. Putting together the hardware of a complete system, you need only add a power supply, a serial videodisplay or printing terminal, and one floppy-disk drive (either 5Vi- or

42 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITY REALLY NECESSARY?

ACCUTRACK

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If you've ever lost data due to a faulty disk, you know how important reliability can be.

That's why Accutrack disks are critically certified at 2-3 times the error threshold of your system. Why they're precision fabricated for higher signal quality, longer life and less head wear. And why we take such extra steps as testing singledensity mini disks at double-density levels. So you don't have to worry about the reliability of your media.

Accutrack disks. OEMs have specified them for years. You can trust them for your data. Call tollfree (800 225-8715) for your nearest dealer.

ACCUTRACK

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82 Calvary Street, Waltham, Mass. 02254 Tel. (617) 899-0012; Telex 94-0179 Outside Mass. call toll free (800) 225-8715 Offices & representatives worldwide

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Dealers: Give your customers a choice— Accutrack's OEM performance as well as your heavily advertised brand. We have the industry's only complete line of disks, cassettes and mag cards, including virtually all special formats. If you want a quality line, small miiii mums, the ability to mix and match, private labeling, fast delivery and great price, call today. Find out how responsive a media supplier can be.

9. 10. 11.

12.

13. 14.

designed to use a 5-MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor, which combines a 16-bit architecture with an 8-bit bus interface and has 20-bit addressing capability for up to 1 megabyte of system memory, operating in maximum mode to support multiprocessing optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor

onboard space for four 64K-byte banks of dynamic RAM for a total of up to 256K bytes, with parity generation and error detection

sockets for up to 64K bytes of JEDEC 24- or 28-pin standard ROM or EPROM devices two RS-232C serial I/O ports

two 8-bit general-purpose parallel I/O ports with handshaking control lines one Centronics-compatible parallel printer port

four programmable timers (one for a real-time clock, two for data rates, one for memory-refresh requests)

four independent DMA (direct memory access) channels sixteen levels of vectored, prioritized interrupt control

single- or double-density floppy-disk controller for controlling up to four 5Vi-inch or 8-inch single- or double-sided drives

five 62-pin l/O-expansion-channel connectors (hardware compatible with the IBM Personal Computer) with space for four more five-layer 9- by 12-inch printed-circuit board BIOS for CP/M-86 in EPROM

Table 1: Major characteristics of the MPX-16 computer system.

Start Address

Decimal

Hexadecimal

Bank

Function

0

00000

0

64K to 256K bytes of R/W

64K

10000

1

memory on system

128K

20000

2

board

192K

30000

3

256K

40000

4

320K

50000

5

up to 704K bytes of

384K

60000

6

expansion memory in

448K

70000

7

I/O channel

512K

80000

8

576K

90000

9

640K

A0000

10

704K

B0O0O

11

768K

coooo

12

832K

D0000

13

896 K

E0O0O

14

960K

F0000

R

64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM

Figure 1: Map of memory-address-space allocation in the MPX-16, in 64K-byte increments.

8-inch). Turn on the power, insert a CP/M-86 disk, and go. And by the time you read this, an enclosure for the circuit board should be available. Many applications need nothing more.

System Memory

The stars of the show in November's article were the Intel 8088 microprocessor and the 8087 numeric processor extension (NPX),

with supporting roles played by the Intel 8284 clock generator/driver, the 8288 bus controller, and the 8237A-5 DMA (direct memory access) controller. This month we look at some less glamorous but equally necessary components, starting with a type of component so prosaic as to be called a commodity by the semiconductor industry: the memory.

The MPX-16 system circuit board contains both read-only and

read/write memory. In addition to the possible 64K bytes of ROM, the MPX-16 circuit board contains sockets for up to 256K 9-bit words (an 8-bit byte plus a parity bit) of dynamic RAM (random-access read/ write memory). Furthermore, to augment the onboard memory, as much as 704K bytes of expansion RAM or ROM can be added in the I/Oexpansion slots using readily available memory-expansion boards such as the Quadram Quadboard or the Seattle Computer RAM-Plus card. A memory map of the 8088's 1-megabyte (1,048,576-byte) address space in 64K-byte increments is shown in figure 1. Two of the five sections of the schematic diagram are included in this article; section 2 appears as figure 2 on pages 48, 49, and 50; section 3 as figure 3 on pages 52, 53, and 54. A table of integrated circuits, giving their type, location, and power connections, appears on pages 56 and 60 as table 2.

ROM Configuration

Four integrated-circuit sockets, designated IC82 through IC85 in section 3 of the schematic diagram, are provided for holding ROM (readonly memory) chips, which most often are EPROM devices. These four JEDEC- (Joint Electron Device Engineering Council) standard 28-pin sockets can contain several sizes of EPROMs, any of the various "bytewide" (8-bit word size) devices such as the 2716 (16K bits or 2K bytes), the 2732 (4K bytes), the 2764 (8K bytes) or the 27128 (16K bytes). EPROMs with 24-pin packages, such as the 2716s and 2732s, are plugged into the lower 24 pins of the sockets, with certain jumper connections set accordingly.

For proper operation, the MPX-16 circuit board must contain a ROM or EPROM device in the highest address space (socket IC85) and a bank of RAM in the lowest address space because the 8088 processor fetches its first instruction after a power-up reset from location hexadecimal FFFF0 (usually a jump instruction branching to an initialization routine) and uses interrupt vectors in the range hexadecimal 00000 to 003FF.

44 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 4 on inquiry card.

The

Add-On

Serial #1

t9n«**«*mt*mt«f<i<

\v* ;

\V -:rr^

Serial #1

=- Printer

V -!Hil.r,Y

Printer Serial #2

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l/V^ I I US Maximum 6 Functions (no m

• Clock Calendar (std.) • IBM Compatible Async Port #1

(std.) • IBM Compatible Async Port #2 (opt.) • IBM Printer

Port • SuperDrive (disk emulator prog.) • SuperSpool

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i.* ■ ■ * *aa

64K-256. Memory

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i Maximum 8 Functions • 64K-512K* Parity Memory • Clock Calendar (std.) • IBM Compatible Async Port #1 (std.) . IBM Compatible Async Port #2 (opt.) • IBM Compatible

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Telephone: (714) 540-1333

Dealer inquiries welcome.

IBM is the registered trademark of International Business Machines.

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See Us At Booth Numbers 584-586

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Photo 1: The Circuit Cellar MPX-16 single-board computer system, which uses the latest technology to provide lots of low-cost computing power. The five-layer printed-circuit hoard contains 120 integrated circuits including most common peripheral-device interfaces; furthermore, any peripheral-device card intended for use with the IBM Personal Computer can be plugged into one of the I/Oexpansion slots. There are nine slot positions, but only five sockets are installed initially.

The capacity of the ROMs (or EPROMs) used on the system board must be compatible with the configuration of onboard jumpers JPl through JP6 and with the program stored in the 32-word by 8-bit address-decoding PROM (programmable ROM) device IC45, an HM7603. The PROM program and jumper arrangements supplied with the system board are intended for type-2732 EPROMs. A different decoding PROM is needed for other memory-device types so that the four ROM sockets may be decoded into a contiguous address space in each case. (A PROM-programming table is included in the MPX-16 documentation.) The ROM-decoding logic and memory organization are respectively shown in sections 2 and 3 of the schematic diagrams.

The ROM-address-space-decoding logic for the system board is enabled

whenever all three high-order system address bits, SYSA17 through SYSA19, are high, causing the output of a NAND gate (IC30) to go low. If five PROM-address bits SYSA11

Memory chips are less

glamorous than

microprocessors, but

just as necessary.

through SYSA15 or SYSA12 through SYSA16 (depending on the jumper configuration) address one of the programmed locations, the selected ROM-chip-enable line (one of PROMSELO through PROMSEL3) is also driven low, selecting that memory device. The ROMSEL signal at IC28 pin 5 (a two-input OR gate in section 2) also enables a waitstate-generation circuit if jumper JP7

is connected. After one of the PROMSEL* lines has been driven active-low, a SYSMEMRD (system memory read, active-low) signal from the system bus master will initiate the memory-read cycle and generate a single wait state if JP7 is connected. Valid data from the ROMs is available on the data bus after SYSMEMRD goes low.

Normally, the MPX-16 requires ROM or EPROM devices with an access time of 350 ns (nanoseconds) or faster. The optional wait-state feature afforded through JP7 allows use of slower ROM devices with 450-ns access times. If faster devices are used, then JP7 should not be installed and the MPX-16 can operate with no wait states.

The EPROMs on the standard MPX-16 system board contain a power-on self-test routine and I/O drivers, including the CP/M-86 BIOS

46 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the PERSONAL LANGUAGE™ system that mirrors your commands using your own words!

SAWY is a miraculous new information handling system. SAWY is an automatic database management system. SAWY is a new level of machine intelligence.

SAWY, part hardware, part software, is the beginning of truly "Personal Computing".

SAWY comes with: General Ledger, ^

Accounts Receivable, Accounts Payable, Payroll, Mailing List, Document Writer and . Inventory Control.

Trademark: SAWY, Robot Programmer: Excallbur Technologies Corporation.

Personal Language: SAVVY Marketing International.

Through SAWY, you and your computer talk to each other in your own natural, conversational English (or Spanish, or , French, etc.).

It learns from you what you want done in your own personal language.

Once SAWY learns your language it can create any file you wish. Input, output, additions, ^ changes and

deletions are arranged for you. V*^SAWY's "Robot : { Programmer" / has been trained

to write 100% of the programs needed to manage your database information. SAWY runs CP/M™ and Apple DOS.

You'll discover that SAWY recognizes your personal words, even if misspelled, or even if you use a phrase never used before!

SAWY continues to grow through use to become better and better at understanding your commands.

Eventually, you will see SAWY as a mirror to your own way of thinking and working. It is a re-definition of "user-friendly".

SAWY, It's the first system that truly means "personal computing ".

SAWY is like no other system on earth.

SAWY cost $950.

Seeing is believing. SAWY is on display at selected computer retail locations. Call for the name of your nearest dealer.

CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research Corp. ■

Apple Is a Trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

100 South Ellsworth Street, 9th Floor, San Mateo, CA 94401 |415) 340-0335

SAVVY

INTERNATIONA

SYSTATa SYSPAT?

syspat6

SYS0AT7

Figure 2: Section 2 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16 computer's main circuit board. (Section 1 was printed in last month's article; section 3 appears here in figure 3; sections 4 and 5 will appear in next month's article.) The notation *(n) indicates that a given signal line connects to a component or another line shown in schematic section n.

A table of all the MPX-16's integrated circuits appears as table 2 on pages 56 and 60, giving each device's number, type, sec

48 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SYSALE

SrSMCMRD

SVSMEMWfl

SVSIORD

SYSIOWR

SYSCLK1

SVSCLK2

SYSRDv

SYSRES

SYSCLKO

LOCK

so

SJ

S2

BRESET

BSYCLKO

BSYCLK1

BDMACKO

SYSA19

SYSA16 SYSA1* SYSM6 5YSA16 SVSA14 SYSA13 SYSA12 SYSA11 SYSAIO S>SA9 5YSA6 SYSa: SYSAE SYSA5 SYSAO 5VSAJ SYSA2 SYSAi SYSAO

SYSTEM CONTROL BUS

SYSCLKI SYSCLK2

SYSRES

-SYSCLKO

SYSTEM ADDRESS BUS

I/OCHNLRDY/WAIT

■ SYSA19

• SYSAI8

■ SYSA17

- SYSA16

• SYSA15

■ SYSA14

■ SYSA13 SYSA12 SYSA11 SYSAIO SYSA9

■SYSAB

- SYSA7

■ SYSA6

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l/OCHNLERR

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I/O EXPANSION CHANNEL

SYSTEM DATA BUS

'3YiDAT2 SYS0AT3 SYSDAT4 ■ SYSDAT5 SYSDAT6 SYSDAT7

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tion/figure location, and power connections. Connections to the l/O-expansion-channel slots are of course made to each individual slot. Possible substitutes for the HM7603 are the 74S288, the 82S123, and the AM27S09, although it's best to use the HM7603. (The diagram is continued on page 50.)

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 49

Figure 2: Continued from page 49.

SYSCLK2 SYSRDY ■

SYSCLKO ■ LOCK

BRESET ■ BSYCLKO ■ BSYCLK1 ■ BDMACKO ■

SYSA19 ■ SYSA18 ■

SYSA17 ■

SYSA16 ■

SYSA15 ■

SYSA14

SYSA13

SYSA12

SYSA11

SYSA10

SYSA9 ■

SYSA8 ■

SYSA7 •

SYSA6

SYSA5 •

SYSA4 •

SYSA3

SYSA2 •

SYSA1•

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■ SYSCLK2 -SYSRDY

- SYSCLKO

- LOCK

- SO

- SJ

- 52

- BRESET

- BSYCLK1

- BSYCLKl

- BDMACKO

- SYSA19

- SYSA18

- SYSA17

- SYSA16

- SYSA15

- SYSA14

- SYSA13

- SYSA12

- SYSA11

- SYSAIO

- SYSA9 -SYSA8

- SYSA7

- SYSA6 -SYSA5 -SYSA4 -SYSA3 ■ SYSA2

- SYSA1 ■SYSAO

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50 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Technical Support 617-641-1235

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vCc

*(2lO!

*(2)Q>i

♦<2)E>J

■ RN2 • 4.7K

; RN2 • 4.7K

A10 All A12 A13

SYSMEMWR

SYSMEMRD

IC57 74LS08

E>

'i»t>

IC64 74LS32

o

' RN2 • 4.7K

NOTE:

24-PIN DEVICES ARE "LOWER " JUSTIFIED IN THE PROM SOCKETS

• RN2 > 4.7K

■ SYSMEMWR

He.

SYSMEMWR

IC66 74LS14

OH

R25 33^

VCC

PGM

12 SYS0AT1

13 SYSDAT2

15 SYSDAT3

16 SYSDAT4

17 SYSDAT5

18 SYSDAT6

19 SYSDAT7

^7

IC81 74LS08

REFRESHRAS

r~i—\i

2 a j

IC63 74LS14

£T\><>

•(«0

-0*(2

~l IC67

74LS2

SYSDATO SYSDAT1 SYSDAT2

SYS0AT3 SYSDAT4 SYS0AT5 SYSDAT6

SYSDAT7

IC53 74LS245

RN9 33il

—vw

SYSMEMRD • SYSMEMWR

Figure 3: Section 3 of the schematic diagram of the MPX-16 computer's main circuit board. The notation *(n) indicates that a given signal line connects to a component or another line shown in schematic section n.

Connections shown on the edges of the dynamic-memory array on page 54 are of course made to each individual chip. Bypass

52 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SYSMEMWR

-SYSMEMWR

SYSCLK2

SYSRDV

SYSCLKOLOCK ■

-SYSCLK2 -SYSRDY

-SYSCLKO -LOCK

BSYCLKO BSYCLK1

BSYCLKO BSYCLK1

SYSA19 SYSA18

SYSA16 SYSA15 SYSA14 SYSA13 SYSA12 SYSA11 SYSAIO SYSA9 SYSA8 SYSA7 SYSA6 SYSA5 SYSA4 SYSA3 SYSA2 SYSAI SYSAO

Li ^>oi_Ll2 ^>>^-^i >>c>>4-^ ">>>

* (SECTION*) DENOTES CONNECTION TO INDICATED PIN OR SIGNAL ON OTHER NUMBERED CIRCUIT SECTIONS.

L.

'DELAY GENERATION LOGIC"

- RAMDO -RAMD1 -RAMD2 -RAMD3 -RAMD4 -RAMD5 -RAMD6 -RAMD7

capacitors, not shown, should be installed adjacent to most integrated circuits between +5 V and ground. A table of all the MPX-16's integrated circuits appears as table 2 on pages 56 and 60, giving each device's number, type, section/figure location, and poi nections. (The diagram is continued on page 54.)

~>wer con

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 53

Figure 3: Continued from page 53.

54 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

?

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(212) 351-6143

Q#,

IC

Schematic

Number

Type

Section

+ 5V

GND +12V -12V

VR1

LM7905

5(3-2) (voltage rec

ulator) 3

IC1

74LS367

1 (1-3b), 2 (2-2)

16

8

IC2

74LS123

5(3-2)

16

8

IC3

74LS157

5(3-2)

16

8

IC4

74LS124

5(3-2)

16

8

IC5

74LS175

5(3-2)

16

8

IC6

74LS173

5(3-2)

16

8

IC7

74LS393

5(3-2)

14

7

IC8

74LS10

5(3-2)

14

7

IC9

74LS74

5(3-2)

14

7

IC10

M1116-8M

5(3-2)

14

7

IC11

74LS153

5(3-2)

16

8

IC12

74LS14

5(3-2)

14

7

IC13

74LS74

5(3-2)

14

7

IC14

74LS74

5(3-2)

14

7

IC15

74LS74

5(3-2)

14

7

IC16

74LS74

5(3-2)

14

7

IC17

74LS175

5(3-2)

16

8

IC18

7406

5(3-2)

14

7

IC19

spare socket

IC20

74LS04

1 (1-3ab),5(3-2)

14

7

IC21

8272

5(3-2)

40

20

IC22

74LS240

5(3-2)

20

10

IC23

7407

5(3-2)

14

7

IC24

74LS14

2(2-2)

14

7

IC25

74LS74

2(2-2)

14

7

IC26

74LS139

5 (3-2)

16

8

IC27

7407

5(3-2)

14

7

IC28

74LS32

2 (2-2), 4 (3-1)

14

7

IC29

74LS08

2(2-2)

14

7

IC30

74LS10

1(1-3a), 2 (2-2)

14

7

IC31

74LS30

2(2-2)

14

7

IC32

74LS74

2(2-2)

14

7

IC33

74LS175

2(2-2)

16

8

IC34

8284A

1 (1-3a)

18

9

IC35

8259A

1 (1-3a)

28

14

IC36

8088

1 (1-3a)

40

1,20

IC37

8087 (option)

1 (1-3a)

40

1,20

IC38

74LS373

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC39

74LS373

1 (1-3b)

20

10

IC40

74LS173

1 (1-3b)

16

8

IC41

74LS173

1(1-3b)

16

8

IC42

74LS173

1(1-3b)

16

8

IC43

74LS245

1(1-3a)

20

10

IC44

74LS373

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC45

HM7603-5

2(2-2)

16

8

IC46

74LS245

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC47

8155H-2

4(3-1)

40

20

Table 2: Integrated circuits in the MPX-16.

Here are sh

own each device's number,

type, section

/figure location

and power connections.

The location of each chip in the five-part schematic diagram is listed by schematic

section; the c

haracters in parentheses show in which article the section appeared and

which figure

the device appears in. Some

integrated circuits containing multiple

gates appear

in more than one schematic section. (The

table is continued on page

60.)

56 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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MISSIIE ATTACK STAR FIGHTER SCARFMAN

17 95

18 95 24 95

.17 95

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2 0 MOD I.Ill 139 00

LAZY WRITER MOD I.II 165 00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I,III w/labels109 00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOO I.Ill 119.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD 1 III 199 00 TRACKCESS MOD I 24 95

OMNITERM SMART TERM MOD I.Ill 89 95 MICROSOFT BASIC COMP FOR MOD I 165 00 LDOS 5 1 MOD I.Ill 119 00

APPLE & ATARI GAMES

BRODERBUND

PANIC 23 61

APPLE MIDNIGHT MAGIC CHOPLIFTER

. 27 26

27 20

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION ... 20 95

STAR WARRIOR. 31 35

CRUSH,CRUMBLE AND CHOMP .. 24.95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31 35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31 3b

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23 36

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

WIZARD AND PRINCESS

27 26

SOFT PORN ADVENTURE

23 36

THRESHOLD

31 16

JAW BREAKER

23 36

CROSSFIRE

24 95

UL'SSES & GOLDEN FLEECE

25 95

EDU-WARE

COMPU-READ

24 95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS

34 95

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS

. 34.95

MORE GREAT APPLE

GAMES

GALAXY WAR

20 95

ALIEN TYPHOON

20 95

ARCADE MACHINE

32 95

TUES MORNING OUARTERBACK

25 95

THE DRAGONS EYE

20 95

COMPUTER OUARTERBACK

31 16

SEA FOX

24 00

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE

49 95

POOL 1 5

27 26

ULTIMA

31 16

RASTER BLASTER

23 36

FLIGHT SIMULATOR

26 61

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX

25 95

SAPGON II

28 95

SHUFFLE BOARD

29 95

SPACE KADETT

28 00

SNACK ATTACK

23 36

THIEF

24 95

MARS CARS

23 00

KAMIKAZI

27 26

THE WARP FACTOR 31 16

COSMO MISSION 23.36

WIZARDRY 37 95

ZORK I 28.00

ZORK II 28 00

DEADLINE 35 00

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

SPACE EGGS 23 36

GORGON 31 16

SNEAKERS 23 36

PHANTOMS FIVE 22 00

BANDITS 25 00

EDU-WARE

PERCEPTION PKG 19 95

COMPU-MATH ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-SPELL (RED DATA DISK) 24 95

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8. ea 17 95

RENDEZVOUS . , 28,50

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

ULTIMA II 42.00

MISSILE DEFENSE 27 26

SABOTAGE 20 95

TIME ZONE 77 96

CRANSTON MANOR 25 95

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25 95

MUSE SOFTWARE

ROBOT WARS 32.95

THREE MILE ISLAND 3T 61

ABM 19 46

CALL OUR MODEM LINE FOR DAILY CHRISTMAS SPECIALS IN DECEMBER.

To order or for information call

In New\brk.(212)509-1923

InLosAngetes: (213)706-0333

In Dallas: (214)744-4251

By Modem: (213)883-8976

IPUTER PRODUCTS

Circle 23 on inquiry card.

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE WESTLAKE VILLAGE. CA 91362

We guarantee everything we sen for 30 oays — no 'elurns after 30 cays Defective software will be replaced free dui ail other software returns are subject to 15% restoring fee and must Pf; accompanied oy RMA slip. No •elurns on game software, unless defective We accept VISA and MasterCard on ail orders COD orders, up lo S300 Shipping charges S3 lor all prepaid orders, actual shipping charges lor non prepaids S3 tor COD orders under 2510s |S6 lor aver] plus a S4 surcharge aod 15% lor foreign FPO and APO orders Ca'il ado 6% suits lax in 1 A Counly ado 6V,% Prices ouoted are lor slock on hand and are subjecl lo change without notice

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

DEC. SPECIAL SALE ON PREPAID ORDERS

(CHARGE CARDS. CO D OR PC'S NOT AVAILABLE) MUST MENTION AD FOR SPECIAL PRICES

XMAS SPECIAL SALE.

5% OFF ON SSM KITS. WAMECO RARE ROARDS. WAMECO

DARE ROARDS WITH MIKOS PARTS, EXTEK KITS.

•1

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS SIOO

2032 32K STATIC RAM A & T 200 NSEC

$468.00

2065 64K DYNAMIC RAM A & T

$351.00

2200 S-100 MAIN FRAM AST

$500.00

2422A FLOPPY DISC WITH CP/M 22"

$372.50

2II0AZ8O CPU A& T

$281.25

27I0A4 SERIAL 1/0 A & T.

$291 95

2501A 12 SLOT MOTHER BOARD

$180.00

2720A4 PARALLEL AS T

$214 95

PROTO BOARDS WW

$39.95

APPLE PRODUCTS

7II4A 12K ROM/PROM

$99.95

7424A CALENDAR/CLOCK

S106 95

7440A PROGRAMMABLE TIMER

$106.95

7470AATO D CONVERTER

S105 95

7490A GPIB (IE 488) INTERFACE

$182.00

77I0A ASYNC SERIAL

S12595

77I2A SYNC SERIAL

$148.50

7720A PARALLEL STANDARD

$105.00

7720B PARALLEL CENTRONICS

$105.00

781 IB ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W/DISC

$325.00

7811C ARITHMETIC PROCESSOR W'ROM

$325.00

7520A EXTENDER

$23.50

7300A APPLE CLIP

SfiOO

2?~tfJ MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

SIOO PRODUCTS

CB-2 280 PROCESSOR BOARD

KIT S19895. A& T

S269 95

VBIC64 x 16 VIDEO. PCBO

S 36.95

KIT S15395, AS T

S199 95

VB3 80 CHARACTER VIDEO 4MHZ

KIT S345 95. A& T

S425 95

I04 2 PARALLEL. 2 SERIAL PCBD

$ 36.95

KIT $160.95. A& T

$199.95

PB-1 2708. 2716 PROGRAMMER BOARD

KIT $140.95. A& T

$189.95

APPLE PROOUCTS

AID - II SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE.

A&T

$178.00

ASIO SERIAL I/O

A&T

$115.95

APIO PARALLEL 10 W/0 CABLES

A&T.

$87.95

/lN77tCJjnc WAMECO INC.

BOARDS WITH MIKOS PARTS

MEM-3 32K STATIC RAM. PCBD

$3695

KIT LESS RAM S95 95 A& T

$135 95

CPU-2 Z80 PROCESSOR. PCBD

$32 95

KIT LESS ROM S109 95 A & T

S14995

CRT-1 36 OR 24 x 80 VIDEO BOARD, PCBD

...$38.95

KIT $249.95, A&T

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FPB-I FRONT PANEL, PCBD

$48 50

KIT S144 95. AS 1

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MEM-4 65K RAM/ROM BOARD, PCBD

$38.95

KIT LESS MEMORY.. $99.95, A&T LESS MEMORY$129.95

M

MONDAY-FRIDAY. 8:00 TO 12:00. 1.00 TO 5.30 THURSDAYS. 8:00 TO 9:00 P.M. (415) 728-9121 P.O. BOX 955 • EL GRANADA, CA 9401 8

PLEASE SEND FOR IC XISTOR AND COMPUTER PARTS LIST VISA or MASTERCHARGE. Send account number, interbank number, expiration date and sign your order. Approx. postage will be added. Orders with check or money order will be sent post paid in U.S. It you are not a regular customer, please use charge, cashier's check or postal money order. Otherwise there will be a two-week delay tor checks to clear. Calit. residents add 6.5% tax. Money back 30-day guarantee. We cannot accept returned IC's that have been soldered to. Prices subject to change without nolice.SZO.OO minimum order. SZ.OO service charge on orders less thin $20.00.

IC

Schematic

Number

Type

Section

+ 5V

GND

+ 12V -12V

IC48

8237A-5

1 (1-3b)

31

20

IC49

74LS245

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC50

74LS373

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC51

8288

1 (1-3a)

20

10

IC52

74LS154

2(2-2)

24

12

IC53

74LS245

3(2-3)

20

10

IC54

74LS243

1 (1 -3b)

14

7

IC55

74LS08

1 (1-3ab),5(3-2)

14

7

IC56

74LS32

1 (1-3a)

14

7

IC57

74LS08

3(2-3)

14

7

IC58

74LS74

3(2-3),4(3-1)

14

7

IC59

74LS280

3(2-3)

14

7

IC60

8255A-5

4(3-1)

26

7

IC61

8253-5

4(3-1)

24

12

IC62

8259A

1(1

3a)

28

14

IC63

74LS14

1(1

3a), 3 (2-3)

14

7

IC64

74LS32

2(2

2), 3 (2-3)

14

7

IC65

74LS158

3(2

3)

16

8

IC66

74LS14

3(2

3)

14

7

IC67

74LS32

3(2

3)

14

7

IC68

74LS158

3(2

3)

16

8

IC69

74LS393

4(3

D

14

7

IC70

8251A

4(3

D

26

4

IC71

8251A

4(3

D

26

4

IC72

1489

4(3

D

14

7

IC73

1489

4(3

1)

14

7

IC74

74LS139

3(2

3)

16

8

IC75

74LS00

1(1

3b)

14

7

IC76

74LS14

4(3

D

14

7

IC77

7407

4(3

D

14

7

IC78

7407

4(3

1)

14

7

IC79

1488

4(3

1)

7

14 1

IC80

1488

4(3

D

7

14 1

IC81

74LS08

3(2

3)

14

7

IC82

EPROM

3(2

3)

28,1*

14

IC83

EPROM

3(2

3)

28,1*

14

IC84

EPROM

3(2

3)

28,1*

14

IC85

EPROM

3(2

3)

28,1*

14

IC86

4164

3(2

3)

8

16

1

1

J

1

1

IC121

4164

3(2-3)

8

16

* depends

on type of EPROM i

sed

Table 2:

Continued fron

page 56.

and a floppy-disk bootstrap-loader routine.

RAM Configuration

The onboard user-programmable memory of the MPX-16 consists of one to four 64K-byte banks of nine type-4164 64K-bit dynamic RAM devices. Within the 8088 processor's 1-megabyte address space, the

60 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

MPX-16 must have at least the lowest 64K-byte bank of RAM (bank 0) installed from hexadecimal addresses 00000 to OFFFF so that interrupt-routine pointers can reside in the locations from hexadecimal 00000 to 003FF. The RAM chips are required to have an access time of no more than 200 ns and a cycle time of 335 ns. Single-bit parity generation and

Circle 455 on inquiry card. >

SHARED WINCHESTER DISK!

Now, Up to FOUR IBM Personal Computers Can Share the Same PC-MATE Winchester Disk System.

Give each Personal Computer a complete logical device The WINCHESTER/^" is $2995 and WINCHESTER/10™ for total READ/WRITE freedom, or they can all share a is only $3995. Each additional PC to share the disk needs device for READ Only applications. only a PC-SHARE™ adapter at just $495.

All PC-MATE WINCHESTER/5™ and WINCHESTER/10™ disk systems now feature the new ultra fast GT DMA disk controller. This new controller not only provides superior performance, it can serve as the base unit for the Shared Disk Facility.

An Expansion Chassis, Five or Ten Megabyte Winchester Disk, Superior performance and Disk Sharing are just a few reasons why the PC-MATE™ Winchester Disk System should be your next step.

All ONP™ EXPANSION FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER. ALL IN V-/1 lC Memory, Serial, Parallel, Clock/Calendar with Battery and more!!!

PC-Mate™ by TECMAR, the first and only complete line of expansion options for the IBM Personal Computer, now brings you the ultimate expansion product, the ALLinONE*" Board.

m&mr

ALLirnONE gives you memory, 64, 128, 192 or 256K bytes, a Serial Port, and a Parallel Port, Clock/Calendar with battery backup and circuitry for an optional Programmable Array Logic chip.

Ready to use, ALLiinONE'" comes complete with the DB25 connectors on Serial and Parallel Ports, Software to set system Time and Date, and the popular RAMSPOOLER™ utility to allow printing as a background task.

Put all of these features together with these prices, and you really have it ALLinONE™

$565. - 64K Bytes $735. - 128K Bytes $875. ■ 192K Bytes $975. - 256K Bytes

Tecmar is currently shipping over thirty different expansion products including Memory, Winchester Disks, Communications Interfaces, Laboratory/Scientific/Industrial products and more!

For IBM Personal Computer Expansion, The ISext Step TECMAR.

Call or write for product specifications and the name of your nearest participating Computerland and other fine PC-Mate Retailer internationally.

Tecmar Inc.

PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS DIVISION 23600 Mercantile Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44122 Telephone: (216) 464-7410 Telex: 241735

SYSMEM

RD • SYSMEMWR

\

/

RASEN

"A

r

RASX

)L

\

_r~

ROW/CC

/

A

ROW ADDRESS

w

COLUMN ADDRESS

m

\

CASEN

\

r i

CAS7

©

\

r

RAMWE

RAMDX

®

X

WRITE

DATA

VALID

X""

RAMDx NOTES:

(T) WRITE © READ

HIGH IMPEDANCECYCLE ONLY CYCLE ONLY

—(

READ

DATA VALID

~>—

Figure 4: Timing diagram for the memory operation of the MPX-16.

error detection are provided for all of the 256K-byte onboard memory.

The RAM address-decoding logic is shown in section 2 of the schematic diagram (figure 2), and the read/ write control logic, address multiplexers, RAM array organization, and parity-generation/errordetection logic are shown in section 3 (figure 3). The onboard RAM address space is selected when two conditions are met: the two high-order address bits SYSA18 and SYSA19 are both low and a memory-refresh cycle is not in progress (shown by DMACKO, the DMA-channel-O-acknowledge signal, being low). Because of this decoding scheme and the fact that the MPX-16 power-on self-test routine automatically clears memory and determines its size, the full 256K bytes of onboard RAM should be installed before you put in additional RAM in the I/O-expansion slots.

Dynamic Memory Refresh

Because dynamic RAM devices are used for the MPX-16's programmable memory, a memory-refresh circuit is necessary to prevent data stored in them from being lost. The 64K-bit dynamic RAMs require that all 256 rows be addressed every 4 ms (milli

seconds) to maintain the integrity of the data (the columns need not be individually addressed); one row must be addressed for refreshing approximately every 15 fis (microseconds). To eliminate having a separate busarbitration circuit for this purpose, memory refresh is carried out by executing a DMA (direct memory access) read cycle in a "RAS-only" manner— that is, using only the row-addressstrobe inputs of the memory chips. Because refresh is controlled by the DMA circuit, there can never be a conflict between the refresh operation and the processor's memory references.

The DMACKO signal goes activelow to indicate to the rest of the system that a refresh cycle is in progress. This signal disables the RAMdecoding circuitry, prevents the generation of a CAS (column-address strobe) signal, and enables the REFRESHRAS input at IC64 pin 2 (in section 3, figure 3). When the system bus master, the 8237A DMA controller (IC48 in section 1, printed last month), drives the SYSMEMRD or SYSMEMWR (system memory write) line low, the output at IC 64 pin 3 also goes low. This causes the outputs of the four two-input gates (sections

of IC81: positive AND gates used as negative ORs), whose other input comes from IC74, to go low. These outputs form the RAS inputs for each of the four RAM banks. (The 33-ohm series resistors in the RAS control lines are there to reduce ringing on the lines, which might latch a new row address during the middle of the memory cycle.) The DMA controller is set up by the system-initialization software to automatically increment the address counter after each refreshmemory cycle.

Memory Operation

A diagram of typical timing cycles for normal memory-read and write operations is shown in figure 4. For either type of memory cycle, the read/write-control logic is enabled when the DRAMSEL signal is low, indicating that two conditions have both been fulfilled: a valid address (lower than hexadecimal C0000) has been latched on the system bus and the DMACKO signal (from IC63, pin 6) is low (indicating that a refresh cycle is not in progress).

A memory cycle is initiated when the output of an AND gate (IC57 pin 3 in section 3) goes low, indicating that either the SYSMEMRD or the SYSMEMWR control signal has been driven low by the system bus master. The RASEN (RAS enable) signal at IC67 pin 11, produced from the output of IC57 ORed with DRAMSEL, enables the l-of-4 (2- to 4-line) decoder IC74 to select one of the four lines RASO, RASl, RAS2, or RAS3 (row-address-input enable for each of the four banks—which one is selected depends on the logic levels of the SYSA16 and SYSA17 address lines) and sets up the row address on the multiplexed memoryaddress lines RAMAO through RAMA7. A chain of Schmitt-trigger inverter sections, IC63 and IC66, delays the active-low output from IC57 pin 3 by five gate-delay periods, holding the row-address condition until the type-4164 memory chips have had sufficient time to latch the address bits.

When the ROW/COL signal goes high (column addressing active), the

62 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

CHAMPIONSHIP PERFORMER

The PGRWCT SPECTRUM6 MULTI-FUNCTION BOARD

Whether it's getting the most out of a down hill run or getting the most out of your IBM® PC, performance counts...and PGRWCT\ SPECTRUM is the champion performer.

Up to 256 KBytes RAM, two Async Serial ports and a Parallel printer port..all on one IBM PC-compatible board. And, all four options are upgradable with low-cost field expansion kits.

SPECIAL HOLIDAY OFFER!!!

$100 worth of Software FREE

Buy a SPECTRUM board between Nov. 26 and Dec 31 and get P€RWtf\ INSTA-DRIVE® memory resident disk simulator and WATT-LESS PRINTER® software print spooler programs FREE! (Retail value is $100.)

Take advantage of this special Holiday offer. Simply present the coupon to your local participating computer dealer. He'll do the rest

PO&V9T

PERSONAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY, INC. 15801 Rockfield, Ste. A, Irvine, CA 92714 714-859-8871 "*^jt

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

IBM it i trademark of International Buainaaa Machine Corp.

Iraafc

multiplexers change the contents of RAMAO through RAMA7 to the column address derived from the system-address-bus lines SYSA8 through SYSA15. The CASEN signal enables the B outputs of the l-of-4 decoder IC74, which drives the CAS-control line for one of the memory banks.

The data-input and data-output lines of each RAM chip are tied together onto a common bidirectional memory-data line. The entire RAM array is isolated from the system data bus by bus transceiver IC53, which is enabled by the DRAMSEL signal during nonrefresh memory cycles, allowing data to pass between the RAM array and the system data bus.

The direction of data flow is controlled by the output of IC67 pin 6, a logical OR of DRAMSEL and SYSMEMRD. During memory-read cycles, this signal is low, causing the data on the memory data bus to be transferred to the system data bus. During memory-write cycles, the

direction signal is high and the data flow is from the system data bus to the memory data bus.

Parity Checking

Until the introduction of the IBM Personal Computer, memory with parity checking was rare in personal computers but had been used for years in larger computers. IBM did well to copy this feature of larger machines, since the constant decreases in memory prices have made it more and more cost-effective. The MPX-16 also incorporates parity memory for increased system reliability and user confidence. Parity generation and checking in the MPX-16 are provided by a 74LS280 parity generator (IC59) and a type-D flip-flop (IC58), shown in figure 3 on page 54.

During a memory-write cycle, the PARITYOUT signal presented to pin 8 of IC59 is low, because the output of IC57 (an AND gate) is disabled by the low state of the active-high

SYSMEMRD signal. The parity bit computed by IC59 from the eight RAM data lines is written into the parity-bit memory chip (the ninth one of each bank) for the bank being addressed.

When a memory-read cycle occurs, the output of IC57 is enabled, and the parity bit that was previously written for each byte is routed to IC59 and used to check for an error in the parity value. When the rising edge of the signal from IC67 pin 6 (DRAMSEL OR SYSMEMRD) is detected by the flip-flop IC58, it latches parity value. When no parity error is present, the odd-parity output (H O) of the 74LS280 will be a logic high state. When an error does occur, the oddparity output will be low. The

PARERR signal from IC58 is sent to the NMI (nonmaskable interrupt) logic and will remain set until the next memory-read cycle for which no parity error occurs, or until the flip-flop is preset by a low state on the

CLRPAR (clear parity) line, IC58

Circle 386 on inquiry card.

Porta Sys™ - A Z8 Microprocessor System

by

Developement Sytem, General Purpose Controller, OEM Dedicated Controller

• Zilog Z8 with built in tiny basic interpreter, low power

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• RS 232 - compatible with most terminals

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. Memory selectable tor 4K by 8 RAM, 2716 EPROM (5V) or 2732 EPROM

• Memory capacity up to 36K on board - 480K expandable

• All expansion lines buffered for system Buss operations

• 72 pin double row (36 pin per side) .100 in. spacing gold plate over nickel . Mainframe - 3 card capacity, +5 VDC, ±12 VDC

. AC input 120V 60Hz; 220V 60Hz available >

Z8 CPU Card w/4K RAM (4.5 in. x 6.75 in.) PR-1000 $195.00

Memory Expansion ICs for the CPU Card(Per 4K) EX-6132 35.00

Mainframe. ES"]SS1 H&9&

EpromZapper , , PR-1002 79.00

Optional Zero Insertion Socket.......: i ; 8.00

9 Slots Motherboard (5 in. x 12 in.) with *,««. ,,.«

18 slots expansion capability E5"l25? 11S-29

Ram-Eprom Expansion Board with 16K Ram PR-1004 249.00

16K Cmos Ram Expandable to 32K

with battery Backup ..........: § PS^??5. 1 260°

Expansion of Cmos Raiuboard to 32K Si"6!!6. .?§22

AD/DA Converter-Ampliffer with I/O Board PR-1006 149.00

Switching Power Supply with (SIZE: 1 in. H x 2.5 in. W x 3.5 in. D) .

+5v@ 5amps, +12v @ lamp,-12v @ lamp PR-1010 99.00

Linear Power Supply with 5 ogtputs (Size: 4.5 in. W x 4.5 in. H x 10 in. D)

+5v@ 3A, -5v@3A,+12v@ 1A, -12v @ 1A,+12v@ 1A PR-1015 99.00

Availability-Stock to 2 weeks.California Residents- ,,„-„, , ,. , ~onn

please add 6.5% Sales Tax.Shipping and Handling Charges: UPS - S5.00 UPS Blue Label - $8.00 C.O.D. - Add $5.00 in addition to above

P.O. Box 23698 . San Jose, CA 95123 . Tel: (408) 226-2131

GREAT INNOVATORS

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Quartet uses 2 Double Sided Thinline disk drives to give you over 640K of storage. With the included Quartet Controller & Software, your Computer can handle much larger tasks

than before. When using protected software, the Quartet operates just like 2 Apple Disk Drives, and will operate with ALL Apple compatible software.

The Quartet system is the COMPLETE, one-stop solution to your storage requirements on the Apple or Apple Compatible Computer. Mo other two-drive package offers as much value at any price. And the Quartet offers all this with a price comparable to single drive, single sided systems.

Features: • Thinline Drives for low profile • 2 Double Sided Drives for 640K Storage • Quartet Controller for Single/Double Sided Operation • Emulates Apple Disk II under a single sided mode • Boots St Runs All Apple Software • Double Sided, 40 track Patch software for DOS, CP/M*, fit Pascal • Full Vista 120 Day Warranty

Contact Your Local Vista Dealer or Call our Vista Hotlines.

Vista

COMPUTER COMPANY, INC.

*CP/M Is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

™IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines.

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DISTRIBUTORS / REPRESENTATIVES

Western - Qroup 3 Wholesale northeast - Computers « Peripherals Inc.

(213) 973-7844 (408) 732-1307 (315) 476-6664

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(2 14) 385-8885 (305) 322-8327

UK - I kii Computers Ltd. Central - Wyatt 6r Associates

(0252) 517175 / TWX: 858404 (317) 773-4791

Circle 485 on Inquiry card.

-booed Jhe-bus

INDUSTRIAL QUALITY BOARDS FOR THE IEEE-696/S-100 BUS

r\

I'BSSfiBifetJBt

mniWi^'

CPU GROUP

CPU 68000

CPU 68000M

• MC68000 processor

• MC68451 MMU

• 8 MHz operation

• 16-Mbyte addressing

• Single-user

• Segmented memory management

• Multi-user

h *

MEMORY GROUP

EPROM

• 32/64K ROM

• 16-bit data paths

• 24-bit addressing

CMEM

• 8K/16K/32KCMOS

• 6 MHz for 8/16-bit

• Non-voiatilewith .Li battery

HL

DMEM

• 256K dynamic RAM

• 24-bit addressing

• 230 ns access

I/O GROUP

CLK-24C

SI04

• Real time clock

• 4-port serial I/O

• LSI CMOS chip

• 256 bytes of FIFO

• Li battery backup

• DMA transfers

• 24-bit memory addr.

IEEE

696/

S-100

BUS

jr

Tl

VIC 4-20

• 4 channels

• 20 mA outputs

• 12-bit performance

• Accepts AOM-12 inputs ■

T3

ANALOG GROUP

AOM-12 (D-to-A)

• 12-bit ±%LS.B.

• 0-10V, ±5V, ±10V jumper select outputs

AIM-12 (A-to-D)

• 32 S.E. channels

• 25 u-sec conversion

• 12-bit resolution

Sales representatives in most metrfcpolitan areas.

^

OEM and Dealer pricing is available.

system reliability/system integrity 2530 San Pablo Avenue • Berkeley • CA 94702 . (415)549-3854 . 172029 SPX

pin 4. Software called through the interrupt vector then notifies the user of a memory error.

Interrupt Advantages

The versatility of any computer system is enhanced if its processing can be interrupted by outside events so that it doesn't have to continually keep track of what is going on in the outside world. The MPX-16 supports an interrupt system with 16 levels of interrupt priority, for a high degree of versatility in dealing with the external environment.

Perhaps the major advantage to using interrupts is the increase in throughput resulting from their use in handling the system I/O functions. Instead of the processor's spending a great deal of time checking to see if I/O devices are ready to transfer data or waiting for them to be ready, in an interrupt-driven system the processor can continue executing its application program, only suspending execution to attend to an I/O device when the device signals that it is actually ready for data transfer.

Although it can be tougher to debug, interrupt-driven software is generally more compact and efficient than that which must explicitly check I/O devices by polling or waiting. But we don't have space here to discuss the software aspects at length.

MPX-16 Interrupt Logic

The interrupt structure of an 8088-based system revolves around an interrupt-vector lookup table located low in system memory from location hexadecimal 00000 through 003FF. Each interrupt vector in the table consists of 4 bytes that point to the address of an interrupt-service routine. Up to 256 interrupt vectors, numbered from decimal 0 to 255, can be used to specify starting addresses of interrupt routines anywhere in the 8088's 1-megabyte address space. Each of the interrupt vectors is assigned an interrupt-type number that points to its location in the lookup table. The type number multiplied by 4 equals the offset of the vector from location 00000.

The highest priority interrupt is the

66 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

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CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research inc. WordStar and Word Master are registered trademarks ot MicroPro International Corporation Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc MS-DOS and Softcard are trademarks ol Microsoft TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines

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nonmaskable-interrupt (NMI) input at pin 17 of the 8088 microprocessor, IC36. This signal is an internally synchronized edge-triggered input which causes a predefined "type-2" interrupt that "vectors" (passes control) to the location identified by the eighth position in the table. Although the 8088's NMI input is not directly maskable by software, the MPX-16 contains extra hardware that can mask the interrupt signal before it gets to the 8088, given proper setup by the soft

ware. The NMI input is used to report system memory-parity errors and errors from the I/O-channel expansion slots.

The next 15 levels of interrupts are implemented by two Intel 8259A programmable interrupt controllers (PICs), IC35 and IC62 in section 1 of the schematic diagram, which was printed in last month's article. One of the programmable interrupt controllers, IC35, serves as the master and resides on the multiplexed local

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bus shared with the processors. The other, IC62, is a slave device to IC35 and resides on the system bus. The master/slave configuration is set up during the initialization process by software.

All of the peripheral devices residing on the system board, such as the serial and parallel I/O-port controllers, are supported by interruptrequest lines on the 8259A PICs. Interrupt requests from the PICs drive the INTR input of the 8088 (pin 18). This signal is a level-triggered input that can be internally masked by a software instruction. Interrupts requested by the INTR input do not have predefined vector types as does the nonmaskable interrupt. In the case of the 8259A PIC, a consecutive block of eight interrupt types, one for each of the eight interrupt-request input pins, is programmed into the device by the system software as part of the initialization process when the power is turned on.

Handling Interrupts

When an interrupt signal is received on the 8088's INTR pin, the processor enters an interrupt-acknowledge cycle that is used to determine the interrupt type. First the processor preserves what it was doing when interrupted: the state of the machine is saved by pushing the contents of the flag register, codesegment register, and instruction pointer onto the stack. In addition, the interrupt flag is cleared, disabling further interrupts from occurring until the processor is ready for them. (If nested interrupts are desired, the interrupt-service routine must reenable the processor to receive interrupts, while ensuring that the most crucial tasks are not delayed until too late. The programming is not easy.)

In the next step, the 8288 bus controller (IC51) issues two interruptacknowledge pulses on the INTA line. The first pulse signals the 8259A PICs that the interrupt request is being granted. When the second INTA pulse is issued, the 8-bit code for the interrupt type is placed onto the data bus. The value of the interrupt type is multiplied by 4 (simply by being shifted left 2 places) to determine the

68 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

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parallel-l/O-port interrupt l/O-channel interrupt l/O-channel interrupt l/O-channel interrupt l/O-channel interrupt l/O-channel interrupt l/O-channel interrupt

Table 3: Interrupt signals in the MPX-16, listed in order of priority. Priority-0 errors go through the 8088's NMI input, while the rest go through either the master or the slave 8259A interrupt controller.

Priority

Source

Signal Name

Level

0

NMI

PARERR or IOCHNLERR

1

master

TIMEINTR

2

slave

SIO0RXRDY

3

slave

SI01RXRDY

4

slave

SIO0TXRDY

5

slave

SI01TXRDY

6

slave

PRINTRDY

7

slave

FDCINT

8

slave

NPXINT

9

slave

PIOINT

10

master

IRQST2

11

master

IRQST3

12

master

IRQST4

13

master

IRQST5

14

master

IRQST6

15

master

IRQST7

address of the interrupt vector. Program control is then transferred to the address contained in the 4 bytes of the interrupt vector. Note that the first 2 bytes are used as the new instruction pointer (lower 16 bits of the address) and the second 2 bytes are used to form the new code-segment register (upper 16 bits). When the interruptservice routine has completed execution, control is returned to the main program via an IRET instruction, which pops the original flag and address information off the stack into the active registers. The main program then resumes execution where it left off, with the interrupts reenabled.

Interrupt Priorities

The organization of the systemboard interrupt-priority scheme is shown in table 3. The highest priority hardware interrupt, as we've seen, is the NMI, which is caused by memory-parity or l/O-channel errors. The highest priority maskable interrupt is from the IR0 input of the master 8259A PIC, which is generated by the real-time clock. The next eight interrupts in priority come from peripheral devices attached to the slave 8259A PIC, which is in turn attached to the IRl input of the master 8259A.

The last six interrupts come from the I/O-expansion-channel connectors. These interrupts drive the IR2 through IR7 inputs of the master 8259 A.

Two other points concerning the 8259A PICs should be noted. Although a priority has been assigned to each interrupt-request input of the 8259A PICs, these can be changed by the system software. In addition, the 8259A PICs can even be used to implement a polled I/O system. (These devices provide considerable flexibility for handling I/O servicing at a relatively low hardware cost.) And finally, all of the interrupt-service routines in the MPX-16 system can be be invoked via a software-interrupt instruction that specifies the interrupt type. This can be useful in starting an I/O device and in debugging the interrupt routines.

I/O-Expansion Channels

The MPX-16 system board supports an I/O-expansion channel that represents an extension of the system bus. Peripheral devices are connected through several 62-pin card-edge connectors like those used by peripherals designed for the IBM Personal Computer. The MPX-16 computer system

70

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 73

Pin

Signal Name

Pin

Signal Name

A01

l/OCHNLERR

B01

GND

A02

SYSDAT7 -\

B02

BRESET

A03

SYSDAT6 |

B03

Vcc

A04

SYSDAT5 \

B04

IRQST2

A05

SYSDAT4 \

B05

-5 V DC

A06

SYSDAT3

system

B06

DMARQST2

A07

SYSDAT2

data

B07

-12 V DC

A08

SYSDAT 1

bus

B08

IOCHLDRQST

A09

SYSDATO -/

B09

+ 12 VDC

A10

IOCHNLRDY/WAIT

B10

GND

A11

SYSAEN

B11

SYSMEMWR >

A12

SYSA19 ^

B12

SYSMEMRD I

i system-status

A13

SYSA18

B13

SYSIOWR

/ control

A14

SYSA17

B14

SYSIORD

A15

SYSA16

B15

DMACK3 J

A16

SYSA15

B16

DMARQST3 N

A17

SYSA14

B17

DMACK1 I

DMA control

A18

SYSA13

B18

DMARQST1

>

A19

SYSA12

system

B19

BDMACKO

A20

SYSA11

address

B20

BSYSCLKO S

A21

SYSA10

)

bus

B21

IRQST7

A22

SYSA9

B22

IRQST6

A23

SYSA8

B23

IRQST5

A24

SYSA7

B24

IRQST4

A25

SYSA6

B25

IRQST3

A26

SYSA5

B26

DMACK2

A27

SYSA4

B27

TCNT

A28

SYSA3

B28

SYSALE

A29

SYSA2

B29

Vrr

A30

SYSA1

B30

BSYSCLK1

A31

SYSAO *

B31

GND

Table 4: Pin/signal relationships in

the I

'O-expansion connectors. These

assignments are compatible

with those i

n the e:

cpansion slots of

the IBM Personal

Computer. Many of the syst

em control s

gnals ai

■e buffered before

being fed to these

connectors.

can potentially contain 1 megabyte of memory and still have spare expansion slots for special-purpose I/O modules, which might include videotex decoders, process-control or dataacquisition interfaces, or localnetwork interfaces.

The standard MPX-16 system board has five expansion connectors installed in alternating positions, effectively located on 1-inch center-tocenter spacings. An additional four connectors can be installed between them, if needed; the resulting nine connectors will be on half-inch centerto-center spacing. Spacing on 1-inch centers is usually required for disk controllers and I/O boards. Memory boards, on the other hand, will generally fit in half-inch spacing.

The I/O-expansion channel has been designed to be pin-for-pin hardware-compatible with the IBM

Personal Computer (model 5150). The IBM PC bus was chosen, as I explained last month, to take advantage of the expected proliferation of IBMPC-compatible peripheral-adapter modules and expansion memories. However, because the MPX-16 system board already supports most of the peripheral I/O functions that would ordinarily be added to the IBM computer, the I/O-expansion slots are available for new uses.

Table 4 lists the signal connections to the pins of the I/O-expansion connectors. All signal lines in the I/O channel are compatible with LS-TTL (low-power Schottky-diode-clamped transistor-transistor logic) signals. Brief descriptions of each group of lines follow.

Oscillator Clock (BSYSCLK1):

This is a buffered version of the main

system timing clock. It runs at a frequency of either 14.31818 MHz or 15.0 MHz, depending on which crystal is installed. It has a 50 percent duty cycle.

System Clock (BSYSCLKO): This is a buffered version of the system processor clock. It runs at a frequency that is one-third that of SYSCLK1. It has a 33 percent duty cycle (high for one-third of the cycle, low for twothirds).

System Reset (BRESET): This is a buffered version of SYSRES, which is active on power-up. It is synchronized to the falling edge of the SYSCLKO waveform and is used for initialization of all system hardware components.

Address Latch Enable (SYSALE): This signal is used to indicate the presence of a valid address on the system bus. The falling edge of SYSALE is normally used to latch the address. This signal is generated by the 8288 bus controller during bus cycles initiated by one of the local-bus masters. The system-address enable signal, SYSAEN, should be used to enable this signal in the I/O channel.

System Address Enable (SYSAEN): This line, when active-low, indicates that one of the system coprocessors (either the 8088 or the 8087) has control of the system bus. When SYSAEN is high, the 8237A-5 DMA controller has control of the system bus and drives the system address, system memory, and I/O-read/write lines.

I/O Channel Ready (IOCHNLRDY/ WAIT): This line is normally high. When a slow I/O device or expansion memory board decodes a valid address, this line should be driven low, causing the flip-flops IC25 and IC33 to insert wait states into the bus cycle until the slow device has completed its cycle. (To avoid conflict with memory refresh, this line should never be held low for more than 1 or 2 /ts.)

System Memory Read

(SYSMEMRD): This control line is used to gate the memory-device data buffers onto the system data bus during memory-read cycles initiated by either the processor or DMA controller.

74 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 27 on inquiry card.

Alspa

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"TURBODOS is a trademark of Software 2000, Inc. **CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.

• Each node may operate with MP/M compatible file/ record interlocks, or with special TURBODOS relaxation rules.

• Maximum recommended buss length of 4,000 L.Ft.

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System Board Peripheral Device

Base Address

(hexadecimal)

8237A-5 DMA controller

000

8272 floppy-disk controller

020

DMA page registers 0 and 1

040

DMA page register 2

060

DMA page register 3

080

floppy-disk-drive motor-on register

0A0

parity-error flip-flop clear

OCO

spare (reserved)

0E0

spare (reserved)

100

8259A interrupt controller—slave

120

8259A interrupt controller—master

140

console serial I/O port

160

auxiliary serial I/O port

180

8255A-5 parallel I/O

1A0

8155H-2 parallel I/O and timer

1C0

8253-5 counter-timers

1E0

Table 5: Base addresses of the I/O-device

-control registers.

System Memory

Write

(SYSMEMWR): This control is used to store the data present on the system data bus into the selected memory location during memorywrite cycles initiated by either the processor or DMA controller.

System I/O Read (SYSIORD): This control line is used to gate the selected I/O device to accept the data present on the system data bus during I/Oread cycles initiated by either the processor or the DMA controller.

System I/O Write (SYSIOWR): This control line tells the selected I/O device to accept the data present on the system data bus. It is active in I/O-write cycles initiated by either the processor or DMA controller.

I/O-Channel (Parity) Error (I/OCHNLERR): This signal, when enabled by the system software, will cause an interrupt via the NMI input of the 8088 processor. It is normally used to alert the processor to a parity error in memory devices residing in the I/O channel.

System Address Bus (SYSAO through SYSA19): These lines form a 20-bit system address bus, which can

address up to 1 megabyte of memory. SYSAO represents the least significant address bit (LSB), and SYSA19 represents the most significant address bit (MSB). These lines can be driven either from the processor or from the DMA controller and are considered to be active-high.

The MPX-16 computer system can potentially contain 1 megabyte of memory and still have spare expansion slots.

System Data Bus (SYSDAT0 through SYSDAT7): These lines form the 8-bit system data bus and can be driven by the processor, memory devices, or I/O devices. They are bidirectional and are considered to be active-high. SYSDAT0 is the LSB, SYSDAT7 the MSB.

I/O Channel Interrupt Requests (IRQST2 through IRQST7): These lines are prioritized interrupt-request lines, with IRQST2 having the highest priority and IRQST7 the

lowest priority. The lines are edgetriggered and active-high; however, the request signal must be maintained in the high state until the interrupt request has been acknowledged. The interrupt-service routine written for each particular device in use must usually do this.

DMA Requests (DMARQST1 through DMARQST3): These lines are prioritized DMA-request lines, with DMARQST1 having the highest priority and DMARQST3 the lowest priority. The lines are active-high and must be held high until the corresponding DMACKx line goes activelow. DMARQST2 is used by the sys-tem-board floppy-disk controller and is included in the I/O channel only for compatibility with the IBM Personal Computer. These lines are typically used by peripheral devices such as disk controllers to request DMA service.

DMA Acknowledge Lines (DMACK1 through DMACK3): These lines are used to acknowledge DMA requests generated by the DMARQSTx lines.

DMA Acknowledge 0 (BDMACKO): This is a buffered DMACK0 line and signifies that a DMA-controlled dynamic-memory-refresh cycle is in progress.

DMA Terminal Count (TCNT): This signal is active-high when any of the four DMA channels reaches a terminal count. The corresponding DMA-acknowledge line should be used in conjunction with the TCNT signal.

Peripheral Power: +5 volts (V) DC ±5%, logic ground, +12 V DC ±5%, -12 VDC ±10%, and -5 V DC ±10% power connections are all provided in each expansion connector.

I/O-Decoder Logic

The MPX-16 computer system contains a variety of onboard, highperformance peripheral devices: direct support for all of the major I/O functions needed to form a complete microcomputer system, as listed in table 1 on page 44.

All of the system-board I/O peripherals are addressed or selected by the 4-to-16 decoder IC52 (shown in

76 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

©3itaM]

The Universal Operating System*. Finally, once and for all.

The UCSD p-System* from SofTech Microsystems isn't like any other operating system you've ever used.

Why?

Because the p-System is the only truly portable, universal operating system ever developed, that's why. It's equally at home with all popular personal computers. Such as an IBM PC or Displaywriter, an Apple, a DEC, an HP, an Osborne, a Philips, a Sage, a Tandy, a TI, you name it. It lets you develop applications that are portable to 8-bit as well as 16-bit micros.

And we don't mean portable just at the source code level, either.

We mean you can develop your program on virtually any micro, compile to object code, and it's totally transportable. So you can design programs once, and you've designed for the entire market.

The p-System then actually broadens your __^ . ^ ^

potential customer base. With no significant In ■» •*% <p» 1 | -wj

reinvestment in programming time. ■*■ *H**Hj)

You can reuse program components

Once is Enough.

SEE US AT COMDEX BOOTH #636.

from one application to another, and even create your own library of utilities. What's more, the p-System's universality allows you to get your software up and limning on new hardware as soon as it hits the market.

It's about time.

At SofTech Microsystems, we saw an industry-wide need for an efficient OS that could honestly call itself universal. So, in 1979, we delivered just that.The UCSD p-System. And we've been delivering ever since.

As an applications developer, we think you owe yourself an OS that lets you broaden your market base and develop higher quality applications faster, less expensively, more dependably and more efficiently than ever before.

All at the same time. All on one micro. Thanks to the p-System, finally, once is enough. For product information or information on how to get a copy of the p-System Application Catalog, call or write to us at SofTech Microsystems.

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

SofTech Microsystems • 16885 West Bernardo Drive • San Diego, Calif. 92127 • (714) 451-1230

"Universal Operating System

i trademark of SofTech Microsystems

, UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

section 2, figure 2 on page 48). This decoding logic maintains addressing compatibility with IBM Personal Computer peripherals by using the system-address-bus line SYSA9 to determine whether the peripheral device being selected is on the main circuit board or off it. A low state on the SYSA9 line enables one of the strobe inputs of the decoder; the other strobed input is enabled if one of the local bus masters has control of the system bus, indicated by a low state on 88AEN. When an I/Odevice interface chip is selected by this decoded address and either the SYSIORD or SYSIOWR line is active, an I/O bus cycle is performed. During DMA cycles the I/O decoder is disabled.

The base address for each of the system-board I/O devices is shown in table 5 on page 76. The total number of address-space locations used by each peripheral device varies; this will be discussed in more detail next month in part 3.

Next Month:

// you've followed everything in this second installment on the Circuit

Cellar MPX-16 computer system, you're doing well. In the January article I'll fill you in on the serial and parallel I/O ports, counters, floppydisk controller, and operating-system BIOS, among other topics.M

Acknowledgments

Thanks to ]im Norris, George Martin, and Linda Spencer of Owl Electronic Laboratories for their contributions to this project.

Thanks to Mark Dahmke and Gordon Heins for their help with the documentation.

Thanks to Bill Morello and his staff at Techart Associates for their careful work in drawing the schematic diagrams.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400. Hightstown, N] 08520.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I, covers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II, contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III, contains the articles that were published from July 1980 through December 1981.

To receive a complete list ol Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits available from the Micromint. circle 100 on the reader service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

References

Cantrell, Thomas. "An 8088 Processor for the S-100 Bus." Part 1, September 1980 BYTE, page 46. Part 2, October 1980 BYTE, page 62. Part 3, November 1980 BYTE, page 340.

Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer System, Part 1." November 1982 BYTE, page 78. Ciarcia, Steve. "Ease into 16-Bit Computing." Part 1, March 1980 BYTE, page 17. Part 2, April 1980 BYTE, page 40. Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1981, page 171.

Ciarcia, Steve. "The Intel 8086." November 1979 BYTE, page 14. Reprinted in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1981, page 120.

Component Data Catalog. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981. iAPX Book. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981.

iAPX 86,88 User's Manual. Santa Clara, CA: Intel Corporation, 1981. Morgan, Christopher L. and Mitchell Waite. 8086/8088 16-bit Microprocessor Primer. Peterborough, NH: BYTE Books, 1982.

The following items are available from:

The Micromint Inc. 561 Willow Ave. Cedarhurst, NY 11516 (516) 374-6793

(for technical information) (800) 645-3479

(for orders only)

1. MPX-16 single-board computer system: assembled, tested, and burnedin. Includes 64K bytes of RAM, Digital Research CP/M-86 operating system on 8-inch or 5V4-inch floppy disk, CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual. Requires power supply and floppy-disk drive.

Single-quantity price $2895

2. MPX-16 single-board computer system, as above, but with 256K bytes of RAM installed.

Single-quantity price $2135

3. MPX-16 single-board computer

system, with 64K bytes of RAM.

In OEM quantities of 100 $1200 each

4. Complete MPX-16 disk-based system: includes MPX-16 single-board computer, assembled, tested, and burned-in, with 256K bytes of RAM installed, CP/M-86 operating system on SVi-inch floppy disk, CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM, power supply, one 5Vi-inch single-sided floppy-disk drive, connecting cables, MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual. Enclosure sold separately.

Single-quantity price $2895

5. Unpopulated (blank) printedcircuit board for the MPX-16 computer system: five-layer, screened, and solder-masked. Includes CP/M-86 BIOS in EPROM, MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual.

Single-quantity price $300

6. Digital Research CP/M-86 User's Manual (three-volume set), sold separately $40

7. MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual, sold separately... .$50

8. Enclosure for MPX-16 circuit board call for price

When it becomes available for the MPX-16, Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system may be optionally substituted for CP/M-86.

The MPX-16 is available to OEMs in large quantities either as a circuit board or as a complete system with floppydisk drives and enclosure. Call the Micromint for prices and delivery information.

For orders within the continental United States, please include $10 for shipping: overseas orders please include $30. Residents of New York please include 7 percent sales tax.

78 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WHEN WE ANNOUNCED THE COMMODORE 64 FOR $595, OUR COMPETITORS

SAID WE COULDN'T DO IT.

THAT'S BECAUSE THEYCOULDN'T DO IT.

The reason is that, unlike our competitors, we make our own IC chips. Plus all the parts of the computer they go into.

So Commodore can get more advanced computers to market sooner than anybody else. And we can get them there for a lot less money. WHAT PRICE POWER?

For your $595* the Commodore 64™ gives you a built-in user memory of 64K. This is hundreds of dollars less than computers of comparable power.

Lest you think that the Commodore 64 is some stripped-down loss leader, a look at its available peripherals and interfaces will quickly convince you otherwise.

SOFTWARE THAT WORKS HARD.

The supply of software for the Commodore 64 will be extensive. And with the optional plug-in Z80 microprocessor, the Commodore 64 can accommodate the enormous amount of software available in CP/M?

Add in the number of programs available in BASIC and you'll find that there are virtually no applications, from word processing to spreadsheets, that the Commodore 64 can't handle with the greatest of ease.

PERIPHERALS WITH VISION.

The Commodore 64 interfaces with all the peripherals you could want for total personal computing: disk drives, printers and a telephone modem that's about $100, including a free hour's access to some of the more popular computer information services. Including Commodore's own Information Network for users.

RUN YOUR BUSINESS BY DAY. SAVE THE EARTH BY NIGHT.

At the end of a business day, the Commodore 64 can go into your briefcase and ride home with you for an evening's fun and games.

Because of its superior video quality (320x200 pixel resolution, 16 available colors and 3D Sprite graphics), the Commodore 64 surpasses the best of the video game machines on the market. Yet, because it's such a powerful computer, it allows you to invent game programs that a game machine will never be able to play; as well as enjoy Commodore's own video game cartridges.

ATTACK, DECAY, SUSTAIN, RELEASE.

If you're a musicologist, you already know what an ADSR (attack, decay, sustain, release) envelope is. If you're not, you can learn this and much more about music with the Commodore 64's music synthesizing features.

It's a full-scale compositional tool. Besides a programmable ADSR envelope generator, it has 3 voices (each with a 9-octave range) and 4 waveforms for truly sophisticated composition and playback—through your home audio system, if you

'Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price: July 7, 1982. Disk drives and printers are not included in prices. The 64's price may change without notice. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

wish. It has sound quality you'll find only on separate, music-only synthesizers. And graphics and storage ability you won't find on any separate synthesizer.

DON'T WAIT.

The predictable effect of advanced technology is that it produces less expensive, more capable products the longer you wait.

If you've been waiting for this to happen to personal computers, your wait is over.

See the Commodore 64 soon at your local Commodore Computer dealer and compare it with the best the competition has to offer.

You can bet that's what the competition will be doing.

r

Commodore Business Machines

Personal Systems Division

P.O. Box 500,Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428

Please send me more information on the Commodore 64™

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Circle 95 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

79

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>RMA X BBBrmation Management System JPprofessionally engineered... from its inception

... to operate in the Multi-user, Multi-tasking,

Multi-processing environment.

INFORMAX is not just another DBMS. It is a practical necessity for the business initiating computerization. As needs expand, systems invariably expand, so why be forced to reinvent the wheel just because of future growth? Any expansion you plan will need INFORMA X. Remember, a single-user today will be a multiuser tomorrow.

Almost invariably, a business begins computerization on a single application, single-user system which immediately requires expansion. Multiuser, multi-tasking and multi-processing systems become necessary. Unfortunately, software designed for the single-user system can not satisfy the needs of the multi-user environment. In fact, single-user software is inherently dangerous to precious records in the multi-user situation. Multiprocessing and multi-tasking require professionally engineered software solutions for mutual exclusion record lockout, deadly embrace conditions, asynchronous event conditions, and run away lockout conditions, as well as other frightening technical problems. The concepts necessary to solve these problems must be designed into the system from its inception... not as an addition or afterthought. INFORMAX is

® RIGlSIERtO niaC* MARK

the first micro DBMS professionally engineered for multi-user, multi-tasking and multi-processing.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

INFORMA X is an Information Management System which provides the structure for information (data) organization and filing to allow for quick, efficient storage and retrieval of that data. In effect, it provides the most sophisticated framework for an elegant computer filing system. Traditionally, database management systems are structures designed to assist system programmers in their programming tasks. But the achievement of INFORMA X is to provide a programmer-less environment that allows even first-time users to achieve professional results in creating programs that store information, retrieve that information, and report on that information in the formats the user personally desires. INFORMA X uses neither "cryptic statements" nor "English type" statements and requires no "computereze", or other computer languages.

No "Computereze" like: B:XPNW= MAIL

No "English type commands" like: Find record 5 on drive D: in database mail

No "Cryptic Commands" like: pip d:=c:*.??v

INFORMA X IS FOR THE USER!

That's why ABACUS DATA will only deliver systems fully customized to the equipment. Full keyboard functions, cursor control, etc. Since the Security System requires a User Name, the system provides individualization of function keys, screen displays, and keyboard actions for each operator.

MORE THAN USER-FRIENDLY

Through the use of menu driven, screen oriented, tutorial response techniques the first-time computer user can create, modify or customize programs. Through the innovative template (screen) system, user acceptance is immediate. Each of the system's five components: TH E DATA

\ VSR

BEYOND DBMS

BASE, THE REPORTER, THE APPLICATION WRITER, THE SECURITY SYSTEM, and THE MENU MAKER has been designed to minimize operator inputs. Single keystroke command structure has been used throughout.

The INFORMA X is an Information System.

Beyond a database management system it has lightning fast storage and retrieval. To be useful for business it must be fast.

Beyond a reporter, it converts data into the information necessary to make business decisions.

Beyond an application writer, it will create, modify, expand, any application ... up to 42 math calculations permitted for each record.

Beyond an automatic programming system, it is almost totally transparent to the user, requires no programming skill, yet achieves professional results.

Beyond a security system, (a necessity for business) it separately secures The System, The Applications, The Records, The Items and The Commands.

Beyond a menu maker, the user designs his own help pages for the INFORMA X programs and others.

Beyond an accounting system, it allows your total processing to be AUTOMATED, ORGANIZED, INDIVIDUALIZED, and MODIFIABLE.

All and much more!

IN FORMA X is the only database software you will ever need.

Without INFORMA X all applications and programs are disjointed bits and pieces. INFORMA X will organize your automation. INFORMA X is currently delivered with an Accounting Package which includes:

PAYROLL SYSTEM

ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

INVENTORY SYSTEM

GENERAL LEDGER Not just examples but operational programs and more!

PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

INFORMA X is not merely a database management system but it is a method of automating information, storage, retrieval, and transmittal that should mean a new way of business life. We at ABACUS DATA INC. are committed to supplying software that will enhance your business today and tomorrow. We encourage

your questions and comments and for that reason we maintain toll free numbers to service you.

1-800-874-8555.

In Florida 904-398-8547.

Dealer and distributor inquiries welcomed.

SJ

abacus data, inc.

1920 San Marco Boulevard Jacksonville, Florida 32207

CURRENT EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS

Z80, 8085, 8080A Minimum Memory 52K CP/M® Operating System Current delivery customized for all TeleVideo®, Osborne®, and Action® Computer Systems (Call for others)

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

Left get

seriouslolks

After all this time, we're going to showyou the real us.

We know that you think we're the serious, buttoneddown distributor that can ship you more different kinds of CP/M businessand utility softwarethan anybody else.

That we have software for the newest computers, like the IBM PC, almost before they're announced.

That we deliver more different formats, everything from Apple to Zenith, so that you don't have to turn down a sale.

And that we give you the healthy discounts and rapid delivery you need to make a decent profit.

But behind all that we've got ourfun-lovingside, too,you know.

82 BYTE December 1982

And we're just as strong in computer games.

We know that games are serious business, and that if you don't have them, you can't sell them. So we've filled our shelves with games for Apple, Atari, the TRS-80 and more. Games from Avalon Hill, Broderbund, Gebelli, Microsoft, On Line, Sirius, whoever—just name it and it's yours.

All with the same deep

discounts, the same great delivery and the the same friendly service as we're giving you on your CP/M software. So if you're ready for fun and games with a distributor, give us a call.

Software Distributors, 10023 Jefferson Boulevard, Culver City, CA 90230.

We're not just clowning around.

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

213-204-6620 • 800-252-4025 (CA) Telex 182362 ATT: Soft USA Culv 800-421-0814

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Circle 428 on inquiry card.

, i >;

The Coinless Arcade — Rediscovered

A faceless stranger gave you directions the first time you came to The Coinless Arcade. After a glorious night of gaming, you came away retaining a pocket full of quarters and not a few new friends. Everyone met together the next night, ready for more gaming, but you could not find the arcade— anywhere! Night dampness chilled your bones as the search continued, and, for a while, you combed the town every night: still, no arcade. You kept in touch with your new friends, if only to prove that you hadn't imagined it all.

A year has passed. You walk out the alley exit of a theater and, surprised, hear faint arcade noises. You follow them through the alleyways, only distantly aware that you never cross a main street. And there it is: the neon facade declaring "The Coinless Arcade" with festive colors, the air alive with electronic sounds. Once inside, you see a familiar face,

Pamela Clark. Technical Editor and Gregg Williams, Senior Editor

then another. Soon everyone has arrived. Laughing, you run to the nearest empty machine, reach for some quarters—and realize there's no need. You wish your friends good luck and press the flashing red button labeled START. The fun begins again.

Another computer gaming year has passed. Game designers continue to squeeze more than we've ever seen before from a given machine, and we applaud their efforts. In fact, some of the most exciting programming this year has been done for the cartridge game systems. That's why we're including two pages of games for the Atari (or Sears) Video Computer System and the Mattel Intellivision Game System.

Luckily for you players, The Coinless Arcade exists in your imagination and in your microcomputer. We've brought you these games from our Coinless Arcade. Put them in your microcomputer (or cartridge game system) and they're yours forever.

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Playing Cannonball Blitz can provide entertainment for you and chuckling enjoyment ior a crowd of onlookers. The object of the game is to get the rebel soldier up Nutcracker Hill and destroy the castle. The poor soldier, however, must contend with a barrage of cannonballs and constant trips and obstacles. It becomes hard not to laugh as you try to outrun or jump over cannonballs, or just plain get out of the way. Cannonball Blitz by Olaf Lubeck for the Apple II or II Plus, $34.95 (disk), from Sierra On-line Inc., 36575 Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarsegold, CA 93614.

Want a challenge with a bizarre twist? First, you take a job with the ASPCA and are put in charge of controlling the lemming population. All you have to do is lock them in a room so they won't breed. Sounds easy until you try it. There are lemmings running everywhere, breeding faster and faster and getting run over by trucks. If you're not real careful, a mass suicide occurs as they march to the sea. This is one of the strangest topics for an arcade game that we have seen. Lemmings by ferry Jewell, Terry Bradley, and Dan Thompson for the Apple II or II Plus, $29.95 (disk), from Sirius Software Inc., 10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, CA 95827.

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The city is under attack, and it's up to you to rescue the only remaining inhabitants. Pilot your Needlefighter and swoop in, picking up each of the 18 survivors and transport them through a hazard-filled sky to temporary safety. Once you have saved all of the people, you must risk your life and theirs once again, as you move them to permanent quarters. It isn't easy—hero stuff never is. Protector by Mike Potter for the Atari 400/800, $34.95 (cassette), from Synapse Software, 820 Coventry Rd., Kensington, CA 94707. (Also available on disk.)

If you love playing two-person strategy games but can't always find a willing opponent, Renaissance may be the answer. This is a computer version of the board game Othello (trademark of Gabriel Industries) that is designed to let you challenge the machine, although it may be used with two human players. You can choose from eight levels, set up special games, and save and recall games from tape. Renaissance by Louis X. Savain for the VIC-20, $49.95 (cartridge), from United Microware Industries Inc., 3503-C Temple Ave., Pomona, CA 91768.

As the commander of a nuclear submarine, you guide your vessel through a subterranean obstacle course, avoiding mountains, twisting through passages, and staying away from the webs of explosive mines rising from the sea floor. And if that wasn't enough to make a hazardous trip, watch out for the enemy attack stations, falling stalactites and mines, and, of course, lasers. The scrolling seabottom gives you the equivalent of 24 screens laid endto-end, and the game also offers a two-player option. Sea Dragon by Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman for the TRS-80 Models I and III, $24.95 (disk), from Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750. (Also available for the Apple and the Atari 400/800.)

Amid the sounds of explosions and the sight of burning buildings, you must manuever your helicopter and rescue the 64 kidnapped delegates to the United Nations Conference on Peace and Child Rearing. Watch out for jet fighters and air mines and try to get as many of the hysterical hostages back to safety as you can. It's great fun manipulating the helicopter with a joystick acting as the throttle; and the little folks on the ground really wave to you! Choplifter! by Dan Gorlin for the Apple II or II Plus, $34.95 (disk), from Broderbund Software, 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901. (Requires joystick with two buttons; also available for the Atari 400/800.)

COINLESS ARCADE

Escorting and defending cruisers through front-line battle zones becomes a hazardous task when Cretonian forces try to destroy your protective field. Your fuel supply is limited, so your mission must be completed rapidly, while you fight off three waves of Cretonian ram craft, energy torpedoes, and Kilr mines. Stellar Escort by Jeff Zinn for the TRS-80 Models I and III, $19.95 (disk), from Big Five Software, POB 9078-185, Van Nuys, CA 91409. (Also available on cassette.)

If you suffer from nightmares of being caught in a snakefilled maze, don't play Serpentine before bedtime. Not only must you try to keep your nice blue serpents alive, but you must also make their lives long enough to lay eggs and raise new serpents. You can't merely avoid predator serpents: you must eat them in order to grow. Big serpents always swallow little serpents, so growing up fast can be a real advantage. Serpentine by David Snider for the Apple II or II Plus, $34.95 (disk), from Broderbund Software, 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Use your problem-solving skills in a science-fiction scenario that makes you race against the clock in a simulation of an emergency situation aboard a biological survey spaceship. After a mid-space accident, your ship begins to malfunction. The crew must locate the main computer console, access the plans to the multipod vessel, and repair the damage before time runs out. During the search, you must look out for dangerous biological specimens and attacking robots. While the game can be played as solitaire, it can also incorporate up to seven players in a cooperative effort to save the ship (and your lives!). Wreck of the B. S. M. Pandora by Stephen Abrams for the Apple II or II Plus, $50 (disk), from Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Mariani Dr., Cupertino, CA 95014.

If you always had a secret desire to conquer barbarian hordes, Legionnaire is the game for you. High-resolution graphics, sound, and real-time combat combine to create a live-action battlefield. You command the Roman Legions of Julius Caesar, while the computer controls the Gaulish barbarian hordes. With up to ten legions to command, you select any two of 16 barbarian tribes to fight. The game provides you with a topological map, which must be mastered to defeat the most vicious of the barbarians. Don't let the cover art deter you (the worst we've seen this year!)—the game is great entertainment, even for those who haven't been war-game fans before. Legionnaire by Chris Crawford for the Atari 400/800, $35 (cassette), from Avalon Hill Game Co., 4517 Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD 21214. (Also available on disk.)

The Guinness Book of World Records must be getting ready for a computer games category, if Time Zone is any indication of things to come. Without a doubt, it is the longest adventure to date with more than 1400 color graphic pictures and six floppy disks packed (front and back!) with this challenging game. Not only do you become a time traveler, but you must be able to solve puzzles built into the game. This ultimate adventure is already a legend in its own time. Time Zone by Ken and Roberta Williams for the Apple II or II Plus, $99.95 (disk), from Sierra On-line Inc., 36575 Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarsegold, CA 93614.

The award (if we had one) for the most arcade-like game of the year would go to Bandits. In this spectacular contest, every new wave of aliens has a different strategy and a different weapon to challenge you. And, of course, the more you manage to blast them off your screen, the faster they attack. Good graphics and great action make this game a must for arcade fans. Bandits by Tony and Benny Ngo for the Apple II or II Plus, $34.95 (disk), from Sirius Software Inc., 10364 Rockingham Dr., Sacramento, CA 95827. (Also available for the Atari.)

...

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If you have always been a fan of the old Saturday matinee monster movies, here is a game that allows you to create your own interactive version. Choose your favorite locale to be devoured: Washington, Tokyo, New York, or San Francisco. Next, from a choice of six killer creatures, select the monster you would most like to be when you grow up. With more than 100 possible scenarios, you can wreak havoc to your heart's content. Watch out for the National Guard and the mad scientist, though, because they are determined to eliminate your monster at any cost. Crush, Crumble, and Chomp! by Jon Freeman, J. W. Connelley, Michael Farren, and Toni Thompson for the Apple II pr II Plus, $29.95 (disk), from Epyx/Automated Simulations Inc., 1043 Kiel Court, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. (Also available on disk for the TRS-80 Models I and III and the Atari 400/800 and on cassette for the VIC-20.)

For an added thrill, try using two joysticks with Cyborg. Move your human/machine hybrid with one joystick and fire with the other as you battle robots, killer hyper-spheres, and giant spiders in a series of arenas. Each arena or wave may contain all of one type of opponent or a mixture of all, with each new arena harder to get through than the one before. Cyborg by Simon Smith for the Atari 400/800, $29.95 (disk), from Med Systems Software, POB 2674, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.

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By allowing you to independently shoot and move in four directions, Crossfire emerges as one of the most difficult and challenging arcade games to play. Surrounded by aliens, with laser shots flying at you from all directions, you are confined in a grid. Instead of the freedom of the skies, you must exercise tight control over the movement of your ship, firing missiles at the same time. The reflexes take a long time to master, but, once you get the hang of it, it's addictive. Crossfire by Jay Sullivan for the Apple II or II Plus, $29.95 (disk), from Sierra On-line Inc., 36575 Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarsegold, CA 93614. (Also available on disk, cassette, or cartridge for the Atari 400/800.)

As Dakota Smith, adventurer, treasure hunter, you must locate the golden Mask of the Sun to halt the deterioration of your body brought on by a mysterious amulet. You begin your quest for this solid gold mask with a face-toface meeting with Professor de Perez in the Aztec ruins of Mexico. This graphics adventure uses a special animation and graphics language to draw full-screen graphics quickly enough to give the illusion of movement: people walk toward you and your jeep cruises down a country road. The Mask of the Sun by Alan Clark, Larry Franks, and Christopher and Margaret Anson for the Apple II or II Plus, $39.95 (disk), from Ultrasoft Inc., 24001 Southeast 103rd St., Issaquah, WA 98027.

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Endless waves of aliens (what else?) fill the skies. They are programmed to destroy you. You shoot at them, but if you shoot too quickly, your guns overheat and it's doomsday once again. The graphics are stunning, with each wave bringing a new variety of alien invader. Threshold by Warren Schwader and Ken Williams for the Apple II or II Plus, $39.95 (disk), from Sierra On-line Inc., 36575 Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarsegold, CA 93614. (Also available for the Atari 400/800.)

You're in control of the strategic defense satellites of the United States and, looking through your viewfinder, you can see nuclear rockets being launched from the Soviet Union. Quickly, you must intercept the rockets and destroy all of the Soviet missile sites as well. But the missiles keep coming, and now even your satellites are under attack. A graphic arcade experience awaits. Laser Defense by Simon Smith for the TRS-80 Models I and III, $18.95 (disk), from Med Systems Software, POB 2674, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.

COINLESS ARCADE

SPECIAL EFFECTS

As the game loads, a voice announces the title, Space Spartans. This is the first cartridge designed for use with the Intellivoice Voice Synthesis Module. Four voices are generated, but only two are used with regularity: the ship's computer and your central computer. The game is designed to be a reenactment of the Battle of Thermopylae in space. Because the voices provide vital information, the game isn't playable without the synthesis module. Space Spartans for In tell ivision, $45 (cartridge; Voice Module, $80), from Mattel Electronics, 5150 Rosecrans Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250.

Phasor Patrol is included when you purchase a Supercharger for your Atari VCS. (The Supercharger plugs into the cartridge slot on your machine and adds enough memory to give games increased action and more graphic detail. The games, available on cassette, load rapidly from any cassette player.) Phasor Patrol lets you use a sector map to warp hop from one section of the galaxy to another. The hyperdrive simulation is very impressive. Using the second screen, you locate enemy forces and use the torpedo sight to lock-in on your target. Scoring well in this game is a combination of skill and strategy. Phasor Patrol for the Atari VCS (video computer system), $69.95 (cassette; includes the Supercharger), from Starpath Corp., 324 Martin Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95050.

OLD FAVORITES

A graphics version of an old computer game, Utopia lets you rule your own island state. One or two players can compete by scoring points that reflect the overall wellbeing of the people you rule. By controlling agriculture, housing, education, the military, industry, and hospitals, you alone are responsible for the people. Just remember to keep an eye out for the rebels and pirate ships. Utopia for Intellivision, $40 (cartridge), from Mattel Electronics, 5150 Rosecrans Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250.

Although not a new entry, Tennis is a favorite here at BYTE. Not only is this game engaging, the winning feature is that the ball carries a shadow underneath it. Try it when you can't get outdoors for your exercise at the net. Tennis by Alan Miller for the Atari VCS, $22.95 (cartridge), from Activision, Drawer 7286, Mountain View, CA 94042.

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RE-CREATIONS

An implementation of one of the most successful arcade games, Defender is now available for you to play at home. You are the commander of a spaceship trying to blast the aliens from the skies and rescue the kidnapped humanoids before they are transformed into flying mutants. An excellent adaptation of the original. Defender for the Atari VCS, $37.95 (cartridge), from Atari Inc., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Another favorite of the commercial arcades is ready to challenge you at home. In Berzerk, you are trapped in an electronic maze, hounded by robots and the Evil Otto. Use the joystick to move through the maze and hit the button to fire your laser at the robots. Several playing options let you choose between armed and unarmed robots, characteristics lor Otto, and the number of bonus lives available. Berzerk for the Atari VCS, $31.95 (cartridge), from Atari Inc., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

One of the favorites for all ages, Frogger is a faithful implementation of the coin-operated video game with an extra bonus: an easy option that lets the frog stay on the moving log when it wraps around to the other side of the screen. Trying to get the poor frog to hop across the busy highway can be quite a trick. Frogger by Ed English for the Atari VCS, $30 (cartridge), from Parker Brothers, POB 1012, Beverly, MA 01915.

NEW!

Pitfall Harry has three chances and 20 minutes to find gold and silver bars, money bags, and diamond rings. But on his way to discover all of these treasures, he must avoid crocodile-infested swamps, vicious cobras, disappearing tarpits, and deadly scorpions in the underground passage. One of the trickiest moves you have to learn is how to make Harry jump up and catch the swinging vine. Pitfall by David Crane for the Atari VCS, $31.95 (cartridge), from Activision, Drawer 7286, Mountain View, CA 94042.

The Imperial Walkers are on the march, and you must use your fleet of Snowspeeders to destroy them before they reach the power generator on the ice planet Hoth. Using a joystick to manuever your craft, you fly over, around, and under the lumbering army of Walkers. Your battlefield is eight television-screens-wide, and the enemy will approach you in single file from left to right. When the lead Walker reaches the right end of your radar band, the power generator is a lost cause. A surprisingly strong entry for a first attempt in the video-game market. The Empire Strikes Back by Rex Bradford for the Atari VCS, $30 (cartridge), from Parker Brothers, POB 1012, Beverly, MA 01915.

FIRST LOOK

The Vectrex Arcade System

A VECTOR-DISPLAY GAME SYSTEM FOR $200 BRINGS TRUE ARCADE ADVENTURES INTO THE HOME.

Pamela Clark Technical Editor

Here is one of the greatest game machines we have seen this year. With superb vector graphics, excellent sound, cartridges for some of the best coin-operated arcade games, and a suggested retail price of $200, the Vectrex Arcade System is a good bet to score big with the consumer. Developed and distributed by General Consumer Electronics (GCE), a subsidiary of the Milton Bradley Company, the Vectrex comes closer to duplicating a real arcade game than any other game system on the market.

Because the Vectrex is a stand-alone system, you won't have to fight other people for use of the television set. Just take your Vectrex and plug it in wherever you have an electrical outlet. The system uses a Motorola 68A09 microprocessor chip in order to offer more speed and power than is available in most video games. You have a detachable control panel with a self-centering joystick and four buttons to play the games. You can plug in an additional optional control panel if you want to play

92 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Games Available

GCE has obtained licensing rights and produced versions of the following coin-op arcade games: from Cinematronics Inc., Armor Attack, Space Wars, Star Hawk, Rip Off, and Solar Quest; from Konami Industry, Scramble; and from Stern Electronics Inc., Berzerk.

Several games have been developed in-house by GCE, including the Star Trek game, modeled after the movie; Mine Storm, the resident space game; Blitz, an action football game; Cosmic Chasm, a space action game; Clean Sweep, an action maze game; and Hyper Chase, an auto race adventure. In Clean Sweep, you try to clean up your bank after a burglary. The bank robbers, in trying to blow open the vault, have scattered money through the bank corridors. Use the joystick to move your vacuum cleaner through the maze, sucking up all of the loose money. But be careful, the robbers want the money too and will be trying to destroy you at every turn.

If you dream of being a formula-one race driver, then Hyper Chase is your game. The vector graphics are superb, as you use the controls to drive a grueling grand prix. All of these cartridges will retail for about $30.

with a friend (or foe). The realistic sound, produced by a General Instrument AY38912 chip, includes music, explosions, and crowd cheers. And the display—well it almost has to be seen to be believed; imagine playing games at home (or in the office) using vector graphics with three-dimensional rotation and zoom.

Not only does this machine look and sound like its coin-operated counterparts, but it already has cartridges for seven of the more popular arcade games (see box).

One game, Mine Storm, was created by GCE and is resident in the 64K-byte ROM (read-only memory). GCE has also developed additional game cartridges, each with a screen overlay to provide color and detail to the 9-inch black-and-white display, and a complete player's reference manual. It is unusual and refreshing to see a product appearing on the market with its software ready to run. But enough of these words, just look at what it can do.H

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 93

MOTHERBOARD

Board to Death

Photo 5: Five-star idea.

Photo 6: Born in a garage.

94 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Test your hardware savvy. Presented here are 12 microcomputer system boards (sometimes referred to as motherboards). See how many you can recognize using just the photos (if you are really good), or read the clues under each photo for help. You may turn to page 590 for the answers only out of desperation. Don't feel too bad if you can't guess them all. Steve Ciarcia got only 8 out of 12. . . . J. N. S.

Photo 11: Control your car?

Photo 12: A little blue.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 95

Design Techniques and Ideals for Computer Games

Why are some computer games better than others? Game manufacturers and authors constantly try to answer this million-dollar question. Many factors contribute to the appeal of a computer game, including technical quality, graphics, sound, pace, game play, and action. Yet we cannot merely list the properties of a given game and expect the length of the list to tell us whether that game will be a success. Game design is an art form, and like any art form the individual components are less important than the manner in which they are put together, the overall technique.

All artists develop their own special techniques and ideals for the execution of their art. The painter worries about brushstrokes, mixing of paint, and texture; the musical composer learns procedures of orchestration, timing, and counterpoint. The game designer also acquires a variety of specialized skills, techniques, and ideals for the execution of the craft. In this article I will describe some of the techniques I use in my games. I don't understand my own art well enough to present my techniques in a hierar

About the Author

Chris Crawford leads the Games Research Croup at Atari. He has designed several microcomputer games and has written articles and books about computers and programming.

Chris Crawford

Atari Inc.

1265 Borregas Ave.

POB 427

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

chical or logical sequence; instead, I'll simply offer a potpourri of interesting ideas grouped under the concepts of balance, relationships, monotonicity (having a positive monotonic learning curve), and winnability.

Balancing Solitaire Games

A solitaire game pits the human player against the computer. The computer and the human are very different creatures; where human thought processes are diffuse, associative, and integrated, the machine's thought processes are direct, linear, and arithmetic. This difference causes a problem. A designer creates a computer game for the benefit of the human, and therefore the game is played in the intellectual territory of the human, rather than in the intellectual territory of the computer. The computer is thus at a natural disadvantage. Although the computer could easily whip the human in games involving computation, sorting, or similar functions, such games would be of little interest to the human player in most cases. The computer must play on the human's home turf, which it does with great difficulty. How, then, do we design a game to enable the computer to compete with and challenge the human? Four techniques are available: vast resources, artificial reckoning, limited information, and pace.

Vast Resources

In what is by far the most heavily used technique for balancing a game, the designer provides the computer with immense resources that it uses stupidly. These resources may consist of large numbers of opponents that operate with only the most rudimentary intelligence. Many games use this ploy: Space Invaders, Missile Command, Asteroids, Centipede, and Tempest, for example. It is also possible to equip the computer with a small number of opponents more powerful than the human player's units, such as the super-tanks in Battlezone. The effect in both cases is the same: the human player's advantage in intelligence is offset by the computer's material advantages.

The vast-resources technique has a number of benefits. First, the conflict between the human and the computer assumes a David-versus-Goliath air. Most people would rather win as an apparent underdog than as an equal. Second, this technique is the easiest to implement. Providing intelligence for the computer's players can be difficult, but making hordes of computer players repeat a single process takes little more than a simple loop. Of course, the ease of implementation carries a disadvantage: everybody can do it. We are knee-deep in such games. Laziness and lack of determination have far more to do with

96 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

the prevalence of this technique than game-design considerations.

Artificial Reckoning

The obvious alternative to giving the computer player an advantage of sheer numbers is to provide it with intelligence adequate to meet the human player on equal terms. Unfortunately, artificial intelligence techniques are not understood well enough to be useful in this context. The development of tree-searching techniques allows us to produce passable chess, checkers, and Othello computer players. Any other game that can be expressed in direct treesearching terms can also be handled with these techniques. Very few games, however, are appropriate for this treatment.

An alternative is to develop ad hoc artificial intelligence routines for each game—the method I have used in Tanktics, Legionnaire, and Eastern Front 1941 with varying degrees of success. Although this strategy demands great effort from the game designer, the routines are so primitive that referring to them as artificial intelligence is misleading and almost arrogant. Instead, I use the less ambitious term artificial reckoning.

The first aim of any artificial reckoning system is to produce reasonable behavior. The computer should not drive its tanks over cliffs, crash spaceships into each other, or pause to rest directly in front of the human's guns. In other words, the artificial reckoning system must not allow obviously stupid moves. This requirement tempts us to list all possible stupid moves and write code that tests for each such stupid move and precludes it. This is the wrong way to handle the problem because the computer can demonstrate unanticipated creativity in the stupidity of its mistakes. A better (but more difficult) method is to create a more general algorithm that obviates the most absurd moves.

A second requirement of an artificial reckoning routine is unpredictability. The human player should never be able to second-guess the

behavior of the computer, for this would shatter the illusion of intelligence and make victory much easier. This second condition seems to contradict my first requirement of reasonable behavior because reasonable behavior follows patterns that should be predictable. We can resolve this apparent contradiction through a deeper understanding of the nature of interaction in a game. To arrive at such an understanding, we must combine three premises. First, a reaction to an opponent is in some ways a reflection of that opponent. A reasonable player tries to anticipate an opponent's moves by assessing the opponent's personality. Second, interac

tiveness is a mutual reaction—both players attempt to anticipate each other's moves. Third, the level of interactiveness is a measure of the quality of the game. We can combine these three premises in an analogy. Think of a game in terms of two mirrors facing each other, with each player looking out from one mirror. A weakly interactive game is analogous to two mirrors almost aligned toward each other; each player can see and interact at one or two levels of reflection. An ideal, perfectly interactive game is analogous to two highly reflective mirrors aligned precisely toward each other; each of the two players recursively exchanges

Photo 1: Chris Crawford, computer-game artist, uses a variety of design techniques to

create new, stimulating games for the microcomputer. _, , , ,,. . .

Photo by Franklin L. Avery.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 97

CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

places in an endless tunnel of reflected anticipations. No matter how reasonable the behavior, the infinitely complex pattern of anticipation and counter-anticipation defies prediction. The pattern is reasonable yet unpredictable, and thus satisfies the requirements of artificial reckoning.

Experience has shown me that game algorithms are most predictable when they are particular, emphasizing a single element of the overall game gestalt. For example, in war games, algorithms such as "determine the closest enemy unit and fire at it" are particular and yield predictable behavior.

I find that the best algorithms for reasonable and unpredictable behavior consider a greater amount of information in a broader context. That is, they will factor into their decision making a large number of considerations rather than focus on a small number of key elements. Compared to the example above, a better algorithm might be "determine the enemy unit posing the greatest combination of threat and vulnerability (based on range, activity, facing, range to other computer tanks, cover, and sighting); fire on unit if probability of killing exceeds probability of being killed."

How does one implement such principles into specific, programmable algorithms? I doubt that an allpurpose system can ever be found. The best general solution I have found so far uses a combination of point systems, field analysis, and changes in the game structure.

First, I establish a point system for quantifying the merit of each possible move. This is a time-honored technique for many artificial intelligence systems. A great deal of thought must go into the point system. An initial complication is one of dynamic range: the designer must ensure that the probability that two accessible moves will each accumulate a point value equal to the maximum value allowed by the word size (8 bits) approaches zero. In other words, we

can't have two moves each getting a score of 255 points or we have no way of knowing which is truly the better move.

Another problem with the point system is the balancing of factors against each other. Suppose we have a tank game in which we know that climbing on top of a hill is good, but we also know that moving onto a road is good. Which is better? If a hilltop position is worth fifteen points, what should a road position be worth? Ten points? Twenty? You really need a deep familiarity with the play of the game to answer these questions. Unfortunately, such

The best game algorithms consider a great amount of information in a broad context.

familiarity is impossible to attain with a game not yet completed. Instead you have to rely on broad experience, a thorough understanding of the situation being represented, painstaking analysis, and lots of experimenting.

Another artificial reckoning technique, field analysis, applies only to games involving spatial relationships. In such games the human relies on pattern recognition to analyze positions and plan moves. The microcomputer is incapable of true pattern recognition on the same level as humans; however, field analysis allows the computer to attain something approaching pattern recognition. The key effort for the designer is the creation of a calculable field quantity that correctly expresses the critical information needed by the computer to make a reasonable move. For example, in several of my war games I've used safety and

danger fields to tell a unit the level of risk in a given situation. Danger is calculated by dividing each enemy unit's strength by its range and summing the quotients of the different units; thus large or close units are very dangerous, and small or distant units are only slightly dangerous. A similar calculation with friendly units yields a safety factor. A unit decides whether to exhibit bold or timid behavior by comparing the danger and safety values at its position. Once this decision is made, the unit looks around and measures the net danger minus safety in each position it could move to. If the unit is feeling bold, it moves toward the danger; if it is feeling timid, it moves away. In this particular case, I find a vector field to be more informative than a scalar field; in some cases the scalar field is adequate. The vector field tells the magnitude and direction of danger; the scalar field tells only the magnitude. If the algorithm is intelligent enough to use the direction information, the vector field is more useful.

Coordinating the moves of the many units under computer control is a special dilemma. How is the computer to assure that the different units move in a coordinated way and that traffic jams don't develop? Usually the game designer's response is to use a sequential planning system coupled with a simple test to determine the position of other units. Thus, unit #1 moves first, then §2, followed by #3, with each one avoiding collisions. I can assure you from my own experience that this system serves only to replace collisions with the most frustrating traffic jams. A better method uses a virtual-move system in which each unit plans a virtual (hypothetical) move based on the virtual positions of all other units. Here's how it works: we begin with an array of real positions of all computer units. We create an array of virtual positions and initialize all virtual values to the. real values. Then each unit plans its move, avoiding colli

98 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Explore the Frontiers of Intelligence

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■4 Change between 15 levels of play, plus postal and mate-finder modes

■4 Show move that Chess is thinking about

■4 List played moves for each side

■4 Lines of force in: attacks and defenses on a square

4 Lines of force out: squares attacked and defended

■4 Chess suggests a move

■4 Show moves Chess thinks you will make, and its responses

■4 Evaluation of a position

■4 Return to board or switch to command menu

4 Take back a move (repeatable)

4 Play move suggested by look-ahead search

■4 Chess plays neither side

■4 Switch sides

■4 Chess plays against itself—one level against another

■4 Replay through most advanced position

■4 Skip to most advanced position

4 Start new game

4 Leave program

< Save, get, and delete games to and from disk All features self-documented; all choices cursor-controlled Screen shows "outward" and "look" features being used

THE PEOPLE BEHIND THE PROGRAMS:

Larry Atkin & David Slate: Authors of the Northwestern University Chess 4.7 programWorld Computer Chess Champion, 1977-1980

Peter Frey: Northwestern University professor Editor: Chess Skill in Man and Machine One of U.S. Othello Assoc.'s top-ranked players

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Checkers' features

Black to move and win

(From Checkers documentation)

"Scores" feature in Odin

A clue to the secret of Odin: Black is destined to lose.

///

930 Pitner Evanston, IL 60202 (U.S.A.)

Chess: $69.95 Checkers: $49.95 Odin: $49.95

See your local software dealer, or order

(Mastercard or Visa):

800-323-5423

(in Illinois, call 312-328-7101)

For Apple II, Apple II Plus 48K disk systems, and Atari 48K disk systems. Odin is also available for TRS-80 Model 1 & 3 32K disk systems.

Circle 551 on inquiry card.

©1982 ODESTA

CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

Photo 2: Legionnaire, a recently released war game about Caesar and the barbarian hordes, is a good example of a refined attack algorithm. Chris tried several strategies before the single advance-to-attack algorithm emerged.

sions with the virtual positions. After the unit plans its move, the planned final position is put into the virtual array. Other units then plan their moves. After all units plan one virtual move, the process repeats, with each unit planning its move on the basis of the interim virtual-move array. This huge outer loop should be convergent; after a sufficient number of iterations the routine terminates and the virtual positions form the basis of the moves made by the computer's units. This technique is useful for coordinating the moves of many units and preventing traffic jams.

Another technique for achieving reasonable and unpredictable algorithms is so simple that it seems like cheating: change the game. If a crucial element of the game is not tractable with artificial reckoning, remove it. If you can't find a good way to use a feature, you really have no choice but to delete it. For example, while designing Tanktics, I encountered a problem with certain

lakes. If the computer approached a U-shaped lake from the wrong direction, it would drive its tanks to the end of the peninsula formed by the lake, see the water blocking its forward progress, back up, change direction slightly, and drive back into the peninsula, only to be blocked again by the lake. The U-shaped lake created a trap for my artificial reckoning algorithm. I expended a great deal of time working on a smarter artificial reckoning routine that would not be trapped by such lakes and yet would retain desirable economies of motion. After much wasted effort I discovered a better solution: delete U-shaped lakes from the map. Ideally, the experienced game designer has enough intuitive feel for algorithms to sense game factors that are intractable and avoid them during the design stages of the game. However, most of us must discover these things the hard way and retrace our steps to modify the design.

No matter how good an algorithm

is, its applicability is limited. The odds are that a specific algorithm will work best under a narrow range of conditions. To be truly interesting, a good game design must offer a broad range of conditions. Thus with many games the designer must create a number of algorithms and switch from one to another as conditions change. The transition from one algorithm to another is fraught with peril; if you don't maintain continuity across the transition, the computer units may exhibit highly unreasonable behavior patterns. I well remember a frustrating algorithm transition in Legionnaire. The computer barbarians were controlled by three algorithms that caused them to either run for safety, approach to contact, or attack. Under certain conditions a barbarian operating under the approachto-contact algorithm would decide on bold behavior, dash forward to make contact with the human, and make the transition to the attack algorithm, which would declare an attack unsafe. The barbarian would thus balk at the attack and convert to the runfor-safety algorithm, which would direct it to turn tail and run. The human player was treated to a spectacle of ferociously charging and frantically retreating barbarians, none of whom ever bothered to actually fight. I eventually gave up and redesigned the algorithms, merging all three into a single advance-toattack algorithm with no transitions. The artificial reckoning techniques I have described so far are designed for use in games involving spatial relationships. Many games are nonspatial and require other reckoning techniques. A common type of nonspatial game is a complex system simulation, often involving coupled differential equations. Lunar Lander, Hammurabi, Energy Czar, and Scram are examples of this type of game. In such games the primary problem facing the designer is not so much to defeat the human as to accurately model system behavior. I advise the game designer to be particularly

100 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Pascal

Basic

Cobol

Forth

Pilot

Fortran

Spread Sheet

Inventory

Logo

KEDIN

Data Base Management

Word Processor

Communication Utility

Accounts Receivable

Accounts Payable

Engineering Utility

General Ledger Mailing List Macro Assembler Education

TRSDOS

CP/M

Open your doors to a world of SOFTWARE with LNW computers. You'll get MORE PERFORMANCE1 than with the IBM PC? the Apple II? TRS80 MODEL II or TRS80 MODEL III4 along with software support of TRSDOS or CP/M, the TWO MOST WIDELY USED OPERATING SYSTEMS. This means you, the user, can select from the largest base of business or personal software.

Standard Features: A serial RS232 communication port, parallel printer port, Hi-Resolution (480x192) B/W and COLOR graphics, an 80 character-perline screen display along with Quad-density interface for 5" or 8"floppy disk storage offering immediate access to 3.5 million characters, or optional Hard disk

interface to 5 or 10 million characters.

Standard Software: LNWBASIC and DOS PLUS operating system packages, commanding all the above features, are included.

The LNW computer will be the key to your success with the starting price at $1695.00, along with a full 6 month warranty.

Dealers: You too can open the door to a successful product. Call for our special dealer programs: (714) 544-5745.

LNW Computers

2620 Walnut Avenue Tustin, California 92680 (714) 544-5744

"TRSDOS is a trademark of Tandy Corp Circle 269 on inquiry card.

**CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

1 Performance is based on bench mark test in the JAN 1982 issue of BYTE magazine, pg. 54, with LNW80 II as the comparison.

2 IBM PC is a trademark of IBM CORP

3 APPLE II is a trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS

4. TRS80 is a trademark of Tandy Corp. International orders please inquire for pricing/shipping cost.

CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

Photo 3: Scram is a nuclear-power-plant simulation that uses coupled differential equations to model complex behavior. Photo by Franklin L. Avery.

careful with games involving large systems of coupled differential equations. Hammurabi uses three coupled first-order differential equations, and most programmers find that number easy to manage. But the complexity of the problem rises very steeply with the number of differential equations used. Energy Czar used the fantastic sum of 48 differential equations, a feat made believable only by the fact that many constraints were imposed on them. In general, be wary of more than four coupled differential equations. If you must use numerous differential equations, try to use parallel equations in which the same fundamental equation is applied to each element of an array of values.

Each differential equation should have a damping factor that must be empirically adjusted:

new value = old value +

driving factor

damping factor

A small damping factor produces lively simulated systems that bounce around wildly. A large damping factor yields sluggish systems that change slowly. Unfortunately, recourse to simple damping factors can backfire when a relationship of

negative feedback exists between the new value and the driving force. In this case, a large damping factor inhibits the negative feedback, and one of the variables changes erratically. The behavior of systems of differential equations is complex; I suggest that designers interested in these problems familiarize themselves with the mathematics of overdamped, underdamped, and critically damped oscillatory systems. For more general information on solving systems of differential equations, any good textbook on numerical analysis will serve as a useful guide.

The application of all these methods may well produce a game with some intelligence, but your expectations should not be too high. Even great effort is not enough to produce truly intelligent play. To date, none of my three attempts play with adequate intelligence to tackle a human player on equal terms. Indeed, they still need force ratios of at least 2 to 1 to stand up to the human player.

Limited Information

Another way to make up for the computer's lack of intelligence is to

limit the amount of information available to the human player. If the human does not have the information to process, he cannot apply his superior processing power to the problem. Applying this technique to excess can reduce the game to one of chance. Used with discretion, however, limited information can equalize the odds between the player and the computer. If the information is withheld in a reasonable context (e.g., the player must send out scouts), the restrictions on information not only seem natural, but they add to the realism and excitement of the game.

Game designers often overlook or misunderstand the value of limited information. Limited information can tickle the imagination of the player by suggesting details without actually confirming them. You must artfully choose the limitations on the information, however. Randomly assigned gaps are confusing and frustrating rather than tantalizing.

Pace

Controlling the pace of the game provides another way to even the balance between human and computer. The human may be smart, but the computer is much faster at performing simple computations. If the pace is fast enough, human players will not have enough time to apply their superior processing skills and will be befuddled. This is a very easy technique to apply, so it comes as no surprise that many designers of skill and action games use it heavily.

These four techniques—vast resources, artificial reckoning, limited information, and pace—are never used in isolation; every game uses some combination of the four. Most games rely primarily on pace and vast resources for balance, with very little artificial reckoning or limited information. The reason for this emphasis is simple: pace and vast resources are easy to implement, while artificial reckoning and limited information are more difficult. Economy of effort

102

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

is no longer justifiable in the lucrative market for games. There's no reason why a game could not incorporate all four techniques; indeed, this should make the game all the more successful, for by using small amounts of each method, the game need not strain the limitations of any one method. The designer must decide the appropriate balance of each for the goals of the particular game.

Relationships Between Opponents

The concepts I've discussed so far apply primarily to computer games. Now let's consider some general game theory. Every game establishes a relationship between opponents that each player strives to exploit to maximum advantage. The fundamental architecture of this relationship, symmetric or asymmetric, plays a central role in the game. The simplest architecture establishes a symmetric relationship between the two players Both possess the same properties, the same strengths and weaknesses. Symmetric games have an obviously desirable feature: they are automatically balanced. Because the same processes are applied to each player, symmetric computer games tend to be easier to program. Finally, these games are easier to learn and understand. Examples of symmetric games include Combat for the Atari 2600, Basketball, and Dog Daze.

Symmetric games suffer from a variety of weaknesses, the greatest of which is their relative simplicity. Any strategy that promises to be truly effective can and will be used by both sides simultaneously. In such a case, success derives not from planning but from execution. Alternatively, success in the game turns on very fine details. Chess provides an example: an advantage of but a single pawn can be parlayed into a victory.

Because ot the weaknesses of symmetric games, many game designers attempt to establish an asymmetric relationship between the opponents. Each player has a unique combina

tion of advantages and disadvantages. The game designer must somehow balance the advantages so that both sides have the same likelihood of victory, given equal levels of skill. The simplest way of doing this is with plastic asymmetry. Games incorporating this relationship are formally symmetric, but the players select initial traits according to some set of restrictions. For example, in the board game Wizard's Quest the players have the same number of territories at the beginning of the game, but they choose their territories in sequence. Thus, what was initially a symmetric relationship (each player is entitled to n territories) becomes an asymmetric one (player A has one

Symmetric games suffer from their relative simplicity.

combination of n territories while player B has a different combination). The asymmetry is provided through the choices of the players themselves at the outset of the game, so if the results are imbalanced, the players are responsible.

Other games have a more explicitly asymmetric relationship. Almost all solitaire computer games establish an asymmetric relationship between the computer player and the human player because the computer cannot hope to compete with the human in matters of intelligence. Thus, the designer gives resources to the human player allowing the use of his or her superior planning power, while the computer gets resources that compensate for its lack of intelligence.

The advantage of asymmetric games lies in the ability to build nontransitive or triangular relationships into the game. Nontransivity is a welldefined mathematical property. In this context, it is best illustrated with the rock-scissors-paper game. Two players play this game; each secretly

selects one of the three pieces; they simultaneously announce and compare their choices. If both make the same choice the result is a draw and the game is repeated. If they make different choices, then rock breaks scissors, scissors cut paper, and paper enfolds rock. This relationship, in which each component can defeat one other and can be defeated by one other, is a nontransitive relationship; the fact that rock beats scissors and scissors beat paper does not mean that rock beats paper. This particular nontransitive relationship only produces clean results with three components so that each component relates to only two other components; it beats one and loses to the other. A rock-scissors-paper game with binary outcomes (win or lose) cannot be made with more than three components. You could make a game with multiple components if several levels of victory (using a point system, perhaps) were included.

Nontransitivity is an interesting mathematical property but it does not yield rich games if we hew to the strict mathematical meaning of the term. Its value to game design lies in the generalization of the principle into less well-defined areas. I use the term "triangular" to describe such asymmetric relationships that extend the concepts of nontransitivity beyond its formal definition.

A simple example of a triangular relationship appears in the game Battlezone. When a saucer appears, the player can pursue the saucer instead of an enemy tank. In such a case, there are three components: player, saucer, and enemy tank. The player pursues the saucer (side one of the triangle) and is pursued by the enemy tank (side two). The third side of the triangle (saucer to enemy tank) is not directly meaningful to the human—the computer maneuvers the saucer to entice the human into a poor position. This example is easy to understand because the triangularity assumes a spatial form as well as a structural one.

104 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

Photo 4: Eastern Front 1941 is a World War II game whose design incorporates one major trick. Once you learn the trick, mastery of the game becomes possible.

Triangularity is most often implemented with mixed offensive-defensive relationships. In any conflict game, players must make offensive and defensive actions. Some games concentrate the bulk of a certain activity on one side, making one player the attacker and the other player the defender. This game design is risky, for some people do not enjoy playing a single role, especially that of defender, throughout an entire game. After all, the defender can only lose status and never gain any. Much more entertaining are games that mix offensive and defensive strategies for each player. This way, each player gets to attack and to defend. What is more important, players can trade off defensive needs against offensive opportunities. Triangular relationships automatically spring from such situations.

The essential value of triangularity lies in its indirection. A binary relationship makes direct conflict unavoidable; the antagonists must approach and attack each other through direct means. These direct approaches are obvious and expected

and such games often degenerate into tedious exercises following a narrow script. A triangular relationship allows each player indirect methods of approach. The indirect approach always creates a far richer and subtler interaction.

Positive Monotonic Curve

An important trait of any game is a positive monotonic curve of results as a function of effort. Although my lumbering expression of the idea sounds imposing, its meaning is far simpler: as players work with a game, their scores should reflect steady improvement. Beginners should be able to make some progress, intermediate people should get intermediate scores, and experienced players should get high scores. If I were to make a graph of a typical player's score as a function of time spent with the game, that graph should show a curve sloping smoothly and steadily upward. I describe such a game as having a positive monotonic curve.

A variety of learning curves can arise. A game that has a relatively flat curve is hard to learn. If the curve is

steep, the game is easy to learn. If the curve has a sharp jump in it, apparently there is just one trick to the game, mastery of which guarantees mastery of the game. (Eastern Front 1941 is a good example of such a game.) If the game has many sharp jumps, we say that there are many tricks. In all cases, the most desirable trait is a positive monotonic learning curve.

The designer works a positive monotonic curve into a game by providing a smooth progression from the beginner's level to an expert level. To do this, the game designer must create not one game but a series of related games. Each game must be intrinsically interesting and challenging to the level of player for which it is targeted. Ideally, the progression is automatic; players start at the beginner's level and the advanced features are brought in as the computer recognizes proficient play. More commonly, players must declare the level at which they desire to play.

Games without a positive monotonic curve frustrate players by failing to provide them with reasonable opportunities for bettering their scores. Players feel that the game is either too hard or too easy. Positive monotonic games challenge players at all levels and encourage continued play by offering the prospect of new discoveries. Tempest is an excellent example of such a game.

The Illusion of Winnability

An important trait of any game is the illusion of winnability. If a game is to provide a continuing challenge to players, it must also provide a continuing motivation to play. The game must appear to be winnable to all players, beginners and experts, but it must never be truly winnable or it will lose its appeal. This illusion is very difficult to maintain. Some games maintain it for the expert but never achieve it for the beginner; these games intimidate all but the most determined players. The most successful game in this respect is Pac

106 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CHRIS CRAWFORD ON DESIGN

Man, which appears winnable to most players, yet is never quite winnable. Tempest, on the other hand, intimidates many beginners because it appears to be unwinnable.

The simplicity or cleanliness of the game is the most important factor in creating the illusion of winnability. A dirty game intimidates its beginners with an excess of details. Many beginners never overcome the inhibiting suspicion that somewhere in the game lurks a "gotcha," some complicating detail or hidden factor that they haven't yet discovered. By contrast, a clean game encourages all players to experiment with the game as it appears.

Another key factor in maintaining the illusion of winnability arises from a careful analysis of the source of player failure. In every game the players are expected to fail often. What trips up the players? If they

believe their failure is caused by some flaw in the game or its controls, players become frustrated and angry with what they rightly judge to be an unfair and unwinnable situation. If players perceive their failure to be a result of their own limitations and decide that winning the game requires superhuman performance, they reject the game as unfair and unwinnable. But if players perceive failures to be attributable to correctable errors on their own part, then they believe the game to be winnable and play on in an effort to master the game.

Summary

In this article I have described a number of design factors and ideas that I have used in developing several games. These should not be used in grab-bag fashion, for taken together they constitute the elusive element we call technique. Technique is part of

an artist's signature, as important as theme. When we listen to Beethoven's majestic Fifth Symphony, the rapturous Sixth, or the ecstatic Ninth, we recognize in all the identifying stamp of Beethoven's masterful technique. If you would be a computer game designer, you must establish and develop your own technique. ■

Asteroids, Basketball, Battlezone, Centipede, Combat, Energy Czar, Missile Command, Scram, and Tempest are trademarks of Atari Inc.

Dog Daze is a trademark of Cray Chang.

Eastern Front 1941 is copyrighted by Chris Crawford.

Legionnaire, Tanktics. and Wizard's Quest are trademarks of The Avalon-Hill Game Company.

Pac-Man is a trademark of Namco.

Space Invaders is a trademark of Taito America.

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muLisp/muStai-80

$ 200

8145

MSort 80

8 195

8145

Edit-80

8 120

8 80

Macro-80

8 200

8145

OASIS. The Word Plus la WPSI

8 150

Call

PEACHTREE. GL. AR S AP, Series 40. all three

J 595

8395

Inventory. Series 40

8 600

8399

Peach Texl. Spell S Mail, all three

8 595

8395

Call on Series 8. each

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84 99

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8 389

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8 189

8119

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8 289

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8525

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8269

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8225

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81995

81549

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H/P 7470A Graphics Plotter

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8 125

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$ 51

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J 45

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t 95

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» 15

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If Microsoft. Z80 Soltcard

16K RAM Card

Softcard Premium Pack$ 775

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If Clock/Calendar $ 280

Novation, Applecat Modem $ 389

Orange Micro, Grappler $ 165

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MBS 8K Serial [Epsonl $ 159

MAP 16K Para (Epson) $ 159

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Microbuffer II 32K, (speedy) J 299

RH Electronics. Super Fan II $ 75

SSM.AIO-II.Senal/Para Interlaces 225

SL49 t 59

$ 179 S 249 $ 425 $ 599 S1395

S 345

$ 345

S 395

$ 375

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SOFTWARE

on disk for Apple 11/11 +

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$ 40 $ 60 J 60 S 345 $ 35 $ 149 $ 129 $ 79 S 20 $ 50

off

1249

J249

$249 S319

SI99 S199 S 59 $450

book.

$335 $675 $ 39 $ 19 $119 $995 $129 Call S 39 $275 S229 $ 69

$ 39 S 23

$119 $ 25 $ 39 S269 $149 $579

$209 $245 $299 $119

$129 $129 $209 $229 $ 59 $169 S 29 S 45 $ 45 $249 $ 25 $ 99 $ 99 $ 59 S 15 $ 39 $ 69

Apple Computer. Inc.

The Controller (Accounting)

Apple Writer II

Apple Pascal

Apple Fortran

DOS Tool Kit

DOS 3.3 Upgrade Kit

Apple Pilot

DJ Portfolio Evaluator

How lo!

Microcouner

Micro Telegram

Time Manager

Apple Logo Applied Soft Tech.. Versa Form Artsci. Magic Window II Ashion-tate, dBase II [CP/M]

$ 625 $ 150 $ 250 S 200 $ 75 $ 75 $ 150 $ 50 $ 50 $ 250 $ 250 $ 150 $ 175 $ 389 $ 100 $ 700

$ 195 $ 195 $ 150 S 150 $ 295 $ 495

Continental. GL. AR. AP or PR, ea S 250

1st Class Mail $ 75

Home Accountant $ 75

Hayden, Pie Writer (Specify brd.l $ 170

High Tech.. Job Control Sys $ 750

* Info Master S 189

Howard Soft.

Creative Financing Real Estate Analyzer II Tax Preparer Info. Unlim.. Easywnler (PRO) jf Innovative. Spellguard (CP/M) Lexisoft. Spellbinder (a WPS] )f Micro Craft. (CP/M]

Professional Billkeeper $ 750

Legal Billing & Timekeeping $ 750 Micro Lab.lnvoice Factory $200

Tax Manager $ 150

Micro Pro. (all CP/M] )f WordStar^ + Training Manual $495 MailMergeT" $ 250

SpellStar'" $ 250

SPECIAL! All 3 above $ 895

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SuperSortJ" $ 250

SPECIAL! All 3 above $ 690

Muse. Super Texl II $ 150

Super Text 40/80 $ 175

Super Text 40/56/70 New! $ 125 Form Letter $ 100

On-Line,Screenwriter II $ 130

General Manager $ 150

Oasis System. The Word $ 150

Osborne/C.P. Soft.. (Disk and Book] If Some Common Basic Programs 75 Business, Statistics and Malh programs lor the Apple II $ 100

Practical Basic Programs. if 40 more very valuable programs

beyond "Some Com Basic Prag"$ 100

OUR PRICE

$499 $119 S199 $159 S 59 $ 59 $119 $ 45 $ 39 $199 $199 $119 $139 $265 $ 69 $439 $169 S 49 $ 49 $ 99 $350 $119

$129 S129 S 99 $ 99 $150 $269

$395 S395 $129 $ 99

S365 S185 $185 $695 $199 S 99 $175 $449 $113 $129 $ 95 $ 75 $ 89 $115 $119

S 49 $ 49

B&H Apple II* differs from th Apple Apple 11+ only in that it is in black hammertone color and its warranty is longer Warranty: Factory warranty is by Bell and Howell |nol by Apple) and is one year parts plus 90 day labor Warranty service available at Bell and Howell service centers or return to Computer Exchange

Peachtree. (CP/M), specify Videoterm or 40 column

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Perlecl Speller

Perfect Filer

$ 595 $ 400 $ 400 $ 595 $ 389 $ 189 J 289

Duality. GBS w/3 gen (a DBMS) $ 650

Sensible, Sensible Speller $ 125

Sileon Valley. Word Handler S 250

Sof/Sys, Executive Secretary $ 250

Executive Speller $ 75

Solldus/Softech

If Stockfile $ 600

Stockseller $ 700

Software Publishing.

PFS II $ 125

Report $ 95

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Data Capture 4 0. specify brd. $ 90

Stoneware. DB Master $ 229

DB Utility I or II $ 99

Systems Plus.

Acctg. Plus, General Ledger $ 425

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Acclg Plus, above*Inventory $1395

VisiCorp/Personal Software. Visicalc 3.3

VisiDex VisiFile

Desktop Plan II Desktop Plan III Visiplot VisiSchedule

Special!

VisiTrend i VisiTerm

VisiPlot Special!

$ 250 $ 250 $ 250 $ 250 $ 300 S 200 $ 300 $ 300 $ 100

$395 $275 S275 $395 $239 $119 $179 $475 $ 85 $139 $169 $ 55

$350 $450

$ 85 $ 65 $ 85

$219

$ 69 S155 $ 69

$295 $595 $775

$179 $175 $179 $179 $219 $149 $219 $179 $ 79

UTILITY & DEVELOPMENT

Beagle. Utility City DOS Boss Central Point Software:

Filer. DOS Utility

Copy II Plus {bit copier) Comp. Appl., Nibbles Away If Epson. Graphics Dump Insoft.

GraFORTH by Paul Lulus

ALD System II by Paul Lutus

TransFORTH II by Paul Lutus Microsoft.

AIDS

BASIC Compiler

Cobol 80

Fortran 80

Olympic Decathlon

TASC Compiler Omega. Locksmith (bit copier) On-Line. Expediter II, Compiler

LISA 2 5 Penguin,Comp GraphicsSys New' Phoenix. Zoom Grahx Quality. Bag ol Tricks New!

Southwestern. ASCH Express Sensible. BackllUp, (bit coper)

S $

$ 125

$ 125 $ 395 S 750

$ 195 $ 30

$ 175

100 100 80 70 40 40 80 60

$ 22 $ 18

S 18 S 35 $ 59 S 9

$ 59 $ 59 $ 99

$ 75 $299 $559 $149 S 24 $159 $ 75 $ 69 $ 60 $ 53 S 29 $ 29 S 59 $ 49

B&H APPLE II* ^*1

m

r~

64K STARTER SYSTEM

$1,795

SAVES

• 48K BSH Apple II*

• US 16K MM Card

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• Sanyo 9" Green Monitor

ffAJJI FOR THE APPLE 11/11*. Ill WiMBiSM nlRFrTSIIKJSTITIITFS

MICRO-SCI for APPIE DRIVES

Micro-Sci A2 drives and/or controllers are direct plug

compatible substitutes for Apple drives and controllers.

LIST

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• For Apple II

PRICE

PIKE

A2, 5'*-, 143K Disk Dnye

J 479

$369

Controller Card for A2 Owe

( 100

»79

A40, 5w", 160K Disk Drive

$ 449

MS9

A70, iV. 286K Disk Drive

$ 599

Wi

Controller for A40 or A70

S 100

tn

Filer, Desk Utility Software

J 20

S 15

REM

9 For Apple 111 A3. 5M, 143K Drive $ 449

S359

A73. 5*. 286K Drive $ 649

1529

A143. 5(4, 572K Drive S 799

xm

OVERSTOCK SPECIALS

FOR APPLE II/H+

ALS 16K AddRAM Card

$ 149

$ 59

AtS ZCard, 780 CP/M Card

$ 269

S199

ALS Smarterm 80 Col. Card

S 345

$H>

MS Synergizer Pack, 3 above

J 749

S450

AtS Synergizer ♦ Supercaic

$ 749

S490

ALS Synergizer * Condor Jr.

S 749

S490

ALS Synerg. * Supercalac + Condor $ 749

1560

DCP 16K RAM Card Special S 179

S59

Saturn Systems, 32K SAM Card

% 249

J169

Videx. Videoterm, 80 column card

t 345

1249

HOME & EDUCATION

Broderbund.

Apple Panic $ 30 S 21

Arcade Machine (call first) $ 45 $ 40

Choplifter New! $ 35 $ 26

Many others Call

Budgeco, Raster Blaster $ 29 $ 22

Continental, Home Accountant $ 75 $ 49

Edu-Ware. Several in stock Call Call

Hayden, Sargon II (Chess) $ 35 $ 29

Infocom, Deadline $ 50 $38

Insoft. Electric Due! by Lutus $ 30 $ 25

Zargs New! $ 35 $ 27

Spider Raid New! $ 30 $ 24

Lightning, Mastertype $ 40 $ 29

Microsoft, Olympic Decathlon $ 30 $24

Typing Tutor II $ 25 $ 19

Muse. Robot War $ 40 $ 29

Castle Wollenstein $ 30 $ 23

On-Line.

Ultima II $ 55 $ 40

Threshold $ 40 $ 30

Softporn (X Rated) $ 30 $ 22

Cannonball Blitz. New! $ 35 $ 26

Quality, Bag of Tricks $ 40 S 30

Sirius, Gorgon $ 40 $29

Sir-Tec, Wizardry $ 50 $ 39

Knight of Diamonds. New! $ 35 $26

Sub Logic. Flight Simulator $ 34 $ 25

Pinball $ 30 $ 23

Strategic. Southern Command $ 60 $ 30

OTHER BRANDS IN STOCK. CALL

800 Computer 16K $ 899

$665

_ 800 Computer 48K $1099

$777

Mi 810 Disk Drive $600

$499

• IN, 850 Interface S 220

$169

ataoi 110 Recorder $ 100 AIAKI 32K RAM, Microtek J 100

»79

S 85

32K RAM $ 200

$109

Call tor other software and accesories.

LIMITED SPECIAL

8001 32K Computer s 995

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MFC 286K To|al, Dual Drive PCS03L % 995 ^^^ 32K addon and I/O Unit PC8012 S 649

1699

»4»5

Call for other software and accesories.

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~le 11? for IRM Perinherals *■■ 11 A ■■ . M *% n -a nn#t 1 ■ ;n_ ^. r-» n-wr-n«

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BYTE GAME CONTEST

SECOND-PLACE WINNER

Charge!

C. Anthony Ray 39 Carriage Place Urbana. IL 61801

One long, cold winter evening when I was in need of some amusement I decided to write a computer program to simulate the trajectory of a free electron through a sparse lattice of stationary ions. I placed symbols for positive and negative ions on the screen and assigned an initial speed and direction to an electron originating in the upper left corner of the field. As the electrons began to fly across the screen, my family clamored for a chance to play what looked like a game to them. I did some additional work on the program and Charge! came into being.

Object of the Game

The object of Charge! is to give a direction to an electron launched from the upper left corner of the playing field that will cause it to travel to the lower right corner of the field. You specify the direction by entering an x,y coordinate pair that corresponds to the point you would

like to hit. But there's a catch. For each round of the game, a random-number generator places ions on the screen that, depending on their charge (positive or negative), exert a push or pull on the electron. (See figure 1.) The influence of these ions alters the trajectory in ways that become more predictable as your experience with the game increases. When the electron impacts the border of the field, your score is the product of the x and y coordinates of that point. The closer your electron comes to the lower right corner, the higher your score. (I have kept the Applesoft screen-coordinate system, where the coordinates for the upper left corner are 0,0 and those for the lower right corner are 279,159.)

Although solitary play is possible, the game is more interesting as a competition for two to four players. Five different playing fields are displayed and each player is given a turn on each. To keep any one player from gaining an advantage, the computer varies the order of

a)

•

+

_

-r

i '

+ i i i

i i

i i i i

-1

—

•

+

+

II

c)

+

+

-o

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■+■ i i i

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i i i i

MONICA 043413 LORI

ANDREA 067139 FRANK

026537 048766

MONICA 043413 LORI

ANDREA 067139 FRANK

026537 048766

MONICA 043413 LORI

ANDREA 067139 FRANK

026537 048766

FRANK'S TURN, DIRECTION <X,Y> ? 13,4 FRANK'S TURN, DIRECTION IX,Y) ? 13,4

• ELECTRON — NEGATIVE ION

+ POSITIVE ION -O POINT OF IMPACT

FRANK'S TURN, DIRECTION (X,Y) ? 13,4

Figure 1: The electron is launched and proceeds according to the direction specified by the player. Its path is influenced by the pull and push of the ions, and the final point of impact is marked with an arrow.

112 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

indigo;

data systems, inc.

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Spool-It™

Utilize up to 64K of extra memory as a printer buffer and eliminate valuable time spent waiting on the printer. Works with VisiCalc®, Super-Calc™ WordStar™, EasyWriter™, Peachtree, BPI, BASIC, and most other PC DOS software. $44.95

Drive-It™

Eliminate time spent waiting on disk drives by converting 32K to 320K of extra memory into an ultra-fast drive. Supports all standard DOS functions. $59.95

Print-it ru (IBM/Epson printers) The graphics screen print capabilities that IBM omitted are provided by this unique screen print utility which dumps either monochrome or color screen images (text and graphics) to IBM/Epson printers (with graphics installed). Other features include full IBM special character set support, shading, and print abort. Expanded, rotated, and inverse modes are available. $44.95

Color-It™ (Prism/IDS printers) Color printing has never been easier. Color-It™ provides the same screen print capabilities as Print-It™ , but for the IDS Prism color printer. Up to 8 colors will be reproduced as displayed on the screen. Also supports the non-color IDS 460/560 and Microprism printers. $49.95

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) I

BYTE GAME CONTEST

players' turns with each new playing field. The scores are cumulative and the person with the highest score at the end of five rounds is the winner.

Law of Motion

In life, the force or magnitude of the push or pull exerted upon an electron by an ion is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the electron to the ion. For Charge!, however, I adapted this law of physics and used an inverse-distance (as opposed to an inverse-distance-squared) force algorithm. This change gives distant ions more influence over the electron and provides more dynamic action.

The Program

The primary features of Charge! are in straightforward BASIC and could be converted easily for use with other computers, including those with only low-resolution graphics (see listing 1). Some embellishments incorporated in the program take advantage of the Apple's unique characteristics, but these features could be deleted without significantly altering the game. For example, lines 8000 through 8180 contain a subroutine that causes the scores to be clicked up in pinball-machine fashion, complete with sound effects. A simple print statement could replace the entire routine. Another embellishment appears in the title display (lines 6030 through 6190). When the program starts, a flashing marquee appears on the screen, followed by a musical fanfare (generated by the subroutine in lines 9000 through 9290), and finally the title and the copyright notice are displayed. The fanfare is also played at the end of each game. (See listing 2 for an assembly-language version of the fanfare routine.) Further enhancements that could be left out include the sound effects sprinkled throughout the program. These can be recognized easily in the listing because they contain the variable SS.

Listing 1: The BASIC program for Charge!

10 REM **********************

2(3 REM * *

30 REM * CHARGE! * 40 REM *

50 REM * COPYRIGHT (C) 1982 * 60 REM * BY C. ANTHONY RAY * 70 REM * *

80 REM ********************** 90 REM

100 GOSUB 6010: DIM SG(5,2): GOTO 7010

The rest of the program is regular BASIC. Lines 7000 through 7170 keep track of the skill level, the number of players, and the players' names. Lines 4000 through 4140 register the score for each player, the number of electrons fired, and the number of people who have played in the current round. This information is used to determine which player goes next. The routine that draws the field and the scale markings and places the ions on the field appears in lines 2000 through 2170 and uses the shape table information in listing 3. This section also assigns a positive or negative value to each ion. Movement of the electron is handled in lines 1000 through 1090. Using the directional input provided by the player, the program translates the pair of coordinates into a velocity vector of magnitude SO. A new velocity vector is then computed based on the position and charge of each of the ions. Lines 3000 through 3050 contain the impact sequence. If the electron has gone outside the field, its position vector is set to the nearest field position, and an arrow is drawn indicating the point of impact. This position determines the player's score. The ending sequence for the game is provided in lines 5000 through 5150. The primary function of this sequence is to determine if another game is requested and, depending on that determination, either exit or set the parameters for the new game.

Charge! is a game that can be enjoyed by players of all ages. My engineering friends find it to be a challenge to their professional vanity and yet the game is simple enough that my 4-year-old daughter is an enthusiastic player. ■

The author has offered to make copies of his program available to BYTE readers for $8. Send a blank disk and a self-addressed stamped envelope to:

C. Anthony Ray 39 Carriage Place Urbana, 11 61801

1000 REM * CHARGE MOVE ROUTINE * 1010 HP = SQR(X0 * XO + YO * YO):

IF HP = 0 THEN HP = 1 1020 XO = XO * S0 / HP:Y0 = YO *

S0 / HP 1030 FOR I = OE TO FV: IM = PEEK

(SS):IM = PEEK(SS):NEXT 1040 DRAW TR AT XP.YP 1050 XN = XO:YN = YO 1060 FOR I = ZE TO SL:X = SG(I,ZE)

- XP:Y = SG(I,0E) - YP:HP =

Listing 1 continued on page 116

114 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

NEC's new letter-quality printer gets personal with IBM.

The Spinwriter 3550 lets the IBM PC get down to business.

NEC's new Spinwriter letter-quality printer is the only one plug-compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. So you get the business applications you've been wishing for. Letter-quality output for word and data processing. Multi-language, scientific, and technical printing. Simple forms handling. Quiet operation. And the reliability of the industry's most popular printer line.

NEC designed the new Spinwriter especially for the IBM PC. It comes complete with documentation and training materials to fit your PC user's handbook. Just plug the Spinwriter in and your PC instantly becomes more versatile and flexible.

More than 8 forms handlers and

50 print thimbles boost PC versatility.

NEC designed the Spinwriter's 8 modular forms handlers to accommodate a wide range of paper and document sizes and types. The easily mounted handlers let your computer print out the forms you

need for data processing, word processing, graphics, accounting or other business applications.

The Spinwriter's 50 print thimbles can more than triple your PC's usefulness. They come in both constant pitch and proportional-spaced fonts, plus in foreign language, technical and scientific versions. They snap in and out in seconds, and let you print up to 203 columns on 16-inch paper. They each last for more than 30 million impressions.

This printer's special features make everything look better on paper.

The Spinwriter's software-invoked features include automatic proportional spacing; bidirectional, bold and shadow printing; justification; centering; underscoring; and sub/super scripting, all at speeds up to 350 words per minute.

That big extra, Spinwriter reliability.

Spinwriters have the industry's best mean-time-between-failure rating, in excess of3,000 hours. In terms of average personal computer usage, that's more than five years.

The Spinwriter 3550 is available at ComputerLand stores, Sears Business Systems Centers and IBM Product Centers nationwide.

- NEC Information Systems, Inc. BE1Z82 5 Militia Drive, Lexington, MA 02173

Send me more information on the Spinwriter 3550.

Name

Title

Telephone

Company

Address

City

Zip

SEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

Spinwriter is a trademark oi Nippon Electric Co., Ltd. Circle 339 on inquiry card.

We're Made

for Each Other

spiiiinriler +

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1

continued:

TO 50;IM = PEEK (SS) ■■ PEEK

X ft x + Y * Y:XN = XN - CG *

(SS): NEXT

SG(I,TW) * X / HP:YN = YN

4000

REM * SCOREKEEPING & WHOSE

CG * SG(I,TW) * Y / HP: NEXT

TURN *

1070

XDRAW TR AT XP,YP:XP = XP +

4010

FOR I = OE TO

HM

XN:YP = YP + YN

4020

IF I = MC THEIN

S(I) = S(I) +

1080

IF XP < ZE OR XP > TN OR YP < ZE OR YP > 09 THEN GOTO 3010

4030

INT(XP * YP) NEXT

4040

IF INT(XP * YP) ::

1090

XDRAW TR AT XP,YP: GOTO 1060

PRINT : GOTO 40

2000

REM * DRAWS IONS *

4050

GOSUB 8010

2010

HGR : SCALE = OE: ROT = ZE

4060

HOME

2020

HPLOT ZE,ZE TO 279,ZE TO 279,

4070

C = C + 1

159 TO ZE,159 TO ZE,ZE

4080

IF C = FV * HM GOTO 5010

2030

FOR I = OE TO 13: HPLOT 20 *

4090

IF M = HM THEI>

1 IF H = HM THEN

1,157 TO 20 * 1,159: NEXT

H = OE: M = OE

: MC = OE: GOSUB

2040

FOR I = OE TO 7: HPLOT 277,

2010:GOTO 715C

20 * I TO 279,20 * I: NEXT

4100

IF H = HM THEIn

I M = M + OE: MC

2050

HC = FV:SP = TW

= M: H = OE: GOSUB 2010: GOTO

2060

PO = - OE:PI = OE

7150

2070

FOR I = OE TO SL

4110

MC = MC + 1

2080

SG(I,ZE) = 2 * INT (125 * RND

4120

H = H + 1

(D) + 15

4130

IF MC > HM THEN MC =: 1

2090

SG(I,OE) = 2 * INT (65 * RND

4140

GOTO 7150

CD) + 14

5000

REM * ENDING

SEQUENCE

2100

SG(I,TW) = - PI

5010

POKE 34,0

2110

PI = PI * PO

5020

HTAB 1: VTAB 24: GOSUB 9060:

2120

HC = HC - PI:SP = SP + PI

PRINT "ANOTHER

k GAME? (Y/N)";

2130

HCOLOR = HC

5030

GET Y$: IF Y$

< > "Y" THEN

2140

DRAW SP AT SG(I,ZE),SG(I,OE)

GOTO 5150

2150

NEXT

5040

H = 1: M = 1:

MC = 1: C = 0

2160

HCOLOR = 7

5050

FOR I = OE TO

HM:S(I) = ZE:

2170

RETURN

NEXT

3000

REM * IMPACT SEQUENCE *

5060

VTAB 21: HTAB

1: PRINT SPC(

3010

IF XP > 279 THEN XP = 279: ROT =

80)

48

5070

HOME

3020

IF YP > 159 THEN YP = 159; ROT =

5080

VTAB 24: HTAB

1: PRINT "SAME

0

SKILL LEVEL?

(Y/N) ";: GET

3030

IF XP < 0 THEN XP = 0: ROT =

Y$

16

5090

IF Y$ < > "Y"

THEN HOME:

3040

IF YP < 0 THEN YP = 0; ROT =

VTAB 24: HTAB

1: INPUT "SKILL

32

LEVEL (1-5) ?

";SL

3050

DRAW FR AT XP,YP: FOR I = OE

Listing 1 continued on page 118

116 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

FASTER THAN

A FLYING HEAD !

The flying head of a hard disk is fast. M-Drivetm is faster. And now, the originators of the M-Drive concept introduce M-Drive/Htm, the most costeffective solid state disk drive available.

M-Drive/H is a 512K memory board (cascadable up to 4 Megabytes for even more storage) which emulates disk drive operation and runs under CP/M® or A

MP/Mtm. You have to see the increase in operating speed and power to believe it; as Byte magazine said, "M-Drive makes a microcomputer... run like a big minicomputer. Highly recommended."

When time is of the essence, M-Drive/H is essential. For operation that's faster than a flying head, look into M-Drive/H—another leap forward from the leader in high performance systems and components. $1895 suggested list.

>0Mhi''"m^ »'

Ott/'-ammt'

'■■' I M

if ny.af)'

1 ' '■■ir-*—W¥ \™V

M-DRIVEIH SUPPORT TEAM: OPERATING SYSTEMS

M-Drive/H is supported by popular operating systems such as CP/M 2.2, CP/M-86, MP/M-816, MP/M-86, and CP/M-68K.

M-DRIVE/H SUPPORT TEAM: CPUs

CompuPro makes a complete line of high-speed CPU boards recommended for use with the above operating systems and M-Drive/H.

CPU Z is a Z80 workhorse which operates under CP/M 2.2. $295, $395 CSC.

CPU 8085/88 executes both 8 and 16 bit software, and is compatible with CP/M 2.2, CP/M-86, MP/M-816, and MP/M-86. $425, $525 CSC.

CPU 86/87 is a 16 bit CPU (with 8087 math processor option) that works under CP/M-86, MP/M-816. and MP/M-86. $695 (8 MHz), $850 CSC (10 MHz). Factory installed 8087, add $300 (clock speeds limited to 5 MHz with 8087).

CPU 68K (compatible with CP/M-68K) is the most advanced 68000 based board available. Includes sockets for Memory Management Unit and up to 8K X 16 (16 Kbytes) of EPROM. $695 (8 MHz),$850 CSC (10MHz).

CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research. M-Drive and M-Drive/H are trademarks of CompuPro.

See M-Drive/H, and its support team of operating systems and CPUs, at your Authorized CompuPro Systems Center or Sales Center.

CompuPro d

GmpuPro

Godbout Electronics, Box 2355, Oakland Airport. CA 94614

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1

continued:

5100

IF SL < OE OR SL > FV GOTO

C. ANTHONY RAY";

5090

6180

FOR I = 1 TO 1500: NEXT I

5110

HOME

6190

RETURN

5120

VTAB 24: HTAB 1: PRINT "SAME

7000

REM - START INFO *

PLAYERS? (Y/N) ";: GET Y$

7010

HOME : HGR

5130

IF Y$ = "Y" THEN C = 0: GOSUB

7020

VTAB 22: INPUT "SKILL LEVEL

2010: GOTO 7140

(1-5) > "; SL

5140

GOTO 7040

7030

IF SL < 1 OR SL > 5 THEN 7010

5150

HOME: TEXT: END

7040

GOSUB 2010

6000

REM * HEADING *

7050

HOME : VTAB 22: INPUT "HOW

6010

PRINT CHR$(4)"BLOAD CHARGE

MANY PLAYERS? ";HM

SHAPES": POKE 232,0:POKE

7060

H = 1: M = 1: MC = 1

233,96

7070

IF HM < 1 OR HM > 4 THEN GOTO

6020

ZE = 0: OE = 1: TW = 2: C = 0:

7050

TR = 3: FR = 4: FV = 5: S0 + 10:

7080

FOR I = 1 TO HM

CG = 25: SS = -16336: TN = 279:

7090

HOME : VTAB 22: INPUT "WHAT'S

09 = 159

YOUR NAME? "; NAME$(I)

6030

TEXT

7100

PRINT "HI, ";NAME$(I)

6040

FLASH

7110

FOR J = 1 TO 500: NEXT J

6050

PRINT ***w***^**^********>f**^^*

7120 7130

HOME NEXT I

/» rt /V ^ W /* '* •* /> /* /» *» /*

6060

FOR I = OE TO 21: PRINT "*"

7140

VTAB 21:HTAB 1: PRINT NAME

;: HTAB 39: PRINT "»": NEXT

$(1): IF HM > 1 THEN VTAB 21:

6070

PRINT K^«^xx«?f^vxw«x)f«^w«fVwffW

HTAB 20:-PRINT NAME$(2); IF

i ] v * -- rs mT t i"* XT x jm a tt r\ f*i ti m a t~i i

HM > 2 THEN VTAB 22: HTAB 1:

6080

NORMAL

PRINT NAME$(3): IF HM > 3 THEN

6090

GOSUB 9010

VTAB 22: HTAB 20: PRINT NAME$

6100

VTAB 3: HTAB 14: PRINT "

(4)

IT .

7150

XP = 7: YP = 7: POKE 34,23

>

6110

FOR I = OE TO TR: VTAB TR + I:

7160

VTAB 24: HTAB 1: PRINT NAME

HTAB 14: PRINT "!

$(MC);'"S TURN. DIRECTION (X

!";: NEXT

,Y) ";

6120

VTAB 7: HTAB 14: PRINT "

11 ,

7170 8000

INPUT XO,YO: GOTO 1010 REM * TICKS UP SCORE *

i

6130

VTAB 5; HTAB 17: PRINT "CHARGE!";

8010

IF MC = 1 THEN HT = 12:VT =

6140

VTAB 10: HTAB 12: PRINT "A

21

GAME FOR UP TO";

8020

IF MC = 2 THEN HT = 32:VT =

6150

VTAB 12: HTAB 14: PRINT "FOUR

21

PLAYERS";

8030

IF MC = 3 THEN HT = 12:VT =

6160

VTAB 16: HTAB 11: PRINT "CO

22

PYRIGHT (C) 1982";

8040

IF MC = 4 THEN HT = 32:VT =

6170

VTAB 18: HTAB 11: PRINT "BY

22 Listing 1 continued on page 120

118 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

How I con get the infor motion I need. From onywhere. Immediately.

To do business, I need information from a lot of places.

Sales figures from Cincinnati.

Production costs from Philadelphia.

Personnel levels from our administrative offices three blocks away.

And — sometimes — I need up to the minute market prices from The Source . Whatever I need, I get it. Immediately. That means that I don't waste time waiting. And I don't hove to make decisions based on old information. Even if it's just a day old.

Information from anywhere. Immediately. With

uku

>\mala

Crosstalk allows your CP/M or MSDOS based computer system to access almost any dial-up computer, capture and store the data, and transfer files between any two Crosstalk systems with complete error checking. Even when disk formats ore incompatible.

To get your information, Crosstalk can automatically dial any dial-up system, capture on-line data for analysis off-line.

Crosstalk saves you and your computers time. It saves you money. And, best of all, it gets you the information that you need, when you need it. Ask your local dealer about it.

Now available for IBM PC

Microstufjnc.

1845 The Exchange Suite 205

Atlanta, GA 30339 (404)952-0267 DEALER INQUIRES WELCOME

CROSSTALK is o trademork of Microstuf, Inc.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Inc.

The Source is a servicemark of Source Telecomputing, Corp.

o subsidiary of The Readers Digest Association, Inc. MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

Circle 319 on inquiry card.

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1

continued:

8050

AM = S(MC)

9180 FOR I = 1 TO 3: NEXT I

8060

D%(1) = AM/100000:AM = AM

9190 POKE 1,130

D%(1) * 100000

9200 POKE 0,66

8070

D%(2) = AM/10000:AM = AM

9210 CALL S

D%(2) * 10000

9220 FOR I + 1 TO 30: NEXT I

8080

D%(3) = AM/1000:AM = AM

9230 POKE 1,50

D%(3) * 1000

9240 POKE 0,75

8090

D%(4) = AM/100:AM = AM

9250 CALL S

D%(4) * 100

9260 POKE 1,255

8100

D%(5) = AM/10:AM = AM - D%

9270 POKE 0,66

(5) * 10

9280 CALL S

8110

D%(6) = AM

9290 RETURN

8120

FOR J = 6 TO OE STEP -1

8130

FOR I = ZE TO D%(J)

8140

HTAB HT + J: VTAB VT: PRINT

I;

Listing 2: The fanfare assembly-language routine.

This informa

8150

IM = PEEK(SS) - PEEK(SS) + PEEK(SS) - PEEK(SS) +

Hon is placed in memory by the POKE statement through 9050 of the main program.

; in lines 9010

PEEK(SS) - PEEK(SS)

0300: 1 ORG

$300

8160

NEXT I

0300:AD 30 C0 2 START LDA

SC030

8170

NEXT J

0303:88 3 Bl DEY

8180

RETURN

0304:D0 04 4 BNE

B2

9000

REM * FANFARE *

0306:C6 01 5 DEC

$1

9010

FOR I = 0 TO 18

0308:F0 08 6 BEQ

B3

9020

READ X

030A:CA 7 B2 DEX

9030

POKE 768 + I,X

030B:D0 F6 8 BNE

Bl

9040

NEXT

030D:A6 00 9 LDX

$0

9050

DATA 173,48,192,136,208,

030F:4C 00 03 10 JMP

START

4,198,1,240,8,202,208,246,

0312:60 11 B3 RTS

166,0,76,0,3,96

9060

S = 768

9070 9080

POKE 1,50 POKE 0,91

Listing 3: The game shape table, including the negative ion, electron, and arrow (in that order)

positive ion,

9090

CALL S

9100

FOR I = 1 TO 3: NEXT I

6000- 04 00 OA 00 ID 00 27 00

9110

POKE 1,33

6008- 2A 00 24 24 37 36 36 36

9120

POKE 0,82

6010- 25 24 2D 2D 3C 3F 3F 3F

9130

CALL S

6018- 3F 2E 2D 05 00 3F 3F 2E

9140

FOR I = 1 TO 3: NEXT I

6020- 2D 2D 2D 25 3F 3F 00 2C

9150

POKE 1,33

6028- 3E 00 08 20 24 24 24 95

9160

POKE 0,75

6030- 92 62 OC OC DC DB DB 13

9170

CALL S

6038- OE OE OE OE 06 00

120 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Hntm

■•*&

w

IV

■ f<•

m

MORE THAN EVER, ATARI HOME COMPUTERS ARE SPEAKING YOUR LANGUAGE.

With more program languages than ever to choose from, you now have more opportunities than ever to utilize the amazing capabilities of the ATARI 800™ Home Computer.

Whether you're a beginning programmer, or at the forefront of the art, you'll find an ATARI programming language that can make your task quicker and simpler than ever before. Just look at what ATARI has to offer:

ATARI Microsoft BASIC-Now we offer the industry standard, the most powerful Microsoft BASIC yet. With simple commands, it allows you to take advantage of unique ATARI hardware features such as our well-known player/ missile graphics. For ease of programming, it includes n-dimensional arrays for numerics and string handling. And importantly, conversion procedures are simple.

ATARI Macro Assembler—Faster and more powerful than any ATARI language before, the ATARI Macro Assembler also allows you to access more memory space. And it's excellent for I/O interface and manipulation of such features as: player/missile graphics, sound registers and peripherals. In addition, the macro processor and "include" file library features speed-up program development considerably.

Fig-FORTH—For specialized programming needs, such as educational or game applications, ATARI Fig-FORTH is uniquely effective. Fig-FORTH combines power and simplicity in an efficient 10K size, with characteristics of an interpreter and the speed of machine language code.

ATARI BASIC-An affordable and easy to use BASIC that

requires only 8K of memory. It allows you to take advantage of the spectacular ATARI graphics and sound capabilities.

And its immediate mode error messages greatly simplify ' debugging.

ATARI Assembler Editor—An excellent tool to assist the assembler-programmer in creating, editing and debugging assembly programs.

PILOT—ATARI PILOT is an exceptional learning language, with built-in "turtle" graphics to let you create spectacular designs and pictures with very short programs. Simple one or two-letter commands allow you to create a dialogue with the computer. And a single "match" command can perform complex text evaluation and pattern-matching instantly.

ATARI Pascal—An excellent high-level language for teaching structured programming, and for developing and maintaining programs. In addition to offering all the features of the ISO Pascal standard, ATARI Pascal offers unique extensions that allow you to take advantage of ATARI graphics and sound capabilities.

ATARI is constantly developing new ways to help you get more out of your ATARI 800 Home Computer. So watch for more innovative and exciting programming languages from ATARI in the future.

For more information, write to ATARI, Inc.,

Dept.ClZ.PO. Box 16525,

Denver, CO 80216. ATARI"

<0!W2 ATARI, Inc All Rights Reserved .*,...,.,....- -...©

* Available from the ATARI Program Exchange

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

We ve Brought The Computer Age Home™

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

A

The Panasonic portable computer

We've improved the way

L1AK „ Panasonic.

It will improve the way you solve problems. And the solutions come from the portable computing power you have at your fingertips. You can take it with you on planes, cars, boats, anywhere, because it fits into a suitcase. You can be more cost effective in the field, because you'll have access to more information for making on-the-spot decisions. You'll have the incredible advantage of being able to telecommunicate from anywhere you are. It gives you a whole new world of computing. Portable computing.

Software Solutions-Now

there's an exciting new software system for the 6502 microprocessor that gives you more solutions to your problems. The popular language software for the portable computer includes Extended Basic Compiler/Interpreter, SnapFORTH and Microsoft Basic.® The Panasonic portable computer also has a wide range of specific software programs for your specific problems, such as:

The Scientific Calculator—An incredibly powerful tool that solves mathematical problems for the scientist, engineer, and professional wherever they go.

Portabudget — It's your portable personal financial manager. It gives you up-to-the-minute personal control. It allows you to be your own record keeper, savings advisor, accountant, bill manager, credit and charge account guide, investment counselor, portfolio keeper, and tax assistant. Overall, it helps plan your personal financial life, portably.

Portacalc—Gives you the portability and the flexibility to automatically analyze numerical problems wherever and whenever they arise. You can assess "what if" alternative business problems, comprehend key variables in business, and dynamically analyze problems on engineering projects.

Portawriter — It allows you to write, edit, and format information. And, you can telecommunicate the information from wherever you are. Whether you're in the boardroom, hotel room, or even on a golf course, Portawriter gives you full editing and formatting capability for notes, reports, letters, news copy, tables, lists, forms, orders, you name it.

Portaloq — It is an easy, precise tool for time-billing professionals without a minute to lose. Whether you're on the road or in the office, you can log time, compile bills, generate billing reports, and track the work of your highly paid employees. Portalog gives you improved timekeeping productivity.

Telecomputing 2™ —It lets you telecommunicate with your data base. You can establish communications between headquarters and field forces. Exchange files and programs between remote stations. Access timesharing services and store data in a large computer's mass storage. You can also upload and download program data.

with a wide range of new software, you solve problems.

Portaflex—A master program that allows you to create solutions for applications, such as:

a Inventory Control—Analysis and control of inventory while you're on the job.

n Order Entry —A customized system for any sales order entry It offers you productivity, and the advantage of faster order entry.

p Field Service — Retrieve, diagnose, and analyze your field service data wherever you are in the field.

a Auditing and Accounting —Custom auditing and accounting, anywhere you are in the field.

□ Estimating -Versatility for flexible bidding and estimating at your job site.

Software Development Tools for the Customizer—Create your own custom programs and bum them into your EPROM so your program is recorded in nonvolatile form.

Simply take a desk top microcomputer* insert the software development discs, create your own program, de-bug that program, compile the program, then "burn-in" your problem-solving EPROM.

♦Presently offered for Apple II Plus.

Hardware Specifications

The Panasonic portable computer offers 6502 microprocessor (1 MHz) technology.

a It offers 4K or 8k internal nonvolatile RAM

□ 48k internal ROM

□ Built-in Ni-Cad rechargeable battery pack

□ External AC adapter/recharger

□ 26-character liquid crystal display

a 65-key completely redefinable keyboard

Introducing Peripherals for Additional Solutions —

Modular peripherals let you customize your system.

□ Multiple RS-232C serial interfaces

□ Asynchronous modem with cassette interface (110 or 300 baud)

□ 40-character microprinter (thermal dot matrix printing)

□ 8k or 16k RAM memory expansion packs

o X-Y four-color plotter (up to 80 characters per line)

□ TV adapter (32 characters X16 lines with color and graphics)

The Panasonic portable computer. It's improved the way you solve problems. Because we believe its portable modules and multiple software applications can vastly improve your productivity. And that can be an important solution to your profit problems.

The portable computer from Panasonic. We've improved the way you solve problems.

LlAK Panasonic. It's changing the way the world uses computers.

Please send me more information.

Panasonic Company, Hand-Held Computers One Panasonic Way, Secaucus, New Jersey 07094

Name (PLEASEPRINT). Title & Company

Dealer Inquiries Invited

« Type of Business, ^k Add ress

.State.

.Zip.

Phone Number (

Panasonic.

just slightly ahead of our time.

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

BYTE GAME CONTEST

FIRST-PLACE WINNER

Cosmic Conquest

Alan Sartori-Angus

Professor of Computer Science

University of Natal

Durban, South Africa

As you move your battle fleets through the galaxy, you try to strengthen your planet empire at the expense of your opponent, an Apple microcomputer. Planets are attacked and occupied, battle fleets fight to the death, high taxes spawn revolutions, and black holes swallow entire fleets. Welcome to Cosmic Conquest, where you must expand your empire, stave off insurrection, and destroy the enemy or lose the game.

The action takes place in a 30- by 30-unit galaxy that may be thought of as the surface of a sphere. While your view of the galaxy appears limited by the confines of the screen display, there are no boundaries: if you move off the top of the galaxy, you will reappear at the bottom; leaving from one side will cause you to reenter on the other. The size of your galaxy may be changed by altering the SIZE constant in the program.

The Cosmic Arena

The primary graphics display is the battle-fleet scan, the part of the galaxy immediately surrounding your current fleet (see figure 1). The battle-fleet symbol is in the center of the display, surrounded by the stars, the planets, the colonies, and the enemy battle fleets. The scan remains centered on the battle fleet currently under your control, and when you make a move the planets,

stars, etc., appear to move past your fleet. The x and y values displayed below the scan are coordinates that identify the present position of your battle fleet in the galaxy. The number of fighting ships available in your current fleet is also listed below the scan display, as well as the number of troop legions on board the fleet. Other information displayed includes the number of credits you have available and your score so far.

+ ■ * M-H

■ * *

D ■

h-M

* * * +

D * * *

* * +

X = 16 Y = 12

NO. OF SHIPS = 58

LEGIONS =85

SCORE = 570 CREDITS 348

About the Author

Alan Sartori-Angus is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Natal. Durban, South Africa. He has been involved with computing since 1976 and specializes in data communications and operating systems, especially as applied to microcomputers. His interests include both standard and computer chess, war-gaming, and sports. He is presently involved in the design and construction of a FORTH engine using bit-slice components.

LEGEND

A STAR

A PLANET THAT IS NOT A COLONY OF YOURS

A COLONY OF YOUR EMPIRE

ONE OF YOUR BATTLE FLEETS

ONE OF THE ENEMY BATTLE FLEETS

Figure 1: An example of the screen display during the game. Use the legend to identify the game symbols.

124 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The IMS Family

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BYTE GAME CONTEST

You begin the game with 250 credits, which can be used to purchase more ships or enlist additional legions. Although you don't have control of any colonies at this point, you have two fleets, each consisting of 20 ships and 50 legions. In addition, you have no idea what the galaxy looks like and no clues to what the enemy (the computer) is up to. Using one of the several commands available (see the text box on page 128), you can begin to create a powerful empire.

Your score indicates the strength of your empire, which you can increase by adding to the number of planets you control and the number of legions and ships you have. However, the strength of your empire is reduced by the strength of the computer's empire. You therefore have two methods of gaining strength: first, colonize as many planets as possible, and keep your troop numbers high; second, reduce the enemy's strength by taking over its colonies and destroying its battle fleets.

In determining your strategy, you will be faced with several difficult decisions. Do you place large garrisons on your planets to make them secure from the enemy and from internal revolt, or do you use those legions to colonize more planets? Do you spend your credits on ships that can help you destroy enemy battle fleets, or do you

pay to enlist more legions? It's highly unlikely that you'll find a clear winning combination of strategy and tactics. In fact, you may be well on the way to a high score when your fleet disappears from the screen upon being swallowed by a black hole.

Design Decisions

Cosmic Conquest is designed to be a single-player game of real-time action and strategic decision making. I wanted the game to be played in real time but to be more than just a game to test quick reactions in the manner of Space Invaders. I also decided that each play of the game should be different and that the game would use the precept of offering incomplete information to create a game for which there is no consistent winning strategy.

These design decisions are important to the play of Cosmic Conquest. The use of real time adds to your sense of tension as you play. Having to make split-second decisions all the time, some of which may cost you the game, is what I wanted Cosmic Conquest to be about. If you have all day to make decisions, it becomes too easy to win. The program further challenges you by never producing the same game twice. Not only is the galaxy different each time, but the winning tactics also change.

5Bryou type on the keyboard, your computer can say. It's as simple as that.

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126 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE GAME CONTEST

Cosmic Commands

The following commands are available to you during the course of a game:

Move: The current battle fleet (the one shown in the center of the scan) can be moved up, down, left, and right merely by pressing the W, Z, A, and S keys, respectively.

Other Fleet: To make your other battle fleet your current fleet, press the 0 key. The display will change to show the area around your new current fleet. You can move, fight, colonize, etc. only with your current fleet.

Information: Additional information about the current state of the game can be obtained at any time by hitting the I key. This information includes the number of planets in your empire and the number of both planets and battle fleets in the computer's empire.

Fire: You can attack an enemy battle fleet in an adjoining square to your current battle fleet by pressing the F key. Casualties are inflicted on both fleets in proportion to the strength of the enemy fleet. (A rough guide is that a fleet will inflict a casualty rate of 40 percent of its strength upon the enemy fleet.) Battles may continue as long as you wish or until either one of the fleets is destroyed.

Tax: You may tax all the planets in your empire at any time by pressing the T key. The amount of tax provided by a planet is in proportion to the class of the planet. A largerclass planet will generally provide more taxes. However, because planets do not like being taxed it's possible that one or more will revolt. The likelihood that this will occur increases each time the planets are taxed. When a revolution occurs, you are told which planet revolted and whether or not the revolt was successful.

Land: You can attempt to 'land on any planet adjacent to your current battle fleet. The display prompts for the direction of the planet relative to the fleet and you indicate your choice by using the MOVE keys. When you land on the planet, you are faced with one of three situations: the planet is already a member of your empire, the planet is uncolonized, or the planet is garrisoned by enemy forces.

If the planet is already a member of your empire, you are

Additionally, at any moment in time you can see only the portion of the galaxy that immediately surrounds the battle fleets. You have to cope with incomplete information, not knowing where the computer's fleets are nor which planets the computer has under control.

Programming the Action

I wrote the game program in FORTH for several reasons. The real-time aspect required that the speed of the display be as fast as possible, and the intended complexity of the game seemed to require a high-level language. FORTH satisfied both of these criteria. Another factor was the continued growth and development of the game program. Because the game has been

told the class of the planet and the size of the local garrison and are given a choice from five options: (1) leave legions on the planet, (2) gather legions from the planet, (3) buy ships, (4) enlist troops, and (5) leave.

Option 1 lets you transfer legions from the fleet to the planet to strengthen local garrison. This garrison puts down revolts when they occur and wards off attacks by the enemy. With option 2, you can reduce the strength of the local garrison in order to increase the number of legions with the fleet. The fleet legions are needed when you attack the enemy and capture other planets. By choosing option 3, you can purchase additional ships for your fleet. The planet will tell you the cost per ship, and you can buy as many ships as your credits will cover. If you choose option 4, you can raise new legions from the inhabitants of the planet. However, the planet is only capable of producing a limited number of legions and the cost of enlistment is an important factor. The planet will inform you as to the number of legions available and what they cost. The larger the class of a planet, the more legions it will be able to produce and the higher the cost will be for raising them. With both options 3 and 4, a built-in safeguard prevents you from repeating your request to buy in an effort to overcome the limitations on the numbers available. To leave the planet, you must choose option 5.

If the planet is uncolonized, you ivill be told the class of the planet and asked whether you wish to attack. A rough estimate of the strength of the planet can be made from the class; a planet is capable of having legions numbering the same as its class. If you decide to attack, the computer calculates the result of the battle and tells you either that your forces are now in control or that your forces have retreated. Whatever the outcome of the battle, you will also receive a report of losses.

When the enemy controls the planet, you are told the class of the planet and the size of the garrison. You are asked if you wish to attack, and if you respond affirmatively the computer calculates the result of the battle and displays it along with the number of losses.

growing and changing since its conception, it was important for me to use a language that would allow fundamental changes to the program with a minimum of time and effort.

The information for the game is stored mainly in the three 30 by 30 arrays called GALAXY, INFOl, and INF02 (see listing 1). The GALAXY array registers the contents (planets, battle fleets, etc.) of each square unit of the galaxy. For each of these squares that contains a planet, the corresponding array, INFOl, has two pieces of information about the planet. The least significant three bits contain the alliance factor for the planet, which is randomly set at the beginning of the game and decremented each time the planet is taxed. When the fac

128 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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CP-202C

BYTE GAME CONTEST

tor reaches zero, the planet revolts. The most significant five bits hold the class of the planet. The array INF02 has various pieces of data. If the corresponding entry in the GALAXY array is a planet, then INF02 holds the size of the local garrison. If the corresponding GALAXY entry shows an enemy fleet, then INF02 gives the number of ships in that fleet.

The primary game loop is contained in the FORTH word RESTART. The program loops here and while waiting for you to press a key determines if the computer should be taking any action. The game program is written so that the computer will continue to play even if you do nothing. When you do press a key, that command is decoded by the FORTH word OBEY-COMMAND and is subsequently executed.

Another point of interest is the method by which the program handles the screen display. The graphics symbols are defined in shape tables, but in my initial use of them I discovered that the processor updated the main

Listing 1: The FORTH program for Cosmic Conquest.

COSMIC CONQUEST! THE LISTING

< constants)

39 CONSTANT SIZE ( the size of the galactic array)

SIZE 2 * CONSTANT NO-OF-STARS < no. of stars in galaxy)

SIZE 3*2/ CONSTANT NO-OF-PLANETS ( planets in galaxy)

4 CONSTANT NO-OF-B-HOLES ( no. of black holes)

290 CONSTANT Wl C weight value assigned to planets in score)

5 CONSTANT U2 (weight assigned to ships and troops) 10 CONSTANT W3 < weight assigned to computers troops) 20000 CONSTANT SPEED < how quickly computer moues)

< var i ables)

0 VARIABLE TEMPI < a temporary storage variable) 0 VARIABLE VTAX < tax collected)

8 VARIABLE C-LEGIONS < no. of computer legions for attacks) 0 VARIABLE CLASS-TOTALS < computers planets classes totals)

9 VARIABLE C-FLEETS < no. of computer fleets)

0 VARIABLE LEN ( no. of moves remaining in game) 0 VARIABLE TROOPS < no. of computers troops in game) 0 VARIABLE RAND1 C first random number seed) second random number seed) temporary storage for X position) temporary storage for Y position) count to stop player buying e^jery move) the no. of legions available to buy) how often new fleet created) VARIABLE COMP-START < how quickly computer plays) VARIABLE COMPUTER < how quickly computer plays) VARIABLE OIFF ( difficulty of game 1-4) VARIABLE C-PLANETS < no. of computer planets) VARIABLE PLANETS < no. of players planets) VARIABLE FLEET-FLAG ( no. of players current fleet) 50 VARIABLE CREDIT ( players credit In taxes) VARIABLE START ( starting score in the game)

def i n i rig words)

ARRAY < 2D array)

(BUILDS DUP C, * ALLOT DOES)

ROT 1 - OVER C3 * + + :

VARIABLE RAND2 VARIABLE X VARIABLE Y VARIABLE BUY-V VARIABLE LEG VARIABLE NEW

< arrays)

SIZE SIZE ARRAY GALAXY SIZE SIZE ARRAY INF01 SIZE SIZE ARRAY INF02 11 11 ARRAY SCREEN 2 6 ARRAY FLEETS

< the case statement) ; CASE

?COMP CSP 3 !CSP 4 :

< the galactic array)

< planetary array)

< strength array)

< the screen array)

< players fleets info.

IMMEDIATE

4 2PAIRS COMPILE OVER COMPILE = COMPILE DROP S ; IMMEDIATE

ENDOF

5 7PAIRS COMPILE BRANCH HERE 0 ENDIF 4 i IMMEDIATE

COMPILE 0BRANCH HERE 0

SUAP 2 <<COMPILE>>

display too slowly. To make the display update faster, I defined a small array, SCREEN, which at any moment during the game contains the description of the contents of the main graphics display on the screen. When the display is updated, the program first checks in SCREEN to see what is already there. If the display is already showing the symbol in question, no update takes place. The only time the screen is updated is when a different symbol has to be placed at a position on the screen. Although this method involves more calculation, it increases the speed of the display considerably because fewer symbols are written to the Apple high-resolution area on each update. So with a limited amount of time, you must capture and keep as many planets as possible, avoid black holes, stamp out revolutions, and hold the enemy at bay by destroying opposing fleets. With over 2500 possible scenarios, Cosmic Conquest should keep you occupied for some time.B

: ENDCASE

4 7PAIRS COMPILE DROP BEGIN SP3 CSP 3=9= WHILE 2 <<COMPILE>> ENDIF REPEAT CSP ! j IMMEDIATE

( general utility words)

: DELAY C delay a fixed amount of time)

5000 0 DO LOOP :

CLEAR-MSGE 18 10 DO

I 0 VHTAB 35 SPACES LOOP ;

XY3 x a Y 3 i

C clear message area on text screen)

: CLEAR-SCREEN HI HCLR j

( clear hires screen 1>

i CLEAR-DISP < fill screen array with FF's)

1 1 SCREEN 121 255 FILL ;

: CLEAR-GALAXY < fills galactic array with NULLS

1 1 GALAXY SIZE SIZE * 9 FILL ;

: CLEAR-INFO ( fills info arrays with NULLs)

1 1 INF01 SIZE SIZE » 0 FILL 1 1 INF02 SIZE SIZE * 0 FILL ;

: RANDOMl < ran ) < random number in range I—SIZE)

RAND1 3 37 « <S51 + DUP RAND1 ! ABS SIZE MOD 1* ;

: RAND0M2 C ran ) ( random number in range 1-SIZE)

RAND2 3 53 * 773 t DUP RAND2 ! ABS SIZE MOD 1+ ;

: EDGE-CHECK ( n ng )

C calculates wrap around of galaxy) SIZE I - * SIZE MOD 1* ;

: INPUT ( nl ) ( number input routine)

0 BEGIN < start with zero total)

KEY DUP EMIT DUP 8 = ( is it backspace?) IF

DROP 10/9 ! get rid of last digit)

ELSE

DUP 57 > < check if char. is digit)

IF DROP 1 ELSE DUP 43 < IF DROP 1

ELSE 48 - SWAP 10 * ♦ 0 ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF UNTIL i

: F ( nl addl ) < indexes current fleet array)

FLEET-FLAG 3 SWAP FLEETS ;

Listing 1 continued on page 132

130 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 446 on inquiry card.

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FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign, IL 61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1 continued:

: TEXT

8 -16383 C! ;

END-MSGE TEXT 12 8 UHTAB

( selects text screen )

( end of game message) END OF GAME COMMANDER" ;

( graphics shapes and utilities)

8 VARIABLE SPACEFIG 88 ALLOT ( shape tables)

Ct

OYER C! 1+

C loads 8-bit value into table) < loads 16-bit value into table)

OVER

2 +

SPACEFIG ( load shape tables)

12 * 31 * 41 t 47 * 63 * 74 * HEX ( space shape)

24 Ct 3F Ct 37 Ct 36 Ct 2E Ct 24 Ct 2C Ct 36 C* 2E Ct 2C Ct

2E Ct 25 Ct 24 Ct 3C Ct 37 Ct 2E Ct 34 Ct 36 Ct 88 Ct C colony shape)

12 Ct 2D Ct 24 Ct 24 Ct 3F Ct 3F Ct 36 Ct 36 Ct 2D Ct 88 Ct

< p1ane t shape)

2C Ct 36 Ct 3F Ct 24 Ct 85 Ct 88 Ct C star shape)

3C Ct 36 Ct 2D Ct 24 Ct 1C Ct IF Ct 16 Ct 16 Ct 8D Ct BD Ct 1C Ct 2C Ct 1C Ct BC Ct 84 Ct 88 Ct

< players -fleet shape)

3C Ct IB Ct 36 Ct 26 Ct 88 Ct 2D Ct 2D Ct 25 Ct 36 Ct 36 Ct 88 Ct C computers -fleet shape)

36 Ct 87 Ct 28 Ct 2? Ct 32 Ct 88 Ct

DECIMAL DROP FORGET Ct

Ate don't need Ct and t any more)

SKETCH ( n ) ( sketch shape n at current position)

2*8 SWAP SPACEFIG t 3 SPACEFIG t DRAW ;

into the main game words)

SET-UP-GALAXY NO-OF-STARS 8 DO 2 RANDOM 1 RAND0M2 GALAXY C!

LOOP ( set up stars in galaxy) NO-OF-PLANETS 8 DO RANDOM 1 RAND0M2 2DUP 4 ROT ROT GALAXY C! < set up planets) RAND0M1 4 » 8 ♦ ROT ROT INF01 C! C set up class of planet) LOOP NO-OF-B-HOLES 8 DO 8 RANDOM 1 RAND0M2 GALAXY C! < set up black holes) LOOP j

INITIALISE < initialise all variables and arrays)

CR CR BEGIN

." WHAT LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY (1-4) " INPUT DUP

5 < IF < correct response) 1

ELSE < incorrect response) DROP CR 8 END IF UNTIL

DIFF ! ( store di-ff icul ty) HOME CR CR

." DO YOU WANT" CR ." 1. SHORT" CR ." 2. MEDIUM" CR ." 3. LONG" CR ." GAME" KEY 127 AND < pick up reply) CASE

4? < 1> OF 358 LEN ! ( 358 moves) ENDOF

58 < 2) OF 788 LEN ! < 788 moves) ENDOF

1588 LEN ! < 1588 moves otherwise) ENDCASE

HOME ." INITIALISING"

CLEAR-GALAXY CLEAR-DISP CLEAR-INFO SET-UP-GALAXY 1 FLEET-FLAG ! ( make -fleet 1 current -fleet)

258 CREDIT ! ( players credit)

8 PLANETS ! ( no planets)

8 C-PLANETS ! < none -for computer either)

28 1 3 FLEETS ! 28 2 3 FLEETS ! < fleets start uii th 28 ships) 58 1 5 FLEETS '. 58 2 5 FLEETS ! < fleets have 58 legions each) DIFF 3 4 * 0 DO < position computers fleets)

RANDOM 1 RAND0M2 2DUP 17 ROT ROT GALAXY C! 15 ROT ROT INF02 C! LOOP

16 22 18 GALAXY C! 16 18 22 GALAXY C! < position fleets) 22 1 1 FLEETS C! 18 1 2 FLEETS C!

18 2 1 FLEETS C! 22 2 2 FLEETS C!

29 3 DIFF 3 * - NEW ! C how often computer creates -fleets) 15 DIFF 3 4** TROOPS ! C initial no. of computer troops) 28 DIFF 3 * C-LEGIONS ! C no. of spare computer legions) DIFF 3 4 * C-FLEETS ! ( no. of computer fleets)

SPEED DUP COMPUTER !

COMP-START I < how often computer moves)

I BUY-V ! i

DRAW-BORDERS < draw borders o-f display and headings) CLEAR-SCREEN 7 HCOLOUR < colour white)

17 5 HPOSN

238 5 HLINE 238 126 HLINE 17 126 HLINE 17 5 HLINE 57 27 HPOSN

198 27 HLINE 198 184 HLINE 57 184 HLINE 57 27 HLINE

6

HOME

." PLAYER" 2 8 VHTAB 4 8 UHTAB 6 8 UHTAB 21 UHTAB 28 8 UHTAB 28 7 UHTAB

21 8 UHTAB

22 8 UHTAB 28 25 UHTAB 22 21 UHTAB

PLANETS ="

EMPI RE"

FLEETS"

PLANETS"

X="

Y="

NO. OF SHIPS =*

LEGIONS ="

SCORE ="

CREDITS" :

FIND-DIRECTION ( X Y )

< find out which square player means) 23 8 UHTAB ." WHICH DIRECTION?" 2 SPACES KEY 127 AND

c1 ear message)

CASE

87 <

up)

OF

-1

8

ENDOF

90 <

down )

OF

1

e

ENDOF

83 <

r i gh t)

OF

8

l

ENDOF

65 <

left)

OF

8

a

-l

8

ENDOF

ENDCASE

23 8 UHTAB 35 SPACES < 2 F C3 t EDGE-CHECK SWAP 1 F Ca ♦ EDGE-CHECK SWAP

PRINT-IT ( c )

< shape determined by

< posi t i on In X,Y) DUP X 3 1 t Y 3 1 t SCREEN C3 =

printed on screen at)

IF i display is already showing this

shape so don't bother)

DROP

ELSE

DUP X 3 1+ Y 3 It SCREEN C < remember what screen has)

8 HCOLOUR

t CO]OL

r black)

X 3 28 * 27 t Y 3 1+ 11 *

HPOSN

8 SKETCH

( blank

ou t char. there)

7 HCOLOUR

< col our wh i te)

X3 28*27tY31tll*

HPOSN

CASE

C draw

shape)

2 I a star) OF

3 SKETCH

< draw star) ENDOF

4 (. empty planet) OF

2 SKETCH

( a planet) ENDOF

5 '. enemy planet) OF

2 SKETCH

( a pianet) ENDOF

132 < players planet) OF

1 SKETCH

( a colony) ENDOF

16 ( players fleet) OF

4 SKETCH

( players -fleet) ENDOF

17 < enemy fleet) OF

5 SKETCH

< enemy fleet) ENDOF

ENDCASE

END IF ;

DRAW-SCAN

< draw

the screen display)

1FC3 5-2FC3 5

1 1 8 DO

1 I 8 DO

OUER EDGE-CHECK OUER EDGE

:heck

J Y ! I X ! GALAXY C3

PRINT-IT It

LOOP

11 - SWAP 1* SWAP

LOOP

DROP DROP i

i DRAW-FIGURES ( draw the totals

2 18 UHTAB PLANETS 3 5 .R

28 33 UHTAB PLANETS 3 C-PLANETS 3 - Ul *

1 3 FLEETS 3 2 3 FLEETS 3 t W2 1 5 FLEETS 3 2 5 FLEETS 3 t W2

the d i sp1 ay)

6 8 6 29 28 2 20 9

TROOPS 3 W3 * UHTAB C-FLEETS 3 5

UHTAB C-PLANETS 3 5 .R

UHTAB 2 F C3 2 .R

UHTAB 1 F C3 2 .R

21 15 UHTAB 3 F 3 4 .R

22 10 UHTAB 5 F 3 6 .R

22 31 UHTAB CREDIT 3 6 .R ;

DRAW-DISPLAY 1 SCALE HI DRAW-SCAN DRAW-FIGURES ;

NEW-FLEET < fleet destroyed for some reason) 8 1 F C3 2 F C3 GALAXY C! ( remove fleet symbol) 0 3 F ! ( no ships left)

8 5 F ! j < no legions left)

: MOUE-FLEET < X Y )

2DUP

0 1 F C3 2 F C3 GALAXY C!

16 ROT ROT GALAXY C! 2 F C! 1 F C! ;

: CHECK-POSITION

C remove old symbol) C pos i t i on fleet) < update fleet array)

X Y )

( check if move to position X Y is possib < and take apropriate action) EDGE-CHECK SWAP EDGE-CHECK SWAP 2DUP GALAXY C3 CASE

0 ( space) OF MOUE-FLEET ENDOF

8 < black hole) OF 23 0 UHTAB ." FLEET IN BLACK HOLEMOVE-FLEET DELAY NEW-FLEET 23 8 UHTAB 35 SPACES ENDOF

Listing 1 continued on page 134

132 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 447 on inquiry card. .

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w %

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1 continued:

DROP DROP ENDCASE

DRAW-DISPLAY ;

OTHER-FLEET < make other fleet curent -fleet) FLEET-FLAG 3 I = IF 2 FLEET-FLAG ! ELSE 1 FLEET-FLAG ! END IF DRAU-DISPLAY ;

: MOVE-LEFT

I F C3 2 F CS 1 - CHECK-POSITION i

: MOVE-RIGHT

I F C3 2 F C3 !♦ CHECK-POSITION ;

: MOVE-DOWN

I F C! It 2 F C) CHECK-POSITION |

: MOVE-UP

I F Ci 1 - 2 F CI CHECK-POSITION j

: ENLIST ( enlisting legions on a planet) BUY-V 3 8= IF < i t's ok to buy)

.5 BUY-V ! < can't buy For 5 more moves)

< calculate cost of legions)

RANOOM1 8 / XY3 INFOI C2 7 / t DUP TEMPI !

10 8 VHTAB ." COST PER LEGION =" 3 .R

C calculate no. of legions available)

XYS INFOI CS 6 / DUP LEG !

12 8 VHTAB ." NO OF LEGIONS AVAILABLE = " 3 .R

< take the order)

14 8 VHTAB ." HOW MANY DO YOU REQUIRE?" INPUT LEG 3 MIN DUP TEMPI 3 ♦ CREDIT 3 > IF ( not enough money)

16 8 VHTAB ." NOT ENOUGH CREDIT" ELSE

5 F 3 OVER + 5 F ! ( update legions)

TEMPI 3 » CREDIT 3 SWAP - CREDIT ! < update credit) END IF ELSE

18 8 VHTAB ." NO TROOPS AVAILABLE" END IF ;

! BUY ( purchasing of ships at planet)

BUY-V 3 8=

IF ( i t's ok to buy)

5 BUY-V ! ( stop continous buying)

RANDOM1 5 / XY3 INFOI C3 18 / * 1+ DUP TEMPI !

18 8 VHTAB ." COST PER SHIP = " 2 .R

12 8 VHTAB ." HOW MANY DO YOU WANT?" INPUT

CREDIT 3 TEMPI 3 / MIN < no more than he can afford)

DUP 3 F a + 3 F ! < update ships in fleet)

TEMPI 3 * CREDIT 3 SWAP - CREDIT ! < update credit)

14 1 F C3 2 F C3 GALAXY C! ( make sure fleet symbol there)

ELSE

18 8 VHTAB ." NO SHIPS AVAILABLE"

END1F i

I GATHER C pick up legions from garrison onto fleet) 18 8 VHTAB ." HOW MANY DO YOU WISH TO TAKE?" INPUT XYS INF02 C3 MIN TEMPI ! < no more than are there) 5 F 3 TEMPI 3 * 5 F ! ( update legions on fleet) XYS INF02 C3 TEMPI 3 - XY3 INF02 C( ; < update on planet)

: LEAVE < leave legions from fleet on planet as garrison) 18 8 VHTAB ." HOW MANY DO YOU WISH TO LEAVE?" INPUT 5 F 3 MIN TEMPI ! < no more than you have)

5 F 3 TEMPI 3 - S F ! ( update legions on fleet) XY3 INF02 CS TEMPI 3 + 255 MIN ( no more than 255) XY2 INF02 C! j < update on planet)

: FRIENDLY-PLANET < options upon landing at colony) BEGIN

18 8 VHTAB ." CLASS " XYS INFOI CS B / 2 .R

." PLANET" 16 SPACES CR ( give class of planet)

." LOCAL GARRISON IS " XYS INF02 CS 3 .R ." LEGIONS"

< give size of local garrison) 12 8 VHTAB ." DO YOU WISH TO:" 12 SPACES < give options)

CR ." 1. LEAVE LEGIONS ON PLANET"

CR ." 2. GATHER LEGIONS FROM PLANET"

CR ." 3. BUY SHIPS"

CR ." 4. ENLIST TROOPS"

CR ." 5. LEAVE" CR

KEY 127 AND C get reply)

CLEAR-MSGE

CASE

49 ( 1) OF LEAVE 8 < leave legions)

ENDOF

58 < 2) OF GATHER 8 < gather legions)

ENDOF

51 < 3) OF BUY 8 < buy ships)

ENDOF

52 ( 4) OF ENLIST 8 ( enlist troops)

ENDOF

1 < the default: leave planet)

ENDCASE DELAY UNTIL HI CLEAR-MSGE DRAU-DISPLAY ;

COLONISE ( attack an uncolonised planet) CLEAR-MSGE XYS INFOI CS 8 / RANDOM1 1 -5/7**18/ DUP TEMPI

< calaculate relative strength of planet)

5 F 3 >

IF < planet drives off your forces)

IB 8 VHTAB ." YOUR FORCES RETREAT"

12 8 VHTAB ." YOUR LOSSES = "

5 F 3 2 / DUP 3 .R 5 F 3 SWAP - 5 F !

DELAY DELAY ELSE < you capture planet)

18 8 VHTAB ." PLANET CAPTURED"

12 B VHTAB ." YOUR LOSSES = "

TEMPI a 3 .R

5 F 3 TEMPI 3 - 5 F ! < update legions in fleet)

1 PLANETS ♦! < increment no. of planets)

132 XY3 GALAXY CI < colony symbol in galaxy)

DELAY DELAY

FRIENDLY-PLANET ENDIF ;

C in orbit round uncolonised planet) UNCOLONISED CLASS " XY3 INFOI CS B / 2 .R DO YOU WISH TO ATTACK?" KEY 127 AND 8? =

EMPTY-PLANET CLEAR-MSGE 18 8 VHTAB ." PLANET" 12 8 VHTAB IF

COLONISE ENDIF HI CLEAR-MSGE J

NOT-PLANET ( there isn't a planet where he's trying to land 18 8 VHTAB ." NO PLANET THERE" DELAY HI CLEAR-MSGE ;

ATTACK < attack a planet controlled by the computer) CLEAR-MSGE XY3 INF02 C3 RAND0M1 1 -5/7**18/ DUP TEMPI !

C calaculate enemy garrisons effective strength) 5 F 3 > IF ( enemy garrison wins)

18 8 VHTAB ." YOUR FORCES RETREAT"

12 8 VHTAB ." YOUR LOSSES = "

XYS INF02 CS 5 F 3 ♦ TEMPI 3 / 2 / XY3 INF02 CS SWAP

- XYS INF02 C!

5 F 3 2 / DUP 3 .R 5 F a SWAP - 5 F ! ELSE

0 XY3 INF02 C! < reduce legions on planet to 8) 18 8 VHTAB ." PLANET CAPTURED"

12 8 VHTAB ." YOUR LOSSES = "

TEMPI 3 3 .R

5 F S TEMPI 3 - 5 F ! ( update legions with fleet)

132 XYa GALAXY C! < put colony in galaxy)

1 PLANETS +! ( increment planets)

-1 C-PLANETS +! < decrement computer planets)

XY3 INFOI CS 8 / MINUS CLASS-TOTALS +!

DELAY < reduce classes of comp. pints)

FRIENDLY-PLANET ENDIF DELAY HI CLEAR-MSGE ;

ENEMY-PLANET ( player orbits enemy planet)

XYa infoi ca s /

18 8 VHTAB ." CLASS " 2 .R ." PLANET" CR CR

." ENEMY GARRISON OF STRENGTH " XY3 INF02 C3 3 .R CR CR

." DO YOU WISH TO ATTACK?" KEY 127 AND 8? =

IF

ATTACK ENDIF HI CLEAR-MSGE ;

LAND < land on adjacent planet) FIND-DIRECTION 2DUP Y ! X ! TEXT GALAXY C3 CASE

4 ( uncolonised planet) OF EMPTY-PLANET ENDOF

5 < computers planet) OF ENEMY-PLANET ENDOF 132 < players colony) OF FRIENDLY-PLANET ENDOF

NOT-PLANET ( otherwise it's not a planet) ENDCASE ;

REVOLT? ( planet at X,Y revolts) 12 8 VHTAB ." PLANET AT " Y 3 . X 3 XYS INFOI C3 B / XY3 1NF02 CS 2DUP > IF C revolt succeeds)

DROP 4 XYS GALAXY C!

8*7+ XY3 INFOI C!

8 XYS INF02 C!

-1 PLANETS ♦!

7 EMIT

14 8 VHTAB ." SUCCEEDS" ELSE C revolt faiIs)

SWAP 2 / - XYS INF02 C!

XYS INFOI CS 7 OR XYS INFOI C

14 8 VHTAB ." FAILSEND IF DELAY

12 8 VHTAB 38 SPACES 14 8 VHTAB 12 SPACES j ( clear messao,es>

REVOLTS" DELAY

< place planet symbol)

< set revolt factor 7)

< set 1egi ons to 8)

< reduce no.of planets) ( r i ng bel1)

< reduce legions)

( set revolt factor 7)

Listing 1 continued on page 136

134 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 448 on inquiry card.

FORTRAN IV

SuperSoft makes full WATFIV FORTRAN IV available for microcomputers. SuperSoft/SSS FORTRAN meets and exceeds the ANSI 1966 standard. The compiler supports many advanced features including variable length character strings and recursive subroutines with static variables and complex variable types. Fully compatible RATFOR is also available.

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Hexadecimal, decimal, and

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ANSI 1966 standard with multiple

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Map, List, and Symbol table output

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Read, Write, Append, Rewind, Close,

Delete, Rename, Search, Sequential

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Supports all CP/M devices.

For virtually all CP/M (Z-80 only), CP/M-86, and MS DOS compatible systems. This includes the IBM PC.

Available from fine dealers everywhere or directly from SuperSoft.

FORTRAN (Z80): $375.00

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RATFOR: $100.00

FORTRAN Manual Only: $ 25.00

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Corrector takes less than ten minutes to learn. All commands are listed in rows. To invoke a command you simply type an "X." A complete HELP file is included which explains all commands.

Corrector works with virtually all CP/M editors and word processors using ASCII files. This includes Star-Edit, Word-Star, Magic Wand, Ed, and most others.

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Japanese Distribution:

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Tel. (03)437-5371

Telex 0242-2723.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

SSS FORTRAN is the copyright of Small Systems Services.

u •

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box1628 Champaign, IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 1 continued:

TAX < collect taxes on players planets) 8 VTAX ! < set tax to 8)

TEXT < select text page)

IB 6 VHTAB ." TAX COLLECTED =" 18 17 VHTAB 8 . SIZE It 1 DO SIZE It 1 DO

I J GALAXY C3 132 » IF < i t's a colony)

I J INF01 C3 3 * 5 / ( tax -from planet)

VTAX 3 t DUP VTAX ! C update tax)

10 17 VHTAB 5 .R

I J INF01 C3 7 AND -DUP

IF < doesn't reuolt)

I J INF01 DUP C3 1 - SWAP C! ELSE ( reuolt)

I X ! J Y ! REVOLT? ENDIF END IF LOOP LOOP CREDIT 3 VTAX 3 t CREDIT ! ( update credit)

HI CLEAR-MSOE DRAW-DISPLAY !

< computers turn to do something)

( decrement NEW)

COMPUTER-TURN -1 NEW t! NEW a 8= IF ( computer creates new fleet)

7 EMIT < ring bell>

1 C-FLEETS t! ( update comp. fleets)

29 4 DIFF 3 * - NEW ! ( reset NEW)

CLASS-TOTALS 3 8/ DUP C-LESIONS t!

DUP TROOPS t!

BEGIN

, RANDOM1 RANDOM2 2DUP GALAXY C3 8= IF ( empty space in galaxy) 2DUP 17 ROT ROT GALAXY C! INF02 C! 1 ELSE

DROP DROP DROP 8 ENDIF UNTIL ENDIF DIFF 3 8 DO < see if computer colonises planet)

( place fleet symbol) < plus 1egi ons)

RANDOM 1 RAND0M2 2DUP GALAXY C3 CASE

4 OF ( empty planet)

2DUP 2DUP 5 ROT ROT GALAXY C! < place colony) C-LEGIONS 3 2/ DUP C-LEGIONS ! ROT ROT INF02 C! 1 C-PLANETS t!

INF01 C3 8 / CLASS-TOTALS t! ENDOF 132 OF < players planet)

2DUP Y ! X '. INF02 C3 C-LEGIONS 3 2 / < IF < captures planet)

C-LEGIONS 3 3/ C-LEGIONS ! 5 XY3 GALAXY C!

XY3 INF01 Ca 8 / CLASS-TOTALS t! 1 C-PLANETS t! -1 PLANETS t!

5 8 DO 7 EMIT LOOP ENDIF ENDOF DROP DROP ENDCASE LOOP DRAW-FIGURES j

: FIRE < players fleet attacks computer fleet) 8 X ! TEXT 2 F Ca 2 t DUP 3 - DO

1 F C3 2 t DUP 3 - DO

I EDGE-CHECK J EDGE-CHECK GALAXY C3 17 = IF ( there's a fleet in range)

I EDGE-CHECK X ! J EDGE-CHECK Y ! ENDIF LOOP LOOP X 3 8= IF

18 8 VHTAB ." NO ENEMY FLEET IN RANGE" ELSE

3 F a XY3 INF02 C3 OVER 4 » 18 /

OVER 4 » 18 / DUP

18 8 VHTA8 ." FLEET HIT BY " 5 .R ." UNITS"

ROT ROT - 8 MAX DUP 8=

IF ( computers fleet destroyed)

DROP TROOPS a XYa INF02 C3 - TROOPS ! ( reduce computers troops)

Listing 1 continued on page 138

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Copyright©1982 Tektronix. Inc. All rights reserved. 135-1

BYTE GAME CONTEST

Listing 3 continued

< destroy fleet symbol) ( reduce comps -fleets)

8 XY3 GALAXY C!

-1 C-FLEETS <■! ELSE

XY3 INF02 C3 OYER - TROOPS 3 SWAP - TROOPS !

< reduce spare troops)

XY3 INF02 Ci ( reduce legions in -fleet)

END IF

- 8 MAX DUP 8= IF ( players fleet destroyed)

DROP NEW-FLEET ELSE

3 F ! ENDIF END IF DELAY DELAY DRAUJ-DI SPLAY HI CLEAR-MSGE ;

: INFORMATION < display the text screen information)

TEXT KEY HI ;

OBEY-COMMAND BUY-V 3 -DUP IF

1 - BUY-V ! ENDIF

ceei ca

CASE

( A) 41 OF MOVE-LEFT ENDOF

( S) S3 OF MOVE-RIGHT ENDOF

( W> 57 OF MOVE-UP ENDOF

< Z) 5A OF MOVE-DOWN ENDOF ( 0) 4F OF OTHER-FLEET ENDOF

< I) 49 OF INFORMATION ENDOF

< L) 4C OF LAND ENDOF

< T> 54 OF TAX ENDOF ( F) 46 OF FIRE ENDOF

ENDCASE SP' :

( pick up keyboard character)

s it the computers turn or not) DUP 8=

: COMPUTER'

COMPUTER a 1 IF

COMP-START 3 COMPUTER ! DROP 1 ELSE

COMPUTER ! 8 ENDIF ;

GAME-END? LEN 3 8=

< game end i f LEN i s zero)

< restarts the stopped game)

: RESTART

CLEAR-DISP

HOME DRAW-BORDERS DRAW-DISPLAY

BEGIN

?TERMINAL

IF C player has pressed a key) OBEY-COMMAND -1 LEN +! COMPUTER-TURN ENDIF COMPUTER? IF

COMUTER-TURN ENDIF GAME-END? UNTIL END-MSGE ;

: CONQUEST ( the main game word)

HOME ." HIT ANY KEY" KEY RAND1 ! CR ( random number seed) ." AND AGAIN " KEY RAND2 ! C random number seed) HOME CR CR CR

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WJSI

1

•

Sento* Analyst

Just when the business world is up to its white collars in visiclones, calcalikes and other spreadsheet packages, Apple's* come out with something entirely different.

Introducing Senior Analyst.

Like other financial modeling packages, it allows managers and professionals to ask all those proverbial "What If?"questions.

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flexible financial projections, budgets, cash flow statements and the like.

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Circle 36 on inquiry card.

BYTE GAME GRID

Ricochet

Gregg Williams Senior Editor

Given the unique resources of microcomputers, you'd think someone would come up with an entirely new approach to game playing. Unfortunately, design innovations in video games are all too rare; we see new maze games, new shoot-'em-up games, and new adventure games, but seldom anything that stretches the imagination. There's a reason for this: adapting an existing, commercially proven idea and then programming for six months is much easier than agonizing over a new concept, programming for six months, and hoping for the best. Fortunately, a few brave souls thrive on the challenge of charting new territory. Thanks to two of them, we have a game called Ricochet.

I cannot find enough good things to say about Ricochet. It's easily the most original game I've seen this year, it's fun to play, and on top of that it's very modestly priced (under $20, often discounted to about $16). Available for three of the most popular microcomputers—the Apple II, the Atari 400/800, and Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I and III—the game has graphics, sound, and (on the Apple and Atari versions) color. You can choose from five game variations and play against a human or one of four computer opponents. And one of Ricochet's most interesting features is that it dynamically handicaps the more skillful of the two players to keep the game challenging even with players of widely varying skills. What more could you possibly want?

Before you rush out to buy Ricochet, you should know that it's not likely to be the favorite of the arcade set. Although it has arcade-like elements in it, Ricochet is primarily a game of strategy. Let's take a look at it.

Playing Ricochet

The Atari game board for Ricochet is shown in photo 1; the Apple and TRS-80 versions look somewhat different but play almost the same. The two players, Left and Right, start the game with two bumpers (the hourglass-shaped pieces at the left and right edges of the

screen) and two launchers each (one in each corner of the screen). The launcher can fire a launch (ball) that ricochets off the pieces (straight bars) and both players' bumpers; a launch is complete when it veers off the screen or hits any launcher. Pieces deflect the launch by 90 degrees, then immediately turn 90 degrees themselves. A move consists of firing a launcher or moving one or more pieces in the same direction (up, down, right, or left). You gain points for hitting any pieces or your opponent's launchers or bumpers; you lose points for hitting your own launchers or bumpers.

Although there are a few more rules I'll explain later, the paragraph above covers the behavior of most of the game. But no amount of rules can possibly convey how

Photo 1: Ricochet in progress. Photos la through lc show the state of the board before, during, and after activation of the launcher in the lower left-hand corner. See the article for further details.

la

142 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

much fun Ricochet is to play. The word that best describes my reaction to it is "delight." Rarely have I played a game that pleased me as much as Ricochet. No matter how good you are at visualizing what certain launches will do, some of them may remain in play much longer than you expect or hit an unexpected target. But even when the surprise costs you points, it's so much fun that you don't really mind.

Photos la through lc show a simple example of a Ricochet launch in action. At the beginning of the move, the board is as shown in photo la. Left shoots his lower launcher; the launch bounces off pieces C and E (increasing Left's score by two points), hits the top wall of the game field, and ricochets into Right's top bumper. Photo

No matter how good you are at visualizing what certain launches will do, some of them may remain in play much longer than you expect.

lb shows the game board just as the launch hits the top right bumper; notice that pieces C and E have rotated 90 degrees. Left then scores 10 points for hitting the bumper, and the launch hits pieces H and J (which rotate and contribute two more points) before exiting off the right edge of the screen. Photo lc shows the final result. And that's a simple shot in Ricochet. I've seen shots that ricochet 25 or even 50 times before ending and have launched shots that accumulate 20 points only to hit my own bumpers and disable the original launcher.

lb

Ricochet in the Long Run

The sequence of Ricochet described above is a match; it ends when one player can no longer shoot or if both launchers are either temporarily disabled or empty. The player with more points wins the match, and in the basic version of the game, play continues until one player wins two matches.

Now comes the fun part: Ricochet has a self-handicapping feature that enables players of different skill levels to compete as equals. The player who loses a match has a bumper removed in the next one; because the winning player has half as many bumpers to score from (one instead of two), winning the next game is harder for him. And if the winning player wins by a substantial margin, the value of his bumpers and launchers increases to a number above 10, which makes it easier for the losing player to win the next game. Ricochet also uses a "smart clock" that penalizes a player for playing more slowly than his opponent. These handicaps are all fine-tuned to make the players an equal match for each other even if they start at different skill levels. The more matches they play together, the more players become evenly matched. To carry the handicapping into future games, the computer issues a handicap rating to each player at the end of a game. If these values are typed in at the beginning of the next game, the players start the game more evenly matched.

Ricochet has a total of five variants, all of which are sufficiently different to warrant different strategies. You can play opposite a human opponent—in which case the program acts as a scorekeeper and referee—or against one of four computer "opponents," each of which has a distinct playing style. I found the computer players very difficult to beat, so you don't have to have a human op

lc

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 143

I on inquiry card.

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ponent to enjoy playing Ricochet. The 20 different games (5 variants multiplied by 4 possible computer opponents) available for solitaire play are sufficiently varied to keep you interested in the game.

Versions of Ricochet

Ricochet is available in both cassette and floppy-disk versions for the TRS-80 and Atari and in a floppy-disk version for the Apple II. I played the game on all three computers (disk-based versions for the TRS-80 and Apple II, cassette version for the Atari). The Apple version requires Applesoft BASIC and 48K bytes of memory, the other two disk versions require BASIC and 32K bytes of memory, and the cassette versions require BASIC and 16K bytes of memory. The Atari cassette version loads in two steps to help prevent unauthorized copying and takes an excruciatingly slow 10 minutes to load; prospective cassette-based users are hereby warned.

Although it has very little sound and color, the Apple version has the smoothest graphics. The TRS-80 and Atari versions, on the other hand, use character-sized graphics that don't create an illusion of continuous movement. The Atari version has the best sound and color, but

At a Glance

Name

Ricochet

Type

Strategy game

Manufacturer

Automated Simulations 1043 Kiel Court Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Price

$19.95

Authors

Bernie De Koven and Jeff Connelley

Format

Cassette tape or floppy disk

Language

BASIC

Computer Needed

Radio Shack TRS-80 Models I or III with 16K bytes of memory (cassette) or 32K bytes of memory (disk), Apple II with Applesoft or Apple II Plus with 48K bytes of memory (disk), Atari 400 or 800 with BASIC cartridge and 16K bytes of memory (cassette) or 32K bytes of memory (disk)

Documentation

8-page instruction manual and separate loading instructions

Audience

Strategy game enthusiasts, any age

144 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

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it plays more slowly than the Apple version and, paradoxically, penalizes you more quickly for not moving. (These differences are probably due to the idiosyncrasies of the different versions of BASIC in each machine; Ricochet is written in BASIC.) The TRS-80 version has the coarsest graphics and no color, but it makes some sound available through the cassette port (the sound is available even though the TRS-80 documentation doesn't mention it). Incidentally, the limitations of TRS-80 graphics make the pieces appear shorter when they are vertical than when they are horizontal, which, until you get used to it, may lead you to believe a path is blocked by pieces when it really isn't.

The Philosophy of Ricochet

I can tell from my own experience with game development that Ricochet was well designed and then polished for maximum playability. Such attention to detail is rare; most people release a game as soon as the program is free of programming errors—of course, that accounts for the countless mediocre games that are being sold today. As a result, you enjoy playing Ricochet even if you lose; you leave the game feeling satisfied instead of embittered.

That Ricochet is a game player's delight is really no surprise, because it was designed by Bernie De Koven and Jeff Connelley, both experienced game designers. De Koven's wonderful book, The Well-Played Game (Anchor Press, 1978), expresses many of the ideals that are implemented in Ricochet. It's a must for prospective game designers.

Conclusions

Ricochet is not only a fantastic strategy game but a reasonably priced one as well. (Arcade-game enthusiasts, take note: it is neither visually stunning nor the conventional arcade variety.) Automated Simulations should be commended for creating a totally new kind of game that takes advantage of the computer's unique strengths and for selling it at a lower price than it could command.

Ricochet has five variations, four different computer opponents, and a human-versus-human option. It can be played as a casual or a serious game, and in either case it is delightful. Interactive handicapping makes the game a challenge regardless of your relative skill level. If Ricochet is indicative of Automated Simulations' offerings, I eagerly await the company's next release. ■

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146 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

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Action Games for the VIC-20

Russell Kavanagh

16921 Lakefront Circle. #47

Huntington Beach, CA 92647

The Commodore VIC-20 computer has been available in the United States for more than a year now, but until fairly recently very little software was available for it. Creative Software, however, is one firm that provided software early on. Eager to do something with my new VIC-20, I mail-ordered a copy of the company's "Action Games" package, which includes VIC Trap, Seawolf, and Bounce Out.

I received the games in surprisingly short order and rushed to the VIC to try them out. To my chagrin, I experienced a few minutes of frustration because I had difficulty loading the programs. Fortunately, past experience with the VIC cassette interface had taught me that it's a bit flaky, but nothing that a little reorientation of the cassette drive and cabling can't fix. Sure enough, that did it, and I was able to load the first program.

I haven't had any trouble loading any of the games since then, and I suspect the problem I had was the VIC's fault. Inspection of the cassette cable indicates that it could use some attention to grounding and shielding . . . but that's another article. On to the matter at hand: playing games.

VIC Trap

Like the other two games in this package, VIC Trap

makes good use of the VIC's color and sound capabilities and can be played using either a joystick or the keyboard. Of the three games, it is the only one written in BASIC. To play, you guide a character around the screen, leaving a trail behind it. At the same time, the VIC does the same thing with its own character. The object is to try to trap the VIC by surrounding its character with your trail and/or the screen borders. The first player to collide with either the trail or the border loses. A point goes to the victor, and the process starts over again.

I didn't find VIC Trap very challenging, so I soon grew tried of it. The game is very slow moving and does not require you to develop a real strategy. The younger set might enjoy it, but I think even they would soon want to move on to the other games in this package. Still, VIC Trap is an interesting demonstration of the VIC color graphics and sound, and as such it might serve as a simple introduction of your computer to friends.

Seawolf

The second game in the package is written in machine language and is run through the use of a BASIC statement that jumps to the machine-language program. In this game you are the skipper of a "swift and dangerous submarine" that is positioned along the bottom of the screen.

Scenes from the Action Games package for the Commodore VIC-20 microcomputer. Left to right: VIC Trap, Seawolf, Bounce Out.

150 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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At a Glance

Name

Format

Action Games; includes VIC

Cassette tape

Trap, Seawolf, and Bounce

Out

Language

BASIC and machine

Type

language

Game

Computer

Manufacturer

Commodore VIC-20 with 5K

Creative Software

bytes of memory

201 San Antonio Circle,

No. 270

Documentation

Mountain View, CA 94040

Six-page pamphlet

(415) 948-9595

Audience

Price

Game players

$24.95 plus $1.50 shipping

and handling

You can control motions to the left and right and fire torpedoes up through the water.

Above you are three levels of enemy ships, which you try to sink with your torpedoes. The ships move at different speeds; the one closest to you is the slowest and largest — easiest to hit and worth the least number of points. Ships enter the screen randomly from either side. Mines float between you and the ships above, and although they do you no damage, they will block your torpedo —in effect, running interference for the ships.

The play lasts for 60 seconds, during which you try to score as many points as possible. If you score enough points, you get a bonus of 30 seconds' more playing time. When your time is up, your new score is displayed along with your previous high score. Two levels of play enable you to change the speed and point values of the passing ships.

Seawolf has an arcade look to it; the graphics are fast and colorful, and the sound effects are good. There is no noticeable delay in controlling the submarine, although the instructions do warn you that your crew requires some time to "reload" a torpedo after a shot. I found the game reasonably entertaining, although the instructions overestimate the skill required to score that extra 30 seconds of play. I earned some of my highest scores by merely parking the sub and holding down the Fire button. That strategy works because you have an unlimited supply of torpedoes. I think Seawolf could be improved by limiting the torpedo supply and providing more rewards after the first bonus of 30 seconds. Maybe there are more rewards, but I never found them. Nonetheless, this game should be a popular one, especially for newcomers to the computer-game domain.

Bounce Out

The third and final game is a colorful and challenging version of the well-known video game Break Out. You

152 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

Circle 393 on Inquiry card.

QDP-300

ie peace of mind computer.

Introducing our third generation computer... the all-new QDP-300. Now, you can rest assured you've found the most advanced microcomputer on the market today. The QDP-300 is a userfriendly system - its on-line "Help" system gives even untrained operators access to its full power. It uses CP/M* and MP/M* operating systems that assure the user of an abundance of compatible software. The QDP-300 even has a dual voltage system that allows worldwide operation (115 or 220 volts) at the flick of a switch. For word processing, financial forecasting, engineering design and manufacturing, inventory, payroll, bookkeeping and more, the QDP-300 will work hard for you for years and years to come. It's also comforting to know that the QDP-300 is fully expandable and readily upgradeable as your computer needs grow. There's even more. It might make you sleep better to know that the QDP-300 is backed by one year, onsite warranty with service provided by General

Electric Apparatus and Engineering Services, with more than 50 service locations nationwide. If these features and all of the others we've built into the QDP-300 don't bring you peace of mind, then the low price tag will.

■ More Flexibility - Easily upgradeable to 16 bit capability which gives the user 8 or 16 bit operation. IEEE 696/S-100 Bus.

■More Speed - Unique "cache memory" disk operation makes the QDP-300 one of the fastest operational 8 bit systems on the market.

■ More Power - Advanced single board design utilizing Z80B** CPU operating at 6 MHz.

' More Storage - Dual 8" floppy disk drives

' 3f2.<

provide a total of2.4 MB of formatted storage (10 MB and 15 MB internal hard disk system optiona 30 MB external hard disk system also available.)

Call or write for complete specifications and literature.

% computers:

computer systems

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OFF

FLOPPY DISK

QUASAR DATA PRODUCTS

1 -T1

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computer systems

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Specifications subject to change

*CP/M and MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research Corp. '' Z80B is a trademark of Zilog Corp.

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

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Draws professional-looking graphs of your data. EASIER, FASTER, NEATER and more ACCURATE than handplotting. You choose data format, length and position of axes, 20 symbols, error bars, labels anywhere in 4 orientations, etc. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 30-PAGE MANUAL.

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Selects the oesf curve to fit your data. SCALE, TRANSFORM, AVERAGE, SMOOTH, INTERPOLATE (3 types), LEAST SQUARES FIT (3 types), EVALUATE UNKNOWNS from fitted curve. Includes 5 DEMOS on disk with 33-PAGE MANUAL.

VIDICHART™ 48KAPPLEII + ,$75

NEW tools for lab data management. FAST plots of 4 data sets with SCROLLING in 4 directions, ZOOM scaling on X and Y axes, 2 types of graphic CURSORS and on-screen STATUS REPORT. PLOTS AID INPUT while sampling. ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE, INTEGRATE, DIFFERENTIATE, AVERAGE or NORMALIZE data sets with SIMPLE COMMANDS. Ideal for spectra, chromatograms, rate curves, etc. Includes SAMPLE DATA on disk with 28-PAGE MANUAL.

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BYTE GAME GRID

are given 10 balls at the start, and your goal is to knock out a wall of bricks. Your paddle moves along the bottom of the screen, and the bricks are positioned in three colored layers near the top of the screen. The bricks in each layer are worth successively more points. Each brick you hit with the ball disappears, and you add its value to your score. The ball bounces off the brick wall and the side boundaries and returns for you to hit with the paddle. The value of the bricks is also determined by how many balls you've used; you'll score more points if you clear the screen with only one ball instead of all of them. If you miss a ball with your paddle, you lose it. You continue playing until all 10 balls are gone. If you clear the screen, a new set of bricks appears. As the score adds up, the ball speed increases, and your paddle size may even change—it will be smaller, of course. At the end of the

Of the three games. Bounce Out is the winner, the one I usually go to for a quick game with my VIC.

game, your final score is displayed along with your previous high score. Two levels of play enable you to select the size of your paddle, but all of the other features remain the same.

Of the three games, I think Bounce Out is the winner. At least it's the one I usually go to for a quick game with my VIC. It's written in machine language, so it's fast and responsive. And because the ball speeds up, anticipating its path and returning it takes quite a bit of concentration. All in all, the game is sufficiently challenging to encourage you to try to beat your highest score. Bounce Out should be a welcome addition to your VIC game library.

Joystick Versus Keyboard

All of these games can be played by using either the keyboard or the joystick/pushbutton combination. Because many readers may not own a joystick, I thought the subject deserved some attention. Commodore does not sell a joystick, but Atari-compatible joysticks will plug right in. Of course, computer hobbyists of the old school can build one from scratch. How-to information is available in the Commodore VIC-20 Programmer's Reference Guide, which is now available.

If you don't have a joystick, don't worry, because you can play the games very well without one. In fact, I think VIC Trap and Bounce Out are a little easier when you use the keyboard. That's partly due to the fact that the movement of the character or the paddle can be controlled in

154 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

AN

11

E-PROV

EN

PERFORM.

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While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, only time will tell the true quality of the product. Over the past 2 years our customers have continued to buy the DS180 printer, not only because of its impressive performance and competitive price, but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support.

We have continually improved on the performance of the DS180 by incorporating such enhancements as dot addressable graphics, 6 user-selectable print sizes and a 2000 character buffer. These features coupled with 180 cps printing, parallel and serial interfaces, adjustable tractor feed and over 40 other programmable features, make the DS180 one of the most versatile matrix printers available today.

Before you select your next printer, why not take a look at a time-proven performer—the Datasouth DS180.

The DS180 printer is available nationwide through our network of sales/service distributors.

data

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Circle 172 on inquiry card.

P.O. Box 240947 • Charlotte, NC 28224 • 704/523-8500 Telex: 6843018 DASOU UW

BYTE GAME GRID

discrete steps with the keyboard; each time you push a key and release it, only one direction change (in VIC Trap) or one movement of the paddle (in Bounce Out) occurs. With the joystick, however, split-second timing and precise positioning are difficult. Note that if you push a key down and do not release it, the command will be read continuously, just as if you were holding the joystick in a given direction.

I also found the keyboard easier to use because my joystick required fairly accurate positioning, and if the stick was slightly off the mark, the command did not register. Seawolf is much better suited to the joystick, not only because it gives the game that arcade feel but because you can shoot and maneuver at the same time. In fact, games that have Fire buttons and the like are probably better played with pushbuttons instead of the keyboard, because people tend to get carried away (read "violent")

Games like Seawolf are best played with a joystick — which also saves wear and tear on your computer.

pushing keys. Watching the neighborhood kid trying to push the space bar through the bottom of your computer may convince you to get a joystick.

Conclusions

Of these three games, Bounce Out is my favorite. It combines a colorful playing field, fast action, and sound effects for a challenging game. Seawolf is also entertaining, but it's somewhat easily mastered. It has more of an arcade look than the others, and it's especially enjoyable when you use a joystick. VIC Trap is . . . well, the other game. Enough said.

Creative Software's documentation is good, and the cassette appears to be of good quality. Unfortunately, any attempt to save a program results in a locked-up VIC. I dislike this policy; I always feel better when I have an extra copy safely stored away. There are few worse sensations than when you see a LOAD ERROR message flash on your screen but don't have another copy of that program. No mention is made in the documentation of a replacement policy in the event that your copy is damaged, so I don't know how that would be handled. With good care, at any rate, the tape should last.

The Action Games package should be a welcome addition to your VIC-20 game collection. It is reasonably priced (three games for $26.45 is about $9 a game), and you might even find it for less through some of the mailorder software distributors. ■

156 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

Apple Polishing.

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Circle 392 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 157

1

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Performance. CompuPro systems run 8 and 16 bit programs - fast! "The (8 bit) 8085 was more than a third faster than any 8 bit micro we have tested to date. .. the (16 bit) 8088 (was) almost twice as quick as the identically-engined IBM Personal Computer. . ." - Interface Age magazine. And, there's so much memory you can even treat it as a pseudo-disk drive: "(This technique) makes a microcomputer. . .run like a big minicomputer." - Byte magazine.

Quality. What other machines sell as expensive add-ons come standard with CompuPro. All systems include over 2.4 million bytes (characters) of fast floppy disk storage, 8 and 16 bit operating systems, and powerful business software such as SuperCalc-86,mand dBase"11. Plus, CompuPro's modular approach means that ". . .people who've invested in (CompuPro) systems in the past won't be left hung out to dry when new technology overtakes them. . ." - Byfe magazine.

CompuPro's family of 8/16 bit systems delivers the gift of time through performance, quality, and reliability. Time to plan. . .to create. . .to manage. . .time to do that which people do best, freed from repetitious and tedious Work.

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Circle 104 on Inquiry card.

BYTE GAME GRID

Deadline

Chris Morgan Editor in Chief

The eternal dilemma of the reviewer of mysteries is how to discuss the plot without revealing the ending. But that's not a problem with Deadline, a fascinating new program from Infocom, the creators of the Zork family of adventure games.

Deadline puts you in the role of the detective, plants you firmly in the cliche-ridden trappings of a thirties murder mystery, and challenges you to discover the culprit. Naturally, this involves your wandering in and around a large mansion, the scene of the recent murder — apparently by poisoning —of the master of the house.

In classic adventure style, the game begins when you arrive at the front gate of the property, where you are given a typically elaborate description of your immediate surroundings. But Deadline is quite a different animal from traditional adventures. For one thing, it's much less deterministic. Your actions have definite, if sometimes

unpredictable, effects on the various characters who inhabit the mansion (all are suspects, incidentally). In fact, if you get too nosy in your clue-hunting, you may be threatened or, in some cases, killed. In these respects Deadline resembles the other programs in the Zork family of adventure games.

Deadline's radical departure from the prototypical mystery is that it has more than one ending. The denouement depends on your actions and possibly on randomizing factors I haven't detected yet.

As the detective, you have a varied repertoire of strategies. Among other things, you can gather objects, analyze them for fingerprints at the lab, test them for a specific substance, arrest people (for that you should wait until you're quite sure of yourself!), ask people to tell you about each other or about objects you show them, accuse and even kill a suspect in the event that one threatens your life, wait for someone to arrive at a particular place, and so on. You can also use relatively complicated sentences. For instance, "Put the wrapper, the ticket, and the nail file on the dresser" is syntactically acceptable.

The game takes 12 hours (Deadline hours, that is) to play. You begin at 8 a.m. and have until 8 p.m. to solve the mystery. As with other adventure-style games, you can save your position at any time if you want to restart the game and try a new approach. One thing I discovered (and it's not giving too much away) is that in many cases events in the game occur at prearranged times. For instance, a phone that rings at 9:06 a.m. on your first pass through the game will probably ring at 9:06 in future passes — something to keep in mind if you miss an opportunity during the first pass (a common occurrence, I assure you).

Philosophically, I found I was playing the game like an old detective inspired by Edgar Allan Poe. And like Poe's

160 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

character, I concentrated on the myriad clues rather than ware. With its clever, dossier-like folder for printed

the characters. But the real key to success in this game, as material, 8 by 10 glossy of the scene of the crime, actual

I discovered, is to monitor both the clues and the charac- plastic packet of crushed tablets "found near the body,"

ters with equal diligence. And watch out for red herrings: and the like, I felt like Lord Peter Wimsey arriving at the

there are many more of them than I initially suspected. police commissioner's office to pick up the official file. A

Deadline's documentation is useful, complete, and mystery addict couldn't ask for more.

even witty —surely a rarity in personal computer soft- Deadline is more than mere escapism, however; it's not

for the player who prefers vicarious to actual experience.

You're the one who'll do the work, and that includes solv

ing the case. But in this case the work is great fun.

I do have one quibble: the beginning Deadline player

At a Glance

deserves a few clues at the outset. After all, this is a very

tricky game. For starters, it would be helpful to be pre

Deadline

sent at the reading of the will. Rather than risk infuriating

potential players by continuing, I have printed some per

Type

Interactive mystery game

tinent clues upside down at the bottom of the page. Play

the game for a few hours (real time, that is) before you

Manufacturer

glance at the clues. They don't give away too much, but

Infocom Inc. 55 Wheeler St.

they'll spare you a lot of make-work. ■

Cambridge, MA 02138 Price

$49.95 ($59.95 for the CP/M and PDP-11 versions)

Clues for Deadline

Computer

Any of the following with 32K bytes of read/write memory and

■sfaadsns

one disk drive: Apple II or II Plus, Atari 400/800, any

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CP/M-based system with 8-inch disk drives, IBM Personal Com

'SUOl}3D3A

puter, DEC PDP-11

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Author

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Marc Blank

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Language

■S}U3)U03 S}1 pUV Jl 3UIIUVXJ ■SUOS03A

Interlogic Machine Language (an Infocom language)

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Documentation

■s)3alqo

A computer reference card, an inspector's casebook, and a

pUD 3\d03d Of SUO\%JV3X SUj )3f} ■U3)3VUOq0 ftdy V SI dSj03Q ■£

dossier that includes transcripts of interviews with witnesses, lab

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reports, letters, memos, an 8 by 10 glossy of the scene of the

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crime, and a small bag of pills "found near the body"

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Audience

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Game players

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compilers

HOST

6809 TARGET

PDP-11 "/LSI 11* TARGET

8080/(Z80) TARGET

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•PCDOS is a trademark of IBM CORP. MSDOS is a trademark of MICROSOFT. UNIX is a trademark of BELL LABS. RT-11/RSX11/PDP11 is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. FLEX/UNIFLEX is a trademark of Technical Systems consultants, CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research. OS-9 is a trademark of Microware & Motorola

• FULL C

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408-275-1659

TELECON SYSTEMS

1155 Meridian Avenue, Suite 218 San Jose, California 95125

Circle 457 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 161

BYTE GAME GRID

Penetrator

Stan Wszola Technical Editor

Let's face it: graphics on the TRS-80 Models I and III have never been exciting. And playing games on a screen that has fat little pixels leaves a lot to be desired. That's why I got excited when I first saw Penetrator. Phillip Mitchell's game uses TRS-80 graphics in an imaginative and effective manner. Playing Penetrator on my Model III is like changing a carrot peeler into a Cuisinart.

The game begins with this scenario: you are the sole survivor of your squadron, and it is your job to invade the enemy's territory, penetrate the four defensive rings, destroy the cache of neutron bombs, and return to your base. The enemy defenses consist of radar stations, ground-based missiles, and alien parachutists who use themselves as ammunition. You are allotted five fighters per game.

In the game, you pilot an advanced fighter that is controlled by the four arrow keys on the keyboard or by an Alpha joystick. You press the appropriate keys or maneuver the stick to go up or down or to create right or left thrust. You can brake your fighter by pressing the ar

row key opposite from the direction you're flying. But you can't stop your fighter for any length of time because you must maintain forward momentum.

Your fighter's armaments include bombs launched by pressing the space bar or fire button and missiles fired by rapidly pressing the right arrow key or jiggling the joystick to the right. You use your weapons to destroy the missiles, parachutists, and radar stations in your path.

The object of the game is to score points by destroying the maximum number of missiles, radar bases, and aliens. Points are scored as follows:

Grounded missiles = 10 Flying missiles = 50 Radar bases = 100 Parachutists = 200 Neutron bombs = First = 1000 Second = 2000

Your score will be displayed in the upper right-hand corner of the screen.

Stage 1: Your fighter has just entered enemy territory. You can see two missiles rising to destroy you. All player information is displayed on the top line.

Stage 2: You must pilot your fighter through a cavern. This stage of the game gives new meaning to the term "low ceiling."

162 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

At a Glance

Format

Name

Cassette or 5 V* -inch floppy disk. The game package includes

Penetrator

both Model I and Model III versions.

Type

Language

One- or two-player arcade-style game

Z80 machine language

Manufacturer

Computer

Melbourne House

TRS-80 Model I or Model III with 48K bytes of memory and one

6917 Valjean Ave.

disk drive. You will need a speaker amplifier to hear the sound

Van Nuys, CA 91406

effects, and the program is compatible with the Alpha (Atari

(213) 272-8456

type) joystick.

Price

Documentation

$24.95

16-page booklet

Author

Audience

Phillip Mitchell

Game players

Four Defensive Rings

The game is divided into four stages that increase in difficulty, so progressing through them requires constant concentration. Each stage demands a different strategy. In stage 1 you merely shoot enemy missiles and destroy every radar station in your path (see photo). The radar stations must be destroyed because they pass along information about your course and tactics; unless you destroy them, they increase the level of danger for your ship and make successive stages more difficult.

Stage 2 increases your chances of crashing by forcing you to fly in a cavern (see photo). The low ceilings, ground obstructions, and flying missiles greatly limit your maneuverability. Of course, you still must fire your missiles and drop bombs to score points.

Stage 3 tests your reflexes because it requires a coordinated use of the thrust and braking controls (see photo) to maneuver through narrow vertical and horizontal corridors. Missiles are located at the bottom of silos. Destroying a missile requires braking over the target,

dropping a bomb, and quickly maneuvering away in case you missed.

Stage 4 is the toughest of all. Not only does it incorporate features from all the previous stages, it adds alien parachutists (see photo). The aliens have a limited ability to maneuver themselves, so you can outmaneuver them even if you can't shoot them with your missiles.

If you manage to survive all four levels, you can destroy the neutron bombs at the center of the alien defensive rings and then try to fly back home through the four stages once more.

Game Features

If that were all there was to Penetrator, it would be a good game. But Mitchell gives us more: a trainingsimulation option and the ability to customize the game.

The training simulation lets you start at the beginning of any of the four stages with an unlimited number of ships at your disposal. The game will automatically

Stage 3: The enemy missiles are located in concrete silos, which makes them very difficult targets for your bombs.

Stage 4: Alien parachutists fall from the ceiling of the cavern. Beyond this stage is the neutron bomb cache.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 163

BYTE GAME GRID

repeat any stage until you successfully complete it, and only then can you move on to the next higher stage. This is a nice feature if you want to practice mastering one particular stage.

The ability to tailor the game to suit your tastes is one of Penetrator's most attractive features. You can alter the shape of the landscape and change the number and position of the missiles and radar bases. The changes in the game may be saved to disk or cassette, and the game will prompt you at the start to load a previously saved landscape. This ensures that the game will always be fresh even to an experienced player. The feature also enables you to simplify the game for very young children or make it more challenging for battle-hardened players.

Conclusion

My only complaint with Penetrator concerns the methods you must use to control the fighter. When you control the game from the keyboard, using the arrow keys is awkward. The Alpha joystick is a better alternative because it offers greater control; unfortunately, it makes controlling missile fire tricky. If you jiggle the stick to the right too slowly, you get thrust instead of missile fire.

Penetrator is a perfect example of how "less is more." The game shows what an inspired programmer can do with the limited graphics of TRS-80 Models I and III. Because it is eminently playable and it can be customized, Penetrator will be on my game shelf for a long time.B

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ELIZA IS HERE!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION of the original ELIZA program is now available to fun on your microcomputer'

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become Ihe world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program. ELIZA is a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each statement as you type it in and then responds with her own commenl or question — and her remarks are often slartlingly appropriate!

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has hitherto been unavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking the sophistication which made Ihe original program so fascinating.

Now. our new microcompuler version possessing the FULL power and range of expression of the original is being olfered at the introductory price of only $25 And if you want to find out how she does it (or teach her to do more) we wili Include the complete Source Program for only S20 additional.

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how lo respond when you hear someone say "Okay, let's see what this computer of yours can actually do!"

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2 51. inch CP/M tor Appln II equipped with Z-80 SoltCard

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3 5'< inch lor 48K Apple II wnn Applesoft ROM and DOS 3.3 $?5 lot Protected File ■ add $20 lor Appiesoll Source

4 5'. inch lor64K IBM Personal Computer

S2S lor Protected File - add S20 lor IBM Disk BASIC Source

5 S-. men for Osborne I Microcompuler

S25 lor Protected File - add S20 lor Microsoft BASIC-BO Source

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

921 NORTH LA JOLLA AVENUE M^BH LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA 90046 VSA' I (213} 656-7368 (213) 654-2214 ' MC. VISA and CHECKS ACCEPTED

\ferbatim*

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

m

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake. MN 55110

1-B00-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

RELATIONAL DBMS IN BASIC SOURCE

FOR SYSTEM INTEGRATORS

• CB-80 & RMAC Source & REL Files for easy development of CP/M Application Systems

• Separate overlays perform: RETRIEVE. STORE OPEN, DELETE, REPLACE & MODIFY operations, leaving more memory for application programs

• RETRIEVE dynamically joins more than one relation and sorts the results; no secondary links to reconstruct after storing data

• Numeric data is maintained in binary format providing more capacity and flexibility than typical all-ASCII systems

• 24 BIT internal record numbers allow up to 16 MILLION DBMS records per relation

CP/M, CB-80 & RMAC Tradmark of Digital Research, Inc.

Basic System & Administration Pkg - $350 Query & Aggregation Languages - $150 Manual for All Software-$25 (refundable) Telephone for Complete Brochure

Applied Business Concepts, Inc.

PO Box 22664 / Rochester, NY 14692

(716) 262-3999

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

Circle 344 on Inquiry card.

Circle 38 on Inquiry card.

The "B" in our name means BUSINESS!

Computers for: Business, Home Applications, Resource Management, Technology & Science

6 REASONS YOU SHOULD BUY FROM BHRT:

1) BEST VALUE—Progress in the computer industry never stops. Last year's top performer has already been surpassed by newer products. Our continuing search gives YOU, the buyer, endless bargains.

2) LOWEST COST—Big volume means Lowest Possible Prices. (We will pass on the latest price cuts. Check with us—we try to meet or beat any advertised price!!!)

3) TECHNICAL EXPERTISE—We have been handling computers tor 20 years. Our experts are knowledgeable and responsive to your inquiries before and after your purchase.

4) FINANCIAL INTEGRITY—In 20 years not even a single check issued us has been returned "Non Sufficient Funds"! Need we say more? Check with our bankers!!!

5) SERVICE—Orders taken around the clock. Technical inquiries dealt with promptly (even weekends!). At your request we will test-run and "burn" your equipment to eliminate "dead on arrival" situations!!!

6) FASTEST DELIVERY—All prepaid orders for stock items shipped within 1 working day!

FREE COMPUTER

On Diplay In Our NEW Showroom 12210 Michigan Ave., Grand Terrace, CA!

Would you believe this deal? Buy the basic business software needed to get started at below List, and get FREE a COMPLETE HIGH QUALITY COMPUTER SYSTEM: Morrow Designs, renown for superb floppy drives, hard disks and computers, offer a real price breakthrough with their brand-new MICRO-DECISION: Z-80 CPU (4 MHz) in attractive cabinet, built-in 200KB floppy (room for 1 extra floppy upgrade), 2 serial ports, matched intelligent terminal (detachable keyboard). You get FREE CP/M 2.2, WordStar, Spell Checker, Electronic Spreadsheet, Microsoft Basic-80, BAZIC—everything you need to get going immediately upon receiving your computer. The software package alone lists over $1,800. Yet, Morrow offers BOTH COMPUTER AND SOFTWARE at $1,790 (extra floppy $350). BUT, the REAL SURPRISE is our SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY DEAL CPALLII on this tremendous bargain «puni.t..

*k»£?» I00 has Everything:

If you are looking for a computer to run existing CP/M programs, but accept also IBM-PC/other 16-bit software, outstanding color graphics and great expansion potential, the Z100 is your choice! Twin Processors run 16-bit software (fully compatible with IBM-PC!!) AND 8-bit (all CP/M programs!). Truly outstanding graphics (Color/Monochrome): control 144,000 individual points on screen in 8 colors! 128K RAM standard (internal expansion to 768k—run largest 16-bit programs!) 1 or 2 floppies standard; plug-in Hard Disk soon available! 5 slots for S-100 cards: no planned obsolescence here! 1 parallel/2 serial ports make interfacing a cinch! With Zenith 'The quality goes in before the name goes on": but service is available nationwide

through over 400 Zenith Service Centers. 3 configurations available: ZF-Hra 128K RAM 8/16 bit, 1 floppy (+ room for Hard Disk),

monochrome graphics (use your own monitor) LIST... $3,249

ZF-110 Similar to above, but

CQLOR GRAPHICS, 2 floppies LIST

2B 128K RAM, 8/16 bit, 2 floppies

ONLY.

$3,999 ONLY

LIST...$4,099 ONLY.

$CALL $CALL $CALL

monochrome graphics with integral display

COLOR option for #1,3 above ONLY.. SCALL Expansion to 192k RAM ONLY. $CALL

Color Monitor. RGB. High Resolution, 13" ONLY. $CALL

SOFTWARE: System Package, 16-bit & 8 bit Operating Svstems, 16-bit COLOR Basic, 8-bit Basic, Microsoft MultiPlan. Total cost.. $900 ONLY.. $CALL See our Software Section for additional software for CP/M. CP/M-86, MS-DOS All will run on the Z100II!

BUSINESS SOFTWARE

For IBM-PC (MS-DOS), CP/M-86, All CP/M, TRS-80, NorthStarl Although always on the lookout for hardware bargains, we urge against being "Penny wise and Dollar foolish" when it comes to Software. CYMA Business Software has been previously offered mainly to large institutional users. We are proud to be first to offer it to the enduser. Convince yourself of this Software's superiority. Get the outstanding hardbound CYMA Software Manuals and you will become as enthusiastic as we are!!! Manual for each CYMA module listed (credited to future CYMA module

purchase) $39.95 ppd.

Custom Forms for CYMA packages now carried at all MOORE BUSINESS FORMS outlets!

General Accounting Package: General Ledger/Accounts Payable/Accounts Receivable/Payroll

Your Choice ONLY $895

SPECIAL OFFER: All 4 modules for Operating System of your choice.

ONLY $1,995

Inventory $895

Construction Managment $2,295

Small Business System $845

Client Accounting System

forCPA's $1,395

Professional Practice Packages: Medical/Dental/Orthodon./Chiropractic

Your Choice $1,495

(Professional/CPA modules may be combined with Small Business System/General Accounting System for further savings.)

PRINTERS

DOT MATRIX

OKIDATA 82A: 80 col. bidirectional 120 CPS (faster than most), parallel AND serial input (interface not only your present computer, but any future replacement), die-cast frame (not stamped steel—compare!). Friction & pin feed/Adjustable tractor option. Block graphics/Dot-addressable graphics option. LIST.. $649 Exceptional Buy $434

OKIDATA 83A similar to above but 132 col.

LIST...$995 SCALL

OkiGraph dot graphics/Tractor

Your Choice $59

NEC 8023A 100 CPS, friction/tractor, 2K

Buffer, graphics, parallel input.

LIST...$695 $479

STAR MICRONICS 80 col., 80 CPS bidirec, friction/adjust, tractor, specify serial OR parallel input LIST.. .$464 $379

AXIOM GP100 80 col., 30 CPS, graphics, parallel input. LIST.. $389 $299

CORRESPONDENCE/LETTER QUALITY

BROTHER DaisyWriter 2000 serial/parallel $CALL

MANNESMAN-TALLY heavy-duty 200 CPS

Parallel input:

LIST...$930 ONLY $779

Serial: LIST... $1,075 ONLY $879

NEC SpinWriter

3510/3530 ONLY $1,849

7710/7730 ONLY $2,539

SUPPLIES:

3M Diskettes, the highest quality your money can buy:

5'/4" hard/soft, s.s.,d.d. 10/boxONLY $20.99 d.s.d.d. 10/boxONLY $31.99

8" hard/soft,s.s.,d.d. 10/boxONLY $26.99 d.s.,d.d. 10/boxONLY $37.49

RIBBONS: EPSON MX-80cartridges (Min. order 6)/EA. ONLY $ 9.49

OKIDATA 82/83/84 nylon/DOZ. ONLY. $19.95 NEC SpinWriter 5500-7700/DOZ. ONLY $44.95 Full line of COMPUTER FURNITURE, SUPPLIES, DISKETTES at bargain prices; outstanding quantity discounts: Call our Technical Inquiry No. for details.

fcTeWided

FINALLY AVAILABLE FOR IMMEDIATE DELIVERY! Would have been incredible 1 year ago: Complete Business Computer with 10M HARD DISC built-in, 1 floppy for backup, 2 serial pons. detachable keyboard, priced below many '"personal computers"! Traditional TeleVideo reliability, brilliant display, striking finish and appearance, are combined with extensive business software supported by TeleVideo. On-site Nationwide Service by TRW! IBM 2780/3780 emulation, and multiple 802's can form networks!

TeleVideo 802H L|ST 55 935 Our price loo low lo list SCALL TeleVideo 802 2 floppies, no hard disk but otherwise identical and upgradeable lo 802H. Same software. LIST S3.495 ONLY S2'645 SOFTWARE tor B02H/802:

WordStar List S495 .. $275 MailMerge List $150

SpellStar List $250 S159 CalcSlar List $300

DataStarList S350 S229 SuperSort List S250 SPECIAL: TeleSolutions (WordStar + CalcStar)..

TurboDos Will speed your operation x4 $339

RM/COBOL: Multi-user, transparent records, file locking:

Full Compiler S649 Run-time module only $249 Manual $49

$99 $189 $149 S299

NEC

COMPUTER

NEC lets you keep your cake and

eat it (do! Extensive, inexpensive

business software, but also

many tutorials, beautiful color.

game packages. We offer 2 NEC systems identical except lor the

display, at same bargain price:

8001A CPU. 32K RAM. 24K ROM Basic; 8012A I/O w/additional 32K RAM, real-time clock, interrupts. 8 slots; 8031A Dual Floppies, 286KB AND: Your Choice ot 12" green monitor OR Color Converter lor superb color with your own TV. System List S2.894 $2,099 (S CALL for individual components)

NEC provides outstanding values in Business Software: A/R, GIL, Payroll. Inventory. Job Costing. List $395/module. Only $259 NEC Word Processor inc! Spell Guard. List $495 Only $389

Repon Manager Spread Sheet/Term II Communicator. Each S169

NECDOS w/Mulli-Key Sort & ISAM. All 3 $349

Creative Programming Tutorial Set $59.95

NEC Game Pack 1 & 2 (Alien. Space War. UFO, Galaxian. Bomber) $49

ATARI

Ultimate Home Computer: Buy it for Games, and before your kids know it. they will learn their ABC, Geography. Mathematics, Music. Foreign Languages. And, Home Finances, Dow-Jones, Investment, Bookeeping even Telemail Banking! Hooks to any TV, so can be

used as soon as you get home! AND, TO MAKE ATARI EVEN A BETTER BUY. WE INTRODUCE 2 NEW PUNS:

• Buy ATAR14K>. 16K RAM, by 12/31/82 at ONLY S209 (You pay $269 and receive $60 Coupon giving $10 rebate on each ATARI Program/Game)

• Buy ATARI 800,16K RAM, and receive SPECIAL DISCOUNT on additional 32K (This is ATARI RAM, not '??)

ATARI 800-16K ONLY $638.95 ATARI 800-48K ONLY $CALL ATARI PERIPHERALS: 810 Disk Drive $439 850 I/O $164.95 ATARI SOFTWARE:

EDUCATOR: 410 Program recorder. Basic. Stales & Capitals $129.95 ENTERTAINER: Joysticks Star Raiders, Missile Command. . $71.99 GAMES: Space Invaders/Missile Command/Asteroids/Basketball/

Chess/Super Breakout/Video Easel Your Choice $29.99

PAC-MAN/Centipede/Star Raiders/Caverns of Mars Your choice $35.99 MILLIKEN Children's Games: AlienCounler/Jar Game/Gulp!/Goll Classic/Frenzy/Battling Bugs Your Choice $28.99/cassene. $31.99/diskette Personal Finance: Data Mgmt./Cash Flow/Family Budget Each $20.99 Write for our brochure of additional ATARI software at bargain prices! SUPER SPECIAL: Alari BD0/48K, 81D Disk, Axiom ... „_„

GP100 printer w/interface. ONLY $1,399

See Below for Special Introductory Offer to California Residents. Write for our information brochure.

ORDER DESK open 24 hours (800) 845-5555 CA, AK, HI call (714) 781-6566; TELEX: 472-0127 ATTEN: EMD

Technical Inquiries: Mon.-Fri. 9-5 PST (714) 783-1363; Sun. 9-2 PST (714) 781-6566

BANK REFERENCE: BARCLAYS BANK OF CALIFORNIA (213) 892-7244 VISA MASTERCHARGE APO, FPO. INTERNATIONAL ORDERS ACCEPTED.

P.O. Box 3791, Riverside, CA 92519

BHRT

TERMS: Pnr;es ap|jly lo prepaid orders only include 3% cash discount Personal checks allow 2 weeks lo clear Unltfersirles/Forlune-WD Companies ONLY 20-day nei California residents add 6% tax This ad supersedes all pnoi offerings Prices Subject to change Otters may he withdrawn without notice All items new in original factory cartons and with lull manufacturer's warranty Software nut warranted lor suitability tot specific usage 15% restocking charge on all relumed items absolutely no return on used or damaged items Software returnable ONLY in UNOPENED original wrapping Add 31u lor Handling Shipping & Insurance {S3 95 mm ) Non-UPS iiems (la:g? computers/printers) shipped AIRFREIGHT COLLECT WITHIN CALIFORNIA ONLY non-UPS items shipped PREPAID lo nearest commercial airport/truck outlet 10°* handling charge on foreign orders packing charges additional if needed

CP'M is a regfetered trademark Ol Digital Research Microsoft MutttPlan are trademark of Microsoft Corp CYMA is trademark o! CYMA Corp TurboDOS is trademark ol Software ?OW Z80A is rcigisimrd trademark ol Zilog Inc WordStar SpcllSlar CalcStar Qa'.aStar, MailMerge are trademark of MicroPro Company

Circle 63 on inquiry card.

-SYSTEMSALTOS 20% OFF LIST

ACS 8000-2 $2920

ACS-8000-10 6799

ACS-8000-12 7189

ACS-8000-14 8790

ACS 8000-15 3990

MTU-1 2000

MTU-2 2000

Series 5-15D 2390

Series 5-5D 4790

ATARI

800 (48K) $659

400I16KI 259

810 Disk Drive 449

850 Interface 169

CROMEMCO

CS-0 $1035

CS-1 3195

CS-1H 4795

CS-2 3755

CS-3 7995

2PU 315

64KZ 799

TuArt 249

16FDC 475

The complete CROMEMCO line is available.

INTERTEC

Superbrain II Jr $1969

Superbrain II QD 2349

Superbrain II SD 2650

MORROW DESIGN

Decision I $1335

Micro Decision w/Terminal

1 Drive 1435

2 Drives 1715

Discus 2D 830

Dual Discus 2D 1385

Call us for prices on the full MORROW line.

NORTHSTAR

Advantage $2895

Horizon 2Q-64K 2685

HD 18 Mg. Disk 3879

GCP/M®for Advantage 119

We carry the complete NorthStar line— Call!

TELEVIDEO

TS-801 $2650

802 2795

802H 4755

ZENITH

Z-89-B0 CP/M® or H/DOS $2075

Z-89-82 CP/M® or H/DOS 2115

Z-90-80 CP/M® or H/DOS 2115

Z 90 82 CP/M® or H/DOS 2299

Advertised prices reflect a cash discount on prepaid orders only. Most items are in stock for immediate delivery in factory sealed cartons with full factory warrantees.

-TERMINALSADDS

Viewpoint $559

HAZELTINE

Esprit 435

Esprit II 515

Esprit III 1350

1420 589

1500 845

1520 1350

Executive 80-20 Save! 975

INTERTEC

Intertube III 725

SOROC Call!

TELEVIDEO

910 $559

912 659

920 719

925 719

950 899

X-tra Page Memory 80

Integral Modem

(Must be ordered w/Terminal) 335

ZENITH

Z 19 $685

-PRINTERS

ANADEX

DP9500 $1290

2K Buffer 80

9501 1290

9620 1475

CENTRONICS

704-9 Ser $1589

704-11 Par 1689

730-1 Ser Savel 299

730-3 Ser 479

737-1 Par 689

737-3 Ser Saval 299

C.ITOH

Prowriter8510A Par $425

Prowriter 8510A Ser 609

Starwriter F10 Par 1370

Starwriter F10 Ser 1370

Printmaster F10 Par 1920

Printmaster F10 Ser 1920

C.ITOH Starwriter F10-Tractor, 200

DIABLO

620RO25CPS $1275

630RO40CPS 1949

Tractor 275

EPSON

MX-80 $425

MX-80FT 510

MX-100 665

Serial RS232 w/2K 120

INTEGRAL DATA SYSTEMS

Prism 80 Basic $625

Prism 132 Basic 1075

Prism 80 Package 1299

Prism 132 Package 1465

Prism 80 All but color 1065

Prism 132 All but color 1260

Paper Tiger 445G 599

Micro Prism 639

NEC

3510 $1515

3515 1540

3530 1650

7710 2295

7715 2495

8023 465

OKIDATA

80 $300

B2A 395

83A 595

84S 989

84P 989

Tractor for 80/82A 50

SMITH-CORONA TP-1. . . . Call

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

TI-810 Basic $1289

TI-810 VCO/Full 1549

TI-820 RO Basic 1545

TI-820 KSR Package 1739

-MOIMITORS

AMDEK

100G 141

Color 1 310

Color II 689

Color III 419

300G 149

BMC

Green Phos $99

SANYO

9"Green Phos $159

12"Green Phos 209

13"Color 439

ZENITH

Z-121 115

-HARD DISKS

CORVUS

5MB $2555

10MB 3995

20MB 4795

'Please specify what type of computer used Mirror Backup 629

MAEZON

5Mg $2235

10 Mg 2760

15 Mg 3020

CP/M®-s100 75

-MODEMSHAYES

Micro Modem 100 279

Micro Modem II 279

Smartmodem 300 215

Smartmodem 1200 520

Chronograph 199

NOVATION

4102D 300/1200 $269

D-Cat 145

Apple Cat II 310

Nov 212 1200 Baud 549

-SOFTWAREASHTONTATE

DBase II $593

COMPU View

V-Edit 125

MICROAP

Select III 155

Selector IV 245

Selector V 455

Glector 245

MICAH

CP/W2.X 225

Expand 85

MICROPRO

Supersort I .... 165

Supersort II 155

WordStar 295

Mailmerge 115

DataStar 245

CalcStar 225

MICROSOFT

Z-80 Soft Card 295

Apple 16K RAM Card 165

Edit 80 85

Macro 80 165

Basic 80 275

Bascom 305

Fortran 80 335

Cobol 80 565

Softcard Premimum Pack 625

MICRO TECH CALL

OSBORNE

Business Pack 285

General Ledger 59

Payroll, Cost Accounting 59

Aces. Payable /Aces. Receivable 59

SORCIM

Supercalc 225

BLANK DISKS-Call for prices -MEMOREX, MAXELL. SCOTCH, VERBATIM

If you can't find what you need listed here, just call for the best prices on the items you require.

N.Y. residents, add appropriate sales tax. Shipping is not included (unless otherwise stated) C.O.D.s require a 25% deposit. All prices and offers may be changed or withdrawn without notice.

Aa

££

ATARI GRAPHICS

<v

Character Editor for the Atari

DESIGN SPECIAL CHARACTERS

OR GRAPHICS SYMBOLS WHILE EXPLORING

THE ATARI'S ANTIC 4 AND 5 MODES.

Tim Kilby

RR 1. Box 288-B

Sperryville. VA 22740

One of the most powerful features of the Atari 400 and 800 computers is that they allow you to redefine the character set. Thus a creative programmer can design foreign-language alphabets, special symbol tables, or unique graphics characters for custom screen displays. This feature uses less memory than alternative Atari graphics modes and allows easy manipulation of characters in the form of text strings. Many of your favorite computer games use character graphics in BASIC mode 1 or the

Editor's Note: The Atari personal computers incorporate several sophisticated features that allow tremendous flexibility in the design of computer-generated graphics. Readers who want more background information on display lists and character modification should consult the following articles: "An Introduction to Atari Graphics," (January 1981 BYTE, page 18); "The Atari Tutorial, Part 1: The Display List," (September 1981 BYTE, page 284); and "The Atari Tutorial, Part 2: Graphics Indirection," (October 1981 BYTE, page 70). Other aspects of the Atari computers are covered in further articles in the Atari Tutorial series that appeared in BYTE from November 1981 through June 1982.

hardware-only ANTIC 4 mode. In this article I shall explain how to use the elusive five-color ANTIC 4 mode because it offers the greatest graphics resolution and design challenge.

In brief review, the Atari computers support three text modes (GRAPHICS 0 through 2) and six graphics modes (GRAPHICS 3 through 8) accessible through Atari BASIC. (The new GTIA-chipequipped computers have three additional graphics modes: GRAPHICS 9, 10, and 11.) But five more modes are available to BASIC programmers only through display-list modification. The display list is that set of instructions that determines how data found in screen memory will be displayed. Its beginning location in memory varies but can always be found in the pointers at memory locations 560 and 561 (230 and 231 hexadecimal). Both the display list and screen memory are subject to programmable modification.

While you may have heard of these hidden modes, few programmers take advantage of their unique features. The ANTIC 4 mode is very easy to

establish by means of a simple display-list modification, which can be accomplished by the program in listing 1. However, if you try to print text characters on the screen while in this mode they will be distorted and unreadable because in this mode character data is interpreted differently than in other text modes. The first time you use the ANTIC 4 or ANTIC 5 mode you will immediately see that normal character sets such as the one supplied with your computer just won't work. The best way to design a new character set, one that will work in ANTIC 4 mode, is to use a character-set editor, a program that will assist you in quickly designing a custom character set and saving it for future use. While several character editors are available commercially, none are specifically designed for use with ANTIC 4 and ANTIC 5 modes. The Character Graphics Editor will work with these modes.

Interpreting Character Data

A character set consists of 128 characters, each having an identifying character number and 8 bytes of

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE PublicaHons Inc 167

ATARI GRAPHICS

Listing 1: The ANTIC 4 Display-List Modifier program. Any text characters entered on the screen while this program is running will be unreadable.

10 REM ANTIC 1 Display List Modifier

20 GRAPHICS 0

30 DL=PEEK(5<J0 ) +Z56*PEEK (S6:l )

10 POKE DL+3,1+64

SO FOR 1*0 TO 22

60 POKE DL+6+I.4

7 0 NEXT I

data that determine its shape. The character numbers, from 0 to 127 (called ATASCII numbers by Atari) are each stored as one byte in a program. The shape data for each character is stored permanently in the ROM (read-only memory) inside the computer. When you call GRAPHICS 0 mode and print text to the screen, the computer fetches 8 bytes of shape data for each character; each byte represents 8 bits of information for a total of 64 bits per character. Each byte of shape data is converted into an 8-bit binary number containing zeros and ones. A bit that is "on" (a number one) displays a dot. A bit that is "off" (a number zero) does not. In figure 1 you can see that the letter X has 24 on bits and 40 off bits. The computer dutifully displays the 24 on dots, which you perceive as the X character.

In ANTIC 4 mode, however, the 64 bits of character data are interpreted differently. The computer takes one byte at a time. Instead of breaking

BIT 7 6 5 4 3 2 10

down each byte into 8 separate bits, it takes 2-bit units, or bit pairs, and interprets each pair as a single dot in one of four colors (see figure 2). If neither bit in the pair is on, then the background color (whatever is in color register 4) is chosen and no dot appears on the screen. If a right-hand bit is on, the dot will be the color in register 0. If the left-hand bit is on, the dot will be the color in register 1. If both bits are on you will see a colored dot from register 2. (COLOR 1 comes from register 0, COLOR 2 from register 1, and so forth, except for COLOR 0, which comes from register 4.)

So, where the computer reads four bit pairs, four dots could be displayed for each byte with a choice of three colors, four if you count the background color. Characters are still 8 bytes tall, so you have 32 dots (or pixels, as they should be called) per character instead of 64, but the letters are not tall and skinny as you might expect. Each pixel in ANTIC 4 mode is twice as wide as in GRAPHICS 0 mode. The physical dimensions of the displayed character will be the same in either mode, and the screen still displays 40 characters per line by 24 lines.

Figure 3 is the ANTIC 4 mode interpretation of figure 2 showing how some dots in a character would be COLOR 1, some COLOR 2, and some COLOR 3. Such characters look confusing on the screen. We

7 6 5 4 3 2 10

have to redesign them if we are to use them in this mode.

Designing ANTIC 4 Characters

Usually redesigning an alphabetic character to read properly in ANTIC 4 mode requires working with one color at a time. Referring back to figure 1, use only bits in columns 0, 2, 4, and 6 for characters with register 0 color, and columns 1, 3, 5, and 7 for characters with register 1 color. If both bits of a pair are on, then a third color, from register 2, will be used. But with the Character Graphics Editor program, you won't have to worry about bit columns or register numbers. By choosing a color, either 1, 2, or 3, the editor automatically plots points in the right position. If the letter X were redesigned, it might look like one of the versions illustrated in figures 4 and 5. Each variation produces the same character (except for color) in ANTIC 4. Notice that bit pair 0-1 on the right was not used in these cases; the right bit-pair column was left blank for spacing between text characters. This is not necessary when designing graphics symbols, especially when combining two or more characters to make one large character. For example, you could redefine the letters C, A, and R to be the front, midsection, and back of an automobile. Multiple colors could be incorporated for detail and realism.

A fifth color can be achieved by de

COLOR

Figure 1: GRAPHICS 0 mode bit map for the X character. A character is composed of 64 bits, with selected bits turned on to display the character.

Figure 2: ANTIC 4 bit map for the X character. The bit map is divided into bit pairs for use by ANTIC 4 and 5 modes.

Figure 3: ANTIC 4 mode interpretation of figure 2. The configuration of the bit pairs determines the color on the screen.

168 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 471 on inquiry card.

Have you put aside buying a color monitor

because it's too expensive? But, have you looked at the new TAXAN RGBvision

color monitor? Would you be excited at a suggested retail price

of $399.oo for the RGBvision I, and $599 for the

RGBvision II?

IBM

illinium HB 1

) m$c ^T*l1

GES33EE*

^23D

DO WE HAVE GOOD NEWS FOR YOU!

For those low prices, you can have:

3 Full compatibility with Apple III and IBM PC without

interface modules S Compatible with Apple II through the TAXAN "RGB-II" card a RGBvision I medium resolution - 380(H) lines 3 RGBvision II high resolution • 510(H) lines a Unlimited colors through linear amplifier video circuit and 16

colors for Apple III and IBM PC 312-inch, 90° deflection CRT display

Can you really afford to turn all that down without looking at the TAXAN RGBvision monitors? See your local dealer for a demonstration.

TAXAN 12" green phosphor monitor, model KG12N, features an 800 line resolution at center, 2000 character display.

®TAXAN

TSK ELECTRONICS CORPORATION

1524 Highland Avenue

Duarte, California 91010

A subsidiary of Kaga Denshi

Apple II and 111 are trademarks ol Apple Computer. Inc.

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.

ATARI GRAPHICS

1

1

1

1

■

i

■

1

1

■ ■

II

zP

1

1

1

1

tr

i

1

A B

Figure 5: Inverse video character. By havFigure 4: Alternative configurations for bit pairs. If all the right-hand bits are on, as in ing all the bits in the bit pairs on and A, the X would be the color in register 0, while the X in figure B would be the color in printing the character as an inverse video register 1. character you can obtain the color in

register 3.

signing the character to have both not be affected by inverse video; only one time, whereas GRAPHICS 1 and bits in a bit pair on and printing the when both bits are on will the color 2 allow only 64 characters at a time, character as an inverse-video charac- switch with inverse printing. Using ANTIC 5 mode is another hardter (setting the most significant name this technique you can have a total of ware-only mode, just like ANTIC 4 bit). The X in figure 5, for example, if four character colors plus the back- except the characters are twice as tall, printed inverse, would be printed in ground color, just like GRAPHICS Twelve lines of ANTIC 5 mode charthe register 3 color. A single on bit, modes 1 and 2. ANTIC 4 mode acters will fit onto a full video display either left or right in a bit pair, will allows the use of all 128 characters at screen. The same redefined character

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170 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ATARI GRAPHICS

Listing 2: The ANTIC 5 Display-List Modifier program. Characters entered on the screen will be displayed twice as tall as normal, again making them unreadable.

10

REM ANTIC 5 Display List Modifier

20

GRAPHICS 0

30

DL=-PEEK(5A0)+25(S*PEEK(561)

to

POKE DL+3,5+64

50

FOR 1=0 TO 10

60

POKE DL + <S+I,5

70

NEXT I

ao

POKE DL+17i651 POKE DL.+ 113 , PEEK ( 560 ) !

POKE Dl.H9,PEEK(561)

set used in ANTIC 4 mode may be used for ANTIC 5 mode. The displaylist modification is similar to that for ANTIC 4 mode (see listing 2). Although I have never seen ANTIC 5 mode used in a practical program, the tall text characters do offer exciting potential.

Listing 3 demonstrates multicharacter, multicolored graphic symbols; the special characters are incorporated into the program in the form of DATA statements. The program displays GRAPHICS 0, ANTIC 4,

and ANTIC 5 modes with five colors of characters. Look for the inverse video characters (underlined) in lines 110 and 140.

Character Graphics Editor

One way to design a character set is by hand. With lots of graph paper, colored pens, and imagination, you can design a set in an hour or so. Then you must convert the graphic data into numerical data and code it in a program as DATA statements. This isn't difficult, but it is very time consuming. With the Character Graphics Editor program, the Atari computer can handle all these tasks, except for supplying the imagination, so let it do the work. Type in listing 4, using inverse characters whenever you see an underlined character. Line 140 has an Escape/Control key sequence in braces that will cause a down arrow to appear on the screen during the program run. The pro

gram requires 13K bytes of free RAM (random-access read/write memory).

If you've used other character editors before, you'll probably find this one different visually and operationally. You will need to understand how ANTIC 4 and ANTIC 5 modes interpret data, as previously explained, because you will be working with three colors in a 4- by 8-dot grid.

When you run the editor, the screen will be divided into five windows, each for a different mode. The top window (GRAPHICS 3) displays an enlarged character in two grids. The left grid is the working grid; the right grid is an 8- by 8-dot interpretation of the left grid. Below these is the instruction window; watch for prompts and the menu here.

Next is a mode-switchable window containing the entire 128-character set, and below that are two windows, ANTIC 4 mode and ANTIC 5 mode

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BYTE December 1982 173

ATARI GRAPHICS

respectively, that will show actualsize samples of your design singularly, in inverse video, and in a multiple string. Plug a joystick into port 1, and you're ready to design.

Using the Editor

The character set initially loaded is the Atari standard set. The first character displayed, the letter A, doesn't look like a letter at all. Press C for clear. Your joystick movements will reposition the red cursor. Press the Fire button and a yellow dot will be plotted behind the cursor. (I know you'll want to move the cursor just to see if the dot is really there.) Press the button again and the dot will be erased. Select a color by pressing 1, 2, or 3. Atari's default colors (1 equals orange, 2 equals light green, and 3 equals blue) will be used for now. If you plot blue dots in the top window, the character's inverse color will be color 4, red. Using the SETCOLOR command, you can choose any character and background colors you wish in your own programs.

Press E to edit a different character. The Escape key, normally required to display some characters, isn't needed. The down arrow, for example, is displayed by pressing the Control and = keys simultaneously.

To save your character set as a data file, press S and enter a filename (cassette users should enter C: as a file

name). Load a previously saved data file by pressing L and entering a filename. Pressing the Select key alters the display list so that the entire character set in the third window switches from GRAPHICS 0 to ANTIC 4 mode. Test any letter or character combination by pressing T and the inverse (Atari logo) key, if you wish.

Now that you have the tool to make a proper character set, put it to use in a practical program of your own. Type in either listing 1 for an ANTIC 4 screen or listing 2 for ANTIC 5. Add the following lines and you will be able to load and use your newly created graphics character set:

10 RAMTOP = PEEK(106):

POKE 106,RAMTOP-8:

CHBASE = RAMTOP + 4 20 OPEN #1,4,0,"filename":

REM change filename to

the one you used. 200 FOR 1 = 0 TO 1023:

GET #1,D:

POKE CHBASE*256+I,D:

NEXT I 210 POKE 756,CHBASE

Special Features

The Character Graphics Editor program uses several features that greatly enhance the program execution speed and could be used in your own BASIC

programs. A machine-language display-list interrupt (DLI) service routine is loaded into page 6 of the computer's memory at initialization. It allows the use of the standard character set in the menu window while displaying custom characters in the lower half of the screen display. The service routine is called 60 times per second by the DLI instruction located in the modified display list. Without this feature the menu would be unreadable.

A second machine-language routine, only 6 bytes long, saves and loads the character set in a fraction of the time it would take if the program used PUT and GET commands in loops. It too is located in page 6 and is initiated by a USR call.

String manipulations are used to transfer the standard character set from ROM to RAM, where it can be altered. String manipulations are also used to transfer a string containing zeros into screen memory, thus clearing displays with machine-language speed.

Player-missile graphics, an extremely powerful feature of the Atari computers, is used for the cursor and the two grid patterns of the Character Graphics Editor screen display. The cursor is moved via another string manipulation that is so fast that a delay loop was necessary to slow it down to a usable speed.

If you need some ideas to get you

174 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ATARI GRAPHICS

started using ANTIC 4 or ANTIC 5, try to design a character set to graph molecular structures, a set of architectural symbols used in house-plan designs, or maybe a set of terrain symbols for a board game. The Character Graphics Editor can open two new modes for you, so let your creativity flow.H

Listing 3: The Demo program demonstrates the GRAPHICS 0, ANTIC 4, and ANTIC 5 modes with multicharacter, multicolored graphics symbols.

5 REM ANTIC Hi Demo Program

10 GOSUB 1000

20 DIM 0RCH1$(3),0RCHZ*(3)

30 GRAPHICS 0

11) SETCQLOR 0 ,1,6iSETC0L0R 2,0,11SSETC

OLOR 1,B,6!SETCOLOR 3 , It, 12 ! SE T COLOR 1

,0,10

50 1)L=PEEK(56 0>+256*PEEK<561 )

60 POKE DL+3,68

70 FOR 1=0 TO 6 SPOKE DL+I+6,1!NEXT I

80 PCIR 1=0 TO 3IP0KE DL+I+15,5iNEXT I

90 POKE DL+21,65!P0KE DL + 25,PEEK(560):

POKE DL+26,PEEK(561)

100 POKE 756,CADR7256

110 0RCHl*="ab "!0RCH2*="cd "

120 FOR R=0 TO 3iF0R 1=0 TO 11 ! ? ORCH1

*;:next i:? "":for i=o to tin orchzs;

iNEXT IS? ""iNEXT R

130 POSITION 8,8!? CHR*(27>ICHR*(28)J"

THIS IS ANTIC 1 MODE " ', CHR* ( 27) J CHR* < 28)

110 POSITION 16,11!? "eeeeffff' iPOSI TION 16,12!? "gqgqqggg"

150 POSITION 8,Mi? CHR* ( Z7 ) ! CHR* ( 28 ) i " THIS IS ANTIC 5 MODE "JCHR*(27>}CHR* (28) 160 END

1000 POKE 106,PEEK(106>-51GRAPHICS Oip RINT "Transferring characters from ROM

to RAM . . . ." 1010 CADR=256x(PEEK(10A)+l) 1020 FOR 1=0 TO 10Z3iPOKE CADR+I,PEEK (

57311+1)iNEXT I

1030 ? i? "Redefining 7 characters . .

1010 FOR 1=0 TO 551READ XiPOKE 776+CAD

R+I,X!NEXT I

1050 DATA 3,A3,217,255,255,61,223,61

1060 DATA 210,121,252,223,253,255,252,

2.11

1070 DATA 3,3,3,15,63,0,0,0

1080 DATA 192,192,192,2111 ,252,0,0 , 0

1090 DATA 0,170,187,170,187,170,187,17

0

110 0 DATA 0,85,255,85,255,85,255,85

111(1 DATA 2.55,85,255,85,255,85,255,85

1120 RETURN

Listing 4: The Character Graphics Editor program. It allows you to design your own character set of graphics for use in the ANTIC 4 and 5 modes.

10 REM CHARACTER GRAPHICS, EDITOR

20 REM (C) Copyright 1982 Tim Kiltm

50 DIM A*(l>,0V(1),CLEAR2*(1),ZERO$(l)

,CLEAR1*<1>,CLEAR1*(1),FILE*(15),A(7,8

)

60 GOTO 1600

80 SOUND 0,Y/2+l00-X/1,l0,1!FOR D=l TO

8iNEXT DiSOUND 0,0,0,0iRETURN 100 REM MENU 110 GOSUB 180IPOSITION 1,0

Load Set C

120 ?

"Edit

lear"

13 0 ?

"Color 1,

est"

110 ?

"SELECT

,or 3

Save Set

CESC-ESC-EBC-CTRL-»>MQd

e-CESC-ESC-ESC-CTRL-O X CHOOSE

ONE x"J iRETURN 180 CLEAR2*--ZERO*(l, 120 >: RETURN 20 0 REM SCREEN MEMORY ORIENT_ATIO_N 211) POKE 87,3iPOKE £18,PEEK(DL + l") 1 POKE 89,PEEK(DL+5)!RETURN

22 0 POKE 82,1!POKE 87,0!POKE 88,H0ME+1 00-INT1(HOME+100>/Z56>x256iPOKE 89,INT ((HOME+10 0)/Z56)iRETURN

231) POKE 82,1! POKE 87,0 SPOKE 88,H0ME+2 20--INK(HOME+220)7256)*256!POKE 89,INT ((HOME+220)/256)!RETURN

210 POKE 82,2iP0KE 87,0!POKE 88,H0ME+3 8 0--INT((HOME + 38 0)7256)*256!POKE 89, INT ((HOME+38 0)7256)!RETURN

250 POKE 82,2!P0KE 87,0!POKE 88.H0ME+1 6(]--INT((HOME + 160>/256)x256iPOKE 89, INT

(<HOME+160)/256)iRETURN

30 0 REM PLOT POINTS

310 GOSUB 210!F=X/1!G=<Y-20)71!LOCATE

8+F,G+l,A!SOUND 0,20+G-F,10,2iCOLOR C*

(A=0)iPLOT 8+F,G+liPL0T 9+F.G+l

320 IF C=l THEN PLOT 28+F.G+liCOLOR Oi

PLOT 27+F,G+liA(G,F+l)=INT(ZA(6-F)+0.1

)

330 IF C=2 THEN PLOT 27+F,G+l!COLOR 0i

PLOT 28+F,G+l!A(G,F)=INT(2A(7-F)+0.1>

310 IF C=3 THEN PLOT 27+F,G+l!PLOT 28+

F,G+l!A(G,F)=INT(2A(7-F)+0.1)iA(G,F+l)

=INT(2'-(6-F) + 0.1)

350 IF A>0 THEN A<G,F)=0!A(G,F+l)=0

360 A(G,8)=0!FOR D=0 TO 7iA(G,8)=A(G,8

)+A(G,D)iNEXT DiPOKE CHBASE+CHRX8+G,A<

G,8)

370 SOUND 0,0,0,0!GOSUB 22()!RETURN

10 0 REM EDIT

110 GOSUB 180!GOSUB 180

12(1 POSITION 10,1!? "- Select characte

r -" i

430 GET »3,CHR!GOSUB 500!GOSUB ZZOiRET

URN

170 FOR A=0 TO 7iPOKE CHBASE+CHR*8+A,0

iNEXT A

180 CLEAR1*=ZERO*(1,100)

190 FOR A=0 TO 7!FOR B=0 TO 8iA(A,B)=0

iNEXT BiNEXT AiRETURN

50 0 REM PLOT CHARACTER

510 POSITION 6,0!?""Use joystick to mo

ve cursor."iPOSITION 8,1!? "Press FIRE

to plot point." 520 POSITION 11,2!? "(M for MENU)"! 530 GOSUB ZIO'.POSITION 11,li? CHR*(Z7) JCHR*(CHR)iPOSITION 18,It? CHR«(Z7)!CH R*(CHR+12B>iPOSITION 25,1 510 FOR A=l TO Si? CHR*(27)!CHR*CCHR)! iNEXT Ai? iGOSUB 250

550 POSITION 11,1!? CHR*(27)!CHR*(CHR) iPOSITION 18,1!? CHR*(27)!CHR*(CHR+12B )iPOSITION 25,1

560 FOR A=0 TO 5i? CHR*(27)JCHR*(CHR)! INEXT AiGOSUB 210!IF CHRM27 THEN CHR= CHR-128

570 IF CHR>127 THEN CHR=CHR-128 58 0 IF CHR>31 AND CHR<96 THEN CHR=CHR32iG0T0 600

590 IF CHR<32 THEN CHR=CHR+61 600 R=CHBASE+CHRx8!F0R A=0 TO 7!D=PEEK (R+A)!B=A+1

610 F=0JIF D>1Z7 THEN D=D-1Z8!F=F+1iCO LOR ZIPLOT Z7,B!PL0T 8,B!PLOT 9,B!A(A, 0)=1Z8!A(A,8)=A(A,8)+A(A,0)

Listing 4 continued on page 179

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Use a parallel printer with your Color Computer! Serial-Parallel converter plugs info the serial port and allows use of Centronics-compatible printers You supply the printer cable. Price: $69.95

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Color Forth is easier to learn than assembly language, executes in less time than Basic and is faster to program in than Basic. Rompack comes with 112-page manual containing glossary of system-specific words, lull standard FIG glossary and complete source. A fascinating language designed for the Color Computer! Price: $109.95

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SDS-80C is a Rompack containing a complete editor, assembler and monilor. It allows the user to write, assemble and debug assembly language programs with no reloading, object patching or other hassles. Supports full 6809 instruction set. Price: $89.95

80C DISASSEMBLER

Runs on the Color Computer and generates your own source listing of the Basic interpreter ROM. Documentation includes useful ROM entry points, complete memory map. I/O hardware details and more. Cassette requires 16K system. Price: $49.95

GAMES: Star Blaster • Pac Attack • Berserk • Cave Hunter • Starfire • Astro Blast • Starship Chameleon • Adventure Black Sanctum • Adventure: Calixto Island *

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176 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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PKASO

Printer Interface Family

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PKASO Interfaces come complete with Cable, Instructional Diskette and Comprehensive Manual.

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Circle 242 on inquiry card.

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Everyone knows that the IBM Personal Computer™ does a terrific job of storing and manipulating facts and figures. Unfortunately, drawing conclusions from this information requires printed reports often running into the thousands of numbers. Now, however, you can use FAST GRAPHS'" to replace all those numbers with one simple to understand, pleasing to the eye, graphic report.

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Circle 260 on inquiry card.

ATARI GRAPHICS

Listing 4 continued:

620 IF D>63 THEN D=D-64! F=F + 1 JCOLOR li

PLOT 28, Bl PLOT B.BtPLOT 9 , Bl A< A, 1) =61:

A(A,B)=A(A,8)+A(A,1)

630 IF F>1 THEN COLOR 3SPL0T 27»6tFL0T

28,!): PLOT 8, B: PLOT ?,B 610 F=0:IF D>31 THEN D=D-32t F=F' + 11 COLO P, 2! PLOT 29, B! PLOT 10,8:PLOT 11 , El ! A ( A , 2)=32:A<A,8)=A(A,8)+A(A,2)

650 if d>15 then d=d-16:f=f+1:color u plot 3o,b:plot io,b:plot 11,b:a<a,3>=i

6!A(A,0)=A(A,8)+A(A,3)

660 IF F>1 THEN COLOR 3:PL0T 29,B!PL0T

30,B!PLOT 10,BtPLOT 11,B 670 F = 0::IF [)>7 THEN D=D-B: F=F+1: COLOR 2iPLOT 31,B!PL0T 12,BJPL0T 13,e:A(A,D = 8 i A(A,B)=A(A,8)+A(A,1) 680 IF D>3 THEN D=D-1 !F=-F + 1: COLOR ltPL

ot 32,b:plot i2,b:plot 13,b:a(a,5)=i:a

(A,B>=A(A,8)+A(A,5>

690 IF F>1 THEN COLOR 3IPL0T 31,BIPLOT

32,BiPLOT 12,B:PLOT 13,B 70(1 F = 0!IF D>1 THEN D=D-2 i F=F + 1 X COLOR 2IPLOT 33,B!PLOT lt.BiPLOT 1S,B!A(A,6) =2:A(A,8)=A(A,8)+A(A,6) 710 IF D>0 THEN F=F+1ICOLOR i:pLOT 31,

b:plot h,b:plot 15,b:a(a,7)=ija(A,b> =

A(A,8)+A(A,7)

720 if f>1 then color 3'.pl0t 33.bjpl0t 31,b:plot h,b:plot is,b 730 next aigosub 220jreturn 80 0 rem test characters

810 GOSUB lBOiPOSITION 5,0!? "Your typ

ed characters"IPOSITION 7,It? "will ap

pear belou. NORMAL"

820 POSITION 2,2:? "- Press RETURN f

or nenu -" ',

B30 D=l!POKE 761,255:CLEAR1*=ZERO$ICOS

UB 18 0

810 IF PEEK<761)=255 THEN 810

850 IF PEEK(761)=39 OR PEEK(761)=103 T

HEN 9 0 0

860 GET *3,CHR!IF CHR=155 THEN GOSUB 1

80!CLEAR1$ = ZEROtIGOSUB 220JPOKE 691,0:

RETURN

870 GOSUB 210!POSITION D,l!? CHR$<27>;

CHR«CCHR>!GOSUB 250!POSITION D,1J? CHR

*(27)JCHR*<CHR)

8B0 D=D+l:lF D>38 THEN D=l

890 POKE 761,255:G0T0 810

90 0 POKE 691,128x<PEEK<691)=0>:POKE 53

279,0:GOSUB 220

910 IF PEEK<691)"128 THEN POSITION 29,

i:? " INVERSE "

920 IF PEEK<691)=0 THEN POSITION 29,1!

? " NORMAL "

930 POKE 761,255:G0T0 810

1000 REM LOAD CHARACTER SET

1010 GOSUB 1080!TRAP lHOtOPEN *1,1,0,

FILEtiPOKE 850,7:GOSUE: 1120:P>ETURN

1080 POKE 752,0:GOSUB 220!GOSUB lSOIPO

SITION 1,08? "Enter FILENAME, (e.g. Dl

:filename.set)"

1090 POSITION ll.lIINPUT FILE*:POKE 75

2,1!G0SUB 180IRETURN

110 0 REM SAVE CHARACTER SET

1110 GOSUB 1080!TRAP 1110:OPEN *1,8,0,

FILE*:POKE 850,11!GOSUB 1120!RETURN

1120 POKE 852,0:POKE 853,CHBASE/256:PO

KE 856,0 SPOKE 857,1 SPOKE 756,CHBASE/25

6!A=USR<1555)

1130 CLOSE #l:TRAP 10000JPOKE 51286,19

2!POKE 756,221!RETURN

1110 GOSUB lBOiPOSITION 1,1!? CHR$<253

)1"—Bad connection or inproper filenan

e-":FOR D = l TO 60ll:NEXT DiGOTO 1130

120(1 REM JOYSTICK

1210 A=STICK(0) :e"=STRIG(0)

1220 IF A=7 THEN X=X+8!IF X>21 THEN X=

0

1230 IF A=ll THEN X=X-8!IF X<0 THEN X=

21

1210 IF A=11 THEN Y=Y-1JIF Y<20 THEN Y

= 18

1250 IF A=13 THEN Y=Y+1!IF Y>18 THEN Y

=20

1260 POKE 53251,X+56!A$=0*(81-Y,81-Y+l

28)

1270 IF B=l AND A<>15 THEN GOSUB 80

1280 IF PEEKC76D0255 THEN GOSUB 1100

1290 IF PEEK(53279)=5 THEN FOR D=0 TO

3!POKE DL+D+l9,1*(PEEK(DL+D+l9>=2)+2*<

PEEK(DL+D+19)=1>:NEXT D

1300 IF B=0 THEN GOSUB 300

1310 GOTO 120 0

110 0 REM KEYBOARD CHECK

1110 GOSUB 220!GE"t *3,KEY:IF KEY=76 TH

EN GOSUB 10 0 0 (GOSUB 1(10

11211 IF KEY=83 THEN GOSUB 1100JGOSUB 1

00

113(1 IF KE1

111(1 IF KEY=67

1150 IF KEY=81

0

1160 IF KEY=77

0

IF KEY=19 IF KEY=50

119(1 IF KEY=51

1S00 POKE 761,:

THEN GOSUB THEN GOSUB THEN GOSUB

10 0 170 8 0li: GOSUB 10

117(1 HBO

OR KEY=32 THEN GOSUB 10

THEN C=l THEN C=2 THEN C=3 55!RETURN

1600 REM INITILIZATION

1610 RAMTOP=PEEK<l06>-12SPOKE 89,RAMT0

pipoke 88,o:? chr*(125) :c=i:chr=6s:ope:

N *3,1,0,"K!"

1620 POKE 106,RAMTOP!CHBASE=(RAMTOP+8) x256!PMBASE=(RAMT0P + 1)*256:GRAPHICS o: POKE 710,176

1630 POKE 203,CHBASE/2568POSITION 9,3! ? " INITIALIZING PROGRAM";:GOSUB 190 1610 FOR A=0 TO 21IREAD BSPOKE 1536+A, BINEXT AIPOKE 512,0 SPOKE 513,6 1650 VT=PEEK<131)+256XPEEK(135)SAT=PEE K(110)+2561C!PEEK(11:L)

1660 X = CHBASE-ATSY=57311-ATSG()SUB 1B00 167(1 POKE VT+2.X28POKE VT + 3.X1SP0KE VT + 1,1 SPOKE VT + 5.1SP0KE VT + 6,l:POKE UT + 7 ,1

1680 POKE VT+10,Y2:POKE UT+11,Yl:POKE VT+12,1!POKE VT + 13,1SP0KE VT + 11, I. S POKE

VT+15,1SA*=0$ 169 0 X=PMBASE+B96-AT!Y=PMBASE-AT!GOSUB

18008POKE VT+2,X2:POKE VT+3,XI:POKE V T+10,Y2:POKE VT+11,Y1

17 0 0 X=PEEK(88)+256*PEEK < 89)+10 0-AT!Y= RAMT0Px256-AT:G0SUB 18008POKE VT+18.X2 :POKE VT+19,Xi:P0KE VT+26.Y2 1710 POKE VT+27,Y1:X=PEEK<8B)+256XPEEK (89)-AT!G0SUB 1800SPOKE VT+31,X2SPOKE VT+35,X1

172 0 X=PEEK(B8)+256i«PEEK(89)+380-AT:GO SUB 18008POKE VT+42,X2:POKE VT+13.X1 1730 FOR A=1 TO 11 STEP 8SF0R B=0 TO 3 (READ DIPOKE VT + A+B , [) SNEXT BSNEXT ASGO TO 2000

1800 Xl=INT(X/256> SX2=INT(X-(256*X1))S Yl=INT(Y/256) SY2--INT(Y-(256*Y1) )SRETUR N

20 0 0 REM PLAYE_R/MISSILj:_GRAPHICS 2010 POKE 51279,PMBASE/256 2020 FOR D=53218 TO 53255SREAD XSPOKE D.XSNEXT DSFOR D=53256 TO 53258!P0KE D ,1SNEXT DSPOKE 53259,3SX=0 2030 FOR A=0 TO 256 STEP 128SF0R [)=20 TO 52 STEP 1SPOKE PMBASE+512+A+D,21SNE XT DSNEXT A

2010 FOR D = 22 TO 50 STEP 1 SPOKE PMBASE +384+0,85:NEXT DSPOKE 623,17 205(1 Y = 20SFOR D = 0 TO 38POKE PMBASE+D+Y +896,3!NEXT DIFOR D»0 TO 3:POKE PMBASE +D+80,3!NEXT D

22 0(1 REM ESTABLISH DISPLAY JiCREEN 2210 GRAPHICS 0 SPOKE 752,1 SPOKE 711,68 S DL=PEEK(560 > +256XPEEK < 561)S HOME-PEEK< DL + 1)+256XPEEK(DL+5)X POKE DL+3,72 2220 FOR D=0 TO 8SP0KE DL+D+6,8SNEXT D SPOKE DL+18,111SPC)KE DL + 23,1SP0KE DL + 2 1,1 SPOKE DL + 25,5!P0KE: DL + 26,5 2230 POKE DL+27,65!POKE DL+28,PEEK(560 >8POKE DL+29,PEEK<561>SPBKE 51286,192 2210 GOSUB 230SPOSITION 1,0SFOR F=0 TO 3!F0R D=0 TO 31!? CHRSC27)SCHR*(D + 32* F)!JNEXT DS? SNEXT F

225 0 POKE 559,16SPOKE 53277,38GOSUB 53 OSGOSUB 220SGOSUB 100SFOR D=0 TO 2SPOK E 701+D,6!NEXT DSPOKE 707,68SGOTO 120(1 2100 DATA 72,138,72,152,72,165,203,111 ,10,212,111,9,212,101,168,101,170,101, 61, 1111,162,16,76,86,228

2110 DATA 128,0,128,0,128,1,128,1,120, 0, 1211 ,0, 16 0 , 0, 16(1, 0,100,0,100,0,160,0, 160,1! 212(1 DATA 119,161,173,56,83,91,99,107

DATA PLOTTING

SOFTWARE

FOR

MICROS

21 Programs

Fully Documented, Copyable

BASIC Listings

Apple II and IBMpc

PIE CHARTS • BAR CHARTS

STOCK MARKET CHARTS

3D SURFACES • HISTOGRAMS

LOG PLOTS • CURVE FITTING

REGRESSION ANALYSIS

DATA MANAGEMENT

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

TEXT ON GRAPHICS

All programs listed in Applesoft BASIC in a 248 pg book with theory, equations, full explanation of how they work. Modular and menu driven. Use as is, modify and combine for your own applications, or use as building blocks to develop your own programs. Optional 5Vi" disks of listings availble for Apple II + DOS3.3 48K and IBMpc DOS1.1 48K. This is your best buy in data plotting software! Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95

ALSO AVAILABLE Graphic Software for Micros :a self-teaching guide to writing 2D and 3D graphics software-61 programs-"..the best book available on micro graphics.."-Creative Computing 2/82. Book: $21.95 Disk: $19.95 Engineering Software for Micros: 25 programs for CAD, Fourier analysis, optimization, etc. Book: $28.50 Disk: $19.95 Structural Analaysls Software for Micros: 14 programs-2D,3D trusses, frames & more. Book: $39.95 Disk: $24.95

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Send check, money order, VISA/MASTERCARD no with exp date to 1 90 Duck Hill Rd, PO Sox 1029. Ouxbury. MA 02332. Add $2 per book postage in US, $3 UPS, $4 Canada, $12 air Europe and Central America. $1 8 elsewhere. Specify Apple or IBM with disk orders.

For faster delivery call (617)934-0445

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 179

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Product Description

Lotus Development Corporation's 1-2-3

A fast, versatile package that combines spreadsheet, graphing, and database functions

Gregg Williams Senior Editor

When does "evolution" become "revolution"? When I first saw 1-2-3, a spreadsheet/database/graphing system from Lotus Development Corporation, I thought, "Hmm, very well done, but it's just an extension of existing software." True enough. But after using the product for a few hours, I realized it impressed me as more than just an evolutionary product. There may be nothing new under the sun, as they say, but there are novel ways to combine old things. In that sense, Lotus's 1-2-3 is modestly revolutionary because it synergetically combines three packages. In this product description, we'll take a look at the system's capabilities.

Spreadsheet Capabilities

1-2-3 is, above all else, a spreadsheet. Like most spreadsheets, it lets you enter either text, numbers, or formulas in a network of "cells" so that, by changing the content of certain cells, you can perform an involved set of calculations automatically. It's safe to say that 1-2-3 has all the features you've ever seen on spreadsheets. You can copy ranges of cells, insert and delete rows and columns, change the output format of a range of cells or the width of a column of cells, and do numerous other functions .

The size of the spreadsheet is 2048 rows of 256 columns. Lotus claims that 1-2-3 will handle up to 640K bytes of memory. You can't fill the entire spreadsheet with that, but it's probably considerably more than enough for most applications.

1-2-3 will soon be available for the IBM Personal Computer (PC) and will eventually be converted to other

182 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

microcomputers that use the Intel 8086 or 8088 microprocessor. The initial version of 1-2-3 will need an IBM PC with two disk drives, 128K bytes of memory, and either a monochrome or a color display; if the computer has both, you can view the spreadsheet (on the monochrome monitor) and graphs (on the color monitor) at the same time. If you have only the monochrome video display, you cannot view your graphs; you can only print them out. If you have only the color video display, you can alternate between viewing the spreadsheet and the graph.

Graphing Capabilities

1-2-3's sophisticated graphing commands enable you to create graphs of up to four variables using information already on the spreadsheet. Photo la shows a small spreadsheet; photos lb and lc show the two graphs of the same data. You can ask for one of five kinds of graphs, including bar and line graphs (of which photo lb is an example), a pie chart (of one variable only), a stacked bar chart, or an x-y graph (two lists of variables used as x-y coordinate pairs). During my first session, I set up the parameters for a graph in under three minutes; after a few tries, I could do it in less than a minute. The graph is drawn in under two seconds—a far cry from graphing, say, on the Apple II.

Once you've made a graph, three keystrokes will display it in another form; if data in the spreadsheet has been changed, you can display a revised graph with one keystroke. Various options let you change the look of a graph; you can display one in black-and-white if you don't have a color monitor attached to the color video in

Circle 379 on inquiry card.

High Resolution RGB Color Monitor Designed for the IBM Personal Computer

FEATURES

□ 80 characters x 25 lines

□ 690 dots horizontal resolution

□ 16 colors

□ .31 mm dot pitch tube D non-glare, black matrix

□ plugs directly to IBM PC

$795.

Princeton Graphic Systems' new HX-12 high resolution color monitor is designed with an NEC.31 mm dot pitch CRT to give you up to 690 dots horizontal resolution. You need not compromise the display quality of your system with monitors rated at less than the 640 horizontal dots generated by your IBM PC. The PGS HX-12 delivers 16 super colors, 80 characters x 25 lines. It is the best price/performance PC direct drive monitor in the market today. Get the PGS HX-12 and discover for yourself how well it complements your IBM Personal Computer.

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Photo 1: Making graphs from spreadsheet data. Given the small spreadsheet shown in photo la, the line graph in photo lb and the bar graph in photo 1c were both made from the data on the spreadsheet. Once the data to be used has been specified, a different type of graph can be drawn (or a graph with new data can be redrawn) in less than two seconds.

terface. You can also send a graph to the printer; at the moment, only the Epson MX-80 printer is supported, but others will be supported in the final version.

Database Capabilities

You can also use 1-2-3 as a database for storing, sorting, and retrieving records. Although its database capabilities are not comparable to those of, say, dBASE II, they are very useful in conjunction with the other two.

1-2-3 will take an arbitrary area of the spreadsheet to be a database; the entries on a given row are considered to be a record, and record fields must be vertically

aligned. (The database can be anywhere on the spreadsheet along with nondatabase information.) You can sort a set of records, query it, or use it to retrieve selected records. Records are sorted by a maximum of two keys, each of which specifies a sort operation by either ascending or descending order. The query and retrieve operations are very similar. Both find records that match certain criteria; the former modifies the action of the cursorup and cursor-down keys so that the cursor will highlight only records that match the criteria, and the latter copies the matching records into a designated area of the spreadsheet.

Photo 2a shows a small collection of records that is being readied for a retrieve operation. 1-2-3 prompts you for the area of the spreadsheet that is considered a collection of records; when you choose that area, 1-2-3 highlights it in reverse video. The top line of the database area contains the values (or, in the case of inequalities, the relationships) you're searching for, the second line is the name for each field, and the lines below that are the actual records. Once the retrieve function is completed, the matching records are deposited in the assigned destination area (see photo 2b).

Granted, 1-2-3's database capabilities don't match those of the expensive databases, so it would be foolish to buy the system in lieu of a full-featured one. But selection is a fundamental data-manipulation operation, and any package that can speak to this need is superior to those that don't. I suspect that the database functions in 1-2-3 will be used most often to isolate specific data that will then be graphed (if you had to isolate the data manually, you probably wouldn't bother graphing it). Still, 1-2-3's database can be used in several traditional applications as well as in some less traditional ones—scheduling, for example.

184 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

THE PERSONAL COMPUTER AD OUR COMPETITION DOESN'T WANT YOU TO READ.

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Photo 2: The retrieve function in 1-2-3. If we consider a series of spreadsheet rows to be records of a file, we can select certain records based on given criteria. In photo 2a, we are setting up a database of records (shown in inverse video) to be queried for all the records that have a name field of "Mary"; 1-2-3 will place the matching records in a separate area in the bottom half of the screen, as shown in photo 2b.

The Computing Power of 1-2-3

We've seen enough spreadsheet programs to expect each new one to improve on the previous versions. In this case, the program fulfills our expectations; 1-2-3 is the product of a few very creative minds. The program was designed by Mitch Kapor and Jonathan Sachs and programmed by Sachs, George Riner, and Rick Ross. Sachs worked on four spreadsheet programs before this, and 1-2-3's easy-to-use design reflects his experience.

Numbers alone don't tell the full story, but they'll have to do here. Visicorp's Visicalc for the IBM Personal Computer has 15 arithmetic, logical, and relational operators, 28 functions, and 32 commands. 1-2-3 has 15 operators, 41 functions, and 66 spreadsheet-related commands. If we include the database and graphing commands, 1-2-3 actually has 110 commands.

186 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

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Rear view

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BYTE December 1982

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Word Handler 147

General Manager 109

VisicalcbvVisicorp... 183 Tax Preparer CALL

PFS by Soft Pub. Corp 85

Visifile by Visicorp 184

Visitrd/VisipltbyVisicorpI 96

PFS: Report 69

DB Master 164

PFS: Graph 89

Desktop Plan 184

WallStreeterbyM.L...219 Graph MagicbylSM... 62 Target Planner Calc... 36 Math MagicbylSM ... 63 Home Acct. by Cont... 56

UCSD P-System 468

ENTERTAINMENT Castle Wolfenstein ... 19

Flight Simulator 26

Sargon II 25

Southern Command... 43

Deadline 34

Time Zone 79

Kabul Spy 26

Zork II 26

Knightof Diamonds... 25

Wizardry 37

Atlantis 29

Crush, Crumble, Chomp 23

Snack Attack 22

Pinball: Nite Mission 25

Frogger 24

Davids Midnight Magic 26

Apple Panic 21

Mouskattack 24

Choplifter 24

APPLE COMPATIBLE ACCESSORIES

Sooper Spooler (16K)299 Z-80 by Microsoft.... 21 4 Videoterm (80 col.) ... 244 Signalman Modem Synergy Card by Spiesl 69 RGB by Electrohome 159 Parallel Card (6* cable) 69

Z-Card by ALS 189

Versa Card 164

TheGrspplerPlus .119

•Reg. Trademark of MicroBro. Int'l. Corp. •CP/M is a Registered Trademark

DISK DRIVES

ual 35/80 Drive by Fourth CALL

jper Drive by Fourth 299

lite One by Rana 359

lite Two by Rana aBffl 539

2 by Micro-Sci 359

-40 by Micro-Sci 349

■3 by Micro-Sci 349

' Drives by Amdek 749

ew! Datadrive 1 00% Compatable on sale 269

TERMINALS

Qall For CataIog

Fourth Drive 299

Fourth Controller 89

Rana Elite One 359

Rana Controller 99

Micro SciA-2 349

Micro Sci A-40 349

Micro SciA-70 489

3" Drives by Amdek 749 Vista Slim Line 8"... CALL 8" CNTRL by Vltta . 499 16KRam(2yrWNTY) 59

32K by Saturn 186

AIO II 178

CCS 7710A 129

CPSMulti-FuncbyMtn166

Micro Modem II* 278

Smart Modem 219

Hayes 1200 Baud... 539

Enhancer II 124

Microbufferll(16K) ...209 Microbufferll(32K)...229 Num. Keypad (23 Key) 115 Disk Emulator (294K)799

Sup R Mod 24

WicoJoystickDelux... 37

Vista Vision 80 266

ALF9 Voice 149

Pkasso by IS CALL

Premium Pak by M.S.528 AD+DAbyMtn(nocable)269

Apple Cat II 339

Wizard- BPO 149

Wizard- SOB 219

Thunder Clock/Cal... 119

Joystick by TG 46

In Fone CALL

The Mill 319

Lower Case 29

Expan Chassis by Mtn 539 Winchester Hard Disk CALL Appll-Card4MZ... 339

Appll-Card 6MZ 429

Strobe Plotter 659

System Saver 69

AmberMonltorbyUSI179

Apple II software & hardware compatable 64 K ol RAM memory Upper and lower case Typewriter-style keyboard > Twelve key numeric pad e Alpha lock shift key e VisiCalc friendly e 50 watt power supply • Built-in Ian

Function Strip by Videx 59 Bubble Mem byMPCCALL App-L-Cache256K. .989

Wico Apple Trackball 69

Smarterm 80 Col 276

16 Voice by Mtn. Hard 297 8088 Card by ALF ...295 SynerglzerPeckbyALS579 212 Apple-Cat II 619 The Clock by Mtn Hard219 Voice Box(w/firmware)149 The Dumpling-GX... 129 D-CATby NOV 144

BASIS 108

SPECIALS

Smart Modem* 1 200 by Hayes 549

Grappler+ 119

5%" Super Drive by Fourth 299

Microprism (80 col) by IDS 595

16K Ram (2 yr. warranty) 59

TELEVIDEO

VI 910 578

VI 910 Plus 589

VI 912 719

VI925C 789

VI 950C ,!...! I....9B9

ADDS

iewpoint A-1 \f.. .J..... 479

iewpoint A-2 CALL

iewpoint 160 749

ZENITH

1-19-CN 689

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MONITORS

Call For Catalog

4L

THE ALTERNATIVE

6502 and Z80 Microprocessors

64 K RAM, expandable to 128K

RGB and Composite Video Output

Selectable 80 or 40 column text display

High Resolution Graphics: 6 colors, 280 x 192 or

280 x 160 with lour lines of text

8 bit Parallel I/O e RS-232C Serial I/O

Detached Keyboard: All standard keyboard functions

Upper/Lower case characters, Numeric keypad,

Cursor block, and 15 Programmable special function keys

Built-in mounting for two 5'A inch floppy disk drives

Six Apple compatible slots for plug-in

peripherals e Game paddle I/O

a

THE PRINTERS CORNER

jj

129 329 789

NEC ELECTROHOME

13"RGB(med.res.)...369 13"RGB(highres.)....619 Super Color Board ,, 229

USI

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COMREX

13" Color (composite) 349 13"Color(RGB/IBMp/c)529

JB126012"Green .. JB 1201 12" Color.. 12" RGB (Hi-Res) ...

AMDEK

Video 300 149

Color I.... 309

Color II 729

Color III 439

DVM Board 139

OKI DATA

Microline 80 (Parallel) 315

Microline 82A (Bi-Directional) 429

Microline 83A 719

Microline 84 (Parallel) 1019

Microline 84 (Serial) 1159

NEC

7710 , 2329

7715 ,; 2399

7720 2799

7725 2895

351 0 EX CALL

PC-8023A 479

ANADEX

DP-9500A 1289

DP-9501A 1289

IDS

M icroprism (80 column) 629

Prism 132 (incl.sheetfeed graphics, sprint, color) 1529

EPSON

MX-80 CALL

MX-80 F/T CALL

MX-1 00 CALL

COMREX

CR-1-S (2K Serial) 869

CR-1 -C (2K Centronics) 839

DIABLO

Diablo 630 2089

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C. ITOH

F-10 Printmaster (Parallel, 55 cps)............,. ., 1789

F-10 Printmaster (Serial, 55 cps) 1789

Prowriter 8510 AP (Parallel) ..' 439

Prowriter 8510 ACD (Serial) 599

Prowriter II 1550 (15" Parallel) 699

Prowriter II 1550 (15" Serial) 749

BROTHER

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Sprint 9/45 RO 1 799

Sprint 9/55 RO 2289

SMITH-CORONA

TP-1 (Parallel) 589

TP-1 (Serial) 589

DISKETTES

SPECIAL SALE!

Box of 51/4" Disks

With 2 Year Warranty (SS/SD)

$33.99 Including Case

(3°[IDOT®3?

fee for returned merchandise. Equipment subject to price

change and availability. Retail prices differ from mail order

prices. WE SHIP THE SAME DAY ON MOST ORDERS!

$40.00 min. purchase. "With prepaid cash orders

'Exclude certain printers & monitors & foreign orders.

Calif, residents add 6% State Tax.

For APO and FPO-add 10% ($25.00 min. tor postage. Calif.

residents add 6% Sales Tax). Includephor ? number, credit

cards not accepted

Foreign Orders - include 3% handling, shipped air treight

collect credit cards not accepted.

1251 BROADWAY EL CAJON.CA. 92021 (714) 579-0330

TO ORDER: Phone orders invited using Visa, Mastercard, American Express, or bank wire transfers. Visa, MC, and American Express service charge of 2%. Mail orders may send charge card number (include expiration date), cashiers check, money order, or personal check (allow 10 business days for personal or company checks lo clear). Please add 3% ($5.00 minimum) for UPS shipping, handling, and insurance. COD's minimum $250.00 with $25.00 deposit. All equipment is in factory cartons with manufacturer warranty. Opened products not returnable. Restocking

1

1

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V^c^^^^i9^^vA^i^^^^^^^^^m>v^i^^^^^ &&&&#*#&&+*•:*&&*■

"QUAD

ittess Way our Data Bas

THE QUAD

QUio

L *.

The QUAD Is a relational data base management system and applications developer allowing the non-programmer to develop his or her own business and personal applications around a powerful relational data base. Some ot the applications you can build with the QUAD are:

BUSINESS

• Accounts Payable

• Agricultural Management

• Construction Management

• General Ledger

• Human Resource Management

• Inventory Control

• Job Costing

• Mail List

• Order Entry

• Payroll

• Personal Scheduling

• Professional Time and Billing

• Property Management

• Sales Analysis

PERSONAL

• Appointment and Gift Register

• Budgeting

• Car Maintenance

• Family Medical Data

• Home Improvement Information

• Income Tax Information

• Insurance Information > Inventory Information

• Investment Information

• Recipe Information

• Shopping Lists

• Time Management

• Vacation Planning

The QUAD is designed for YOU, the computer user who wants to take full advantage ol his computer.

EXTENSIVE REPORTING CAPABILITIES The QUAD enables you to create an unlimited number of reports in any specific size or form you desire using data from the QUAD database or another database. You may process and/or print data during any report.

PROCESSING DATA

• access information in up to 10 or more tiles during a report

• perform arithmetic calculations on any data from any file

• update and/or create files based on report processing

■ easily compare date information for quick aging analysis

• perform up to 5 levels of subtotaling within each report

• retrieve records in sequential or indexed order

• perform processing based on comparison of data such as nested IF THEN logic

PRINTING DATA

■ utilize your printer's capability by printing on any size paper anywhere on the page

• print checks using the English equivalent for dollar and cent values

• specify content of page headings, control headings and footings, detail lines and total lines

« pause between printing of forms

SAMPLE REPORT

POWERFUL UPDATING CAPABILITIES

The QUAD gives you two methods to update data within the data base. One way is directly through the terminal using a data entry process. The other is through batch updating based on existing data within the data base.

• update as many as 10 or more files simultaneously, using the batch update mode

• totally user defined screens

• full screen editing

• record sizes up to 900 characters

• perform calculations based on data entered and data residing in other tiles

• access three different help screens during the data entry process

• utilize your terminal's video capabilities when creating your terminal update screens

• restrict all or some i future changes

• edit each data field for items such as phone numbers, numeric data, alphanumeric data, date, time, social security number, etc., or your own defined edits

• IF-THEN logic available during both terminal and batch updating

SAMPLE SCREEN

06/06/83

ADD Order Enlry Information 0 C

r^ordS

Order Enlry i

ne Item lor CUSTOMER " 1005

Kl««>Co.n,

Customers P 0 NumDer 432S

Salespers

in* IS Mirtin Smith CBS07

I1EK

Null and Bolt* QTY

100.00

Extended

50.00

Press (ESDlH lor Help

OTHER FEATURES SORT, INDEX, and REORGANIZE data files quickly and easily. Also link to userwritten programs directly from the QUAD. Automatically generate menus to access each of your applications. The QUAD comes complete w'rth an Accounts Receivable application ready for your use and a Checkbook Balancing application for you to build.

The suggested retail price for all this is only $495.00.

Available for most CP/M compatible hardware.

To order your copy of the QUAD, contact your computer dealer, or call QuanTeckna Research today.

QuanTeckna

Research Corporation

6902 220th St. S.W. MOUNTLAKE TERRACE. WA 98043 206/364-6940 or 206/771-2488

CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc

QUAD and QuanTeckna are trademarks ot QuanTeckna Research Corporation

190

BYTE December 1982

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

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Photo 3: Two-dimensional table creation in 1-2-3. When it's given a spreadsheet, two lists of input values, input cells for both lists, and an output cell, 1-2-3 can automatically create a table that gives the output value for each combination of the two input values. Photos 3a and 3b show the spreadsheet before and after the command is given. The output function shown here is the ratio of the two input values.

Although several features of the spreadsheet module are new to this product, two stand out. First, 1-2-3 allows you to manipulate both spreadsheets and their printed versions (called print files). That means you can save or combine parts of either the spreadsheet itself (including the formulas in each cell) or its printed representation (the letters and numbers in each cell).

The second set of especially noteworthy commands, /DTI and /DT2, is for creating tables. With them, you can automate the tedious work of charting the behavior of a spreadsheet when one or two input variables vary across a given range of values. You can specify either one or two lists of input arguments, the cell positions in which these values are to be entered, and the cell that will contain the desired output. 1-2-3 will then substitute the input values into the spreadsheet and accumulate the output values in a one- or two-dimensional table. Photo 2a shows the format of the two input ranges (one a column and the other a row) and the corner of the spreadsheet that performs the calculation (for illustrative purposes, the ratio of the two input values). Photo 2b shows the table created by the execution of the /DT2 twodimensional table-creation command.

Human Engineering

1-2-3 also excels in human engineering factors, those elements of a program that make it easy to use. I cannot overemphasize the importance of human engineering in microcomputer programs. To date, computers have been hard to understand and inconvenient to use, which has discouraged many people from using them. 1-2-3 is one of the few pieces of software that can literally be used by anybody. You can buy 1-2-3 and an IBM Personal Computer and be using the two together the same day.

1-2-3 is one of a new breed of advanced software products that has a disk-based help file. At any time, you

can hit a Help button (the Fl key on the IBM PC) and get one or more screens of information on literally any aspect of the program. The help file, which resides on the A disk of the IBM PC, contains over 250 screens of information. When you hit the Fl key, a menu of topics appears on the screen in under one second (an important consideration if waiting to see disk-based information discourages you from using the Help key). You then use the IBM PC arrow keys to move an inverse-video cursor to the desired topic and press the Return key. Each screen is crossindexed to related screens and to a main menu, and you can get to any screen in less than 15 seconds. I was able to find the information as quickly as if I had looked it up in the 1-2-3 documentation. Those who are new to computers will be very impressed with this feature and will be much more inclined to use 1-2-3 because of it. (Software Arts' TK Solver also uses a disk-based help file, and I understand future products from Visicorp will include them as well.)

1-2-3 is, to my knowledge, the first spreadsheet program to distribute a comprehensive tutorial package that teaches the beginner how to use it. Software producers have always deliberated over the best way to teach a buyer (regardless of his understanding of the computer) how to use a complicated product. Lotus has incorporated these interactive tutorial programs into 1-2-3. They are reputed to cover, in some depth, the entire program. The segment I saw does its job well; it interactively shows you around the IBM PC keyboard and tells you how to move the cursor around a spreadsheet. This set of programs is, in effect, an indefatigable instructor who is always ready and willing to show you how to use the product and who will never laugh at your mistakes. This is another very strong incentive for the beginner to buy 1-2-3. No matter what your level of expertise, it's a very nice feature.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 191

educational thatit silrnu •, ••. ids learning.Now, lrst time, Control Data I put PLATO lessons on microcomputer disks, so your child can learn at home—and enjoy it.

For information on PLATO educational software, or to order, call toll free 800/233-3784. In California, call 800/233-3785, or write Control Data Publishing Co., P.O. Box 261127, San Diego, CA 92126.

Circle 151 on Inquiry card.

NOW, QUALITY EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE IS AVAILABLE FOR YOUR HOME COMPUTER.

• PLATO" software now available on disks in Math, Physics, Foreign Languages, Computer Literacy—and more is on the way.

• For use on your Apple II Plus, Tl 99/4A or Atari 800.

• Introductory Offering: Single lesson, $45.00; additional lessons, $35.00 each. 10-day money-back trial.

CHOOSE THE LESSONS THAT FIT YOUR CHILD'S NEEDS.

• Basic Number Facts: lets your child practice basic numbers, including addition without carrying, subtraction without borrowing and multiplication/division with single digits. Kids race against time to build up their speed

in these math areas. Designed for elementary school age, or any child who needs practice with basic whole number operations.

• Whole Numbers: simulates a pinball game to hold and build interest in whole number operations. Problems include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and mixed numbers. Designed for elementary and junior high age groups.

• Decimals: kids are challenged to break balloons by entering the correct decimal corresponding to the position of the balloon on a vertical line. Numbers are entered on a trial-and-error basis. Software automatically adjusts difficulty to the child's performance. For elementary math students.

• Fractions: same format as Decimals, but requires the use of fractions to break the balloons. Numbers are entered on a trialand-error basis. Balloons may burst In any order until none are left. Difficulty adjusts to your child's performance. For elementary math students.

• Computer Literacy—Introduction: this lesson is presented in a friendly, non-intimidating manner with touches of humor and simple, supportive graphics. It presents the history and uses of computers in today's society. Designed for junior or senior high and vocational school students.

• French Vocabulary Builder.

• Spanish Vocabulary Builder.

• German Vocabulary Builder: students are presented with a basic vocabulary of 500 words, including useful verbs, number words or common words for traveling or in the home. Groups of related words give learners context and similarity clues, which help increase foreign language skills. Lessons supplement introductory and/or refresher coursework.

• Physics—Elementary Mechanics:

provides a problem-solving test in the elementary mechanics of physics. Students are shown a physical problem; then must "purchase" the missing information needed to answer it correctly. The emphasis is on understanding the problem, rather than just supplying the correct answers. Designed for senior high age level.

ontrpl rjL#/\l v^/

COMPUTER-BASED EDUCATION

i CONTRQL 1 DATA

Another feature that illustrates 1-2-3's humanengineering design is its jargon-free prompts, explanatory messages, and fail-safe mechanisms. Suppose I want to delete a spreadsheet file. When I type "/¥", I get a menu of possible file actions, the first of which is in inverse video. I can execute any action by either moving the inverse video cursor to that action name and hitting the Return key or hitting the key that is the first letter of the action name. If I hit the right-arrow key until the action name "Delete" is in inverse video, I get an explanatory note immediately below the command line that says, "Delete a worksheet, print, or graph file" ("worksheet" is Lotus's name for a spreadsheet). That's what I want to do, so I conveniently hit Return. The inverse video cursor is already positioned on the option I want, "Worksheet", so I hit Return again. 1-2-3 now reads the current disk and gives me a menu of all the spreadsheet files by name. I then move the inverse video cursor to the spreadsheet I want to delete and hit Return again (there's no need to type the file name—just point to it). 1-2-3 displays two options, "No" and "Yes", with the cursor on the "No" option and an explanatory note, "Do not delete the file". By moving the cursor onto the word "Yes" (which includes the note "Delete the file") and pressing Return, I can delete the spreadsheet file. Wouldn't you like a piece of software that does all that for you?

1-2-3 gives you a lot of visual feedback on your choices. The inverse-video cursor and menu system

To Our Friends Old And New We Wish You

The Season's Best

Micro Computer Division

55722 Santa Fe Trail

Yucca Valley, CA 92284

(619)365-9718

described above is one such example. (The resemblance to Visicorp's Visiplot package is not accidental; Mitch Kapor, who designed Visiplot, is the president of Lotus.) Another example is 1-2-3's ability to let you specify coordinates by moving the cursor to them instead of listing them by row-column designation. To specify an area of the spreadsheet, you simply move the cursor to a corner of the area with arrow keys, "tack" it in place (usually with the same "." command used in Visicalc), and move the cursor away from that point. A rectangular area that spreads from the current cursor location to the "tacked" location appears in inverse video (see photo 2a).

Pressing a previously defined

macro key causes the

equivalent string to

be executed as if it had been typed

in from the keyboard—

a feature with great potential.

Pointing to both spreadsheet locations and menu options makes 1-2-3 very easy to use and reduces errors.

Named ranges are another way of pointing to an area of memory. Any cell or rectangular area of the spreadsheet can be given a name of up to 15 characters. That name can then be used wherever the cell or range coordinates would usually be used. Sometimes, a named range is simply a convenience; in other places (e.g., in the formula for the value of a given cell), it makes the spreadsheet more readable. Microsoft Consumer Products' Multiplan automatically assumes that you can refer to a cell by the text label immediately to its left; 1-2-3 stipulates that you create a named range, but that range is more versatile than a named cell in Microplan. (People at Lotus have told me that the final version of 1-2-3 has an option that lets you refer to a cell automatically by an adjacent label value; you have the choice of positioning the labels below, above, or to the left or right of the cells.)

1-2-3 uses the ten IBM PC function keys (on the left side of the keyboard) in two ways. The unshifted keys are used for ten often used 1-2-3 commands; for example, Fl is the Help key described above, F5 is a Goto key that moves the spreadsheet and cursor to a given location, and F10 is a Redraw command for the most recently drawn chart. The ALT key pressed simultaneously with a letter key gives you 26 user-defined macro keys. You can define each of the 10 available macro keys to be any string of characters you desire, including the unshifted function keys, the arrow keys, and the Return key. When pressed, the macro key causes 1-2-3 to execute the equivalent string as if it had been typed in from the keyboard. This feature has great potential; in certain situations, you may be very glad not to have to retype the same keystrokes repeatedly.

194 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 283 on inquiry card.

WHY A FORMS

PROCESSING

DATABASE?

&b

c "fea

*»«»£»«

>^;«SURANCEClAIM^

'****

Ever since the introduction of low-cost microcomputers, business professionals have asked for a system that lets office workers use the knowledge they have and the procedures they already understand.

The solution has arrived. VersaForm now provides you and your staff with a natural way to use a computer—a forms processing database system.

THE IDEAL WAY TO USE A COMPUTER

Just about any form in your office can provide a familiar and easily mastered interface to a personal computer. Simply copy a form to the computer screen and you're set.

*»*».

BSYflOLt

•

BUILD YOUR DATABASE WITH ANY OF THESE FORMS

• Bill of Materials

• Client Billing

• Freight Documentation

• Insertion Orders

• Insurance Claims

• Inventory Ledgers

• Invoices

• Job Estimates

• Medical Records

• Personnel Histories

• Project Scheduling

• Purchase Orders

that does decimal alignment, tax calculations, subtotals, payments, running balances, and allows you to make changes at any time. Ordinary databases simply can't doit.

All these features and more are yours with VersaForm. A spectacularly useful print formatting capability enhances professional forms management. The magic of print formatting is the ability to produce from a single form in your database, several completely different printed forms. For example, from a patient record you can produce a history chart, an insurance claim, a statement and standard dunning notice.

Unlike any other system, VersaForm gets you started on a computer, working the way you're working now . . . you can even use your existing paper forms.

UNIQUELY DESIGNED TO YOUR OFFICE REQUIREMENTS

Most forms have two parts. The form heading contains information that appears only once on each form, like customer name or project number. The transaction region, below, has a variable number of line item entries which might contain quantities, descriptions, unit costs and extensions. These entries require a system

EVERYDAY BUSINESS FORMS

DEMAND A TWO-LEVEL RECORD

STRUCTURE...

ONLY VERSAFORM HAS IT.

'NAME MICHAEL .MOON. . - DATE . 8-31-81 . . FIRM MICHAEL.MOON. ASSOCIATES. . . ADDRESS 720. SDUTH. B.ST . . SUITE.3. {•■■' CITY SAN MATEO . . ST . CA ... ZIP , 34401

HEADING

U\l OTY STK* DESCRIPTION UNITS EXT 01 001 0110 APPLE 11 163900 16J9.00 01 001 UOJO DISK IIW/CI G05 00 095.00

03 001 0210 DISK II 666,00 6*6.00

04 001 0030 16K RAM 90,00 99,00

06 001 0060 W IN MONT 226.00 2K.00 DO 015 0025 MINI FLOP 500 75.00

07 001 00Q1 VERSAFORM 3K6.00 388,00

SUBTOTAl 3618.00 TAX 217,08 . TOTAL 3835.0H ,

LINE

ITEMS

In just minutes, a detail or summary report is automatically produced. What's more, you can run the report again and again without having to re-enter the instructions.

APPLE 11////, HARD DISK, IBM PC DATABASE?

VersaForm supports both floppy and hard disk sub-systems. You can swap data files between different systems through a hard disk-based network. From remote locations data disks can be consolidated into company-wide reports.

OPEN-ENDED SYSTEM.

For special requirements, an optional OEM Pascal Interface provides sophisticated users and software developers with powerful VersaForm tools, allowing direct access to the B-tree indexed database. System integrators can add value by creating templates and writing custom interfaces.

Users say VersaForm is the most powerful and easy to use system around. That's because it's more than just a database; it's a true Business Form Processor.

PAPER FORMS

COPY FORMAT

ENTER DATA

BUILD OVERPRINT PRODUCE MA£E

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THE ONLY DATABASE THAT COMPLETELY PROCESSES FORMS FROM START TO FINISH.

Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

MANAGEMENT REPORTS IN A HURRY

The real power of a forms processing database is evident with VersaForm's reporting facility. You need only point to the data items within a form you want queried, sorted, counted, subtotalled, and totalled. There's no complicated format to enter—VersaForm automatically produces columnar formats, titled, dated and page numbered.

Circle 39 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

195

1-2-3 has what I call "intelligent" labels, text strings that are not influenced by the current cell width. Say, for example, 1 want to print a 30-character title across a spreadsheet, and assume that all the cells are 8 characters wide. In many spreadsheet programs, you'd have to split the title manually and enter it in four 8-character chunks—awkward and tedious, right? In 1-2-3, though,

1-2-3's ability to "protect" cells means that data cannot be destroyed unintentionally.

you enter the full title in the first cell you want it to occupy. The string itself stays in that cell as its formula, but in its display it spills over into the space normally used by cells to the right. The effect is the same as with other spreadsheets, but it is achieved much more easily. What if you decide your cells must be 10 characters wide? In other spreadsheet programs, the title is mangled when you change the cell width—each 8-character chunk has two blank characters to its right. But because the value of the string is retained in only one cell, 1-2-3 displays the title correctly despite the change in cell width. Several text-justification commands in 1-2-3 also help format a single string into rectangular spreadsheet areas that occupy one or more rows of cells.

NEW SOFTWARE FROM

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WSMX80-VERSION 2.1--S39.95

WSMX80-Version 2.1 is a print processor which extends the capabilities of Word Star" to optimize the printing features of the MX-80*. The extra commands include creating printing on empty pages, saving line height, chaining different files for continuous printing, changing strikeovercharacter. providing an alternate Greek character set, and redefining control characters. WSMX80 is ideal for complex formulas. Full sub superscripts. INFOSOFT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM-Version 4.2--$750.00

The INFOSOFT ACCOUNTING SYSTEM-Version 4.2 is menu-driven. Annual aging of accounts, personalization for different terminal types, includes AP, AR, P.GL, bank account monitoring, point-of sale for sales registers, inventory, special buyers files,

SUPERMAILER-Version 3.7--$99.50

SUPERMAILER-Version 3.7 is a database management system for assembling, printing mailing lists and making address labels, Sorting is possible by name, zip code, and any other user-defined parameter. SUPERMAILER can strip off sub-lists from the master list and may be configured to one of several disk capacities.

INFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEM Version 2.0--$500.00

The INFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEM provides a simple menudriven billing system for Chiropractic offices with multiple practicioners. The INFOSOFT CHIROPRACTIC BILLING SYSTEM allows the user to view all treatments for a patient in a given month, enter daily information, list patients, enter new patients, sort the patient file, change the description of a treatment, age the accounts receivable, merge files, print labels, print statements and audit reports. An inventory of services and products may be kept. A database of 2500 patients may be kept on a single quad diskette.

CYNTHIA--$149.50

CYNTHIA, a database management system with interactive queries allows a user-definable system for creating order or synthesis out of chaos. All parameters and data-entry requirements may be defined by the user. Each entry item may be merged with other similar files.

EPRINT--S29.95

EPRINT allows the user of the Epson MX80' full command of the printer, including compressed printing, doublestrike, and emphasized printing, with userselectable vertical and horizontal tabs.

MSIPRINT--$29.95

MSIPRINT allows the user of the MSI full command of the printer, including compressed printing, doublestrike, and emphasized printing, with user-selectable vertical and horizontal tabs.

SBAPREP—Version 4.1—$600.00

SBAPREP, Version 4.1 is a complete menu-driven package that prepares all of the paperwork for a Small Business Administration loan. order from:

to Single SOURCE Solution

P.O.Box 578, Concord, CA 94522

One final human-engineering feature of 1-2-3 is its ability to protect cells—that is, to keep you from assigning new values to cells or ranges of cells. When a spreadsheet is used by anyone but its designer, protected cells allow the person to use it without inadvertently destroying valuable data or formulas. If you try to write a new value into a protected cell, you will get an error message that says the cell is protected. This is a nice feature, but it would be more useful if cells could be "locked" (so you couldn't cancel the protection of a cell) and made invisible, features that are available in Visicorp's Visicalc Advanced Version for the Apple III computer.

Speed and Integration Advantages

In addition to being powerful and easy to use, the various modules of 1-2-3 are fast and well integrated.

Many software developers (Software Arts, Visicorp, and Microsoft Consumer Products, to name a few) are writing their software in high-level languages that are usually compiled to the native code of the machine's microprocessor. They do that in order to move a given program to more than one machine and thus maximize their profits. (Rightly so—good software is very expensive to create.) An interesting side effect of using highlevel languages is that the resulting product is slower than if it had been written strictly for the native microprocessor. Depending on the efficiency of the high-level language used, an assembly-language version of a product can be considerably faster and more compact than its high-level counterpart. This is certainly the case with 1-2-3; it is coded in highly optimized 8086 assemblylanguage code. Granted, I have only Lotus's word that it is "highly optimized," but 1-2-3 is fast—I didn't have to wait when I expected to. [Editor's Note: A demonstration of 1-2-3's capabilities at its recent public unveiling illustrated the program's speed. For example: a spreadsheet was displayed showing a listing of 25 hotels ordered by location. To the right of the hotel listings were 12 or so columns of data showing vital statistics for the hotels. After setting up the appropriate initial conditions, the program was able, within five seconds, to re-sort the hotels by revenue, calculate averages for key pieces of data, reinsert them into the model, add compensating factors for possible future inflation, calculate projected revenue figures for the next few years, and graph the results. ...CM.]

Integration is a very important characteristic of 1-2-3. Because the spreadsheet, database, and graphing programs are in the computer simultaneously (1-2-3 does not use overlays to bring in sections of code when called), you are more likely to use them. I for one am always annoyed when I have to wait for UCSD Pascal to load another part of the language system whenever I go, say, from the Filer to the Editor. I would be less apt to experiment with graphing different sets of data with Visicorp's Visicalc and Visiplot, which would involve saving my data to disk, exchanging disks, starting up the Visiplot

196 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 421 on inquiry card.

*

8*

Completely Redesigned. Now, the Grappler + .

The original Grappler was the first graphics interface to give you hi-res screen dumps from your keyboard. The new Grappler + with Dual Hi-Res Graphics adds flexibility with a side-by-side printout of page 1 and page 2 graphics. Interfacing the Grappler + to a wide range of printers is easy as changing a dip switch. 4K of exclusive firmware makes the Grappler + the most intelligent, full-featured Apple® Printer Interface made. And, the Grappler + is Apple III compatible

Up to 64K Buffer Option

An optional Bufferboard can now be added to all existing Grappler and Grappler + interfaces. See your Apple Dealer for details.

'Requires additional software driver. "Requires graphics upgrade.

= Orange Micro, Inc. 1982

ACTUAL APPLE II PRINTOUT USING GRAPPLER AND EPSON MX100

WKhThe

Grappler+

j Printer Interface

CPM is a registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

The Grappler + Features:

• Dual Hi-Res Graphics • Printer Selector Dip Switch • Apple III Compatible* 'Graphics Screen Dump • Inverse Graphics

• Emphasized Graphics • Double Size Picture • 90° Rotation • Center Graphics • Chart Recorder Mode • Block Graphics • Bell Control • Skip-over-perf • Left and Right Margins • Variable Line Length • Text Screen Dumps.

The Grappler + also works with Pascal and CPM.

The Grappler + interfaces with the following printers:

• Anadex • Centronics • Datasouth

• Epson* * • NEC • C.ltoh • Okidata* * The original Grappler is available for IDS 460,560, Prism, Microprism.

Orange micro

"' Inc.

3150 E. La Palma, Suite G

Anaheim, California 92806

U.S.A.

(714) 630-3620

Telex: 183511 CSMA

Foreign Dealer Inquiries Welcome

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

197

program, exchanging disks again, reading in the data, and, finally, plotting the data. I would do a similar sequence of disk and program switching to get back to Visicalc and adjust my data. How much experimentation does that rigamarole encourage?

Caveats

This product description is based on more than 20 hours of experimentation with a version of 1-2-3 Lotus loaned to me a month before the design and code were finalized. I experimented with all of the features mentioned in this article and several others. I found 1-2-3 easy to use; it didn't mislead me into doing something I didn't want to do or leave me confused as to my place within the structure of the program. Although I didn't have a copy of the final documentation, I found that a functional specification document I was given and the disk-based help file provided all the information I needed. I did have trouble specifying a new range by pointing in some situations; Lotus told me that this error will be corrected before the product is available commercially.

News from Lotus

1-2-3 will be available for the IBM Personal Computer sometime next month; it will eventually be available for other 8086- and 8088-based microcomputers, although Lotus has announced no definite plans or machines. Lotus has also fixed the price of 1-2-3 at $495, which makes it a tremendous buy for the money. Staff members point out that 1-2-3 improves on the Visicorp trilogy of Visicalc, Visiplot, and Visidex (which together sell for a total of $700 in their IBM PC versions) in both price and capabilities.

Mitch Kapor and his team of designers and programmers are incredibly creative: they have come up with

more good ideas than they can possibly implement at one time, but they also implement more of them than I would have thought possible. They have indicated that 1-2-3 will probably be able to read dBASE II files, thus making it possible for 1-2-3 to interchange data with one of the most popular databases around. They also told me that 1-2-3 will be able to make the spreadsheet look like a business form with blanks to be filled in by the user, thus enabling you to enter data into 1-2-3 database areas.

Lotus plans to add several graphics features to the final version. These include visual superimposition of charts, the use of text in user-chosen shapes, sizes, and colors; choice of printed chart size; manual scaling of graph axes; and support of the Hewlett-Packard HP7470A plotter and several popular printers. In addition, Lotus plans to add word-processing capabilities to subsequent releases of 1-2-3.

Conclusions

On the basis of the prerelease version of the software, 1-2-3 promises to be a fast, easy-to-use, integrated package for people who need to manipulate numbers, graphs, and records of data. Its instantly available help file, interactive tutorial programs, and incorporation of tested human-engineering concepts make it particularly impressive. It is one of the first of a new breed of sophisticated applications software that is both powerful and easy to use, even for beginners.

I'm very pleased about 1-2-3's price of $495. That puts it within the grasp of both the professional who needs a sophisticated spreadsheet program and the individual who wants one for personal use.

In any case, even unfinished, 1-2-3 is a fine piece of software. I look forward to seeing the first and subsequent versions of it.B

IBM

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C.ITOH PROWRITER8510AP 499

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ATARI 800 & 400

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SERVING YOU SINCE 1979

TO ORDER: Please send cashier's check or personal check (allow 10 business days to clear). VISA and Master Card credit card service add 3%. Shipping, handling and insurance in U.S. add 3%. Minimum £5.00 California residents add 6% sales tax. Foreign orders add 10% lor shipping. Equipment is subject to price chanqe and availability. We offer warranty on all equipment. Store prices may differ from mail order prices ^

198 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 106 on inquiry card.

CP/M

APPLE

WordStar®

$249

dBASE II

$489

SuperCalc™

$189

Perfect WriterM

$249

VisiCalc®

$189

WordStar® dBASE II

$695

WordStar®/ MailMerge™

$309

Easy Writer II

$269

Peachtree Software

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SuperWriter™

$249

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© Copyright 8(X)-Softwarc, Inc. 1982

BYTE December 1982

199

200 BYTE December 1982

The best software for the IBM Personal Computer. Could it beyours?

Attention, all programmers. Here's a chance to reach the top.

If you've written software that's completed and runs on the IBM Personal Computer, we could be interested in publishing it.

(We also could be interested if it runs on another computer. If we select your software, we'll ask you to adapt it to our system.)

But be advised.

Our expectations are great.

Because the software we publish must be good enough to complement IBM Personal Computer hardware. In fact, the more you take advantage of all our hardware capabilities (see the box at right), the more interested in your software we become.

Think about incorporating color graphics into your program, for example.

Use sound. Consider the power of our keyboard and remember to utilize the ten programmable function keys.

In all cases, we're interested in "friendly" software—with emphasis on quality and wide appeal. Programs with the greatest chance of being published must be easy to use, offer a better way to accomplish a task and provide something special to the user.

What kinds of programs? All kinds.

Education. Entertainment. Personal ^p

finance. Data management. Self improvement.*^. Games. Communications. And yes, business.

We select programs that will make the IBM Personal Computer an even more useful tool for modern times.

rlBM PERSONAL COMPUTER SPECIFICATIONS

Display Screen Permanent Memory

High-resolution* (ROM) 40K bytes*

80 characters x 25 lines Color/Graphics

Upper and lower case fort mode.Green phosphor screen 16 colors* Operating Systems

DOS, UCSD-p System, CP/M-86+

User Memory

16K-512K bytes* Microprocessor

l6-bit,8088* Auxiliary Memory

2 optional internal diskette drives,}1/^', 160K bytes or 320K bytes per diskette

Keyboard

83 keys, 6 ft. cord attaches to system unit*

10 function keys*

10-key numeric pad

Tactile feedback*

Diagnostics

Power-on self testing*

Parity checking*

256 characters and

symbols in ROM* Graphics mode: 4-color resolution: Languages 320hx200v*

BASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, B|ack & white resoiu{ion, MACRO Assembler, 54011 x 200v*

COBOL Simultaneous graphics &

Printer text capability

Bidirectional * Communications

80 characters/second RS-232-C interface 12 character styles, up to Asynchronous (stan/stop)

132 characters/line* protocol

9x9 character matrix * Up to 9600 bits per second

L_

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So, if you think your software is the best, consider submitting it. If it's accepted, we'll take care of the publishing, the marketing and the distribution. All you have to do is reap the benefits of our new royalty terms. And you're free to market your program elsewhere at any time even if you license it to us.

We're offering the ladder. Think about taking the first step.

For information on how to submit your program, write: IBM Personal Computer, External Submissions, Dept. 765 PC, Armonk, New York 10504. === =•

The IBM Personal Computer A tool for modern times

For an authorized IBM Personal Computer dealer near you (or information from IBM abour quantity purchases) call 800-447-4700. In Illinois. 800-322-4400. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890. tUCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California. CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

201

Book Reviews

PET/CBM BASIC

Richard Haskell Prentice-Hall, 1982 154 pages, softcover SI 2.95

Reviewed by Joseph Holmes 13049 Broadway Terr. Oakland, CA 9461 1

Like other microcomputers, the PET premiered without much published information ready to guide its users. Fortunately, considerably more information is now available. One of the latest and most useful books is PET/CBM BASIC by Richard Haskell.

The book is intended to be a course in BASIC programming using a 40-column PET. The modifications for the 80-column CBM microcomputer are listed in one of the book's nine appendixes. The introductory presentation level makes the book useful as both a text and a classroom reference. Haskell stresses structured programming throughout and makes an effort to relate concepts and commands found in other languages or versions of BASIC to PET's BASIC. This approach adds to the value of the book as a programming text.

The inclusion of graphics in many of the program examples, a subject often treated lightly in other PET texts, is a welcome feature. Examples make the book especially well suited to teaching programming to junior high or elementary level students, who respond well to graphics.

The chapters are well organized, and a variety of drawings, diagrams, and photographs make the layout attractive. Because the author photographed most of the listings and all of the screen

outputs directly from the video display, many are just not legible enough to be useful. There should be supplemental printed listings. Several of the photographed listings, however, are readable.

At the beginning of chapter one, Haskell describes his philosophy of learning by doing, and in keeping with that he introduces the reader to the keyboard first. In each successive chapter, he begins with a summary of learning objectives and ends with several practice exercises.

Graphics are introduced in chapter two, where the author discusses the use of the INSERT/DELETE key and RUN and LIST commands in the creation of short graphics programs. By chapter five, he presents programs that manipulate both numbers and graphic symbols to illustrate the INPUT statement.

My wife used the book with students in the upper elementary grades, and they especially enjoyed the Custom Checkerboard Patterns program in which the input of two graphics characters results in the output of a "homemade" checkerboard design. One of the benefits of using graphics in teaching programming is that they motivate the adventurous learner to experiment further.

In chapter seven, the author uses an unusual approach to discuss types of loops. He describes them as Repeat While, Repeat Until, Do While, and Do Until. The For-Next loop is introduced in the following chapter, which culminates in a program that generates an American flag, making liberal use of the loop.

Later in the book, Haskell introduces the use of subroutines as a method of building three-dimensional

block letters. Chapter nine offers another example of the author's use of graphics to teach programming. The use of bar graphs gives the student additional practice in subroutines and serves as an introduction to the READ and DATA statements as well.

In chapter fourteen, Haskell explains how to make sounds on the PET, among them musical notes, clicks, sirens, and a phaser-firing noise. He also includes a schematic for an amplifier to connect to the PET's parallel port because the built-in sound in the latest PET/CBM computers is quite faint. The final chapter concludes with the development of a pro

gram called PET Organ, which combines graphics and sound. The program displays a labeled organ keyboard which creates sounds that correspond to the appropriate key pressed.

Overall, PET/CBM BASIC is both a good text for beginners and a useful reference for old hands. Richard Haskell has filled several gaps in the library of PET materials by including a number of useful graphics applications, an emphasis on structured programming, an explanation of PET sound, and practical examples from his own programming experience. I only wish the book had been published before I learned BASIC programming. ■

BYTE's Bits

Data Resources and

Visicorp to Offer Business Information

Data Resources Inc. (DRI), a McGraw-Hill subsidiary, has entered into an agreement with Visicorp that will let personal-computer users access DRI's and McGraw-Hill's business and economic databases, such as Standard & Poor's Compustate, or construction-industry reports from F. W. Dodge. The new service consists of both software and information products. The software will provide users with telephone access to the central data banks and will be distributed through computer stores by Visicorp, maker of Visicalc and other applications software.

Data Resource's information products will be available to users from an on-line catalog and will contain data

and formulas needed for specific applications. When a product is selected, the information will be transferred to the personal computer for ongoing use in Visicalc, Visicorp's popular electronic spreadsheet program.

Full details are available from Data Resources Inc., 29 Hartwell Ave., Lexington, MA 02173, (617) 861-0165.

IMACS Relocates

The address and telephone number of NACS (National Association of Computer Stores) given in the BYTE's Bits entitled "Computer Stores Listed" is no longer applicable. (See the May 1982 BYTE, page 307.) The new address is NACS, POB 1333, Stamford, CT 06904, (203) 323-3143.■

202

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

WESTICO-The Software Express Service that really delivers:

IIIBM PC SOFTWARE

16 Bit software for IBM PC, Victor 9000, CP/M-86 and MSDOS.

Westico has good news for owners of the new 16 bit microcomputers — a full selection of quality software. Programs for businesses, professionals, and software developers. Westico can provide its CP/M-80 programs for "Baby Blue" and similar 8 bit hardware options. And there's more good news. We deliver more than quality software fast. We deliver Westico. That means you receive Westico's outstanding technical support and expertise when you need it.

Sophisticated project planning system which uses Critical Path Method analysis. Visually oriented system makes it easy to interactively define task and project parameters. Budget costs and work hours are also calculated and displayed. Percentage allocation of resources to tasks and partial completion of tasks on the critical path are other features. $395/$25.

Statistics software library in Microsoft BASIC designed to give users an effective alternative to timesharing. Performs probability calculations, independent variable statistics, discrete & continuous distribution functions, regression analysis, means testing, survey data/contingency tables and more. Includes plotting and data management. $500/$40. )EL — Does big financial planning jobs at micro prices for cash flow projections, financial forecasting, venture analysis, and risk analysis. Model limited to 32,000 by 32,000 cells. Report content and format totally under user control. $495/$50.

For law offices with up to 25 attorneys and a total of 35 timekeepers (including paralegals, secretaries, etc.). All time and expenses are distributed to client or other designated overhead accounts. Analysis of billings, aging of receivables, and analysis of each timekeeper's work effort. Produces monthly client review sheets and ready to mail itemized bills. $750/$40.

For professional offices — architects, accountants, engineers, consultants, ad agencies — with all of the features of VERDICT, $750/$40.

- Accepts information, summarizes data, computes tax, and prints returns required by the internal Revenue Service. LEVEL 1 for individuals produces 14 schedules and forms. $195. LEVEL 2 for professionals produces 33 schedules and forms. Includes depreciation, state tax interface, integrated data base for year to year data storage, $1000. LEVEL 3 is a Partnership & Corporate package which produces 19 schedules and forms. $1000.

— Mailing list system to maintain name and address files. Produces everything from mailing labels to customized letters, $150/$25.

-Full screen interactive word processor with tables of contents, automatic indexes, simultaneous printing and editing. $300/$40.

20M — For telecommunications between micros or micro to main frame. Easy to use full menu mode or expert command mode. Built-in commands for auto-dialing modems and tables for character translation, and suppression. Remote mode for controlling other micros. $175/$25. C86 — C language compiler for 8088/8086 machines. $250/$25. CBASIC/86 — Standard microcomputer BASIC language. $325/$30. JANUS/ADA Compiler for useful subset of ADA language. $400/$25. PASCAL/MT + 86—Compiler generates machine language. $800/$30. SID-86 —Symbolic debugging tool for CP/M-86. $150/$15.

- Emulates execution of CP/M-80 programs. $100/$10.

Utility programs for PC DOS and MS DOS. $195/$25.

The Westic© 24-Hour Computer Hotline for 100 baud modems f203J 853-0816 for detailed information y^Tv ^nd quick access ordering.

•Westico has more than 250 programs that work on a wiae variety of microcomputers including ADDS Multivision, Altos, CPT, Cromemco, DEC, Dynabyte, Eagle, Exxon, Facit, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intertec, Kaycomp, Monroe, NEC, North Star, Northern Telecom, Ohio Scientific, Otrona Attache, Radio Shack, Sirius, Televideo, Vector Graphic, Victor, Xerox, Zenith. We're working hard to be your software company.

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WES-57

Copyright © 1982 Westico, Inc.

WESTICO

Call for FREE catalog. The Software Express Service

25 Van Zant Street • Norwalk, Connecticut 06855 (203) 853-6880 • Telex 643-788

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A

ATARI

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410 Recorder $ 76.00

810 Disk Drive $449.00

822 Printer $269.00

825 Printer $589.00

830 Modem $159.00

820 Printer $259.00

850 Interface $169.00

CX40 Joysticks (Pair) $ 18.00

CX853 Atari 16K Ram $ 77.95

ATARI

Pac Man $35.00

Centipede $35.00

Caverns of Mars $32.00

Asteroids $29.00

Missile Command $29.00

Star Raiders $35.00

DATASOFT

Pacific Coast Highway $25.00

Canyon Climber $25.00

Tumble Bugs $25.00

Shooting Arcade $25.00

Clowns and Balloons $25.00

Graphic Master $30.00

Graphic Generator , .. $13.00

Micro Painter -$25.00

Text Wizard $89.00

Spell Wizard $64.00

Bishop's Square $25.00

ON-LINE

Jawbreaker $27.00

Softporn $27.00

Wizard and the Princess $29.00

The Next Step $34.00

Mission Asteroid $22.00

Mouskattack $31.00

SYNAPSE

File Manager 800 $79.00

Chicken $26.00

Dodge Racer $26.00

Synassembler $30 00

Page 6 S19 00

Shamus $26.00

Protector $26.00

Nautilus $26.00

Slime $26.00

Disk Manager $24 00

K-BYTE

Krazy Shoot Out $32.00

K-razy Kritters $32.00

K-razy Antics $32.00

K-star Patrol $32.00

STICK STAND

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Microtek 16K Ram $ 74.95

Axlon Ramdisk (128K) $429.95

Intec 48K Board $ 159.00

Intek 32K Board $ 74.00

One Year Extended Warranty $ 70.00

CX481 Entertainer Package $ 69.00

CX482 Educator Package $130.00

CX 483 Programmer Package $54.00

CX 484 Communicator Package $344.00

Atari 800 Dust Cover $6.99

Atari 400 Dust Cover $6.99

Atari 810 Dust Cover $6.99

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For Apple, IBM, Franklin

Visidex $ 189.00

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Software Review

Microshell and Unica

Unix-Style Enhancements for CP/M

Christopher Kern

Apartment 839

201 I St., SW

Washington, DC 20024

Unix, the computer operating system developed by Bell Laboratories, has been justly acclaimed for combining a number of powerful features in a simple and uniform package. As a consequence, interest in it has grown rapidly in the last few years.

Unix will run on a variety of large computers and is often used in university, industry, and government computer centers. Many of the new 16-bit microcomputers have Unix or Unix-like operating systems, which is one of the main sources of their appeal. One manufacturer, Cromemco, even makes a Unix-style operating system for an 8-bit computer, using special-purpose hardware.

Now, two new software products, Microshell and Unica, provide conventional 8080-, 8085-, or Z80-based microcomputers using the CP/M operating system with some of the features that have contributed to the popularity of Unix. Though neither one comes close to being a full Unix-like implementation, they are both real improvements over the normal CP/M environment. To appreciate what they do, a brief overview of some Unix features is necessary.

I/O Redirection

One of the most elegant concepts to be popularized by Unix is I/O (input/output) redirection. Many programs

read and write a single I/O stream. Typically, the input is read in from the user's keyboard and the output is displayed on the screen of the video terminal. Sometimes, however, you may want to have the output go into a disk file instead. Unfortunately, with an operating system such as CP/M, there is no easy way to do this. But the Unix command interpreter allows the user to redirect input and output at the time a program is invoked. For example, the Unix command "prog < infile" would run the program "prog" and tell it to take its input from the text file "infile". And the command "prog > outfile" would run the program "prog" and send its output to the text file "outfile".

Suppose, for example, you want to create a file containing the directory of a given disk. If the program to list a directory is called "Is", the command "Is > direct" would write the contents of the disk to the file named "direct", rather than print the listing on the console screen. The file "direct" could then be edited, combined with other files (perhaps to produce a master listing of the contents of a number of disks), or treated just like any other text file.

Or you might need to make the same series of changes in a number of different text files. Under CP/M you would have to edit each of the files in sequence with your

206 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

At a Glance

Name

Computer

Microshell fVersion 1.1)

8080-. 8085-. and Z80-based

machines running the CP/M

Type

2.2 operating system; 32K

Unix-style command inter

bytes of RAM

preter for CP/M 2.2

Documentation

Distributor

51-page user manual

New Generation Systems

Inc.

Audience

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CP/M operating system users

Reston. VA 22091

who want a Unix-style com

(703) 476-9143

mand interpreter

Price

SI50 [S25 for manual only)

At a Glance

Name

Computer

Unica

Z80-based machines running

the CP/M 2.2 operating

Type

system; 32K bytes of RAM

Unix-style utility programs

Documentation

Distributor

Unica: 48-page user manual;

Knowlogy

XM-80: 1 71-page user and

POB 283

reference manual

Wilsonville, OR 97070

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Audience

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Price

who want Unix-style utility

S95 (S 15 for manual only|;

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S195 with XM-80 macro

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system text editor, repetitively entering the commands for each file. A Unix user, however, would probably make up an editing "script"—a text file containing all the instructions for the editor. Then the input of the editor would be redirected so that it would receive its commands from the script, rather than have them typed in one by one from the keyboard.

Under Unix, by the way, the various physical devices that are connected to the central processor—the console, for example, or the system printer—can be treated just like text files for many purposes, including I/O redirection. Thus, you could get a paper copy of the output of the listing command, "Is", just by directing the output of "Is" to the line printer. If the line printer was known to the system by the name "lp", the command would be "Is > lp"

Pipelines

Another important Unix concept is the pipeline or pipe. A pipeline is a way of connecting two programs together by sending the output of the first program to the

input of the second program. This is one way that Unix implements the philosophy, which contributes so much to its success, of breaking down big computing jobs into small, manageable pieces. This not only makes writing programs easier (a small, simple program is obviously easier to write than a large, complex one), it also allows the user to rearrange various utility programs into new combinations. In this way, it is possible to perform tasks that were never contemplated when the individual component programs were designed.

For example, you might have one program that took a number of lines of text, arranged them neatly into columns, and displayed them on the console. By using a pipeline, the output of any other program could be fed into this formatting utility to produce multiple-column output. The same approach could be used with other kinds of formatting programs, sorting utilities, and the like. The command "progl ] prog2", for example, pipes the output of "progl" to the input of "prog2". The vertical bar (!) is the Unix symbol for a pipeline.

Ideally, "progl" and "prog2" should be executing simultaneously, with the operating system handling the connection between them and managing any necessary coordination. But the concept of a pipeline can be implemented quite adequately—if somewhat more slowly— with temporary files. A pipeline such as the one above then becomes shorthand for a sequence of I/O redirection. The first half of the command is the equivalent of "progl > tempfile"; the second half is the equivalent of "prog2 < tempfile". As we shall see in a moment, this is how both Microshell and Unica handle pipelines.

Single-Function Programs

One practice that flows from the Unix philosophy of keeping programs small and simple is that a program should do only one thing, and that it should do it as well as possible. The result is that Unix (and Unix-style) utility programs exhibit a certain coherence. They tend to be devoid of unrelated features that, however useful they might be, would complicate program design, maintenance, and improvement. This simplicity encourages users to refine their earlier work and that of their predecessors. As a consequence, a given computer system evolves over time, becoming better and better adapted to its users.

The virtue of this approach is best demonstrated by a counterexample. Take the CP/M utility program, STAT. STAT is a very powerful program. It can calculate the amount of free space on a disk. It can provide an alphabetical listing of file names, showing the size and directory attributes (e.g., whether it is read-write or readonly) of each file. It can change the directory attributes of a file or group of files. It can reassign system devices, for example, to make the console a hard-copy terminal rather than a video terminal. It can display the capacity, block and track size, and number of available directory entries on each disk drive. And it can print out the current user number and show which other users have files on the disk drive currently being addressed.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 207

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With all these capabilities, the STAT command would probably be very hard to modify. Digital Research, which markets CP/M, doesn't supply the source code ior the STAT command, and perhaps it is just as well. It would probably be rather difficult to improve one of STAT's many capabilities without bollixing up some other feature.

Another problem is that STAT requires a bewildering variety of optional arguments for all these capabilities; you can't just type in a single mnemonic name and get the information that you want. In fairness, though, STAT provides a command summary—if you can remember how to get it. The default usage, "STAT" with no argument, prints out the bytes remaining on the currently addressed disk.

To be sure, Unix is not completely without problems itself. It has been criticized for its poor choice of mnemonics: "Is" is the directory listing command, "cat" types the contents of a file on the console, and "mv" is used to rename (move) a file. But having a program do only one thing, and having it provide its output in the most commonly used form without the need for optional arguments, is a big step toward simpler computer systems. And it has the important advantage of making it easier for different programs to work together.

Microshell

Microshell is a replacement for the CP/M command interpreter that provides I/O redirection, pipes, and a number of other useful features. The Unix command interpreter is known as the "shell," hence Microshell's name. In addition to the simple redirection commands, "<" for input and ">" for output, Microshell lets you echo output that is being directed to a file on the console ("> +") and to append directed output to an existing file (">>").

As I mentioned earlier, Microshell provides pipeline capability by using temporary files. As an experiment, I created a pipeline to list the individual words in a text file in alphabetical order, using utility programs that (1) placed each word in the file on a separate line, (2) sorted the lines alphabetically, and (3) filtered out multiple occurrences of the same word. This pipeline didn't break any speed records, but it worked. And if you have an occasional need for a sorted list of the words in a file, connecting existing utilities in a pipeline is certainly an easier way to get it than writing a new program. Programs that read their input, alter it in some way, and then send it to their output are known as filters, which fits in with the plumbing analogy of the pipeline. (Incidentally, the source code for the programs I used to construct this word-list pipeline comes from an excellent book, Software Tools, by Brian W. Kernighan and P. J. Plauger [Addison-Wesley, 1976]. The programs in the book were written in RATFOR, a FORTRAN preprocessor based on the C language. The book is a good source for explanations of concepts, such as filters, which came from Unix. It is also available in a Pascal version, Software Tools in Pascal [Addison-Wesley, 1981].)

210 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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One small but nevertheless important feature of Microshell is that it allows lowercase command-line arguments for programs. This is critical for many textprocessing applications using filters. A Microshell program to print out each line containing the word "Microshell" will ignore the word "MICROSHELL". I mention this partly because I have been irked by the fact that the CP/M command interpreter turns the entire command line into uppercase, and partly because it illustrates how a seemingly minor improvement in a system function can make the system considerably more flexible. (File names are kept uppercase to guarantee CP/M compatibility.)

Shell Files

It is often useful to execute a batch of commands, one after another, without sitting at the computer console and entering each command individually. CP/M provides such a batch capability with its SUBMIT program. Improved batch processors have been developed by various CP/M users (e.g., Ron Fowler's SUPERSUB in the January 1982 issue of Lifelines magazine). But none equals the simplicity of Microshell's shell files. The Microshell command interpreter itself—rather than a separate program—reads a script of commands from a text file and performs them in sequence. Automatic argument substitution is provided, control characters can be included in a shell file, and a shell file can provide input to a program that would normally come from the console (this is similar to CP/M's XSUB program). Shell files can

also be interrupted easily, cutting short a long batch sequence.

Shell files under Microshell are not as flexible as they are under Unix, however. Unix allows shell files to be nested (a command in a shell file can be another shell file). It also provides control structures that can be used to vary the command sequence. But Microshell's shell files are a big improvement over CP/M's SUBMIT. For shorter batch jobs, Microshell provides a nice alternative: multiple commands on a single line, each separated by a semicolon. This is a faster way to execute a simple series of programs than by using a shell file.

Another major Microshell feature is an automatic search routine for commands and files. This makes it possible to ignore which disk drive a particular program or file is on. When Microshell receives a command, it searches first on the disk that is currently being addressed (the logged-in drive, in CP/M parlance). If it can't find it there, it continues the search on other disks according to a user-specified sequence. In a multi-user CP/M system, the automatic command search will also search the User #0 area in addition to the user's own area. This has the effect of making User #0 "public."

Automatic file search comes into play when a running program issues a request for a particular file. If the file can't be found on the current disk, Microshell will search for it along the same search path specified for automatic program searches. Microshell, however, will perform these automatic file searches only for files with certain specified extensions. For example, you can specify

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".OVL" as an automatic file search extension. Then, if a program requests a file such as "TESTFILE.OVL", Microshell will search all the disks for that file. But if a program requests a file such as "TESTFILE.TXT", Microshell will search only the current disk for that file.

Replacing the CCP

Microshell is loaded from the normal CP/M environment just like any other command file. When loaded, it automatically locates itself just below the CP/M BDOS (basic disk operating system), which contains the primitive system functions in a form that is identical on all machines. Microshell completely overlays the CCP (console command processor) that is supplied by Digital Research. And it supplies the standard CCP functions—e.g., TYPE, DIR, and USER—as well as its own Unix-style extensions. Because the Microshell command interpreter is much larger than the CCP, it reduces the amount of memory allocated to user programs. In the version of Microshell that I tested, the command interpreter occupied about 9500 bytes.

Because Microshell replaces the CCP, programs that require the CCP to be in place—such as MOVCPM, which is used to change system memory size—obviously will not work under Microshell.

Programs that address CP/M legally—that is, through the designated system calls documented by Digital Research—should run fine. Most commercial software will work under Microshell, but some users-group programs will not. The Microshell manual includes an ap

pendix on program compatibility. No serious limitations are listed, and I did not find any on my own.

Performance

In some respects, Microshell slows down CP/M's performance. Checking for shell files (batch commands) and automatic command and file searching all require extra disk accesses. It is possible to restrict automatic command searching and to turn off automatic file searching altogether, which will minimize the delay. Restricting automatic command searches to a single disk (i.e., having a "system" disk that contains all executable programs), which most users will probably want to do anyway, will set a maximum of one extra disk access each time a program is invoked.

In one very important respect, however, Microshell speeds up overall system operation; it eliminates the warm boot—the resetting of the system—that occurs after most CP/M programs. (It provides an explicit log-in command for use when changing disks.) On balance, on my system, Microshell makes things happen somewhat faster than they do when the CCP is in place.

Search paths, extension specifications, and other Microshell parameters are supplied by a menu-driven configuration program that comes as part of the Microshell package. The program is easy to use, and Microshell can be reconfigured quickly as the user's needs change. The Microshell manual is difficult to follow in places, but it is quite well organized and appears complete. It even includes a short section entitled "How to

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

213

Listing 1: Three files, FILE1, FILE2, and FILE3, can be concatenated "horizontally" by Unica's HC command. The result of the concatenation is shown in listing 2.

A>TYPE FILE1

MICROPROCESSOR

WORD SIZE

REGISTER SIZE

MAIN MEMORY

MEMORY TYPE

HARD DISK CAPACITY

FLOPPY DISK CAPACITY

SIMULTANEOUS TASKS

OPERATING SYSTEM

SYSTEM LANGUAGE

A>TYPE FILE2

Z80

8 bits

8-16 bits

64 kilobytes

semiconductor

0 bytes

2 megabytes

1

CP/M

PL/M

A>TYPE FILE3

68000

16 bits

16-32 bits

512 kilobytes

magnetic bubble

50 megabytes

0.5 megabytes

5

UNIX

C

Run Microshell without Reading the Manual," which ought to be a statutory requirement for every manual.

Unica

Unica consists of Unix-style utility programs that run under CP/M on a Z80 microprocessor. True to the Unix approach to programming, each of these utilities performs a single function, although most have options that vary the way it performs that function. Some of the functions of the Unica utilities, such as those for directory listing and file concatenation, are available on programs supplied with CP/M by Digital Research. Others, such as file comparison and disk mapping, can be performed by programs that are available from other vendors or the CP/M Users' Group. A few, such as the utility that concatenates programs "horizontally" (see listings 1 and 2) or the one that creates multiple "links" to a single file, do indeed appear to be unique in the CP/M world, as the name "Unica" implies.

The Unica programs all provide input and output redirection, and output from one can be piped to the input of another. Like Microshell, Unica uses temporary files for pipes. Unlike Microshell, however, the I/O redirection and pipe mechanisms are built into each program. When a program is invoked, the first thing it does is scan its command line for these special directives. This allows the normal CP/M command interpreter to be left in place.

This means that while Unica programs allow pipelines, they cannot interact with non-Unica programs. Obviously, this is a less general mechanism than Microshell, which allows any program to participate in a pipeline (assuming the program normally communicates with the console). There is available, however, an optional program called the XM-80 macroprocessor, with which it is possible to write new programs that are compatible with the Unica originals.

Wildcards and Links

Unica programs also respond to Unix-style "wildcards," which are somewhat different than those available under CP/M. A wildcard is a way of specifying

Listing 2: A horizontal concatenation of the three files in listing 1, achieved by using the Unica HC command. The integers in the command line before the last two file names indicate the column where the left margin of that file is to be placed.

A>HC FILE1 31 FILE2 51 FILE3

MICROPROCESSOR

WORD SIZE

REGISTER SIZE

MAIN MEMORY

MEMORY TYPE

HARD DISK CAPACITY

FLOPPY DISK CAPACITY

SIMULTANEOUS TASKS

OPERATING SYSTEM

SYSTEM LANGUAGE

Z80

8 bits

8-16 bits

64 kilobytes

semiconductor

0 bytes

2 megabytes

1

CP/M

PL/M

68000

16 bits

16-32 bits

512 kilobytes

magnetic bubble

50 megabytes

0.5 megabytes

5

UNIX

C

214 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

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a group of file names with a single reference. For example, the CP/M command "DIR *.EXT" would list all files with the extension ".EXT"; the asterisk would match any file name in the directory. If you wanted to list all the files that began with the letter "A", you would type "DIR A*.*"; the first asterisk would match the remaining letters of the file name and the second asterisk would match the extension. Under Unix and Unica, all files beginning with "A" can be specified by typing "A*"—that is, "A" followed by just a single asterisk. The wildcard will read across the "." specifying the extension.

Two Unica programs—LN, the file link command, and RM, the file removal command—are used to create and eliminate multiple references in the directory to a single file. These references, or links, allow users with different CP/M user numbers to have the same programs or files available to them without cluttering up the disk with extra copies of the files. Although the regular CP/M erase command (ERA) will erase a file link created by the LN command, a warm boot is necessary afterward to make sure that the CP/M disk-allocation routines don't overwrite the file while other links to it remain. The RM program takes care of that automatically.

Unfortunately, the CP/M command interpreter re

stricts the use of one of the better Unica utilities, SR, which is modeled on the Unix utility GREP. (GREP, as you no doubt have guessed, is an acronym for "globally look for regular expressions and print.") If you use SR to list all the lines in a file containing the word "Unica", it will print all lines that contain "UNICA", "unica", or "unica" as well because the CCP does not permit lowercase characters in command lines. SR has options to list only the lines that do not contain a given pattern, to count the number of matched lines, and to search more than one file, among others, and it is an extremely useful program to have around despite its command-line limitations.

Another excellent Unica program is the directory listing utility, LS (see listing 3). Although many directory programs are available for CP/M—I think I have collected about half a dozen from the CP/M Users' Group—Unica's LS program is the most flexible. It is also one of the Unica programs for which it is convenient to have directed output, because it is not uncommon to want to put the contents of a disk directory in a file. My only complaint is that LS as supplied insists on printing all the file names in lowercase. While this follows the Unix convention, Unix allows file names to be in lower

Listing 3: A directory obtained by using Unica's LS command with the optional arguments "-ALM". The "A" argument means show all files, including system files, that would normally not appear in the directory. The "L" option specifies a long format. The "M" argument means provide multicolumn output; otherwise, each file entry would have been printed on a separate line. The first field shows the file attributes. An "r" in the first column means the file is read-only. An "s" in the second column means it is a system file. The next field is the file size in bytes (in CP/M, a multiple of 128 bytes is always allocated). The last field is the file name. While it is printed in lowercase, CP/M file names are actually stored only in uppercase.

A>LS

rs

-s

-s

1,408

alloc.crl

4,352

dup.com

-s

16,640

mt280.ovl

384

alloc.h

—

128

ed.sub

-s

35,840

mt 380.ovl

3,200

bcdreals.erl

—

6,656

edcpm.com

-s

14,848

mt480.ovl

5,376

bios.sys

—

3,968

float.crl

-s

13,568

mt580.ovl

384

byte.h

—

128

fnj.h

—

38,912

mtplus.com

1,152

c.ccc

—

5,760

format.com

—

9,472

mulisp.com

5,376

calc.com

—

9,856

fpr.com

—

256

nal.h

13,696

cc.com

—

7,680

fpreals.erl

—

128

nfnj.h

15,872

cc2.com

—

2,432

fullheap.erl

—

22,912

paslib.erl

5,248

clib.com

—

10,880

he.com

—

21,760

pencil.com

4,608

clink.com

—

18,176

12.com

—

6,144

pie.com

5,120

config.dat

—

9,984

linkmt.com

—

7,424

pip.com

13,440

configur.com

—

15,232

lisped.sys

—

2,816

randomio.erl

22,912

crayon.com

—

16,256

lispexec.sys

—

35,968

sconfig.com

1,536

crck.com

—

3,456

lispfuns.sys

—

34,816

scribble.com

12,160

customiz.com

—

1,792

load.com

—

12,032

sh.com

1,792

d.com

—

13,312

Is.com

—

13,952

sr.com

512

date.com

—

11,776

mac.com

—

5,248

stat.com

4, 864

ddt.com

—

6,144

marc.com

—

2,816

sysdef.h

9,856

debugger.erl

—

18,432

marc.cpm

—

1,792

sysgen.com

7,296

deff.crl

—

896

marc.doc

—

17,152

text.com

5,760

deff2.crl

—

2,304

marc.rel

—

13,568

unix.txt

7,680

diff.com

—

1,408

mh.com

—

7,168

wcount.com

2,304

display.com

-s

27,904

mtlSO.ovl

—

8,960

z80.doc

7,296

du.com

-s

23,808

mtl85.ovl

—

6,016

z80.1ib

216 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 206 on inquiry card.

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MARC: An 8-Bit Counterpart to Unix

Microshell and Unica both provide some of the features that have made the Unix operating system so popular. While I was preparing this review, however, I received a prerelease copy of a new 8080-family operating system that goes considerably further toward providing a Unix-like environment. This new system is called MARC, for Machine-Aided Resource Coordinator.

MARC is a complete operating system, not just an enhancement to CP/M. It boots up under CP/M, however, and uses the CP/M BIOS routines (the hardware-dependent section of CP/M) of the host system. That means MARC should work on any machine that can run CP/M. The version I tested was for CP/M 2.2 only. A version of MARC for CP/M 1.4 does exist, but it is unclear at this point whether it will be marketed.

MARC provides a Unix-like command interpreter similar to that of Microshell (MARC, however, accepts Unix-style wildcards). It also provides a file system with a hierarchical directory structure. Devices and file names may be used interchangeably. MARC will run in a CP/M system with a single 64K-byte bank of memory and floppy-disk mass storage.

Because MARC can run only one program at a time, it creates pipelines by using temporary files. Properly speaking, it is a single-user, single-tasking operating system. However, it includes a sophisticated user and group security system, with encrypted password protection, allowing different users to use the system at different times but preventing access to the files of other users.

The MARC package will include a large number of Unixstyle utilities; the exact number is still to be determined as of this writing. Chief among them will be the excellent BDS C compiler (see my review in the June 1981 issue of BYTE on page 356). Also, a CP/M emulator will allow most CP/M programs to run under MARC.

The selling price has not been set. It will cost more than CP/M—but not by too much.

I had experimented with an earlier version of MARC in early 1981. At that time, MARC was workable, but very rough, and pretty far away from marketing. Unfortunately, MARC's principal author, Edwin P. Ziemba, died in a swimming accident not long afterward, and responsibility for finishing the project passed to Lauren Weinstein of Vortex Technology (POB 2284, Culver City, CA 90230, [213] 641-7200).

The evaluation copy of MARC that I received in early 1982 was a much more mature product. The only essential piece of software that was missing was the CP/M emulator, and that is expected to be ready by the time this article reaches print. Weinstein was unable to provide a firm release date at the time this was being written. But from what I have seen, it can't be too far away.

case. CP/M does not, and it would make more sense to me to list the CP/M files the way they actually exist in the directory. Incidentally, I have been referring to the Unica programs in uppercase—following the CP/M convention—but in the manual the names are all in lowercase. A list of the various utility files in Unica is shown in table 1.

218 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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A "horizontal" file concatenator

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Renames (or moves) a file

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Compares source (text) files

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A pattern searching program

SRT

Sorts lines alphabetically (in memory)

TEE

Reads one input stream and writes multiple

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Table 1:

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package.

All the Unica programs are written in a macro language called XM-80, and all the source code for these programs is included. To write or modify programs in this language, you would need to buy the optional XM-80 macroprocessor ($100) along with the MACRO-80 assembler from Microsoft (about $120). XM-80 is designed

to simplify program creation by providing a set of common primitives—such as those for providing I/O redirection and pipes—along with a standardized calling sequence for linking them with other program segments. The point is that if you write a primitive or module in a general enough way, you will have to write it only once. New programs can be put together by combining previously written modules from a library. I did not attempt to do any programming in XM-80, but using macroprocessing to extend an assembly language strikes me as a very good idea.

The Unica manual is extremely comprehensive, with well-designed sections describing each of the utility programs, an explanation of the theory behind XM-80, a detailed section on how to use XM-80, and descriptions of the XM-80 library components. Unfortunately, the prose style at times is turgid, which makes some of the explanations unnecessarily hard to follow.

Conclusion

Both Microshell and Unica provide good introductions to some of the features that have made Unix such a popular operating system. More than that, they are useful enhancements to existing CP/M computer systems in their own right. They increase an existing system's flexibility and make it friendlier to the user. These attributes should be high on the priority list of those who design the next generation of microcomputer operating systems. ■

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221

User's Column

A Slew of Languages,

a Slap at Documentation,

and a Curse at Keyboards

Unaccustomed as he is to voicing his opinions, Jerry drops a few hints.

The nature of this column dictates its contents: I have to write about what's been happening here at Chaos Manor. This month we've had two big flaps. One is a frantic effort to clean off my desk so that my wife and I can take a vacation in Europe. She's been planning this trip for a year now. So far I haven't had the heart to tell her that we won't be going alone: I'm taking an Otrona Attache with me.

Anyway, I've been trying to get two books (Clan and Crown: Janissaries II and volume one of Future Men of War) out the door, dash about to radio and television interview shows to publicize books, answer my mail, and write a couple of chapters of Footfall, the next big novel that Larry Niven and I are working on. The usual result of that much activity is that nothing gets accomplished, but actually I've done pretty well on everything but the mail.

Meanwhile, flap number two,

Jerry Pournelle

c/o BYTE Publications

POB 372

Hancock, NH 03449

which has got downright embarrassing: Alex Pournelle's Introduction to Pascal software package.

Alex's Intro was supposed to be a fairly simple job, requiring a month's work at most. The task was to take some of the teaching programs from Grogono's Programming in Pascal and the fundamental required pro

If Pascal is a candidate

for the language of the

decade, then we may

have problems.

grams and input/output primitives in Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal and get them running under two popular CP/M Pascal compilers. Then he'd write up notes on problems encountered, add a few pages contrasting the two compilers (Sorcim's Pascal/M and Digital Research's Pascal/MT + ), add a few

more pages of tips on using Pascal, and hand it to Barry Workman to publish.

The first draft using Pascal/MT + was done and looked good, and I could honestly say that the materials saved me a lot of time when I tried learning Pascal, so I wrote about it. BYTE's pipeline is, after all, pretty long.

Not long enough. The article came out. Orders came in. The Intro wasn't ready. Now that's not quite accurate: something was ready, but Alex wasn't satisfied with it. He didn't think he was giving people their money's worth. Meanwhile, he'd run into some really colossal problems with the way the compilers handled CP/M files. He could get the teaching programs running, but only through kludges, and he wanted to start over.

Fortunately, the story has a happy ending: the Pascal Intro package has been completely done over, and everyone who bought the old package can get the new one at nominal

222 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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serving the business and financial community for over 100 years. Are you sure this new software will be as reliable as The Wall Street Journal and Barron's?"

Dow: "Of course, Jones. Our software is so reliable we back it up with a full-year warranty. People trust Dow Jones Software the same way they trust the Journal. And we have a tollfree Hotline number in case they want expert help."

Jones: "Couldn't that be a lot of phone calls? After all, we've got the Dow Jones Averages to get out every day."

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Dow: "In a nutshell, Jones, with a personal computer, a telephone, a modem and Dow Jones Software, you can easily perform complex analyses on the information available from our information service, Dow Jones News/Retrieval®."

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BYTE December 1982

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cost. Now obviously I'm not a totally disinterested observer; my son wrote this stuff, largely to help me learn—and understand—Pascal. Still, I like to think I can be objective about such things (and do note that I don't own the programs; they belong to Alex). In my judgment, he's done a hell of a job. The package now contains not only the programs, with all the special routines required to get things running smoothly under CP/M, but also a number of essays on typical problems. There's an especially valuable treatment on Pascal errors and what probably causes them.

The Language Debate Goes On

There are at least two reasons I've given Alex's Pascal Introductory Package as much space as I have. One is obvious: as I said at the beginning, I have to write about what we're doing around here, and Lord knows that has been the major activity, not just this month but all summer. There's another and more important reason, namely, that it did take all summer.

Pascal is an important language. Nearly every computer publication acts as if it is, and indeed Pascal is a candidate for the language of the decade. It is taught to nearly every student at the University of California at San Diego (La Jolla), and UCSD isn't alone in that practice. There are several implementations of Pascal for CP/M, and more are coming.

Alex and his friends are pretty familiar with Pascal—at least with the UCSD implementation of it. Grogono's Programming in Pascal and Kernighan and Plauger's Software Tools in Pascal are very popular, very highly recommended books, usually thought to be the best introductory works on Pascal.

Yet it has taken months of work to get these standard textbook programs running and document the differences between what's printed in the textbook and what actually can run on your CP/M system. Moreover, if there's anyone else who has a package that competes with Alex's, we don't know about it, nor do the professional programmers at several large sys

tems houses. We know that because we tried to find something, anything, that might answer some of the problems Alex encountered. We searched through programming manuals line by line. We called programmers. At one point we considered Ouija boards. None of that was much help. It finally came down to Alex doing just a lot of hard work, finding out what will and will not run, finding compiler bugs and anomalies and glitches, writing them up, and trying another approach, until eventually he had things working properly.

Now of course I'm proud of him; but I'm also appalled. If this is a candidate for the language of the decade, we may have problems.

Implementer Blues

You'd be amazed at some of the problems Alex ran into. For example, Kernighan and Plauger assume that the data-type records can contain files, and the ISO (International Standards Organization) standard for Pascal makes the same assumption. Pascal/MT+ follows the standard. Pascal/M, though, like UCSD Pascal, will not allow files in records, which makes file handling complex beyond belief if you want to have several files open at the same time. That situation alone required a number of special procedures and a week's work.

The Pascal/MT+ pattern-finder function POS, which is supposed to find the first instance of a pattern within an array, is not completely reliable. It usually works, but that's not good enough; and we didn't have time to map the boundary conditions, which would require more special tests.

Just getting text, when the routines assume that text files consist of 80-character lines terminated by a carriage return and linefeed, can be ridiculously complex.

Some bugs are obscure, but thoroughly deadly. Example: in Pascal/MT-I- if you open a comment and forget to close it (that can happen when you erase lines or when you nest comments), Pascal/MT+ goes away into never-never land; you have to reset the whole computer to recover. It doesn't report errors, it

224 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1982

225

just hangs up. Incidentally, Pascal/MT+ has Error #401, Unexpected End of Input, which is supposed to deal with that situation, but the message doesn't appear.

Neither the Pascal/M nor the Pascal/MT+ manual explains some vital things like forward declarations (stating the complete heading of a procedure before the first procedure or function that refers to it); and alas, neither do the textbooks that I mentioned earlier. The Pascal/M manual does refer the reader to page 82 of Jensen and Wirth's Pascal User Manual and Report (Springer-Verlag, 1975), but that doesn't help much. Alex had to add new sections to his teaching aid.

All the implementations—beginning with the UCSD compiler, which everyone has built around—have an annoying defect in string handling. They won't concatenate a single character into a string. They will concatenate "chr" types (example: chr(26) is Control-Z; chr(072) is H) but not single variables of type

CHAR. Someone ought to fix that. And on, and on, and on. Sigh.

Kernighan's Lament

My August column spoke of Unicorn Systems' implementation of the Kernighan and Plauger Software Tools and recommended that those who want to do their own programming learn Pascal rather than RATFOR and FORTRAN (see User's Column, August 1982 BYTE, page 342). Shortly after, I received a letter from Unicorn Systems' Deborah Sherrer.

Unicorn Systems publishes not only the Kernighan and Plauger Tools but, more important, what they call a "virtual operating system," that is, a Unix-like "shell" around CP/M. Mrs. Sherrer says, "The choice of language is not critical to the virtual operating system approach. Had the project been designed solely for the microcomputer environment, C or Pascal might have been a more appropriate choice. However, the preprocessor chosen (RATFOR) has proven quite success

ful in allowing portability between microcomputer and large machine environments. There is no reason why the package could not be available in several languages, though, perhaps with automatic translators between them. We are, in fact, looking into the possibility now and may eventually provide an automatic translator."

I hope Unicorn Systems does that. I like its "virtual operating system," because it lets the operating system do a number of the messy things that at the moment you must do inside your programs. One obvious example is file handling: one of the really horrible problems Alex had with implementing the Software Tools in Pascal was the difference in the ways that Pascal/M and Pascal/MT+ handle files; these problems go away if the operating system does this for you, and I am fond of Unicorn Systems' approach to the problem.

Deborah also enclosed a copy of Kernighan's lament.

In July, 1981, Brian Kernighan

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published Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report #100, entitled "Why Pascal Is Not My Favorite Programming Language." Alex's summary comment is that "he doesn't like Pascal because it isn't C." There's some justice to that. The C programming language was developed at Bell Labs, and Kernighan (with Dennis M. Ritchie) wrote the standard (and just about the only) book on the language {The C Language, Prentice-Hall, 1978).

There's also a lot of validity to Kernighan's indictments. The question before the house is, was Kernighan justified in concluding that "Pascal, at least in its standard form, is just plain not suitable for serious programing"; and if he was, then what changes must be made in Pascal to make it a "serious programming language"?

Kernighan divides his objections into four major categories: data types and scope, control flow, environment, and cosmetics.

His first complaint is universal. Pascal was designed as a "strongly typed" language. What that means in practice is that you cannot mindlessly set a variable of one type equal to a variable of another; the compiler will not let you do that. As Kernighan himself notes, this can be a pretty good thing, because it prevents the common FORTRAN mistake of sending a floating-point number off to a subroutine that expects an integer, causing a very hard to find error.

However, in Pascal the size of an array is part of its data type, which is to say that an array dimensioned, say, 10 by 10, is not only a different array from one dimensioned 10 by 15, but a different kind of animal, and it's very hard to set one array equal to another. Thus if you want to sort arrays, you have either to set aside a block of memory equal to the very largest array you will ever encounter, then use part of it, or recompile your program every time you have a new array size to worry about. The former method is very wasteful of memory. The latter procedure is at best inconvenient.

His next complaint is against a straw man—that is, there are no

string variables in standard Pascal. In the original language there are only arrays of characters, and because each array size is a different type, it is very messy to compare strings or set one string equal to another. Kernighan says, "This botch is the biggest single problem with Pascal. I believe that if it could be fixed, the language would be an order of magnitude more useful." Fortunately, it has been fixed. No actual implementation

of Pascal follows the standard. Nearly all CP/M Pascal implementations use the same device, namely, that a string is an array of characters with the zeroth element containing the string length. This has the inconvenient result that, in most 8-bit machines, strings cannot be longer than 255 characters, but it does give you a mechanism for getting the job done.

His next objection is certainly

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227

valid: there are no static variables in Pascal.

A static variable is one that is retained but confined inside a particular function or procedure. An example would be the seed with which you call a random number: there is no necessity for the program as a whole to be able to see that seed, but certainly you must keep it around between calls to the random number function.

Alas, Pascal can't do that. When

you exit a Pascal function or procedure, all its variables go away. To retain the seed, you would have to make it external to the procedure (and probably global), where it can be seen and interfered with by other parts of the program. This can lead to side effects, and bugs thereby generated are among the hardest to find.

And so forth. I'm not going through Kernighan's paper point by

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point; those interested should get a copy. However, one of his objections requires some discussion.

Terrorized by GOTO?

One real problem of Pascal is that it has no "break" statement; neither is there a "return" from a function or procedure.

This latter is not a bug, it's a feature: that is, the structured programming approach demands that there be a single entrance and a single exit from any part of a program. In Pascal, you "return" from a function or procedure by running off the end of it.

The problem comes when you want a program that goes

(Pseudo-C version) while (getnext(stuff)) { IF (something)

break rest of while loop. }

This is harder to implement in Pascal than it might seem. As Kernighan points out, the approach

done : = false while (not done) and (getnext(stuff)) DO if something then

done : = true else begin

rest of loop end;

doesn't work, because in Pascal you cannot force the "(not done)" to be evaluated before the next call of "getnext". Getting around this leads to an extra level of nesting, for you must put the "getnext" loop inside a "while (not done)" loop.

Pascal enthusiasts would say, "And so what? It's a lot clearer if you make these tests explicitly hierarchical rather than relying on your knowledge of the compiler to see what's done first." They have a point, too. The C programming language (which does guarantee the order of expression evaluations) is popular with computer hackers, but it has a number of fine points that make it hard to use for those who don't work

228 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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at it a lot; at least I've found that to be true.

Still, the lack of a "break" statement in Pascal can, in more complex situations than the above, lead to some funny-looking code complete with superfluous "bookkeeping" variables. Kernighan goes on to say: "Of course recidivists can use a GOTO and a label (numeric only and it has to be declared) to exit a loop. Otherwise, early exits are a pain, almost always requiring the invention of a Boolean variable [a Boolean variable is one that takes only two values, true and false] and a certain amount of cunning."

Query: why is using GOTO and a label so horrible?

Yes, I know; questions like that can get me thrown out of the lodge. We've all been taught that use of GOTO is always improper. But is it? In the early days, the GOTO was much abused, so that it was impossible to follow program logic. The code led you into an opaque tangle of spaghetti.

But because something can be abused doesn't mean it has to be abolished. To return to our example, I see nothing at all wrong with:

LABEL 99;

begin

while (getnext(stuff)) DO

if (something) then GOTO 99

(* you're done *) else begin rest of loop; 99: (* exit point *)

end;

I mean, really, how is this different from the "break" statement? Is it harder to understand? To claim that any use of GOTO is "recidivist" is, in my view, blind prejudice.

There's a New C A'comin'. . . .

I have mixed emotions about the C programming language. On the one hand, I open Kernighan and Ritchie and read a chapter or so, and I think I understand what they're saying; then I go try to write some code in C, and the results are an unmitigated disaster. I think I know what a statement like

230 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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for (i = 0; i < N; i++)

says, although you don't have to be away from the language long to forget; but then comes

int n;

for (n = 0; *s ! =

n+ + return(n);

'\0; s++)

and I have to think some more. Whatever else you say about C, it doesn't much resemble English.

These are not fatal objections; as I said, I often find myself tempted to try using C, especially after I've spent a few minutes talking with Leor Zolman; his enthusiasm is catching. One big problem has been that we don't have a full C for small computers. (True, there's Whitesmiths C; but it wasn't intended for microcomputers; it's a fluke that it works with a Z80 or 8080, getting it running is no easy task, and if you're using it you don't need to read my columns to tell you about languages.)

Then there's Leor's BDS C (BD Software C), available from Lifeboat Associates. I've written about it many times; the main limit to BDS C is that it hasn't any floating-point data types. There are a few other limits, so that you can't—or at least / can't—just copy programs out of Kernighan and Ritchie and expect them to run.

There are a surprising number of other C compilers. Dr. James Van Zandt of Nashua, New Hampshire, has been kind enough to list them all for me:

• Small-C: written by Ron Cain, source code published in Dr. Dobb's Journal, no. 45, May 1980. Small subset of C, excludes structures, multidimensional arrays, floating point, case statements, and other vital stuff. Source and object code available for $17 from The Code Works.

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• Infosoft C: An extensive rewrite of Small-C by Richard Roth, described in an article in Dr. Dobb's Journal, November 1981. (Lacks float, goto, &&, etc.). Complex availability: "A runable version for $50 in conjunction with our SAL structured assembler development tool kit listed at S225. Or source may be licensed for an additional $250 when the runable version is licensed." From Infosoft Systems Inc.

• Supersoft C: They claim this is "most of version 7 Unix standard C." Object code is $250. Available from Supersoft Associates.

• Aztec C II: "All C language features except bit fields." Advertised in Dr. Dobb's Journal, no. 65, March 1982. Object code, assembler, linker available for $195 from Technical Software Systems. Compiler without floating-point numbers or long integers, $135.

• tiny-c One (interpreter) and tiny-c Two (compiler): A small language similar to C, described in Dr. Dobb's Journal, May 1980. Interpreter source and object code ($100) and compiler object code ($250) available from tiny-c Associates.

Dr. Van Zandt reports: "I've used Small-C and have started enhancing it. My version compiles at about 220 lines a minute, but it's still slow. I'm looking for a fast compiler that handles floating-point numbers and a matching interpreter for fast debug

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 235

ging. I suspect I'm not alone. Can you help in our search?"

I'm not sure I can help; except for Whitesmiths and BDS, I don't have any of those C compilers, and just at the moment, there aren't any C fanatics among the students and associates working here. Perhaps one day both will materialize. Meanwhile, there is a promising development.

As I began this article, I got a telephone call from the people at MDBS (Micro Data Base Systems Inc., POB

248, Lafayette, IN 47902). MDBS is a bunch of Purdue University people with their commercial hats on.

They have arranged to obtain the source code to Leor Zolman's BDS C, which they are enhancing. In particular, they're adding floating-point numbers and long variables.

That might be the answer to Professor Van Zandt's problem. I know that Leor continues to improve his BDS C package, and the MDBS people have a prodigious reputation for

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nearly indestructible software. The combination may be unbeatable.

However, I can't make any promises or guarantees about any of these. I'm not really competent to evaluate C compilers, since I barely know the language. From the amount of mail I get, I know many of my readers are interested in C, and indeed so am I, so I'm happy to report what I can; but alas, I can only report what I know, which isn't much.

MDBS

The MDBS program itself is a structured database system that ties into a regular programming language. I'm not certain precisely which languages are supported; I know that versions to match BASIC, FORTRAN, and PL/I are available, because I have them. I do not have them running, and therein lies a tale.

Over a year ago, my mad friend Mac Lean became fascinated with PL/I and, after a couple of months' work, became quite proficient in the language. When MDBS offered evaluation copies of its database, I asked for versions in BASIC and PL/I. Mac Lean took the PL/I version away; but he soon returned it.

"What's the matter?" I asked.

"I'm not that expert," he said. "I'll stick to dBASE II, thanks."

MDBS went back on the shelf for a while. The other day I dusted it off to see what had discouraged Mac Lean. It didn't take long to find out.

The top document in the MDBS package was "A Primer on Data Base Management Systems" by Dr. Clyde Holsapple.

I am thinking of giving an award for the most opaque and unreadable document of the year; if I do, Dr. Holsapple is a hands-down winner. I'm sure there's a lot of information in there, but I could read that document until I go blind and I wouldn't understand it. As I sit staring at it, a few glimmers of sense get through to me, but as soon as I put it down, all flees from my head.

Consequently, I have never implemented any MDBS programs; like Mac Lean, I find either my own "minimum database" or dBASE II more than adequate. I have,

236 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1982 237

moreover, spoken with a number of MDBS users, including its owners, and they are universally agreed that MDBS is not a rival to dBASE II.

MDBS is for "professional programmers only," according to the company. You use MDBS to write highly structured database systems, accounting packages, accounts receivable, inventory management schemes, and highly cross-referenced filing systems. Most of the programming is done in the computer language of your choice; you then hook in the MDBS stuff, which is rigidly structured and said to be easy to work with once you know what you're doing.

Professional programmers I've talked with say they like MDBS. However, they also warn that it is not a tool for beginners. Moreover, most agree that MDBS in BASIC is not terribly useful: by the time you know enough about programming to be able to use MDBS, you'll have abandoned BASIC as a language.

My own suspicion is that's true, ex

cept for CB-80, which has sufficiently structured concepts to avoid nearly all of BASIC'S quirks, and which is the one BASIC-like language that I think is a serious rival to Pascal and Ada.

As to the PL/1 version, Mac Lean wasn't just trying to get out of work. MDBS and dBASE II are quite different in their approach to data management. dBASE II and its rivals are relational databases. They store information in what is fundamentally a large two-dimensional array. MDBS and the CODASYL database systems are hierarchical in structure. They store information in "trees" and limit the ways that you can climb around in the data tree.

The hierarchical structures are very useful if you know in advance what data you will want to store and have some ideas about how you want the data structured. However, hierarchical structures are not very flexible; if you want to change things around, it's not impossible, but it is quite difficult.

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Relational structures, on the other hand, are slower and don't have the fancy record structure of the hierarchical databases; but they're much easier to set up and work with, and, more important, they're a whack of a lot easier to change. It's much easier to add new data categories to a relational database than it is to stuff them into a hierarchical system.

All of this is—more or less—explained in the MDBS documents, not all of which are quite as opaque as Holsapple's "Primer." Fair warning, though: to get through MDBS, you'll want to be pretty familiar with the computer language of your choice, and you'll want to know a good bit about the structure of the database you're trying to set up. I won't point out that you'll also have to be highly motivated: only the highly motivated will get through the introductory MDBS documents.

The Example Remover?

There's an old proverb, Whom the gods love, they chastise. I hope I may without blasphemy apply that to my relationship with Digital Research (DR).

That is, it should be obvious that I like CP/M, CB-80, Pascal/MT-f, and PL/I, all of which are sold by DR; and indeed I'm particularly fond of CB-80, which is certainly the only BASIC that might rival Pascal.

My fondness for DR's products does not, however, extend to its documentation. Now true, I am on public record as saying that I think the old Compiler Systems CBASIC documents among the best in the microcomputer world. Alas, those were written by Gordon Eubanks prior to his company's being bought out by DR. After the sale, Gordon became a vice-president of DR and moved up to Monterey. CBASIC and CB-80 are now published by Digital Research.

The first edition of the CB-80 manual wasn't bad. It has those railroad-track syntax diagrams that I find either trivial or incomprehensible, but like the CBASIC manuals before it, it has plenty of examples.

It wasn't complete (as I learned

238 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 406 on inquiry card.

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240 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

when I got the obscene-sounding ERROR FU and couldn't find ERROR FU in the error list), and in places it was even wrong, as for example when it told how to make the compiler call attention to any undeclared variables in your program (this is an excellent optional feature of CB-80). So there came out a second edition.

Alas, although it now documents the FU error, the second edition has fewer examples; it's as if someone went through and took out some as superfluous.

If there are any software publishers listening, HEAR AND BELIEVE: there is no such thing as a superfluous example! Even poor documents can be made tolerable if they have plenty of examples, because then you can reason your way by induction; but when there aren't examples, what can you do?

Moreover, the act of testing your examples (and please, please, never publish an example unless you yourself have tested it!!) may show you things you didn't know about your program.

Item: one of Gordon Eubanks's assistants told me that the Read Line function in CB-80 reads until it reaches a carriage return.

"Goody!" thought I, for one of my biggest problems is how to deal with text created by editors that mark line ends with a carriage return but no linefeed, since ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange—the character set we all use in CP/M) has no single Newline character.

I proceeded to write a text-mashing program. After all, CB-80 can handle strings up to 32,000 characters long; this ought to make it simple to do things to text. Unfortunately, as I learned to my sorrow, CB-80's Read Line does not read until it finds a carriage return. It reads until it finds a linefeed, and of course there aren't any in the files I wanted to work on.

Indeed, the problem gets even more complex: many text editors treat the formfeed character as a Newline as well as a New Page; that is, if you end a line of text with the FF character, the editor believes that you've also ended the line. This isn't an optimum

situation, but lots of editors do it, so if you're trying to get text files into a program, you have to deal with the situation.

Eventually I got the following letter from Gordon Eubanks:

Read Line reads until a linefeed is found. The carriage return is then stripped off the string. The bottom line is that the Read Line works with text files delimited with a carriage return and linefeed pair. The documentation will be updated to clarify this issue. A bigger problem is that many users, I am sure, would like to read text files delimited by a carriage return either followed by a linefeed or not followed by a linefeed.

The reason Read Line is implemented this way is historic. (Historic in the sense that it was perhaps not the best thought out decision.) To change it now would jeopardize many existing programs. I feel a strong obligation to support existing programs and software developers. Any ideas on a solution?

On thinking about it, I have: add a new read statement, say, READ UNTIL (X) where X is something the user can insert for himself. The structure might be a Boolean flag that's false until the (X) character is encountered, then goes true; with that a programmer could handle nearly any file structure. You'd want to be able to do more than one READ UNTIL paired as OR statements: that is, suppose XI is a carriage return character (ASCII decimal 13) and X2 is a formfeed (ASCII decimal 12); then you READ UNTIL (XI) OR (X2) and you'd have solved the problem of getting text from any editor.

Gordon adds, "The GET function will read a character at a time from a text file and allow you to build strings as you desire. Since CB-80 supports 32,000-byte strings, this is quite practical for many applications."

All true, and one reason I wanted to use CB-80 for my text masher. The problem is that GET is fairly slow. Ah, well.

I found one last problem with CB-80: I wanted to read in text, play about with it, and output it in lines of 80 or fewer characters, broken at spaces between words and terminated by a carriage-return/linefeed pair. (This is program Normal, which is available as part of Alex's Pascal In

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tro package.) Alas, there's a problem in CB-80's output system, namely, that when it is supposed to output a completely blank line, it puts out a linefeed only without a carriage return; it's only if there's a space, or something, on the line that it puts out the carriage-return/linefeed pair that together make an ASCII Newline (which the documents imply is what CB-80 believes is a Newline character). This makes it very hard to set up Pascal programs that read the text so produced, especially if they're supposed to be programs that can work with both Pascal/M and Pascal/MT + , since M and MT + look for different line terminators. (Pascal/M ignores linefeed characters entirely.)

Eventually I prevailed, but the result is not as fast as I'd like. Anyway, it works; but the CB-80 manual doesn't mention how CB-80 marks empty lines.

Jiggering Up Your IBM

In the West Coast Computer Faire report ("Computers for Humanity," July 1982 BYTE, page 392), I mentioned an article about how to buy a bare-bones IBM Personal Computer and add your own memory and disk drives. I inadvertently didn't include a reference to the article, which appeared in the first issue of a magazine called Personal Computer Age, 10057 Commerce Ave., Tujunga, CA 91042.

That Wrecked Keyboard

Readers will recall that I am no enthusiast of the key layout on the IBM Personal Computer (PC). The company has put extra keys between the normal typewriter-key layout's Z key and the Shift key, and it has reduced the size of the Return key and moved it far, far away from the home keys. It's an understatement to say I'm no enthusiast: indeed, I think it is (1) an insult to American touch-typists and (2) an unmitigated disaster. (I'm reminded of the lawyer who sent a telegram saying, "Sir: F—You. Strong letter follows.")

Davis Foulger of New Canaan, Connecticut, who otherwise likes my column, says:

You're wrong about the keyboard on the IBM Personal Computer. ... I met the engineer who designed it at a conference in New York. He was obviously pained by the criticism of his baby. . . . He told me that he had a lot of research to support the assertion that the IBM Personal Computer's keyboard was considerably better than a Selectric keyboard.

There follows a certain amount of irrelevant material condemning the QWERTY keyboard. It's not that it isn't true: we all know that not only is QWERTY not optimum for touchtyping, but it was designed that way! That is, when mechanical typewriters first came out, the young ladies using them were able to strike sequences of keys faster than the typewriter could keep up; so the keyboard layout was

I didn't ask IBM to

improve my typing. I

only wanted a

keyboard, not a career.

changed to separate key sequences like "th" and "ou" to slow down the typists. The fact remains that QWERTY is what most people learned on, and while it's easy to learn a new board like the Dvorak, it's nearly impossible to go back to a QWERTY after you've learned a new keyboard.

Then he points out that the IBM PC keyboard has a lot of keys that normal typewriters don't have. Where should they go?

Now I agree that putting on the full ASCII key set is a must for a good keyboard, and one of my major criticisms of the Osborne 1 is that it doesn't have the tilde (~), grave O, and curly braces { }; indeed, the first thing I look at when I see a new computer is the keyboard, and if it's missing some of the keys my enthusiasm wanes rapidly.

But that, too, is irrelevant. My ancient DECwriter keyboard has the full set of ASCII keys while retaining the Selectric layout including the oversize Return and Shift keys. Mr. Foulger writes that once you become used to the IBM PC keyboard, you find your typing becomes much more accurate.

"Since the Shift key on a Selectric is big, we can be clumsy in reaching for it. As a result, we often are. The PC keyboard forces precision. The Shift key is a small target that won't allow the user to make mistakes in reaching for it. As a result, typing improves."

The problem is that I didn't ask IBM to improve my typing. I only wanted a keyboard, not a career.

Comes now Jim Baen. Jim was my editor at Galaxy magazine and later at Ace Books. Somewhere along the line he caught my enthusiasm for small computers, and when the IBM PC came out, he bought one of the very first.

He loves it, except for the silly wrecked keyboard. They say you can get used to hanging if you hang long enough, and he could get used to the IBM keyboard — except that he has to go back to the office, where they have normal IBM Selectrics. You can't get used to the PC if you have to use normal machines too.

Jim Baen, however, doesn't give up. He's interested in computer games—one game he's going to publish will be Inferno, by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle—for the IBM PC; and now he's found a progammer who thinks he can write software to alter the IBM PC keyboard. The alteration would convert the stupid keys between the Z and the Shift, and the 7 and the Shift into Shift keys. It would also convert the ridiculous key that's been put between the home keys and Return into a Return key. To get the characters that these "extra" keys normally make, you hit ALT and the key.

Jim's programmer swears that will work; as of now it's not available but will be Real Soon Now, at which time I may go buy an IBM PC.

Meanwhile, I see from the DEC personal computer documentation that DEC's keyboard also has software reprogrammable keys, and it's probable that some similar trick can be worked with it. It's a pity that you have to kludge things up that way; you'd have thought that IBM and DEC had people smart enough to quit winners. And one day someone will come out with a properly designed keyboard.

242 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SW

CHRISLIN YEARS AHEAD IN MEMORY DESIGN

512KB SINGLE BOARD IBM MEMORY W/RS232-C PORT

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 64KB increments thru 1 megabyte.

• On board parity with interrupt on parity error.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $895.00 MEMDISK 1: $10.00

MEMDISK 1 Allows memory to emulate disks. Increases system performance!!

64KB SINGLE BOARD EXORCISOR 1, 11, AND ROCKWELL SYSTEMS 65 MEMORY

» Parity checker on board.

> Addressable as a contiguous block in 4K increments with

respect to VXA or VUA. » Pin to Pin compatibility.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $390.00

64KB SINGLE BOARD S100 MEMORY

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 4K word increments.

• Battery back-up capability.

• Functions with onboard refresh.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $390.00

512KB SINGLE BOARD MULTIBUS MEMORY

Pin to Pin MULTIBUS compatibility for both 8 bit and 16

bit systems.

On board parity with selectable interrupt on parity

ERROR.

Addressable as a contiguous block in 16K word

increments up to 16 megabytes.

SINGLE QTY. PRICE: $1395.00

256KB SINGLE BOARD LSI 11 MEMORY

On board parity generator checker. Addressable as a contiguous block in 4K word increments through 4 megabytes. Battery back-up mode. SINGLE QTY. PRICE: 128K x 18 $795.00

32K x 18 $390.00

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH.

c

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362 • 213-991-2254 TWX 910-494-1253 (CHRISLIN WKVG)

Multibus is a trademark ot the Intal Corp. Circle 88 on Inquiry card.

LSI II is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

EXORciser is a trademark ot Motorola.

BYTE December 1982

243

Dire Warnings

Mr. Dale Peters of Oklahoma City is a professional programmer who uses COBOL. He wants me to warn microcomputer users away from COBOL before they become ensnared.

I agree with his sentiments, but I wouldn't have thought the warning necessary. However, Mr. Peters says that applications programming schools are still turning out so-called programmers who know nothing but COBOL, and that data-processing shop managers are beginning to make a serious distinction between COBOL-coders and "real programmers," which they must do "as the cost of program maintenance gets higher and higher compared to hardware costs."

I suppose I have been naive in thinking COBOL a dying language. If my views have any weight, I agree with Edsger Dijkstra: "Teaching COBOL ought to be regarded as a criminal act. . . ." The language is obsolete, limited in power and scope, and not well implemented on small computers. Most COBOL programs I have seen are hard to understand and harder to maintain. There has to be a better language for almost any application you have in mind.

Real Soon Now

Chaos Manor is filled with new stuff. I suppose it's appropriate since it's my birthday today. There's a neat new system that lets you read and write 8-inch CP/M files from an Atari 800. It comes from Vincent Cate, 6708 Landerwood, San Jose, CA 95120, and I've heard good reports about it. It's off with one of my associates who has an Atari; full report next month, but for now I'll just say it works.

We also have sitting on the living room floor the conversion kit to turn my DEC VT100 terminal into a DEC VT180 small computer. Holly Thompson, the DEC marketing lady who brought the system over, says the conversion will take only an hour or so. (Holly, incidentally, is one of the Friends of the English Regency, which Mrs. Marilyn Niven, my partner's wife, is so mad on.) In any event,

full report when I get back from Europe.

I have some intriguing new software, too, such as the Statcom CRTform (Statcom, Suite 202, 5766 Balcones, Austin, TX 78731) programs that say they're programs that write programs. I have versions for CBASIC, PL/I, and PASCAL/MT +. They look similar to the MDBS pro

I suppose I have been

naive in thinking

COBOL a dying

language.

grams, but the documents are a whole lot easier for me to understand. Alex will play with the MT+ version while I loll about in Florence and Venice.

Some time ago (see User's Column, January 1982 BYTE, page 132) I reported on the Lobo LX-80, which takes the place of the expansion interface for the TRS-80 Model I. It's more reliable, has many new features including an external data separator, contains part of an operating system in PROM (programmable read-only

memory), and in general is elegant; it kept my TRS-80 viable for at least a year longer than I'd otherwise have used it.

Eliot Lane of Lobo (354 South Fairview, Goleta, CA 93117) tells me Lobo has done it again: a full 64K-byte 5-MHz Z80 computer intended to compete with the TRS-80 Model III, to sell for about $800. Eliot is bringing one around for Alex to play with while I'm in Europe, so he should be pretty familiar with it by the time I return. If it's as well made as the Lobo LX-80 was, it should be quite a machine. [For a Product Description of the Lobo Max-80, see page 390 of this issue. . . EDI

And of course there's the Otrona Attache, which is a briefcase computer that competes with the Osborne 1 in the same way that a BMW competes with a Volkswagen. I'm taking the Attache rather than the Osborne 1 to Europe because the Attache has a higher tolerance for strange power frequencies and has switch settings to accommodate some of the voltages we're likely to encounter. With any luck there'll be both photographs and a report.■

Items Reviewed

Aztec C II

object code

$195

Technical Software Systems

compiler

$135

POB 55

Shrewsbury, NJ 07701

(201) 780-4004

BDSC

$150

Lifeboat Associates

1651 Third Ave.

New York, NY 10028

(212) 860-0300

C compiler for CP/M

$750

Whitesmiths Ltd.

Parkway Towers

485 U. S. Rte. 1 South

Iselin, NJ 08830

(201) 750-9000

C/80, version 2.0

$49.95

The Software Toolworks

14478 Glorietta Dr.

Sherman Oaks, CA 91423

(213) 986-4885

Continued on page 246

244 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 35A ov\ mquvrv card.

OF ALL THE THINGS YOU BUY,

HOW MANY ARE

MiltJ »14t[*l! Lfl; ■ £*J ;j

WARRANTED 5 YEARS?

Few disks stand the test of time. Because few are built to the precision standards or certified to the critical levels of Omni's complete line. Each Omni disk is rated for 12 million passes without diskrelated errors or significant wear. Each is certified error-free at a minimum of twice the error

threshold of your system. And built to exceed all industry specifications including those of ANSI, ECMA, ISO and virtually every drive manufacturer. So you can count on them for the long haul. We guarantee it. Call toll-free (800 343-7620) for your nearest dealer. In Mass., call 617 799-0197.

Omni Resources, 4 Oak Pond Ave., Millbury, Mass. 01527

Dealers. Software houses.

Check our prices, services and specifications. We offer duplicating, formatting, private labeling, small minimums, fast delivery and copy protection schemes on disks for virtually any system.

SKfr/rnVS*5

,' I

THE DISK GOOD ENOUGH TO BE WARRANTED 5 YEARS

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

SUPERBRAIN II

Model List Our Price

SB II 350K byte $2495 $1875

SB II QD 750K $2995 $2250

SB II SD 1.4mb $3495 $2750

NORTHSTAR

ADVANTAGE

$2675

ALTOS Call lor lowest prices!

Franklin Ace 1000 tor education, games, and business, Apple compatible. .Call lor Lowest Prices!

HARD DISKS

Corona

5 MB lor IBM $1599

I0MB FOR IBM $1999

Anadex 200cps. 132 col $1359

NEC 8023A $479

NEC 3510. 33cps. letter quality $1799

NEC 7710. 55cps, letter quality $2375

Smith Corona, 12cps, letter quality $685

Prowriter, parallel $475

F-10 by C. Itoh, 40cps, daisy wheel $1400

Okidata 82A. 120cps, serial, parallel $474

Okidata 83A. 120cps. serial, parallel $724

Epson, all models available Call for Price

Olivetti DY211. 20cps $1368

Hayes Smartmodem $21 9

Hayes 1200 Baud $559

Anchor Signalman . $79

Racal-Vadic 1200 baud $728

Vert Tel Call lor Price

NEC Green Screen, hi res $170

NEC Color $329

Taxan RGB hi res color $31 5

Amdek Color II $722

Amdek 300A Amber monitor $164

SOFTWARE

Tons ol software available for CP/M and Apple. Our prices are great so call us tor pricing before you buy

APPLE ITEMS

Z-80 Softcard w/CP/M & manual $285

16K RAM Card $136

Videoterm 80 do. card $252

Software Call lor great prices!

To Order Call (206) 362-3398

Call TOLL FREE 1-800-531-3133

PACIFIC COMPUTERS

Division ol Mickel Assoc. 11056 Palatine N. Seattle, WA 98133

Continued from page 244:

cw/c

$75

Q/C

$95

Small-C

$17

The Code Works

POB 550

Goleta, CA 93116

(805) 683-1585

Infosoft C

with SAL structured

$275

Infosoft Systems Inc.

assembler development tool kit

25 Sylvan Road South

for those who have SAL

$50

Westport, CT 06880

source code (available

$250

(203) 226-8937

to those with licensed programs)

MDBS

version 1

$1300

International Software Enterprises (distributor)

version 3

$2250

85 West Algonquin

Arlington Heights, IL 60005

(800) 323-3629

Pascal Introduction Package

$50

Workman and Associates

112 Marion Ave.

Pasadena, CA 91106

(213) 796-4401

Pascal/M

$395

Sorcim Corporation

405 Aldo Ave.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 727-7634

Pascal/MT+

8080, 8085, Z80

$350

8086, 8088

$600

CB-80

$500

Digital Research

POB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(408) 649-3896

Small-C Plus

$25

Alpha Omega Computer Systems Inc.

POBU

Corvallis, OR 97339

(503) 754-1911

Supersoft C

object code

$250

Supersoft Associates

POB 1628

Champaign, IL 61820

(217) 359-2112

tiny-c One (interpreter)

(with source on disk and manual)

$100

tiny-c Two (compiler)

(with source on disk

$250

tiny-c Associates

and manual)

POB 269

Holmdel, NJ 07733

(201) 671-2296

Software Tools for CP/M (with

$335

virtual operating system)

Unicorn Systems

30261 Palomares Rd.

Castro Valley, CA 94546

(415) 881-4490

246 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Cvvvvv,

THE SOLUTION IS IN THE VISISERIES.

No matter what kind of problems you're trying to solve with an IBM Personal Computer, there's a program in the ever-expanding IBM VisiSeries™ line that will give you the solution. Faster, better, smarter.

Take our IBM VisiCalc® program. It's #lin the business. Because it takes the work out of working with business numbers. The IBM VisiCalc program is the powerful "electronic worksheet" that speeds planning and budgeting. You can ask "what if?" and see the answers immediately. So you can analyze the impact of decisions before you make them.

Our IBM VisiTrend/PIot™ program makes it easy to analyze data and see the results in easy-to-understand charts and graphs.

With our IBM VisiFile™ program you can organize, maintain and more effectively use the information your business needs.

Is a lot of your workday taken up with scheduling projects and estimat

ing costs? Our IBM VisiSchedule™ program will help you do it better, with a lot less work.

And for helping you manage your valuable time, organize your personal information, nothing could be of more value than our IBM VisiDex" program.

Our IBM VisiCalc Business Forecasting Model™ package will give you vital financial information about your business.

And our IBM Desktop/Plan™ program will speed and automate all your finan cial and business planning.

Put the IBM VisiSeries pro grams to work on your IBM Personal Com puter. Do it by December 31,1982 and get three

programs for the price of two!

Get all the details from your VisiCorp retail computer dealer. Or write Customer Services, VisiCorp, 2895 Zanker Road, San Jose, CA 95134.

THE IBM

VisiSeries From

VisiCorp"

PERSONAL SOFTWARE"

© 1982 VisiCorp. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Commitment: 1.T0

or promise to do something. 2. Committal "based on trust and confidence.

S.D. Systems commitment to high technology continues:

1. Industry standard S-100 modules.

2. Enhanced modular features to ease system integration.

3. CP/M, MP/M, OASIS and TURBO-DOS compatible SOFTWARE.

4. ULTRA FAST CP/M "3-0" OPERATING SYSTEM WITH EXTENDED UTILITIES AVAILABLE NOW!

• New"XSUB" Features

• MP/M II File Size Characteristics

• Supports Multiple Memory Banks

S-100

Modular

Products

All Modular Products

CP/AA 3*0 compatible.

SBC-200

The SBC-200, an advanced single board computer using the Z80A, is among the most powerful CPU cards available.

Versa Floppy II

Enhanced Flexible Disk Drive Controller

The Versafloppy II is a state-ofthe-art flexible disk drive controller. It can interface with the most widely used drives in the field and handle any four drives simultaneously. Possible combinations are many, including:

• 5Va" single-sided density

• 8" single-sided double density

• 8" double-sided single density

ExpandoRAM II and 111

Our ExpandoRAM offers state-ofthe-art dynamic Random Access Memory from 16K to 256K and operates on the industry standard S-100 bus. Using the ExpandoRAM, you can operate up to eight

boards on the same bus. True Software bank select and page mode features allow the servicing of multiple users without RAM interference, so you can keep your system speed up. Invisible refresh and synchronization with wait states ensure fast processing.

The ExpandoRAM is compatible with most S-100 Z80A CPUs. Combine the ExpandoRAM with other SDSYSTEMS boards and you have a totally integrated system with exceptional capabilities.

VDB-8024

On-Board Z80A Microprocessor SDSYSTEMS

VDB-8024 is a state-of-the-art video display driver board operating on the industry standard S-100 bus and incorporating all the capabilities of a stand-alone terminal. The on-board Z80A microprocessor allows control of all video functions without interfering with the CPU board (The SBC-200). More speed. More efficiency.

The CRT-5037 Video Timer and Controller used with the Z80A provides a glitch free display so it's easier for your operators to read.

Requird on-board EPROM supplies all software control.

MPC-4

Multi-port Communicator with Four Serial Ports

The MPC-4 is an S-100 bus, Z80A controlled, intelligent multi-port communications board. Its state-ofthe-art design allows up to 15 MPC-4s to be addressed from one

bus. For you, this means that your system can grow as your needs increase.

Four buffered RS-232 serial I/O channels allow for both multi-user and communications applications. And on-board static RAM allows for basic multi-task applications and can be expanded to 2K RAM through two 24 pin sockets.

The on-board Z80A acts as your traffic controller and prevents interference to the host CPU. Faster response times are the result. In addition, you can use the 2K PROM (expandable to 4K) to program the system for variable protocols and terminals.

The MPC-4 offers you flexibility and expandability for system growth as you need it.

Available NOW!

Hardware Review

Autocontrol's AC-85

A CP/M System on One Board

JoAnne Benedict

RR 1, Box 221B4

Longmont, CO 80501

The Autocontrol single-board computer is one of the best buys on the market. You get a complete computer on a single circuit card; it has been assembled, tested, and burned in for one week. It only needs to be connected to a video terminal and some disk drives in order to run the CP/M disk operating system and attendant software.

Photo 1: The author's AC-85 mounted in a homemade cabinet.

250 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Although not quite as flexible as an S-100 system, a single-board computer is a cost-efficient way to get nofrills computing power.

"Maximum function at minimum cost." That was our primary goal as we began our search for the computer. Although word processing would be the primary use, we wanted enough versatility for record keeping and engineering problem solving. We wanted a smallbusiness computer at the cost of a personal computer.

After examining and rejecting many popular systems because they were either too expensive or did not provide enough function, we decided to try to put together a system ourselves. Because I am a programmer and my husband is an electronics engineer, we believed we should have more than sufficient expertise to solve whatever problems would arise. We considered several singleboard computers and S-100 bus systems, but finally decided on Autocontrol's AC-85 (see photo 1) as providing the best function at the least cost.

The AC-85 board has a fast 8085A-2 central processor and 64K bytes of memory. The floppy-disk controller is an NEC (Nippon Electric Company) /iPD765, which can support up to four 8-inch single- or double-sided floppydisk drives in either single- or double-density, with any mix of disks running at the same time. The disk controller can handle 5V4-inch disk drives, but the custom CP/M BIOS (basic input/output system) from Autocontrol will not recognize them. Three RS-232C channels with software-selectable settings of 50 to 19,200 bps (bits per second) will support a terminal, a printer, and any auxiliary serial device. The AC-85 board sells for $750 and is fully assembled, tested, and burned in for one week.

The AC-85 comes with a stand-alone monitor in PROM (programmable read-only memory). If Autocontrol's version of CP/M 2.2 is ordered, a new PROM with a custom BIOS is also shipped. This PROM will automatically load either a regular CP/M distribution disk or a custom CP/M disk from Autocontrol. During a cold boot, the custom BIOS and some common disk

10 reasons why you

should call DataSourcef

for software...

1

2 3.

4. 5.

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Competitive Prices Our volume enables us to offer you prices which are consistently • competitive. Compare for yourself, then call us toll-free 800-328-2260.

6.

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We stand behind everything we sell. If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, return the item within 60 days and receive a full refund.

7

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Discount Structures We offer significant discounts to any individual, organization or user's group purchasing in quantity.

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8 9. 10.

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Here's a small sampling of products available now from DataSource.® (If you don't see what you need, just call us at the number below)

DBMS

Spelling

dBase II - Ashton-Taie

$495

Spellguard - Sorcim

$225

Condor II - Condor

$450

Spellstar - MicroPro The Word - Oasis

$165

Selector V - Micro-AP

$395

$ 70

Data Star - MicroPro

$225

Super Sort I - MicroPro

$170

Hardware

Smith-Corona TP-1

$689

Spreadsheets

C.ItohF-10 Star Writer - 40CPS

$1,475

Super Calc - Sorcim

$199

C.ItohF-lOPrintmaster - 55CPS

Call for price

CalcStar - MicroPro

$185

C.Itoh Pro Writer

$515

Visicalc - VisiCorp

$159

C.Itoh Pro Writer-Serial

$650

Visicalc256K - VisiCorp

$195

^ayes Smart Modem 300

$230

Hayes Smart Modem 300/1200

Call for price

Languages

Pascal MT+ - Digital Research

$425

Signalman MKI Modem

$ 99

PL-1/80 - Digital Research

$420

Basic Compiler - Micro Soft

$310

Basic 80 - Microsoft

C Basic - Digital Research

CB80 - Digital Research

$275 $125 $420

NEW! Only from DataSource*

EMULINKforthelBMPC $995.00 On-Line Binarysynchronous link to the big IBM

Word Processing

Wordstar - MicroPro

host. Full 3270 emulation for the IBM Personal

$289

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Wordstar/Mailmerge - MicroPro

$385

with diskette and board.

Mince - Mark of Unicorn

The Final Word - Mark of Unicorn

$148 $250

A product of Micro Link Corporation.

Please include 3% lor shipping and handling. Minnesota residents, add 5% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice

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MoriwCardQ.

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• MIRKAN ' IXWJIII,

Circle 166 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

251

At a Glance

Name

RS232-C Channels

AC-85 one-board CP/M

Three serial channels of

computer

2651-type with 16 selectable

data rates from 50 bps to

Manufacturer

19,200 bps

Autocontrol Inc.

1 ! 744 Westline Industrial Dr.

Options

St. Louis, MO 63141

None, but power supplies

(314) 739-0055

and extra cables may be pur

chased

Price

S750 (includes RS-232C and

Software

power cables); instruction

2K-byte monitor EPROM

manual, S1 5

(2716); CP/M 2.2 is available

completely configured for an

Dimensions

additional S 150; programs to

8.5 by 12 inches

format single- and double

density disks; diagnostics

Processor

programs for memory, inter

Intel 8085A-2

rupts, and disks; software to

reconfigure an existing CP/M

System Clock Frequency

2.2 operating system

10 MHz

Comments

Memory

Knowledge of connectors.

64K-byte dynamic program

reading circuit diagrams, and

mable memory; 8202A RAM

8085 machine language is

controller; PROM memory;

needed; board comes fully

2716, 2K-byte ultraviolet

tested and burned in for one

erasable PROM contains a

week, so few problems

bootstrap loader or a

should occur

monitor program

Audience

Mass Storage

Those trying to save money

NEC fiPD7b5 disk controller

while obtaining an effective

capable of controlling four

computer system

8-inch floppy-disk drives in

single- or double-density

AC-85 POWER CABLE

routines are moved from the PROM into main memory and the density of each disk is determined. The density of the disks may not be changed without doing another cold boot. The bootstrap loader also moves CP/M from the system disk into memory.

Software is provided in Autocontrol's reconfigured CP/M disk for changing the serial port's data rates or formatting disks. Diagnostic programs for checking the memory, interrupts, and the single- and double-density floppy disks are also included. If you already have CP/M 2.2, a configuration disk is available separately.

Autocontrol's comprehensive manual contains instructions for loading a 20K-byte CP/M distribution disk, loading the AC-85 single-density disk, making 63K-byte CP/M single- or double-density disks, and for making the disk automatically cold boot when the system is first turned on. The manual also explains how to change the data rates for the terminal, printer, and auxiliary devices by modifying a code on the disk. By altering another byte in the same code, you can use either Autocontrol's PROM BIOS or the BIOS residing on the system disk.

P5

u>

<D

[H> <D

(l4>

POWER SUPPLY

-RED

-BLACK-BLUE — -BLACK

■ORANGE-BLACK — -GRAY

-BR0WN

-O +5V

-< I +5V RTN

-f~> + 12V

-< | +12V RTN

-<~~J -12V RTN -| > 8V AC hT~| 8V RTN

Figure 1: Power-cable connection to the single-board computer.

Cable Connections for the AC-85

The AC-85 single-board computer has four interface connectors and one power-cable connector (see figure 1). The power-cable connector comes prewired and color coded according to the circuit schematic in Autocontrol's documentation. The board includes an op amp that conditions an 8-volt (V) signal developed from the AC power lines that the 8085 can use in a timing or clock program. The signal is routed through the power cable from either a small separate transformer or the transformer that produces the +5-V DC power supply. The power supply must provide +5 V at 1.5 amperes (A), +12 V at 0.3 A, and —12 V at 0.1 A. An on-board voltage regulator converts the —12 V to the —5 V needed for the 4116 memory devices. This power configuration is very easy to accommodate with currently available supplies. We decided to use a larger +5-V supply to power our Siemens floppydisk drives as well.

Autocontrol provides an RS-232C cable (25 conductors) with the connector to the board already mounted. All we had to do was check the connections needed at the terminal and wire the included connector to match. Autocontrol's instruction manual gives explicit instructions (see figure 2) for wiring all the needed cables to standard peripheral devices, but certain printers or terminals, such as an NEC Spinwriter, may require special configurations (see figure 2b). We found one small error in one of the schematic diagrams; they are correct, however, in the figures here.

The interface cable for the floppy-disk drives uses the standard Shugart pin assignments (see figure 3). We used a standard 50-pin card-edge connector and ribbon cable. Be very careful when attaching the ribbon cable to the pin and card-edge connectors, as a misalignment will result in the disk drives not working.

The instruction manual also gives clear instructions for wiring the options on the Shugart drives; those instructions do not apply to the Siemens drives. To interface to the NEC 765 floppy-disk controller, Siemens drives need two minor wiring changes: when the drives are connected in daisy-chain fashion, only the last drive must have the

252 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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* Speaker volume control on the back

* Expansion slots

Easy to assemble! All components are clearly silk screened on the circuit board. Kit includes pre-drilled double sided PC Board, all integrated circuits, sockets, professional high-impact plastic casing, keyboards, connectors and switching power supply. Dealer inquiries invited, noco.d. orders

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Circle 204 on inquiry card.

(2a)

AC-85 CONNECTOR

(TXD) \jy

(RXO) <T}

CABLING FROM AC-85

TERM IN ALTELEVIDEO 950 CONNECTOR

(RTS) |T>— (CTS) <Jj

(dsr) <n]—

(DTR) [U>— (DCD) <ll]— (GND) <TJ>

<±>

(2b)

AC-85 CONNECTOR

(TXD) [T>

(RXD) 5

(RTS) 1

(CTS) <T]—

(DTR) (U>—

(DCD) <T|}—

(DSR) <TT}—

(GND) <i£>

PRINTERNEC 7710 CONNECTOR

-fj> (RXD) -(T> (DSR) -{T> (DCD) -<20) (DTE)

'l9 (RVS CHNL)

-CP> (GND)

Figure 2: Serial-cable connections for the single-board computer. These connection diagrams (contained in the Autocontrol manual) allow the user to configure RS-232C cables for use with most serial peripheral devices.

;-f PION introduces the

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• Standard 2 5 6K bytes of storage expandable to 1 megabyte.

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at *>

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ALL ODD NUMBER PINS ARE GROUND. UNLISTED EVEN NUMBER PINS ARE NOT USED.

CONNECTORS ARE T 8 B ANSLEY #609-5015M OR 3M #3415-0001

Figure 3: Shugart-compatible disks are accommodated easily. Because the standard pin assignments are used, a cable can be made by attaching connectors directly to a 50-conductor ribbon cable.

terminator network installed. We obtained these changes from the helpful engineering staff at Siemens OEM Division in Anaheim, California.

Because we mounted the AC-85 board in an enclosed cabinet, the Monitor and Boot push-button switches were inaccessible. To solve this problem, we added two normally open, momentary-contact push buttons on the front of the cabinet and wired them in parallel with the original switches. The added wire capacitance to the reset circuitry has not affected operation at all.

Putting It All Together

Using the same criteria for choosing cur peripheral devices as we did for choosing the computer itself, we settled on four Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided, dualdensity disk drives; the new Televideo 950C terminal; and the recently introduced NEC Spinwriter 7710 (obtaining all at lowest discount prices). Our Televideo 950C terminal arrived first. Because it has a local mode, we were able to check it out quickly and become familiar with it. It had a few problems, but when we called the Televideo software staff, they were very helpful and sent us two new EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only

254 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

The Victor 9000, inside out.

m

oat

u

P^P^P^^Hs^ftlffiTCAtfT

Mitt, u > * . a ■■«

Tuii m iitil

The new standard:

It's what's inside your computer that matters. And just look at what you'll find inside the Victor 9000 desktop computer.

• 128K Pytes of memory (or does your application need up to 896 KB... we can deliver it).

• 600K Pytes of storage on each diskette (would you prefer 1.2MB — you can have it if you like).

• Two (not one) RS232 ports (ours handle both bisync and SDLC as well as async).

• A parallel port for running printers or IEEE-488 (another inside the box if you supply a connector).

• 16-Pit computing...the kind of capacity you need.

9

HkSjSBB

M »& .tstifesS

ml,

F?m*aS5i

• High resolution graphics (is 320,000 individually displayable points enough?).

• A fully programmable keyPoard (to go along with the fully programmable screen).

• Tilt and swivel display, plus separate low profile keyboard (in the modern jargon: it's ergonomic).

• First class vocal chords (why settle for clicks and beeps — we speak in plain English with a CODEC).

• CP/M 86* and MS-DOS both support all these solid machine features plus 132 column alphanumeric display — 10 key pad calculator -reloadable keyboard and screen character table — and much more — let your

applications breathe for a change. • Multilingual programming — tired of BASIC? Try our COBOL, FORTRAN, or PASCAL, or perhaps you have your own favorite — ask us — we might just already have it!

So turn your present computer inside out. if you're not getting all that, then it's time to call Victor for the facts. Just call 1-800-VIC-9000. Or write Victor Business Products, P.O.Box 1135, Glenview, IL 60025

Subsidiary of Kidde, Inc.

KIDDE

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 533 on inquiry card.

memories) to replace the original ROMs. It has worked properly ever since. The 950 is an intelligent terminal that can be used with a printer as a memory typewriter with a 96-line capacity.

The NEC 7710, an improved version of the 5510, arrived next. The printer can be connected directly to the Televideo 950C's local printer port. After finally getting the data rate, parity, and word length set properly, we were able to check all the functions on the NEC 7710. We've had no problems with the printer, and its print quality is excellent.

We then connected the AC-85 board to the power supplies and the terminal's RS-232C connector. After a minor cable problem and a session with the instruction manual of the Televideo 950C, we were ecstatic to see the monitor-prompt message appear. With the stand-alone monitor PROM in the AC-85, we could change, display, and execute programs in memory. I wrote a short machine-language program and successfully checked the computer and the terminal.

Other commands available with the stand-alone monitor PROM include filling a block of memory with any hexadecimal value, displaying all the processor's registers, moving a block of data from one address to another, changing any register, reading the contents from a specified input port, writing a given byte to a specified output port, and loading from the PROM or from memory with or without initializing any I/O (input/output).

After an enjoyable session in the woodworking shop constructing an acceptable cabinet for the living room, we finally connected the Siemens floppy-disk drives and replaced the stand-alone monitor PROM with Autocontrol's BIOS PROM. Unfortunately, CP/M did not work. I wrote another machine-code program to issue disk commands to the floppy-disk controller and check the status. Using the monitor to enter and execute the program, we found that the read command failed: "Unable to Read Id," it said. After more troubleshooting, we found an embarrassing connector short in the ribbon cable we built. Now CP/M worked, but we kept getting "BAD SECTOR" messages four out of every five times we issued a CP/M command. One clue was that the problem occurred more often the farther into the disk we read.

It appeared to be a timing problem. I wrote another short machine-language program to tell the NEC 765 controller to change the head-step time from 8 milliseconds (ms) to 6 ms. Using the DDT function of CP/M, we entered and executed the program. The "BAD SECTOR" message no longer occurred, and we immediately changed the appropriate byte in the BIOS on the monitor EPROM. According to the Siemens manual, a step time of 3 ms is the lowest acceptable value. We tried all the values down to 3 ms, but 4 ms seemed to be the fastest reliable head-step time.

Prematurely elated by having three of the four components working, we were not expecting the final frustration when we connected the printer to the AC-85 board.

We kept getting a buffer overflow on the NEC 7710. The AC-85 was not recognizing the printer's buffer 7/8 full condition. A call to Autocontrol gave us the correct cabling configuration for full handshaking. A few more selected protocol adjustments on the NEC 7710 and the printer never missed a byte, even after raising the data rate to 1200.

Experience Required?

Assembling a system from components built and designed by four different companies may not be for everyone, but if you have some electronics background, can read wiring diagrams, and understand a little programming, it should not be very difficult and can save you several thousand dollars.

Autocontrol also sells the AC-85 board assembled in a cabinet with two 8-inch floppy-disk drives. Although you can save some money by assembling it yourself, this may be a viable option for those who need an assembled system ready to go.

If you wish to avoid the interface problems, a call to Autocontrol to find out which peripheral devices they have used and how to connect them would be beneficial.

Another product, which Autocontrol introduced in October 1981, is a similar single-board computer, but with only two serial ports for a printer and auxiliary device. It has a device for controlling a keyboard, and one for controlling a video monitor (with an effective speed of 38,400 bps), so that an external video monitor is not needed. It can be purchased with just a self-contained monitor and keyboard; with the monitor, keyboard, and one floppy disk; or with the monitor, keyboard, one floppy disk, and one hard disk. This could very definitely bring down the cost of a complete system, and may also permit high-speed video graphics. We would not hesitate to buy either board in any case.

Conclusions

All the problems we encountered involved cabling or setting options on the floppy-disk drives, the terminal, and the printer. As of today, all hardware has worked flawlessly. We are very impressed with the lack of problems with the AC-85 board. We are also impressed with the help we received to solve our problems when we called Autocontrol.

I would have been happier if the AC-85 board had Zilog's Z80 instead of Intel's 8085 (mainly because of the additional software available), but the 8085 should be more than sufficient for our needs, because it can run all standard CP/M software.

While a single-board computer is not expandable like an S-100 or standard bus system, the AC-85 is a reliable, reasonably priced alternative. We were able to choose peripheral devices according to our own price/performance criteria, have the joys and frustrations of trying to mesh together four components from four manufacturers, and wind up with a real computer costing $2000 to $3000 less than a completely assembled system.■

256 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

IT S TIME KIDS STARTED USING STRONG

LANGUAGE.

We encourage it.

Because now the most powerful educational language is available on the Apple Personal Computer.

Presenting Apple Logo.

It's not just a programming language for computers, but a learning language for people.

Enough so that anyone, working with Apple Logo, can easily learn the programming principles once reserved for college courses.

Apple Logo encourages you to break problems into small steps, and then shows you how to make those steps automatic.

It does all this interactively. For instance, if you accidentally type "foreword" instead of forward, Apple Logo responds with "I don't know how to foreword."

There is no such thing as a mistake with Apple Logo, only logical statements telling you what needs to be done to make the program work. So the student programs the computer. Not the computer the student.

And as you learn, Apple Logo learns with you. So whether you're a student of 5 or 55, you'll always be challenged—but not overwhelmed. Apple Logo runs on the Apple II with 64K. And it comes from Apple, the leading personal computer company in education—with the largest library of courseware at all levels. Apple Logo. It can make getting to know a computer the most positive of learning experiences. Your kids will swear by it.

The.personal computer.

■jScippkz

For more information, call (800) 538-9696. In California, call (800) 662-9238. Or write: Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014. Apple* Logo is a product of Logo Computer Systems, Inc., 222 Brunswick Boulevard, Point-Claire, Quebec, Canada H9RIA6.

Circle 514 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

257

//

THREE PERSONAL COMPUTERS

EXPERTS SAY

B10W EVERYTHING

ELSE OUT OF

THE MARKET/'

-v^v^w^*— ■:■■-■

Once in a great while, personal computers come along that drive the normally staid computer press to extremes of praise. The personal computers made by Digital Equipment Corporation are prv300sems such an example.These are the personal computers g^r- about which industry analysts such as The Yankee mminicompu^fpmc^ compos. Group have said:"... comparing other currently available personal computers to (Digital's) Professional series is like comparing a sub-compact car to a Porsche." \ m&

And further: "The trio of personal com- DEOmte" tl^ puters will blow everything else out of the market." mm^m ^hkl The Yankee Group was not alone. From n^^^'h^^ the Rosen Electronics Letter: "Digital offers more storage, more memory, more expansion, more columns, and a higher performance central processor." And from The Gartner Group:".. .the hardware specifications, design, and future upgrade planning appear superb." What could inspire such remarks? Perhaps it was a feature like Digital's bit-map graphics—a graphics capability that makes yesterday's graphics look like yesterday's news. Or maybe it was the overall idea of a personal computer that could do more than one thing at a time. Or storage. Or memory. Or the idea of using two central processors instead of one.

—, Wouldn't you like to find out a little more about Digital's |^ Rainbow 100 personal computers? Call 800-DIGITAL and we'll -r^r- send you our free brochure. Or write: Digital

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Rainbow. DECmate and Professional are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation (D Digital Equipment Corporation 1982

Hardware Review

The Soundchaser Computer Music Systems

Robert A. Moog Big Briar Inc.

Leicester, NC 28748

The Soundchaser Computer Music Systems are two within a growing class of systems that take advantage of the potent processing, storage, and number-crunching capabilities of personal computers such as the Apple II. Both include a digitally scanned music keyboard to feed musical performance data to an Apple. The Analog system uses one or two of Passport Designs' proprietary, digitally programmable analog toneproducing cards, each of which incorporates three rudimentary synthesizer voices. The Digital system uses the

Mountain Computer Musicsystem, a two-card accessory digital oscillator that produces up to eight two-component musical tones. Each system includes a software package that sets up the tone colors (timbre), ties the toneproducing circuitry to the music keyboard, and provides store and recall (record and playback) functions. Together with the Apple computer, either system is a polyphonic synthesizer with more open-ended versatility than any computerized packaged musical instrument costing less than a basic foreign sports car. The two

Photo 1: The hardware of the Soundchaser Computer Music System. The three-voice audio cards of the Analog system are to the left of the instruction manual. The Mountain Computer Musicsystem, used with the Soundchaser Digital system, is to the right of the manual. At the top is the four-octave music keyboard used with both the Digital and the Analog system.

systems differ in the types of tone colors they produce, the tone color controls provided, and the musical dataprocessing capabilities that are available. Photo 1 shows the components of these two systems.

The big difference between computer music systems like the Soundchasers and a conventional polyphonic synthesizer is in the type of "control panel." A conventional synthesizer has a set of hardware controls and switches that are the musician's "handles" to manipulate the sounds. The Soundchaser systems use a "soft" control panel—a graphic video representation of parameters, plus a set of instructions for accessing these controls through alphanumeric commands. For the performing musician, a soft panel is a mixed blessing because its versatility is offset to some degree by the longer time it takes to "set" soft controls. For studio musicians, teachers, and experimenters, however, the software-based system configuration's unprecedented versatility is of great value. It allows the system supplier to increase and improve the system's capabilities through software updates, at modest cost to the user. It also allows users to customize their own systems without danger of wrecking them the way hardware hot-rodders often do.

The Music Keyboard

Both the Digital and the Analog Soundchaser systems use a standardsize four-octave organ keyboard.

260 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Teach

„ Your Computer

to Spell

The WORD Plus proofreads 5,000 words/ min., looks up the correct spelling and, if you wish, makes the correction for you!

The WORD Plus can hyphenate files by inserting soft hyphens so words break precisely.

The WORD Plus counts words, solves anagrams, crosswords and rhymes!

The WORD Plus works!... with WordStar™ Magic Wand™, Mince™, and others.

Available for CP/M™, CP/M-86™,MSDOS(IBM P.C.) and CDOS.

WordStar is a trademark of Micro Pro, Int'L

Magic Wand is a trademark of Peachtree Software, Inc.

Mince is a trademark of Mark of the Unicorn.

The WORD Plus. $150.

For more information call: Wayne Holder

Oasis Systems 2765 Reynard Way, San Diego, CA 92103 (714) 291-9489

Distributed by: SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

1-800-252-4024 (in California) 1-800-421-0814 (outside California)

Circle 348 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

261

(Call it a clavier if you want to sound like a real musician.) The keyboard mechanism is housed in an attractive, solid walnut enclosure. No other realtime controls (such as a joystick to perform pitch bending or frequency modulation) are included. A ribbon cable connects the music keyboard to a small interface card, which plugs into one of the Apple's eight card slots. The ribbon cable is so short that the music keyboard must be placed immediately to the right of the Apple unless you have a 16-pin DIP (dualinline package) extension cable.

The music keyboard tells the Apple which keys are being held down at any time. This information is updated frequently so that the delay between a key depression and the sounding of the tone is not ordinarily perceptible.

The Soundchaser Digital System

The Digital system uses the Mountain Computer Musicsystem digital oscillator as its sole audio source. The Musicsystem produces a tone by

reading a wave table, which is a list of numbers that represent the amplitudes of a succession of closely spaced points on one cycle of a waveform. The wave table is read repeatedly in order to produce a periodic waveform that we hear as a pitched musical tone. The rate at which the wave table is read determines the frequency of repetition of the periodic signal and, therefore, the pitch that we hear. Under control of the Soundchaser Digital software, the Musicsystem covers the frequency range of 33 to 4186 Hz (1 Hz = one vibration per second), which in musical terms is a pitch range of three octaves below middle C on the piano to four octaves above. The Musicsystem frequency resolution is 0.5 Hz, which is adequate for most but not all musical applications.

The wave table for a single Musicsystem tone consists of 256 eight-bit numbers. It occupies one page in the Apple memory. In theory, you can specify any waveshape in the

INVESTMENT ANALYSIS FROM CENTENNIAL

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STOCK-FOCUS

Find out how low is low and how high is high. Using capital structure and performance dala, Stockfocus objectively calculates the underlying value of a stock. The system was first developed by the management science department of a major money center bank, and is now in use by investment advisors, trust companies and brokerage houses. On your screen, Stock-focus will plot an estimate of lowest value, highest value and the current price. You then decide what to buy, sell or hold.

REAL-FOCUS

Exhaustively analyze potential real estate investments using the Wharton School's approach to real estate analysis. In minutes you can project profit, costs, and IRR for any project over a 10 year period. Realfocus accounts for amortization, debt, income, operating expenses, taxes, depreciation, and cash flows for both after-tax holding and the results of sale. With Real-focus you can analyze any potential investment from a single building project to a complex time-phased planned unit development.

THE FOCUS TECHNIQUE

FOCUS is CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE'S new approach to Program Architecture, providing a natural interaction between microcomputers and users. It provides worksheet style input screens, free access to all program segments, and the ability to com

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IBM is a trademark of IBM, Apple is a Icademailc of Apple Computer Corp.. TRS 80 is a trademark ol Tandy Corporation

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At a Glance

Name

Soundchaser Computer Music Systems: Analog system, Digital system

Use

Implements a polyphonic (chord-playing) keyboard-controlled music synthesizer when used with the Apple II microcomputer

Manufacturer

Passport Designs Inc. I 16 North Cabrillo Hwy. Half Moon Bay, CA 94019 (415) 726-0280

Dimensions

Music keyboard is 28 inches by 9'/2 inches by 3'/4 inches: all circuit cards plug into Apple console.

Price

Three-voice Analog system, S1000: sixvoice Analog system, S 1350: Digital system, without Musicsystem card, S650: Digital system, including Musicsystem card, S1045: Notewriter software package, S99: and Musictutor software package S150

Features

Four-octave keyboard. Analog system uses three-voice or six-voice channels, each consisting of a programmable-counter-type digital oscillator, analog voltage-controlled filter, and analog voltage-controlled amplifier, all under software control. Software generation of tone envelopes and low-frequency modulations, and recording and playing back of keyboard performances. Digital system uses the Mountain Computer Musicsystem to implement an eight-voice polyphonic synthesizer. Optional software implements musictranscribing and instruction programs.

Hardware Needed

48K-byte Apple II computer with video monitor, disk drive, and game paddle; stereo sound system or musical instrument amplifier; Apple language card for some optional software

Documentation

MOS 3.0 manual (to run Analog system). 42 pages; MCI manual (to run Digital system), 37 pages. Both in 3-ring binder. Musictutor and Notewriter documentation not available at time of writing.

Audience

Musicians, music teachers, sound designers, musical experimenters

262 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

Excellence Acknowledged.

Some people demand the best.

Superior quality at superior value is the key to those few items that rise above the crowd to shine as unique symbols of perfection. We call these the "best" products, and the best in Apple IP-compatible drives is the Micro-Sci line of 5]A" floppy disk drives and subsystems.

Business, commercial and professional people needing more storage, greater reliability and faster access than previously available have been impressed with Micro-Sci's A40 system since we introduced it back in 1979. For a lower list price than the Apple Disk IP's, the A40 offers 20Kb more capacity, faster access time and greater data reliability.

The ideal solution to the Pascal * and CP/Mt user's problem of space limitation is a Micro-Sci A70 drive, combining quick access and high reliability with a full 286Kb storage capability.

The newest member of Micro-Sci's Apple ll-compatible family is the A2, the perfect alternative drive for entertainment and other

//-SCI

packaged software. A direct replacement for the Disk II, our A2 features total compatibility at a lower cost total. And you can mix, or match, our A2 drive and controller with their drive and controller and vice versa. You have complete freedom of interchangeability.

Micro-Sci even goes one step further with its controllers to include operating features the competition lacks, like jumperselectable 3.2 and 3,3 DOS.

Give yourself the privilege.

You deserve more for your money, and Micro-Sci delivers the most in quality, reliability and performance.

So when you consider additional drives or a disk subsystem foryour Apple II, indulge yourself in the Micro-Sci alternative. See our complete product line today at a dealer near you. (SPECIAL NOTE TO APPLE III" USERS: Micro-Sci also offers a full range of Apple Ill-compatible drives. Ask your local dealer for details.)

MICRO-SCI

Micro-Sci is a Division of Standun Controls, Inc.

2158 SOUTH HATHAWAY STREET • SANTA ANA, CALIFORNIA 92705 • 714/662-2801 • TELEX: 910-346-6739

International Dealer Inquiries... IMC International Markets Corp. Telephone: 714/730-0963 -Telex: 277782-ROBY UR

' Apple, Apple II, Apple III and Disk II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. ' Pascal is a registered trademark of the Regents of the University of California tCP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Circle 305 on Inquiry card.

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Main/Frames

• 30 Models of Enclosures

• Assembled and tested

• Quasl-Coax Motherboards

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8620 Roosevelt Ave. • Vlsalia, CA 93291

209/733-9288

We accept BankAmerlcard/Vlsa

and MasterCharge

Photo 2: The screen display of the Wavemaker section of the Soundchaser Digital system. The pattern is a graphic representation of one complete wave table.

wave table and produce it with 8-bit resolution by the Musicsystem hardware. The shape of a cycle of a periodic wave determines its overtone content and, therefore, is a factor in determining the tone color that we perceive.

The Wavemaker Section

The Wavemaker section of the Soundchaser software provides the means for loading the wave tables. You specify the amplitudes of the fundamental pitch and the first 15 overtones by typing in the numerical values one at a time. (The sum of all amplitudes must be 100 or less.) The Apple then computes the wave-table entries by summing the sine waves corresponding to the overtones. The wave-table contents can then be displayed graphically as a single cycle. Photo 2 shows a typical display. Once a waveform is displayed, you can continuously redraw it by moving a cursor with a game paddle. Software will be available shortly from Passport Designs to redraw the waveform with straight line segments by first spotting the lines' end points with the paddle, then computing the lines.

In addition to the Create (which computes the waveform from over

tones), Display (which shows the waveform on the screen), and Edit . (which redraws a section of the waveform) functions, the Wavemaker section of the operating software offers Play (which sounds the waveform when a key is depressed) and Smooth (which provides simple filtering to reduce unwanted "alias" noise that often accompanies digitally generated tones). Aside from the Smooth function and the usual anti-aliasing output filters, the Musicsystem provides no filtering; what you put in the wave tables is what you get at the audio output. Because the waveform resolution is only 8 bits in both amplitude and time, the Musicsystem audio output does have steps that are audible as "aliasing" when high-pitched tones are being produced. Even with this limitation, however, the Musicsystem produces many musically useful tone colors (i.e., pleasant, easily blending with other tone colors, and distinctive in character), especially in the low and middle pitch ranges.

The Performance Section

The Performance section of the operating system offers alphanumeric access to pitch range (in octave steps), envelope shaping, low-frequency modulation, and overall volume. The

264 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Chairman of the Boards

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I/O Ports.

!80A CPU, Floppy Disk Controller, 64K of Memory, Serial & Parallel all on a SINGLE S-100 BOARD!

Advanced Digital is the leader in S-100 single board computers. Our attention to quality workmanship, our outstanding performance and proven reliability have made our SUPER QUAD "computer on a board" number one.

Now SUPER QUAD® has been elected "Chairman of the Boards" in the expanding MultiProcessing marketplace. SUPER QUAD functions as the Bus Master and takes charge of many SUPER-SLAVE® processor boards.

SUPER QUAD is so complete, it actually replaces the traditional 4-board S-100 computer and for

only $875.00.

Look at these features:

• IEEE S-100 Standard

• Z-80A CPU

• 64K of Bank Select Memory as well as extended addressing

• Double density floppy disk controller, Both 8" or5-1/4" Disk Drives

• 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports (RS-232 and intelligent hard disk interface).

• 2K or 4K of monitor EPROM

• Runs with CP/M®, MP/M® and turbo-DOS'"

Ask about our new HDC-1001 Hard Disk Controller for both 8" or 5-1/4" hard disk drives, only $500 retail. For more information, write or call: Sales Dept.

• One year warranty.

• Free copy of bios disk.

Advanced Digital's SUPERSLAVE processor boards are the ideal directors to work with the Chairman of the Boards and Turbo-DOS® operating system in a multi-user, multi-processor system.

12700-B Knott Street • Garden Grove, California 92641

® Registered Trademark of Digital Research Corp. " Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc.

(714) 891-4004 TELEX 678401 tab irin

* Copyright 1981 Advanced Digital Corp

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r^ Why pay hundreds more for a four (as in QUAD) function IBM PC board?

This may be the only board you need to expand your IBM personal computer. Standard with three functions; memory up to 256K in 64K increments, clock/calendar with battery back-up, and asynchronous communication (RS232C serial) port which can be configured as C0M1 or COM2. The optional parallel printer port can be added for those of you with the color graphics board, or if you just need an additional printer port (LPT1 or LPT2). If you would like to have a second async port, that is now available for an extra $100. (In this case QUAD means five.) We sell boards in all possible configurations.

No corner cutting here You may think that since this board costs so much less there has to be a catch. The catch is you have to put the board in yourself, and set a switch to tell your computer the board is there. It's all done in less than ten minutes. Our clear instructions with illustrations make it a snap. The board is a four layer design with rows of nine memory chips for full parity checking. Each board is solder masked, silk screened, and has gold plated contacts. The memory chip locations are all socketed. All components are premium grade, meet IBM performance specifications, and are burned in and tested prior to shipment. The highly rated design is well proven with several thousand boards in the field providing reliable service.

How much memory? We offer the board with your choice 64K, 128K, 192K, or 256K. The SuperSpooler software allows you to assign a portion of the add-on memory as a print buffer. The print buffer accepts data as fast as the computer can send it and frees your computer for more productive work. Your printer just keeps on running until the buffer is empty. The SuperDrive software allows you to use memory as you would normally use a disk. This gives you disk access at the speed of RAM memory. Maximum use of SuperDrive is achieved with the new MegaPlus board which allows all functions and expansion to 512K in a single slot.

Clock/calendar & clip-on battery That round thing in the picture is a lithium battery. It may last as long as five years since it is only needed when the computer is turned off. Note the holder it is in. The under $4.00 battery just slips out and a new one slips in. No soldering required as with some

other clock boards. The clock/calendar sets the time and date when your computer is turned on. This is done with a program which we send you on a diskette. The clock on the board is set using the IBM DOS commands TIME and DATE.

Cheap Software too

What good is great hardware without some good software to use it with? We are now offering some untouchable prices on software that can utilize the features of your board. SUPERCALC, the current cream of the spreadsheet crop, will address 512K and is available with a board for just $176. Or how about the new DBase II by AshtonTate for just $469?

Why buy from us? Because we provide the service and support most companies only talk about. We realize how integral the use of this board will be to the everyday use of your computer. What good is a warranty if it takes weeks for repairs to be made? By the time you get your board back from repair you will have forgotten whereto put it I We offer 48 hourturnaround or replacement on all warranty repairs. Do you hear anyone else making this promise? Our board comes with little extras like a low cost diagnostics program that let's you do your own testing to be sure you really do have a problem before sending your board for repairs. If you still aren't convinced, and just want to compare prices, remember we don't charge extra for credit cards, shipping, or COD's. If you still want to buy elsewhere ask them if they will face the acid test.

The acid test Qubie Distributing gives you our 30 day satisfaction guarantee on all board purchases. If you are not completely satisfied we will return the entire cost of your purchase as

well as pay the postageto return it. If you ca get one of our competitors to give you th same guarantee, buy any other board yo think compares and return the one you don like. We're not worried because we knov which one you'll keep. On top of this we givi you a one year parts and labor warranty, am a one year extended warranty for $50. War ranty repairs are done in 48 hours or we wil send you a new board.

FREE SOFTWARE

SuperDrive and SuperSpooler Software lets you use your board as fast accessing disk space and as a printer buffer.

TO ORDER BY MAIL SEND:

—your name and shipping address —memory size. Optional printer port? —software and cables you need —daytime phone number —California residents add 6Vz% sales tax. —Company check or credit card number ■ and expiration date, (personal checks take 18 days to clear.)

TO ORDER BY PHONE: (213) 870-3718 or (805) 482-9829

PRICES: 64K $375 192K $499

128K $439 256K $599

(includes async port, memory, clock/calendar, SuperDrive and SuperSpooler software)

OPTIONS: Parallel Printer port $50

Cable for parallel printers $35

Cable for Modem or Serial Printer $25 Memory Diagnostic Diskette $10

SUPERCALC by Sorcim $176

DBase II by Ashton-Tate $469

SHIPMENT We pay UPS surface charges. UPS blue label air service $5 extra. Credit card or bank check orders shipped same day. Personal or company checks take 18 days to clear.

QUBIE' DISTRIBUTING

918 VIA ALONDRA CAMARILLO, CA 93010

Circle 501 on inquiry card.

amplitude (overall loudness) of each tone is shaped by an envelope that builds up, then partially dies away, and levels off as long as a key is held down, finally dying away to silence when the key is released. These envelope segments are called attack, decay, sustain, and release, respectively. Attack, decay, and release times can be set anywhere from 50 milliseconds (ms; 0.050 seconds) to about 6.5 seconds, with 8-bit resolution, while the sustain level can be set from 0 amplitude to the maximum envelope amplitude. Photo 3a shows a typical Soundchaser Digital envelope. When you compare it with a similar envelope from an analog synthesizer (photo 3b), you see that the decay and release segments of the Soundchaser envelope are straight lines rather than exponential curves, a characteristic that results in a somewhat abrupt and "unnatural" sound in some applications.

The Musicsystem has two audio output channels; eight tones are assigned to each channel. By triggering one tone per channel with each key depression and programming different waveforms and envelopes in each channel, you can produce many complex and interesting composite sounds. For instance, you can produce a bell-like sound by putting a sustained tone of low-overtone content in one channel and a rapidly decaying, high-pitched tone in the other channel. The Performance section allows the musician to set up completely separate envelopes for each of the channels, one of the more exciting sonic resources of the system.

Frequency modulation (for producing effects such as vibrato and trills) is implemented by first constructing the modulating waveform in the Wavemaker section and then determining its frequency and amplitude in the Performance section. Modulation speed ranges from one cycle very 6.5 seconds or so (for sirenlike effects) to about 20 cycles per second (for growl effects). When using both audio channels, you can independently control modulation amplitudes for each channel, a feature that has the potential for creating some attractive chorus effects. A negative aspect of

Winston could have sworn a

"FIFO Buffer"

was a headache remedy.

Printers Can Be Confusing. Sometimes, even the informed personal computer owner is caught short by the mound of technical differences in printers. In one visit, Winston learned that a Fifo Buffer overlaps the computer and printer functions, allowing Mr. Hollingsworth to enter his wine list while his stock report is printing, We Educate First. With so many different printers out

there with as many different features, we feel a printer education is in order. We take what you

already know about computers and explain

printers in the same terms. ()ur aim.nl

customers seem to like that because of the

friends they refer. (Nearly 50% of our business

is referral)

It's Easy lb Be An Expert. Orange Micro

printer specialists are there to make you feel

comfortable with your newfound printer

knowledge. And when you decide on the

printer right for you, you'll know exactly why

popular models to choose from, and a complete selection of cables, options and interface accessories, we have everything you need to get your new printer up and operating in minutes. We Have The Right Printer For You. Bring along your toughest printer questions. Our salespeople will answer them honestly and practically. In less time than you'd imagine __ possible, you'll be a printer expert too!

er

After all, printers are our only business, s< i we always do a better job at finding the right one for you.

Orange Micro Printer Stores

3150 E.UPalma, Suite I Anaheim, CA 92806 (714) 630-3622

13604 Ventura Boulevard

:.. (tales. CA 91423 (213)501-3486

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PRINTER STORE

Circle #352 for Printer Store Information & Circle #353 for Franchising information.

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

PERSONAL

COMPUTERS

Altos 5-15D $2295.00

Altos 5-5D 4595.00

Amdek Video 300 139.00

Amdek Color I 13" Monitor 315.00

Amdek Color I113" Hi-Res RGB Monitor 719.00

Amdek Color III 13" RGB Monitor 399.00

Atari 800 Computer w/16K 645.00

Atari 800 Computer w/48K 739.00

Atari 810 Disk Drive 439.00

C-ltoh Prowriter 8510AP (parallel) 459.00

C-ltoh Prowriter 8510ACD (serial) 599.00

C-ltoh Prowriter II Call for Price

Comrex CR-5500 12" Green Monitor 119.00

Comrex CR-6500 13" Composite Color

Monitor 325.00

Comrex Com-Riter w/Serial Interface 879.00

Daisywriter 2000 Letter-Quality Printer 1049.00

Diablo 620 RO Printer 1259.00

Diablo 630 RO Daisywheel Printer 1999.00

Diablo 630 KSR Daisywheel Printer 2349.00

DEC Decwriter IV LA34AA 1095.00

DEC VT100AA Video Terminal 1649.00

DEC Rainbow 100 Personal Computer 2995.00

Epson HX-20 Portable Personal Computer... 659.00

Epson MX-80FT Type III w/Graftrax Plus 499.00

Epson MX-100FT Type III w/Graftrax Plus ... 699.00

Hayes Micromodem II for Apple II 289.00

Hayes Smartmodem 225.00

Hayes Smartmodem 1200/300 baud 569.00

IDS Microprism 599.00

IDS Prism 80 (w/all options & color) 1379.00

IDS Prism 132 (w/all options & color) 1559.00

M & R Sup-R-Term 80 column card for Apple II 279.00

Microsoft Softcard (Z-80) for Apple II 269.00

Microsoft Premium System for Apple II 579.00

Microsoft 16K Ramcard for Apple II 119.00

Microsoft 64K For IBM 359.00

NEC 3510 Letter Quality Printer W/RS232 ... 1529.00

120 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96 ASCII char. Set with true descenders Centronics parallel port and RS232 serial port (up to 1200 Baud) standard, 80 col., includes Okigraph dot addressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractor. 22 lbs., 110 volt standard, 220 volt optional.

:u i

CALL TOLL FREE!

•343-0873

NEC 3530 Letter Quality Printer w/Centronics

Interface 1659.00

NEC 7710 RO Spinwriter 2195.00

NEC 7730 RO Spinwriter w/Centronics

Interface 2195.00

Lear Sigeler ADM3A Dumb Terminal 569.00

NEC PC8023 Dot-Matrix printer 489.00

NEC JB1201 M(A) 12" Green Monitor 169.00

NEC JC1201 13" Composite Color Monitor... 319.00

Okidata Microline 80 329.00

Okidata Microline 82A 419.00

Okidata Microline 83A 695.00

Okidata Microline 84P 979.00

Okidata Microline 84S 1079.00

Rana Elite I Disk For Apple II 359.00

Rana Elite I Disk w/Controller 465.00

Rana Elite II Disk Drive for Apple II 529.00

Smith Corona TP-1 Letter Quality printer 639.00

Televideo 925 Terminal 795.00

Televideo 950 Terminal 995.00

USI Pi-1 9" Green Monitor 159.00

USI Pi-2 12" Green Monitor ..: 159.00

USI Pi-3 12" Amber Monitor 175.00

Videx Videoterm 259.00

Videx Enhancer II 115.00

Xedex Baby Blu CPM Card for IBM 499.00

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

268 BYTE December 1982

Circle 350 on inquiry card.

80 CPS, Bi-directional logic seeking 9x9 dot matrix, full 96 ASCII char. Set with true descenders, centronics-style parallel port (RS232 optional), 80 col., includes graftrax plus dot addressable graphics, friction feed and removable tractor feed. 19 lbs., 110 volt only.

SOFTWARE

Omega carries software by the following companies:

• American Business Systems • Ashton Tate • Dakin 5

• Innovative Software • Micropro • Microsoft

• Sorcim • Stoneware • Visicorp

MAGNETIC MEDIA

Omega carries diskettes by the listed companies: • Dysan • Maxell • Scotch • Verbatim

ACCESSORIES

Omega carries accessories for the Apple II by the following manufacturers:

• D.C. Hyes • Microsoft • Tymac • M & R Enterprises

• Mountain Computer • Kensington Microware

• Practical Peripherals • T. G. Products • Videx

OMEGA DELIVERS FOR LESS

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A

EPSON MX-100 FT

YOUR CHOICE $499.00

Stock Shipments Same Day or Next

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

All Equipment Factory Fresh w/MFT Warranty

Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges

Mass. Residents Please Add 5% Sales Tax

PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

We carry the complete line of Atari Hardware, Software & Peripherals. We will try to match or beat any price with similar purchase conditions.

OMEGA SALES COMPANY

430 PEARL STREET, STOUGHTON, MA 02072

(617)344-6645 TOLL FREE (800) 343-0873

Circle 350 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

269

Photo 3a: Screen display of the oscillograph of a Soundchaser digital tone with the fastest possible attack and decay times. The tone is 50 ms long. The overall shape is the tone's "envelope." The individual waveform cycles are not visible because they are so close together.

Photo 3b: Screen display of the oscillograph of an analog synthesizer tone with 5-ms attack time and 10-ms decay time. Note that the envelope is shorter but smoother than that shown in photo 3a.

the Performance section is that the modulation amplitude is not the same from note to note: low notes are more widely modulated.

The Sequencer Section

The Sequencer section enables you to record actual keyboard perfor

mances and assemble them to make multipart (polyphonic) compositions. Two modes are available: Link and 4-Track. In the Link mode, a keyboard performance is recorded as soon as the musician starts to play. At the end of the performance, a single command forms a loop of the

performance, which then begins again when any music key is depressed and repeats until the stop command is issued. Thus, you can use the Link routine to create a repeating background pattern that musicians call an ostinato. The pattern usually serves as an accompaniment, over which a live keyboard performance can be played. The pattern may have as many as eight notes playing simultaneously. However, all notes must have the same tone color.

In the 4-Track mode, the Sequencer behaves somewhat like a four-track recorder. To use this mode, you first record one track by playing the music keyboard. You then play that track back, while simultaneously recording on track two. You repeat the process until four parts are recorded. Any number of keys can be simultaneously depressed when recording any one track, as long as the total number of notes sounding simultaneously on all four tracks does not exceed eight. It is not possible to form a loop in the 4-Track mode.

The Sequencer is easy and fun to use. Just a few alphanumeric commands enable the musician to start recording, switch over to playback, and change channels. You can call up any of the previously created voices (called "preset masters") and assign them to any of the tracks. You can change octave range, modulation amount, envelope parameters, and the preset masters themselves as the sequence is playing back. The playback tempo can be the same speed as the original recording or can be increased in whole numbers up to 8 times the original speed. Some limitations in the Sequencer's operation may, however, frustrate musicians who have used a conventional fourtrack recorder. Foremost of these is that no facility for editing a track exists. If you make a mistake, you have to record the whole track over. If you want to change one note at a time, you are out of luck. On a multitrack recorder you can generally "punch in" to erase and rerecord small segments of a single track as it is playing back. It would be nice to have that same facility here. It would also be nice to be able to display the actual

270 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

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897 N.W. Grant Ave. • Corvallis, Oregon 97330 • 503/758-0521

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Expanding Horizons in Text Display

Videoterm increases your Apple ][® display to a full

capacity 80 columns. Proofreading text problems are

a thing of the past. With Videoterm your text is

displayed in upper and lower case characters with true

descenders utilizing a 7 by 9 character matrix. The

time-tested Videoterm is compatible with most word

processors and is available with alternate character

fonts. Once you've explored the advantages of

Videoterm, you'll discover a whole new world for you

and your Apple ][. Suggested retail price: 33345.00

ACCESSORIES

SOFT VIDEO SWITCH

ENHANCER ][

Videoterm Character Set EPROMs •French •German • Inverse

Videoterm Utilities Disc includes: • Graphics Template System •Font Editor •Mid-Res Graphics •Applesoft Read Screen Utility •Top S. Bottom Scrolling •Pascal Vidpatch

Suggested price 3537.00

^gV£.

• N. European •Russian •Spanish •Katakana (Japanese] "Super S. Subscript

• Math S. Greek Symbols Suggested price

• Norsk $39.00 each.

Dvorak EPROM [Enhancer]—$29.00 Lower Case Chip (Rev 7 S. up]—$29.00

The Soft Video Switch is an automatic version of the popular Switchplate. It knows whether it should display 40 or 80 columns or Apple graphics. It does the tedious work of switching video-out signals so you don't have to. The Soft Video Switch can be controlled by software. May be used with any Videoterm with Firmware 2.0 or greater. The single wire shift mod is also supported. Package price is $35.00.

The Enhancer ][ features a typeahead buffer. Your keyboard has upper and lower case, and will auto repeat any key held down. A single keystroke can become a word or an entire sentence. Controlled by a powerful microprocessor, Enhancer ][ allows you to re-map your keyboard or add specialized features. Changing a chip creates a totally different keyboard. Enhancer ][ Utilities Disc included.

Suggested retail price $1 49.00.

Videx is a trademark of Videx, lnc>

Apple ][ is a registered trademark of AppleComputer Inc.

THE FIRST AND ONLY BOARD YOUR IBM PC MAY EVERNEED.

Your IBM personal computer is a very versatile piece of equipment. Perhaps more versatile than you realize. New applications and functions are being developed every day. Now with Quadboard

by Quadram you can keep your options open for tomorrow's technology. Following in the tradition of Quadram Quality, four of Quadram's best selling IBM boards have been combined into one board. Your remaining slots will be left free and available to accommodate future expansion needs and uses which you may not even be able to contemplate today.

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PROVEN DESIGN.

Quadram has been shipping IBM boards with each of the Quadboard functions on separate boards since December, 1981. They are still available as separates (including a Dual Port Async Board) for those.who desire a quality board but do not need to keep slots open for future expansion. And they all come with a one year warranty from the leader in technology applications.

256K MEMORY EXPANSION.

Socketed and expandable in 64K increments to 256K, full parity generation and checking are standard. A Quadboard exclusive feature allows parity to be switch disabled to avoid lock-up upon error detection. The dip switches also allow it to be addressed starting on any 64K block so that it takes up only as much as it has memory installed. Memory access and cycle time naturally meet all IBM specifications.

CLOCK/CALENDAR.

Quadboard eliminates the hassle of manually inputting the date on system boot-up by providing for the clock and all software routines necessary for inserting the appropriate programs on your diskettes. The internal computer clock is automatically set for compatibility with most software routines which utilize clock functions. On-board battery keeps the clock running when the computer is off.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 282

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ALL ON ONE BOARD

Now you can utilize all the PC's capacity with Quadram's extremely flexible configurations. And it's totally compatible with IBM hardware, operating systems, and high level languages. It's a full-size board that can be inserted into any free system slot and it even includes a card edge guide for securely mounting the card in place.

SOFTWARE TOO!

With Quadboard you receive not only hardware but extensive software at no extra cost. Diagnostics, utilities, and Quad-RAM drive software for simulating a floppy drive in memory (a super-fast SOLID STATE DISK!) are all part of the Quadboard package.

$595

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PARALLEL PRINTER I/O.

A16 pin header on Quadboard is used for inserting a short cable containing a standard DB25 connector. The connector is then mounted in the knock-out hole located in the center of the PC backplane. The parallel port can be switch disabled or addressed as Printer 1 or 2. No conflict exists with the standard parallel port on the Monochrome board. The infernal cable, connector and hardware are all included.

ASYNCHRONOUS (RS232) COMMUNICATION ADAPTER.

Using the same chip as that on the IBM ASYNC board, the device is software programmable for baud rate, character, stop, and parity bits. A male DB25 connector located on the back connector is identical to that on the IBM Async Adapter. The adapter is used for connecting modems, printers (many letter quality printers require RS232), and other serial devices. Switches allow the port to be configured as COM1 or COM2 and the board fully supports IBM Communications Software.

INCREDIBLE PRICE!

Priced at $595 with 64K installed, $775

with 128K, $895 with 192K and $995

with 256K.

ASK YOUR DEALER.

All products are sold through local

personal computer dealers. If yours

does not stock Quadram,

please ask him to call us

at (404) 923-6666. /| V I \

QUADRAM V

CORPORATION /

\

4357 Park Drive/Norcross, Ga. 30093 Circle 388 on inquiry card.

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Figure 1: Block diagram of one of the three audio chains of a Soundchaser Analog voice card, along with its associated control circuits.

timings of each note in a track (perhaps as a numerical table) and then edit that table. That would give the musician the option of fine-tuning the timing of individual notes without having to punch in and replay just those notes. For Sunday keyboardists like me, that would be an attractive feature. Since the entire Sequencer resides in the system software, these enhancements could presumably be included in software updates.

In addition to the Wavemaker, Performance, and Sequencer sections, the Soundchaser Digital operating system includes a disk section that contains some basic file-management utilities. The three types of files are called Waveform, Master, and Track and correspond to the data entered in the Wavemaker, Performance, and Sequencer sections. Files can be saved on disk, deleted, and loaded from the disk. The Performance section display provides access to the disk section (as well as to any of the other system sections) through a simple, single-character command.

The Soundchaser Analog System

The Analog system sound-producing hardware and operating software are both radically different from

those of the Digital system. An Analog system audio card contains three very simple analog sound chains, plus a D-to-A (digital-toanalog) converter and demultiplexing circuitry to receive digital control information from the Apple, convert it

When compared with conventional analog

synthesizers, the

Soundchaser Analog

audio chain has limited

capabilities.

to analog control voltages, and distribute it to the control inputs of the analog circuit blocks.

Figure 1 shows a single audio chain of the Soundchaser Analog card. The oscillator is a programmable counter that derives the correct frequency by dividing the Apple clock frequency by a software-generated number. The output waveform is a square wave, a shape that produces a hollow, clarinetlike tone. A simple waveshaping circuit changes the overtone content slightly in order to produce a more stringlike quality. This circuit is

activated by one of four small switches on the circuit board itself; it is not under software control. The filter is a standard voltage-controlled "24-dB/oct [decibels per octave] lowpass-resonant" design. (This is the type of filter that most people have in mind when they say, "It sounds like a synthesizer.") The filter's cutoff frequency (the frequency above which the overtones are reduced in strength) and resonance (how strongly the filter emphasizes the overtones whose frequencies are near the cutoff frequency) and the amplifier's gain (amount of amplification) are the three parameters that are under software control through the D-to-A converter.

When compared with conventional analog synthesizers, the Soundchaser Analog audio chain has limited capabilities. With only one waveform per voice, chorus and ensemble effects are not possible. The waveshape choice is meager and inconvenient to implement. The range of filter cutoff frequency and resonance settings seems hardware-limited; you can't produce musically interesting effects, such as very low or very high cutoff frequency and high resonance. Finally, the control signals emerging from

274 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 110 on Inquiry card.

Photo 4: Screen display of a voice panel display of the Soundchaser Analog system. The pattern at the top is a user-defined contour, one of four that is associated with each voice. Below the contour display are the "switches" and "sliders" that are set by use of the game paddle.

the demultiplexer carry rapid fluctuations that affect the overall tone quality.

The Soundchaser Analog "control panel" provides some novel and musically useful control modes. Photo 4 shows the video presentation. The top part of the display provides access to two envelopes (El and E2) and single cycles of two repeating modulation patterns (Ll and L2). You can define or edit any of these contours by moving a cursor with a game paddle, a process that takes a steady hand. The latest software version has provision for editing by spotting end points of line segments, then computing the lines themselves. This editing method is more manageable than freehand drawing with the game paddle.

Below the contour display is a series of soft switches and sliders. They control aspects of pitch range: from left to right, whether or not E2 sweeps the oscillator, filter cutoff frequency, whether or not E2 sweeps the filter, filter resonance, overall time scale of El and E2, and overall time scale of Ll and L2. You move the software "knobs" with the game pad

dle, first bringing the cursor to the control, then pressing the game paddle button while turning the game paddle knob to move the software "knob" up and down. The process takes two hands, so you can't do it while you're playing the keyboard. However, it is a fairly natural and easy way to enter data. For people used to hard control panels, one drawback of this display is that you cannot change a control, then immediately hear what that change sounds like. You have to go back and forth from the panel-setting mode to the keyboard-playing mode, a process that requires typing a couple of alphanumeric commands.

The ability to draw control contours of any shape, then stretch or compress them with a few simple commands, is a facility that electronic musicians have long dreamed of. Each envelope and repeating waveform shape has its own sound. Of course, it takes a lot of experience to know what shape contours to draw in order to get the desired effect. However, once you get something you like, you can store it on disk. Soon you'll have a library of effects that

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

275

you can draw on to add variety and interest to your music.

The Sequencer section of the Soundchaser Analog system allows you to record a short (128 notes or chords) keyboard performance, then play it back while simultaneously playing another tone color on the keyboard. This Sequencer is much more limited than the 4-Track Sequencer of the Soundchaser Digital system, which I described in the first half of the article. However, it has some potential use in providing simple effects during live performance or programmed instructions. Like the Digital system Sequencer, this one doesn't have editing facilities either; you get what you play.

Like the Digital system, the Analog system contains basic file-maintenance functions. File types are Preset (all data to define a tone color), Sequence (a keyboard performance), and Orchestra (a collection of four presets and four sequences). By recording presets and sequences in separate files, you can easily try dif

ferent tone colors in a given keyboard performance, a facility that is absolutely impossible with audio tape recorders. You can save, delete, and load files for future use or editing.

Optional Software

The Musictutor is a collection of ear-training routines that combine the Soundchasers' (both Analog and Digital systems) accurate-pitch programming and production capabilities with easy-to-read displays in conventional music notation and plain English. The routines, which include interval and melody drill in several degrees of difficulty, plus performance evaluation and grading, seem well thought out. Music students and teachers alike should find Musictutor easy to use. I haven't been subjected to an ear-training class for some 35 years, but I can remember that my fellow students and I squirmed and sweated, one by one, as our bored teacher played intervals and scowled until we came up with the right answer. Contrasted with that less

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than-pleasant memory is my experience with Musictutor. I picked one of the exercises at random and was sucked in. I managed to tear myself away after an hour of drill, during which time I found out where the tarnished edges of my golden ears were.

Notewriter transcribes the keyboard performance of a monophonic musical line into conventional musical notation—of sorts. The problem of transcribing music with all the conventions that musicians expect is difficult. Notewriter sets up the screen with staff lines and key signature, then produces a series of beeps for rhythmic reference. The notes appear as you play them but without refinements such as triplets, accents, and similar standard musical markings. The current version of Notewriter has provisions for editing which allow you to "clean up" the notation. Notewriter also has provision for transposing keys. The software package may find some use in its present form, but for most applications, musicians will find it easier to transcribe single musical lines by hand.

Conclusions

When a musician uses an instrument to make music, the interaction that takes place between the two is as intense and complex as in any man/machine system. When the instrument is a computer music system with some intelligence of its own, the criteria for efficient interaction are especially stringent. Computer music systems must continue to evolve in order for their developers to incorporate all of the refinements that will make them truly efficient and "friendly" tools for musicians. After all, the violin evolved over centuries and the acoustic piano took generations to reach its present musical excellence. We have no reason to believe that the ultimate computer music system, whether it costs $1000 or $50,000, is close at hand.

The Soundchasers are evolutionary systems. That is, they have been developed and introduced while computer musical instrument technology is still very young. While some of

276 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

their features go far beyond those available from older technologies, other features will, we can assume, seem crude to musicians of the future. Thus, in summarizing the Soundchasers, my listing of shortcomings is intended more as a recommendation for further development than as criticism.

The Soundchaser Digital system, with its Mountain Computer Musicsystem digital oscillator, constitutes a musically useful polyphonic recording and performance system. The Musicsystem provides a wide variety of pleasing tone colors, while the system software provides adequate routines for specifying envelopes and frequency modulation waveforms. I would like to see more finely defined, faster envelopes and frequency modulation that affected all pitches equally. The Sequencer section is easy to use for four-part music but definitely needs provision for editing.

The Soundchaser Analog system uses voice cards that resemble "barebones" analog synthesizers. As audiotone generators, they are not impressive. The software's strong points are the abilities to draw arbitrary envelopes and modulation waveforms, then use simple commands to stretch or compress these contours in time. The Sequencer section of the Analog system is less useful than that of the Soundchaser Digital system.

The music keyboard (used in both systems) is four octaves long and not touch-sensitive and incorporates no real-time "player" controls. It is adequate for experimental work and teaching but will limit musicians who are used to larger keyboards or who wish to impart expressive nuance to their music.

The Musictutor software package is a well-developed set of computeraided ear-training routines. Notewriter is a monophonic transcribing routine that, in its present form, has limited usefulness and needs further development.

Written documentation is complete and adequate, if not top-notch. Several appendixes provide welcome background documentation on operating principles and software structured

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277

A Brief Introduction to Electronic Music Synthesizers

Robert A. Moog

Big Briar Inc.

Leicester, NC 28748

Most of today's popular music, as well as a growing amount of jazz, classical, and experimental music, owes its very existence to electronic technology. The electric guitar and bass, those war-horses of rock and roll, are vying with a dazzling array of new keyboard-controlled electronic musical instruments for the attention of today's music makers. Foremost among these new instruments is the electronic music synthesizer, an instrument that allows musicians to build and shape sounds from their component parts.

Synthesists deal with modules and patches (links), with interfaces and processors, with sequences, controls, and data paths. If these terms sound familiar, it is for a good reason: modern-day synthesizers are direct descendents of analog computers, those venerable monsters with vacuum-tube hearts and patch-cord brains that solved algebraic and differential equations with voltages instead of numbers. The analog computer scientist's function generators, adders, and multipliers have become the synthesist's tone oscillators, mix

ers, and voltage-controlled amplifiers. The vacuum tubes have yielded to complex integrated circuits, and the patch cords (short cables with plugs at both ends for making temporary connections) now live out their lives under stage lights instead of in the cool of the laboratory. Of course, digital computers have completely replaced their analog

In music, the smoothly

continuous signals and

uniquely versatile

hardware of analog

computers live on.

ancestors in science and industry. In the arts, however, and especially in music, the smoothly continuous signals and uniquely versatile hardware of analog computers live on.

What Is a Synthesizer?

Analog synthesizers have existed as experimental curiosities for more than half a century and as commercial products since 1964. At present,

hundreds of thousands are in existence, in sizes as small as a candy bar and almost as large as a mission control center. Most of these incorporate a set of basic features, just as most digital computers, from the hand-held to the mainframe, have a processor, memory, clock, and input and output ports. We can divide the innards of a typical analog synthesizer into "ranks" or "voices," each of which produces a single musical tone, like a trumpet or an organ pipe. Small synthesizers have 1 rank; larger instruments have upwards of 16.

The core of a synthesizer rank is the audio chain, a circuit block that generates and processes the tone itself. A typical audio chain, shown in the lower half of figure 1, consists of one to four oscillator-waveshapers, one or two filters, and an amplifier. Each oscillator produces a single repeating waveform, which is generally heard as a musical pitch. Having more than one oscillator per voice enables the musician to produce ensemble sounds, chords, and many other musically interesting effects. The waveform's frequency of repeti

278 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The size, of course, is a dead giveaway. But don't let the size fool you. The HX-20 is not a toy. Or a glorified calculator.

It's a computer.

A real computer, with 16K RAM (optionally expandable to 32K), and 32K ROM (optionally expandable to 64K), RS-232C and serial interfaces, a full-size ASCII keyboard, a built-in printer, a scrollable LCD screen, and sound generation. A microcassette and ROM cartridge are available as options. Viva la difference! In fact, the only differences between the Epson HX-20 and an ordinary computer are:

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Figure 1: Block diagram of a simple analog music synthesizer. The audio (sound-producing) section lies below the dotted line, while the control (shaping and articulating) section lies above the dotted line.

Hon is related to the perceived pitch: when the frequency doubles, the pitch goes up an octave. The shape of the wave determines the overtone content. A signal's overtones are a set of frequencies that are whole-number multiples of the wave's fundamental frequency (the frequency of repetition). We do not hear overtones as distinct pitches but rather as a coloration of the tone's perceived quality. The overtone content, or spectrum, of a signal is related to its waveshape by a mathematical algorithm called the Fourier transform.

The filter alters the oscillator waveform's shape so as to emphasize some overtones and reduce others. A filter is thus a spectrum shaper. Filtering is a powerful way of modifying a sound's tone color. Finally, the amplifier in the audio chain determines the final amplitude, or overall size, of the waveform and thus affects our perception of the sound's loudness.

Voltage Control

Oscillators, filters, and the amplifier in a synthesizer audio chain are generally voltage controlled. This

means that their operating points may be changed by applying varying voltages to the circuits' control inputs. As examples, a series of voltage steps applied to an oscillator's frequency-control input will result in a series of abrupt frequency changes that we hear as a scale; a continuously varying voltage applied to the same control input will give a pitch glide. A control voltage applied to the filter's frequency-control input will move the filter's frequency response back and forth across the audio spectrum, varying the sound's overall brightness, while a control signal applied to the bandwidth input will change the shape of the filter's frequency response, making the sound more or less "vocal" or "nasal." Finally, signals applied to the amplifier's gain-control input will impart dynamic variations to the sound's overall loudness.

Control signals are never heard directly but instead impart motion and texture to the sounds that the audio chain produces. Control signals often influence a sound's tone color (timbre) more than the static properties (initial frequency, initial

waveform, and initial amplitude) of the audio chain. This is because we hear changes in sound much more easily than we hear the average or steady properties of the sound.

Three of the most common sources of control signals are the music keyboard, which produces voltage steps; the generator of low-frequency periodic signals (called an LFO, or low-frequency oscillator), which imparts periodic variations such as vibrato; and the generator of transient signals (called an envelope generator or a contour generator), which provides overall shape to individual notes. The upper half of figure 1 shows a typical complement of control functions. The keyboard changes the oscillator's pitches and may also move the filter's cutoff frequency. The LFO varies either the oscillators or the filter to produce a wide variety of effects that musicians call by names such as vibrato, tremolo, trill, and growl. One of the envelope generators moves the filter frequency response to produce hornlike, plucked-string-like, or vocal ("wah-wah") effects, while the other opens and closes the amplifier

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

283

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Photo 1: W. Carlos's electronic music production studio in 1968. There Carlos produced the recording "Switched-on Bach."At right is the modularMoogsynthesizer. At left is a multitrack recorder, which was used to record the music one line at a time. Below the synthesizer is a 10-input mixer designed and built by Carlos.

to give the sound its overall loudness shape. Generally, the envelope generators are triggered each time a new key is depressed.

Synthesizer Programming

Academic and experimental composers first used synthesizers to explore new ways of making music electronically. In 1968 "Switched-on Bach," a fine recording of the music of J.S. Bach, performed by W. Carlos and B. Folkman, achieved widespread popularity. Carlos and Folkman used a modular Moog synthesizer (see photo 1) to produce all of the recording's sounds and assembled the music on a multitrack tape recorder, one line at a time. Since then, hundreds of synthesizer records have graced the shelves of record stores, and countless television and film scores, commercials, and dramatic presentations have been made by techniques that were pioneered by Carlos and her colleagues.

In Carlos's synthesizer, each circuit function is a separate modular piece of hardware. The musician connects the modules together with audio patch cords and then adjusts the panel controls for the desired operat

ing points (tone color). Synthesists call this process programming. It is differentiated from performing, which is actually producing a succession of sounds by playing a music keyboard or similar device. Programming is a problem for many musicians because it takes so long. Worse than that, modular analog synthesizers have no practical way of storing and recalling programs, so a musically interesting, complex tone color or sound pattern may be difficult if not impossible to recreate exactly. Because of these limitations, conventional modular synthesizers are generally not suitable for live performance. Studio musicians who work with tape recorders can afford to spend time getting the right tone colors, but musicians who perform before an audience must have immediate access to their sound palettes.

To meet the needs of live performers, "compact performance synthesizers," featuring quick, accurate access to sound parameters, were introduced in the early 1970s. They were monophonic (capable of producing only one or, at most, two notes at a time). Some of the instruments had presets, like vending machines for sounds, while others

284 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 296 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

285

reduced the functions of modular instruments to the bare essentials, then replaced patch cords with fast-acting switches.

The biggest programming breakthrough came when microcomputers were built into performance synthesizers. In many late-model synthesizers, microcomputers scan the control panel to store the control setting as digital information for instant, accurate recall, scan the music keyboard to find out what keys the musician is holding down, and assign the pitch values of these keys to the instrument's ranks. In one stroke, the microprocessor-controlled synthesizer thus solved two big equipment problems: (1) rapid access to a wide variety of user-defined tone colors and (2) how to "play" a limited number of voices from a music keyboard with several dozen keys. Today, the microprocessor-controlled polyphonic (chord-playing) synthesizers with analog voice circuitry dominate the more expensive end of the electronic keyboard instrument market. They have 4 to 16 analog

voices, 1 or 2 keyboards, and a panel full of committed, "hard" controls and switches. They sell at prices from 2 to 70 "kilobucks." Most musicians agree that they sound very good.

Digital Sound Synthesis

Electronic musical instrument designers are currently embroiled in a debate over whether digital or analog audio circuitry is more "musical." The current widespread popularity of electronic keyboard instruments is due in no small degree to the simple fact that, during the past few decades, we engineers have learned how to make some really fine-sounding analog audio circuitry. Can a digitally generated waveform, consisting of smoothed-out discrete steps, compete for the musician's ears with a continuously generated waveform from an analog circuit? The answer, of course, is yes, if the steps are small enough. We are talking about the steps not only in the audio waveform itself but also in the values of the control parameters that define the musical qualities of the waveform.

For instance, a gliding pitch (called portamento by musicians) produced by a conventional analog synthesizer is stepless. One does not hear abrupt steps in pitch because there are none. In a tone produced by a digital oscillator or programmable counter, on the other hand, pitch glides are produced by periodically updating the number that specifies the frequency. If these frequency changes are too great, or if the time interval between them is too long, then we hear steps. If, however, the time between updates is very short, then the glide will sound smooth. In between, we may not actually hear discrete pitch changes, but the sound may have a roughness or muddiness that we barely perceive. Acousticians and musical instrument designers don't really know how rapidly parameters have to change or how fine the change has to be in order for it to be perceived as truly continuous. For this reason, both approaches have their loyal followers. At today's state of the art, both may easily be put under computer control.■

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k Dali Systems Cwoonior

286 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

froiK §imm wm mm

S-100 STATIC MEMORY BREAKTHROUGH

» —

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Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100/IEEE 696 static memory for your computer at an unprecedented savings.

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Circle 293 on Inquiry card.

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The 8051 One-Chip Microcomputer

A Most Powerful Microcontroller

Hardware-intensive applications can show off the power of software.

The 8051 single-chip microcomputer, and its other versions in the MCS-51 family, is a recent development of the Intel Corporation (see figure 1). It is a complete 8-bit computer fabricated on a single silicon die. Intel claims that the MCS-51 family "is the highest performance microcomputer family in the world and outperforms all microprocessors and microcomputers in controloriented applications." It achieves a tenfold function/speed improvement over its predecessor, Intel's 8048, by

This article is based on the book The 8051: Programming, Interfacing, and Applications. 81 Hands-On Experiments with Intel's SDK-51 by Howard Boyet and Ron Katz, MTI Publications (14 East 8th St., New York, NY 10003,' [212] 473-4947), 1982, 396 pages, $19.95. Mr. Katz's work relative to this article was not sponsored by Bell Telephone Laboratories.

Copyright © ! 982 by Howard Boyet and Ron Katz.

Howard Boyet

Microprocessor Training Inc.

14 East 8th St.

New York, NY 10003

Ron Katz

Bell Telephone Laboratories

Whippany, NJ 07981

packing 60,000 transistors onto a silicon die about 230 mils square.

The 8051 is designed for applications in the high end of the singledevice computer market. It is intend

The 8051 packs 60,000

transistors on a single

silicon die for enhanced

performance.

ed for use in sophisticated real-time instrumentation, industrial controls, and intelligent computer peripheral devices.

Three versions of this microcomputer exist (collectively, this is the MCS-51 family):

• The 8031 has no on-chip program memory. It can address 64K bytes of external program memory, in addi

tion to 64K bytes of external data memory.

• The 8051 has its lower 4K bytes of program memory filled with on-chip mask-programmable ROM (readonly memory).

• The 8751 has those 4K bytes occupied by EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory).

Each version can be expanded to 64K bytes of program memory, and/or 64K bytes of data memory, using standard memories and byte-oriented peripheral devices. All three have 128 bytes of internal on-chip data memory and 128 bytes assigned as SFRs (special-function registers), some of which are reserved for future assignment; effectively, there are 256 bytes of internal data memory.

In this article, we shall first broadly describe the unique hardware and software features of the 8051 that make it such a powerful device and

288 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

"Tlfc Home Cbmputen This is the oner

A lot of computers offer a lot. Only one in its price range offers the most. The Tl Home Computer.

Better to begin with. Anyone can start right away with our Solid State Software™ Command Cartridges. Dozens of programs are available in home management, education and entertainment.

Easy to expand. Our Peripheral Expansion System gives you plug-in cards for memory expansion, P-Code capabilities, a disk drive controller and the RS232 Interface. You can also add a modem, speech

synthesizer, disk drive and 80 column dot matrix printer.

Programming flexibility. TI BASIC is built into the Home Computer. But it can also handle TI Extended BASIC, UCSD Pascal* Version IV.0,TI LOGO II, TMS 9900 Assembly Language and TI PILOT. Programs can be stored in the optional Mini Memory Command Cartridge.

High-Tech specs. 16-bit microprocessor, 16K bytes RAM (expandable to 52K). 26K bytes internal ROM, up to 30K bytes external ROM. 3 simultaneous tones from

110 HZ to 40,000 HZ. High resolution video. U. &. I.e. Single line overlay for 2nd function. Control &. function keys. 16 color graphics with 4 modes 6k sprites.

Sound impressive? Compare a TI Home Computer with the competition and really be impressed. You won't even need a computer to tell you this is the one. t

Texas Instruments

'UCSD Pascal is a trademark of the Regents oi the University of California

© 1982 Texas Instruments

Circle 462 on inquiry card.

RST/VPD VSS VCC I

pmC

1

40

=3

pi i d

2

39

Z3

PI 2 1

3

38

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7

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33

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RXD P3.0 CZ

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8031 1° 8051

32

31

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30

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12.

29

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INT1 P3 3 d

13

28

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14

27

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T1 P3.5 CZ

15

26

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16

25

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17

24

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19

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20

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VCC POO

P0.1

P0.2

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P0.5

P0.6

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EA/VDD

ALE'PROG

PS EN

XTAL1

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8031 8051 8751

PORT 0/ > ADDRESS / AND

DATA BUS

PORT 2/ I ADDRESS BUS

Htl-fcHfcNLt

r±dt

8051 Family Pin Description

Circuit ground potential.

+ 5V power supply during operation, programming and verification.

PORTO

Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. It is also the multiplexed low-order address and data bus when using external memory. It is used for data input and output during programming and verification. Port 0 can sink/source two TTL loads.

PORT1

Port 1 is an 8-bit quasi-bidirectional I/O port. It is used for the low-order address byte during programming and verification. Port 1 can sink/source one TTL load.

PORT 2

Port 2 is an 8-bit quasi-bidirectional I/O port. It also emits the high-order address byte when accessing external memory. It is used for the high-order address and the control signals during programming and verification. Port 2 can sink/source one TTL load.

PORT 3

Port 3 is an 8-bit quasi-bidirectional I/O port. It also contains the interrupt, timer, serial port and RD and WR pins that are used by various options. The output latch corresponding to a secondary function must be programmed to a one (1) for that function to operate. Port 3 can sink/source one TTL load. The secondary functions are assigned to the pins of Port 3, as follows:

— FXD/data (P3.0). Serial port's receiver data input (asynchronous) or data input/output (synchronous).

—TXD/clock (P3.1). Serial port's transmitter data output (asynchronous) or clock output (synchronous).

— INTO (P3.2). Interrupt 0 input or gate control input for counter 0.

OSCILLATOR

&

TIMING

o

4096 BYTES

PROGRAM

MEMORY

(8051 & 8751)

I. ii ii a ,i

INTERRUPTS

TWO 16-BIT TIMER EVENT COUNTERS

G4K-BYTE BUS EXPANSION CONTROL

V

PROGRAMMABLE I O

INTERRUPTS

\7

CONTROL

PROGRAMMABLE SERIAL PORT

• FULL DUPLEX UART

• SYNCHRONOUS SHIFTER

PARALLEL PORTS ADDRESS DATA BUS. AND I O PINS

— INT1 (P3.3). Interrupt 1 input or gate control input for counter 1.

—TO (P3.4). Input to counter 0. —T1 (P3.5). Input to counter 1,

— WR (P3.6). The write control signal latches the data byte from Port 0 into the External Data Memory.

— RD (P3.7). The read control signal enables External Data Memory to Port 0.

RST/VPD

A low to high transition on this pin (at approximately 3V) resets the 8051. If VPD is held within its spec (approximately +5V), while Vcc drops below spec, V™ will provide standby power to the RAM. When VPD is low, the RAM's current is drawn from Vcc. A small internal resistor permits power-on reset using only a capacitor connected to Vcc.

ALE/ PROG

Provides Address Latch Enable output used for latching the address into external memory during normal operation. Receives the program pulse input during EPROM programming.

PSEN

The Program Store Enable output is a control signal that enables the external Program Memory to the bus during normal fetch operations.

EA/VDD

When held at a TTL high level, the 8051 executes instructions from the internal ROM/EPROM when the PC is less than 4096. When held at a TTL low level, the 8051 fetches all instructions from external Program Memory. The pin also receives the 21V EPROM programming supply voltage.

XTAL1

Input to the oscillator's high gain amplifier. A crystal or external source can be used.

XTAL2

Output from the crystal is used.

oscillator's amplifier. Required when a

Figure 1: Pliysical aspects of the Intel 8051. These three drawings show the pin description, the logic symbol, and the block diagram. (This figure is reproduced by permission of Intel Corporation from reference 3.)

290 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1982

293

set it apart from other 8-bit byteoriented microprocessors. We shall then illustrate some of these features with specific examples of 8051 use in which small but concrete programs are given. (Please note that the term 8051 as used here refers to all three members of the MCS-51 family, except where specific differentiation must be made based on memory differences. The instruction sets are identical for all the members.)

Features of the 8051

The 8051 contains:

• 256 bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), including the 128 8-bit special-function registers

• 4K bytes of EPROM (8751) or ROM (8051)

• a central processing unit

• four programmable I/O (input/output) ports (32 I/O lines total)

• two 16-bit timer/event counters

• a serial I/O port with serial control (full duplex, UART [universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter], and synchronous shifter)

• internal oscillator and timing circuitry

• five interrupt lines (two from external sources and three from internal ones: the internal interrupts emanate from internal timer 0, timer 1, and the internal serial I/O port), each with a two-level priority capability

• four banks of registers (eight registers per bank)

One of the four I/O ports mentioned above (P3) is comprised of the following eight pins:

• RXD (the serial port's asynchronous receiver-data input or synchronous data input/output)

• TXD (serial port's asynchronous transmitter-data output or synchronous clock output)

• INTO (interrupt 0 input or gatecontrol input for timer/counter 0)

• INTl (interrupt 1 input or gatecontrol input for timer/counter 1)

• TO and Tl (test or event counter inputs to timer/counters 0 and 1)

• WR (write-control signal that latches a data byte from port 0 into the external data memory)

• RD (read-control signal that enables external data memory to port 0)

It should be mentioned that RXD and TXD are not only involved in UART, multiprocessor communications, and bus protocol, but can also be used to implement I/O port expansion.

The MCS-51 instruction set can be divided as follows: 55 percent are 1-byte instructions, 36 percent are 2-byte, and 9 percent are 3-byte; 58 percent of the instructions execute in 1 microsecond (/xs), 40 percent in 2 fis, and 2 percent in 4 /is (with a

12-megahertz [MHz] clock). The 4-jis execution times are associated with the 8051's multiply and divide instructions. Direct memory-tomemory transfer instructions are within the 256 bytes of on-chip memory. Because of the memorymapped nature of these transfer instructions, a register's contents can be moved directly to one of the four I/O ports or vice versa. This stems from the fact that each of the four ports is itself an SFR with an on-chip address. The bit-addressing feature allows a bit on any 8051 I/O pin to be moved to any other I/O pin via the "Boolean accumulator" (the carry bit). I/O pins have individual addresses; in fact, any addressable bit in on-chip RAM can be moved to an I/O pin or vice versa. Of course, every one of the 210 addressable bits can be tested. Decisions (e.g., conditional jumps) can then be made on the basis of their status. The contents of any of the 256 locations in on-chip memory can be pushed onto the stack and then popped back. The 8051 also features fast (4.-fis) multiply and divide instructions that use 8-bit operands.

One of the unique features of the 8051 is its Boolean (bit) processing capability. It is both a Boolean (bit) and byte processor. As a bit processor, the bit accumulator is the carry bit. Examples of bit-manipulation instructions are: CLR C; CLR bit

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294 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 338 on inquiry card, i

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addr; SETB C; SETB bit addr; CPL C; CPL bit addr; ANL C, bit addr; ANL C,/bit addr; ORL C, bit addr; ORL C,/bit addr; MOV bit addr, C; MOV C, bit addr; JB bit addr, code addr; and JNB bit addr, code addr.

By way of explanation, CLR clears the carry bit or the bit at a bit address; SETB sets those bits; CPL complements those bits; ANL performs the Boolean logic AND on the carry bit and the bit in the designated address (or with the complement of the bit if /bit addr is used) and leaves the resulting bit in the carry bit; ORL does the same with respect to the Boolean logic OR operation; the bitoriented MOV instructions move the bit in the designated address (it can be an I/O pin) into the carry bit or vice versa; and the JB and JNB instructions are powerful features allowing a conditional jump (decision) to be made based on whether the bit (again, it can be one of 32 I/O pins or any addressable bit in on-chip RAM or SFRs) is a 1 (JB) or a O (JNB). The jump is made to the address in the program specified by "code addr" appended in the instruction. These bitoriented instructions are, in part, responsible for the unique power of the 8051 as a microcontroller.

The number of bit addresses in the 8051 totals 210, including the 32 bitaddressable I/O pins at ports PO, Pi, P2, P3, and the bits in 7 other of the 20 SFRs (each 8 bits wide). Sixteen on-chip memory locations, other than the SFRs and the 32 registers in the four banks, are also bitaddressable and thus account for 128 of the 210 bit addresses (the 11 bitaddressable SFRs make up the rest).

You can appreciate that the Boolean-processing capabilities, with the ability to manipulate and control addressable bits, make the 8051 ideal for controlling items such as contacts, indicators, motors, and digital-type on-off I/O devices in all sorts of controller applications, as well as for realization of Boolean output versus input-transfer functions (Boolean combinatorial-logic problems). Thus, contact, relay, switch, TTL (transistor-transistor logic) gate, and other hardware implementations of many combinatorial-logic-type applications

(switching and relay systems, etc.) can now be realized simply and efficiently with the 8051 microcontroller, including all the well-known advantages that a software "black box" can have relative to its hardware-filled counterpart.

It should be noted that the 8051 is also possessed with powerful arithmetic capability, stemming in part from its fast multiply and divide instructions. This is a definite asset and advantage over many other processors in signal-processing and realtime applications (e.g., as a digital filter).

The computational and numerical needs of a controller also require strong arithmetic capabilities to help achieve that control. The 8051, therefore, excels both as a "bitbanger" and as a byte-oriented "number-cruncher."

A word now about the specialfunction registers (sometimes designated by Intel as the hardware/peripheral registers). Twenty of them are located in on-chip RAM. All of them are byte-addressable; 11 are, in addition, bit-addressable. Those 11 are P0 (port 0), Pi (port 1), P2 (port 2), P3 (port 3) (eight I/O lines per port), TCON (timer-control register), SCON (serial-port control register), IE (interrupt-enable control register), IP (interrupt-priority control register), PSW (program status word), ACC (accumulator with a direct address), and B (B register). Register B is a special register used together with ACC in multiply and divide instructions. The remaining byte-addressable SFRs are SP (stack pointer), DPL and DPH (data pointer—low, high bytes), TMOD (timer mode register), TL0 (timer 0 low byte), TLl (timer 1 low byte), TH0 (timer 0 high byte), TH1 (timer 1 high byte), and SBUF (serial port data buffer).

A working knowledge of the SFRs, in addition to the 8051's instruction set and the structure of its on-chip memory, is essential to mastering the 8051. For a more extensive treatment of the SFRs, refer to our book and the references at the end of this article.

Here are some examples of the SFRs: port 3 is at hexadecimal address

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

OBO. The eight pins of port 3 on the 8051 are mapped onto the 8 bits of this SFR so that bit 0 of address OBO is RXD, bit 1 (address OBl) is TXD, bit 2 (address 0B2) is INTO, bit 3 (address 0B3) is INT1, bit 4 (address 0B4) is TO (timer/counter 0 external flag), bit 5 (address 0B5) is Tl (timer/counter 1 external flag), bit 6 (address 0B6) is WR (write data to external data memory), and bit 7 (address 0B7) is RD (read data from external data memory). These bits are also referred to as P3.0 (bit 0), P3.1 (bit 1), . . . P3.7 (bit 7).

Note that pins TO, Tl, INTO, and INTl, having bit addresses, can be treated as four ordinary input pins that can be tested and decisions made accordingly. In the case of INTl and INTO, the interrupt system must be disabled. The organization of some important SFRs and the definitions of their bits are shown in table 1, reproduced from the Intel 8051 literature by permission of the Intel Corporation. A careful study of that material should give you a good feeling for the role of the SFRs in working with the 8051 and how they can be manipulated for your desired ends. All but one (TMOD) of the seven SFRs detailed in table 1 are bitaddressable, as well as byteaddressable.

Setting or clearing certain individual SFR bits by software will achieve many user requirements (programmable) for the control application:

• setting or clearing RSI or RSO (PSW.4 or PSW.3 in the program status word register) will specify one of the four register banks to be worked with

• setting or clearing C/ T in TMOD specifies timer or counter mode of operation for the timer/counter

• setting or clearing the Ml or MO bits in TMOD specifies the type of timer/counter (8-bit, 16-bit, auto reload, 5-bit prescalar, etc.)

• setting or clearing the GATE bit in TMOD serves to determine whether or not gating is used with the timer/ counter

• setting or clearing the TRl or TRO bits in TCON determines whether

SFR

Description

PORT 3 Eight I/O lines

PSW Program status word

TCON Timer/counter control

SCON Serial-port control

IE Interrupt-enable control

IP Interrupt-priority control

TMOD Timer/counter mode control

Hexadecimal

Hexadecimal

Byte Address

Bit Addresses

OBO

OBO through 0B7

0D0

0D0 through 0D7

(0D1 reserved)

88

88 through 8F

98

98 through 9F

0A8

0A8 through OAF

(2 bits reserved)

0B8

0B8 through OBC

(3 bits reserved)

89

(USB)

USUI

I -I

WR

Tl

"I"

Tl INTO

TXD

"xd|

Symbol Position Name and Significance RD P3.7 Read data control output. Active low

pulse generated by hardware when external data memory is read.

WR P3.6 Write data control output. Active low

pulse generated by hardware when external data memory is written.

Tl P3.5 Timercoiniter I external input or test

pin.

TO P3 4 Timer/counter 0 external input or test

pin.

Symbol Position Name and Significance

INTl P3.3 Interrupt I input pin. Low-level or

falling-edge triggered.

INTO P3.2 Interrupt 0 input pin. Low-level or

falling-edge triggered.

TXD P3-I Transmit Data pin for serial port in

UART mode. Clock output in shift register mode,

RXD P3.0 Receive Data pin for serial pon in

UART mode. Data I/O pin in shift register mode

P3—Alternate Special Functions of Port 3

|MSBI

(LSH)

|„

AC

FO

RSI

RSO

QV 1

! >\

Symbol Position Name and Significance

CV PSW.7 Carry Hag.

Set cleared by hardware or software during certain arithmetic and logical instructions.

AC

PSW.ft Auxiliary Carry Hag.

Set cleared by hardware during addition or subtraction instructions to indicate carry or borrow out of bit 3.

PSW. 5 FlagO

Set, cleared/Tested by software as a user-defined status flag.

RSI

PSW.4 Register bank Select control hits 1 < Set/cleared by software to determir RSO PSW.3 working register bank (sec Note).

Symbol Position Name and Significance OV PSW 2 Overflow flag,

Set/cleared by hardware during arithmetic instructions to indicate overflow condition*.

PS W.I (reserved)

P PSW.O Parity flag.

Set/cleared by hardware each instruction cycle to indicate an odd even number of "one" bits in the accumulator, i.e.. even parity.

Note— the contents of (RSI. RSO) enable the working rcgiMti hanks as follows

(0.0) BankO (OOH-(WH)

(0.1) Bank I (OKH-01-Hi

(1.0)- Bant 2 (I0H-I7H)

(1.1) Bank 1 (18H-IKH)

PSW—Program Status Word Organization

(MSB)

ILSB)

1 GATE 1

C T

Ml

MO

GATE

C/T

M1

U"

Gating control. When set. Timer/counter "x" is enabled only while "INTx" pin is high and " TRa" control hit is set. When cleared, timer/counter is enabled whenever "TRx" control bit is set.

Timer or Counter Selector Cleared for Timer operation (input from internal system clock), Set for Counter operation (input from "Tx" input pin).

M1 MO Operating Mode

0 0 MCS-48 Timer "TLx" serves as five

bit prescaler.

0 I 16-bit timer/counter. "THx" and "TLx"

are cascaded; there is no prescaler.

1 0 8-bit auto-reioad timer/counter. "THx"

holds a value which is to be reloaded into "TLx" each time it overflows.

I I (Timer 0) TI.O is an eight-bit timer/

counter controlled by the standard Timer 0 control bits.

TH0 is an eight-bit timer only controlled by Timer I control bits.

I I (Timer I) Timer/counter I stopped,

TMOD—Timer/Counter Mode Register

Table 1: Descriptions of some SFRs (special-function registers) in the 8051 (This table is reproduced by permission of Intel Corporation from reference 3.)

Table 1 continued on page 301 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 299

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Table 1 continued:

IMSBI

(LSB)

IH

TR1

™

m

\m

1 tea

I"!

Symbol Po*flion Name and Significance

TFI TCON.7 Timer I overflow Flag. Set by hardware

on timer'counler overflow. Cleared when interrupt processed.

TR I 7CON.6 Timer I Run control bit. Set/cleared

by software to turn timer/counter on /off.

TFO TCON 5 Timer 0 overflow Flag. Set bv hardware

on timer counter overflow. Cleared when interrupt processed.

TRO TCON 4 Timer 0 Run control bit. Set/cleared by

software to turn timer/counter on/off.

Symbol Position Name and Significance

IEI TCON.3 Interrupt I Edge flag. Set by hardware

when external interrupt edge detected.

Cleared when interrupt processed.

1TI TCON 2 Interrupt I Type control bit. Set'cleared

by software to specify falling edge/ low level triggered external interrupts.

IE0 TCON. I Interrupt 0 Edge flag. Set by hardware

when external interrupt edge delected. Cleared when interrupt processed.

ITO TCON.O Interrupt 0 Type control bit. Set/cleared

by software to specify falling edge/ low level triggered external interrupts.

TCON—Timer/Counter Control/Status Register

(MSB)

(LSB)

SMO

SMI

SM2

HEN

TBS

RBB

n

"1

Symbol Position Name and Significance SMO SCON.7 Serial port Mode control bit 0.

Set/cleared by soltware (see note).

SMI

SCON 6 Serial port Mode control bit I.

Set/cleared by software (see note).

SM2 SCON.5 Serial port Mode control bit 2. Set by

software to disable reception of frames for which bit 8 is zero.

REN SCON 4 Receiver Enable control bit. Set/cleared by Software to enable'disable serial data reception.

TB8 SCON 3 Transmit Bit 8 Set/cleared by hard

ware to determine state of ninth data bit transmitted in (>-bit HART mode.

Symbol Position Name and Significance

RBK SCON 2 Receive Bit 8. Set/cleared by hard wan

to indicate state of ninth data bit

received.

Tl SCON I Transmit Interrupt flag. Set by hard

ware when byle transmitted; Cleared by software after servicing.

RI SCON 0 Received Interrupt flag. Set by hard

ware when byte received, Cleared bysoftware after servicing.

Note-- the Maic Of (SMO.SMI)select*:

(0.0) Shift register I'O expansion, (0.1) 8 bn HART, variable .Jala rate

(1.0) -9 bit UART.fixed data rate

(1.1) 9 hie LIAR I', variable Jala rate

SCON—Serial Port Control/Status Register

(MSB)

(LSB)

1 » 1 - 1

" 1 ■

„,

EX1

ET0

1-1

Symbol Position Name and Significance

EA IE.7 Enable All control bit. Cleared by

software to disable all interrupts, independent ol the state of IE.4-IE.0

IE.6 (reserved!

IE.5 (reserved!

ES IE.4 Enable Serial port control bit.

Set/cleared by software to enable/ disable interrupts from Tl or RI flags.

ETI IE.3 Enable Timer I control bit. Set/cleared

by software to enable/disable interrupts from timer/counter I.

Symbol Position Name and Significance

EX I IE.2 Enable External interrupt I control bit.

Set 'cleared by soltware to enable/ disable interrupts from INT1.

ETO IE. I Enable Timer 0 control hit. Set cleared

by software to enable disahle interrupts from timer/counter 0

EXO IE.0 Enable External interrupt 0 control bit

Set 'cleared by software to enable/ disable interrupts from INTO.

IE—Interrupt Enable Register

Symbol Position Name and Significance

IP 7 (reserved)

— I P.6 (reserved)

— IP.5 (reserved)

PS IP.4 Serial port Priority control bit

Set/cleared by software to specify high/ low priority interrupts for Serial port.

PTI IP.3 Timer I Priority control bit.

Set'cleared by software to specify high/low priority interrupts for timer/counter I

Symbol Position Name and Significance PXI IP.2 External interrupt I Priority control

bit. Set cleared bv soltware to specifv high low priority interrupts lor INTI.

PT0 IP.I TimerO Priority control bit.

Set cleared by software to specify high- low priority interrupts Tor timer counter 0.

PX0 IPO External interrupt 0 Priority control

bit. Set cleared bv software to specify high/low priority interrupts for INTO,

IP—Interrupt Priority Control Register

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

301

timer/counters 1 and 0 are on or off

• setting or clearing the ITl or ITO bits in TCON specifies whether the external interrupt INTl or INTO will be of the falling-edge or low-leveltriggered type

• setting or clearing the SMO or SMI bits in SCON selects the mode of the serial port (to implement port expansion or choice of 8- or 9-bit UART communication, fixed or variable data rate)

• setting or clearing the EXl or EXO bits in the IE register enables or disables interrupts from INTl or INTO sources

• setting or clearing the ETl, ETO, or ES bits in IE enables or disables interrupts from timer/counters 1 or 0, or from the serial port (when the latter's buffer has transmitted or received a byte)

• setting or clearing bits 0 through 5 in the IP register specifies high or low priority of interrupts from INTO, timer/counter 0, INTl, timer/ counter 1, and serial port

and so on.

Some of the bits in the SFRs are set or cleared by hardware:

• the overflow flag (OV, PSW.2, bit address 0D2) is set or cleared by hardware to indicate the presence or absence of an arithmetic overflow condition

• the P (parity flag) bit 0D0 in PSW (PSW.O) is set or cleared by hardware to indicate an odd or even number of 1 bits in ACC

• TF1 (TCON.7) is set by hardware on timer/counter 1 overflow—it is cleared when that timer 1 interrupt is processed (hence, TF1 is the timer 1 interrupt flag)

• RI (SCON.0) is set by hardware when a byte is received into SBUF at the serial port—it is cleared by software after servicing

• TI (SCON.l) is set by hardware when a byte is transmitted out of SBUF—it is cleared by software after servicing (RI and TI are thus the received and transmit interrupt flags)

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As hardware flags, they can be polled easily, as they have bit addresses in most cases, and thereby reveal the status of, for example, SBUF (serial port data buffer—byte received or transmitted), parity, overflow, carry, timer interrupts (made or not), type of interrupt detected (edge or level), etc. All told, you can see that the SFRs and their bit-addressing feature provide a great deal of potential and power to the user.

Working with the 8051

We shall now present several concrete examples that illustrate working with the 8051 and at the same time show just a few of the applications for which it is ideally suited. Naturally, we cannot go very far here in this endeavor. The reader is referred to our book cited at the outset and to the references given at the end of the article. These publications give an indepth treatment and study of many programming and interfacing applications with the 8051. Because of space, we will choose examples with rather short and succinct programs. (All mnemonics are copyright 1979 and 1981 by the Intel Corporation.)

Using the Boolean Accumulator

We first demonstrate pin-to-pin mapping (bit transfer). Consider port 1 (SFR 90): its eight I/O lines have hexadecimal addresses 90 through 97. Suppose, for example, we wish to have the bit state at pin 97 appear also at pin 90. With the 8051, whenever a pin is to be read, a 1 must first be sent to that pin before reading its state. Thus, we use the following program steps:

SETB 97 MOV C, 97 MOV 90, C

The first line writes a 1 to bit 97, which can now be read. The second line reads the value into the carry bit, and the third line transfers the value from the carry bit to bit 90 (bit 0 of SFR 90, i.e., bit 0 of port 1).

If Input Pin Is High,

Put Alarm On, Otherwise Not

Our hands-on experimentation

302 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

Circle 502 on inquiry card.

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Circle 318 on inquiry card.

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with the 8051 was carried out with Intel's SDK-51 (System Design Kit) (see reference 5). Our programs generally began at address 0050 hexadecimal in that system. These are the addresses you will see in this and other programs in these examples. Remember, too, that the SDK-51 has only an inline assembler. Hence, the appearance of absolute jump addresses below instead of labels. We shall assume input pin to be I/O line 97, and alarm to be output I/O line 90. Both are pins of port 1 (SFR 90). Again, a 1 must be written to pin 97 before reading it. Bits 97 and 90 are the only ones of interest to us here at port 1; the others are not used:

0050 MOV 90, #80

0053 JB 97, 58

0056 SJMP 50

0058 SETB 90

005A SJMP 53 The first line moves the hexadecimal value 80 to port 1, thus writing a 1 to pin 97 and also turning off pin 90 (the alarm). In the second line, if pin 97 is high, jump to hexadecimal address 0058. The third line causes a jump to address 0050 because pin 97 is low, thus keeping or putting the alarm off. The fourth line puts alarm (bit 90) on because input pin bit 97 was high. The fifth line jumps to address 0053 to poll input pin 97 again.

The SJMP (short jump) instruction, when employed, branches unconditionally to the specified address (here, hexadecimal 0050 in one case, 0053 in the other). It is a 2-byte instruction and can be used whenever the intended destination is either 128 bytes or less preceding the next instruction or 127 bytes or less following the next instruction. The AJMP (absolute jump) instruction is used whenever the destination is within the same 2K-byte block of program memory as the first byte of the instruction following AJMP. If the LJMP (long jump) instruction is used, the destination may be anywhere in the full 64K bytes of program memory.

Do not confuse port 90 (byte) with pin 90 (address bit). The context of the instruction will make the distinction clear. One refers to port 1 (byte), the other to bit 0 of port 1. Thus,

MOV 90, #80 refers to SFR 90 (port 1) and SETB 90 to bit address 90.

Note the use of the JB (jump if bit set) instruction. If the indicated bit address (here, 97) is a 1, a jump is made to the indicated address (hexadecimal 0058). Otherwise, the next instruction is executed. JB inputs the desired bit and tests it before the jump is made based on its value. Since JB is associated with a read of a bit address, a 1 is first written to that address (at hexadecimal 0050 in the program).

Memory-to-Memory Move Instruction

Suppose that on-chip memory address 25 hexadecimal contains a byte that we wish to send to port 1 (at address 90 hexadecimal):

0050 MOV 90, 25 0053 SJUMP 53

The first line will move the contents of address 25 hexadecimal to port 1. The second line causes a jump to itself (effectively, a halt).

Boolean ANDs, ORs, and External Interrupts

The intent of the program that follows is to demonstrate the employment of both the ORL (Boolean logical OR) and the ANL (Boolean logical AND), as well as the 8051's interrupt facility (in this case, INTl): 0050 ORL, 0A8, #84 0053 SETB 8A 0055 MOV 90, #0F 0058 SJMP 58 The first line performs a Boolean logical OR on the contents of location 0A8 hexadecimal (the interrupt enable register) with the value 84 hexadecimal. This sets the EA and EX1 bits in the IE register, thus enabling the INTl line. The SETB instruction sets bit 8A (ITI in the TCON SFR), specifying that INTl will be triggered by a high-to-low transition. Then, the program moves hexadecimal OF into port 1, and repeats the instruction at hexadecimal 58, waiting for an interrupt.

When an interrupt occurs, control is transferred to the following routine:

0013 ANL 90, #05 0016 RETI

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Listing 1: Demonstration of the tablejump instruction. The first instruction calls a routine in the monitor to get a character from the keyboard (the ASCII character is stored in the accumulator). Then, the value hexadecimal 100 is moved to DPTR, and control is transferred to the address that is the sum of DPTR with the contents of the accumulator. This listing shows that the possible addresses, 0130, 0134, or 0138, form a table and are loaded with short routines to move a special value to port 1.

0050

LCALL 0E009

0053

MOV DPTR, #100

0056

JMP @ A + DPTR

0130

MOV 90, A

0132

AJMP 0050

0134

MOV 90, A

0136

AJMP 0050

0138

MOV 90, A

013A

AJMP 0050

Here, the first line performs a Boolean logical AND of the value 05 hexadecimal with the contents of the port at address 90 hexadecimal (the result of the operation, 05, is stored there, too). The second line causes a return of control to the program that was running when the interrupt occurred.

The result of this program is the outputting of hexadecimal OF to port 1. This is maintained until an interrupt (INTl) occurs when OF at port 1 changes to 05. The masking of bits 1 and 3 at Pi has been accomplished. If ORL 90, #05 were employed as the first line of the service routine, the result after an interrupt would be OF at port 1. If in the latter case the byte OF in the MOV instruction at 0055 were changed to 00, the output at port 1 would first be 00 and the result of an interrupt would again be 05 at that port. Note INTl's vector address: 0013. Vector addresses of RESET, INTO, timer/counter 0, timer/counter 1, and serial I/O port interrupts with the 8051 are, respectively, 0000, 0003, 000B, 001B, and 0023.

Example of Indirect Jumps

The useful table-indexing instruction JMP @ A + DPTR (see listing 1) adds the contents of the 16-bit DPTR

(data-pointer register) with that of A (accumulator) and places the sum into the PC (program counter). The program, therefore, next executes the instruction at the address formed by that sum. In the following program, we are using a routine called UCI at address 0E009 hexadecimal in the SDK-51's monitor that, when called (a "long call," LCALL, is needed because UCI resides more than 2K bytes away from our program), waits for the reading of a key and then returns with the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character of the key in the accumulator. We shall press keys 0, 4, or 8 only (key codes 30, 34, or 38).

As a result of the JMP @ A + DPTR instruction, the program will then jump to either 0130, 0134, or 0138, where a table of short routines is located. The routine invoked will, naturally, depend on the contents of the accumulator (the key pressed). For simplicity and illustrative purposes only, we shall have the routine at 0130 output 30 (key 0) to port 1, the routine at 0134 will output 34 (key 4) to port 1, and the routine at 0138 will output 38 to port 1.

Depending on the key pressed (either 0, 4, or 8), port 1 will exhibit 30, 34, or 38. There certainly is a shorter and much more direct routine to output the key code in the accumulator to port 1. The program above, as mentioned before, is for illustrative purposes only. Jumps to more involved routines, or to tables, could be implemented at 0130, 0134, and 0138. The AJMP is used because the span from 0134 back to 0050 exceeds 128 bytes.

The Multiply

and Divide Instructions

The MUL AB instruction multiplies the unsigned 8-bit integers in registers A (ACC) and B. The low-order byte of the 16-bit product is left in A and the high-order byte in B. The arithmetic is binary. Thus, if hexadecimal 32 is in B and hexadecimal 53 is in A, MUL AB will yield hexadecimal values 76 in A and 16 in B. DIV AB divides the unsigned 8-bit integer in register A by the unsigned 8-bit in

308 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

teger in register B. The integer part of the quotient is stored in A and the remainder in B. Dividing by 00 will leave undefined results in A and B. Thus, if hexadecimal 5A is placed in A and hexadecimal 32 in B, the result will then yield 01 in A and hexadecimal 28 in B. Routines employing the MUL and DIV instructions abound in the references cited at the end of the article. It should be noted that with MUL AB, if the product exceeds 255 (OFF hexadecimal), OV (overflow) flag is set; otherwise, it is cleared. The carry flag is always cleared. With DIV AB, the carry flag is always cleared, but OV is set only when division by 00 is attempted, useful in detecting possible contamination of data (noise) and the propagation of same.

Solution to a Combinatorial-Logic Problem

The Boolean processing capability of the 8051 makes it ideal for implementing software solutions to

combinatorial-logic equations. When hardware solutions to such problems result in many gates, relays, switches, contacts, etc., and speed is not a constraint, the advantages of a simple software approach, which eliminates much of the hardware, makes that approach very attractive. For illustrative purposes only, we are going to consider a simple Boolean logic problem and implement its solution using the Boolean bit-processing capabilities of the 8051. We are not suggesting that for such simple problems you should go the microcomputer route. But the problem and its microcomputer solution will illustrate the simplicity and directness of approach, and indicate the great advantages to be reaped in more complicated logic-array implementation situations.

Consider, for example, a truth table involving one digital output (dependent) variable F and three digital input (independent) variables S6, S5, and S4. Here, S6, S5, and S4

will represent the states of digital inputs (here, switches) at bit addresses 96, 95, and 94 of port 1 (SFR 90), and F will drive output bit address 90 (bit 0 of port 1). The latter may drive a relay, machine, alarm, or any other bit-oriented device to be controlled. Assume the truth table is such that after Boolean-algebra realization and minimization, the following combinatorial-logic equation results:

F = S6.S5.S4 + S6.S4

Listing 2 shows how we can implement this equation with the 8051 and its instruction set.

As the switches S6, S5, and S4 are varied through their eight possible combinations, the F bit at pin 90, driving the device, will take on the proper 1 or 0 (on/off) values in exact accordance with the Boolean-logic equation given above that defined the relationship; this is straightforward and requires no intermediate hardware.

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Listing 2: Solving of a Boolean equation. The first instruction sends Is to switches 54, 55, and S6 (so that they can be read), and also clears output bit 0 of port 1. The next instructions perform logical operations on the switch values in this sequence: move the value of switch 5 to C (the carry bit); AND C with the complemented value of switch 6 (result remains in C); AND switch 4 with C (result remains in C); move the value of C to bit address 20; move the value of switch 6 to C; AND C with the complemented value of switch 4 (result remains in C); OR C with the value stored at address 20 (result remains in C); and move the contents of C (i.e., F) to port 1. This is the output solution to the problem F = S6-S5-S4 + 56' 54.

0050

MOV 90, § 0F0

0053

MOV C, 95

0055

ANLC, /96

0057

ANL C, 94

0059

MOV 20, C

005B

MOV C, 96

005D

ANL C, /94

005F

ORL C, 20

0061

MOV 90, C

0063

SJMP 53

Conclusion

Time and space do not permit further exploration of the numerous examples and applications demonstrating the controller power of the 8051 (see figure 2). We have restricted ourselves to some of the simpler examples. Timer/counter, serial I/O, arithmetic, and many other controller-type applications are areas that show the versatility of the 8051. We suggest that you consult the references that follow. The 81 experiments with the 8051 performed on Intel's SDK-51, in our book cited earlier, cover a large number of practical topics, features, areas, and applications not possible here. The 8051 is a remarkable 8-bit microcomputer, very possibly the most powerful microcontroller at this time. Its philosophy, instruction set, and architecture have opened a new frontier and dimension in the control world. Can it be that the 8051 will replace a number of 8-bit byte-oriented microprocessors as well as microcomputers, as we now know them, in the not-too-distant future? It may be. Keep your eye on it.

310 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 235 on inquiry card.

A

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SENSOR , MATRIX

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INTO INT1

8051

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MACHINE ACTUATORS

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rh

Figure 2: Block diagram for a programmable industrial controller. The system uses 64 input sensors, 12 output signals, remote communications with a host processor (via a high-speed, full-duplex serial link), two prioritized interrupts, and internal real-time and time-of-day clocks. (This figure is reproduced by permission of Intel Corporation from reference 6.)

For control applications, where operating and standby power must be held to a minimum, the 8051 is also available in a CHMOS (high-density complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) version. The Intel high-level language PL/M 51 is available to support development of system software for the MCS-51 series of microcontrollers. Intel is also marketing its iPDS portable 8-bit personaldevelopment system to lend powerful and user-friendly development support for 8051- and 8088-based systems, among others.

Second sources of the 8051 are AMD, Siemens, and Signetics, and of the80C51, GE-Intersil.B

References

An Introduction to the Intel MCS-51 Single-Chip Microcomputer Family by John Wharton. Intel Corporation Applications Note 69, May 1980. 8051 Single-Chip Microcomputer Architectural Specification and Functional Description by Bob Koehler. Intel Corporation, May 1980.

MCS-51 Family of Single-Chip Microcomputers User's Manual. Intel Corporation, July 1981.

MCS-51 Macro Assembler User's Guide. Intel Corporation, 1979. SDK-51 MCS-51 System Design Kit User's Guide. Intel Corporation, 1981. Using the Intel MCS-51 Boolean Processing Capabilities by John Wharton. Intel Corporation Applications Note 70, May 1980.

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Then, because you need flexibility for growth, your TeleVideo computer gives you a choice of ways to grow. Because you can add more TeleVideo 8-bit computers. Or TeleVideo 16-bit computers. Or both, to form a single system with up to 16 stations.

Since you need more than computers for a complete system, TeleVideo gives you a choice of peripherals. Including printers, terminals, disk and tape drives. And unlike other small business computer systems, TeleVideo has a CPU for every user. So you can add computers without slowing down the performance of the system as it grows.

Yet no matter what form your TeleVideo system takes as it grows, the CP/M® software you initially invest in for your stand-alone computers can be used on your future multi-user systems. (Thanks to MmmOST,™ TeleVideo's unique executive program.)

So you can choose from the largest library of software applications—including graphics— without making a new software investment every time you reconfigure your system.

TeleVideo computers are serviced by TRW's nationwide support network and by TeleVideo's distributors around the world. Easy to understand training packages are also available.

If you're evaluating small business computers, choose the only ones with a future. TeleVideo.

Theyll help your future, too.

For more information send in this coupon or call Toll Free: 800-538-1780.

TeleVideo Systems, Inc. Dept. 610D . 1170 Morse Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Please sendme more information about TeleVideo computers

NAME

TITLE

COMPANYADDRESSCITY

.STATE.

.ZIP

PHONE ft.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc MmmOST is a trademark of TeleVideo Systems, Inc.

Northeast Region 617-369-9370; Eastern Region 212-308-0705; Southeast Region 404-447-1231; Midwest Region 312-969-0112; South Central Region 214-258-6776, Northwest Region 408-745-7760; Southwest Region 714-752-9488, European Sales (Holland) (31) 075-28-7461

^TeldVldeo Systems, Inc

Circle 459 on Inquiry card.

Problem Oriented Language

Part 1: A New Method of Input

Data entry can be shortened and simplified by using the POL system.

Mark Finger 2439 Overlook Circle Lawrence, KS 66044

Are you tired of playing "20 Questions" with your computer every time you want to run your favorite program? Or do you feel like you are in a Chinese restaurant, choosing one from Column A, one from Column B, and one from Column C? Wouldn't you like to be able to change just one parameter in a program without having to answer questions on all the other parameters?

A possible solution to these problems is the Problem Oriented Language (POL) system. POL is useful in both graphics packages and technical programs where many possible parameters are used, but only a few need to be set during any given run. For programs frequently run by experienced users, the POL system is shorter and faster to use. Also, it can more easily match the thought processes of the user because the order of some of the commands may be varied.

What Is POL Input?

POL simplifies the input process, thus reducing some of the tedium involved in using computers. Let's begin by examining the three types of input used.

Most question-and-answer or menu-type inputs require a numeric response, even if it represents a word or phrase choice, because it is easier to use numbers in a program. Question-and-answer sessions are frequently rigid in sequence, and a single error in question 36 can require restarting a 10-minute question-andanswer session.

POL simplifies the

input process, thus

reducing some of the

tedium Involved In

using computers.

The menu format may be somewhat more forgiving of errors, but it still has to ask many questions, each with a separate answer, leading to a long, boring session. Finally, the thought processes of the person using the program are interrupted by the constant need to read and answer repeated questions.

In contrast, a POL session uses standard terms familiar to the user.

This makes the order of entry for the input more flexible. Finally, POL input is easier to use because it matches more closely the user's thoughts. Fewer interruptions in thinking are required because more information can be put into a single entry.

POL gives a programmer the opportunity to develop a new language that is closely suited to the problem. The words in this new language will preferably be those most often used to describe the problem or topic covered. If the topic is structural engineering, words like "beam," "column," and "load" are used.

Since graphics are often a part of many technical programs, and since graphic images are easily understood, I'll begin by using another graphic example to show how the words of the language are chosen and defined. Consider the following instructions (the results are shown in figure 1):

1. Draw a new graph with all parameters reset to default values.

2. The x axis is linear (default) with values from 0 to 4.

3. The y axis is logarithmic with values from 1 to 100.

4. Draw four major (numbered) divisions with marks (called tics) with

314 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Contour Plot

Q

Q

<3

Q

Q

a

Q

Q

Q

<3

<s

eu

m

Figure 1: Producing such a graph usually requires art extensive set of instructions and a great deal of user input. The resulting program cannot be easily used for other purposes.

a length of Vt inch above and below the x axis.

5. Frame the graph (draw lines on the two sides that are not the axes).

6. Title the graph "Contour Plot" and center (default) the title.

7. Draw the graph after the above parameters are set.

Other parameters could be set (e.g., margin, page size, subtitles, x and y axes titles, legends, grid lines, and other characteristics of graphs). Giving the user control over all these characteristics in a question-and

answer session or by menu can lead to long sessions at the terminal.

The first step in planning a POL system program to draw this graph is to write the input in a logical and readable format:

Draw a graph, with X from 0 to 4, Y axis logarithmic, Y from 1 to 100, X tics major 4 size .25", frame the graph, title "Contour Plot", execute.

This is readable and reasonably similar to the user's thinking. The in

Circle 177 on inquiry t,

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OKIDATA

AAL-80 $339

ML-82A $435

*ML-83A $709

*ML-84(parallel) $1,034

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'Includes Tractor Feed

ANADEX DP8000 $749

ANADEX DP9500/9501 $1279

ANADEX 9500A/9501A $1359

ANADEX DP9000/9001 $1209

ANADEX DP9620A $1459

SCM-TP I $649

120 word/min Daisy Wheel, 10 or 12 pitch, serial or parallel interface

DAISYWRITER 2000 $1,015 Bidirectional 40cps, 48k buffer, Centronics, 488, RS232, & C. Loop included.

IDS

PRISM 80 $1,219

Includes sprint mode, dot plot and cut sheet guide

PRISM 132 $1,649

Includes all of above and 4-color graphics

C.ITOH

Prowriter (Parallel) $479

Prowriter (Serial) $619

Prowriter 2 (Parallel) $709

Prowriter 2 (Serial) $759

Starwriter F10 $1,449

Printmaster F-10 $1,699

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 $1,849

Includes 64k memory, 5'/*" disk,and 12" monitor.

E-Z COLOR board $230.00

For the Apple II or Apple II Plus. 16-Color, 256 x 192 resolution. Requires 3.3 DOS. Includes demo software and E-Z COLOR Editor.

E-Z COLOR board for S100 Systems CALL

E-Z COLOR board for TRS-80 CALL

INTEX TALKER text-to-speech synthesizer. Serial and parallel interface included $280

AMDEK 13" COLOR-1 $335

NEC JB1201 GREEN Monitor $159

FOR THE IBM P.C.

Quadram Quadboard w/64k $429

Quadram Quadboard w/128k $519

Quadram Quadboard w/192k $609

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DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

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1-800-243-5222 -Orders Only

Orders & Info Call -203-649-3611

MC/VISA welcome, Allow 2-3 weeks for checks. COD ok. All prices include UPS ground freight in U.S. All orders shipped w/in 24 hrs. CT residents add 7'A% sales tax, CPM is T.M. of Digital Research, Prices subject to change without notice.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 315

9 Have it!... Computers, Disk

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Basic model has a 16 Bit 8088 processor. 128K RAM, dual 5Vt" floppies, DD disk controller, DMA & interupt controller,2RS232C serial ports, Centronics parallel printer port, IBM-PC compatable keyboard port, Winchester hard disk interface, programmable tone generator/speaker, eight slots. Call For Price!

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Systems come w/CPIM'. Microsoft Basic, and SuperCa/c.

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w/64K Double Density 2099

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COMPLETE BUSINESS &

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Call or Write for details.

TeleVideo Systems

Self contained desk top computers that can be used as stand alone systems or as distributed processing systems with a Winchester hard disk. 64K Quad Density available with or without hard disk. Comes with CP/M'J|2.2 or TeleVideo multi-user operating system.

TVI-802. 64K(2)5'A"DSDD Drives $2969

TVI-802H.64K, (1)5%"DSDD Drive

& 10 Meg. Hard Disk 4995

TVI-806, 6 user w/9.6 Meg. hard disk 6099

TVI-816,16 user system w/23 Meg.

hard disk&tape back up 11045

TVI-800, Z-80 Work Station 1439

Add 16 work stations to a TeleVideo sixteen user system for an average cost of $2129/user, 23 Meg. of hard disk storage and a tape back up.

SYSTEMS GROUP

Systems Group,a division of Mensurement Systems Controls,long known for high quality memory boards has introduced a line of S100 computer systems. Their implementation of CP/M" is truly unique. MP/M" and OASIS' operating systems are available. In addition to the system we have advertised,System Group offers units with built in Winchester hard disks.

The system comes with 64K of RAM and a DMA floppy disk controller board, as well as, two 8" disk drives. Serial and Parallel ports are provided.

Model 2812, w/DD,SS 8"Drives $3999

Model 2814, w/DD,DS 8"Drives 4699

Model 2819, w1DD,DS8"8 10Meg.H.D. .. 7420

NorthStar ADVANTAGE

The ADVANTAGE is an integrated desk top computer w/12"bit mapped graphics or character display, 64K, 2 quad drives, also comes with 5 Meg. Winchester hard disk. The ADVANTAGE is upgradable to 16 bits and can be networked.

ADVANTAGE $3059

ADVANTAGE w/5 Meg. Hard Disk 4249

Graphics CP/M® 125

Graphics DOS/Basic 125

NorthStar HORIZON

HORIZON 2Q-64K IS-100) $3059

HORIZON 2Q, w/5 Meg. Hard Disk 4249

HORIZON IQ, w/18 Meg Hard Disk 6799

CP/M®2.2 125

MORROW DECISION ONE

The DECISION ONE is a desk top computer with 64K static RAM, DMA floppy disk controller, 5%or 8"drives and can be expandable to a multi-user system. Included is CP/M* 2.2, Microsoft Basic 80 and WordStar.

DECISION, w/2, 5'/."DS,DD drives .... $2969 DECISION, w/1,5Vi"DS,DD drive &

5 Meg. hard disk drive 4499

(Call for prices on 10 £r 16 Meg. hard disks)

DECISION, w/2, 8" SS,DD drives $3735

DECISION, w/1, 8" SS.DD drive &

10 Meg. hard disk 5859

(Call for prices on DS.DD 8 "St 20 Meg. H.D.I

Newl Micro Decision, 5V4"SD, DD Drive, Terminal, & Software* Only $1495

Micro Decision, (2) bVt" SD, DD Drives,

Terminal & Software* Only $1795

'Software includes; CP/M®, WordStar, Basic-80,

Bazic, Spelling Checkers, Ct Electronic Spreadsheet.

The Oldest Leading Supplier of Microprocessors.

Systems, Terminals, Printen

TeleVideo

925C Protected fields, optional 2nd page of memory visual attributes, till swivel screen (nonglare P31 greenl, 25th status'user line, time of day. can emulate 912,920, RS232C printer port. 50 Baud to 19.2KB.. 8x10 character resolution, switchable character sets, function keys self test.

910C $595

910C •+ 595

912C 739

920C 789

925C 789

950C 989

Esprit I $499

Esprit II , Call

1420 595

1500 949

1510 1089

1520 1389

Exec. Basic 20 1065

Exec. Basic 30 1189

SOROC

SOROC IQ130 $595

Tl CRT Terminals

940, Basic $1599

940, Package 2079

LEAR SIEGLER

ADM 22 $595

ADM3A 535

ADM5A 579

TfMiTH I data

systems

Z-19 Video Terminal

Green

Phosphorous Screen. Now Only

$729

L /VEWZT-1, A. (Terminal WITH 'Auto-Dial Modem) $595

OKIDATA

Microline 80, Parallel $359

Microline 82A Serial & Parallel 479

Tractor Option, 80 & 82A 50

Microline 83A, Serial & Parallel 759

Microline 84, Parallel 1149

Microline 84, Serial 1249

Okigraph 82A 85

DIABLO

630 RO $2299

630 R155.IAII purpose interface) 1998

630 KSR 2825

QUME

Qume 9/45, Full Panal $2049

CENTRONICS

737-3, RS232C New Low!..$38a

730-1, Parallel New £ow/..$349

704-9,150 CPS (RS 232C) 1595

704-11, 150 CPS Parallel 1695

122G 120 CPS Parallel 949

NEC Spinwriter

Hi

3510 RO, 35 CPS $1699

3530 RO, 35 CPS [Centronics Interface! 1859

7710 RO, (RS232C) 55 CPS 2395

7720 KSR (RS232C) 55CPS 2999

7730 RO, 55CPS [CentronicsInterface! 2395

IDS

INTEGRAL DATA SY

3 i.

IDS 445G Special! $599

MICROPRISM 599

PRISM 80, Basic Call

PRISM 80, w/o color 1149

PRISM 80, w/color 1499

PRISM 132, Basic Call

PRISM 132, w/o color 1469

PRISM 132, w/color 1695

Texas Instruments

Tl 810, Basic $1349

Tl 810, VCO, ASC II Full 1599

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Tl 810, VCO/Full Enhanced 2099

Tl 820, RO w/LC 1645

Tl 820, RO w/comp. print, DFC 1795

Tl 745, Portable Terminal 1399

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MX 80 $489

MX 80FT 589

MX 100FT 789

RS232, w/4K Buffer 135

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ProWriter 8510, Parallel $549

ProWriter8510 ACD, Parallel & Serial.... 649

ProWriter 1550, Parallel 789

ProWriter 1550, Serial 845

F-10. Parallel or Serial 1599

Daisy Wheel Tractor, For F-10 275

ANADEX

DP-9000A/01A $1449

DP-9500A/01A 1449

DP-9620A 1569

Mini Micro Mart, Inc.

943 W.Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991B Syracuse, New York 13220

Circle 324 on inquiry card.

(315) 422-4467 »

TWX 710-542-0431

All prices F.O.B, shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawl without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (orders prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s& Credit Cards, 2% higher,

.s smaller than the initial list of ^tions because some choices are assumed to have specific values and other information in the first list was for explanation only. The order of input is relatively unimportant and the sections separated by commas can be reordered; only "draw a graph" and "execute" cannot be moved.

This initial format should be used to determine the keywords in the language and their hierarchy. For example, "size" may apply to the tic size, the axis numerical values, and various labels. The hierarchy is necessary to determine which size is being specified. Keywords should also be selected on the basis of spelling; significant letters will be capitalized. This allows similar words to be distinguished from one another. It also helps eliminate spelling errors in long words. Four letters is my preference, but programming needs may dictate more or less. A space

may be included after the word to distinguish between similar words such as "are" and "area." Significant spaces are shown by an underscore. The previous example of an input may now be written as:

DRAW an XY graph with X_ FROM 0 TO_ 4, Y_ axis LOGarithmic, Y_ FROM 1 TO_ 100, X_ TICS MAJOr are 4 SIZE = .25, FRAMe the graph, TITLe 'Contour Plot', EXECute

The capitalized portions are significant as keywords. Also, a number of filler words (shown in lowercase) must be allowed for by the programmer.

The programmer developing this new language uses a number of examples like the one given above to construct a tree structure of all the keywords that will be used as a guide in doing the actual programming.

The tree structure for drawing the xy axes is given in listing 1. Later, the programmer will also write a help routine (which contains the words of the language, their definitions, and proper usage) for each major section of the program. This help routine is stored on a disk and can be called from within the program for assistance as it is needed. Since the portion of the program used to draw the axes is a major section, it has its own help routine (shown in listing 2). This is an actual part of a graphics module.

The language used to solve a problem is built up from several sections. For example, a modeling package might be built up using a differential equation section, an integration section, a regression section, and the graphics section given above. In this manner, a "modeling language" would be built up. Similarly, other languages can be developed for other problems, such as structural design in

Listing 1: Tree structure of the keywords used in drawing the graph shown in figure 1. This is used as a guide in developing a particular modeling language.

DRAW XY (roNiMnue)

LIMEr,

LOG Y

LINEr,

LOG GRTD FRAMe LOG X (flaq = l)

Y (flag"=2)

LOG LTNEs

TICS

SIZE (!#.» SPA^e »«.# •"A.lOr ## PINOr ## VALUes

SIZE H.# PERPencli cul ar PARA1 1 el DF.OTmai *# FRO" fl.f TO *#.# POSTtion LEFT |#.( RIGHT # it . * POSTtion "OP ##.# BOT-"on\ ##.# MARGin LEFT % t. * RTGHT (!$.« KARG'n BOTTon #$.# TOP #».# T.AP,F1

SIZE *».« .7US"'ify

T,F,FT(or TOP)

riENTer

PIOHt(or B-OTTom) POSTtion ##.f ORIEntat ion

"ERTi ca' HOPTzcntn1 LENGth ->.' f t r j nq 1 * , ' c t r i nq 2 ' PAOESTZE »#.«# j*.« GRID FRAMp LOG

MAXTmim (LABEM (T.IHF.S) « * OLEAr EXEOute

TT"!,e U) PUB-Title (?)

STZ.F. M.« JUf.Ti fv

LEFT

fENTnr

FTGHt position s#.# LENOth «.# 'string1*,'Rtring2',... .

LEGEncl

PORTtion ##.# ##.*

BORDER

BOROERLess

SIZE *#.#

WIDTh ##.#

HEIGht ##.*

JUSTi fy

TOP

VERTjcal GENTer

BOTTom

LEFT

HORIzontal GENTer

RIGPt choice! 'strinql', choice2 'ptring2,

r-Tpn e

SOUAre

TRTAngle

STAR

DTAr-'ond

t.TME nOTt PAST'

LONG

nn

DOT

DO"

DOT

DOT

POT

DA=I

DO"'

DOT

no*

eri

PAS!! DAS!'

DOT PAS!! POT DO"" DASH LONG PAS!! POT LONG PASH POT nOT LONG DASH

LONG PASF DAS!' LONG DASH DO™ DASH LONG DASH POT no" nAS!' rONC- DAS"

318 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

COMPATIBLE COLOR-I . . .

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The Color-I Monitor is designed to perform superbly with your Apple II, Atari or VIC Commodore personal computer and others. Highly styled cabinet. It accepts a composite video signal to produce vivid, richly colored graphic and sharp text displays. Very reasonably priced, the Color-I is a giant step above home TV sets and other monitors.

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To automate your lab

Exciting new capabilities can blossom in your lab—when you automate it with the DAISI family of data acquisition peripherals for your Apple Computer. DAISI interfaces, from Interactive Structures, turn your economical Apple into a personal electronic lab assistant. DAISI products are designed to read instruments and sensors, control temperature and pressure . . . with reliability and precision. Here's a rundown on some DAISI interfaces AI13,12-Bit Analog Input System—$550

■ 16 input channels ■ 20 microseconds conversion time. AI02, 8-Bit Analog Input System—$299

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civil engineering, reaction kinetics in chemical engineering, or simple coordinate geometry for high school mathematics.

A POL programming system should:

• be able to break an input line into words, variable names, numbers, special characters, and strings

• be able to match word or variable names

• be able to extract numbers, determine permitted range, and return proper values

• be able to extract strings intact

• allow line continuations for long input sequences

• be able to read stored input sequences from a file

• be as automatic at run-time as possible

• allow changing of special control characters

• allow comments (not processed for keywords)

• allow paging and switching of program sections

• allow for input of numbers or strings at run-time to keyword sequences stored on disk files

• allow for output to the terminal

• allow graphical coordinates or real values to be input from the plotter

• allow automatic skipping of common filler words or characters

These capabilities should be part of any package that claims to have POL input. However, all that has been presented so far is just another— though fancier—way to input data and control information. Problem Oriented Language opens a door to far more than this.

Why Have POL Input?

The use of technical programs with microcomputers is very underdeveloped. Currently, three areas are being developed. First, much work is being done with graphics, especially for the display of equations and data, and for statistical operations on that data. However, it is not easy to take these programs past what they are intended to do, and the input to these programs is either painfully slow or

Text continued on page 328

320 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

A day in the life of a Lanier EZ4" work processor.

First, the EZ-1 types the o I j\J Johnson proposal. It's sure easier than my old electric.

Checks for spelling errors 9:45 withEZ-SpetTCatches

mistake in "miscelaneous."

Retrieves current sales trends 1U: 1D from the computer. Then EZ-1 forecasts future trends?

Sorts through thousands 11:00 of records wi th Data Manager.™ Selects exactly what 1 asked for.

Automatically organizes 1:30 report into a special format. Designed it myself with just a few key strokes.

2:45 ^^^ Computes figures easily.

Ididn 'l have to use my calculator once.

. Updates last months

4:00 financial report with

EZ-Task.'" All I do is type in this month's figures.

. Prints out report in less 4:4!) than 30 seconds a page. Every one letter-perfect.

,<"

Stores everything on disc j:00 for easy updating. Good work, EZ-1. See you tomorrow.

)1982 Lanier Business Products, Inc.

Word processors basically type. Our work processor does a whole day's work. From start to finish. It even functions as a small business computer to handle inventory control, receivables and payables.

See what your day could be like with Lanier's EZ-1 work processor.

Send us this coupon or call for an EZ-1 trial in your own office. (800) 241-1706 except in Alaska and Hawaii. In Georgia call collect (404) 321-1244.

*EZ l's CP/M® compatible operating system provides access to a library of software packages. CP/M* is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. I

Mail to:

Lanier Business L700 Chantilly

Prod Drive

1

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N.E., Atlanta, GA 30324

Name

Title

Phone

Best time to call

Firm

Address

County

City

State Zip

Dec. -82 Byle4 76 B K2 1

Circle 262 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

321

COmPUTCR WAREHOUSE

CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-528-1054

ATARI

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10" Color monitor $355

Disk controller $220

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Expansion box disk controller. $185

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Expansion box 32K memory $220

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Lobo

Apple 1st Drive $400

Apple 2nd Drive $350

Percom Atari D/D Drive $650

MONITORS

Zenith 12" Green Screen $115

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BMC Call

NEC

JB 1201 $155

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Hayes Smartmodem $215

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CAT $140

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SOFTWARE

CP/M

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SPECIAL VISICALC SYSTEM

Apple look alike, Lobo 1st Drive,

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PRINTERS

Anadex Call

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F-10-Parallel S1375

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630KSR wo/Tractors NEC

PC-8023A

3510

3550

7710

7720

Okidata

Microline80

Microline 82-A

Microline 83-A

Microline 84

PMC

DMP-85

Smith-Corona

TP-1

Star Micronics

DP-8480S

DP-8480P

Tally

1805/1802

1605/1602

MT 160

MT180

Texas Instruments

810 Basic

$1175

$1100 $2050 $2435

$465 $1525 $1935 $2220 $2590

$305

$399

$650

Call

$410

$650

$300 $295

$1490

$1325

$625

Call

Call

VIDEO TERMINALS

ADDS

Viewpoint

Televideo

910

910 Plus

920

925

950

Zenith

Z-19

ZT-1

COMPUTERS

Altos

ACS 8000-15

Series 15D

Series 5-5D

Eagle

NEC

8001

8012

8031

Northstar

Advantage

Advantage w/ 5MB

Horizon II 64KQD

Sanyo

MBC-1000 w/ WordStar. CalcStar.

S-Basic. CPM" $1477

Above w/ 2 Drives $2000

MBC-2000 $2460

Televideo Systems TS-802 $2600

TS-802H $4450

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

Hi-Plot DMP-2 S825

DMP-7/8 S2025

DISKETTS

Maxell

5%" 0. Sector (100) $235

S490

S570 $570 S735 $730 $915

$680 S550

$3742 $2125 $4240 $2350

S730 $470 $730

$2800 $3900 $2625

^•9^.

Prices reflect 3% to 5% cash discount. Product shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer s warranty Please add $8.00 per order for shipping. Prices & availability subiect to change without notice

Send cashier s check or money order all other checks will delay shipping two weeks

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UJflRf HOUSE Order Line Hours: Mon.-Fri. 10-5 MST Saturday 9-1 MST

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

Listing 2: Output from the HELP routine. These explanations of the various commands can be called by the user as needed.

DRAW plots the axis for the graph. The format is :

DRAW XY CONTinue OPTION,OPTION

POLar CAPTesian

wh°re XY implies the XY coordinate system

POLar imp!ies a poiar coordinate system, and CARTesian implies a Cartesian coordinate system.

If CONTinue is not used, all parameters are reset to their default values. Do not use CONTinue the first time DRAW or REDP.aw is used, or an error wi 1 1 result. Use RRDRaw if the parameters are to be preserved but the pen position is to be reset for a new graph.

The foilowing words are aiwavs skipped over at any place in the line:

A

AM

THE

FOR

AND

EQUAL

EQUALS

IS

ARE

OF

GRAPH Commas!,) and equivalence sigrs(-) are also skipped.

The following options are available for OPTION:

PAGES TZE «#.ti ## .#

Enters the size of the page (in inches] for the p1otter. ^he first number is the wi dth, and the second number is the height. Default for the Diablo printer is 8.5 and 11.

MAXImum (LABEl) (LINEs) ##

Sets the max i mum number of lines (A lb default) for: each o^ 7ImLe, SUBmitie, X r.ABK1 f y LAttE1 , or r^ny.rC. ^his command antn-nn ;cn' i v deletes all labe1s and resets all label parameters to fiefau1t values. If it is used, use it before any lahel values or strings are entered.

X LINEs draws vertical lines from the moior tics on the X axis

Y LINEs draws horizonta1 Tines from the maior tics on th<~> Y axis

GRID draws both horizontal and vertica1 1 ines from the na^o*- tics

NO X LINEs does not draw the vertica1 "'iner

NO Y LINEs doer not draw the horizontal TInes

NO r.TMEr (or KG ORTP) ricns pnf- dr av: e i ty f» r vr?r r i ra1 r - hor i zontal 1 i nes

Defnu1t

-:o LTNEs

X LOG maker the X ax^« loqaritbmic Y LOG makes the y ax I s logsr1 throve LOG makes Ho^h axes ioger i thnnc NO X log makes the X axis linear NO Y LOG makes the Y axis Hnear NO LOG makes both axes 1 inear

Default is NO log

FRAMe puts a frame (top and right) around the graph NO FRAMe does not put the frame around the graoh

Default is MO FRA"e

X Tir.q PARAMETER Y TTOS PARAMETER

where PAPAMK^EF cap hp:

- - . - q i vos th» 1 eng th or the fna^oir tics in inches (minor tics are half as lono. Default is .125). Each ax is is R<*t ^epprato1 v,

SPA1"" 6 'f.f

" 8. ** gives the length between rnaior tics in inches Hot Implemented on Diablo modulo?.

MAJOr fi#

liii gives the number of intervals nlonq the given ax's for maior Mcs (PeFoul t is U , KAJQr is automatical 1 v sot- for logar i thmic axes.

Listifig 2 continued on page 324

CHOOSE...

An Apple Desk

A compact Bi-Level desk ideal for the Apple computer system. This 42" x 29'/i" desk comes with a shelf to hold two Apple disk drives. The top shelf for your TV or monitor and manuals can also have an optional paper slot to accomodate a printer. It is shown here with the optional Corvis shelf which will hold one Corvis disk drive. The Corvis shelf is available on the 52" x 29'/2" version of the Apple desk.

A Universal Micro Desk

'AS

The Universal Micro desk accommodates the S-100 type microcomputers. The desk is available in four sizes: 17.75 inch, 19.06 inch, and 20.75 inch wide openings with 24 inch front-to-rear mounting space. The fourth size is a 20.75 inch wide opening with a 26.50 inch front-to-rear mounting space.

A Mini Rack

*

Mini racks and mini micro racks have standard venting, cable cut outs and adjustable RETMA rails. Choose a stand alone bay or a 48", 60", or 72" desk model in a variety of colors and wood tones. A custom rack is available for the Cromemco.

A Printer Stand

The Universal printer stand fits the:

Centronics 700's Diablo 1600's & 2300's

Dec LA 34 T.I. 810 & 820

NEC Spinwriter Okidata Slimline

Lear Siegler 300's Anadex 9500's

Delivery in days on most styles in stock. Dealers inquiries invited.

ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 323

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

SUPERBRAIN n

PRICE BREAKTHROUGH

Intertec Data Systems' new SuperBrain II has all the features of the former SuperBrain, plus:

• Below-the-line descenders and reverse video

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• Microsoft Basic at no extra charge

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— Hard Disk Systems —

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Corvus 5MB 2,550

Corvus 10MB 3 ,9 5 0

Corvus20MB 4,750

&

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Okidata ML80 (80 cps)

Okidata ML8 2 A (12 0 cps) . . . Okidata ML8 3 A (12 0 cps) . . . Okidata ML84 (200 cps). . . . Smith-CoronaTP-1 (12 cps Daisy). Star 8480 TP (8 0 cps-Parrell) Star 8480 TS (80 cps-Serial). Tl 810-Full Package

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Listing 2 continued:

MTNOr s#

iiS gives the number of Intervals between ma-ior tics (Defaui1 i MTNOr in automatically sot For 1ogarithmic axon.

VAT.Ues PAPAME^RP

aoo'ior- to *-uo p-.ur-,unr*- fir t-hr. *-i e rT,r'-:r' nTonq oac^1 a^ir whore PARAMETER can bo:

S 1 z !•: 5 *. s

SS.8 is the size of tho letters in inches from Mne to ' ino (Default is . 2S) (sets both axon at the Raise time)

PEPPer'1 Icul ar

set*^ the numbers perp^pd* cutar to the PAP.M ' pi

ret** tho numbers parallel to tho axir

S(ii

DECImal II it

n # FetS tho number of decimal D^cer, in the numbers a'^r.q non-logarithmic axes [pets both axon at tho seme timp—defau11

X FROM ?f.« TO H.«

Y FROM »#.« "'0 t*.#

determines the minimum and maximum values respectively a'ong the stater! axis. There will bo modifier' to selected values u^ess XTir^s (or Yi'ios) MA.IOr is specified.

X POSItior. T.EFT |#.S RICH"' M.#

Y POSItio" TOP ift.S BO"""om 8#.|

sots the distar.ee in inches from tho edge of the paqo to the respective side of a framed graphica1 area. Ttir corr.mar.d can be used to position multiple graohs on tho name oaqe.

X MAPOin r.KPT # (t . * PIO!'"' Jft.ll

Y '■'ARC in BOTotn **.# "'OP 8#.S

sets the amount of clear sp.nce(no label? o*- numbers) i p. incues amur-d the edges of the pane (^oraui t is 1 inch en all four sidep.) . mh i ^ command can be used to position multiple qraohs on. the saro paq^.

X r.ASE1

Y LAB El

where the opt. ion f under each catoqorv are: ,q r%?. » #. «

2)

determines s each catogo' is about .7

,T'JS'"i fV \,?.V"'{r

rENTer

RIGIltfor !in"""oml

ze in inches from Mne to line(defauit Is ■). The actual height oF the tvnioa1 cap! :f the number entered.

TOP)

. 2S on. al I e11'

cietf ■ "■» no'catpgorvid"

POP 11 i on. it r . t

(- hi. Ofr • •• '

f au r t i - '■

indicator'

8#.l| is a froaction from 0.0 to 1.0 indicating the relative location or thn nonition indicator along the side from 'pft(o* top) to riahtfr-r hot topi) . Default in O.Mvhtch will cento- the ' abel i f .iUP'"i '•: ; r. r^FN^Pr ) .

OPTFntation V"!;'"'':-.1

I'OPIzontal

determines whether letters are vortical or horizontal. Default is VEBTical for XAXIs and HOP.Izontal for YAXTs.

LENGth M.I

3 It . # is a number (between 1 and 10)used to expand the

length of a 1abel(Defanlt is 1.0). 2.0 means the label appears

twice as long as normal.

'stringl','string2',....

the strings contain the actual labels. The latest set of

consecutive strings arc the ones for that label. Do not insert

any other command words between the strings for a specific label.

resets all parameters to default values, clears screen, or expects a new sheet of paper to be inserted.

EXECUTE

causes the axes to be drawn using the current parameters.

Listing 2 continued on page 326

324 December 1982 © BYTE Publications In

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CP/M DATA ENTRY

"RADAR"

RADAR is a high speed data entry system that will run on any CP/M system providing a "3741" style key-to-disk environment. RADAR is ideal for replacing KEYPUNCH machines and older, slower key-,to-disk systems like the 3741 's and 42's.

Features:

Verify Mode

Check Digit Processor

Auto Dup/Manual Dup

16 Accumulators

Parameter Driven (No Programming)

"Virtual" File Access

Add or Delete Records

Record Retrieval By Number Or Content

Full Editing Capability

Operator Prompts

Extremely Fast (Written In Assembly Language)

In addition to "heavy.-duty" data entry, RADAR is also the ideal "front-end" for many applications programs, providing aquisition and retrieval of keyed data with a degree of reliability simply not possible with any other technique. RADAR can cut programming time by more than 30%, simply because there is no longer any need to write the "input" portion of a program, just let RADAR handle it!

Write or call for free brochure. The RADAR manual is also available separately for $25.00.

SOUTHERN COMPUTER SYSTEMS, Inc.

P.O. Box 3373A Birmingham, AL 35255 Phone: 205-933-1659

Listing 2 continued:

TITLe option,... (for title at the top of the paqe)

SUBTitle option,... (located immediately below the title section)

where the options under each category are:

SIZE ##.#

determines size in inches from t ine to line(default is .25 on each category). The actual height of the typical capital letter is about .7 of the number entered.

JUSTify LEFT

CENTer RIRHt

determines the position indicator relative to the string in the category(default is CENTer for each category)

posItion SS.8

##.ft is a freaction from 0.0 to 1.0 indicating the rp'at'VP location of the position indicator along the top of the graph from left to right. Default is 0.5 (which wi 11 center the label if JUSTify is CENTer).

LENGth S# .#

##.# is a number(between I and TOlused to expand the

!ength of a label(Default is 1.0). 2.0 means the label appears twice as l onq as -normal .

*stri ng 1* ,' s t r i ng 2',....

the strings contain the actual labels. The latest set of consecutive strings are the ones for that label. Do not insert any other command words between the strings for a specific label.

the options are:

Position ##.» ##.#

gives the position of the legend relative to the X axis and Y axis respectively. Values from 0 to 1 keep the legend with the framed area of the graph. Values greater than 1 for one or both numbers will locate the legend immediately outside the framed area at the right or top respective^. Default is 1.0 1.0, which will place the legend at the upper right corner of the Framed graph area.

BORDER BORDEPLess

determine whether there will be a frame around the legend. Default is BORDER.

SIZE ##.»

sets the distance hetween lines in the legend. ^he actual height of the typical capital letter is about .7 of the number given.

WIDTh ##.#

increases the width of the legend without increasing the letter size. Values are multiples of the normal width.

HEICht ##.#

increases the height of the leqend bv increasing space between lines without increasing letter size. Values are multipi.es of the normal height.

JUS""i fv

TOP

VER^ica1 CENTer

BOTTom

LEFT

HORTzontal rp.NTer

RTGHt

sets the location within the leqend of the oosition given bv POSTtion. Default is VEPmicni CENTer, HORTzontal CENTer.

choicel 'stringl', choice2 'string2'

where the choices may be line patterns and/or symbols (line patterns must be given first)

LINE

DOT

DASH

DOT DASH

DOT DOT DASH

DOT DOT DOT DASH

LONG DASH

Listing 2 continued on page 328

326 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

"The Inflation Fighter is Here"

lORANSE<f"$995^

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Finally, a dynamic powerful, practical personal computer that is fully FrankJin Ace 1000 and Apple"" II compatible, yet, lower in price than the competition. Uses existing available software. The "ORANGE+" is the pacesetter of the future, with a swHchable 110-220 volt power supply, upper and lower case with lower case locking key, enhanced audio and color functions, 8 slot motherboard, game port, fully socketed I.e. board, a 3 ROM operating system, 48K ram, fully expandible.

The "ORANGE+" will interface with peripherals that will work on both the FrankJin ACE 1000 or the Apple"" II. Thousands of existing software programs, hardware, games, peripherals and accessories will plug right into the New "ORANGE+" COMPUTER.

Best of all is the Price.

The "ORANGE+" could easily be sold for $1500.00, But no, the inflation fighter retail price is only $995.00, thats right, Only $995.00.

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Ask your favorite dealer for the "ORANGE+" today, if he doesn't have one in stock tell him to write or call his local distributor now.

The "ORANGE+" is fully Apple II and Franklin ACE 1000 compatible.

The "ORANGE+" is fully warranteed for 90 days, with a 9 month extended warranty available for an additional $99.00.

Watch for future exciting products from the manufacturers of the "ORANGE+" COMPUTERS.

Selected Distributorships Available. Dealer Inquiries Invited.

For further information, contact Collins International Trading Corporation, 16311 Ventura Blvd., Suite 500, Encino, California 91436.

213-906-3776

FrankJin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Corporation Apple is a resistered trademark of Apple Computer Inc. Oranse+ is a trademark of Collins International Tradins Corporation

Listing 2 continued:

DOT LONG DASH

DOT DOT LONG DASH

DOT DOT DOT LONG DASH

DASH LONG DASH

DOT DASH LONG DASH

DOT DOT DASH LONG DASH

DOT DOT DOT DASH LONG DASH

CIRCle SOUAre

TP.IAngle

DIAMond

STAR

Each time a new set of consecutive option 'string' seauences is encountered, the entries are reset to contain only the current entries. All entries must be consecutive and contain no other commands embedded in the sequence.

Text continued from page 320 does not allow complete control of the process. Compare the input of other published programs for graphics to that allowed by listing 3. It is much easier to include graphics in a POL package (as will be demonstrated in part 3 of this series) than to make the traditional subroutine calls with, for example, FORTRAN.

A second area of development is complete packages. Advertisements in microcomputer magazines show a number of technical program packages, especially for statistics and civil engineering. These packages solve a certain type of problem quite well, but using portions of these programs for solving different types of problems is difficult because most packages are not modular (i.e., designed so that parts can easily be rearranged or used in different programs).

A third area is the technical program packages of routines available for mainframe computers (e.g., IBM's Scientific Subroutines package that contains the source listings). However, these packages are usually in FORTRAN, and the programs utilizing these routines frequently strain the capacity of the current generation of microcomputers. The main-line programs written to incorporate these subroutines must also set numerous values required by the subroutines and handle all the input and output of the program. This places a heavy burden on the programmer.

The POL system will provide a framework for designing modules that will:

• be easy to combine into large programs

328 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

• reduce the load on the programmer writing the main-line program

• be more flexible in use by using Problem Oriented Language input

• provide a large library of modules that can be used in many programs

• make it easy to integrate plotterindependent graphics into the program

• be written in BASIC, the language generally used in microcomputers

• not exceed the capacity of currentgeneration microcomputers, while providing capabilities normally found only in programs run on larger machines

The POL system will make problem solving easier because it will encourage the development of a large library of modules. The modules can then be used to quickly assemble a package to solve specific problems.

What Is Available

A number of program packages on the market have POL input, but many of these packages are not development systems; in other words, they do not allow additional programs or modules to be linked to the current set of programs in order to use the package to solve problems different from those originally envisioned.

At the University of Kansas, two POL development systems are available to me—POLO and GRIP. POLO (Problem Oriented Language Organizer) was developed at the University of Illinois and an application package—called POLO-FINITE—is used in the Department of Civil Engineering on structural-analysis problems. POLO is oriented toward the

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Circle 205 on inquiry card.

Fox & Geller, Inc. P.O. Box 1053 Teaneck, NJ 07666 201 837-0142

manipulation of large amounts of data (a million items or more) and operates in a batch environment.

GRIP (General Routines for Interactive Processing), developed at the University of Kansas by Rick Hilst and Dr. Kenneth Bishop of the Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, is a set of routines for linking GRIP-compatible modules together and requires a minimum of program writing to do so. In chemical engineering, much work is on a trialand-error basis that requires the flexibility of POL to reduce the amount of input on the successive attempts. Much of the output is best analyzed in the form of graphs. Therefore, graphic output of data is desirable rather than drawing results by hand.

My own thesis involves the development of a process control simulator for the senior-level class on process control. This package will use GRIP routines for POL input and will assist

students in their work by avoiding much of the tedious transformation of large equations. Much of the output will be in the form of graphs. Some of the input will involve a graphic representation of the system being modeled (a block diagram).

POL for Microcomputers

POL packages or systems are often written in FORTRAN and are designed to run on large mainframe computers. Typical program packages begin at 200,000 bytes when compiled. POLO program packages will have from 50,000 to 250,000 lines of FORTRAN code. This is obviously too large for today's microcomputers based on the Z80 and similar microcomputers. However, my goal is to allow the major portion (80 percent or more) of the capabilities of mainframe POL packages to be available on microcomputers. To do this, I use

System Required

The minimum computer system recommended to run POL/PS is:

1. CP/M operating system

2. Microsoft BASIC-80

3. At least 20K bytes of programmable memory above BASIC

4. Dual disks

5. An appropriate plotter if graphics are used

The recommended organization of POL/PS on disk is to place POL-80 and the graphics routines (if used) on the "logged-in" drive (since different plotters require different CP/M configurations). The application modules and their main-line programs should be on the other drive so that applications packages can be changed without starting over. Changing plotters can be done by connecting the new plotter, inserting a different CP/M disk (with a different graphics module), and starting again. All communications between application and graphics modules will be done by means of a disk file whose format is independent of the plotter being used.

This program was developed on a

Vector Graphic System B (Z80) with two 300K-byte minidisks and a Diablo 1650 printer as a plotter. Most Diablo and Diablo-compatible printers are capable of 60 horizontal and 48 vertical spaces per inch in a graphics mode. (Check the specific model for its capability. The Diablo uses an "Escape-3" to turn on graphics and either a "Carriage Return" or "Escape-4" to turn off graphics. I simply use "space", "linefeed", "backspace", ".", and "escape-linefeed" for up.) All the figures in this series were produced using this equipment.

The disks should be of high capacity because there may be more space used by files associated with the module than is used by the actual program. HELP files, error message files, and graphics intermediate files can quickly consume space.

Disk speed is also very important. A page transfer on the Micropolis minidisks takes about 30 seconds by the time all the variables and files are restored. Faster disks—8-inch floppies or Winchester hard disks—can reduce program running time where several pages are involved.

a BASIC interpreter and a paging technique.

A BASIC interpreter is required because:

• The program to be interpreted— especially the graphics portion—can be written to occupy less space than a compiled program.

• The paging technique used requires dynamic allocation of memory.

• The paging technique in BASIC is much easier to master than trying to learn how to overlay in FORTRAN.

• Dynamic modification of the program is allowed (introduced in part 2), which simplifies interactive processing of equations.

Microsoft BASIC 5.0 was chosen for the following reasons:

• It is written for many machines, making the system transportable.

• Its CHAIN includes MERGE, DELETE, and starting line options.

• Both random and sequential files are supported.

• The sequential records are of variable length and format.

• Multiple logical records may be written in a sector, conserving disk space.

• String variables are dynamically allocated and not preset in length, also conserving memory space.

• It has a LINE INPUT command to treat a single line as a string.

The POL Programming System

I said earlier that the programs customarily run using POL are large. The graphics package is often in itself several times larger than the memory available on a microcomputer unless the size of the program is decreased by making it inflexible. The normal method of handling such large programs is by overlays (on most large machines) or by paging (on virtual memory machines). The POL Programming System (POL/PS) presented here is closer to the paging system because it changes only portions of the program at a time and is relatively easy to implement. Figure 2 shows a diagram of this system.

The block at the top is almost

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 331

Circle 131 on inquiry card.

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P 0 L - 8 0

NUMRAN AL

EC0NANAL

ROOT

0IFF

DRAW

R 0 R

DRAU

Figure 2: A diagram of the POL system and the interaction between the different modules.

always in the computer's memory and consists of standard subroutines that control the paging of the program and handle the POL input. The next level down represents major application packages. Examples of these are a numerical-analysis package (NUMRANAL) and an economics package (ECONANAL). Each of these consists of a main program. The first four characters of the name form a common prefix for all programs in this application package (e.g., NUMR for numerical analysis, or ECON for economics analysis). At the third level are branches representing the modular subprograms (within each package) that handle the computations and actually make the decisions. Each of these programs may have several pages, which are usually called on sequentially to perform the computations. One example of this is the xy axes portion of the graphics package (see listing 1), which has three pages: one to handle the input,

332 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

one to compute all the locations on the page (based on the input), and one to actually draw the axes.

To make such a paging scheme work, one rigid rule must be followed concerning line numbers. Lines 1 to

2999 are reserved for the input and paging routines and future development. Lines 3000 to 9999 are reserved for user-written programs. Both line

3000 and line 9999 must be used in the user-written program, even if only for remarks, because these line numbers are references in CHAINs.

The set of routines to handle POL input—called POL-80—is given in listing 3. The variables are in listing 4. Naming conventions used in POL-80 are given in listing 5. The program listing is well documented and a summary of the capabilities is given below. (Much more detail can be found in the POL/'PS User's Manual.)

The primary purpose of these routines is input, parsing, and matching. Input is accepted from either the ter

Text continued on page 362 Listings 3, 4, and 5 are on pages 334-360

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Gemini reliability is more than just a promise. It's as concrete as a 180 day warranty (90 days for ribbon and print head), a mean time between failure rate of 5 million lines, a print head life of over 100 million characters, and a 100% duty cycle that allows the Gemini to print continuously. Plus, prompt, nationwide service is readily available.

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Circle 438 on inquiry card.

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Circle 548 on inquiry card.

Listing 3: This set of routines handles user input. POL-80 is written in Microsoft BASIC 5.0.

1 REM PROBLEM ORIENTED LANGUAGE INPUT ROUTINES (POL-80)

2 REM COPYRIGHT MARK FINGER 1981 ********************************************************************************

SET UP ARRAYS AND INITIALIZE REOUIRED VALUES

******************************************************************************** 20 DEFINT F,I,J,N

:DEFSTR A

•.DEFDBL D

:DIM AARTI20)

:DIM ACOM(10) ********************************************************************************

SET UP DEFAULT VALUES

NOTE THAT ALL FLAGS ARE SET TO "0"

(FART,FAXES,FCOM,FENT,FEOC,FERR,FFIL,FTR,ICON,NART,NOOM)

******************************************************************************** 30 ADEO="89024576777171171111111111277777733333333333333333333333333777777333333

333333333333333 3333377777" 40 AEOO":"

AEOL="8"

AOUT="5"

AP="@"

ASTR="'"

ATER="%"

ACON="S"

AR="!"

AIMB="("

AINE="t"

OPEN "O",#1,"READTEMP"

CLOSES 1

OPEN "I" ,»1,"RF,ADTEMP"

********************!

*******************************

f****** *

[**************

PROCESSES INITIAL INPUT COMMAND

(MUST BE A PLOTTER OR PROGRAM DECLARATION COMMAND)

********

**************

*********************************************** 50 OPEN "R",#3,"MLPERP",R0

:FIELD J 3,80 AS AERR 60 GOSUB 1050 •.GOSUB 500 :IRET=60 7 0 TF AB=AP AND NT=7 THEM GOTO 100 ELSE NERP-1010

:COSUB 1200 :FERP=1 :GOTO 60 ********************************************************************************

PLOTTER OR PROGRAM DECLAPATTON HANDLING

THE FORMAT IS:

?PPG 'NAME'

9PLT 'NAME'

NAME—FILENAME <"OMTATNING '""! MATNLTNE PROGRAM "'0 BE RUN(AN EXAMPLE OF NAME TS 'B:NUMPANAL' FOR THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS PACKAGE)

NAME—CONTAINS THE DISK DESIGNATION AND A 3-LETTER CODE FOR THE PLOTTER TO BE USED(AN EXAMPLE OF NAME TS 'A:DTA' FOR THE DIABLO TYPEWRITER)

****************************

********

********************************************

100 AT=LF.FTS (AN,3)

:AN=RIGHT$(AN.LEN(AN)-3) 150 IF AT<>"PLT" GOTO 170 155 FENT=1

:GOSUB 500 :IF NT<>6

THEM NERR=10 37

:GOSUB 1200 :GOTO 60 160 IF MID$(AB,2,1)=":"

THEN APLT=LEFT$(AB,5) ELSE APLT=LEFT$(AB,3) 165 CHAIN MERGE APLT+"GRIN" , IP.ET , ALL ,DELETE 2500-2999 170 IF ATo-PRG"

THEN HERR=10 34

:GOSUB 1200 :FF.PR=1 :GOTO 60 180 GOSUB 500 :IF NT<>6

THEN NFRP=1021

:GOStm 1200 :GOTO 6 0 :ELSE IF MTDS(AB,2,1)=":"

THEN APPG=MTD$(AB,3,4)

:ADTSK=LEF'''$ (AB,2) :ELSE ADTSK="A:"

:APRG= LEFTS (AB,-!)

Listing 3 continued on page 339

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We've added optimizations, sped up runtime routines, and (ahem) fixed all known bugs. The portable C library is more extensive than ever, with new math functions, pattern matching routines, and support for Ada-style exception handling. And it's easier than ever to interface to new environments.

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Apple II, Apple II Plus, Disk II and Silentype are trademarks of Apple Computers, Inc. Epson MX-80 is a trademark of Epson America, Inc.

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In a word, the Model 85 aScope™ is a dual channel, DC to 50 MHz, fully programmable, digital memory oscilloscope designed to operate with any Apple II or Apple II Plus™ equipped with Disk II™ and display, 48K memory and DOS 3.3.

But don't let aScope's remarkably low price deceive you. Because in about 80 percent of all design or test applications where this sort of instrument would be used, aScope will perform on par with systems in the $15,000+ category. (Something we feel comfortable saying, having spent a number of years working in research and development for one of the world's leading suppliers of those $15,000 instruments.)

Still, we recognize it's a somewhat extraordinary promise.

system. But frankly, we suspect you are probably as intrigued as you could be on the basis of one advertisement.

So we'll proceed with a few action recommendations designed to accommodate anyone from the casually curious to the virtually convinced.

First, you should call 800547-4445. That will provide you with an aScope data sheet and an opportunity to determine whether you'd like to invest $10 in our comprehensive aScope demonstration disk.

Or simply yield to your initial impulse and order the system, safe in the knowledge that (a) you may use the system for fifteen days, and if not satisfied, return it, and b) NWIS system engineers stand ready to assist you with any questions you may

Single keystroke calls aScope™ operations menu. All sub-menus provide complete prompting.

A reference waveform loaded from disk into Channel 2 for comparison with active signal on Channel 1.

Cross-cursor indicates point where aScope'" digital voltmeter (DVM) is calculating waveform voltage for display at bottom of

One example of a user-defined co-resident BASIC program; in this case designed to plot an amplitude response curve for an active filter

So, perhaps before telling you what aScope can do, we ought to tell you how it does it so inexpensively.

Essentially what we've done is depart radically from the existing instrumentation architecture upon which all currently available digital programmable oscilloscope systems are dependent. It simply doesn't make sense to combine a stand-alone

Bandwidth: DC to > 50 MHz equivalent time digitizing (-3dB) DC to > 10 KHz resolvable with real-time digitizing (-3dB) Resolution: 8 bits (1 part in 256) Range: 10ns/divisionto20s/division Sensitivity: 5mV/division to 5V/division Input Impedence: 1 Mft and 20pF

programmable oscilloscope with a controller when to a great extent the microcomputer circuitry and capabilities of one are already available in the other. So we didn't combine, we integrated. Making the aScope a peripheral part of the computer. Supplying only what was necessary to make the computer a high-performance instrument. An instrument capable of things until now assumed impossible for

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Things like what, you wonder?

Well naturally, since aScope is fully programmable you may configure a setup, define the analysis of the acquired data you desire and produce an end result display in whatever form is most productive. Many frequently performed routines are already part of aScope's software. However, because no two engineers' needs are exactly the same, the system's architecture was designed to accommodate considerable user modification via co-resident BASIC or assembly language programs.

In addition, aScope will average waveforms. Store a waveform on disk in binary or text form. Store instrument control settings for future automated setup. Or load and display reference waveforms.

aScope is also equipped to deliver waveform voltage readings utilizing a cursor-controlled digital voltmeter. And to generate hard copies via an Epson MX-80™ orSilentype™ printer.

Space permitting, we could go on about the menu-driven commands and other user-sensitive features we've built into this

Circle 304 on inquiry cai

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The $995 Model 85 aScope. We admit the performance it delivers for the money is so remarkable, it may initially strike you as unbelievable. However, when you recall all the breakthrough products this industry has seen over the last decade, sounding unbelievable at first is practically a tradition.

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338 BYTE December 19B2

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

18 5 FART=0

:FCOM=0 :NAP.T=2 :NCCM=0 :FENT=1 :GOSUB 1400 190 CHAIN MERGE AB , 3000 , DELETE 3000-9999

********

*************************************************************

MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL HANDLING

(CONTROL CHARACTER CHANGES, INPUT FILE DECLARATIONS, & TRACING)

THE FORMAT IS AS FOLLOWS:

!FEC S 0 — IMPLIES END OF COMMAND IS END OF LINE OR END-OF-OOMMAND CHARACTER(DEFAULT IS :1 1 — IMPLIES FND OF COMMAND TS END-OF-COMMAND CHARACTER. ONLY

r—CHARACTER TO INDICATE THE BEGINNING OF PROGRAM OR PLOTTER CHANGE COMMANDS(DEFAULT IS @)

C—CHARACTER TO INDICATE "'HE BEGINNING OF A READER OP MISCELLANEOUS CONTROL COMMAND(DEFAULT TS !)

C--CHARACTER TO INDICATE THE END OF A COMMAND(DEFAULT IS :)

C—CHARACTER USED TO INDICATE THAT the REMAINDER OF THE LINE IS COMMENTS(DEFAULT IS ft)

C—CHARACTER USED TO INDICATE THE BEGINNING OF A REQUEST FOR GRAPHICAL INPUT(DEFAULT IS [)

C—CHARACTER USED TO INDICATE THE END OF A REQUEST FOR GRAPHICAL INPUT(DEFAULT IS 1)

C—CHARACTER USED TO INDICATE COMMAND LINE CONTINUATION (DEFAULT IS &)

C--OHARACTER USED TO ENCLOSE MESSAGES TQ BE OUTPUT TO TFE TERMINAL(DEFAULT IS S)

!PRG

C

!REA

C

!EOC

C

!EOL

C

!INB

c

!INE

c

ICON

c

C—CHARA^ER USED TO ENCLOSE TNPU" (DEFAUL™ IS ')

STRINGS ON A COMMAND LINE

(TON !TOF

c—CHARACTER USED TO REQUEST INPUT FPOM THE TERMINAL DURING EXECUTION OF THE LINE(DEFAULT IS %)

NAME—NAME OF A SEOUENTTAL FILE CONTAINING A SET OF COMMANDS TM THE PROPER FOPMAT to USE AS INPUT(AN EXAMPLE OF NAME IS 'B:EXAMPLE'

TUPNS ON THE INTERNAL TRACER IN NLP-80

TURNS OFF THE INTERNAL Tij^rER LIN NLP-80

(NOTE—NEVFP USE QUOTES (") AS ANY OF THE ABO"E mWROTi CHARACTERS. THEY VITLL GET CHEWED UP DIJRTNG CHAINING OF PROGRAM^.)

(NOTE—ONE OF THE EASIEST WAYS TO REDUCE THE PROGRAM SIZE IS TO PF.MOVF. THIS SECTION (IF DEFAULT PARAMETERS ARE ALWAYS ACCEPTABLE AND FILE INPUT OR TRACING ARE HOT REQUIRED) —THIS ELIMINATES ABOUT IK OF PROGRAM (ABOUT 15%)

TO DO THTS:

L. DELETE LINKS 200-<l°5

2. IN THE STRING IN LIME 30, CHANGE THE "9" (PORTION 2)

TO A "7"

3. TN LINE 520, FLTMTNATE ",200" (TIE LASm LINE NII'TiEP REFERENCE)

LESSER AMOUNTS (INDIVIDUAL LINER) MAY BE ELIMINATED IF STEPS 2 AND 3 ARE NOT DONE. FOR EXAMPLE, LINES 210-320 CAN BE ELIMINATED, AND THE FILE INPUT AND TRACING FUNCTIONS ARE STILL AVAILABLE, BUT THE PROGRAM TS ABOUT 700 BYTES SHORTER.)

************************* 200 AB=MTDS(AN,2,3)

:AN=RIGHT$(AN,LEN(AN)-4) 210 IF AB="FEC"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=1

THEN FEOC=TV

:GOTO 500 :ELSE NERP.= 10 3 6 :GOTO 495 220 IF AB="PRG"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=7

THEN AP=AB

:GOmO 500 :ELSE NERP=1033 :GOTO 495 230 IF AB="REA"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=7

THEN MIDS(ADEC,ASC(AR

******************************

**********

Listing 3 continued on page 340

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 339

Circle 77 on inquiry card.

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LA34 DECwHter IV Forms Ctrl. ... Si .095 $105 $58 $ 40

LA100 Letter Prinler RO 1.995 199 106 72

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VT131 CRT DECscope 1,745 167 93 63

VT132 CRT DECscope 1,995 190 106 72

VT18XAC Personal Computer Option 2,395 230 128 86

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TI787 Portable KSR, 120 CPS .. . 2.195 211 117 80

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TI820 KSR Printer 2,195 211 117 80

ADM3A CRT Terminal 595 57 34 22

ADM5 CRT Terminal 645 62 36 24

ADM32 CRT Terminal 1,165 112 65 42

CIT-101 CRT 1,525 147 82 55

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910 CRT Terminal 650 62 36 24

925 CRT Terminal 850 82 46 31

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Letter Quality. 7715 RO 2.695 259 144 98

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TnTHnWlHSTVl 2030 KSR Printer 30 CPS 1.195 115 67 43

BillJlUSllaOUiH 2120 KSR Printer 120 CPS 2.195 211 117 80

MX-80 FT Printer 745 71 42 27

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Listing 3 continued:

:AR=AB

:MTDS(ADEC,ASG(AR)-31, :GOTO 500 :E1,SE NERR=1022 :GOTO 495

240 TF AB="EOC"

THEN GOSUB 50 0 :IF NT=7

THEN AEOC=AR

:GOTO 500 :ELSE NERR=1023 :GOTO 49 5 260 IF AB="EOL"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=7 THE

MTnS (ADEO.ASr (AEOT,) -31, 11 = :AEOT, = AB

AS^(AEOr,) -31,1!

2B0

:r-'TPS (AF-F. :GOTQ 500 :ELSE NERR=1025 rGOT'O 49 5 270 TF AB="TNB"

THEN GOSUB 500 :TF NT=7

THEN ATNR-AB

:GO-r-0 500 :EI,SE NERP=1026 :GCVO 495 TF AB="INE"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=7

THEN ATNE=AB

:GOTO 500 :ELSE NERR=1027 :GOTO 495 290 IF AB="roN"

THEN GOSUB 500 :TF NT=7

THEN ACON=AB

:GOTO 500 :ELSE NERR=1028 :GOTO 495 3 00 IF AB="OUT"

THEN GOSUB 500 -.IF NT=7

THEN MID? (ADEC,ASC(AOU"'):AOUT=AB

:MID$ (ADEG,ASr(AOU'r) :GOTO 500 :ELSE NERR=1029 :GOTO 49 5 310 IF AB="STR"

THEN GOSUB 500 :IF NT=7

THEN MIDS(ADEG.ASG(ASTP):ASTR=AB

:MIDS(ADEr,ASr(ASTR) :GOTO 500 :ELRE MERF=10 30 :GOTO 495 320 IF AB="TER"

THEN GOSUB 500 :TF NT=7

THEN MTD$ (AnEr,ASr•(ATER):ATER=AB

:Mln$ (ADFCASC (ATER) :GOTO 500 :Et,SE NERP=1032 :GOTO 495 330 IF AE="Fir,"

THEM OOSUP 500 :TF MT=6

TFIEN AFtt.^ar :FFIT,= 1 : JFTT,= 0

:OPEN "I",#2,AFT1, :GOTO 500 :ET,SE NFRR=10 31 :GOTO 49 5

31,1)= -31,1)

= " 4

31,1)=' -31,1)=

31,1)=' -31,1)=

340 TF AB=" THEN

'=1

rGOT-O 500 350 TF AB="TOF"

THEN FTR=0 :GOTO 500 490 NEPR=1035 495 GOSUB 1200 :TEOG=l :RETURN

Listing 3 continued on page 342

340 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 469 on inquiry card.

THE PRICE SLASHER!

RANA SYSTEMS \<^> C. ITOH QUME

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Note Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc C-'PM is a registered trademark of Digital Research

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Dealers welcomel

BOOKS and SOFTWARE For ATARI-PET-OSI-APPLE ll-6502-VlC-20-SinclaiT-Timex

ELCOMP

ATARI ATARI ATARI ATARI

ATARI BASIC - Learning by Using

This new book is an "Action"Book. You do more than read it. Learn the intricacy of ATARIBASIC ihorugh the short programs which are provided. The suggestions challenge you to change and write program routines. Yes, it's exciting — Many of the programs are appropriate for beginners as well as experienced computer users. (Screen Drawings, Special Sounds, Keys, Paddles + Joysticks. Specializod Screen Routines, Graphics and Sound. Peeks and Pokes and special stuff 1. Order-No. 164 £9.95

ATARI Learning by Using — Book + cassette or disk This package includes the book No. 164 plus a cassette or disk (please specify) containing a variety of the programs which are listet in the book. Order No.: 7220 £39.95

Games for the ATARI-ComputBr How to program your own games on the ATARI. Complete listings in BASIC and Machine Language of exciting games. Tricks and hints.

Order-No. 162 £7.95

GAME PACKAGE lor the ATARI Book +■ cassette or disk Includes the book No. 162 plus cassette or disk (please specify) containing a variety of Ihe programs listed in Ihe book. Order No. 7221 £39.95

ATMONA-1

Machine Language Monitor for the ATARI 400/800. This powerful monitor provides you with the firmware support that you need to get the most out of your powerful system. ATMONA-1 comes on a bootable cassette. No cartridges required. Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX + ASCII, (Change Memory Locations, Blocktransfer, fill memory block, save and load machine language programs, start mach. Lang. Progr. (Printer optional).

Comes with Introductionary article on how to program the ATARI computer In machine language. (Available also in ROM) Order-No. 7022 £19.95

ATMONA-2 Superstepper

A very powerful Tracer to explore the ATARI ROM/RAW area. Stop previously selected address. Opcode or operand (cassette). Order-No. 7049 £49.95

EDITOR/ASSEMBLER for ATARI 800, 32K or 48K RAM Extremely fast and powerful Editor/Assembler, (8K Sourcecode in about 5 seconds) Includes ATMONA-1.

Order-No. 7098 £49.95

MACRO-Assembler for ATARI 800. 48K RAM Please specify your system: RAM, disc or cassette.

Order-No. 7099 $89.00

Add £39.00 for cartridge version Gunfight - For ATAHI 400/800 16K RAM, needs two joysticks, animation and sound. (8K machine language). Order-No. 7207 £19.95

Birth control with the ATARI

(Knaus Oginol Cass, or disk Order No. 7222 £29.95

Astrology and Biorhylhm for ATARI (can. or disk) Order No. 7223 £29.95

EPROM Cartridge KIT for ATARI

Cartridge (bare board) with instructions (holds two 16K or two 32K EPROMs (2716,2532,2732) Order No. 7224 £19.95

Order No. 7043 complete £29.95

Invoice Writing for smatl

business with ATARI 400/800 16K RAM.

Order-No. 7022, cass. £29.85

Order-No. 7200, disc. £39.99 Mailing-Lilt No. 7213 £24.95

Inventory Contr.No.7215 £24.95

NEW I ATEXT-1

This new wordprocessor in machine language (BK) for all ATARI 400/800 computers offers the best price performance ever. 23 editor control commands, 17 formatting commands, dynamic formatting. Vertical and horizontal scrolling (up to 255 char, per line) Include command on disk I

Order No. 7210 cassette £29.95 Order No. 7211 disk £39.95 Order No. 7212 cartridge £79.00

L0arn FORTH lor the ATARI

400/800. cassette or disk

Order No. 7053 £19.95

ELCOMP FORTH - Enhanced FIG-FORTH on disk only. Order No. 7055 £39.95

How to connect your EPSON Printer to the ATARI 400/800. Construction article with printed circuit board and software. (Screenprint and variable characters per line). Order-No. 7210 £19.95

OSI

OSI

^OS^OS^OSI

TheFirstBookofOnio^cTjritific

Introduction to OSI computers. Diagrams, hardware and software information not previously available in one compact source. 192 pages. Order-No. 157 £7.95

The Second Book of OHIO Order-No. 158 £7.95

The Third Book of OHIO

Order No. 159 £7.95

The Fourth Book of OHIO Order-No. 160 £9.95

VIP Package — Above book plus a cassette with the programs. Order-No. 160A £19.95

The Fifth Book of OHIO Order-No. 161 £7.95

Invoice Writing Program for OSI

C1PMF, C4P. Disk and Cassette,

8K RAM.

Order-No. 8234 £29.80

Mailing List for C1PMF or C4PMF 24K RAM 250 addresses incl. phone number and parameters on one 5 1/4 disk) Order-No. 8240 £29.80

8K Microsoft BASIC Ref. Man. Order-No. 161 £9.95

Expansion Handbook for 6502

and 6802

Order-No. 152 £9.95

Microcomputer Appl. Notes Order-No. 153 £9.95

Complex Sound Generation New revised applications manual for the Texas Instruments SN 76477 Complex Sound Generator.

Order-No. 154 £6.95

Small Business Programs Complete listings for the business user. Inventory, Invoice Writing, Mailing List and much more. Introduction to Business Applications. Order-No. 166 £14.90

Microcomputer Hardware Handbook (845 pages)

Descriptions, pinouts and specifications of the most popular microprocessor and support chips. A MUST for the hardware buff. Order-No. 29 £14.95

Care end Feeding of the Commodore PET Eight chapters exploring PET hardware. Includes repair and interfacing information. Programming tricks and schematics. Order-No. ISO £9.95

Prototype-Expansion Board for VIC-20 (S-44-Bus). Order-No. 4844 £18.95

Wordprocessorf.VIC-20,8K RAM Order No. 4870 £19.95

Mailing List for VIC-20,16kRAM Order No. 4883 £14.95

Tricks for VICs - The VIChory Programs, hints and expansion information for VC-20 Order No. 141 £9.95

TIC TAC VIC

Order No. 4880 £9.95

GAMEPACK I (3 Games) Order No. 4881 £14.95

Dual Joystick Instruction Order No. 4885 £9.95

INPUT/OUTPUT Programming with your VIC Order No. 4886 £9.95

16K RAM/ROM board for S44bus. Any combination of RAM and ROM on one board. [SY2128or2716l Order-NO. 613 £39.95

Low cost expanison boards for your APPLE II. Bare board comes with extensive description and software.

6522 VIA-l/O Exp. Order-No. 605 £39.00

2716 EPROM-Burner Order-No, 607 £49,00

8K EPROM/RAM Card Order-No. 609 £29.00

Software for SINCLAIR ZX-81 and TIMEX 1000 Machine Language Monitor Order No. 2399 £9.95

Mailing List

Order No. 2398 £19.95

Programming in BASIC and machine language with the ZX-8K82I or TIMEX 1000. Order No. 140 (book) £9.95

ELCOMP Publishing, Fnc, 53 Redrock Lane Pomona, CA 91766, Phone: (714} 623 8314

Payment: Check, Money Order, VISA, Mastercharge, Eurocheck.

POSTPAID on PREPAID in USA. £5.00 handling fee for C.O.D.

All orders outside USA: Add 15% shipping. CA add 6.5% sales tax.

ATARI is a registered trademark of ATARI Inc. APPLE is a registered

trademnrk of APPLE Inc. PET+VIC-20 is a trademark of Commodore.

Listing 3 continued:

*******************************************

************************************

SUBROUTINE PARSER

CALLED WHENEVER ANOTHER ENTITY TS REOUTRED (USED ONLY BY OTHER SUBROUTINES WITHIN NLP-80)

EXTRACTS THE ENTITY (ENTITY STORED IN "AB")FROM THE CURRENT COMMAND LIME AND CLASSIFIES IT IN "NT" AS FOLLOWS:

NT=1—INTEGER NUMBER

2—REAL NUMBER(CONTAINS A DECIMAL OR A FRACTIONAL PORTION) 3—WORD CONTAINING LETTERS ONLY

4—WORD CONTAINING LETTERS AND NUMBERS, BUT BEGINS WT^H A LETTER 5--NOT IMPLEMENTED 6—STRING

7—SPECIAL CHARACTERtANY CHARACTER OTHER THAN A LETTER, WUMBEP, QUOTE("), OR BLANK SPACE)

************************ 500 AB="" :DV=0 :IV=0 :AT="" :FENT=0 :IF FERR=1

THEN RETURN 505 IF IE0C=1

THEN RETURN 510 IF LEN(AN)=0

THEN IF NOT(EOF(1)) OP FEOC=l THEN GOSUB 1055 :ELSE IEOC=l :NT=7 :RETURN 515 AT=LEFT$(AN,11

:NT=VAL(MID$(ADEC,ASC(AT)-31,1)) 520 ON NT

GOTO 54 0, 535, 600, 540, 545, 530, 550, 580, 200 530 IE=INSTR(2,AN,AT)

:TF IE=0

THEN NERR=1050

:GOSUB 1200 :FERP=1 :AB="" :RETURN (ELSE AB=MIDS(AN,2,TE-2)

:AN=RIGHT$(AM,LEN(AN)-TE) :RETURN 535 AT=""

:IEOC=l :RETURN 540 IE=INSTR(2,AN,AT) :IF IE=0

THEN NERR=1051

:GOSUB 1200 :FERR=1 :AB="" :RETURN :ELSE AB=MID$(AN,2,TE-2)

tAN=RTGHT$(AN,LEN(AN)-TE) :PRINT AB :G0TO 510 545 LINE INPUT "?";AT

:AN=AT+RIGHTS (AN,LEN(AN)-1) :GOTO 510 550 AN=RIGHT$(AN,LEN(AN)-1) :TF PCOMOl

THEN GOTO 560

554 ICOM=0

555 IF AT=ACOMfICOM)

GOTO 510

556 ICOM=TCOM+l :TF TCOM<NCOM

GOTO 555 560 AB = AT

:RETURN 580 AN=RIGHT5(AN,LEN(AN)-1)

:GOTO 510 **************************************4

***************************************************** **TNImTAM7R

THEN CHECK TE AN ERROR CONDITION EXIS*Pfi

**C"E<"KS TF AT THE END OF

A cor**fANn **c«erks if end of currew" ltne--ettl atito feed if continuation op tf end of line is not fnd of command

♦♦EXTRACTS CURRENT CHARACTER

AND CLASSIFIES T^ **DECTCTON TABLE

PROBABLE NUMBER

r,OV"17M'T1S

WORDS

TERMINAL OUTPUT STRING

TERMINAL INPUT

STRING

SPECTAL CHARA*~mER

BLANK

PARA^E^EE CHAH^ PHRASE * * c,Tp T*?G T»'pum

*COMMENTS(GOTO END OF COMMAND)

**OUTPUT STRING TO THE TERMINAL

**PEOUESfr1 FOR

INPUT FROM THE TERMINAL

**TF THIS POTTTT IS REACHED, "'HE CHARACTER BEING ^ESTED TS SOME O^HEP CHARACTER—WE WILL CHECK TF TT TS A FILLER CHARACTER AND SKIP OVER ANY SUCH ONES

**SKTP OVER SPACES

********

:*** * * * *

THIS SECTION OF THE PARSER EXTRACTS CATEGORY 3 OR 4 WORDS

*******************************, ri00 TF AT>="a" AND ArT,^ = "z"

THEN AT=CHR$ [ASC (A^l - 2 2 1 602 AB=AB+AT 605 AN=RTGHT$(AN,LEN(AN)-I)

********************************************* * *rpx]TEP'" LOWER CAS** ™r> UPPER

CASE **BEGTN n.PTLPTN<" m"^ ';ni?n **GET t,hf SEXT CHARACTER

Listing 3 continued on page 347

342 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The UniFLEX Operating System extractsl

%**¥\

£

9800

from the 8 bit 6809 microprocessor allowing it to outperform many 16 bit systems

With the UniFLEX™ Operating System, the 8 bit 6809 microprocessor can perform as well as largerCPUs in a multiuser, multi-tasking environment.

Independently developed from the ground up, UniFLEX™ closely models the features found in the UNIX™ Operating System. And in two years of use, UniFLEX™ has proven the abilities of the 6809 to perform large system functions when incorporated into a properly designed mainframe.

Some of the features supported include:

• full multi-user, multi-tasking capabilities

• hierarchical file systems

• device independent I/O

• four Gigabyte disk capacities

• full file protection

• inter-task communication via pipes

• I/O redirection

• task swapping for efficient memory usage

• fullrandom-accessfiles

• comprehensive shell command language

• foreground-background jobs

• electronic mail and printer spooling

• system accounting facilities

The support software currently available for use under UniFLEX™ is extensive. Asampling of the programs available includes:

• native C compiler (full implementation)

• native Pascal compiler

• FORTRAN 77 ANSI Subset compiler

• COBOL compiler with ISAM files, Report Writer 8c Sort/Merge

• Extended BASIC Interpreter

• Extended BASIC precompiler

• text editing and processing software

• enhanced printer spooler

• variety of absoluteand relocatable assemblers

• debug and diagnostic packages

Technical Systems Consultants, Inc. also offers a line of single user FLEX™ software products for 6800 and 6809 processors. Forthose having an absolute need fora 16 bit processor, UniFLEX™ will be available through OEM licensing arrangements forthe 68000 microprocessor. Please call orwrite for additional information on individual products or OEM licensing arrangements.

UNIX*" Is a trademark ol Bell Laboratories. FLEX™ and UniFLEX™ are trademarks of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc.

technical /y/temr con/ultantr, inc.

111 Providence Road

Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514

(919)493-1451

SONICS

DELIVERS:

> SD SYSTEMS.

S0NIC8 MICRO SYSTEMS PLEDGE TO THE CUSTOMER IS:

1. PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT

2. FULL TECHNICAL SUPPORT

3. DELIVERIES FROM STOCK

4. BOARD/SYSTEM LEVEL REPAIRS SINGLE USER SYSTEM MOBO

BOARD LEVEL PRODUCTS

SBC 200

EXPANDORAMII . EXPANDORAM III . VERSA FLOPPY II

VDB 8024

MPC-4

SBC 200, 64K RAM, VERSA FLOPPY MULTI-USER SYSTEM

'1995

SBC 200, 256K RAM, VERSA FLOPPY II,

MPC-4, COSMOS SD SYSTEMS COMPATIBLE "TURBOOOS" ' 350

WITH DOCUMENTATION SINGLE USER "DISC-LESS" SYSTEM • • '1770 • • ■

WITH CP/M 2.2

Z-80 STARTER KIT

MODEL 200 64K RAM SOFTWARE BANK SELECT RAM + ROM DISC

WITH CP/M 2.2

•345 •443 « 848 * 375 •465 •495 •299

•,475

•1050

SONICS

MICRO SYSTEMS INC

1500 N.W. 62ND STREET • SUITE 508 • FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33309 • 1-800-327-5567

In Florida call: 305-776-7177 Cllentes Latinoamericanos seran atendidos por nuestro departamento Intemacional (en espanol), bajo la

gerencia de la LCDA. Joan Voyles.

344 BYTF. December 1982

Circle 435 on inquiry card.

Sonics Micro Systems announces the commercial availability of S.D. Systems' . . .

First "Disc-Less" Micro Computer System. $1050

1. Replaces Floppy Disc Drives.

2. CP/M.MP/M, Oasis and Turbo-Dos compatible.

3. Transparent to operating system disc commands.

4. No moving parts, no alignment, no media failures.

5. Network ready.

6. FAST!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

"Ram-Disc" $630

• Operating under CP/M the "Ram-Disc 128" functions as a fully compatible floppy drive replacement. Maximum single board configuration of 256K Bytes offers the equivalent capacity of 8" floppies. If more local disc image storage is necessary the Ramdisc system may be expanded to a full 40M Bytes.

• Whether operations require the "Ram-Disc 128" to operate as a floppy replacement or as a high speed data acquisition system is

solely dependent on single system configuration.

• In real time data acquisition and subsequent processing applications the "Disc-less" system approach affords mini computer speed and versatility at micro computer prices.

"Rom-Disc" $289

• The "Rom-Disc-128" is a direct replacement for floppy disc drives used for the purpose of booting the CP/M operating system. Further the "Rom-Disc128" is a direct replacement for floppy disc drives used to load and store applications programs.

• A total lack of sensitivity to the storage and handling parameters of standard floppy discs make the "Rom-Disc-128's" media virtually "immune" to familiar system failures.

• Under popular CP/M utilities the "Rom-Disc-128" appears as a simple disc drive.

• With CP/M configured in the S.D. Rom format, systems boot in less than 1 /10 of a second.

• Equipped with a high speed RS-232 serial port the "RomDisc-128" will accommodate

data transfer to and from the host.

• The "Rom-Disc-128" in conjunction with the previously described "Ram-Disc-128" provide true system portability and independence from floppy disc drives.

• Each "Rom-Disc-128" may be attached to a 256K Byte applications "personality module" allowing maximum system flexibility and personality. "RomDisc-128" because of its very nature offers "maximum" protection from software piracy.

"Turbo-Dos" $350

Z-80 CP/M compatible network ready Turbo-Dos in stock, ready for immediate delivery.

Versa Floppy II "With CP/M 3-0"*475

• Supports dual 5V4"1, dual 8" or both. "CP/M 3-0" included.

1500 N.W. 62 STREET

FORT LAUDERDALE, FL 33309

1-800-327-5567

IN FLORIDA CALL: 305-776-7177

at Sonics "We are Technology'

Circle 435 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 345

We're selling

We are overstocked! track-to-track access time of 5

Our warehouse runneth over milliseconds 269.00

with Tandon Drives. TM100-3 A single-sided, 80 track,

,,e p- 5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a

Help us dear the decks and gt jt of 500K b tes

help yourself to sigm icant sav- untoramatted and a ,rack.t0.track

ings on these excellent products. aocess t, of 3.mi|liseconds

We ve always been high on 250 00

Tandon. (Even when we're not up

to our knees in 'em.) They offer TM100-4 A double-sided, 80 track

an unsurpassed storage capac- per side, 5.25-inch floppy-disk

ity, a very advanced dual-head drive with a storage capacity of

design, increased throughput — 1000K bytes unformatted and a

and proven reliability. track-to-track access time of 3

So at these prices, you should milliseconds 369.00

definitely buy a drive. Buy two.

Maybe someone you know is Tandon's TM848 "Thinline"

having a birthday soon. Buy one series of 8-inch floppy-disk drives

for them. all feature Tandon's patented

Call immediately. At these read/write head design. The uni

prices, they won't last very long. que "Thinline" design allows two

Hopefully. drives to be installed in the same

space as a single conventional

Tandon's TM10O series of 5-inch drive,

mini-floppy disk drives all feature Available in two models:

Tandon's patented read/write „_ , , ,_,_,_

head design TM848-1 A single-sided, 77 track

......' , . floppy-disk drive with a storage

Available in four models: ca^ty of 60QK by(es dQU «e

TM100-1 A single-sided, 40 track, density (IBM format), and a 3-mil

5.25-inch floppy-disk drive with a lisecond track-to-track access

storage capacity of 250K bytes time 379.00

unformatted and a track-to-track mm_2 double.sidedi 77 track

access time of 5-m,lliseconds pef sjde floppy.disk drive wltn a

storage capacity of 1.2 mega

TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track bytes double density (IBM for

per side, 5.25-inch floppy-disk mat), and it has a 3-millisecond

drive with a storage capacity of track-to-track access time

500K bytes unformatted and a 490.00

MODEL III DISK DRIVE KITS

Controller Kit includes all boards assembled and tested, internal controller, mounting brackets, switching power supply, and installation instructions. Handles 4 drives 360.00

Kit #1: Controller Kit and two TM100-3 single-sided, 80 track drives 875.00

Kit #2: Controller Kit and two TM100-4 double-sided, 80 track drives 1060.00

Kit #3: Controller Kit and two TM100-1 single-sided, 40 track drives 720.00

Kit #4: Controller Kit and two TM100-2 double-sided, 40 track drives 850.00

We built a reputation on our prices and your satisfaction.

We guarantee everything lor 30 days. II anything is wrong, return Ihe item and we'll make it right. And we'll pay the shipping charges.

We accept Visa and Master Card on all orders; COD orders, up to $300.00.

Add $2.00 lor standard UPS shipping and handling on orders under 50 lbs. delivered in continental U.S. Call lor shipping charges over 50 lbs. Foreign, FP0 and AP0 orders, add 15% tor shipping. Californians, please add 6% sales tax.

Prices quoted are tor stock on hand and are subject to change without notice.

CALL OUR MODEM LINE FOR WEEKLY SPECIALS.

To order or for information call

InNewYxk; (212)509-1923 In Los Angeles: (213)706-0333 In Dallas: (214)744-4251 By Modem: (213)883-8976

IPUTER

PRODUCTS

31245 LA BAYA DRIVE WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Circle 295 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

:AT=LEFT$ (AN, 1 )

:IF M.IDS (ADEC.ASC (AT) -33 , 1) = " 3 " ROTO 60 0 CIO IF AT>="0" AND A"'<="9" THEN IF NT=3

THEN V,"=&

:GOm0 SOO

:ELSE GOTO "500 615 AB=AB+" " :1ART=0 :IF FART=0

THEN RETURN 620 IF AB=AART(TART)

GOTO 500 625 IART=TART+I

:IF IART<NART GOTO 620 6 30 RETURN ************************************************

**T.ST WHETHER Tt TS a LF."

**OR A NUMBER(CATEOOPY A) AND ADDS tt TO "HE "ORD

**NHEN THE WORD TS PONE, A SPACE TS ADDED AT the END

**TF FTLLEE V:ORDS APE to BE SKIPPED, THF. WORD IS COMPARED WTT|I the I.TST

********************************

THIS SECTION OF THF. PARSER EXTRACTS CATEGORY 1 OR 2 NUMBERS

******************************************************************************** 640 AN=P.IGHT$ (AN,LEN(AN)-1)

:IF AT=" + " OR at="-" **TESTS WHETHER + OR - ARE

THEN IF NOT( ( (LEFTS (AN, 1) =" . " ) AND(MTDS (AN,2,1 )> = "0" IMMEDIATELY

AND MID$ (AN,2,1)< = "9") )OR(LEFTS (AN,1)> = "0" FOLLOWED BY A AND LEFT? (AN, 1 )< = "•)") ) NUMBER

THEN NT=7

:GOTO 550 645 IF AT="." **TESTS '•TIETREP . IS A LEADING

THEN IF NOT(LEFT$(AN,1)>="0" AMD LEFT$(AN,11<="9") DECIMAL THEM NT=7

:GOTO 550

650 FD-0 **TNTttat,tze DECT"AL AND :FE=0 EXPONENT FLAGS AND 3EGIN :TF AT=" + " BUILDING ""WK WORD

GOTO 654

651 IF AB="."

THEN FD=1

:AB="+." :GOTO 656 654 AB=AT

656 AT=LEFT$(AN,1) **GET NEXT character

660 IF AT>="0" AND AT<="9" ♦♦NUMBER'

GOTO 70 5 665 IF AT="." AND FD=0 AND FE=0 ♦♦DECIMAL POTM™'

THEN FD=1

:GOTO 705 **SIGN AS PART OF EXPONENTS

670 IF (AN="+n OR AT="-")AND(RIGHT$(aB,1)="E" OR RIGHTS(AB,I)="D")

GOTO 705 675 IF NOT(AT="E" OR AT="D") GOTO 69 5

678 IF FF.= 1

GOTO 59 5

679 IF LEN(AN)<2

GOTO 695

680 IF MIDS(AN,2,1)>="0" AMD MTDS(AN,2,1)<="°"

THEN FE=l

:GOTO 705 685 IF NOT(tIIDS (AM,2,1)=" + " OR MIDS (AM , 2 , I \ -" -" ) GOTO 69 5

609 IF LEN(AN)<3

GOTO 69 5 690 IF MTDS (AN,3,1)> = ,,0" AND MTDS (AN , 3 , 1) < = "° "

THEN FE=l

:GOTO 705

695 NT=2 :DV=VAL(AR) :TF ABS(DV)>32767

THEN IV=SGN(DV)*32767 ELSE TV=DV

696 IF FD=0 AND DV=IV

THEN NT=1 700 RETURN 705 AB=AB+AT

:AN=RIGHTS(AN,LEN(AN)-1) :IF LEN(AN)=0 GOTO 69 5 710 AT=LEFTS(AN,1)

:GOTO 660 ************************************************

**EXPONKNfn Letters

♦♦treSE ARE FUR—PER mESTS ON WHETHER D AND E ARE PART OF AN EXPONENT OR PART OF A NEW WORD

"ENTITY IS COMPLETE (OEmERMTNF. WHETHER the COMPLETE ENTTI"Y TS AN INTEGER OP A REAL NUMBER

**THTS ADDS ACCEPTABLE CHARACTER TO THE STRTNG AND GETS

NEXm CHARACTER FOR TESTING

**************

SUBROUTINE GET_WOP.D

USER-ACCESSTBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 750)FOR MATCHING ENTITIES (EXCEPT CATEGORY 6—STRINGS) FOR NUMBERS, NOPMALLY USE SUBROUTINE 850 OR 950

INPUT

AM--THE STRING TO RE MATCHED AGATNST THE CURRENT ENmT"Y

(FOR CATEGORY 3 OR 4 MATCHES, IT MAY INCLUDE ONE TRAILING BLANK) NLET—THE NUMBEP OF LEXERS BEGINNING AT THE LEFm mO BE ".'AtcheD (CATEGORY 7 TS ALWAYS "Nt,ET=l")

Listing 3 continued on page 348

MODEM

$

129

95

No other acoustic modem gives you all these features at this low price.

The MFJ-1232 Acoustic Modem gives you a combination of features, quality and performance that others can't match at this price.

0-300 Baud, Bell 103 compatible. Originate/ Answer. Half/full duplex. RS-232, TTL, CMOS level compatible. Use any computer. Cassette tape recorder ports save data for reloading or retransmission. 6 pole active filter handles weak signals. Carrier detect LED indicates adequate signal strength for data recognition. Quality "muffs" gives good acoustic coupling, isolates external noise for reliable data transfer. Crystal controlled. "ON" LED. Aluminum cabinet. 110 VAC or 9 volt batteries. 9x1'/2x4 in.

Apple II, II Plus: software and cable for modem, MFJ-1231, $39.95. Plugs into game port. No serial board needed.

It's like having an extra port

s79

95

MFJ-1240 RS-232 TRANSFER SWITCH. Switches computer between 2 peripherals (printer, terminal, modem, etc.). Like having extra port. Push button switches 10 lines (pins 2,3,4,5,6,8, 11,15,17,20). Change plug or cable to substitute other lines. Push button reverses transmitreceive lines. LEDs monitor pins 2,3,4,5,6,8,20. PC board eliminates wiring, crosstalk, line interference. 3 RS-232 25 pin connectors. 7x2x6 in.

$("1(195 MFJ-1108 AC POWER CENTER. %J«J Adds convenience, prevents data loss, head bounce, equipment damage. Relay latches power off during power transients. Multi-filters isolate equipment, eliminate interaction, noise, hash. Varistors suppress spikes. 3 isolated, switched socket pairs. One unswitched for clock, etc. Lighted power, reset switch. Pop-out fuse. 3 wire, 6 ft. cord. 15A, 125V, 1875 watts. Aluminum case. Black. 18x23/«x2 in. MFJ-1107, $79.95. Like 1108 less relay. 8 sockets, 2 unswitched. Other models available, write for free specification sheet.

Order from MFJ and try it. If not delighted, return within 30 days for refund (less shipping). One year unconditional guarantee. Order yours today. Call toll free 800-647-1800.

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Call 601-323-5869 in MS, outside continental USA

ENTERPRISES, INCORPORATED

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921 Louisville Road, Starkville, MS 39759

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 347

Circle 470 on inquiry card.

SUP6RBRRIN

The super performing, super reliable microcomputer from Intertec Data Systems features twin double-density 5VV' drives with 350K or 700 K of disk storage - expandable to 10 megabytes. A CP/M* Disk Operating System, 64K of dynamic RAM and more.

SSUP€fl pmce

Because we're a nationwide distributor of SuperBrain, CompuStar, and the CompuStar 10-Megabyte Disk Storage System, we can offer the absolute lowest prices in the business.

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For more information call 609-424-4700 or 21 5-629-1289. To order call toll-free 800-257-5217. In NJ call 609-424-4700.

2 Keystone Avenue ' Cherry Hill. NJ 08003 ' Registered trademark of Digital Research Inc. SuperBrain and CompuStar are trademarks of Intertec Data Systems.

3

r= INTERTEC

Edata

= SYSTEMS.

Listing 3 continued:

OUTPUT

FLAG—INDICATES THE SUCCESS OF THE MATH I.--SUCCESSFUL MATH 0—UNSUCCESSFUL MATH.

**************

********************************************* 750 IF FENT=1

THEN GOSUB 500 753 IF FT^l

THEM PRINT "MATCHING ENTITY ";AB;" WITH ";AM 755 FLAG=0

:IF NT<>6

THEM IF LEFmS (A3,HLE^)=r.EF,rS (AM,^',Em) THEN FI.AG»1 : PENT*' 760 RETUPN ***********************************************************

**************

**********

SUBROUTINE STRING'

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 800)TO TEST FOR STRINGS(CATEGORY f)

INPUT—SON'S

OUTPUT

FLAG--INDICATF.S THE SUOCFSS OF THE MATH

1—SUCCESSFUL MATCH

0--UNSUCCESSFUL MATCH AB—CONTAINS STRING

********

***************

**************

********

***************** 800 IF FENT=1

THEN GOSUB 500 803 IF FTR=l

THEN PRINT "CHECKING IF ";AB;" IS A STRING" 805 FLAG=0

:IF NT=6

THEN FLAG=l :FENT=1 810 RETURN **********************************************************

SUBROUTINE INTEGER?

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 850)mO TEST FOR INTEGERS

INPUT

FT--CODE FOR ACCEPTABLE VALUES

1--ACCEPT ANY PEAL NUMBER OR INTEGER; CONVERT TO INTEGER

2--ACCEP-" ANY REAL NUMBER OP INTEGER; CONVERT TO INTEGER; IF OUTSIDF,

BOUNDS, SET TO NEAREST BOUND 3--ACCEPT AMY REAL NUMBER OP TMTEGER WITHIN THE BOUNDS(REJECT OTHERS); CONVERT TO INTEGER -I—ACCEPT ONLY INTEGERS(ANY VALUE)

-2--ACCEPT ONLY INTEGERS; IF OUTSIDE BOUNDS, SB"1 TO NEAREST BOUND -3—ACCEPT ONLY INTEGERS WITHTN the BOUNDS BB1--LOWER BOUND BB2—UPPER BOUND

(NOTE--BOTI. BOUNDS MUST 3E ENTERED IF CATEGORIES 2,3,-2, OR -3 ARE CHOSEN)

OUTPUT

FLAG--INDICATES THE SUCCESS OF THE TEST 1—SUCCESSFUL TEST 0—UNSUCCESSFUL TES"' IV--COUTAIMS THE INTEGER VALUE IF TES"1 IS SUCCESSFUL

NOTE

ABSOLUTE VALUES GREATER THAN 32767 WILL BE REDUCES to 32767 OR -32767 IF THIS ROUTINE IS USED mO CHECK FOP TR VALUES—USE SUBROUTINE "SO IF VERY LARGE NUMBERS MAY BE INVOLVED

******************************************************************************** 850 GOSUB 900

852 IF FTR=I

THEN PRINT "CHECKING IF ";AB;" IS AN INTEGER"

853 IF FLAG=0

THEN RETURN 855 IF FT>0

THEN FENT=l :RETURN 860 IF NT=1

THEN FENT=I :RETURN 865 FLAG=0

:RETURN ********************************************************************************

COMMON SUBROUTINE FOR BOTH INTEGER AND REAL NUMBER TESTING

**************************************************** 900 FLAG=0

:IF FENT=1

THEN GOSUB 500 905 IF NT=7 AND AT=AINB. THEN FENT=l

:GOSUB 500 :IF NT<>3

THEN NERR=10 5 5

k*******

"INPUT OF GRAPHICAL VALUES (REOUIRES GRAPHICS SUBROUTINE A"1 LINE 2500)

Listing 3 continued on page 350

348 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

THE NEW D-92

DUAL MODE MODULAR PRINTER

WHY PAY FOR TWO, IF ONE WILL DO?

Why pay for a printer that only does one job, when you can buy one printer that will perform two jobs. Data Impact Products' New Dual Mode Printer, the D-92 allows you to print in the data processing mode AND in the correspondence mode for business documents.

WHY PAY MORE IF YOU DON'T HAVE TO?

Finally, there is a printer manufacturer that lets you have it your way. Some manufacturers pass along the extra cost of serial interface to parallel interface users by charging both users the same price. At Data Impact Products we don't think that's fair. If you don't want or need serial we won't charge you for it. However, should you

require serial interface, xon/xoff, 2K buffer, or graphics you can have it. All you have to do is specify your requirements.

QUALITY PRODUCTS AT AFFORDABLE PRICES.

All Data Impact Products printers are built with superior materials right here in the United States. Each unit is inspected, tested and burned in at the factory to insure superior quality.

Standard Features on all models includes:

• 800 Character Buffer

• 100 CPS Bidirectional Printing

• Parallel Interface

• Short Line Seeking Logic

• Forms Handling up to Four Parts

• 100% Duty Cycle

• Six Different Character Sizes

INTERFACING FLEXIBILITY AND MORE.

Data Impact Products printers will interface with all popular computers whether it is IBM, Osborne, TRS, Apple, Televideo, Atari, etc.

So, if you want to double your output, lower your costs and increase your flexibility, then call or write us today for more details. You'll be convinced that Data Impact Products offers you more products for less money.

<gl|i) DATA IMPACT PRODUCTS, INC.

A Subsidiary of Advanced Electronics, Inc.

745 Atlantic Avenue Boston, MA 02110 Telephone: 617-482-4214 Telex: 951047 DIP INC BSN

See us at COMDEX — Booth #2568

Circle 179 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

349

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

j

ft '

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USESZ-80A(2or4MHz)

FEATURES; RS232 Serial Port and Parallel Printer Port

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• SD. DO. SS and DS Formats and • 0n boaf(l Rechargable Battery

OS 96TPI (TM100-4) Drives • Digital maintains clock when computer power

Prewrile Compensation, ls °"

Assm and Tested $325 Assm and Tested $139

Kit 295 Kit 115

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ives ANY PAIR OF STANDAI

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Listing 3 continued:

♦NUMBER?

♦ARE BOUNDS ACCEPTABLE^

**HITHTN BOUNDS FOP FT=ARS(3)?

**cc;rr> mn NEAREST BOUMP"'

:GOSUB 1200 :PERR=1 :RETURN :ELSE IE=TNSTR(1,AN,ATNE) :TF IE=0

THEN NERR=1056

:G0SUR 1200 :FERR=1 :RETURN :ELSE AN=RTGHT$ (AN , I.EM (AN) -TE) :CORUB 2500 910 TF NTol AND NT<>2

THEN RETURN 915 IF BB2<BB1 AND ABS(FT)<>1 THEN NERR=1052

:GOSUB 1200 :RETURN 920 IF ABS(FT)=3

THEN IF DV<=BB2 AND DV>=BB1 THEN FLAG=1

:RETURN :ELSE RETURN 9 30 FLAG=1

:IF ABS(FT)=1

THEN RETURN 935 IF FT=2

THEN IF DV<=BB1

■"HEN nv=sm

:TV=BB1 :F,LSE IF DV>=BB2

THEN IV=BB2 :DV=BB2 940 IF FT=-2

THEN IF DV<BB1

THEN TF NT=1

THEN TV=BB1

ELSE PV=BB1 ELSE IF DV>BB2

THEN IF NT=1

THEN TV=BB2 ELSE DV=BB2 94 5 RETURN

********** * * * ************** * * * * * ************* * * * * * ****************** i ***** * * * * * *

SUBROUTINE REAL NUMBER?

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 950)TO TEST FOR REAL NUMBERS

INPUT

FT--C0DE FOR ACCEPTABLE VALUES

1—ACCEPT ANY REAL NUMBER OR INTEGER; CONVERT TO REAL NUMBER '2—ACCEPT ANY REAL NUMBER OR INTEGER; CONVERT TO REAL NUMBER; IF

OUTSIDE BOUNDS, SET to NEARES"" BOUND 3—ACCEPT ANY REAL NUMBER OR INTEGER WITHIN tre BOUNDS (REJECT OTHERS); CONVERT TO READ NUMBER -1--ACCEPT ONLY REAL NUMBERS(ANY VALUE)

-2—ACCEPT ONLY REAL NUMBERS; IF OUTSIDE BOUNDS, SET TO NEAREST BOUND -3—ACCEPT ONLY REAL NUMBERS WTTRTN THE BOUNDS BB1—LOWER BOUND BB2—UPPER BOUND

(NOTE—BOTH BOUNDS MUST BE ENmERED IF CATEGORIES 2,3,-2, OR -3 ARE CHOSEN)

OUTPUT

FLAG—INDICATES THE SUCCESS OF THE TEST 1—SUCCESSFUL TEST 0—UNSUCCESSFUL TEST DV—CONTAINS THE REAL NUMBER VALUE IF TEST IS SUCCESSFUL

*******

r********

********************************

9 50 GOSUB 900

952 IF FTR=1

THEN PRINT "CHECKING IF ";AB;" IS A PEAL NUMBER

953 IF FLAG=0

THEN PETUPN 955 IF FT>0

THEN FENT=1 :RETURN 960 IF NT=2

THEN FENT=! t RETURN 965 FLAG=0

:RETURN ******************************************************

*********

*****************

***********

SUBROUTINE NEW COMMAND

USER-ACCESSTBLE SUBROUTINE (LINE 1050) TO SET UP "AM" SO THAT T|i£ |,ppf EM-t~Y IN A NEW COMMAND IS THE LFFm ENTITY TN "AM"

INPUT—NONE

OUTPUT—NONE OF CONCERN TO THE UST3R ******************************************************************************** 1050 FERR=0 :IEOC=0

:IE=INSTR(1,AN,AEOC) :IF IE>0

THEN AN=RIGHT$(AN.LEN(AM)-TE)

Listing 3 continued on page 353

350 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

' r•^■^,*,,^

SOUR

INSTfiUfiTIONS

\\

fam&lLJ"

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floppy disk storage Up to 80 Megabytes

Winchester disk storage 20 Slot IEEE 696/S-100 bus

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SOFTWARE

MP/M™ 8-16™ including

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wot all computers can lead your business Into the future.

Buying a multi-user computer system is a big investment. In time, training, and money. So you'd better choose a system that won't become obsolete.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

16 bits -Accounting

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MP/M 8-16 is a proprietary implementation of MP/M-86 and was configured for CompuPro bvo&G Engineering. CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research. SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorclm. WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro international Corp dBASEII is a trademark of Ashton-Tate. CompuPro is a trademark of Codbout Electronics.

Clfford Computer systems is an authorized CompuPro Systems center.

Circle 211 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

:FENT=1 :RETURN :ELSE IF NOT(EOF(1))

THEN GOSUB 1055 :GOTO 1050

1051 IF FE0C<1

THEN GOSUB 1055 :FENT=1 :RETURN

1052 GOSUB'1055 :GOTO 1050

********************************************************************************

SUBROUTINE FOP READING A CONTINUATION LINE FRO!" "HE CONTINUATION FILE OR A NEW LINE FROM THE TERMINAL OR INPUT FILE

********************************************************************************

*CONTINUAmION LIME?

**NO! GET NEV: LINE

**TEST FOR CON"'TNUAmTON LIME

"ESm FOP END OF FILE INPflT

*PUT LINE IN CONTINUATION FILE AMD "HEN SE" FOR INPU" FPO^ CONTINUATION FTLE

••TESTING ROUTINE FOR

CONTINUATION AMD END OF FILE CHARACTERS

1055 IF NOT(EOF(1))

THEN LINE INPUTS 1,AN iJCON=JCON+l :RETURN 1060 CLOSEH1

:OPEN "O",SI,"READTEMP" 1065 IF FFIL=1

THEN LINE INPUT*2,AN

:JFIL=JFIL+1 :ELSE LINE INPUT "?";AN 1067 IF INSTR(AN,CHR$(34))<>0 THEN NF.RR=10 5 3 :AB="" :GOSUB 1200 •.GOTO 1060 106B IF FTR=1

THEN PRTNT "READING A LINE" :PRINT AN 1070 AT=ACON

:GOSUB 1080 :IF FLAG=1

THEN PRINT*1,AN

rCOT) 10^5

:ELSE IF FFIL=1

THEN IF EOF(2)

"HEN FFIL=0

:CLOSE #2 1075 PRINT#1,AN :CLOSE*1

:OPEN " I" ,*1,"P.EADTEMP" :FLAG=0

:JCON=0 :GOTO 10 5 5 1080 IF RIGHTS(AN,1)=" "

THEN AN=LEFT$(AN,LEN(AN)-1) :IF LEN(AN)>0

THEM GOmO 1080 1085 IF RIGHTS(AN,1)=AT

THEN AN=LEFm$ (AN ,I.EN (AN)-1)

:FLAG=1

:RETURN

:ELSE FLAG=0

:RETURN

********************************************************************************

SUBROUTINE SKIP

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 1150)TO SKIP OVER CURRENT ENTITY TO THE NEXT ONE UNLESS IT IS THE END OF A COMMAND

INPUT--NONE

OUTPUT

FLAG—INDICATES SUCCESS OF THE SKIP

1—SUCCESSFUL SKIP—THERE IS MORE TO THE COMMAND

0—UNSUCCESSFUL SKIP—THIS IS THE END OF THE COMMAND

******************************************************************************** 1150 FLAG=0

:IF IEOC=l

THEN RETURN

ELSE IF LEFTS(AB,l)=AEOC AND NT=7 THEN IEOC=l :RETURN 1155 IF AN="" AND FEOC=0 THEN IEOC=l :RETURN 1160 FLAG=1 :FENT=1 :RETURN

********************************** i: *********************************************

SUBPOUTINE EP.PCP

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBPOt!mIFE (LIME 1.200) TO PRINT ERROR MESSAGE

INPUT

MERR—THE NUMBER OF THE ERROR

Listing 3 continued on page 354

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Tandon TM603 10 MB Wini $899.00

Tandon TM603E 14.2

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Listing 3 continued:

OUTPUT

TO THE TERMINAL—GIVES EPROR#, "'ESSAGE, AND ""HE CURRENT EST*?

******************************************************************************** 1200 GET#3,NERR

:PRINT "ERROR it";NERR;" ";AERR 1205 PRINT "THE CURRENT ENTITY IS ",AB

:RETURN ********************************************************************************

SUBROUTINE HELP AND VOCAbula>-y

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE (TiINE 12501FOR HANDLING MATCHING ON THE WORDS "VOCAbulary", "HELP", AND "HELPL"

INPUT—NONE

OUTPUT

FLAG--INDICATES THE SUCCESS OF THE MATCH 1—SUCCESSFUL MATH 0—UNSUCCESSFUL MATCH TO THE TERMINAL—THE DESIRED INFORMATION

(OUTPUT IS DIRECTED TO THE LINE-PRINTER BY HELPL—DO MOT USE IF USING THE LINE-PRINTER PORT FOR A PLOTTER)

********************************

It**********************************************

1250 AM="VOCA" :NLET=4 :GOSUB 750 :IF FLAG=0

THEN GOTO 1270

ELSE PRINT "The command words are:" :OPEN "I",#4,AniSK+"VOCA"+APRG 1260 IF EOF(4)

THEN CLOSE#4 :RETURN :ELSE INPUT#4,AVOC :PRINT AVOC :GOTO 1260 1270 AM="HELP" :NLET=4 :GOSUB 750 :TF FLAG=0

THEN RETURN

ELSE OPEN "I",*4,ADISK+"VOCA"+APP.G :TH = 0

:TF AB="HELPL " THEN IH=1 1275 IHELP=0

:AM="ALL " :NLET=4 :GOSUB 750 1280 IF FLAC,= 0

GOTO 1290 1285 TF EOF(41

THEN CLOSE*4 :RETURN :ELSE INPUTS 4,AVOC :COSUB 1300 :C,OTO 1205 1290 IF EOF(4)

THEN CLOSE}4

:NERR=1054 iC.OSUB 1200 :AB="VOCA" :GOTO 12 50 :ELSE AM=LEFT$(AVO^,4) :NLET=4 :GOSUB 7 50 :IF FLAG=1

THEM GOSUB 1300 :CLOSE*4 :RETURN :ELRE GOTO 12°0 1300 OPEN "I",*5,ADISK+APRG+LEFT$(AVOC,4) 1310 IF EOF(5)

THEN CLOSE*5 :RETURN :ELSE LINE INPUT#5,AHLP :TF IH=0

THEN PRINT AHLP :GOTO 1310 :ELSE LPRINt AHLP :GOTO 1310 *********************************************

•♦TESTING F°P "VOCABULARY"

••TESTING FOR "HELP"

**DO YOU WW A PRINTOUT ON

ON THE LTME PPrNTRR-? **IS Im "HELP ALL"?

••MATCHING FOR AN INDIVIDUAL COMMAND

,***************

SUBROUTINE SAVE VARIABLES

USER-ACCESSIBLE SUBROUTINE(LINE 140D1FOP SAVING NLP-80 VARIABLES BEFORE CHAINING NEW PAGE(IF "ALL" IS NOT AN OPTION IM "CHAIN")

INPUT—NONE

OUTPUT—NONE

************************

c*************************

***************************** 1400 OPEN "O",#7,"SAVENLP"

: WRITES7 , AB , ACON , ADEC , ADISK , AEOC , AEOL , AFTL , ATMB , ATNE , AOTJt , AP , API.t , APPG , AR,ARET,ASTR,AT,ATER

Listing 3 continued on page 356

TIM III

The Nori'Programming Approach to Data Base Management

Data Base Management

Data management packages were created to save time and money in the development of software solutions to information problems. Many have been designed to accomplish just that, although most have only the programmer in mind. Sure they would save time in the long run, but what of the initial investment in time and effort required to learn the new language? What about the non-programmers in the world who would like an easy yet powerful applications generator? The solution is one of the most highly acclaimed software packages of our time, TI.M. III.

What is T.I.M.?

TI.M. is Total Information

Management. Programmers love it due to its original solutions to classic data management problems. Non-programmers adore it since they can use it to achieve the same results as with other more complicated programming-like packages.

What Makes TI.M. So Simple to Use?

We at Innovative Software, Inc. designed TI.M. from day one with the end user in mind. Maybe he is a programmer who doesn't have time to learn a new language. Or perhaps a neophyte who fears coding pads and lines numbered by tens. We felt that a data

Available for CP/M,* and IBM PC DOS.* *

CP/M version—'695. IBM PC version—'495.

TIM is a Trademark of Innovative Software, Inc. •CP/M and MP/M are Trademarks of Digital Research ••Trademarks of IBM

management package should be able to be used by anyone from a systems analyst to a secretary. That's why TI.M. takes a full menu-driven approach, uses multiple HELP screens, and has a manual that sets a new standard in documentation.

Features of T.I.M.

TI.M. has all of the features one has come to expect from a data management package, as well as many new ones. For example, a word processing interface that allows you to merge information from a TI.M. file with letters or other documents created by a word processor. Now you can automatically send personalized letters to hundreds or thousands—quickly and easily. TI.M.'s Select command enables you to pull specific information from a file. For example." All customers who live in a certain ZIP code, whose last name begins with the letter A to L, whose balance due is less than $50.00." A sophisticated report generator and even a list generator are also included.

How powerful is TI.M.? With a maximum record size of 2400 characters and the ability to keep up to forty fields sorted properly at all times, TI.M. is powerful enough to handle just about any application. TI.M. can handle over 32,000 records per file, and two files can be linked together for reports if your application requires a many-to-one relationship. TI.M. also includes all of the same editing commands as your word processor, thus making data entry and

editing a snap. You can also pull selected records from one file to place them into another. Files may be restructured to add or subtract fields and/or change field lengths or types. T.I.M. even has it's own utility for backing up hard disks onto floppies.

The Manual

Many people believe that the manual is just as important as the software itself a view that we at Innovative Software, Inc. tend to share. The manual for T.I.M. is divided into two sections, the Reference section and the Primer. The Reference section describes all of TI.M.'s commands and subcommands. This is done in English, not in technical terms or in our own language. Even if you have never seen a computer before in your life, you'll be able to read and understand our manual immediately. The second section is a primer which goes through several examples for you, again in plain English. These true-to-life examples take, the beginner by the

instruct him what to do and when. You will be able to see for yourself that TI.M.'s only limitation is the imagination of the user.

Where to Find TI.M.

TI.M. is available from many fine computer dealers across the country. Or you may purchase from us direct by calling 913/383-1089. Either way you will have the finest data management program available.

iyeBoftujare

Innovative Software, Inc.

9300 W. 110th Street, Suite 380 Overland Park, Kansas 66210 USA 913/383-1089

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

355

SUPER I/O™

Interface your TRS80" or Sinclair- wilh 256 bils of VOIWInputpons + 16 Output ports) as a micro development system to your own breadboard proiect. as a controller (for peripherals, switches. LED's. A/D's. UART's. MODEM'S, voice chips, sensors, almost everything electronic), as an easy learning aid. or connect multiple boards tor an intercomputer local area network! Simple to program (examples provided in BASIC. FORTRAN & ASSEMBLER).

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Listing 3 continued:

:WP.TTE#7,AN

: WRITES 7 ,DV,FART,FAXES, FCOM , FENT , FEOC ,FERP,FFIL, FT., TEOC , I pet , IV , JfON , JFIL,NAP.m,MCOM,NERR,NT 1410 FOR IART=0 TO NART

-.WRITES?, AARm (TART) :NEXT IART 14 20 FOP. TCOM=0 ""0 NCOM

:WRITEtt7,ArOM(irOf) :NEXT ICON' 1430 CLOSE

:RETURN

************************************* A******************************************

SUBROUTINE RER^OPF. VARIABLES

USER-ACT.SSTBLE SUBROUTINE (LINE 1450)TO "ESTIRE TKE VARIABLES AFT5R CHAINING THAT WERE SAVED BY SUBROUTINE 1400

INPUT—NONE

OUTPUT—NONE

***********

******************

***********

*******

1450 OPEN "I",ft7,"SAVENLP"

: INPUT* 7, AB, AGON, ADEC,ADTSK,AEOC,AEOL,AFIL,ATNB,ATME,AOU'n,AP,APLT,APPG,

AR , A RET , AST , AT, ATER :INPUT#7,AN

: INPUT# 7 , DV, FART .FAXES , FCOM , FENT, FEOC , FEPR , FFTT*, FTR, TEOC, I RET , I v, .ICON , JFIL,NART,NCOM,NERR,NT 1460 FOR IART=0 TO NART

:INPUTt!7,AART(IART) :NEXT IART 1470 FOR TCOM=0 TO NCOM

:INPUT* 7,ACOM(ICOM) :NEXT ICOM 1475 CLOSE 07 ********************************************************************************

ALTERNATE ENTRY POINT(LINE 1480)TO SUBROUTINE RESTORE VARIABLES USED IF "ALL" WAS AN OPTION IN "CHAIN"

RESTORES SEQUENTIAL INPUT AND CONTINUATION FILES AND OPENS THE RANDOM ERROR FILE

INPUT—NONE

OUTPUT—NONE

********************

*************** *******************************************

1480 OPEN "I",»1,"PEADTEMP" :IF JCON>0

THEN FOR IDUM=] TO JCON

:LINE TNPUTtl.ADUW :NF.XT IDUM

1481 IF FFIL=1

THEN OPEN "T",#2,AFTL :IF JFTL>0

THEN FOR IDUM«X to JFIL

:LINE TNPUT#2,ADIJM :NEXT IPUH

1482 OPEN "R",*3,Ar>ISK+APRG+"ERR",80 :FIELD {13,80 AS AEPP.

:RETURN

1499 REM ********************************************************************************

RESERVED FOP. FUTUPE DEVELOPMENT (LINES 1500-2499)

i*******************************************************************^**^^^,^^

1500 REM

2499 REM ********************************************************************************

RESERVED FOR PLOTTER-DEPENDENT GRAPHICAL INPUT ROUTINES(LINES 2500-2999) ********************************************************************************

2500 PRINT "YOU HAVE NOT DESIGNATED A PLOTTER TYPE" :FERP.= 1

:GOTO 500

2999 REM END GRAPH

3000 REM BEGIN APPLICATION PROGRAM 9999 REM END APPLICATION PPOGPAM

Listing 4: The variables and their descriptions as used in the POL-80 program.

VARIABLE

DESCRIPTION

AART(20) Array--]ist of filler words to be skipped

AB Current entity string

ACOM(10) Array—list of characters(not letters or numbers)to be skipped in input

AART(0)=-A

ACOM(0)=

Listing 4 continued:

ACON ADEC

ADISK

AEOC

AEOL

AERR AFTL

ATNB AINE AM

AN

A OUT

AP APLT

APRG

AR

ARET

ASTR

AT

ATER

AVOC

BB1

BB2

DV FART

FAXES

Character for "continuation of input"

Contains the classifications of characters for the decision tabJe

Disk unit prefix for current program file

Character for "end for command"

Character for "end of 3ine"{remainder of 1ine

is comments)

Error message to be printed on terminal

Fi1ename used for input of commands instead of terminal

character for "graphical input" beg iprHng

Character for "graphica1 input" ending

Entity for comparison with BB(supplied by user program)

Remaining portion of input string not yet tested

Character for "output to terminal" from the command 1ine

Character for "program exchange"

String identifying the pi otter being used

Current program name(first 4 letters)

Character for "input control"

Return f* 1ename for use in some chrtn

statements

Character for "string del -i rn i tec in input"

Current character or string being tested

character for "input from terminal"

String for command words under VOCAbulary

Lover boundary in number matching routine (supplied by user program)

Upper boundary in number matching routine (supplied by user program)

Real value of number in input

Flag—whether to keep or skip over filler words(articles)

Flag--whether axes are drawn

Flag—whether to keep or skip over some special characters(iike commas)

F]ag--decimal found in extracting number

Flan—exponent(P or E) found in extracting

number

Flag — whether to get the next entitv(i.e., cal1 the parser)

Flag--determines what is the end of a command

Flag--shows error has been made(on it the rest of the current command)

Flag--source of input

F!ag--indicatcn re^uU From match ing routiner

FT aq--indicates types and range of values

acceptable to number matchinci routines

Flag--trace progress through the input

Default is "£."

See program 1ine 30

Default is "A:" Default is ":"

Default is "#"

Pe^ou't 's "f Default 's "1"

Default is "5"

Default it

"DTA" or "A:DTA" for DTABT.O

Default is "!'

Default Is

Default is "%"

0 — keep 1—skip

0—no 1—-yea

0--no

0 — no L—yes

0—no

1 VP<".

0 — no !L—yes

1--" :"

and rs

on1 y

0--r.o

1--VPF

0 — tpr 1—f 1 1

■n 5 n a 1 p(AFTT.)

8--fa<led L— puccesfl

p.ec remarks at linnr 850 & nS0

0—o*f

1 —op

Counter used in dpiet i ng F i11er words i i sted

Listing 4 continued on page 360

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NAME

ADDRESS. CITY

_STATE_

_ZIP_

.J

0—term! nal. 1--1ine pr inter

Listing 4 continued:

in AART

I COM Counter used in deleting characters Msted In ACOM

IDUH Counter used in resetting the continuation file and AFIL

IE Location of a character within a string

IEOC F^ag—end of command(get new command)

IH Flag--used to direct HELP output

IHELP Counter used in HELP routine

IK Counter used in VOCAbulary routine

TP.ET Line number to return to when using a CHAIN statement

IV Integer vaiue(rounded)of number in ' nput

JCON Number of lines read from" the line continuation file(used to reset file after CHAINs)

JFIL Number of lines read from file AFIL(used to

reset file after CHATNs)

NART Subscript of the last fillet word(artides)in the current list(array AART)

NCOM Subscript of the last character{1 ike commas)

in the current listtarray ACOM)

NERR Number of the error message to be printed

NLET Number of letters to he matched in subroutine

750

NT Class of current entity

l--i ntnger 2—real number 3—word havi nq letters onlv

4--word having letters and numbers, beg ins with letter 5—word havi nci 1 ettets and numbers, heqi ns wi th number

(not current11/ imp1 emented) 6 — stc i ng 7--special character (!@#$%A&* -+= fl (1' ;:/?.>, <)

Listing 5: Filenames and conventions used in the POL-80 program.

Fi lenames: POL-80.BAS READTEMP POLERR ERR

NUMRANAL.BAS

NUMR -BAS

NUKR

VOCANUMR

SAVEPOL

GRIN.BAS

(Note: Do not i not work i n the

The program file for POL-80, stored in ASCII format

The continuation file used by POL-80

The random file containing error messages for POL-80

The random file containing error messages for a mainline program(for example: NUMRERR for NUMRANAL)

The mainline program stored in ASCII format

A module cal 1 er^ by NUMRANAL, stored in MPI1 'ormat

A HELP fi^e for the command given bv (A lette-s)

File used by VO^Abuiary, giving the list of main command words for NUMRANAL

Pile used to store POL variables during some chains

The plotter input routines(Lines 2500-2999) for the plotter given by (3 letters), stored in A^cn format

tore programs in compressed or protected format or thoy will CHAINS user1 in NLP-80)

File Number Assignments:

#1

READTEMP

#2

S3

ERR

#4

VOCA

15

#6-?

(the continuation file) sequenMa1

(the input file if using file input) sequential

(the error message file) random

(command word list) sequential

(HELP files) sequent?a1

(user f iles)

(3 required when using oranhic^l

360 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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0

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

361

Text continued from page 332:

minal or a prepared command file. (Such a file, designated file #2, is opened by the 1FIL 'filename' inserted in a previous input command.) The input can consist of more than one physical line—each line containing up to 250 characters—if a continuation character (&) is included at the end of each line. More than one command can exist on a single physical line if the commands are separated by an end-of-command character (:). A call to subroutine 1050 sets the pointer to the beginning of the next command on the line currently in the buffer (AN). If there is no line in the buffer, subroutine 1055 is called to get a line from the continuation buffer (file #1). If the continuation buffer is empty, however, one or more new lines are read from the input source (the terminal or file #2) and placed in the continuation buffer.

When the command line is in the buffer (AN), the user's application

program can attempt to extract information from it by using subroutines 750, 800, 850, and 950. These subroutines allow the program to ask the following questions:

• Is the current entity a specific word or character (e.g., "DRAW" or ":")?

• Is the current entity a string?

• Is the current entity an integer within a certain range of values?

• Is the entity a real number within a certain range of values?

An answer of "yes" to the current question sets FLAG=1 and lets the program go to the next entity in the line.

The actual extracting and categorizing of the current entity is done by subroutine 500 (the parser). It prepares the current entity for matching or examination, while also handling other embedded items within the line.

No process works as smoothly as desired every time. Possible errors in

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input can always occur. Therefore, subroutine 1200 is provided to output an error message identifying the source and type of error. The error messages for POL-80 are given in listing 6. An example of an error is found in line 70.

Since there will sometimes be filler words that were not planned for, a "skip" subroutine (line 1150) is provided to get the next entity for further processing. This skip routine should be used sparingly as it may lead to extracting the wrong number, etc., causing invalid or confusing results.

Finally, there is an assistance routine (HELP and VOCAbulary—line 1250). If it is invoked and finds a match on the current entity, VOCAbulary gives the list of highest-level command words for each main program, and HELP prints the explanation that was stored on the disk for the desired word. The code for this subroutine gives a preview of the theme of the next part of this series.

In addition to the minimum levels of input handling indicated above, some additional capabilities are included. One—reading stored commands from a file—has already been mentioned. This is especially useful where long sets of commands are frequently used—as in drawing standard, but complicated, axes for a graph.

Another capability allows input to the command from the terminal as the line is being parsed. This is especially useful for making minor changes in values in input being read from a prepared command file. Such changes are indicated by inserting a percent sign wherever a word, character, phrase, string, or value is to be inserted later.

A third addition allows a message from the command to be output to the terminal by enclosing the message between dollar signs.

These three capabilities—reading from a file of commands, parsing time input from a terminal, and messages to the terminal—can be used to make a POL program appear to have question-and-answer input. Listing 7 shows a set of commands that can be stored in a file ,that will produce a question-and-answer session. This

362 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

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Circle 41 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

363

THE SORT

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1010,

"First comma

1021,

"No

f ilename

1022

"No

characte

1023,

"No

characte

1025

"No

characte

1026,

"No

characte

1027,

"No

characte

1028,

"No

characte

1029,

"No

characte

1030

"No

characte

1031,

"No

filename

1032

"No

characte

1033,

"No

characte

1034,

"Incorrect o

1035

"Incorrect o

1036

"Missing int

1037,

"Missing p]o

1050,

"Unbalanced

1051,

"Unbalanced

1052

"Lower bound

1053

"Used a quot

1054

"Missing opt

1055

"Missing X,

1056

"Failed to h

9999

"*******Last

Listing 6: Error messages that can be used with a POL program. These messages can be incorporated into POL-80.

nds must be control level until an appMcation program is called"

(in apostrophes) after PPG" r after SEA" r after EOC" r after EOT," r after 1MB" r after INE" r after CON" r after OUT" r after STP."

(in apostrophes)after FIL" r after TER" r after PPG"

r no keyword after program exchange level character" r no keyv.'ord after control character level character" eger after FEC"

tter declaration (in apostrophes) after PL"1" string delimiters" delimiters of output to screen" ary for numbers larger than upper boundary" e character (ascii 34) in input" ion or incorrrect command word after HELP" Y, or 7 on graphical input" ave closing graphical character"

line must alwavs be Line 9999 in error list***********"

Listing 7: Sample input for a POL program in the question-and-answer format. draw xy s,

X FROM SEnter lower bound of X axisS % &

TO $Enter upper bound of X axis$ % &

Y FROM SEnter lower bound of Y axisS % &

TO $Enter upper bound of Y axis$ % &

title $Enter the lines of the title, each enclosed in apostrphes$ % & EXECUTE

Listing 8: Sample input to produce a contour plot. This input produced figure 3.

DRAW XY PAGESIZE 11 11 &

MAXIMUM LABEL LINES 5 S

FRAME &

X FROM -2 TO 3 &

Y FROM -2 TO 3 & X TICS SIZE .3 &

MINOP 4 6 VALUES SI7E .3 5,

Y TICS SIZE .2 S

MINOR 4 h

VALUES ST7E .3 & TITLE SIZE .5 6

POSITION .4 &

LENGTH 1.5 &

'Contour Plot' &

'of &

'an Equation' & SUBTITLE JUSTIFY LEFT &

POSITION .6 S

'by Mark Finger' &

'May, 1981' S, X AXIS LABEL 'X axis' &

Y AXIS LABEL 'Y axis' S

'(units unknown)' &

LEGEND ST7F. .25 h

HEADING 'Values' S POSITION 1.0 0.0 £, DOTTED '1' S. DASH ' 5' S LONG DASH '10' S DOT DASH '20' S, LINE '50' & EXECUTE CONTOURS BOUNDARIES -2,-2 3,3 & INTERVALS BOTH 30 S, ISOPOmENTIAT,S 1 DOTTRn & 5 DASHED S. 10 LONG nASH & 20 DOT DASH S. 50 LINE & EQUATION '7=100*(ARS(Y-X*X)1"2+(A3S(1.0-X))"2' S, PLOT

from all our staff "thank you, customers" LIMITED QUANTITY, HURRY!!! //0

Printer

MICROPRISM for IBM PC

Integral Data System's newest printer 110 cps,

84 x 84 graphics, serial/parallel $548

PRISM 80 200 cps $928

PRISM 132 200 cps $1,088

PRISM 132 all options (color) $1,508

EPSON MX80 F/T $498

OKIDATA ML84 parallel $1,078

LNW Computer

superb 480 x 192 graphics

LNW I Z80A, 64K, DOS PLUS BASIC, TRS-80

compatible $1,238

LNW I w/RGB interface. Advanced color graphic

BASIC $1,388

LNW I w/disk drive & Zenith green monitor $1,598

Terminal

*&H

HAZELTINE

TELEVIDEO VISUAL

Z19 $628

ZT-1 w/modem $548

ESPRIT II $578

ESPRIT III $788

950 $948

300 $948

'excellent quality, Shugart compatible*

MITSUBISHI DISK DRIVE 8" DD, DS, 1.2 MB $428

DUAL 8" w/CASE & POWER SUPPLY $1,118

Zenith 16-Bit

Z-100 dual drives, 128K RAM color board, 225 x 640

graphic $2,998

ZVM-134 superb color monitor $528

C.ITOH

SEC

DIABLO

Letter Quality

F-10 40cps $1,378

F-10 55cps $1,688

3510 35 cps $1,548

3550 for IBM PC $1,918

7710 55 cps $2,298

620 20 cps $1,288

WICAT

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Multibus, up to 1.5 MB RAM, 300

x 400 graphic option, touch panel,

MCG/UNIX, CAD/CAM $7,000 up

Crometnco S100,68noo'Z8°. cromix, up to

4MB RAM CS1DZE 256K RAM, two 5'/." floppy $4,068

llLL''' S100' up t0 3MB RAM' UNIX Basic

liitiir development system $3,800

Full system $14,500 up

Houston Instrument

HIPAD DIGITIZER

DT-114 4 control button $828

DT-11A for APPLE $678

AMDEK 300 for IBM PC $158

COLOR II RGB for IBM PC $728

ELECTROHOME RGB $588

SANYO RGB $828

NOVATION CAT modem $158

1200 CAT 212A $588

INFONE portable terminal w/modem SCALL

NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE $2,888

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only. International customers, please confirm price before order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500 & schools.

EXPORT

INSTALLATION

CUSTOM-PROGRAM

We carry many products & software

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CALL (212) 937-6363 free consultation & catalogue

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YOU ALWAYS WANT TO OWN A CROMEMCO BUT CANNOT AFFORT IT, HERE IS YOUR CHANCE

Circle 108 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

365

Circle 323 on Inquiry card.

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I OR III IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

MORE SPEED

10-20 times laster than Interpreted BASIC.

MORE ROOM

Very compact compiled code plus VIRTUAL MEMORY makes your RAM act larger. Variable number of block

buffers. 31-char.-unique wordnames use only 4 bytes in

header!

MORE INSTRUCTIONS

Add YOUR commands to its 79-STANDARD-plus instruction set!

Far more complete than most Forths: single & double precision, arrays, string-handling, clock, graphics (IBM low-res. gives B/W and 16 color or 200 tint color display).

MORE EASE

Excellent full-screen Editor, structured & modular

programming

Word search utility

THE NOTEPAD letter writer

Optimized for your TRS-80 or IBM with keyboard repeats,

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Forth operating system

Concurrent Interpreter AND Compiler

VIRTUAL I/O for video and printer, disk and tape

(10-Megabyte hard disk available)

Full 8080 or 8088 Assembler aboard

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Intermix 35- to 80-track disk drives

IBM can read, write and run M.3 disks

M.3 can read, write and run M.1 disks

FORTH

THE PROFESSIONAL FORTH SYSTEM FOR TRS-80 & IBM PC

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AND MMS GIVES IT PROFESSIONAL SUPPORT

Source code provided

MMSFORTH Newsletter

Many demo programs aboard

MMSFORTH User Groups

Inexpensive upgrades to latest version

Programming staff can provide advice, modifications and

custom programs, to fit YOUR needs.

MMSFORTH UTILITIES DISKETTE: includes FLOATING POINT MATH (BASIC ROM routines plus Complex numbers, Rectangular-Polar coordinate conversions, Degrees mode, more); a powerful CROSS-REFERENCER to list Forth words by block and line; plus (TRS-80) a full Forth-style Z80 assembler (requires MMSFORTH V2.0. 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

FORTHCOM; communications package provides RS-232 driver, dumb terminal mode, transfer of files or FORTH blocks, and host mode to operate a remote FORTHCOM system (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

THE DATAHANDLER; a very fast database management system operable by non-programmers (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $59.95'

FORTHWRITE: fast, powerful ward processor w/easy keystrokes, Help screens, manual & demo files. Full proportional w/tabs, outdenting. Include other blocks, documents, keyboard inputs. & DATAHANDLER fields —ideal for form letters (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 2 drives & 48K RAM) $175.00*

MMSFORTH GAMES DISKETTE: real-time graphics & board games w/source code. Includes BREAKFORTH, CRASHFORTH, CRYPTOQUOTE. FREEWAY (TRS-80), OTHELLO & TICTACFORTH (requires MMSFORTH V2.0, 1 drive & 32K RAM) $39.95*

Other MMSFORTH products underdevelopment

FORTH BOOKS AVAILABLE

MMSFORTH USERS MANUAL - w/o Appendices $17.50*

STARTING FORTH - best! $15.95*

THREADED INTERPRETIVE LANGUAGES - advanced, analysis of FORTH internals $18.95*

PROGRAM DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION - intro. to structured programming, good tor Forth $16.00*

FORTH-79 STANDARD MANUAL - official reference to 79-STANDARD word set. etc $13.95*

FORTH SPECIAL ISSUE, BYTE Magazine (Aug. 1980) - A collector's item for Forth users and beginners $4.00'

' - ORDERING INFORMATION: Software prices include manuals and require signing of a single compuler license for one-person support. Describe your hardware. Add $2.00 S/H plus $3.00 per MMSFORTH and $1.00 per additional book; Mass. orders add 5% tax. Foreign orders add 20%. UPS COD, VISA and M/C accepted; no unpaid purchase orders or refunds.

Send SASE lor tree MMSFORTH information Good dealers sought

Get MMSFORTH products from your computer dealer or

MILLER MICROCOMPUTER SERVICES

61 Lake Shore Road, Natick, MA 01760

(617)653-6136

Contour

P

o t

o n

3.00

~2.00_|_

c

3 0

"x 1 .00_|_ Z c

o f

E q u a t i on

lay Mark F i nger May, 1981

>

1/1

t0.00

c

3

-1 .00_1_

-2.00

0J

I

I

Q

0J

ro

X ax i s Figure 3: The resulting output from the input of listing 8.

can be an advantage because it allows inexperienced users to be led through a program, while users familiar with POL can use the full range of capabilities.

Another useful function allows remarks, especially in prepared command files. Anything within the current command appearing after a number sign is considered a remark.

Finally, direct graphic coordinate input from a plotter is allowed. Most intelligent plotters have some method of moving the pen to a point on the current graph and passing either virtual or screen coordinates to the program. This feature is explained more fully in the graphics package since the program to implement this capability is not included in this series.

A second major portion of POL-80 concerns program control and paging—lines 1 to 200 and 1400 to 1500. The latter portion will frequently be called from within user programs, as will be demonstrated in parts 2 and 3.

Lines 1 to 200 initialize the program

and declare major program or plotter packages to be used. The format for this is more rigid (to conserve program size) than in normal input, and each reference to this section must be the only command on a line. (See listing 3 for further explanations.)

Listing 8 shows most of the capabilities of this input for a sample session that produces a contour plot. The format shown here was chosen for its readability and in a normal session would be input as five or six lines. Figure 3 shows the output for this input. It should be noted that this is but a small portion of an interactive session. An optimizer could be used on this graph to locate the minimum value for Z. A second equation could be plotted for comparison, or a numerical integration could be performed, with that equation plotted on a new graph.

An additional capability, interactive entry of equations, is a powerful tool in POL/PS. In listing 8, an equation was entered and stored as a sub

366 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Add Vision

To Your Computer

Announcing the MicronEye

Give your computer an eye . . . the new MicronEye, a solid-state image sensing unit using MICRON TECHNOLOGY'S OpticRAM.

The package includes: camera, lens, tripod, 6' telephone cord (camera to computer), floppy disc with camera software routines, instruction manual and serial TTL interface. Please specify Apple II® IBMPC® Radio Shack TRS-80 CC®, Sinclair-Timex®, or Commodore 64®

PLUG IN AND GO with your personal computer. Most popular baud rates are provided by the MicronEye interface. Options include: spare IS32 OpticRAM, 25' telephone cord, IS32 Bullet with 4' interconnecting cable, zoom or macro lens and RS232 interface. The IS32 Bullet is a 1" diameter by 11/2" cylinder housing for the IS32 that con

nects to the camera by a 4' flat ribbon, useful where a small, remotely-located unit is desired.

The camera has 128 x 256 element resolution capable of transmitting up to 20 frames per second. Software is delivered to you on a floppy disc with self-prompting command modes allowing you to continuously scan, freeze frame, frame store or compare frame to frame. The electronic shutter speed controlling light sensitivity is under software control, either automatic or keyboard entry modes, variable from 0.01 seconds (outdoors) to seconds (darkroom). The MicronEye can be remotely located from the computer by using a longer telephone cord. It is lightweight, and derives power (5V DC at 50ma) from your computer.

ICRON

TECHNOLOGY INCORPORATED

2805 East Columbia Road Boise, Idaho 83706 (208) 383-4000 TWX 910-970-5973

We're building our reputation . . . on innovation.

I want to give my

Apple li*/IBM-PC»/Radio Shack TRS-80 CC®/Commodore 64®/Sinclair-Timex®

personal computer a new look. Please rush standard units of MicronEye

to me at $475.00 each, plus $10 for shipping. Apple II® users please specify language:

Part # Item

Applesoft/Integer Basic/Pascal

Qty. Price Each

Total

1

Standard MicronEye Package

$485.00

2 IS32 OpticRAM

$ 34.00

3 25'Six-Wire Cord

$ 20.00

IS32 Bullet

$ 85.00

Instruction Manual

$ 25.00

Applicable state sales tax (or exempt #

TOTAL

Enclosed is my check or money order for $_

charge my Mastercard #

which will expire on (date).

_in payment, or,

, or Visa #_

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

Signature

PLEASE PRINT ALL INFORMATION ■

NAME

.PHONE #_

MAILING ADDRESSCITY

_STATE_

_ZIP_

SIGNATURE

Allow two extra weeks for delivery if not Apple II®

I—! I am very interested but I would like more information before I can make a decision to buy.

My application field of interest is:

I recommend Micron offer an option to:.

I prefer to use_

-computer.

Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computer. IBM is the trademark of International Business Machines. Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. Commodore 64 is a trademark of Commodore Corporation. Sinclair Timex is a trademark of Timex Corporation.

routine within the module. (The procedure involved will be presented in part 2.)

Another helpful function is a trace—!TON and !TOF. The trace indicates the use of POL-80 routines in processing the current line of input by detailing the tests used on each entity. This is especially useful when checking the various input branches in a new module.

The last item is the ability to change the various control characters (see lines 200 to 490). A character

may sometimes be required to assume another meaning within a module or a command line (for example, to allow an apostrophe in a graph title). This capability is allowed to prevent problems with duplicate definitions.

Summary

I have presented the reason for POL input and have shown some of its useful applications. I have also illustrated a framework for the POL/PS within which technical applications programs can be written.

*£

d& #

10 & 20 MEGABYTE (FORMATTED) 5W WINCHESTER SUBSYSTEMS

For Z-80 based micros which utilize the CP/M operating system . . ,

CCS APPLE (with CP/M) ZENITH/HEATH NORTHSTAR

GODBOUT XEROX 820 ANY Z-80 S-100 SYSTEM

ALSPA TRS-80 MOD II

OSBORNE

All units are delivered completely assembled and tested, with drive, controller, case, power supply, cabling, Z-80 interface and all requisite software, A few features:

THE Z-80 INTERFACE: >■ Supports vectored interrupts

»- Plugs directly into the Z-80 socket on the host CPU (requires no special buss) »• Allows for DMA operation (if you already have a DMA system) ►- Supports MP/M, OASIS and other operating systems (with ~ tional software)

OUR SOFTWARE:

►- Written in Z-80 assembly language

*- Automatically configures virtually any existing version

2.x CP/M to the hard disk subsystem ►- Includes SOURCE CODE ►- Requires less than 2k of overhead memory *- Enables the user to read or write a 64k file in less than

four seconds

FULL SIX-MONTH WARRANTY! Delaer inquiries are more than welcome

CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks ot Digital Research: OASIS is a proprietary product of Phase One Systems, Inc.: Z-80 Is o trademark of Zilog

9u

^y»

The primary goals of this framework are to encourage the development of a technical program base for microcomputers and to relieve the programmer of some of the difficulties of writing large program packages to solve problems. ■

References

1. Hilst, R.W. "Development and Use of GRIP, the Generalized Routine for Interactive Processing, in the Computer Solution of Chemical Engineering Problems." Master's thesis, University of Kansas, August 1982.

2. Hilst, R.W. and K.A. Bishop. "Recent Advances in the Development and Use of GRIP—A Problem Oriented Language." In Summer Computer Simulation Conference, pages 29-35. Seattle, August 1980.

3. Hilst, R.W. and K.A. Bishop. "The Use of GRIP, a Problem Oriented Language, in Chemical Engineering Education." Paper presented at the 87th National AlChE Meeting in Boston during August 1979.

4. Lopez, L.A. "POLO: Problem-Oriented Language Organizer." Journal of Computers and Structures, vol. 2, pages 555-572.

5. Lopez, L.A. POLO II, Programmer's Guide. Urbana, IL: Engineering Document Center, University of Illinois, February 1973.

The following items are available from the author:

1. The POL/PS User's Manual and the ROOTs User's Manual for $20. These manuals generally supplement but do not duplicate the material presented here. Topics include: detailed rules of input, theory and examples of operation, and programming rules and hints.

2. The two manuals above and a disk containing all the appropriate files for $30.

3. The items listed above and the graphics package (which includes the contour plotter module) for $200.

These items will be offered on several disk formats (CP/M 8-inch, Osborne, and others as I can make arrangements). A user's group will be set up, and I will sell software written by others for the POL/PS on a royalty basis. For more information, or to order items, contact:

His Programs c/o Mark Finger 2439 Overlook Circle Lawrence, KS 66044

368 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 292 on Inquiry card.

SANYO PLUS

\ y

$1995

©SANYO PLUS #

The best deal in a dual drive 64K Z-80 system, now only $1995. We thoroughly integrate ond test eoch system ond warranty each Sanyo Plus for 90 days.

We are so confident of Sanyo's inherent reliability and our pretesting that we will warranty the entire system for a full year for only $99.

The Sanyo Plus consists of a Sanyo MDC-1000 computer with a built-in 12" high-res. green phospher 25x80 display. The detached keyboard features 5 special function keys and a 10-key pad. The Sanyo Plus comes complete with a parallel printer port, a serial communications port and room for three additional cards.

Plus we've added a second drive to give you a total formatted disk capacity of 624K.

Plus you get over $1100 worth of software including CP/M® 2.2, Wordstar 0.0 with training guide. Sanyo Dasic-a superset of Microsoft Basic with diagnostics ond utilities, CalcStar" - the spreadsheet that works with Wordstar, and a disk with 20 games.

Plus we generate work copies of all your software.

Special Offer: 5 module business software pack: $99.

No Deolers please. F.O.D. Scotrsdale

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Series 5-1 5D $2295

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Infroducing the Zenith Z-100. its the new 6/16 bit system thots CP/M. PC-D05. and 5-100 compatible. Plus it's backed by 300 Zenith service centers nationwide. Two built-in 320K 5 1/4" drives. 1 28K RAM, optional color graphics with control of eight colors and 144.000 dots, five S-100 expansion slots, and o full feature keyboard:

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TERMINALS

PRINTERS

Viewpoint 3A Plus: New Viewpoint

emulares Lear Siegler, Televideo, or Soroc, We're selling them ot a lower price than others charge for older models.

$489

Zenith ZT-1' $559

Televideo 910 $579

Televideo 925 $735

Televideo 950 $927

Zenith Z-19 $689

WyseWY-100 $769

Soroc IQ 130 $599

FalcoTS-1 $1069

Adds Viewpoint 60 $724

Hozeltine Espifit $499

'with built-in modem

:#: Scottsdale Systems^

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S (602) 941-5856

Call 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

CLOSED DECEMBER 18 - JANUARY 2, 1983

Happy Holidays!

SERVICE/ORDERING

INTEGRATION: Prices lisred are for new equipment In factory sealed boxes with manufacturer's warranty. We will pretest your equipment, integrate your system, configure your software, provide special cobles, etc.. for on additional charge. Call for prices.

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed are for cosh. No C.O.D.s. We sell on a net 20 basis to Fortune 500 companies ond Universities Charge cards add 2%. Prices subject to change, product subject to availability. AZ. residents odd 5%. Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extto • products ore F.O.D. point of shipment. CP/M ond MP/M ore registered trademarks of Digital Research.

SOFTWARE: We sell all popular CP/Mu programs at discount. Software sold only with systems not warrontied for suitobiliry.

NEC8020A $469

Okidata 82A $409

Okidata 83A $645

Okidato84 $989

Epson MX80FT $484

Epson MX100 $659

Tally 160 w/ttac $659

Microprism 80 $649

HIGHSPEED

Prism 80 "Loaded" $1029

Prism 102 "Loaded" .... $1469

Anadex9501A $1069

DataSouth DS-1 80 .... $1249 TISlO's Coll

LETTER QUALITY

NEC 3500* $1495

NEC 7700 w/TRAC* $2499 Qume9/45 $1895

•We offer NEC's with 16K buffets, dual interfaces, ond extended warronry - call for prices.

I/O DEVICES

DAISVWRITER 2000

Houston Instrument:

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Hi Pod DT-11 $664

Hayes Smortmodem Hayes 1200 Baud Smarrmodem

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The best price/thruput In lerter quality printers. 40 C.P.5.. 48k buffer. 8 protocols. grophics mode. 4 interfaces std.. Sub and Superscript. Proportional Spacing, ond much more. Uses std. ribbons.

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Auto Simulations 3 Pack 25.99

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Auto Simulations Plattermania 20.99

Auto Simulations Monster Maze 16.99

Auto Simulations Invason Orion 14.99

Auto Simulations Jabbertalky 16.99

Auto Simulations New World 16.99

Auto Simulations King Arthurs Heir.... 16.99

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Auto Sim. Crypt of the Undead 16.99

Auto Simulations Nightmare 16.99

Auto Simulations Oil Barons 59.99

DataSoft Canyon Climber - Apple 15.99

DataSoft Canyon Climber - Atari 15.99

DataSoft Pacific Coast Highway 15.99

Epyx Ric-O-Chet 10.99

Epyx Sorceror Of Siva 19.99

Epyx Temple of Apshai 19.99

Epyx Star Warrior 19.99

Broderbund Choplifter - Apple 19.99

Broderbund Choplifter - Atari 19.99

Broderbund Arcade Machine 33.99

Broderbund Serpentine - Apple 19.99

Broderbund Serpentine - Atari 19.99

Adv. International Preppie - Apple 18.99

Adv. International Preppie - Atari 18.99

Adv. Intl. Rear Guard - Apple 18.99

Adv. International Rear Guard - Atari .. 18.99

Adv. Intl. Sea Dragon - Apple 18.99

Sir-Tech Wizardry 29.99

Sir-Tech Knights of Diamonds 19.99

Sir-Tech Starmaze 19.99

Stomeware DB Master 139.00

MicroPro Intl. Wordstart - 8" 250.00

MicroPro Intl. Wordstart - Apple 200.00

MicroPro Intl. Wordstart - IBM PC 250.00

MicroPro Intl. Mailmerget 125.00

MicroPro Intl. Mailmerget - Apple 125.00

MicroPro Intl. Mailmerget - IBM PC ... 125.00

MicroPro Intl. Spellstart 150.00

MicroPro Intl. Spellstart - Apple 150.00

MicroPro Intl. Datastart -8" 150.00

MicroPro Intl. Datastart - Apple 150.00

MicroPro International Calcstart - 8" .. 125.00

MicroPro Intl. Calcstart - Apple 125.00

MicroPro Intl. Supersortt - 8" 125.00

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MicroPro International

Wordstar/Mailmerge Combo-8" 325.00

MicroPro International

Wordstar/Mailmerge - Apple 325.00

MicroPro International

Wordstar/Mailmerge Combo-IBM PC .. 325.00

MicroPro International

Wordstar/Spellstar Combo - 8" 350.00

MicroPro International

Wordstar/Spellstar Combo-Apple 350.00

MicroPro International

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MicroPro International

Wordstar/Mailmerge/Spelstar-8" 425.00

MicroPro International

Wordstar/Mailmerge/Spelstar-Apple ... 425.00 MicroPro International Wordstar/Mailmerge/Spelstar-IBM 425.00

SOFTWARE

Infocom Deadline 24.99

Infocom Zork I 21.99

Infocom Zork II 21.99

Infocom Zork III 21.99

Infocom Stareross 21.99

Continental Software

Home Accountant - Apple 34.99

Continental Software

Home Accountant - IBM 80.00

Continental Software

First Class Mail - Apple 37.99

Continental Software

First Class Mail -IBM PC 69.99

Continental Software

1983 Book of Apple Software 14.99

Continental Software

1983 Book of Atari Software 14.99

Muse Know your Apple 15.99

Muse International Grand Prix 14.99

Muse 3 Mile Island 9.99

Sorcim Supercalc - 8" 169.99

Sorcim Supercalc - IBM PC 169.99

Sorcim Supercalc - Apple 169.99

Sorcim Supercalc - Northstar 169.99

On Line Soft Porn 19.99

On Line Wizard and the Princess 19.99

COMPUTERS - VIDEO GAMES

Atari 800 Computer 649.99

Atari 810 Disk Drive 429.99

Atari 400 Computer 279.99

Atari Star Raiders (400/800) 34.99

Atari Pac Man (400/800) 34.99

Atari Caverns of Mars (400/800) 34.99

Atari Communicator Kits (400/800) 299.99

Atari CX 2600 Video Computer Sys. ... 138.00

Atari CX 2613 - Adventure 23.99

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Atari CX 2657 - Adventure II 23.99

Atari CX 2660 - Star Raiders 23.99

Franklin ACE 1000 Computer 989.99

Franklin Ace 10 Disk Drive

COMPUTERS PRODUCTS

Maxell MD-1 Diskettes-Box of Ten ... 24.99

Sanyo DM2112 12" Monitor-Text 89.99

Sanyo DM5109 CX 9" Monitor-Text 114.99

Sanyo DM8112 CX 12" Mn.-Pro. Text .. 149.99

Sanyo DMC6013 -13" Data Mon 279.99

Sayno DMC6113 13" Prof Mon 549.99

Sayno VMC7013 319.99

Electronic Protection Devices Lemon .. 34.99

Electronic Protection Devices Lime .... 44.99

Elec. Protection Devices Orange 69.99

Elec. Protection Devices Peaches 52.99

USI Pi -1 9" Green Monitor 79.99

USI Pi - 2 12" Green Monitor 99.99

USI Pi - 3 12" Amber Monitor 124.99

USI Pi -4 9" Amber Monitor 109.99

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Videx Videoterm 80-Column Card 249.00

Videx Keyboard Enhancer 119.00

Videx Function Strip 59.00

BMC 12" Hi-Res Green CRT 89.00

BMC 13" Color CRT 229.00

NEC 12" Green CRT 169.00

D. C. Hayes Micromodem II 279.00

Microsoft Premium Pack 525.00

Microsoft Z-80 Softcard 279.00

VIDEO PRODUCTS

CT 1321 13" Color TV 239.99

CT 1322 13" Color TV 229.99

Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach Hitach

i CT 1326 13" Color TV Rem .... 299.99 i CT 1927 19" Color TV Rem .... 379.99 i CT 1928 19" Color TV Rem .... 425.99 i CT 1929 19" Color TV Rem .... 499.99 i VT 11A Video Tape Recorder .. 479.99 i VT 15A Video Tape Recorder .. 654.99 i VT 9701 Video Tape Recder. ... 899.99

i VT 66P VTR. - Port 724.99

i VT 68P VTR - Port 899.99

RCA AGR054-W B&W 13" TV 114.99

RCA ARGI20-W B&W 12" TV 81.99

RCA EGR333-W 13" Color TV 249.99

RCA FGR430 19" Color TV 299.99

RCA FGR460-WR 19" Color TV 379.99

RCA VGT200 Video Cassette Recder... 469.99

CALCULATORS

Hewlett Packard HP 41 CSci.Calc 169.

Hewlett Packard HP 12C Sci. Calc 109

Hewlett Packard HP 10C Sci. Calc 54

Royal 4-HPD Palm Size Calculator 24

Royal 316-PD Desk Top Calculator 64

Olivetti 920 - PD Calculator 119

TYPEWRITERS

Olivetti Praxis 30 Typewriter 399

Olivetti Praxis 35 Typewriter 449

Royal Century 2000 Port. Elec. Type ... 219

PERSONAL ELECTRONICS

Olympus S-904 Pearlcorder 44

Olympus S-901 Pearlcorder 74

Olympus S-802 Pearlcorder 74

Olympus S-902 Pearlcorder 84

Olympus S-801 Pearlcorder 129

Olympus SR-11 Micro Cass. w/Head... 129

Olympus X-01 Pearlcorder 149

Olympus XR Basic Pearlcorder 189

Olympus XR Standard Pearlcorder .... 229 Hitachi TRK 5350H Master Ctrs

AM-FM Cass Recorder 31.

Hitachi TRK 7100H Master Ctrs

AM-FM Cass Recorder 61.

Hitachi TRK 6600H Master Ctrs

AM-FM Cass Recorder 131

Pioneer SK-100 Stero Radio Cassette .. 99. Pioneer SK-300 Stero Radio Cassette .. 119, Pioneer SK-31 Stero Radio Cassette ... 169.

Pioneer G-1 Syscom Hi-Fi 449.

Electra FF 550 Cordless Phone 99,

Electra FF3500 Cordless Phone-Pkt 174

Electra FF 2500 Cordless Phone-Pkt. .. 184

99 99 .99 .99 .99 .99

.99 99 .99

99 99 99 99 99 .99 .99 99 99

.99

99

.99 99 99 99 ,99 99 .99 .99

t A Registered Trademark of MicroPro International

CP/M is a registered Trademark of Digital Research Corporation

370 BYTE December 1082

HAS MORE THAN COMPUTERS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

NEC PC-8001A $725

Products For Apple Computers

Here are some of the products BISON carries for Apple Computers. If you don't see what you want here, give us a call.

16K RAM Card for Apple II $ 68

Microsoft Premium Pack S 525

BISON Add-on Disk Drive

100% Apple Compatible S 279

Parallel Printer Card with Cable $ 72

Apple Compatible Parallel Interface $ 65

D. C. Hayes Micromodem II $ 279

Graphics Interface for NEC. Epson $ 129

Microsoft Z80 Softcard with CP/M® $ 279

Videx 80 Column Videoterm S 249

Videx Enhancer S 119

Videx Function Strip $ 59

Saturn System Ram Boards 32K $ 195

Saturn System Ram Boards 64K S 359

Saturn System Ram Boards 128K S 499

Expand 80 - 80 Column for VisiCalc S 99

Corvus Hard Disk Drives

5 Megabyte $2495

10 Megabyte $3825

20 Megabyte $4575

For Corvus Mirror ADD $ 595

For more Apple information, circle reader service card "66

PRINTERS

BISON carries all of the major brands of printers. If you need help choosing the proper printer for your needs, call and talk to one ot our support technicians. EPSON MX-80 F/T Type III w/Graftrax ... S 460

EPSON MX-100 with Graftrax $ 625

NEC PC-8023A Fric. & Trac. w/Graph $ 485

NEC 7710-1 $2095

NEC 7715-1 $2095

NEC 7720-1 $2445

NEC 7725-1 $2445

Okidata Microline 82A w/Trac. - 80 Col ... $ 399 Okidata Microline 83A w/Trac. -100 Col .. $ 549

Okidata Microline 84P - Parallel $ 925

Okidata Microline 84PS - 200 cps P/S .... $ 999

C. Itoh Prowriter I - Parallel $ 485

C. Itoh Prowriter -1 Serial $ 425

C. Itoh Prowriter - Parallel/Serial $ 525

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel $ 625

C. Itoh Prowriter II - Parallel/Serial $ 675

C. Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Parallel - 40 cps .. $1225 C Itoh F-10 Starwriter - Serial - 40 cps ... S1225

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Parallel $ 735

Comrex Daisy Wheel Printer - Serial $ 785

Comrex Tractor Feed $ 195

For more printer information circle reader service card ft 67

MONITORS

BMC International

• 12" Green monitor with P-31 phospher ' 15 Mhz" Excellent for 80 column display

BMC 12" Green Monitor $ 89

' 13" Color Monitor" Audio and Video

' 270 Line resolution

BMC 13" Color Monitor $ 229,

MONITORS

AMDEK Monitors

' 12" Green Phospher ' Non-Glare

AMDEK Video 300 Call lor Price

" 13" Color Monitor' RGB Input

■ For IBM/NEC/Apple

AMDEK Color II Call for Price

AMDEK Color I Call for Price

AMDEK Color III Call for Price

NEC

NEC 12" Green Monitor $ 169

NEC 13" Color Monitor $ 325

NEC 13" RGB Color Monitor $ 815

ZENITH

Zenith 12" Green Monitor $ 115

For more information, circle reader service card ft 68

TELEVIDEO PRODUCTS

TeleVideo computer terminals and desktop computer systems-high price features at low prices. TeleVideo TS-802 Computer system • 64K. 4 Mhz Z-80A. CP/M" ' Dual Floppies. 720K Total

■ Same CRT and Kb/board as Televideo 950 Terminal

' Network Expansion Capabilities

TeleVideo TS-802 $2645

TeleVideo TS-802H Same as TS-802

with one floppy and 5-Meg. Hard Disk .... $4695

TeleVideo TVI-925 Terminal $ 695

TeleVideo TVI-950 Term. - Top-of-Line ... $ 875 For more information, circle reader service card #69

SOFTWARE

BISON carries software for all business and personal computer systems. Just select the software you want and call us for our current price. Here are some examples of BISON'S Low Prices: MicroPro Software See Left Hand Page for Prices Apple Software

All APPLE Game and Business software. Select the program you want and call for price. Save up to 60% off list Accounting Plus by Systems Plus For 8" CP/M"

General Ledger ' Accounts Payable ' Accounts Receivable ' Payroll ' Inventory ' Sales Order Entry ' Purchase Order Entry and Point of Sale

G/L $ 385

G/L. A/R $ 745

G/L, A/R, A/P $1100

G/L, A/R. A/P. P/R $1459

G/L, A/R. A/P. INV $1459

G/L. A/R, A/P. P/R. INV $1875

G/L. A/R. A/P. P/R. POS, INV $2140

G/L, A/R. A/P, P/R, S/O. INV $2140

G/L. A/R. A/P. P/R. P/O. INV $2140

G/L. A/R. A/P. P/R. P/O. S/O, INV $2435

All 8 Modules $2695

SOFTWARE

For Apple II

Pick the Apple Combination you need.

G/L $ 276

G/L, A/R S 553

G/L, INV $ 553

G/L, A/R. A/P S 649

G/L, A/R. INV $ 649

G/L, A/P. INV S 649

VisiCalc $ 199

VisiFile $ 199

dBASE II for 8" or Apple ... Call for Lowest Price

S-100 PRODUCTS

Sierra Data Sciences

S-100 Master/Slave Single Board Computers

Master - 4 Mhz, Z 80A $ 690

Slave - 4 Mhz, Z 80A $ 625

Sierra Data CP/M $ 160

Sierra Data BIOS $ 100

Sierra Manual $ 25

Sierra Data - Winchester Adaptor S 145

Sierra Data Turbo DOS $ 750

QT-Systems Mainframes

S-100 Mainfame and 8" Drive Enclosures

• S-100 Power +8V/16A 416V/3A -16V/3A

• Drive Power +5V/1A -5V/6A +24V/6A ' Keyed Power Switch

' EMI Filter' Filtered Fan

' 2 Switched Power Outlets

' 15- DB25 Cutouts

' DB37 Cutout • IDS 50 Cutout

' Hard Disk Power Supply

' Shielded Motherboard ' Rugged Card Cage

• 9%"x17" x21" (Hx Wx D)

QT 6-Slot, Dual 8" Drives S 530

QT 8-Slot, Dual 8" Drives $ 560

QT 12-Slot. Dual 8" Drives $ 620

S-100 Mainframe and 5%" Drive Enclosures ' Similar to 8" Mainframe ' 7" x 17" x20" (H x Wx D)

QT 6-Slot. Dual 5%" Drives $ 455

QT 8-Slot, Dual 5'/„" Drives $ 595

QT 12-Slot, Dual 5%" Drives $ 560

OT All-in-one 8" Disk Drive Cabinet

Changeable faceplate allows use of all standard 8"

floppy and hard disk drives including,

" Shugart ' NEC

' Qume ' Mitsubishi

' Tandon (Up to 4 Thin-Line)

Features:

' Holds 1-4 8" Drives " Modular Power Supply

■ Power +5V/6a -5V/1A 1 24V/6A

List Price $395 BISON PRICE $295

DISK DRIVES

Qume #842 (Replaces Data-Trak 8) $ 480

Tandon Thin 8" Sngl.-Side Dbl.-Density ... $ 382 Tandon Double-Density $ 465

WABASH FLOPPY DISKS

Single-Sided Single Density

Box of 10 8" or 5%" $ 19

BISON PRODUCTS INC

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

"We accept Cash, Certified Checks, VISA and MasterCard"

All merchandise new in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty

Coporate and School District P.O.'s accepted subject to credit approval.

Enclose financial statement with order.

California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders.

"No refunds without prior approval" - Bison credit only on returned merchandise.

QUANTITIES LIMITED ON SOME ITEMS — PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service # 70

Send Mail Orders TO: P.O. Box 9078-184 • Van Nuys, California 91409

Orders May Be Picked Up At: 16709 Roscoe Blvd., Sepulveda, California 91406

For Questions or Phone Orders Call:

(213)994-2533

BYTE December 1982

371

Practical Dynamic-Memory System Design

1

A straightforward look at design with dynamic devices.

Many a computer experimenter has gotten sweaty palms at the thought of having to tackle the design of a dynamic-memory board. Dynamic memories are notoriously difficult to work with because of the special attention that must be paid to timing relationships. Although using static memory may make small increases in memory size easy, the power consumption of most inexpensive static devices is prohibitive for large systems. With the price of 16K by 1-bit dynamic-memory devices now around two dollars, their price-toperformance ratio is difficult to beat. In this article, I will describe the design of a dynamic-memory system; it's really no harder than any other interfacing job you may have taken on in the past, just more detailed.

The Trade-offs

In addition to their price-toperformance ratio, dynamic memories have an advantage over most static memories because of their simpler structure: one transistor and one capacitor form a basic dynamic bit cell. On the other hand, a static bit is a clocked flip-flop like those in a 7474-type TTL (transistor-transistor logic) device. Each flip-flop is composed of several logic gates that in

Rob Belies

9746 Twincrest Dr.

St. Louis, MO 63126

turn are composed of several transistors and resistors. Because many transistors and resistors use up a great deal of power, generating a large amount of heat, and because they take up a lot of space, only so many flip-flops can fit on an integrated circuit. This is why static memory rarely approaches the density of dynamic memory.

Of course, you never get something for nothing. The most popular and inexpensive memory device today, the 4116-type 16K by 1-bit dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory), requires specially developed clocking and timing signals, as well as three separate power-supply voltages that must first be applied in a certain order. Compared to static memories, dynamic memories have slower data-access times (although they are more than fast enough for the average microcomputer). And we've all heard of an insidious problem called refresh, haven't we? That dynamic cell's capacitor can't hold a charge forever—it will all leak out if you don't give it a boost every so often. With a little planning, though, these disadvantages are easily overcome and dynamic memories do provide more storage in less space for less money.

What's Inside?

A 4116-type memory contains two identical arrays of cells, each arranged in 128 rows of 64 columns. To access (read or write) one of the cells, an address must be supplied to the memory. It takes a 14-bit address to select 1 bit out of the 16,384 on the chip. The address is multiplexed onto 7 pins to cut down on the size of the DIP (dual-inline package) that houses the chip. This means that we first give the memory 7 row-address bits (AO through A6), and then we give it the 7 column-address bits (A7 through A13). Thus, the 4116 fits in a 16-pin package instead of a 24-pin package (see figure 1).

To tell the memory which address is which, there is a strobe signal for each part of the address. RAS (rowaddress strobe) is applied when the row address is available to the memory, so that an on-chip decoder can pick one of the 64 rows; CAS (column-address strobe) is applied to tell another on-chip decoder to pick one of the 128 columns, as well as selecting which array will be used. A signal called WRITE tells the memory whether to read the bit stored at the address or to write a new value there. Making sure that the strobe signals get sent at the right time is the

372 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

^^*^ 'as!

Modems

Manufacturer

Novation

Novation

Novation

OC Hayes

DC Hayes

DC Hayes

Signalman

UDS

UDS

UDS

UDS

Monitors

Manufacturer

Amdek

Amdek

Amdek

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Sanyo

Zenith

BMC

NEC

NEC

Terminals

Minulicturer

Televideo Televideo Televideo Televideo

CABINET AND

CAB5V

CAB5V/1Q

CAB8H

CAB8V CAB8V'1S

CAB8H*1S

CAB8V=2S

CAB8H-2S

CAB8V-1M

CAB8H-1M

CAB8V-2M

CAB8H*2M

CAB8V*1Q

CAB8HHQ

CAB8V=2Q

CAB8H-2Q

Model #

CAT

d-CAT

Auto-Cat

Smart Modem

Micro Modem II (Apple)

Micro Modem 100

Mark I

UDS 103 LP 1300 Bd)

UDS 202 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 LP (1200 Bd)

UDS 212 ALP (1200 Bd)

100/12" B&W 300G/Green Color-1/13" DM5109CX/9" Grn. DM 5012/12" B&W DM5112ex/12"Grn. DM C6013/13" Color ZVM-121/12"Grn. BM-12EN 12" Grn. JB1260 12" Grn. JC1201C 13" Color

Modal » TVI910 TVI 912C TVI 925 TVI 950C

Price $159.00 $170.00 $229.00 $215.00 $320.00 $320.00 $89.00 $185.00 $245.00 $495.00 $650.00

Price

$110.00 $165.00 $325.00 $175.00 $215.00 $225.00 $425.00 $115.00 $145.00 $129.00 $310.00

Price

$625.00

$725.00

$825.00

CALL

SUBSYSTEMS

Single cabinet only

(vertical mounting) $ 75.00

Single cabinet with

1 Oume DT-5 $ 375.00

Dual cabinet tor 8"

(horizontal) $ 260.00

Cabinet lor 8" (vertical) ....$ 275.00 Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (vertical).... S 705.00

Dual cabinet with Shugart

801R (horizontal) $ 690.00

Dual cabinet with two

Shugart 801R (vertical) S1.080.00

Dual cabinet with two

Shugart 801R (horizontal) . .S1.065.00

Dual cabinet with

Mitsubishi 8" (vertical) $ 680.00

Dual cabinet with

Mitsubishi 8" (horizontal)...! 665.00

Dual cabinet with two

Mitsubishi 8" (vertical) S1.140.00

Dual cabinet with two

Mitsubishi 8" (horizontal)...S1.125.00

Dual cabinet with Qume

OT-8 (vertical) S 750.00

Dual cabinet with Oume

DT-8 (horizontal) S 735.00

Dual cabinet with two

Qume DT-8 (vertical) S1.235.00

Dual cabinet with two

Qume DT-8 (horizontal) S1.220.00

CABINET DIMENSIONS:

Horizontal - 6VH x 17'/<"W x 22"L Vertical - 9VH x 11'*"Wx21"L

All cabinets come complete with power supply, fan and internal cables

DISK DRIVES

Oume DT-5 ANSI 5V." compatibility $295.00

Qume DT-8 IBM compatibility $465.00

Shugart 801 Standard floppy $400.00

Shugart 850 Double-sided floppy $600.00

Mitsubishi 8" double-sided, double

M2894-63 density $435 00

Mitsubishi 5'A" 96 TPI.

M4853 1MB $450.00

Mitsubishi 5V." double-sided.

M4854 1.5MB Call for price.

All drives include manual.

DISKETTES from ASAP

Verbatim 5'/<" Diskettes Pirt» Sector

MD525-01 Soft

MD525-10 Hard 10

MD525-16 Hard 16

MEM 3481

1/DBL

MEM 3483

1/DBL

MEM 3485

1/DBL

Memorex

MEM 3060

1/Sgl

MEM 3090

1/Dbl

MEM 3102

2/Dbl

Scotch 3M 5'/<" Diskettes

Part If

Side/Dens

744-0

1/Sgl

744-10

1/Sgl

744-16

1/Sgl

745-0

2/Obl

745-10

2/Dbl

745-16

2/Dbl

Maxell 5W

Diskettes

Part #

Side/Dens

MD1

1/Sgl

MD2D

2/Dbl

MH1

1/Sgl

MH2D

2/Dbl

Memorex 5'/i" Diskettes

Soft

Hard 10' Hard 16

8" Diskettes FD1-128 FH1-32 FD2-XD

1/Sgl 1/Sgl 2/Dbl

Soft Soft Soft

Sector

Soft Hard 10 Hard 16 Soft Hard 10 Hard 16

Sector Soft Soft Hard 16 Hard 16

Soft Sott 32 Soft

Elephant Memory Systems 5'/<" Diskettes

Part ft

EMS 1 EMS 2 EMS 3 EMS 4 EMS 5 EMS 6 EMS 7

Side/Dens

1/Sgl

1/Dbl

1/Dbl

1/Dbl

2/Dbl

2/Dbl

2/Dbl

Sector

Soft Soft Hard 10 Hard 16 Soft Hard 10 Hard 16

SRW Media Storage Cases

Part # Size

SRW-5 5V

SRW-8 8"

Price

10/S27.50 10/S27.50 10/S27.50

10/S27.50 10/527.50 10/S27.50

10/S35.00 10/S40.00 10/S45.00

Price

10/S30.00 10/S30.00

10/S30.00 10/S43.00 10/S43.00 10/S43.00

Price 10/S28 00

10/S41.00 10/$35.00 10/548.00

10/S39.00 10/$39.00 10/S48.00

Price 10/S25.00 10/327.50

10/S27.50 10/S27.50 10/S33.00 10/S33.O0 10/S33.00

Price

S2.50 ea. $3.25 ea.

Connectors

DB25P DB25S DB25C

19 $2.00 $2.95 $0.95

10-24 $1.90 $2.75 S0.85

25 up

$1.75 $2.50 $0.75

California Compter System (S-100) Products

Part #

Model 2065-01 Model 2200-01 Model 2422-01

Model 2710-01 Model 2720-01 Model 2719-01 Model 2810-01 (All

Discretion

64K Dynamic Ram Bd. Mainframe

Floppy Disk Controller with CP/M 4-Port Serial I/O Bd. 4-Port Parallel I/O Bd. 2-Serial/2 Parallel I/O Bd. Z80-CPU Board Boards Assembled & Tested)

ALL PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE. CALL FOR BEST PRICE.

Ordering Information: name, aooress. phone; ship by: UPS or Mail Shipping charge: add $2.90 up to 1 lb. (UPS blue). US Mail add $1.50 (US only) ($25.00 minimum order). Tarma: We accept cash, check, money orders. Visa and Master Charge (US funds only) Tax 6% Calif res.6';°<o LA County. CODs and terms available on approval (School PO's Accepted!

ATARI® COMPUTER GAMES ATARI® 800™

|48K| Personal Business Computer Features:

• Computer console

• Atari' 8K basic

• 57 full stroke alpha-numeric keyboard with four function keys

• Operator s manual

• RF modulator

• Power supply Call lor price

Software

Description Price

Atari"

Basketball $27.00

Super Breakout $ 27.00

Chess $ 27.00

Video Easel $ 26.00

Star Raiders $ 32.00

Asteroids $ 28.00

Music Composer $ 32.00

Assembler/Editor $ 45.00

Telelink $ 24.00

Space Invaders S 33.00

Missile Command $ 28.00

Graph It $ 17.95

Touch Typing S 19.95

Stock Charting $ 22.95

Stock Analysis $ 19.95

Bond Analysis $ 22.95

Word Processor $110.00

Microsoft BASIC $ 75.00

Pac-Man $ 33.00

Centipede $ 33.00

Caverns of Mars S 29.00

Atari® Optional Accesiories

Model # Description Price

410 Program Recorder S 77.00

810 Disk Drive System $450 00

822 40-Column Thermal Printer $299.00

825 80-Golumn Dot Matrix Printer $645.00

830 Acoustic Modem $159.00

850 Interface Module $165.00

CX30-04 Paddle Controls $ 17.95

CX40-04 Joysticks (pair) $ 17.95

A32KA 32K RAM Board $ 79.95

Printers

Anadex 9501A S1.425.00

Citoh Citoh

Citoh Citoh

Citoh

Price

Citoh

$349.00

$535.00

Diablo

Epson

$360.00

Epson

$295.00

Epson

$235.00

OKIDATA

$325.00

OKIDATA

S280.00

OKIDATA

OKIDATA

8510AP Prowriter (Parallel)

8510ADC Prowriter

(Parallel & Serial)

F1040PU Printmaster

(Parallel)

F1040PU Printmaster

(Serial)

1550 Prowriter II (Parallel)

1550 Prowriter II

(Parallel & Serial)

630 RO

MX80 w/Graftrak Plus"

MX80FT w/Graftrak Plus*

MX100

82A (Parallel & Serial)

83A (Parallel & Serial)

84AP (Parallel Only)

84AS (Serial Only)

'GrafIrak Plus Standard on all Models Printer Interfaces

AEI-1 EPI-1 OKI-1 Printer Cables

AEC-1 AEC-2 RSC-1 TRSE-1

Parallel Interfaces

2K Serial Buffer lor Epson

2K Serial Buffer for Okidata

Parallel Cable to Apple Parallel Cable to Atari" RS232C Cable Parallel Cable to TRS-80

S485.00

S665 00

CALL

CALL $740.00

$825.00 $1,995.00 CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL

$50.00 S65.00 S85.00

S17 95 S19 95 S19.95 S18.95

1198 E. Willow St. Signal Hill. CA 90806 (8001421-7701 • (213) 595-6431* |714| 891-2663 ASAP COMPUTER PRODUCTS LTD. 116 Viceroy Road. D12 Concord. Toronto. Ontario L4K1A9 Canada (416) 738-0500

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

SHNIII

mtM computer ■ 268"1996 prodjcts,itxx

BYTE December 1982 373

Pin Assignments

vBB[ i D[*

W [ 3

RAS [ 4

AO [ 5

A2[ 6

VDd[ 8

"W

16

10,

>SS ]cAS

] A6 ]A3 ] A4 ]A5

Capacitance Parameter

Typ

Max Unit

Cj(A) Input capacitance, address inputs C|(D) Input capacitance, data input C^RC) Input capacitance, strobe inputs C|(W) Input capacitance, write enable input C0 Output capacitance

4 4 8

8 5

5 pF

5 pF

10 pF

10 pF

7 pF

Pin Nomenclature

A0-A6

Address Inputs

W

Write Enable

CAS

Column address strobe

VRR

- 5-V power supply

D

Data input

V

+ 5-V power supply

Q

Data output

vnn

+ 1-2-V power supply

RAS

Row address strobe

vss

ground

]•

Typical Characteristics

I

TMS 4116-25

TMS 4116-25

Parameter

Min

Max

Unit

Parameter

Min

Max

Unit

'c(P)

Page mode cycle time

275

ns

'h(DWL)

Data hold time after

'c(rd)

Read cycle time

410

ns

W low

75

ns

'c(W)

Write cycle time

410

ns

'h(rd)

Read command hold

'c(RW)

Read, modify-write cy

time

0

ns

cle time

515

ns

!h(WCL)

Write command hold

'w(CH)

Pulse width, column address strobe high

'h(WRL)

time after CAS low Write command hold

75

ns

(precharge time)

100

ns

time after RAS low

160

ns

'w(CL)

Pulse width, column

'CHRL

Delay time, column

address strobe low

165

10,000

ns

address strobe high to

'w(RH)

Pulse width, row address strobe high (precharge time)

150

ns

"CLRH

row address strobe Delay time, column address strobe low to

-20

ns

'w(RL)

Pulse width, row ad

row address strobe

dress strobe low

250

10,000

ns

high

Delay time, column

165

ns

'w(W)

Write pulse width

75

ns

'CLWL

'T

Transition times (rise and fall) for TWJ and

address strobe low to W low (read, modify

CAS

3

50

ns

write cycle only)

125

ns

lsu(AC)

Column address setup

'REF

Refresh period

2

ms

time

-10

ns

'RLCL

Delay time, row ad

'su(AR)

Row address setup time

0

ns

dress strobe low to column address strobe

'su(D)

Data setup time

0

ns

low (maximum value

'su(rd)

Read command setup time

0

ns

specified only to guarantee access

'su(WCH)

Write command setup

time)

Delay time, row ad

35

85

ns

time before CAS high

100

ns

'RLWL

'su(WRH)

Write command setup time before HAS high

100

ns

dress strobe low to W low (read, modify

'h(ACL)

Column address hold

write cycle only)

200

ns

time after CAS low

75

ns

lWLCL

Delay time, W low to

'h(AR)

Row address hold time

35

ns

column address strobe

'h(ARL)

Column address hold

low (early write cycle)

-20

ns

time after HAS low

160

ns

'a(C)

Access time from col

'h(CRL)

CAS" hold time after

umn address strobe

165

ns

HAS low

250

ns

'a(R)

Access time from row

'h(DCL)

Data hold time after

address strobe

250

ns

CAS low

75

ns

'PXZ

Output disable time

0

60

ns

'h(DRL)

Data hold time after RAS low

160

ns

Figure 1: Data sheet for a typical 4116-type dynamic-memory device. The sheet shows pin assignments and gives its characteristics and timing information.

374 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

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© VOTRAX 19K2

w

Circle 486 on inquiry card

20

MREQ

RAS

-»-125ns-» r»-110ns -►) Tl

T2

T3

'

/ \

/

\

I 'l_

/

L

~~

85

IS .

1

MAX W"* „

,r\

/

^

' max r~

\

\

■« 150

n s

X

r

—

niU

\

r

\

—

35 MIN

DATAIN

(

)

130 MAX

112

K- MIN-*

152 "*-MIN -•

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Figure 2: Timing relationships of important memory-control signals. This diagram shows the signals found in a 4-MHz Z80 system; each T-cycIe is 250 ns long. Note the delays between RAS, MUX, and CAS, and also their relationship to the time period allowed for data.

name of the game.

When the storage capacitor of a dynamic bit cell is read, its voltage level is compared to a reference charge on a MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) transistor. Because this charge is drained with each read, it must be replenished before the next operation. This means that RAS and CAS must be held high for a certain length of time to provide precharge.

Refresh is an entirely different headache. Each row of storage capacitors must be recharged to the proper level every 2 milliseconds (ms) because the charge leaks out. The dynamic memory is constructed so that a row of capacitors is refreshed every time it is addressed and RAS goes low. Obviously, every time we read or write to memory, we refresh the row that is accessed.

Getting Started

The first step in any design is to become aware of the limitations of the components used. The 4116s come in many different speeds: the access times usually range from 150 nanoseconds (ns) to 250 ns (although faster and slower versions exist).

Also, although most devices are rated by their access time, this does not tell the whole story. Most dynamic memories require a recovery period after each access. This is usually not a problem, but if it must be taken into consideration in your system, the extra interval is reflected in a memory device's cycle time. It's quite common to pick the slowest or least expensive 4116s available, and then design the rest of the system to the memories' specifications.

Most 8-bit microprocessors can be made to work with 250-ns devices. You'll find that Zilog's Z80 microprocessor is the easiest 8-bit microprocessor to interface to dynamic memory; its signaling is timed just right, and it has its own built-in refresh circuitry. Intel's 8085 has excellent support devices for use with dynamic memory, if you care to pay extra for them.

The Z80 makes refresh easy by providing a refresh signal for us, timed just perfectly. It has an internal refresh counter whose output is placed on the lower seven (or row) address lines while the Z80's refresh signal is active. This counter increments after every op-code fetch

until it has refreshed all 128 rows, then it starts over. This guarantees that all rows will be refreshed; what's more, the refresh occurs while the processor is busy with internal matters (op-code fetches) and is not using the buses. This is called "hidden refresh." (Be careful when using an extended wait state on a Z80, because this may not allow the processor to refresh memory properly.)

You need to decide first how fast your dynamic-memory system must respond. This is determined by the fastest read time that the memory must work with, combined with the delays introduced by other components in the data, address, and control paths. To calculate this read time, get out the data sheet on the microprocessor you're using and look for a signal that indicates the start of a memory access; this is an indication of when the address-bus signals are valid and stable. For Zilog's Z80, the signal to consider is MREQ; Intel's 8085 uses ALE, while the Motorola 6800 uses VMA. This "start" signal will eventually become our RAS.

Make note of the shortest period of time during an op-code fetch from the start signal to the time that valid data must be available (see figure 2). For example, on a Z80 running at 2.5 MHz, each clock cycle (T-cycle) is 400 ns long. MREQ goes low a maximum of 100 ns after clock cycle Tl falls, and data must be available to the Z80 at least 50 ns before the rise of T3. This means that the processor will allow at least 450 ns between providing an address and expecting valid data from the memory. This will not be the access time of the memory devices! Quite a number of delays will be experienced in getting RAS and addresses to the memory, and in getting the data back. In order to find out how much delay is involved, we must look at the circuitry necessary between the processor and the memory.

Developing the Control Signals

The 4116 requires a number of control signals to discover what is expected of it. Each memory device needs to know .what portion of the address is being sent, whether the ad

376 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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dress is meant for some other device, and whether data is to be stored or retrieved.

Most microprocessors present all 16 bits to the address bus at one time. We must multiplex the 14 least significant of these as two groups of 7 for use by the memory devices. (In a 64K-byte design, the 2 most significant address bits are used to select one of the four banks of memory devices; the other 14 address bits select the particular address on the individual devices.) The most common method is to use several 2-to-l-line multiplexers (74LS157 TTL devices that are the digital equivalent of a four-pole, double-throw switch).

By connecting the 7 least significant bits (the row address) to the "B" inputs of the multiplexer, and the 7 most significant bits (the column address) to the "A" inputs, the row address will be passed to the memory when the multiplexer's Select line is high; the column address will be passed to the memory when the Select line is low. It's easy to see how the

multiplexer's Select signal will be related to the RAS and CAS signals; we'll develop a special signal called MUX to control the multiplexers. (Intel has developed a device, the 3242, that is used solely for controlling dynamic memory. It includes a multiplexer and a refresh counter, which we'll discuss later, on one device; a similar device is also available from Intel. These devices, however, are the more expensive way to go.)

You already know that RAS is nothing more than the low-active start signal (MREQ, VMA, or ALE, depending on the processor used). MUX and CAS are delayed versions of the same signal. The timing of these signals is very important; and it varies according to the speed of the memory devices used.

According to the 4116's data sheet, to read data from the memory we must have the row address on the memory's address pins before RAS goes low (this is specified as the value t.,„AR). After RAS is activated, the

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row address must be stable for at least 35 ns (UAR). Following this interval, the multiplexer's Select line can be switched so that the column address is available to the memory; another interval of at least 10 ns (tJUAC) should be allowed before bringing CAS low. No more than 165 ns later (tcAc), data becomes available from the memory. In order to meet the 250-ns access-time requirement, the RAS-to-CAS time should be no more than 85 ns (tRi.ci.). (One interesting point is that you can wait up to 10 microseconds before bringing CAS low [t»CLl.)

Once CAS is low, the output data will remain on the 4116's Dout (data output) pin until CAS goes high. On some dynamic memories, Dout is actually latched, remaining available until CAS is clocked again; but it is safer to assume that Dout signals are not valid unless CAS is low. The 4116-type memories have three-state outputs, so that the output pins of several can be connected together. We will use this feature to simplify the wiring of the memory system: corresponding output bits in each of the four banks will drive their databus line through a single output buffer. Only one of the four banks will be active at one time, however.

You can direct the WRITE output of any of the microprocessors mentioned to the dynamic memory without altering the signal's timing. CAS and WRITE are related: WRITE is active only when CAS is low, and need be held low for only 75 ns after CAS goes low. Of course, data must be present for valid information to be stored.

Design

Knowing what we now know, we can select the most appropriate method for generating the control signals. The approaches open to us

• Delay lines. This is the easiest, most reliable, most flexible, and most expensive option. Delay lines come in DIPs and consist of nothing more than a tapped coil with capacitors in series with an input and output. Each output tap represents a delay of the

378 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

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input of from 2 ns to 25 ns. Because it's mainly a low-pass filter, the rise and fall times of signals sent through a delay line are terrible; often, delay lines are available with taps that have Schmitt-trigger circuits to "square up" the output signal. Of course, delay lines with this feature cost twice as much as those without it. Both types of delay line are hard to get in single quantity.

• Gate delays. It's possible to calculate the delay through TTL gates and use them just as you would use a delay line. For example, where we need a 20-ns delay, we might try using part of a 7408 quad AND gate. It has a maximum high-to-low delay of 19 ns, which would work; but there's the rub: the typical delay value is 12 ns, and the minimum delay value will be about 6 ns. If you use this gate as your delay, you could get anywhere from 6 ns to 19 ns, instead of 20 ns. Although you might be able to handpick a couple of these gates for the desired delay (if you are building one board for yourself), in most cases this wide variation in

delay cannot be tolerated.

• Clocked systems. This method gives the most accurate and repeatable results because it uses logic gates arranged to make use of the computer system's clock signals. Obviously, designing a clocked system requires some thought and additional hardware. Trying to come up with a general procedure for solving the problem by this method is not easy. Signals available on one microprocessor are often quite different from those on another. In general, however, the start signal is still developed into RAS; then, it may be fed to a Hip-flop so that on the next edge of some clock MUX appears. MUX is then used as an input for another flipflop to give CAS. The length of time between clock edges must be considered carefully.

• Combination. A combination of clocked and gate-delay methods is also possible. An accurate RAS, CAS, or MUX signal could mean we can be "sloppy" with the timing of the other signals. If we talk first about building a delay-line system, most of

HIS CONTRIBUTIONS WERE ,DE POSSIBLE BY YOURS.

380

When you give to the United eyro College Fund, you help sup: irt 4 I private, four-year colleges d graduate schools. Colleges that could be training a black profes

nal you may need some day. Send your check to United egro College Fund. Box B. 500 62nd Street. Mew York. N.Y 10021. We're, not askirjg lor'a handout, just a hand.

rcan do it alone. GIVE TO THE UNITED NEGRO COLLEGE FUND.

A mind is a terrible thinq to waste.

A public sei vice or this maga/ine at id The Ad vert i si i if] Council. December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

what we learn can be used in designing the other systems.

In a Real System

You may never have had to consider this before, but it's critical now: any signal passing through any integrated circuit is delayed some number of nanoseconds before it reaches the output. The amount of delay through a device is listed in most TTL data books as a chart of the device's switching characteristics. To find the delay of a signal that is changing from low to high, look at the number listed as tpLH; for the delay of a high-to-low transition signal, look at tpHL.

The delay times are given assuming that the device is driving a certain capacitive load, usually 15 picofarad (pF) or 50 pF. A standard TTL gate has about 5-pF input capacitance. Because the capacitance takes a small amount of time to charge or discharge (about 0.05 ns per picofarad), the more circuitry we have between the processor and the dynamic memory, the longer the delays are. One thing to remember is that inputs on complex integrated circuits (such as the Select signal on a 74LS157 quad 2-to1-line multiplexer) often consist of more than one gate. In this case, you must add 1.5 pF for each additional on-chip connection. (The internal connection of these devices is shown on their data sheets.)

Externally, the devices must be connected to the rest of a computer in the fashion shown in the block diagram of figure 3. This shows where items such as address lines, drivers, and multiplexers must go, without getting too specific about the makeup of each one. The control signals are shown being generated by a block that we'll discuss later. Using this block diagram, we can make assumptions about the circuit we'll eventually build. This will allow us to figure out most of the delays involved and will also help us to come up with a final design.

Using TTL to control memory devices made with MOS technology causes an impedance mismatch. The outputs of most TTL devices are low impedance, and they are feeding the high impedance represented by the

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BYTE December 1982 381

memories' MOS inputs. The inputs to 4116-type memories use very little current—on the order of 10 microamperes. To the high current put out by the TTL, it's like running into a brick wall; the current bounces off the MOS device and is reflected back to the TTL driver. It will continue to bounce back and forth at a high frequency until it is dissipated by the resistance in the wire.

This "ringing" could cause the memory devices to falsely perceive triggering on RAS or CAS, or make an address look low when it's high. Even worse, the reflected signal may actually make an input go negative, thus destroying the device! For this reason, we should install a series resistor in each of the lines leading to memory-device input pins; the resistors greatly reduce the amount of power reflected. A good starting point is 22 ohms. The actual value might best be chosen experimentally by looking at the signals on an oscilloscope. If your system is using only 16K bytes of 4116-type memory, you might get by without these resistors. With 32K bytes or more, however, the number of reflections increases.

Unfortunately, inserting the series resistor might cause other problems. MOS inputs represent pure capacitance. The added resistance slows down the charging rate of the capacitance, thus affecting the effective speed of the memory. To calculate the effect this has on the device's inherent delay, we need the timeconstant formula

T = R X C

from which we will derive the relationships

tpLH = 0.92RC and t„HL = 1.6RC

In the second and third equations, R will equal the value of the series resistor plus the impedance of the line driver. The impedance of S-series (Schottky) TTL devices is 114 ohms (when you need speed, Schottky is the way to go); for LS-series (lowpower Schottky), impedance is about 225 ohms. C equals the total capaci

(3a)

«=£=>

MREQ

CONTROL

ADDRESS BUS

0

A

0

MUX

4116 s IN ARRAY

(64K BY 8 BITS)

8

RAS

7^>

0

Figure 3: Memory-system diagrams. The block diagram of figure 3a shows generally how the address bus is multiplexed for use by the 4116s, and that the memory-control signals are developed from signals provided by the Z80 processor. In figure 3b, we see a specific diagram of the circuit to accomplish this.

tance on the line plus the capacitance of the circuit board itself.

Let's use the above equations to calculate the rise time of any signal on a bus line for one bank of eight devices—or 16K bytes of memory. Involved are 225 ohms of driver impedance, 22 ohms of series resistance, and 32 pF of capacitance (ignoring board capacitance). Therefore, 247 ohms times 32 pF times 0.92 equals 7.3 ns. The fall time of any signal will be 1.6 times 247 ohms times 32 pF, or 12.7 ns. Remember that address-line capacitance is 4 pF per device, while capacitance on the RAS, CAS, and WRITE lines will be about 8 pF per device (on these nondata lines, tpLH equals 1.15RC). The typical inputcapacitance value is used because the probability of having nothing but worst-case capacitance on the same line is very, very small.

Timing It Right

Let's explore timing relationships of the control signals by considering the

circuit in figure 3b, developed from the block diagram. How long does it take for an address originated by the microprocessor to reach the dynamic memory? First, we'll calculate the delay the address experiences in getting to the memory; we'll then proceed with the RAS and CAS signals. Several other things must be considered too, not the least of which is what specifications to pay attention to on the data sheet. Typical times are of little value to us because temperature and load changes will vary the delay time. Minimum times are as important as worst-case times, but they are not always specified in data books; however, you can consider them to be half the typical times. We'll use minimum times in a later part of the design.

Assuming that the data, address, and control lines are buffered by a 74LS244-type line driver or similar device, the maximum delay presented is 18 ns with a capacitive load of 45 pF. It's probably best to use the

382 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

worst-case capacitance because you may later decide to expand the system, adding more gates and increasing the actual capacitance. Address: The buffered address bus is connected directly to the address multiplexers described earlier. The worst maximum time from the multiplexer's input to its output is 14 ns (the minimum is 5 ns). These times are listed with a capacitive load of 15 pF (CL = 15pF), while the input capacitance of a 4116 dynamic-mem

ory address line is 5 pF. Because each address line feeds eight memory devices, the total capacitance is 40 pF. The delay time changes at the rate of 0.05 ns per picofarad. Therefore, to find the actual delay, we find the difference between 15 pF and 40 pF, multiply this result by 0.05, and discover an additional delay of 12.5 ns, for a total of 26.5 ns. The circuit-board traces (or wire-wrap wire) travel over long paths and can act as a transmission line with induc

tance and capacitance. To account for this, you must add 1.5 pF per inch—or 2 ns a foot—measured from the driver to the farthest device.

Adding all the delays together (18 ns for the line driver, plus 14 ns for the multiplexer, plus 7.3 ns and 12.7 ns [the rise and fall times]) gives a total of 52 ns (worst case). This is a considerable delay for only eight devices; therefore, removing the series resistor is recommended. For larger systems, switching to

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 383

Schottky-type 74LS157 multiplexers will reduce the overall delay, as will using smaller resistors. RAS: Specifications say that the address from a Z80 microprocessor is stable at least 120 ns before MREQ. Since MREQ is our RAS signal, the address will reach the dynamic memory at least 68 ns (120 ns minus the 52-ns delay) before MREQ goes low. MREQ is delayed even more by the 74LS04 inverter and the OR gate shown in the diagram. Its total delay

is 68 ns initially, plus 15 ns for the inverter, plus 16 ns for the OR gate, plus 10 ns for the 192-pF load. Thus, RAS goes low 109 ns after the address. The address setup time required by the 4116s before RAS goes low is zero (t.!UAR), so no problem exists here.

CAS: After RAS, the row address must be stable at least 35 ns (t*AR) before switching to the column address. We can use a delay line to switch the multiplexers by delaying

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RAS for 40 ns. For a 48K-byte system, the maximum switch delay will be 8 ns for the device plus 5 ns for the load, or 13 ns. The address will be stable 53 ns after RAS goes low. It must be held 10 ns before CAS (t.„AC); therefore, we can create CAS by using the tap on the delay line that delays RAS 60 ns. Because the load on CAS will also be 192 pF, the signal is actually delayed another 10 ns. This is 17 ns after the column address is stable. Data appears at the memories' output 165 ns later, delayed an additional 18 ns by a buffer. The Dout pin goes into high-impedance mode when CAS is high. Thus, output-line driving buffers may not be necessary. Dout by itself will drive two standard TTL loads.

We kept track of the

minimum gate delays

because if a device is

operating at top speed,

it may expect signals

that are not yet

available.

The Total: If you add up all the times from RAS, you'll see that data is available in just under the 250-ns maximum time the manufacturer specifies for the memory device. If you include the delay interval from MREQ to RAS, the time is under 300 ns. This leaves you plenty of leeway because the Z80 op-code fetch time, as we discovered earlier, is 450 ns (assuming a 2.5-MHz clock).

The reason that we kept track of the minimum gate delays is that, even though the circuit is faster than the maximum delays encountered, if a device is operating at top speed, it may expect signals that are not yet available. You must allow for this situation. If, for example, CAS shows up too soon, the column address may not have had a chance to stabilize. For this reason, you should also go through your circuit to make sure that it meets all the minimum setup and hold times. Again, you can handpick the integrated circuits to give you the timing that works in your system.

384 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circuit Details

You need three voltages to run a dynamic memory: +5 V, + 12 V, and —5 V. The +5 V is used only to power the data-output buffers on the memory devices; it can actually be removed by feeding it through a pass transistor and shutting it down when you are not performing a memory read.

Whether you wire-wrap or lay out a printed-circuit board, a good, heavy ground bus is recommended. Be generous with decoupling capacitors! For the +5-V supply, it is necessary to use only one 0.01-microfarad (/tF) to 0.1-fiF decoupling capacitor for every eight devices. The +12-V supply should be decoupled with a 0.1-//.F capacitor at every second device (put a 0.1-^F decoupling capacitor for the — 5-V supply on all the ICs in between). A tantalum 22-/tF decoupling capacitor should be included for every 16 devices on the 4-12-V supply, and also where the — 5-V supply comes onto the board.

Do not take decoupling lightly! Dynamic RAMs switch a lot of current around at radio frequencies. Therefore, noise is going to be a big problem. Ideally, the bus drivers should be in the center of the memory array if possible; this will keep the length of the leads as short as possible, minimizing the transmission-line effect.

Onward

What do you do if you don't have a Z80? Dynamic-memory interfacing is still possible using the methods just described, but some extra hardware and thinking are involved. Several semiconductor manufacturers are now coming out with dynamic-memory controllers. These devices provide many or all of the needed signals, and some can control up to 128K bytes of memory. Intel's 3242 can be used as the multiplexer and also contains a refresh counter; Intel has a device called the 8202 that also handles most of the necessities for dynamic memory. As you might expect, however, the cost is extremely high compared to what you can do on your own. If you want hidden refresh, you must find or create a

"hole" in your processor's bus accesses (the 6800 and 6502 microprocessors have no such holes).

Fortunately, the 8085 has a good instruction set and even leaves a hole in its op-code fetch just like the Z80: no external operation is being performed during the fourth clock cycle of a fetch. Using a counter, you could watch the status lines for a fetch and count the number of cycles until it's time to start refresh.

The best method for the 6800 and

6502 (it could also work for the 8085) is "burst-mode" refresh: refreshing all the rows one at a time in a short period. Usually, this is done with a counter or timer, such as a 555, that times out about every 1.47 ms, then puts the processor on hold. You then clock the refresh counter and the RAS signal until all 128 rows are recharged. This slows down your system throughput somewhat, but it's easier to do than trying to find a hole in the timing. ■

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SEE OUR AD ON FACING PAGE

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 385

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© 1982 Redgate Publishing Company

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With LISTf you'll be able to reach business and professional people at a critical point in the purchase cycle—before they've bought their hardware.

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BYTE December 1982

387

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BYTE December 1982

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

Book Reviews

8080/Z80

Assembly

Language:

Techniques for

Improved

Programming

Alan R. Miller

John Wiley & Sons Inc.

New York, 1981

318 pages, softcover

S9.95

Reviewed by

Philip E. Bond

27 Sharon Dr.

Spring Valley, NY 10977

If you've ever been faced with customizing the BIOS on your CP/M system, you've participated in what I'd call a "learning experience." And if you want that experience to be successful, a good reference text is crucial. When I started tinkering with the BIOS, Alan Miller's 8080/Z80 Assembly Language became my guide to assembly-language programming and its relationship to CP/M.

While the author only briefly discusses the fundamentals of assembly language and input and output transfers, he does provide several clear examples of each element of hardware and software. Miller makes specific references to typical 8080/Z80 microprocessors as well as to CP/M. He explains the development

of a CP/M-compatible system monitor in great detail. Beginning with the most basic functions, he shows how to write and debug a useful monitor that uses fewer than IK bytes and will fit into common PROMs. By the time you finish this section of the book, you should be able to make a custom monitor if the standard one doesn't suit you.

The information in chapter 10 alone is worth the purchase price of the book. Under the heading "Linking Programs to the CP/M Operating System," Miller discusses key elements for customizing the BIOS and explains how to implement IOBYTE. In addition, he provides one routine that gives you access to any memory location and another to list ASCII disk files with date and time.

In keeping with its purpose as a reference text, the book's ten appendixes include the ASCII character set, 8080 and Z80 instructions and a crossreference, and an explanatory list of abbreviations and acronyms.

8080/Z80 Assembly Language fills in information other reference materials— including Digital's—leave out. The author states that the subject of his book is not the use of CP/M, but anyone thinking of implementing CP/M would do well to look here for methods and answers.■

BYTE's Bugs

Address Correction

The address given for Apparat, the supplier of NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 as presented in our review (BYTE June 1982, page 376) is

incorrect. The correct address is Apparat Inc., 4401 South Tamarac Parkway, Denver, CO 80237.■

from Mateo Data Products

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with 150 nsec CMOS RAMS plus a 1 year limited warranty,

and owner's manual.

PRICES:

64K $475.00

48K (Partially loaded) 410.00

32K (Partially loaded) 328.00

A&T Board (Less RAM) 200.00

Distributed by:

Manufacturing and Test Company, Inc.

427 Perrymont, San Jose, CA 95125 (408)998-1655

Circle 515 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 389

Product Description

The Lobo Max-80

Tim Daneliuk

T&R Communications Associates

4927 North Rockwell St.

Chicago, IL 60625

Lobo Drives International has a recipe for a successful microcomputer system: Take a "vanilla" 64K-byte Z80-based CP/M system, add every popular disk interface, throw in a parallel printer port and a couple of serial ports, provide TRS-80 emulation through the powerful LDOS operating system, call the machine the Max-80, then offer to sell the entire package for about $1000.

I got a prototype of the Max-80, which gave me a chance to use it as a CP/M system and experiment with some of its many features. I was not able to use the TRS-80 emulation, however, because some of the software was still being developed. Still, after spending many hours with this microcomputer system, I am impressed!

Primary Features

The Max-80 is housed in a compact keyboard unit (see photo 1) with a metal baseplate and a Norell plastic top. The concave keyboard has a comfortable feel, 75 keys, and enough space below the keys to rest your palms. A numeric keypad, arrow keys, and individual Control and Escape keys round out the keyboard package. The keyboard can generate the full ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set.

About the Author

Tim Daneliuk is an electrical engineer involved in research and product development for the medical electronics industry. T&R Communications Associates is a company he founded to provide technical writing and consulting services for the electronics industry.

At a Glance

Product

Lobo Max-80

Manufacturer

Lobo Drives International 354 South Fairview Goleta. CA 931 17 (805) 683-1576

Price

Max-80 with CP/M, S820

high-resolution green-screen monitor, S175

LDOS option, S69 with system purchase; SI29 separately

second bank of 64K memory, S95. All prices include shipping.

Features

5/4- and 8-inch floppy-disk interface, hard-disk interface, two serial ports, TRS-80-type bus. parallel printer port, and 64K memory. Runs with a 5-MHz Z80 processor and comes with battery-backed real-time clock.

Audience

General hobby and business users

Lobo has a reputation for building excellent quality hardware. The Max-80 is clear evidence of that reputation, as well as indicative of the firm's experience in interfacing peripherals. On the back panel, you will find all of the interface card edges and DB-25 connectors for the RS-232C port. The Max-80 is equipped with a DIP (dualinline package) switch that lets you select which drive is used to boot the system. Standard interfaces for 5Yt- and 8-inch floppy-disk drives are provided as well as a SASI

390 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

-l^JJJJlJlijm-.

MAKHII

tCDlu*

Photo 1: The Max-80 from Lobo Drives International is a 64K-byte computer system offering both CP/M and LDOS. It costs about $1000.

(Shugart Associates Standard Interface) for a hard disk. Both single- and double-density and single- and doublesided disk operations are supported. In addition, you are provided with two RS-232C ports, a parallel Centronicscompatible printer port, and a buffered TRS-80 Model 1-type expansion bus.

The heart of the Max-80 is a 5-MHz Z80 processor. This extra bit of clock speed, as opposed to the usual 4 MHz, ensures reliable data transfer when using fast double-density 8-inch floppy disks and hard-disk systems. If you have been using the TRS-80, the increased speed is clearly evident. The video scrolling on the Max-80 is so rapid that one of the four function keys comes preprogrammed to slow the scroll rate so as to make the display readable. A real-time clock with a battery backup is built into this computer (the battery backup is a long overdue standard feature for microcomputers). You can remove the primary power from the Max-80 for more than 50 days and the clock/calendar will remain accurate.

The I/O (input/output) sections of this machine are similar to the memory-mapped I/O of the TRS-80 Model I. Under software control, the 4K-byte I/O space moves into high memory for CP/M and into low memory for LDOS. This permits the Max-80 to offer both 56K-byte CP/M operation and true TRSDOS (TRS-80) compatibility. Taken together, these two operating systems provide the majority of current 8-bit software. This compatibility may make the Max-80 the best supported 8-bit machine.

This microcomputer outputs a standard compositevideo signal, and the display is designed to be used with either CP/M or LDOS. Under CP/M, the display format is 24 lines by 80 columns, while under LDOS it is 16 lines by 64 columns. For each operating system, a low-resolution mode is available, making the display 24 lines by 40 columns with CP/M and 16 lines by 32 columns with LDOS. The video circuitry is synchronized to the clock, and the video twinkling that plagued the TRS-80 is noticeably absent. Each video character is programmable, so you can display a variety of fonts and sizes. Lobo also provides an 18-MHz, high-resolution greenphosphor monochromatic monitor for use with the Max-80. The monitor's dot resolution and clarity are excellent, and a low-reflection nylon-mesh screen cover reduces the glare from ambient light. Because the video display is a separate unit, you can position it for the most comfortable viewing.

Inside the Max-80, you will find two main printedcircuit boards constructed of double-sided fiberglass with plated-through holes. The bottom board is mounted on the metal base and contains the majority of the processor and interface electronics. The top board is mounted on the Norell cover and connects the keyboard, the printer interface, and the hard-disk interface to the rest of the system. The easily accessible electronics should please the hardware enthusiast. Each main piece of electronics can be removed without having to desolder anything.

Perhaps one of the nicest aspects of the Max-80 hardware is that everything is contained in one compact unit. The typical cable tangle is greatly reduced because you simply connect the power, the video display, and the disk-storage system to the back panel of the machine.

Selling Points

Its ability to run both the CP/M and LDOS operating systems gives the Max-80 a degree of software portability that, when combined with its low cost, makes it an excellent system for the novice, the hobbyist, and the smallbusiness user.

Lobo intends to market the Max-80 directly rather than through a dealer network, and the system's low cost is a result of this decision. Having experienced both local dealer support and Lobo's mail-order marketing, I believe that consumers will benefit the most from this approach. The support people at Lobo are knowledgeable, experienced, and consistently more helpful than the dealers I have encountered. The only negative aspect of Lobo's marketing approach is the inevitable delay between ordering and receiving. However, the cost savings are your compensation for the wait.

In my opinion, the Max-80 will be a big seller for Lobo. Although most of the microcomputing press touts the new 16-bit machines, the vast majority of applications software resides in the 8-bit world. Rather than introduce a product based on the newest technology, Lobo gives us a functional, cost-effective product developed from a combination of mature hardware and software. ■

December 19S2 © BYTE Publications I.ic 391

Software Review

Multidos

A New TRS-80 Disk Operating System

Rowland Archer Flint Ridge Apartment 59 Hillsborough, NC 27278

Something about the Radio Shack TRS-80 microcomputer seems to inspire people to write disk operating systems for it. A DOS, of course, is a collection of programs responsible for managing other programs and data stored on floppy disks. And judging by the ads I've seen, there seem to be more DOSes for the TRS-80 Models I and III than for any other microcomputer.

Multidos, from Cosmopolitan Electronics Corporation, is the latest candidate to vie for a share of the TRS-80 Model I/III DOS market. It was written by Vernon Hester, the author of an earlier TRS-80 DOS called Ultrados, and is a good value for its price.

Product Overview

Multidos is actually a package of several useful programs, but the most outstanding component of this package is the DOS itself.

The name Multidos refers to the ability of the system to read, write, and copy both single- and double-density disks created by other popular TRS-80 DOSes, a list of which is shown in table 1. It certainly is an impressive programming feat, but the fact that it is needed at all is a sad commentary on the incompatibility of these systems.

I tested the ability of Multidos to read and write disks created by all the Model I/III operating systems listed in table 1 except for DOSPLUS, which I do not own. In all instances it performed as claimed. Unfortunately, the reverse is not necessarily true; other operating systems are not always able to access a Multidos disk.

Also, there is some danger in the careless use of Multidos's ability to read and write disks created by "foreign" disk operating systems. This happens because it is impossible to predict what other DOS authors will do

in the future. The fact that Multidos can read and write disks created by the current version of XYZ DOS is no guarantee that it will be able to handle disks created by the next version. This is not a fault of Multidos; it is just that the new version of a disk operating system may store data differently than the previous version did.

As an illustration of this, my copy of Multidos crashed while attempting to read the directory of a TRSDOS 2.3B disk. (TRSDOS 2.3B is a new version of TRSDOS that Radio Shack is distributing only with its Compiler BASIC, COBOL, and Series I editor/assembler packages.) I asked Hester about this problem, but he indicated that he had not heard of TRSDOS 2.3B.

The bottom line is that you should never use Multidos to read or write a disk created by a DOS that is not specifically mentioned in the Multidos manual as compatible.

For TRS-80 Model I users, a special hardware attachment is still needed in order to use double-density disks. This hardware is usually in the form of an add-on board for the expansion interface unit. Such products are available from:

• Aerocomp (POB 24829, Dallas, TX 75224)

• LNW Research (2630 Walnut, Tustin, CA 92680)

• Percom Data (11220 Pagemill Rd., Dallas, TX 75243)

All these modifications are compatible with Multidos.

[Editor's Note: Recently, Radio Shack released its own version of a Model I double-density add-on board. Vernon Hester informs us that the current version of Multidos has been modified so that it will be compatible with this new enhancement. . . .R. M.l

392 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

DBLDOS from Percom Data Company DOSPLUS from Micro Systems Software

(single- and double-density, Model I and III) LDOS from Logical Systems Inc.

(single- and double-density, Model I and III) NEWDOS 2.1 from Apparat NEWDOS/80 Version 1.0 from Apparat

(single- and as patched for double-density;

maximum 2-granule directory) NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 from Apparat

(read and write single-density, read only double-density) TRSDOS from Radio Shack

(Model I only) Ultrados from Level IV Products VTOS from Virtual Technology

(single- and as patched for double-density)

Table 1: Multidos can read, write, and copy disks created by any of these TRS-80 disk operating systems.

Multidos also includes two versions of Disk BASIC (one has some very powerful debugging features—the best I've ever seen), a disk-based editor/assembler for creating assembly-language programs, and several utility programs. Table 2 lists the files that come on a Multidos disk.

File

Size

grans)

Description

BACKUP/CMD

3

Disk-backup utility

BASIC/CM D

4

SUPERBASIC

BBASIC/CMD

5

SUPERBASICplus BOSS

COPY/CM D

1

File-copy utility

CREF/SYS

1

BASIC cross-reference utility

DIR/SYS

2

Disk directory

DOS/SYS

3

Multidos kernel

DOS0/SYS

through

DOS7/SYS

12

Multidos overlays

EA/CMD

7

Disk-based Z80 editor/assembler

EDIT/SYS

1

BASIC program global editor

ERROR/SYS

1

Error messages

FORMAT/CMD

3

Disk formatter

GR/CMD

1

Graphics keyboard driver

HELP/CMD

4

Help command processor

RENUM/SYS

1

BASIC program-renumber utility

RS/CMD

1

RAM Scan memory-search utility

SKIP/CMD

1

Read 40-track disk from 80-track drive

SPOOL/CMD

1

Line-printer spooler utility

VFU/CMD

2

File copy, purge utility

Table 2: A list

of th

e files

contained on the Multidos disk.

The size of each file

is measured in grans, where one gran

equals five 256

byte

sectors or 1280 bytes. Total size is 54

grans or 69K bytes.

Features

Although Cosmopolitan Electronics is stressing the "multi-DOS" read/write ability in its advertising, the system has many other noteworthy capabilities. Table 3 lists some features of Multidos that are not found in TRSDOS 2.3. My favorites include:

• Automatic recognition of disk density (single or double), type, and track count. For example, to copy a file from a double-density LDOS disk in drive 1 to a Multidos disk in drive 0, just load the disks and execute the COPY command—you don't have to indicate in any way that the disk in drive 1 is an LDOS or double-density disk.

• By pressing the : and ; keys simultaneously, you enter the "Mighty Multi" command processor. Mighty Multi lets you view disk directories and kill, list, and copy files. When you are through, you can return to the program that you were previously running with nothing changed. Mighty Multi can be accessed from most programs, as long as they use the standard keyboard routines and leave all the interrupts enabled. Unfortunately, this does not include Radio Shack's Scripsit word processor, which uses its own keyboard driver.

• By typing HELP followed by the name of a Multidos command, you get a brief message telling how to use that command. There is usually enough information to jog your memory—assuming you have read the manual.

Multiple DOS commands can be entered on a single line, and the last DOS command can be repeated by pressing ENTER.

The FORMAT command can format a disk in either single-, double-, or Percom-density. Percom-density, of course, is used by Percom Data's DBLDOS. Although Multidos can create and access disks in any of these formats, the BACKUP command cannot back up a disk in one density to a disk in a different density. However, you can use the Versatile File Utility (VFU, which will be described later) to copy all the files from any density disk to any other density disk, as long as a Multidos disk is in drive 0.

Because of this restriction on the BACKUP command, you cannot create a new Multidos system disk at a different density than the one you bought. You could copy all the files using VFU, but the new disk would not work as a system disk. Multidos expects system files to be in particular places, and VFU doesn't copy the files into these exact places. Cosmopolitan Electronics handles this by letting you purchase additional copies of Multidos, in the density of your choice, for $15 each.

The Editor/Assembler

Radio Shack's original tape-based editor/assembler program for writing assembly-language programs was modified for disk by Apparat. It has now been modified once more by Hester and is included with Multidos. Most of the commands added by Hester, however, are redundant to features available under the Mighty Multi DOS feature described earlier. One new feature, however, allows you to run the editor/assembler after an accidental exit and to recover whatever was in the text buffer.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 393

Command

Description

Command

Description

JKL

Simultaneous pressing of J, K, and L keys

DIR

Displays disk directory in alphabetical order.

causes contents of screen to be sent to

Options to send directory to printer and to list

printer. The Break key will terminate JKL.

killed files.

Graphics characters are converted to periods.

DO

Reads a disk file and executes the commands

HJK

Like JKL, but also sends graphics characters

in it as if they were typed at the keyboard.

to printer.

FORMS

Sets number of columns per line and number

',

Pressing : and ; simultaneously enters Mighty

of lines per page for printout.

Multi command mode.

FREE

Shows total free space on all disks, as well as

AUTO

Allows specification of one or more commands

individual statistics.

to be executed when a disk is booted. TRSDOS

HASH

Gives the hash code of a file name. See text

allows only one.

for description.

BOOT

Reboots the computer as if the Reset button had been pressed.

KEYBRD

Sets attributes of keyboard: lowercase, blinking

cursor, automatically repeating keys, graphics

BREAK

Enables or disables the Break key.

codes, and cursor character. Enables or

BUILD

Creates a file of commands to be executed by

disables the Clear key.

DO (below).

LINK

Everything sent to the screen is sent to the

CLEAR

Sets all bytes in nonprotected RAM from hexa

printer as well, or vice versa.

decimal address 5200 to TOPMEM to 0.

LOAD

Allows loading files as low as hexadecimal

TOPMEM is the address pointed at by the con

address 5200.

tents of hexadecimal address 4049.

ROUTE

Sends everything to the screen instead of the

CONFIG

Sets the default disk-drive parameters to be

printer, or vice versa.

used when the system is booted. Parameters are single- or double-density and track-to-track head-stepping rate. Multidos automatically

SKIP

Allows a 40-track disk to be read on an 80-track drive.

distinguishes single- and double-density disks,

TOPMEM

Sets or displays protected memory pointer.

no matter what the setting of CONFIG is.

DEAD

Reboots the computer as if power had been turned on.

Table 3: Some

significant features of Multidos that are not found in TRSDOS 2.3.

Note that the only parts of the editor/assembler that are mentioned in the documentation are the enhancements that Hester made. The manual states that you will need to purchase Radio Shack's original Model I tapebased editor/assembler to obtain the complete documentation. Unfortunately, this program is becoming increasingly difficult to find, as it has been replaced with Radio Shack's new Series 1 editor/assembler.

By the way, the Multidos manual inadvertently left out the commands to load and save assembler source code using the editor/assembler. I contacted Hester and he supplied them as follows:

L D= filespec

L T = filespec

W D = filespec

W T = filespec

Load source file from disk Load source file from tape Write source file to disk Write source file to tape

Utilities

The Versatile File Utility lets you copy and purge disk files. First, a menu of files is displayed, containing the disk's directory in alphabetical order. You then move a cursor around, marking files to be copied or deleted. When you have finished, the specified action is performed on all the marked files. VFU's menu orientation makes it easy to use, and it is a good user interface.

VFU lets you execute any machine-language or BASIC program on the disk from the disk-directory display. It will also send a copy of the disk directory to your printer in a format that fits neatly inside (or onto) the disk jacket.

Another utility included with Multidos is called RAM Scan. It allows you to search any portion of RAM (random-access read/write memory) for a byte or word of your choice. What makes RAM Scan unique is that you can tell it to search for the specific Z80 machinelanguage instructions that reference the word of your choice.

GR is a graphics keyboard driver that lets you enter all the standard TRS-80 graphics characters directly from the keyboard.

A SPOOL utility lets you set aside any amount of memory to be used as a buffer for output to the printer. Hester, by the way, claims that SPOOL stands for "simultaneous peripheral operation on-line." By using the SPOOL command, your relatively fast computer doesn't have to wait for your relatively slow printer. Anything that would normally go to the printer, via an LPRINT or LLIST command from BASIC, will be put into the memory buffer that you set aside with the SPOOL command. SPOOL will "feed" your printer with characters from this buffer at a steady rate while your computer does other work at the same time.

394 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

At a Glance

Name

Software Format

Multidos

Available in single-, double-.

and Percom-density for

Type

Model 1, double-density only

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 1

for Model III

and III disk operating system

with enhanced Disk BASIC

Computer

and an editor/assembler

TRS-80 Model 1 or III. 16K

bytes of RAM (32K for some

Author

functions), one to four disk

Vernon B. Hester

drives; double-density on

Model 1 requires additional

Distributor

hardware

Cosmopolitan Electronics

Corporation

Documentation

POB 234

66 pages, offset printed in a

Plymouth. Ml 48170

3-ring binder; table of con

|313] 397-3126

tents, but no index; ade

quate for technically oriented

Price

users, but difficult for begin

One 5-inch floppy disk and

ners

manual: S79.95 (plus S2.50

postage and handling)

Audience

Programmers in need of a

Software

disk operating system that

Includes disk operating

can read, write, and copy

system, Disk BASIC.

files from disks created by

editor/assembler, and several

popular TRS-80 DOSes; also,

utilities

programmers in need of a

superior BASIC program

development environment

Unfortunately, the SPOOL command will not work with a serial printer. It sends its output directly to the parallel printer port instead of calling the standard ROM (read-only memory) routine that is used to access alternate printer drivers.

Disk BASIC

Multidos comes with two versions of Disk BASIC. The production BASIC is called SUPERBASIC and includes all the features of Radio Shack's Disk BASIC plus many extensions. Table 4 lists some of these new features not included in TRS-80 Disk BASIC.

The second version is called BBASIC; it consists of SUPERBASIC plus BOSS, a very nice program-development and debugging tool. BOSS, which is also written by Hester, has been offered for some time as a separate product. Table 5 lists BBASIC's single-stepping and tracing commands. They are by far the most comprehensive and powerful I have seen. I suggest looking over tables 4 and 5 carefully; the features of SUPERBASIC and BBASIC could by themselves justify most of the cost of this package.

I have developed a substantial amount of code under SUPERBASIC and have found the following features very useful:

• A command, Pn, that prints a page of BASIC text on the screen starting at line number n. If P is again typed, the next page after this page is printed.

Command

Description

BASIC !

Enters SUPERBASIC and leaves intact a BASIC program loaded under an alien operating system.

BASIC #

Enters SUPERBASIC and leaves intact a program loaded under Level II BASIC. Level II must have been entered by typing CMD "X."

, (comma)

1

Shift t

t

. (period)

1

Shift 1

Edits the current line. Lists the "BREAK in" line. Lists first,

previous,

current,

next, and

last program lines.

P

D R C

Lists a page of BASIC text from current or specified line. Deletes current line. Runs BASIC program. Continues execution of program.

CMD "C"

Deletes unnecessary spaces and linefeeds from BASIC program.

CMD "K"

Zeros out all elements of an array.

CMD "L"

Deletes an array and frees up memory.

CMD "M"

Moves a BASIC program line.

CMD "N"

Duplicates a BASIC program line.

CMD "0"

Allocates a new disk file buffer, in addition to the number specified when BASIC was entered. Defined functions, READ strings, and strings assigned directly in the program, e.g., A$ = "XYZ", are not retained.

CMD "Q"

Fast sort of a string array.

CMD "V"

Lists all active scalar variables.

CMD "X"

Transfer to Level II BASIC, leaving program in memory intact.

CMD DOS command

Goes to DOS, executes DOS command, then returns to BASIC.

F string

Finds all occurrences of string in a BASIC program.

- (hyphen)

Invokes global editor (see text).

; target

Program cross-reference; target may be a variable, line number, or constant. ";" with no target lists next line containing last target.

:A,B,C,D

Renumbers BASIC program. New first line number is A, increment is B. Starts renumbering at existing line C, ends at existing line D.

NAME file

Chaining function. Loads and runs BASIC program file, keeping current variables intact, except as noted under CMD "0."

Table 4: Some significant features of Multidos SUPERBASIC that are not found in Radio Shack BASIC.

• A fast program-line renumbering command. One drawback is that it cannot move a block of lines.

• A fast program cross-reference command that finds all references to a line number, constant, program variable, or BASIC keyword, and lists them on the screen or the printer.

• Commands to move or duplicate a program line. References to the moved line are not renumbered.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

395

Command Description

@1 Turns off all trace functions.

@2 Starts writing BASIC line numbers as they are

executed in upper right-hand corner of screen. Always displays last four numbers executed.

@3 Sends line-number trace to printer.

@4 Turns off single-step functions.

@5 Single-steps to end of current BASIC line and

waits.

@6 Single-steps one BASIC instruction and waits.

@7 Single-steps one BASIC instruction, pauses for

specified time, and continues.

@N Specifies program variables for review by @0

command. Nested expressions are allowed, e.g., X(Y,Z).

@0 Shows current values of program variables

entered under @N command.

Table 5: A summary ofcommands in Multidos BOSS BASIC (BBASIC) for tracing BASIC programs, executing programs by single steps, and examining variables at different points during execution. Using POKE commands, you can set breakpoints anywhere in a BASIC program to invoke the @l-@7 commands.

• A FIND command that searches a program for any string of characters—even REM statements are searched.

• A global program editor that lets you split and merge adjacent program lines, selectively change variable names and BASIC keywords, and build packed graphics strings automatically. For example, you could change all occurrences of the variable X to Y, all occurrences of PRINT to LPRINT, etc.

The global program editor is very useful, but it is dif

ficult to remember the format of the commands. The editor prompts you with a terse "T = " (T stands for Target). You must respond with, for example, " —" to split a line, "/" to merge lines, and so on. I found it necessary to have the manual very close at hand while using the global editor.

A feature that I have not seen anywhere else allows you to go back and forth between Disk BASIC and Level II BASIC without dumping your program to cassette. This is great for testing programs developed under Disk BASIC to see if they will run under Level II.

Another good feature is the fact that SUPERBASIC leaves you with 40,036 bytes of free memory in a 48K-byte machine, more than any other Disk BASIC I have seen. This is especially impressive considering the fact that SUPERBASIC is so feature-packed.

Performance

One of the claims made for Multidos is that it has the fastest COPY and BACKUP commands of any TRS-80 DOS. In practice, these commands do seem quite responsive and at least as fast as those of any other DOS I have used.

While running the BACKUP command, however, I was concerned because the usual "Verifying track ..." message does not appear as tracks are copied from one disk to another. Was Multidos getting some of its speed by skipping the verification step of disk backup?

Hester confirmed that Multidos does indeed skip this step. He stated that it is an unnecessary step because the disk surface is checked when it is formatted. He said that once the disk is spinning at the correct speed, writing to properly formatted tracks should be error-free. To be sure that the correct speed is attained, Multidos always waits a full second after turning the disk drive motor on before it starts to write.

Hester also said that BACKUP commands in other

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396 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

TRS-80 DOSes do not perform a true byte-for-byte comparison of what was read from one disk and what was written to the other; instead, they do only a test for checksum errors. A checksum is a single byte computed by adding all the bytes written to a disk sector. It is written to the disk with the data, and can be compared to the checksum computed when the sector is read back. If the checksums do not match, what is on the disk does not match what is supposed to be written there.

I have never had a problem with disks backed up by Multidos, although most such errors would probably go undetected for a long time anyway. However, I must admit to an uneasy feeling when using the BACKUP command without the verification step. Why would disk controller manufacturers bother to include checksum computation in their hardware if writing to disk was so errorfree?

Documentation

The Multidos manual is basically adequate, but it gets sketchy in places. For example, the description of a HASH command contains no discussion of what a hash code is or why you would want to compute one. In case you are wondering, a file's hash code is computed from the characters in its file name, and it is used to speed up the directory search when a file is opened. You would need to compute a hash code only if you were using a disk editor to examine or modify a directory.

In most cases, though, the manual gives you enough information to use the commands if you're willing to do some occasional experimentation. If you have experience with other TRS-80 DOSes, you will find the most frequently used commands familiar enough. But if this is your first DOS and you are not an experienced programmer, you may have some difficulty. The manual uses technical terms quite freely; it reads like it was written by a programmer, not a writer.

A nice touch is the use of different colored paper for the major sections of the manual, an aid in locating the documentation for particular commands. A not-so-nice feature is that although the manual comes in a 3-ring binder, the rings are too small to allow the pages to be easily turned.

Problems

While evaluating Multidos, I ran across several problems that I will now describe. Problems like these, of course, are not uncommon in newly released software products.

I occasionally get a "Drive Not Available" error when I access a disk drive that is in fact available. Hester thinks that this is due to my high-speed clock modification. This may be the case, but I have not noticed this behavior with any other DOS.

In SUPERBASIC, after editing a line that begins with a blank, the next command typed—no matter what it is—results in a "Syntax Error." Hester says that this is due to a ROM error, but this problem is not exhibited by other DOSes.

The TIME and DATE commands accept invalid input; e.g., you can set the time to be 99:99:99 with impunity.

As you can see, these are not major problems, merely annoyances. Fortunately, Hester appears to be interested in fixing the problems and supporting his operating system. He assured me that upgrades will be available at "reasonable prices."

Conclusions

Multidos provides a lot of value for the money. It gives you an opportunity to enjoy a full-featured DOS at a bargain price. Although some aspects of Multidos have the flavor of a "basement enterprise" production, such as occasional misspellings in system messages, the system as a whole seems to stand up well under heavy use.

For those who already own two or more TRS-80 DOSes, Multidos provides a bridge when moving files back and forth between disks created by these systems. Also, if you're planning to buy a disk-based editor/ assembler, you could buy Multidos for the same price and get much more. (But take note of my earlier comment about the editor/assembler documentation.)

Finally, SUPERBASIC provides an excellent programdevelopment environment. Global editing, crossreferencing, renumbering, single-stepping or variable speed execution with trace, breakpoint setting, and program variable review are great features that make programming in BASIC considerably more productive.■

Call

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Minimum order S10Q Cashiers checks and money orders accepted Add 3% lor VISA or MC Add 3% lor stiippmg/insurance'handlinij. UPS No COD. Prices subject to change Call to verily Order hours 9-6 PST. Mon-Fri Personal checks allow 20 days to clear Alt products with lull manufacturer s warranly, laclory scaled Calif residents add 6% sales la> Bank wires IPO's accented Retail prices may vary

Apple is 3 registered trademark ol Apple Computer tnc All brand names arc registered trademarks

PRINTERS & INTERFACES

NEC 8023

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Okidata Microline

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Anadex Products

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Micro Buffer tl

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Circle 96 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 397

System Notes

■

GRPRINT: An Apple Utility Program for Dot-Matrix Printers

Douglass R. Arnott

Computers of Woodbury

Valley Creek Mall

Woodbury, MN 55125

With the introduction of numerous dot-matrix printers with graphics capabilities, many Apple II owners have envisioned using such a printer to create the high-resolution graphics screens on paper. For those of you who have gotten bogged down with the Apple's high-resolution screen-addressing technique while attempting to write a program to print the graphics high-resolution screen, or are unfamiliar with assembly-language programming, the GRPRINT program is for you.

Figurel: Output from the HOLE program. It was produced with the Paper Tiger 445G printer.

One feature of this program is that it is invisible to Applesoft without any use of the LOMEM command. GRPRINT (see listings 1 and 2) fits into the page of memory reserved for machine-language programs, hexadecimal 300 through 3FF. Therefore, Applesoft will not write on top of GRPRINT. Any exisitng Applesoft graphics program can take advantage of GRPRINT by using a DOS BLOAD command within the program, four POKE statements to set parameters, and a CALL statement. Listing 3 (see page 402) includes a sample GRPRINT program that shows you how GRPRINT can be used under program control. (Also see figure 1.)

GRPRINT was written specifically for an Apple II Plus with disks, interfaced to an IDS (Integral Data Systems) Paper Tiger 445G or Epson MX-80/70. The method employed in GRPRINT is general enough for most dotmatrix printers. However, some modifications may be necessary to the instructions sent to the printer for turning on and off the graphics modes and to the program indexes if the number of needles in the print head used in the graphics mode is different from those employed by the Pager Tiger or Epson.

The Apple II represents each dot on the high-resolution screen as a bit of data organized as 7 bits of a byte oriented along the horizontal axis of the screen. Most printer graphics are represented as 6 bits of a byte arranged along a vertical axis with each bit representing a printed dot. GRPRINT merely reconstructs the Apple's bytes bit by bit so that they are positioned along the vertical axis of the screen and compatible with the printer.

398 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: GRPR1NT graphics utility program configured for use with an Apple 11 Plus computer and Integral Data Systems' Paper Tiger 445G printer.

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAHE IS GRPRINT/IDS.QBJQ

03G5! 2 ORG $305

O3055 3 tJfcKWKW******************^^

0305! 4 * S/R GRPRINT - TO LOAD UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL IN BASIC YOU MUST INCLUDE *

0305! 5 * THESE LINES *

O305! 6 * 10 D*=CHR$(4) *

O3055 7 * 20 PRINT D$("BL0AD GRPRINT.OBJO" *

0305! 8 * OTHERWISE JUST BLOAD GRPRINT,OBJO *

03G55 9 * THEN DO A CALL 779 TO INITIATE S/R *

0305? io m*n*mM'*******M^^^

03051 11 * THE FOLLOWING POKES MUST BE SET *

0305! 12 # POKE.768.S S=STARTING LINE # 0-160 FOR SCR1 + 0-192 SCR2 *

O305I 13 * POKE 769,F F=FINISH LINE WHERE VALUES ARE SAME AS ABOVE *

O3055 14 * POKE 771,C C=CHAR/INCH (28=LRG» 29=MED, 30=SMLL) *

O305t 15 * POKE 772t? P=0 FOR SCR1 AND P=l FOR SCR2

O3055 16 **#**#*#3|[#*3W**#*###3m#***^

03QO! 17 STRTL EQU $300

03012 18 FINL EQU $301

O302! 19 LINE EQU $302

03031 20 CHAR EQU $303

03045 21 SCREEN EQU $304 (0=SCREEN

001A? 22 PTR EQU $1A

FDED; 23 COUT EQU $FDED

COOO! 24 KBD EQU $C000

COlO: 25 CKBDS EQU $C010

0305100 00 00 26 BUFR DFB $00,$00,$00,$00»*00»*00

0308*00 00 00

030BJA9 80 27 LDA #$80 (DISABLE APPLE

030B18B 7A 04 28 3TA $47A (VIDEO

O310:A9 11 29 LDA *$11 (SELECT PRINTER

0312:20 ED FD 30 JSR COUT

03151 A? OD 31 LDA *$0D 5CLEAR PRINTER BUFFER

0317220 ED FD 32 JSR COUT

031AIAD 03 03 33 LDA CHAR (SELECT CHAR INCH DENSITY

031B?.20 ED FD 34 JSR COUT

O3205A9 03 35 LDA *$03 (SET GRAPHICS

0322120 ED FD 36 JSR COUT (MODE

0325JAD 00 03 37 LDA STRTL (GET STARTING LINE *

0328:81) 02 03 38 STA LINE J AND STORE

O32BJA0 00 39 LDY *$00 J INITIALIZE

032D!A2 00 40 LDX #$00 5 INDEXES

032FJ2C 00 CO 41 L00P1 BIT KBD (KEY PRESSED ?

0332:10 07 42 BPL BYPASS {NO, BYPASS

0334:A9 84 43 LDA #$84 5YES, CHECK FOR CNTRL-D

0336: CD 00 CO 44 CMP KBD

03395FO OF 45 BEQ RESET 5 IF CNTRL-D RETURN TO CALLING PROGRAM

033BJ2C 10 CO 46 BYPASS BIT CKBDS .CLEAR KEYBD STROBE

033E:AI.:i 02 03 47 LDA LINE (START LOOP

034i:CD 01 03 48 CMP FINL (LAST LINE ?

0344190 1C 49 BCC Jl iNO,BRANCH AROUND

0346!CO 28 50 CPY #$28 5LAST COLUMN ?

03485 90 IE 51 BCC J2 (NO BRANCH AROUND

034A52C 10 CO 52 RESET BIT CKBDS (CLEAR KEYBD STROBE

034DIA9 03 53 LDA #$03 ( RETURN

O34FI20 ED FD 54 JSR COUT '.TO

0352;A9 02 55 LDA #$02 »NORMAL

0354:20 ED FD 56 JSR COUT (MODE

0357:A9 13 57 LDA #$13 '.DESELECT PRINTER

035?120 ED FD 53 JSR COUT

035C5A9 00 59 LDA #$00 (TURN ON APPLE

035E:8D 7A 04 60 STA $47A (VIDEO

036U60 61 RTS '.RETURN TO CALLING PROGRAM

03621 CO 28 62 Jl CPY #$23 (TIME TO RESET COLUMN IND?

0364190 02 63 BCC J2 (NO CONTINUE

03661AO 00 64 LDY #$00 (RESET

0368: OA 66 J2 ASL A (START OF BASE LINE HI-RES

0369: OA 67 ASL A (ALGORITHYM FROM

036A!29 1C 68 AND #$1C ("AF'PLE-II HI-RES GRAPHICS! RESOLVING THE

036CJ85 IB 69 STA F'TR+1 (RESOLUTION MYTH". BOB BISHOP. THE APPLE ORCHARD.

036E:A[i 02 03 70 LDA LINE (VOL 1. NO, 2. FALL 1930

0371I6A 71 ROR A

0372:6A 72 ROR A

0373:6A 73 ROR A

0374; 6A 74 ROR A

0375:29 03 75 AND #$03

0377105 IB 76 ORA F'TR + 1

0379109 20 77 ORA #$20

0378185 IB 78 STA F'TR+1

?D!AD 02 03 79 LDA LINE

O380J6A 80 ROR A

Listing 1 continued on page 400 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 399

Listing 1 continued:

0381! 29 EO

0333:85 1A 0385! 6 A 03865 6 A

03875 29 IB

038?: 05 1A

038BJ85 1A

038D

O390

0392

0394

0395

0397

0399

039B

039E

03A1

0 3A2

03A4

03A6

03A7

03A9

03AB

03AE

03AF

03B1

03B4

03B5

03B6

03B8

03BA

03BC

03BF

03 CO

03C1

03C3

03C5

03C6

03C7

03C9

03CB

03CE

03D1

03B2

03B4

03D6

03B7

03B8

03BA

03BC

03DE

03Ei

03E3

03E6

AD FO A5 18 69 85 Bl 9D EE E8 EO 90 C8 CO FO AD 38 E9 8D 98 48 AO A 9

Hi

5E 6A E8 EO 90 4 A 4A C9 DO 20 20 88 DO A2 68 A8 CO 90 A9 20 A9 20 4C

04 03 07

IB

20 IB 1A

05 03 02 03

06 89

28 09 02 03

06 02 03

07 00 00 05 03

06 F7

03 03

ED FD ED FB

E4 00

28

OA

03

ED FD

OB

ED FD

2F 03 i;

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

39

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

113

119

120

121

12P

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

J 3

AND STA ROR ROR AND ORA STA

•T1 * * * * "T* -T * T1 -T T T1

LDA BEQ LDA CLC ADC STA LDA STA INC INX CPX BCC INY CPY BEQ LDA SEC SBC STA TYA PHA LDY LDA LDX LSR ROR INX CPX BCC LSR LSR CMP BNE JSR JSR DEY BNE LDX PLA TAY CPY BCC LDA JSR LDA JSR J MP

J 4

J 5 J 6

J8

*$E0

PTR

A

A

*$1B

PTR

PTR

SCREEN J 3 PTR+1

*$20

PTR+1

(PTR)fY

BUFRtX LINE

\WHICH SCREEN?

!BRANCH IF SCREEN 1

(GET HIGH BYTE

J7

*$06 L00P1

#$28

J 4 LINE

*$06 LINE

*$07 #$00 #$00 BUFR>X

A

t$06 J 6

A

A

t$03

J 8

COUT

COUT

J 5 *$00

#$28

J 7

*$03

COUT

t*OB

COUT

L00P1

GRAPHICS BUFFER

rADD FOR SCREEN 2 rSTR HIGH RESULT

;get byte from hi-res fstr in process buffr ,next line !next buffr

iBUFFR FULL ?

;no get next byte

;next COLUMN

.LAST COLUMN ?

rYES JUMP AROUND

(NO RESET LINE COUNTER

iSUBTRACT

fSAVE Y

;load INDEX

(CLEAR ALL BITS !RESET INDEX

jpush BIT into CARRY

(PUSH CARRY INTO A

fACCUM BYTE FULL ?

5IF BYTE NOT FULL CONTINUE

rSHIFT OVER TWO BITS TO

JGET TO BIT 0

(CHECK TO MAKE SURE NO CONTROL CHARACTERS ARE SENT

J IF NOT BRANCH

JSEND TWICE TO CLEAR CONTROL CHARACTER

JSEND BYTE TO PRINTER

JGET NEXT BYTE FOR PRINT »RESET BUFFR INDEX

J RETRIEVE COLUMN. INDEX

»AND PUT IN Y fIF LAST COLUMN, CR

rSEND CR TO PRINTER

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

Listing 2: An alternate version of the GRPRINT graphics utility program configured for the Apple II Plus and the Epson MX-70 or MX-80 printer.

'305t

T OBJECT FILE NAiiE I

305: 305:

305: 305: 305; 305: 305:

9 10

11

12 13 14

% S/R GRP

%

* THE

* *

lb

RG

GRPRIMT/EPSONfOBJO $

FOL POK POK POK

303

- Tij LOAD UNDER PROGRAM CONTROL IN BASIC YOU MUST INCLUDE THESE LINES 10 D$-CHR*(4)

20 PRINT D$,"BLQAD GRPRINT.OBJO" OTHERWISE JUST BLOAD GRPRINT.OBJO THEN DO A CALL 781 TO INITIATE S/R

LOWING POKES MUST BE SET *

E»768»S S=STARTING LINE # 0-1.60 FOR SCR1 + 0-192 *SCR2 *

E 769»F F=FINISH LINE WHERE VALUES ARE SAME AS ABOVE *

E 772tP P=0 FOR SCR1 AND P=l FOR SCR2 *

* *

*: *

400 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 2 continued:

0 0

0 0 0 0

A9 20

A ,-i H7

20 A9

20

20

AD 8D

00

00 00

IB Fl 41 Fl 08 Fl OTi Fl OA Fl 00 02

CD FO

90

i: 0

A 9

20 6 0

r c 90 £0 A 9

00

66

03 03 03

03

A 2

1)0

4C

63

03

2C

00

CO

10

07

A 9

84

00

OF

10

02 01

17

28

2D

10

IB

Fl

41

Fl

Of

F

ft ■-> O

8 16 0 0 IB Fl 4B Fl 18 Fl 01 Fl

OA OA

OQ

n cO J

AD

6 A 6 A 6 A

1C IB

8 5

IB

AD

02

6 A

2 9

EO

85

1A

•(' i-i

v ~

6 H

1 b

rt c

1 ^

u -J

LH

D 5

1A

CO

CO

03 03

1 03

IB

16 17 18 19 20 21

23

26

i£7

30

A. o H7

OB

31

20

Fl

03

•TO

A 9

OA

33

STRTL FINL

LINE

SENSE

SCREEN

F'TR

KBD

CKBDS

BUFR

36

39 L00P1

40

41

42

43

44

45

4 6

47

48

49

BYPASS

RESET

51 50

53 54

56

c-7

58 Jl

61 62 63

64

69

71

7 n 7"j

EQU

EH IJ EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU DFB

;oi

$ $

1302 $C1C1 $304 ■IIA

$cooo

$C010

$00 ,*

JPRINTER BUS ;0=3CREEN

.INE

) 01 $ 0 0 f $ 0 0 r $ 0 01 $ 0 0 ? $ 0 01 $ 0 0

80 81

P9

y 3 84

Q-J

86

88 89 90 91

LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA STA LDX J MP BIT BPL LDA CMP BEG BIT LDA CMP BCC CPY BCC BIT LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSP PTS CPY BCC J7 LDY LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSR LDA JSR ************ J2 ASL ASL AND STA 'LDA ROR ROR ROR ROR AND OR A OR A STA LDA ROR AND STA ROR ROR AND OR A STA

*$1B COUT #$41

COUT #$08

COUT #$0D COUT #$0A

COUT

STRTL

LINE

#$00

J 7

KBD

BYPASS

#$84

KBD

RESET

CKBDS

LINE

FINL

Jl

(SET LINE SPACING (ESC A 8

!BINARY 8

5CLEAR PRINTER BUFFER

;get starting line t

sand store

(clear x index

jjmp to set bit image mode

jkey pressed ?

;no> bypass

;yes- check for cntrl-d

#$28

J2

CKBDS

#$1B

COUT

#$41

COUT

#$oc

COUT

#$28

J2

♦ $00

#$1B

COUT

*$4B

COUT

#$18

COUT

#$01

cm it ***********

A

H

#$1C

PTR+1

LINE

H

#$03

PTR + 1

#$20

PTR+1

LINE

A

#$E0

PTR

A

A

♦ $1B

F'TR

PTR

JIF } CLE

(STA

;las ?no>

* t AC

;no ;cle ;res ;to

(6 L

CNTRL-D RETURN TO AR KEYED STROBE RT LOOP T LINE ? BRANCH AROUND T COLUMN ? BRANCH AROUND AR KEYED STROBE ET LINE SPACING

INES PER INCH

CALLING PROGRAM

(RETURN TO CALLING PROGRAM (TIME TO RESET COLUMN IND? (NO CONTINUE (RESET

rPUT PRINTER IN BIT IMAGE (MODE BY SENDING ESC K 280 (WHERE 280 = # OF DOTS ACROSS

SCREEN

* * k % % % % * * * * * * * * * * * * % * * % % % * * * * * * * * * * * * * * % % * * * * * * * * *

(START OF BASE LINE HI-RES

(ALGORITHYM FROM

C'APPLE-II HI-RES GRAPHICS: RESOLVING THE

(RESOLUTION MYTH'S BOB BISHOP* THE APPLE ORCHARD?

fVOL li NO, 2» FALL. 1980

Listing 2 continued on page 402 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 401

Listing 2 continued:

Q39EJAD 04 03 93 LDA SCREEN fWHICH SCREEN?

03A1JF0 07 94 BEQ J3 »BRANCH IF SCREEN 1

Q3A3JAS IB 95 LDA PTR+1 5GET HIGH BYTE

03A5U8 96 CLC

03A6J69 20 97 ADC #$20 JADD FOR SCREEN 2

0368'.8S IB 98 STA PTR+1 JSTR HIGH RESULT

R4M:8J It *, It J3 LDA fPTR)»Y -GET BYTE FROM HI-RES GRAPHICS BUFFER

03ACJ9D 05 03 100 STA BUFR.X JSTR IN PROCESS BUFFR

03AFJEE 02 03 101 INC LINE -NEXT LINE''

03B2IE8 102 INX 5NEXT BUFFR

03B3:E0 08 103 CPX #$08 JBUFFR FULL •?

03B5590 37 104 ECC J8 ,N0 GET NEXT BYTE

03B75C8 105 INY {NEXT COLUMN

03B85CO 28 106 CPY #$28 JLAST COLUMN ?

03B6JF0 09 107 BEQ J4 iYES JUMP AROUND

03BC:AD 02 03 108 LDA LINE 5 NO RESET LINE COUNTER

03BF138 109 SEC

O3C05E9 08 110 SBC #$08 ^SUBTRACT

03C2J8D 02 03 111 STA LINE

03C5J98 112 J4 TYA JSA'JE Y

03C6U8 113 PHA

O3C7.:A0 07 114 LDY #$07 fLOAD INDEX

03C95A9 00 115 J5 LDA #$00 -CLEAR ALL BITS

03CBJA2 00 116 LDX #$00 JRESET INDEX

03CDJ5E 05 03 117 J6 LSR BUFR-X '.PUSH BIT INTO CARRY

03DOJ2A 118 POL A .PUSH CARRY INTO A

03D1IE8 119 INX

O3B2JE0 08 120 CPX #$08 JACCUM BYTE FULL ?

O3D4S90 F7 121 BCC J6 rIF BYTE NOT FULL CONTINUE

03B6*,20 Fl 03 122 JSR COUT 5SEND BYTE TO PRINTER

0309588 123 DEY

03DA:D0 ED 124 BNE J5 5GET NEXT BYTE FOR PRINT

03DCSA2 00 125 LDX #$00 »RESET BUFFR INDEX

03BEJ68 126 PLA ^RETRIEVE COLUMN INDEX

03DFJA8 127 TAY {AND PUT IN Y

O3E05CQ 28 128 CPY #$28 J IF LAST COLUMN, CR

O3E2J90 OA 129 BCC J8

03E4JA9 OD 130 LDA #$0D {SEND CR TO PRINTER

03E6520 Fl 03 131 JSR COUT

03E9JA9 OA 132 LDA *$0A {SEND LF TO PRINTER

O3EB5 20 Fl 03 133 JSR COUT

03EEJ4C 31 03 134 J8 JMP L0OP1

135 ** * * # * * * * * * * * * * * # * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * :* * * % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % * * *

03F1J 136 * S/R FOR CHARACTER OUTPUT TO SLOT 1

137 %%%%%m%%%%%t%%%m%%%%t%%t%%%t%%%%%%%%%%m%%%%%%%%m%%t%%%%%%tt%%%%%%%%%%

03F1J8D 90 CO 138 COUT STA $C090 {SEND BYTE TO CARD IN SLOT 1

03F4JAB CI CI 139 BUSY LDA SENSE {GET PRINTER STATUS

03F72C9 FE 140 CMP #$FE {STILL BUSY

03F9IF0 F9 141 BEQ BUSY !YES» CHECK AGAIN

O3FBI60 142 RTS

%%% SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

Listing 3: HOLE program. An example of how the GRPRINT program works.

100

REM HOLE

110

D$ - CHR$ (4): REM DOS 3.3 MANUAL PG.29

120

PRINT D$»"BLOAB GRPRINT.OBJO"

130

HGP. ! HCQLOR= 3

140

DEF FN X(I) = 140 + (Z t COS (I * 6,28 / 360)

150

DEF FN Y( I ) = 80 - (Z * SIN (I * 6,28 / 360))

160

FOR Z = 40 TO 30 STEP 10

170

FOR I = 0 TO 360 STEP 15

180

HPLOT 180t80

190

HPLOT TO ( FN X( I )M FN Y( I ))

200

HPLOT ( FN X(I)M FN Y( I ) ) TO ( FN X( I - 15)).

210

NEXT I

220

NEXT Z

230

POKE 768.0! POKE 769.160

240

POKE 771t301 POKE 772,0

250

CALL 779

260

END

FN Yd - 15))

402 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

To use GRPRINT, you must employ the following commands, which can be entered at the keyboard or under program control (see listing 3, lines 230 through 250):

BLOAD GRPRINT.OBJO POKE 768, STARTLINE POKE 769, FINISHLINE POKE 771, HORIZSPACE POKE 772, HSCREEN CALL 779

The POKE commands control the formatting of the output to the printer, where:

STARTLINE is the vertical line number on the screen

where GRPRINT is to start printing FINISHLINE is the vertical line number on the screen

where GRPRINT is to finish printing HORIZSPACE is 28 for a screen printout of tVi by 27/10

inches for a 280- by 192-dot screen, equal to 29 for a

screen printout of 5Vi by 2%0 inches, or equal to 30 for

a screen printout of 43/i0 by 27/10 inches HSCREEN is 0 for high-resolution screen 1 or

1 for high-resolution screen 2

Two Versions

GRPRINT for the IDS printer includes commands that put the printer in graphics mode, return it to the text mode, and refer to the number and orientation of the needles in the print head (see listing 1). Lines 27 to 36 put the IDS 445G into graphics mode, and lines 53 through 60 return the printer to text mode. The IDS 445G has six print needles available for use in the graphics mode, in which bit 0 of any byte accesses the uppermost print needle in the head. As a result, lines 26, 99, 106, 114, and 116 are printer-dependent.

In contrast, Epson MX-80 and MX-70 printers have eight print needles in their graphics mode (bit-image mode), in which bit 0 of any byte accesses the lowermost print needle in the head. Consequently, for the Epson (see listing 2), lines 24, 103, 110, 118, and 120 have indexes of 8, and line 118 is ROL A rather than ROR A. Lines 118 through 122 in listing 1 are specific to the IDS printer; they line up the byte to bit 0 (because of a six-needle head) and ensure that no control characters are sent inadvertently. These lines are not needed for Epson printers. Lines 131, 132, 133, and 134 in listing 1 send a carriage return (VTAB) to the printer and again are specific to the IDS 445G. Lines 130 through 133 in listing 2 are the equivalent codes for a carriage return for the Epson printer. Printer reference manuals will provide you with the information you need to make any necessary changes for other printers.

You may find that the Apple output routine (hexadecimal FDED) will generate some unexpected alterations to your output byte. This appears to be the case with the MX-70. Therefore, a character-output routine was added to the Epson listing to send the output bytes directly to the printer-interface card in slot 1 (see lines 135 through 142).

The HOLE program, shown in listing 3, gives an example of how to use the GRPRINT program. First BSAVE the appropriate version of the GRPRINT program onto your floppy disk, then run the HOLE program. In this example, lines 230 through 240 contain the POKE commands that control the format of the output to the IDS 445G printer. The resulting hard copy from the HOLE program is shown in figure 1. Entering a CTRL-D will stop GRPRINT and return you to the program or monitor.

The GRPRINT program is a fast, simple method for getting graphics output from your Apple II Plus and IDS Paper Tiger 445G or Epson MX-80/70 printer. ■

BYTE's Bugs

Power-Supply Diagram Error

A topological gremlin attacked Steve Ciarcia when he was preparing one of the schematic diagrams for his article "Switching Power Supplies: An Introduction" (November 1981 BYTE, page 36).

In figure 6a on page 43, the connections to the Fairchild 78S40 switching regulator ate incorrect as shown, and the diode cathode connection is missing. The corrected diagram is shown here as figure l.B

'in o

H5V0C

Rsc

0.33ft -•—vw

Figure 1

OUT +8 TO +28V

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 403

Software Review

Condor Series 20 DBMS

Jack L. Abbott

8525 North 104th Ave.

Peoria, AZ 85345

At a Glance

Name

Condor Series 20 DBMS,

level 3, version 2.09

Type

Database management system

Manufacturer

Condor Corporation POB 8318

Ann Arbor. Ml 48107 (313) 769-3988

Price

S995

Disk Formats Available

8-inch soft-sector (IBM 3740 format], almost all 5/4-inch formats

Language

Machine language

Computer Needed

Runs on 8080-family and Z80 microprocessors under the CP/M, CDOS, and MP/M-80 operating systems. Also runs on 8086 and 8088 processors under the MS-DOS and CP/M-86 operating systems. Requires 48K bytes or more of RAM , 80-column by 24-line display with clear-screen capability and addressable cursor, two disk drives with at least 300K-byte total capacity, and printer with formfeed and form-length control, preferably with 132-column print capability

Documentation

Approximately 180 pages, loose-leaf

Audience

Anyone with database needs

A typical business microcomputer user may need special-purpose programs such as inventory management, mailing lists, and appointment calendars. One general-purpose program, a database management system (DBMS), can be used to do the work of these application programs. A DBMS will accept data in the format you establish, process this data as you instruct, and output it in the report format that you designate. The reports can be tables, checks, inventory lists, receipts, etc.

Condor Series 20 DBMS is a relational DBMS developed by Condor Computer Corporation of Ann Arbor, Michigan. (For brevity, I will refer to Condor Series 20 DBMS as Condor DBMS.) It requires a Z80 microcomputer or an 8080-family microprocessor with at least 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) under the CP/M-80, CDOS, and MP/M-80 operating systems. The Condor DBMS also runs on 8086 and 8088 microprocessors under the MS-DOS and CP/M-86 operating systems. You need a 24-line by 80-column display terminal with screen-erase, line-wrap, and cursor-addressing capabilities. Two floppy-disk drives with a total capacity of at least 300K bytes of memory are needed. Hard-disk drives can be used if they are supported by the operating system. Condor requires a printer, preferably one with 132-column print capability, form feed, and form-length control.

Condor DBMS is available in three levels. Level 3 is the complete system and includes file management and transaction-processing capabilities (the ability to compare files), as well as the ability to join information from several databases. It includes a report writer and indexing, too. Level 2 offers all the above except for the report writer and the indexing capabilities, and Level 1 includes only the file management and transaction-processing capabilities. A purchaser of Level 1 can upgrade to Level 3

404 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

and will receive a credit of $245 toward the purchase of the Level 3.

The program documentation is in two sections and totals about 180 pages in length. The first section begins with an explanation of how the Condor DBMS interfaces with CP/M or MP/M operating systems and tells how to make a copy of the master disk. You use the copy, of course, for day-to-day operation. The program examples that follow include building a portion of a general ledger, establishing and maintaining an employee file, and developing a mailing-list program. The second section of the manual is an alphabetical listing of each Condor DBMS command. The material is generally well organized and the presentation clear. If you are a newcomer to computing and are going to use Condor DBMS to develop an application program similar to the examples given, you should have no difficulty. It would be helpful if examples of other types of applications were included. The document is not indexed, and it should be.

Condor is preparing new documentation that will be organized somewhat differently. A separate Installation Guide will be provided for each computer and operating system for which the software is available. Thus, a user purchasing the Condor DBMS for an IBM Personal Computer with MS-DOS would receive a manual written specifically for that configuration. This should greatly ease the burden of initial setup for the inexperienced user.

I used two different database files for program familiarization and checkout. The first is a five-record inventory of mobile homes. Each record contains all the information about one mobile home arranged in eight descriptive sections called fields. All the records taken together make up a file. Condor DBMS can have a maximum of 32,767 records per file and as many as 1024 characters (bytes) per record divided among a maximum of 127 fields. No single field can be longer than 127 alphanumeric characters (letters, spaces, and/or numbers) or 10 digits. Because database management systems sometimes perform differently under different loads, my second database file has 2,150 records of five fields each, for a total of 10,750 data items. Later in this article, I will give you the results of my tests with the larger database file.

You adapt Condor DBMS to your system by selecting one of eight commonly used display terminals from a menu. If your terminal is not listed, you can furnish the program with the appropriate ASCII characters for clearscreen and cursor-addressing functions. After you receive the program package, you must sign and return the license agreement. Condor Computer Corporation will then send you a six-digit license number. You must enter the number every time you use Condor DBMS, or the program will handle only 50 records. I don't like this feature; it is one more number that I must remember.

A Typical Application

The first step in developing the representative mobile home inventory program, named MOBINV, is to define the input data format. To load Condor DBMS, you type

in "DBMS". Next you type in the command "DEFINE MOBINV". Condor DBMS then brings up a screen that is blank except for an instruction legend at the bottom. Condor provides full-screen editing; you can move the cursor anywhere on the screen, typing in at the cursor location information like that shown in listing 1. In this example, I aligned each field label on the left margin. Later in this article, you will see an example of a different input data format generated by using this same Define command.

Next you define the attributes of each field. Condor DBMS will display each field label sequentially. You enter whether the field is alphanumeric, alphabetic, numeric, dollar, or Julian (date field). Then you type in field length. Here is an example using the first two lines of the MOBINV input data format:

1. RECORD.NUMBR: N,2, -32767,32767,"

2. STOCK.NUMBR:AN,15,0,15,"

Condor DBMS displays RECORD.NUMBR. You enter "N" for numeric, and "2" for 2 bytes in length. Condor DBMS fills out the rest of the line. The quotation marks hold the default value for each field. Because this program uses hexadecimal (base 16) numeric storage, 2 bytes give the capability of storing up to ±32,767 decimal (7FFF hexadecimal). One ASCII number requires 1 byte

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 405

Listing 1: A representation of the Condor DBMS screen display during definition of an input data format. This example defines the format for a mobile homes inventory. Condor DBMS requires placing field labels in brackets and using underscores to show the number of characters in each field.

[RECORD,NUMBR]_ Note: This ie the first action

[STOCK.MUMBR]_ " required to define the

[SUPPLIER]_ input data format. Field

[/viOUEL]_ labels are typed in

[DATE.ORD]_ brackets. Dashes are the

[DATE.RECVD] number of characters. [COST]:$_ [SALE.PRICE]:$_

Rep Mode:Ins raode(Ctl A) Abort(Ctl C) End(Ctl E) Refresh Screen(Ctl R)

Listing 2: A representation of the screen display of five records in the MOBINV database of mobile homes. Condor DBMS generated the display in response to the command LIST MOBINV BY RECNR STOCK.NUMBR SUPPLIER MODEL DATE.ORD DATE.REC COST SALE.PRICE.

RECNR STOCK.NUMBR SUPPLIER

MODEL

DATE.ORD DATE.REC COST

SALE-PRICE

1 12345S7XYZ PALM HARBOR 3BR2BA6PF [11/05/81 02/20/81 14375.CO 18OCO.0H

2 123456XY2 NASHUA 1BR15BA40I 03/02/81 04/06/81 12789.00 16G00.PO 2 23455MNB LAY'i'ON 2BR1BA40F 01/03/81 02/04/81 14000.00 18585

4 234567ABCDE AIRSTREAM 1BR1BA32F 01/06/81 03/06/81 21000.00 24000.00

5 TRW14578 SKYLINE 2BR1BA79F 04/03/81 05/08/81 24987.65 31650.00

for storage. Two hexadecimal numbers can be stored in 1 byte. The largest number Condor DBMS will handle is ±2,148,373,647 decimal. Four bytes are required to store a number of this size. For STOCK.NUMBR, you enter "AN" for alphanumeric and "15" for the maximum number of characters in the field. You define each field in this manner.

After you have defined the input data format, you use the Enter command to get a screen display like the one in listing 1 but without the brackets. You then type in the appropriate data for the five mobile homes in the inventory example. You again have full-screen edit capability available. Condor DBMS stores the entered data in a disk file.

You can display the stored MOBINV records by entering the following command:

LIST MOBINV BY RECNR STOCK.NUMBR SUPPLIER MODEL DATE.ORD DATE.REC COST SALE.PRICE

Listing 2 is a representation of the video display of the five records of the MOBINV database. In this case, I asked Condor DBMS to include all the fields in each record of MOBINV. You can specify which fields you

want displayed. If you want to print this display, Condor DBMS assumes that you have a 132-column printer and will not provide a linefeed until you reach 132 characters. If the printer has only 80 columns, printing any record over 80 characters in length will cause all characters between 80 and 132 to be overprinted at the beginning of the line. Use of the screen-format report output described later in this article will solve this problem.

Using English-like commands, you can have Condor DBMS sort the file on any field desired. You can select records by specifying logical comparisons, including less than, greater than, equals, not equal, equal or less than, and equal or more than. For example, you can ask for mobile homes received after May 1981 by entering the command SELECT MOBINV WHERE DATE.RCVD GE 06/01/81 (GE is greater than or equal to). Those units (records) meeting this criterion will be written to a Result file. You can then select all units in the Result file costing less than $25,000, for example. Again, the mobile homes meeting the selection criterion will be written in a Result file. At any point, you can cause the contents of the Result file to be displayed or printed. An example in the Condor DBMS manual shows how to select wanted names and addresses of customers from a master list. Names of those customers who have not made a purchase

406 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 3: A sample invoice generated by Condor DBMS from the database MOBINV.

COPPERSTATE MOBILE HOME SALES 1425 N. GRAND AVE. PEORIA, AZ. 85345 (602)100-3131

STOCK NUMBER 123455XYZ

MANUFACTURER NASHUA

MODEL 1BR15BA40F

SALE PRICE $ 16000.00

Listing 4: A summary of the attributes of the input data format in the database used to test Condor DBMS. "AN" after each field name stands for alphanumeric. The numbers that follow indicate the length of each field and the minimum and maximum values of the data that the field can hold.

REORDER.FLAG: AN,1,0,1 STOCK.NUMBER: AN,5,0,5 TYPE: AN,2,0,2 QUANTITY: AN,4,0,4 BASE.METAL: AN,3,0,3

Record Size (Bytes) = 16

Total Records = 2150

or been contacted within a specified time are placed in a Result file. This data is then used to print mailing labels. Mailing-label printing is limited to one label across; hence, single-label rolls must be used. This is more expensive and slower than using rolls with multiple labels across.

A similar technique can be used to print an invoice when one of the mobile homes is sold. Listing 3 shows an invoice printout example from the MOBINV database. Condor DBMS calls this type of report a screen format.

An actual inventory program would include another field in the input data format so that you could flag those units that were sold. (To flag a record, you enter a character in a field so that later the record can be selected by testing the field. A "Y" for yes would be entered in a field labeled SOLD.) In our example, I arbitrarily selected the NASHUA as the mobile home that was sold. To extract the record from the database, you type in the command:

A> > SELECT MOBINV WHERE SUPPLIER EQ NASHUA

This action tells Condor DBMS to scan the supplier field of all the records in the MOBINV database and place all records with NASHUA in the supplier field in a Result file. In the MOBINV example, there is only one such record. You can use the screen-format procedure to generate an invoice form called MINVOICE. This form might have the heading "COPPERSTATE MOBILE

HOMES" and labels like "STOCK NUMBER," "MANUFACTURER," etc. To set up a format for this form, you would use procedures similar to those that generated the display represented in listing 1. Instead of putting the field labels down the left margin, you can place them wherever you want them on the screen display, and Condor will remember their placement. You can include any other written information that you want on the form. This procedure produces a formatted-report output for invoices, checks, etc. Most database management systems use much more complex procedures for this function.

Next you might type in the command:

B> > PROJECT RESULT BY STOCK.NUMBR SUPPLIER MODEL SALE-PRICE

This command extracts the field data to print on the MINVOICE form. Then you could type the command PRINT MINVOICE to get a result like that shown in listing 3. In this instance, I changed the input-data-form field label from SUPPLIER to MANUFACTURER on the invoice form header. This report will accept field data from only one file at a time. If you want to include the name and address of the purchaser on the example invoice, then you must add data fields that include this information to the MOBINV input data format. You cannot directly select data from one file that contains the names and addresses of customers and another separate MOBINV file that contains the invoice data and combine this data to print out the invoice form.

This example shows what is possible with this kind of report output. In a real-life situation, stock forms would generally be used with printed title and header (label) information. Because changes in stock forms are often forced by circumstances, Condor's easy methods of making such changes are an important feature.

The screen format is one type of report that the Condor DBMS will generate. There are four others:

1. Columnar format—desired fields selected and printed in columns

2. Columnar format with statistics—field maximum, minimum, average, and totals are included for the selected fields

3. Summary format—includes subtotals and totals for selected fields

408 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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4. Statistical format—(see 2 above) no detailed information shown, just summaries of data for groups of records

Listing 4 is an attribute summary of the input data format for my 2150-record test database. This database is a simple vehicle for testing Condor DBMS program functions. The results will vary with different equipment and varying field lengths, record lengths, file sizes, etc. The tests are only intended to determine significant Condor DBMS features and are not extensive enough to be benchmark tests.

ASCII files generated by other programs can be transferred to or from Condor DBMS files. I generated the test file (named TESTDATA) with CBASIC and then transferred the file to Condor DBMS. The STOCK.NUMBER field contains 2150 randomly selected whole numbers (integers) in the range from 0 to 99,999. The QUANTITY field has sequential numbers from 5000 to 7149. The BASE.METAL field contains alphanumeric characters SIL, GOL, or MAG in a random sequence. The other fields contain random numeric data.

In the preceding MOBINV examples, I executed commands one at a time. You could use CP/M's ED (editor) or some word processors to build a command file containing sequenced commands, but knowledge of the Condor DBMS programming language is necessary. The language has an English-like format and is easy to master.

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Condor DBMS will run the command file on request. I constructed a command file to select and then print 250 TESTDATA records. I specified logical comparisons on the STOCK.NUMBER field to select the records. Condor DBMS took about 55 seconds to run through the command file, select the records, and start to print.

I entered 50 new records in the TESTDATA file. Condor DBMS accepted them as fast as I could type them in. To re-sort the file by STOCK.NUMBER after entering the new records took about 2 minutes and 30 seconds. It is not strictly necessary to sort the file, but most program operations will be faster if it is sorted.

One record can be located by a logical selection anywhere in the file in an average time of 10 seconds. The record can then be printed, displayed, or edited.

This article presents an overview of the capabilities of Condor DBMS. The inventory examples demonstrate only a limited number of the 41 commands available. Several commands are tailored to handle accounting functions. One of these, the Post command, matches records of the first database file with those of a second, then updates the records of the first with field data from the second for specified fields. At the same time, Post creates a third database file called Result containing all of the fields of the first database that matched those of the second.

The Change command changes the data contents of one or more fields of each record of an entire file to new specified values. Because Change does not include logical selection of records to be changed, you must do this with a separate operation.

The Compute command does mathematical operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) on field data. In a series of mathematical operations, Condor DBMS gives no priority to operands or parentheses. The operations are carried out from left to right. Care must be exercised in setting up the series so that normal mathematical operation priorities are observed and the desired results obtained.

Condor DBMS lets you run most of the CP/M or MP/M operating system commands without leaving the DBMS and returning to the operating system. Condor DBMS provides equivalent commands for several of the few CP/M commands that do not run on Condor DBMS.

Conclusions

• The Condor DBMS is one of the best. It is fast and will handle almost any application. The Condor DBMS is particularly effective in accounting functions and personnel record processing.

• You must learn a new programming language to use Condor DBMS effectively. The language has an Englishlanguage format and is easy to master.

• Examples of different types of applications programs should be included in the documentation.

• Condor DBMS makes no provision for database security

• Formatted reports (including checks, invoices, inventory lists, etc.) are simple to generate.■

410 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Only one CAD see the world as you do

Introducing the revolutionary Space Tablet™ from MCS.

"Experts" told us that interactive, 3-dimensional graphic design on a microcomputer was still only a future possibility. We couldn't wait. Instead, we developed an affordable, easy-touse graphics system that

can construct and manipulate drawings in 3-dimensional space . . . the Space Tablet.

An added dimension. Like other digitizing systems, the Space Tablet (patent pending) lets you plot and record X and Y coordinates on a two-dimensional plane. But unlike other systems, it also lets you

select points off the plane — along the Z axis — for a true 3-dimensional capability.

To digitize any point in space, just move the Space Lift™ arm to the desired location and record the point with the push of a button or key. That's it. Lengthy keyboarding operations are unnecessary. Points plotted in the X, Y and Z axes may then be joined with line segments to create a wireframe drawing with three-dimensional perspective. 3-D models can be created by tracing a physical object or an imaginary shape. Here's where the possibilities really begin . . .

Interactive manipulation means total flexibility. The Space Tablet's software packages allow interactive manipulation and editing of points in all three dimensions. This capability is unique in computer graphics. Space Graphics™ software for the IBM Personal Computer lets you select a point in space and "pull" it, and all connecting lines, to another location in 3-space. 3-D models can be scaled, rotated and

moved about any axis. New models can be composed by linking together individual components. Three orthogonal views can be called up at once in a split screen format. Software included with the Apple II Space Tablet system gives you similar capabilities. With either system, it's remarkably easy to try all kinds of "what if possibilities before generating hard copy.

Now, 3-D design is surprisingly affordable. We've priced the Space Tablet systems well within reach of Apple II and IBM PC users. (Software for

ISM Personal Computer Mb color/graphics adapter. Apple II microcomputer mil

imal Configuration: 128K. game paddle imal configuration: <>IK. DOS 3.3.

dapte

other popular microcomputers will be available soon.) Because it's an entry-level system, the Space Tablet is being used creatively in ways not normally associated with larger, far more costly CAD/CAM systems . . . molecular modeling, physical therapy programming, cell structure analysis, weapons research, medicine, art, architectural planning and, of course, design and engineering. Additional applications are being discovered by OEM purchasers. And, for those needing a 2-dimensional digitizer, the Space Lift arm can be held as a pen, or stylus, to trace slides, X-rays, pictures, graphs, maps and more. We see it as a tool to unleash the imagination.

Our perspective of the world. If the real world were 2-dimensional, conventional design methods would be adequate. Obviously, they're not. Three-dimensional thinking is natural in the development and communication of complex design ideas. That's where MCS comes in. We're committed to the potential of 3-D computer aided design and manufacture. The Space Tablet is the beginning of a revolution in the use of microcomputers f to process information and solve problems. And we're just getting started.

A high-resolution 2-D tablet equipped with the Space Lift arm is ready for release. Called Microcad I1

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

system lets your micro ... in 3 dimensions.

MCS SPACE TABLET" SPECIFICATIONS

The Space Tablet is a 13.5" x 16" clear plastic tablet on which is mounted a precision machined aluminum and delrin arm. It uses precisian potentiometers with a linearity of .5%. The resolution of each axis is approximately 1300 distinct states over an angle of 320 degrees. The arms operate in polar coordinates, and the sampling time is approximately .5 sec. pt. (slightly longer for the IBM system).

The Three Axis Model Standard model available only for Apple II

The Professional Model Available either for the Apple II or the IBM Personal Computer. This model has an additional fourth axis of rotation (a fourth degree of freedom) which provides a much higher degree of flex ibility for reaching points in space. Recommended for 3 dimensional work in either a professional or amateur capacity.

it offers improved resolution (to .001") and includes a second generation Space Graphics'" software package with expanded capabilities. To put you in touch with other users, we've developed Space Communications'™ to allow transmission of a file — and software for its manipulation— through telephone lines to a receiving station. Architectura and other custom software packages will provide an instantly accessible 3-dimensional vocabulary for designers in any field. We see no limits to the variety of 3-D graphics systems for microcomputers — we have the technology in hand.

For more information about MCS and our products, call (203) 872-0602, or use the coupon below. Micro Control Systems, Inc., 143 Tunnel Road, Vernon, CT 06066.

For orders only call toll-free: 800-243-3587

OK MCS, I see the potential in 3-D computer aided design. Show me more . . .

Name Phone i

Apple and Apple II" Apple Computer. Inc. IBM Personal Computer " IBM (

Test Your Memory Using the Barber-Pole Algorithm

Useful diagnostic information is not hard to obtain, as an example coded for the 8080 processor shows.

Although memory-test programs often indicate the presence of a memory error at a given memory location, they often fail to locate the particular memory component that is malfunctioning. We can learn not only the address of the error, but also sufficient information to indicate which memory device (static or dynamic) is causing the problem, by using a convenient algorithm. This algorithm is fast, aids in flagging memory-decoding problems, and helps distinguish between hard and soft memory errors. Since it is analogous to the rotating barber pole found at many barber shops, it is called the "barberpole" algorithm. First, a brief discussion of other memory tests is appropriate so that they can be compared with the barber-pole memory test.

About the Author

H. R. Pinnick ]r. has a PhD from Indiana University and is a computer engineer at Applied Automation Inc. He has been involved in the field of electronics for the past 20 years, beginning with the repair of airborne radar systems. His current research interests are interfacing microcomputers to existing chemical instrumentation and the development of new instrumentation based upon microcomputers. His hobbies include flying, chemistry, electronics, and reading.

H. R. Pinnick Jr.

POB 3604

Bartlesville, OK 74005

Memory Tests

Many memory-test programs are available, for example, the walkingaddress memory test. Starting at a user-given even memory address, the algorithm writes the most significant byte of the address in the even mem

Memory-decoding

problems can be probed

if the test pattern is

appropriately chosen.

ory location and then verifies the byte's contents. Next, the least significant byte of the address is written in the odd or next memory location and is verified. Last, the program goes back to the starting address and verifies all locations. This memory test is rapid, but it can miss hard memory errors (a bit stuck at 1 or 0). Another test stores the hexadecimal bit pattern 55 (01010101 binary) in the even locations and AA (10101010 binary) in the odd locations, then verifies all locations. The test is repeated, using AA in the even locations and 55 in the odd locations. This rapid test finds both hard and soft errors. (A soft error occurs when the current state of a dynamic-mem

ory bit is changed by ionizing radiation from the plastic or ceramic integrated-circuit package.) This test has no cross-check specifically for soft errors, except by running the test again.

The most extensive memory-test algorithms are probably the galloping-read test and galloping-write test. The galloping-read test clears memory to all zeros in all locations and stores FF hexadecimal (11111111 binary) in a specified starting address. The test reads all other locations and verifies the presence of 00 hexadecimal, except for the memory byte with FF. Next, the byte with FF is cleared, FF is written in the next memory location, and the reading and verification of all locations are repeated until the last memory location is reached.

The galloping-write test clears memory and stores FF in a specified starting address. The test writes 00 hexadecimal to all other locations and verifies each write. The address of FF's location is verified when found. Next, the byte with FF is cleared and moved to the next memory location. The writing and verification of all locations in this manner are repeated until the last memory location is reached.

The latter two memory tests are ex

414 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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UPPER HEXADECIMAL NYBBLE ADDRESS BITS 4-7

0

LOWER NYBBLE BITS 0-3

3FF

Figure 1: Memory organization of type2114 static-memory components. These are organized by nybbles in 8-bit words, for a total of 4K bytes.

B

nary

Hexadecimal

0000

0000

(00)

0001

0001

(11)

0010

0010

(22)

0100

0100

(44)

1000

1000

(88)

1110

1110

(EE)

1101

1101

(DD)

1011

1011

(BB)

0111

0111

(77)

Table la

Barber-pole

pattern to test

memories

organized in

8-bit words by

nybbles,

such

as type-2114 devices, as

shown in

figure 1. Nine

elements are in

the table.

Binary

Hexadecimal

0000

0000

(00)

0000

0001

(01)

0000

0010

(02)

0000

0100

(04)

0000

1000

(08)

0001

0000

(10)

0010

0000

(20)

0100

0000

(40)

1000

0000

(80)

1111

1110

(FE)

1111

1101

(FD)

1111

1011

(FB)

1111

0111

(F7)

1110

1111

(EF)

1101

1111

(DF)

1011

1111

(BF)

0111

1111

(7F)

Table

lb

Barber-pole

pattern to test

memories

organized in

8-bit words by

bits, sue

i as

type-4116 devices, as

shown

in

figure 2. Seventeen elements

are in

hhe table.

cellent for the location of memoryoverlap problems, but are extremely time-consuming when running a test on previously operational memory. The main limitation of all these tests is their failure to indicate with a high degree of certainty which memory component has a hard error.

Barber-Pole Memory Test

The use of a memory-test program that "barber poles" (rotates by shifting) a binary 1 or 0 across a field of oppositely valued bits in each byte provides for the identification of a defective memory component failing repeatedly as a hard error. Soft errors are not specially flagged, but because of the structure of the error printout, we can surmise that a particular bit error was a soft error. In addition, if the number of elements of the barber pole is appropriately chosen, memory-decoding problems can be probed.

First, let us consider the test of type-2114 static 1024 by 4-bit memories. In a memory configuration using 2114s, one 2114 is the lower nybble of the memory block, and the other is the upper nybble (see figure 1). A pattern that exercises each bit in each chip and provides information about the specific memory chip in error is shown in table la. The pattern rotates a binary 1 across a field of four 0s, then rotates a 0 across a field of four Is.

This is the same approach used for the type-4116 dynamic 16K by 1-bit memories, except that rotation of a 1 or 0 through a field of eight 0s or eight Is, respectively, is used (see table lb). The patterns differ because of the different organization of storage in the two memory systems. With this approach, we can determine which memory chip is defective.

Consider the following example. We shall assume that the memory being tested is a group of eight 4116 16K-bit dynamic memories with a storage layout as shown in figure 2, containing an error at address 0000 hexadecimal. The error at 0000 was chosen only to provide the sequence of error messages to be discussed later. The substitution of any other address for address 0000 provides the

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same error messages, but in a different sequence.

If the bit at address 0000 in IC3 (in figure 2) is stuck at 1, an error message can provide us with the information shown in listing la. By looking at the bit patterns in the "found value" column of listing la, we can tell that bit 2, the third from the right in the binary representation, is always high. If the bit at address 0000 in IC3 in figure 2 is stuck at 0, the error message provides the information shown in listing lb. The bit pattern of the found value indicates that bit 2 is always low. With the knowledge of the address mapping of the memory components and the found-bit pattern, we can determine exactly which integrated circuit is bad.

Soft memory errors should not give all the error messages in listings la and lb. We would normally expect only one of the nine error messages of listing 1. Memory-decoding errors of the type where two different memory addresses access the same byte or bytes are signified by the odd number

HEXADECIMAL

ADDRESS BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0

0

3FFF

IC8

IC7

IC6

IC5

IC4

IC3

IC2

IC1

Figure 2: Memory organization of type-4116 dynamic-memory components. These are organized by bits in 8-bit words, for a total of 16K bytes.

of elements (9 or 17), but the exact results of the error-message display are uncertain since I was unable to test this feature specifically.

Memory-Diagnostic Program

The barber-pole test program, shown in listing 2 on pages 422 through 442, is written in assembly language for the Intel 8080 and 8085 microprocessors. It begins with an initialization section to set the stack pointer and zero the error flag. The starting address of the memory test in hexadecimal radix is requested from the user, accepted by the subroutine

GETHX, and stored. Next, the ending address of the memory segment to be tested is requested in the same manner. A test is made to ensure that the starting address is less than or equal to the ending address. If not, an error message is sent to the console, and the program asks for the starting and ending addresses again. When valid addresses have been entered, the number of bytes to be tested is computed and stored.

Upon completion of the above, the pattern length (stored in PATLN) and number of cycles (NCYCL) are initialized, and the memory address of

Text continued on page 444

Listing la: Error messages produced by the barber-pole memory-test program when the error being detected is a single bit stuck at the value of 1 in one of the components, IC3 (see figure 2).

Message

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

00

FOUND

04

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

01

FOUND

05

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

02

FOUND

06

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

08

FOUND

OC

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

10

FOUND

14

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

20

FOUND

24

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

40

FOUND

44

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

80

FOUND

84

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

FD

FOUND

FF

Binary

Rep

reservation

of F

ound Va

ue

0000

0100

0000

0101

0000

0110

0000

1100

0001

0100

0010

0100

0100

0100

1000

0100

mi

mi

Listing lb: Error messages produced when the error is a bit stuck at 0 in IC3.

Message

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

04,

FOUND

00

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

FE,

FOUND

FA

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

FD,

FOUND

F9

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

F7,

FOUND

F3

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

EF,

FOUND

EB

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

DF,

FOUND

DB

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

BF,

FOUND

BB

MEMORY

ERROR

AT

0000

HEX,

EXPECTED

7F,

FOUND

7B

Binary

Rep

resentation

of F

ound Value

0000

0000

nil

1010

nil

1001

nn

0011

1110

1011

110i

1011

1011

1011

0111

1011

418 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Yes

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Buffered mode

Yes

No

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Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Tilt screen

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Function keys

14

No

10

14

3

22

22

22

Line graphics

No

No

No

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Page/line transmit

Yes

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Character/line editing

Partial

No

No

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Split screen

No

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No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

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Smooth scrolling

No

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Yes

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•Trademarks respectively of Lear Siegler, Inc.. TeleVideo Systems, Inc. and Applied Digital Data Systems, Inc.

See us at Comdex. Booth 2118.

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 419

Listing 2: The barber-pole memory-test program coded in assembly language for the Intel 8080 and 8085 microprocessors. (Portions of the code are copyright 1977 by the Intel Corporation, provided here through the courtesy of that company.)

TITLE 'MEMORY TEST PROGRAM USING A BARBER POLE 12/14/80 MOD 1.0'

EQUATE TABLE

CHIN

EQU

CHOUT

EQU

CONST

EQU

CR

EQU

ESC

EQU

HCHAR

EQU

LF

EQU

LNPAT

EQU

NZERO

EQU

PRTYO

EQU

RBR

EQU

SPLOC

EQU

TRDY

EQU

.............

...........

ORG

FUNCTION: BEGIN—MAIN ROUTINE

INPUTS: NONE

OUTPUTS: NONE

CALLS: CROUT,ERROR,GETHX,MSGL

DESTROYS: A,B,C,D,E,H,L,F/F'S

JUMPS: NONE

OECH

OECH

OEDH

ODH

1BH

OFH

OAH

9

OFH 7FH

02H

3F00H

01H

3000H

CONSOLE INPUT PORT 8251

CONSOLE OUTPUT PORT 8251

CONSOLE STATUS INPUT PORT 8251

ASCII CARRIAGE RETURN CHARACTER

ASCII ESCAPE CHARACTER

MASK FOR REMOVING UPPER NYBBLE

ASCII LINE FEED CHARACTER

PATTERN LENGTH

9 FOR NK x 4 MEMORY COMPONENTS

17 FOR NK x 1 MEMORY COMPONENTS

ALSO NEED TO CHANGE PATRN AT END OF

THE PROGRAM

NON-ZERO VALUE

MASK TO CLEAR PARITY BIT FROM CONSOLE

CHAR

MASK TO TEST RECEIVER STATUS

STACK POINTER LOCATION

MASK TO TEST TRANSMITTER STATUS

DESCRIPTION:

THE PROGRAM DOES A BARBER-POLE TEST ON MEMORY USING THE PATTERN

(OOH,11H,22H,44H,88H,OEEH,ODDH,OBBH,77H). THE ODD NUMBER

IS AN ATTEMPT TO FLAG ANY MEMORY OVERLAP. THIS BARBER POLE WILL WORK

FOR NK x 4 MEMORIES. ON NK x 1 MEMORIES, THE USE OF THE PATTERN

(00H,01H,02H,04H,08H,10H,20H,40H,80H,0FEH,0FDH,0FBH,0F7H,0EFH,

0DFH,0BFH, 7FH) WILL AID IN DETERMINING THE SPECIFIC CHIP IN

ERROR.

INITIALIZATION SECTION

BEGIN:

DI LXI XRA STA

GET START ADDRESS MAIN1:

LXI

MVI CALL

SP, SPLOC

A

ERFLG

H.MESGl

B..MESL1 MSGL

DISABLE INTERRUPTS LOAD STACK POINTER ZERO <A> AND ZERO ERROR FLAG

POINT TO 'ENTER ADDRESS OF MEMORY START IN HEXLENGTH OF MESSAGE 1 OUTPUT MESSAGE

Listing 2 continued on page 422

420 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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-9550

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 421

Listing 2 continued:

CALL JNC MOV MOV

SHLD

GET END ADDRESS

MAIN2:

LXI

MVI

CALL

CALL

JNC

MOV

MOV

SHLD

GETHX

MAIN1

H,B

L,C

MEMST

H,MESG2

B.MESL2

MSGL

GETHX

MAIN2

H,B

L,C

MEMND

TEST FOR START ADDRESS > END ADDRESS AND COMPUTE THE NUMBER OF BYTES TO BE TESTED

MAIN3:

XCHG

LHLD

MEMST

MOV

A,H

CMA

MOV

H,A

MOV

A,L

CMA

MOV

L,A

INX

H

DAD

D

JC

MAIN3

LXI

H.MESG3

MVI

B.MESL3

CALL

MSGL

CALL

CROUT

JMP

MAIN1

INX

H

SHLD

NBYTE

GET START ADDRESS

IF CARRY = 0, INVALID DATA

MOVE START ADDRESS TO <HL>

STORE START ADDRESS

POINT TO 'ENTER ADDRESS OF MEMORY END

IN HEX'

LENGTH OF MESSAGE 2

OUTPUT MESSAGE

GET END ADDRESS

IF CARRY = 0, INVALID DATA

MOVE END ADDRESS TO <HL>

STORE END ADDRESS

MOVE END ADDRESS TO <DE> MOVE START ADDRESS TO <HL> TAKE THE 2'S COMPLEMENT OF THE START ADDRESS

ADD END ADDRESS TO 2'S COMPLEMENT OF

START ADDRESS

IF CARRY = 1, THEN START ADDRESS < = END

ADDRESS. JUMP OVER NEXT SECTION

POINT TO 'ERROR: MEMORY START ADDRESS

> MEMORY END ADDRESS'

LENGTH OF MESSAGE 3

OUTPUT MESSAGE

OUTPUT CR AND LF

START OVER

COMPUTE NUMBER OF BYTES TO BE TESTED STORE NUMBER OF BYTES

SET UP REGISTERS TO ESTABLISH THE BARBER-POLE PATTERN

MVI

A.LNPAT

STA

PATLN

STA

NCYCL

LXI

B.PATRN

PUSH

B

LHLD

NBYTE

XCHG

LHLD

MEMST

MAIN4:

PUT THE BARBER-POLE PATTERN IN R/W MEMORY

MAIN5:

LDAX

MOV

INX

INX

DCX

MOV

ORA

M,A B

H D

A,E D

SET PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE IN NUMBER OF CYCLES

LOAD <BC> WITH TOP OF PATTERN TABLE

AND SAVE ON STACK

MOVE NUMBER OF BYTES TO <HL>

THEN TO <DE>

LOAD <HL> WITH START ADDRESS

MOVE PATTERN ELEMENT TO <A> AND STORE IN MEMORY POINT TO NEXT PATTERN ELEMENT INCREMENT MEMORY POINTER DECREMENT NUMBER OF BYTES TEST FOR NUMBER OF BYTES = 0

Listing 2 continued on page 426

422 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 259 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 423

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Lifeboat Associates

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Copyright © 1982, by Lifeboat Associates.

NEW IB-Bit Software Available for the IBM PC, plus.

System Tools:

Emulator/86

EM80/86

PMATE-86

UT86

PANEL-86

Telecommunications:

ASCOM

Languages:

Lattice C Compiler PL/M

Word Processing Systems And Aids

WordStar MailMerge MicroSpell Spellguard

Data Management Systems:

T.I.M. Ill

Mailing List Systems

Postmaster

Financial Accounting Packages

General Ledger

Numerical ProblemSolving Tools

Math PC Plan86 SigmaCalc Statpak

Professional And Office Aids

Dental Mngmnt Sys. (8000 & 9000) Insurance Agency Legal Time Acctng. Medical Mngmnt Series (8000 & 9000)

Disk Operating Systems:

MS-DOS (SB-86) - available for OEM license.

8-Bit Software Available

System Tools:

BUGanduBUG

DESPOOL

DISILOG

DISTEL

EDIT

EDIT-80

FILETRAN

IBM/CPM

MAC

MACRO-80

MINCE

PANEL

PASM

PLINK

PUNK II

PMATE

RAID

Reclaim

SID

TRS-80 Model II Cust. Disk

Unlock

WordMaster

XASM: 05, 09. 18. 48, 51. 65, 68. 75,

F8. 400. Z8 ZAP80 ZDT

Z80 Development Package ZSID

Telecommunications:

ASCOM

BSTAM

BSTMS

eZmail

MicroLmk-80

RBTE-80

Languages:

ALGOL-60

APL/V80

BASIC Compiler

BASIC-80

baZic II

BD Software C Compiler

CBASIC-2

CIS COBOL (Standard)

COBOL-80

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JRT Pascal

muLlSP/muSTAR

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Precision BASIC

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Whitesmiths' C Compiler

XYBASIC

Language and Applications Tools:

BASIC Utility Disk

DataStar

FABS

FABS II

Forms 2 for CIS COBOL

MAG/sam3,4

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M/SORT for COBOL 80

Programmer's Apprentice

PSORT

QSORT

STRING/80

STRING BIT

SuperSort

ULTRASORT II

VISAM

Word Processing Systems and Aids:

Benchmark DocuMate/Plus Letteright MagicPrint

Magic Wand

Math*

MicroSpell

SMARTKEY

Spellguard

TEX

Textwriter III

Word Index

WordStar

WordStar French

WordStar Customization Notes

Data Management Systems:

CONDOR

dBASE II

Formula

HDBS

Hoe

MAG/base1,2.3

MDBS

MicroSEED

TIM. Ill

General Purpose Applications:

CBS

CBS Label Option Pak Selector III-C2 Selector IV

Mailing List Systems:

Benchmark Mailing List Mailing Address MailMerge for WordStar NAD Postmaster

Financial Accounting Packages:

BOSS Financial Accounting System

Financial Pkgs. (PTree)

Financial Pkgs. (SSG)

General Ledger Acctng (Univair)

GLector

Numerical ProblemSolving Tools:

Analyst

Ipl

Microstat

muSIMP/muMATH

PLAN80

SigmaCalc

Statpak

T/MAKER II

Professional And Office Aids:

Apartment Mngmnt (Cornwall)

Datebook

Dental Mngmnt (Univair)

Dental Mngmnt-Family (Univair)

GrafTalk

Insurance Agency Mngmnt

Legal Time Acctng (Univair)

Medical Mngmnt (Univair)

Medical Mngmnt-Family (Univair)

PAS 3 Medical

PAS 3 Dental

Professional Time Acctng (PTA)

Property Mngmnt Pkg. (Am. Soft.)

Property Management (PTree)

Sales Pro

Wiremaster

Lifeboat After Hours

Backgammon/Gomoku

Educational Tools

Torricelli Author Torricelli Studio

Books and Periodicals

APL—An Interactive Approach Accounts Payable and Accounts

Receivable-CBASIC CBASIC User Guide The Computer Glossary The CP/M Handbook (with MP/M)

The C Programming Language Crash Course in

Microcomputing Devil's DP Dictionary Discover FORTH DON T (Or How To Care For

Your Computer) 8080/Z80 Assembly Language

Techniques For Improved

Programming Executive Computing Fifty BASIC Exercises General Ledger-CBASIC Introduction to Pascal Lifelines/The Software Magazine Pascal User Manual and Report The Pascal Handbook The Pascal Primer Payroll wfth Cost Accounting

-CBASIC Structured Microprocessor

Programming A User Guide To The UNIX System Using CP/M—A Self-Teaching

Guide

Hardware and Accessories

DC Data Cartridges

Diskette Drive Head Cleaning Kits

Flippy Disk Kit

Floppy Saver

Smartmodem

Vari Cfean Cleaning Kit

Disk Operating Systems

BRIDOS

CP/M-80

MP/M

SB-80

APPLI-CARD

Softcard

Hard Disk Integration Modules

Media & Formats for 8-AND 16-Bit Microcomputers

This list of available formats is subject to change without notice. If you do not see your computer listed or are uncertain, call to confirm the format code for any particular equipment.

A.B.Dick M8

ADDSMultivision RT

AES Super Plus IV Q4

ALSPA8" A1

Altair8800 B1

Altos A1

Apple CP/M-8013 Sector RG

Apple CP/M-8016Sector RR

Archives 1 SG

AVLEaglel RB

AVLEaglell ST

BASF System 7100 RD

BlackhawkMicropolisModll Q2

BMCiF-800 SR

Cado A1

California Computer Sys 8" At

CDS Versatile 3B Q1

CDS Versatile 4 Q2

Columbia Data Products 8" A1

Columbia Data Products 5Vt" S4

Commodore CBM/PET + SSE

Box + 8050 C2

Commodore CBM/PET

w/MadisonZ-RAM + 8050 C4

COMPAL-80 _ 02

Compucorp655 Q7

Compucorp685 Q6

Computer Ops N.C.HQ S2

Control Data 110 A1

CPT8000 A1

Cromemco System 3 A1

Cromemco System 2 SD/SS R6

Cromemco System 2 DD/SS RX

Cromenco System 2 DD/DS RY

CSSN Backup T1

Datapoint 1550/2150 DD/SS AA

Datapoint 1550/2150 DD/DS AB

DatavueDU 80-222 M7

DECVT18X SD

Delta Systems A1

Digi-LogMicrotermll RD

Digi-Log Sys. 1000/1500/2000 RD

Direct OA1000 M2

DTCMicro210A SC

Durango F-85 RL

Dynabyte DB8/2 R1

Dynabyte DB8/4 A1

Exidy Sorcerer +

LBCP/M-805V4" Q2

Exidy Sorcerer +

Exidy CP/M-805V4" RW

Exidy Sorcerer +

Exidy CP/M-80 8" A1

EXO A1

Exxon510/520 Q5

Findex P6

God bout E1

Heath H8 + H47 A1

Heath H89 + Magnolia CP/M-80 .P7

Heath H89 + Heath CP/M-80 P7

Helios II B2

HeurikonMLZ.SS SN

HeurikonMLZ, DS SO

Heuristics HCC Spectrum A1

Hewlett-Packard-87 SB

Hewlett-Packard 125. 5'A" SB

Hewlett-Packard 125,8" A1

IBEX7100 RQ

IBM Personal Computer G1

ICL Personal Computer RE

iCOM 2411 Micro Floppy R3

COM3712 A1

iCOM3812 A1

iCOM 451 ICartr. CP/M v.1.4 D1

iCOM 4511 Cartr. CP/M v.2.x D2

IMSAIVDP-40/VDP-42 R4

IMSAIVDP-44 R5

IMSAIVDP-80 A1

Industrial Microsystems 5000 RA

Industrial Microsystems 8000 A1

Intel iPDS M6

IntelMDSSD A1

Intersil Development Sys A1

Inter Systems Ithaca 800 A1

Intertec Superbrain DOS0.5-2.X....RJ

lntertecSuperbrainDOS3.x RK

Intertec Superbrain QD RS

ISC Intecolor 8063/8360/8963 A1

Lanier EZ-1 M3

Lanier Super Q4

LexitronVT1303DS/DD S8

LexorAlphasprint Model S1 S1

Lexor Lexoriter S1

MecaDella-15'/4" P6

MICOM2001 B3

MICOM2001E B4

MICOM3003 M1

Micromation A1

MicroMegaBS SC

MicropotisModl Q1

MicropolisModll Q2

MITS3200-3202 B1

Monroe OC 8820. DD/SS SW

Morrow Discus A1

Mostek A1

MSD5V<" RC

MULTI-TECH-I Q2

MULTI-TECH-II Q2

Nascom (Gemini drives) R3

Nascom II with Lucas Drives SL

National MSC 6600 A1

NCR8140/9010 A1

NECPC-8001 RV

Nicolel Logic Analyzer Model 764. .SX

NNC-80/80W A1

North Star SD P1

North Star DD P2

North Star QD P3

Northern Telecom 503 SM

Nylac MicropolisModll Q2

Ohio Scientific C3 A3

OKI iF-800+MSA CP/M-80 SP

OKI iF-800 + OKI/LB CP/M-80 SR

Osborne-1 SA

Otrona Attache MC

Pertec PCC 2000 A1

PET/CBM + SSE Bx + 8050 C2

PET/CBM w/Madison Z-RAM +

8050 C4

Philips P-2000 MA

Philips MICOM 2001 8" B3

Philips MICOM 2001E B4

Philips MICOM 3003 M1

Processor Technology Helios II B2

Quasar QDP100 A1

Quay 500 RQ

Quay 520 RP

Quay 900 A1

RAIRDD RE

RAIRSD R9

Research Machines5.V4" RH

Research MachinesS" A1

Sanco 70005" RQ

Sanyo MBC 1000 SY

Sanyo MBC 2000 SS

Sanyo MBC 3000 A1

Seattle E1

Sony U1

SD Systems 5V4" R3

SD Systems 8" A1

Spacebyte A1

Tarbell8" A1

TecMar E1

TEI5V4" R3

TEI8" A1

Televideo DD/DS S5

T.I.P. (Alloy Engineering, Inc.) T3

Toshiba T200 SF

Toshiba T250 A1

Triumph Adler Alpha tronic SV

TRS Model I-+ Omikron5'/4" RM

TRS Model 1 + FEC Freedom RN

TRS-80 Model 1 + Shuffleboard ...A1

TRS-80 Model II A1

Vector MZ Q2

VectorSystem2800 .A1

Vector System B/VIP Q2

Vista V-805'/4"SD R8

Vista V2005DD P6

Wangwriter SE

WORDPLEX SZ

XEROX 820, 5'/4" S6

XEROX 820,860 8" A1

ZEDA580 SH

Zenith Z89 + Magnolia CP/M-80. ,P7

Zenith Z89 + Zenith CP/M-80 P7

Zenith DD/SS SK

Zenith DD/DS SJ

ZilogMC 22-20/25/50 A1

Program names and computer names are generally trademarks or service marks of the author or manufacturing company.

All Lifeboat (LB) 8-bit software requires SB-80 (or other CP/M-80 compatible disk operating system) unless otherwise stated.

All products are subject to terms and conditions of sale.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

425

Listing 2 continued:

IZ LDA

DCR

STA

INZ

POP

PUSH

MVI

STA

JMP

MAIN6 PATLN

A

PATLN

MAIN5

B

B

A.LNPAT

PATLN

MAIN5

SET UP REGISTERS TO TEST THE BARBER-POLE PATTERN

MAIN6:

POP

B

PUSH

B

MVI

A.LNPAT

STA

PATLN

LHLD

NBYTE

XCHG

LHLD

MEMST

TEST THE BARBER-POLE PATTERN

MAIN7:

LDAX CMP

CNZ

INX

INX

DCX

MOV

ORA

JZ

LDA

DCR

STA

INZ

POP

PUSH

MVI

STA

IMP

B

M

ERROR

B

H

D

A,E

D

MAIN8

PATLN

A

PATLN

MAIN7

A.LNPAT

PATLN

MAIN7

SHIFT THE BARBER-POLE PATTERN BY ONE AND TEST FOR LAST SHIFT

MAIN8:

POP B

INX B

PUSH B

MVI A.LNPAT

STA PATLN

LDA NCYCL

DCR A

STA NCYCL

INZ MAIN4

TEST COMPLETED OUTPUT MESSAGE

LDA ERFLG

ORA A

INZ MAIN9

LXI H.MESG7

MVI B.MESL7

CALL MSGL

IF ZERO, JUMP TO NEXT SECTION

LOAD <A> WITH PATTERN LENGTH

AND DECREMENT

STORE DECREMENTED PATTERN LENGTH

IF PATTERN LENGTH <> 0, THEN LOOP

RESTORE PATTERN STARTING POINT TO <3C>

AND PUT BACK ON STACK

SET PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE

LOOP

RESTORE PATTERN STARTING POINT TO < BC>

AND PUT BACK ON STACK

SET PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE

MOVE NUMBER OF BYTES TO < HL>

THEN TO <DE>

LOAD <HL> WITH START ADDRESS

MOVE PATTERN ELEMENT TO <A> AND COMPARE TO MEMORY CONTENTS IF NOT THE SAME , THEN ERROR POINT TO NEXT PATTERN ELEMENT INCREMENT MEMORY POINTER DECREMENT NUMBER OF BYTES TEST FOR NUMBER OF BYTES = 0

IF ZERO, JUMP TO NEXT SECTION

LOAD <A> WITH PATTERN LENGTH

AND DECREMENT

STORE DECREMENTED PATTERN LENGTH

IF PATTERN LENGTH <> 0, THEN LOOP

RESTORE PATTERN STARTING POINT TO < BC>

AND PUT BACK ON STACK

SET PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE

LOOP

RESTORE PATTERN STARTING POINT TO <BC>

SHIFT BARBER-POLE PATTERN BY ONE

AND PUT BACK ON STACK

SET PATTERN LENGTH

AND STORE PATTERN LENGTH

LOAD < A> WITH NUMBER OF CYCLES

AND DECREMENT

STORE DECREMENTED NUMBER OF CYCLES

LOOP FOR THE NEXT BARBER-POLE PATTERN

LOAD <A> WITH ERROR FLAG

ESTABLISH FLAGS

IF NOT ZERO, ERROR CONDITION. JUMP TO

NEXT SECTION

POINT TO 'SUCCESSFUL TEST

LENGTH OF MESSAGE 7

OUTPUT MESSAGE

Listing 2 continued on page 42S

426 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 302 on inquiry card. >

Micromint will put both a computer

development system and an OEM dedicated

controller in the palm of your hand

for as little as $127:

The Z8 Basic Computer/Controller represents a milestone in microcomputer price-performance. The entire computer is 4" by 4Vi" and includes a tiny BASIC interpreter, 4K bytes of program memory, one RS-232 serial port and two parallel ports plus a variety of other features. The Z8 microcomputer board is completely self-contained and optimized for use as a dedicated controller. Can be battery operated. Comes with over 200 pages of documentation.

Z8 BASIC COMPUTER/CONTROLLER

if MB

^rop'ta

iWf

Hr

• Uses Zilog Z8671 single chip microcomputer

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter

• 2 parallel ports plus serial I/O port.

• Just connect a CRT terminal and write control programs in BASIC

• 4K bytes of RAM. EPROM pin compatible

• Baud rates 110-9600 BPS

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at+5, +12 &-12v.

BCC01 Z8 Basic Computer

Assembled & Tested .. $199.00 BCC02 Z8 Basic Computer

Kit $169.00

COMING SOON

AID Converter 8 Channel 8 Bit AC I/O Board

• 4 Channel 115Vac inputs

• 4 Channel 115Vac outputs 20 MA ADAPTER

Z8 MEMORY. I/O EXPANSION & CASSETTE INTERFACE

The Z8 Memory, I/O Expansion & Cassette Interface Board (Z8 Expansion Board for short) allows you to add up to 8K of additional memory plus three 8-bit parallel ports to your Z8 Basic Computer/Controller. The memory expansion will support any combination of byte wide RAM memory chips or 2716 or 2732 EPROM. The cassette interface is 300 baud Kansas City Standard (2400Hz/1200Hz). BCC03 Z8 Expansion Board

w/4K memory S140.00

BCTJ04 Z8 Expansion Board

w/8K memory.. S170.00

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

The EPROM Programmer board allows you to transfer application programs in BASIC or Assembly language directly from RAM to either 2716 or 2732 EPROMS. Requires Z8 Basic Expansion Board for operation. NOTE: We recommend the higher current UPS03 or UPS04 power supply when using the EPROM Programmer.

BCC07 Z8 EPROM Programmer

Assembled & Tested

..$145.00

s featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, ■ Byte Magazine, July, August, 1981.

8 is a trademark of Zilog Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

The Serial Expansion Board adds an additional RS-232C serial port to the Z8 system. It runs at 75 to 19,200 baud in all standard protocols. The 20 ma. current loop.is opto-isolated for reliability and protection.

BCC08 Z8 Serial Board Assembled & Tested ... $180.00

MOTHER-BOARD MB02 Z8 Mother Board

with 5 connectors (Gold)

Assembled & Tested S81.00

UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

+5 @300 ma. +12 & -12V @50 ma. UPS01 Assembled and

Tested $ 35.00

UPS02 Kit $ 27.00

+5 @ 1 amp. +12 & -12V @ 50 ma. UPS03 Assembled and

Tested $ 60.00

UPS04 Kit $ 50.00

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

FROM ALLEN ASHLEY I XAS01 For TRS-80 Mod I S 75.00 XAS02 For TRS-80 Mod IIIS 75.00 XAS03 For CP/M-8" ....$150.00

FROM MICRO RESOURCES

MR01 CP/M-8" Diskette . $ 75.00

MR02 APPLE II CP/M 5%"$ 75.00

MICROMINT INC.

561 Willow Avenue Cedarhurst, NY 11516

To Order:

Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 For Information Call:

1-516-374-6793

'In quantities of 100

Listing 2 continued:

MAIN9:

CALL RST

LXI

MVI

CALL

CALL

RST

CROUT 1

H.MESG8

B.MESL8

MSGL

CROUT

1

OUTPUT CR AND LF RETURN TO MONITOR

POINT TO 'UNSUCCESSFUL TEST' LENGTH OF MESSAGE 8 OUTPUT MESSAGE OUTPUT CR AND LF RETURN TO MONITOR

FUNCTION: CI

INPUTS: NONE

OUTPUTS: A—CHARACTER FROM CONSOLE

CALLS: NOTHING

DESTROYS: A,F/F'S

JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: CI WAITS UNTIL A CHARACTER HAS BEEN ENTERED AT THE

CONSOLE AND THEN RETURNS THE CHARACTER, VIA THE A

REGISTER, TO THE CALLING ROUTINE.

CI:

IN AN I IZ IN •RET

CONST RBR CI CHIN

GET STATUS OF CONSOLE = OEDH CHECK FOR RECEIVER BUFFER READY NOT YET—WAIT READY SO GET CHARACTER = OECH

02H

FUNCTION: CNVBN

INPUTS: C—ASCII CHARACTER X)'-v9' OR 'A'-'F'

OUTPUTS: A—0 TO F HEXADECIMAL

CALLS: NOTHING

DESTROYS: A,F/F'S

JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: CNVBN CONVERTS THE ASCII REPRESENTATION OF A HEXADECIMAL

CHARACTER INTO ITS CORRESPONDING BINARY VALUE. CNVBN

DOES NOT CHECK THE VALIDITY OF ITS INPUT.

CNVBN:

MOV

SUI

CPI

RM

SUI

RET

A,C

'0'

10

SUBTRACT CODE FOR '0' FROM ARGUMENT WANT TO TEST FOR RESULT OF 0 TO 9 IF SO, THEN ALL DONE

ELSE, RESULT BETWEEN 17 AND 23 DECIMAL SO RETURN AFTER SUBTRACTING BIAS OF 7

FUNCTION: CO

INPUTS: C—CHARACTER TO OUTPUT TO CONSOLE OUTPUTS: C—CHARACTER OUTPUT TO CONSOLE CALLS: NOTHING DESTROYS: A,F/F'S JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: CO WAITS UNTIL THE CONSOLE IS READY TO ACCEPT A CHARACTER AND THEN SENDS THE INPUT ARGUMENT TO THE CONSOLE.

CO:

IN

ANI

JZ

MOV

OUT

RET

CONST TRDY CO

A,C ' CHOUT

OEDH = 01H

GET STATUS OF CONSOLE =

SEE IF TRANSMITTER READY

NO—WAIT

ELSE, MOVE CHARACTER TO A REGISTER FOR

OUTPUT AND SEND TO CONSOLE = OECH

Listing 2 continued on page 430

428 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

DATAFLEX

THE MULTIUSER DATA BASE

TM

Bring your CP/M* software applications to life with DataFlex.

From menus to multi-key ISAM, DataFlex has the features and power you need to create complete turn-key software applications in a RELATIONAL data base environment.

Compare...what else gives you: up to 125 data files with 4 indexes each, fast on-line multi-key ISAM file maintenance, a multi-file report generator, on-line multi-file transaction processing, an easy to use Query, even a "soft" menu to replace the CP/M command mode. All of this using DataFlex's configuration utilities, and NO PROGRAM CODE!

Is it easy to use? You can type in a screen format "image" of a file with your text editor. Then, DataFlex's AUTODEF utility will create the file definition from the screen image...in about five seconds!

DataFlex will handle your multi-user requirements too! It runs under Software 2000's TurboDos Network O/S with data protection to the field level. That means multiple users in the same record at the same time!

If the 16 bit world is your domain, an 8086 version of DataFlex

"Dealer, Systems House and OEM inquiries invited."

will be available second quarter '82. And, you can develop now on your 8080/Z-80 system, and transport completed applications to the 8086.

If you need applications now, Data Access has a Library of existing DataFlex applications developed by other creators. They're ready to go at prices that will get you going. The DataFlex Library has Order Entry/Inventory, Accounting, Pharmacy, and Legal Billing, with more being added all the time. For highly specialized requirements, DataFlex's PASCAL Library is available to application developers.

DataFlex can change the way you do business. And, at $750 it's the best software value in the business. A demo package, which limits file sizes inter- ■» M™— ■ - ___ - ,

„*=r„onau*g 3ATAACCESS

Get the full system, or CORPORATION

get the demo, but get your 4221 Ponce De Leon Blvd.,

hands on DataFlex. Coral Gables, FL 33146

It's software for creators. (305) 446-0669

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Pacific Grove, CA.

BYTE December 1982 429

Listing 2 continued:

FUNCTION: CROUT INPUTS: NONE OUTPUTS: NONE CALLS: ECHO DESTROYS: A,B,C,F/F'S JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: CROUT SENDS A CARRIAGE RETURN (AND HENCE A LINE FEED) TO THE CONSOLE.

CROUT:

MVI

CALL

RET

C,CR

ECHO

; OUTPUT CARRIAGE RETURN TO USER TERMINAL

FUNCTION: ECHO

INPUTS: C—CHARACTER TO ECHO TO TERMINAL

OUTPUTS: C—CHARACTER ECHOED TO TERMINAL

CALLS: CO

DESTROYS: A,B,F/F'S

JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: ECHO TAKES A SINGLE CHARACTER AS INPUT AND, VIA THE MONITOR, SENDS THAT CHARACTER TO THE USER TERMINAL. A CARRIAGE RETURN IS ECHOED AS A CARRIAGE RETURN/LINE FEED, AND AN ESCAPE CHARACTER IS ECHOED AS $.

ECHO:

ECH05:

ECH10:

MOV

MVI

CMP

JNZ

MVI

CALL

MVI

CMP

JNZ

MVI

CALL

MOV RET

B,C

A,ESC

B

ECH05

C,T

CO

A.CR

B

ECH10

C,LF

CO

C,B

SAVE ARGUMENT

ESC = 1BH

SEE IF ECHOING AN ESCAPE CHARACTER

NO—BRANCH

YES—ECHO AS $

DO OUTPUT THROUGH MONITOR

CR = ODH

SEE IF CHARACTER ECHOED WAS A CARRIAGE RETURN

NO-NO NEED TO TAKE SPECIAL ACTION

YES—WANT TO ECHO LINE FEED (= OAH),

TOO

RESTORE ARGUMENT

FUNCTION: ERROR

INPUTS: HL—CURRENT MEMORY POINTER BC—CURRENT PATTERN POINTER OUTPUTS: NONE CALLS: CROUT, MSGL, NMOUT DESTROYS: NONE JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: OUTPUTS AN ERROR MESSAGE AND THE MEMORY LOCATION OF THE BAD MEMORY CELL

ERROR:

PUSH

PSW

PUSH

D

PUSH

H

PUSH

B

XCHG

LXI

H.MESG4

MVI

B,MESL4

SAVE ALL REGISTERS

MOVE MEMORY POINTER TO < DE> POINT TO 'MEMORY ERROR AT' LENGTH OF MESSAGE 4

Listing 2 continued on page 432

430 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

ALL APPLES ARE CREATED EQUAL.

i We Just Make Some Apples More Equal Than others.

Make your Apple II equal to whatever task you might choose.

You've had your Apple for a while and you're beginning to cast covetous looks at those new, more expensive personal computers with access to more software packages. Or maybe you're getting ready to buy your first computer and you really like the Apple, but you also like some of the features and programs of those more expensive models.

Good. Now's the time for you to know about Advanced Logic Systems. We're the

people who put together all the plug-in function boards and popular software programs that make your Apple perform like the more expensive computers. At a fraction of the cost!

Features that exceed your expectations but not your budget.

All of the products from Advanced Logic have been designed with you in mind. We've made them easy to install—easy to operate. And we make the decision to purchase easy. Because we package the popular software

programs, like WordStar, SuperCalc and Condor Jr. with the necessary hardware to run on your Apple II. These are the total-system packages like... The Words Set, The Numbers Set, The Files Set and the Synergizer Series. And, we stand behind all of our products with our 1 year limited warranty.

CALL TOLL FREE

Our customer service staff is waiting for you call— 800-538-8177 We will be happy to send you our complete catalog of hardware and software packages.

*<***;

>\n\&

\ace

HsH

"»ss3f"

PRV

^9.00

issaBs

mi

1195 East Arques Avenue, Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Apple, Apple II are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CP/W is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro International.

SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim Corp Condor is a trademark of Condor Computer Corp Z-CARD, SMARTERM, ADD-RAM, THE DISPATCHER, PRINTERMATE and SYNERGIZER are all ours!

Circle 544 on inquiry card.

Listing 2 continued:

CALL

MSGL

MOV

A,D

CALL

NMOUT

MOV

A,E

CALL

NMOUT

LXI

H.MESG5

MVI

B.MESL5

CALL

MSGL

POP

B

PUSH

B

LDAX

B

CALL

NMOUT

LXI

H.MESG6

MVI

B.MESL6

CALL

MSGL

XCHG

MOV

A,M

CALL

NMOUT

CALL

CROUT

MVI

A.NZERO

STA

ERFLG

POP

B

POP

H

POP

D

POP

PSW

RET

OUTPUT MESSAGE

MOVE UPPER ADDRESS BYTE TO < A> AND

OUTPUT TO THE CONSOLE

MOVE LOWER ADDRESS BYTE TO <A> AND

OUTPUT TO THE CONSOLE

POINT TO 'HEX, EXPECTED'

LENGTH OF MESSAGE 5

OUTPUT MESSAGE

RESTORE CURRENT PATTERN POINTER

AND PUT BACK ON STACK

MOVE EXPECTED PATTERN ELEMENT TO < A>

AND OUTPUT TO THE CONSOLE

POINT TO 'FOUND'

LENGTH OF MESSAGE 6

OUTPUT MESSAGE

MOVE MEMORY POINTER TO <HL>

MOVE FOUND MEMORY VALUE TO <A> AND

OUTPUT TO THE CONSOLE

OUTPUT CR AND LF

MOVE NON-ZERO VALUE TO <A>

SET ERROR FLAG TO NON-ZERO VALUE

RESTORE REGISTERS

FUNCTION: FRET INPUTS: NONE OUTPUTS: CARRYCALLS: NOTHING DESTROYS: CARRY JUMPS: NONE DESCRIPTION

ALWAYS 0

FRET IS JUMPED TO BY ANY ROUTINE THAT WISHES TO INDICATE FAILURE ON RETURN. FRET SETS THE CARRY FALSE, DENOTING FAILURE, AND THEN RETURNS TO THE CALLER OF THE ROUTINE INVOKING FRET.

FRET:

STC CMC

RET

FIRST SET CARRY TRUE

THEN COMPLEMENT IT TO MAKE IT FALSE

RETURN APPROPRIATELY

FUNCTION: GETCH INPUTS: NONE

OUTPUTS: C—NEXT CHARACTER IN INPUT STREAM CALLS: CI

DESTROYS: A,C,F/F'S JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: GETCH RETURNS THE NEXT CHARACTER IN THE INPUT STREAM TO THE CALLING PROGRAM.

GETCH:

CALL ANI

MOV RET

FUNCTION: GETHX

INPUTS: NONE

OUTPUTS: BC—16-BIT INTEGER

CI PRTYO

C,A

GET CHARACTER FROM TERMINAL

TURN OFF PARITY BIT IN CASE SET BY CONSOLE

PRTYO = 7FH

PUT VALUE IN C REGISTER FOR RETURN

Listing 2 continued on page 436

432 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Deciding Which Computer to Buy

Of the 1.9 million people who bought small computers lost year, over 20,000 of them bought the wrong computer for their needs. And no wonder. New products are introduced into the market at a breathtaking pace. The language question. The terminology problem -RAMs, ROMs, bits, bytes, bauds, protocols and processors. What's important? What's standard and what's optional? Even the dealers are confused.

To help you tackle this problem, we pulled together many of our sources -including leading experts in the field, manufacturers, marketing analysts, computer dealers and customers. In addition, we utilized computer user groups, clubs and associations throughout the United States, contacts in Japan and numerous industry and business publications. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 is the natural result of learning from the knowledge and mistakes of more than one million people.

The following steps will help you with your computer shopping -whether you're buying your first computer, or updating the one you hove. COMPUTER GUIDE 1963 can help you moke the right decision.

1. What is the computer to be used for?

You may want to use it for entertainment, financial planning, learning how to speak a foreign language, office work, drawing and many other tasks a computer does well. The possible uses of a computer are as varied as human activities.

2. Which program will do the best job?

There ore thousands of application programs on the market to consider. It is the program that gives you the power to control the actions of the computer. You must choose the right application program.

The first section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 surveys each of the application programs available with computers today. Similar programs are grouped together and compared -one against another. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains over 2,000 application programs, grouped in over 100 categories -including programs for accounting, management, professional uses, word processing, graphics, research, games, learning and special applications. Programs are described using comparison charts -listing for each application program: the program name, computer(s) and system configuration(s) required, the documentation available and the price.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides you with a quick and efficient way of deciding which application program and which computer and options for that computer can do the right job for you.

3. The language?

You cannot get a computer to do anything useful unless you know how to talk to it. This is no easy task. But, COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 can help.

The second section of COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 guides you in selecting the right language. Different dialects of languages are grouped in their generic category. The BASIC language, for example, is a generic name and has many dialects -including Microsoft Basic, Atari Basic, Basic Plus and Basic-80.

COMPUTER GUIDE and CESS ore trademarks of Computer 6 Electronic Supply Services. P.O. Box 345. MIT Branch P.O. Cambridge. MA 02139.

Each of these languages have their own machine requirements. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 provides the name, machine and machine requirements, documentation and price of over 500 dialects, for over 50 languages. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 helps you solve the language problem.

4. What about the machine?

Depending on your needs, there will probably be several computers still in the running. Now the decision is based on the guts of the machines (hardware). COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 compares machine characteristics in an easy to follow format. You don't have to be an electrical engineer to make on intelligent decision.

The solution is to work top down and not to go any further down than is needed. Your uses for the computer determines which machine characteristics are important. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 divides the machine into five areas -the keyboard, video display, printer, other peripherals and I/O, processor and memory and direct access storage. These five areas correspond to your basic machine needs. For example, an accountant needs a keyboard with a numeric keypad; word processing requires o printer; games utilize a video display; a mathematician wants a very fast machine; lots of memory is best when using the LISP language; and so on, as the hardware combines with the application program to develop a complete computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains machine descriptions for over 250 computer systems, produced by over 150 manufacturers. Information is displayed in spreadsheets -allowing you to get the information you need. You don't have to bother with extraneous details and cumbersome text. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 can accommodate millions of people in making the right decision, as varied as those decisions will be.

5. Where to buy the chosen computer system.

COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 lists hundreds of vendors, by geographical location, and by the products they sell. It also provides additional consumer information. The first ship date, the ship rate, the number installed to date, prices and what that includes, purchasing terms and warranties. COMPUTER GUIDE 1983 contains the names, addresses and phone numbers of hundreds of manufacturers, dealers and stores throughout the United States.

No one wins when you buy the wrong computer or computer product. Make the right decision. Use COMPUTER GUIDE 1963.

Send me COMPUTER GUIDE 1983

The complete computer buyer's guide.

I'm enclosing my check for $32.75 plus $1.50 for shipping. (Mass. residents add 5% sales tax.)

Mail to: CESS

P.O. Box 345, MIT Branch P.O. Cambridge, MA 02139 (617)491-8925

Name

A ddress

City, State and Zip

Please allow six to eight weeks for delivery.

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

433

Full size smart terminal with detachable keyboard

4MHz, Z80A™CPU 64K RAM main memory 200 Kbyte 5y4" floppy disk (Osborne, Xerox, IBM formats) Two serial ports

Complete software package, including:

CP/M Operating System WordStar* Word Processing Microsoft*1 BASIC 80 NorthStar compatible BAZIC Spelling Checker Electronic Spreadsheet

SEE US AT COMDEX, BOOTH 1674

You can't buy more computer for less.

$1790 is the total retail price of the complete Micro Decision™ System you see in this ad. And that includes the computer with a disk drive, a full size smart terminal, and over $ 1800 worth of software. No other business computer available today offers so much for so little (a comparable Apple system costs almost twice as much). The Micro Decision is a bargain any way you look at it. The computer alone, with all that software and one disk drive is only $1195. If you want to add another disk drive, the price is still great: just $1545. And the smart terminal is only $595. Retail. As for the microcomputer itself, our Micro Decision

includes a 64K CP/M® 2.2 Operating System. That's the industry standard operating system that gives you access to over 2000 business programs (available right now—right off the shelf).

If you'd like more information, or to find out about our substantial quantity discounts, call us at (415) 430-1970. We'll introduce you to more Morrow. And less price.

LOOK TO MORROW FOR ANSWERS TODAY

MORROW OE5IGN5

600 McCormick St.

San Leandro, CA 94577

(415) 430-1970

n

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

^v<,

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

Z80A is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro, Inc.

Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft

Corporation

BAZIC is a registered trademark of Micro Mike's. Inc.

Micro Decision is a trademark of Morrow Designs

a>

Listing 2 continued:

CARRY—1 IF FIRST CHARACTER NOT DELIMITER

-0 IF FIRST CHARACTER IS DELIMITER, OR INVALID DIGIT

CALLS: CNVBN,ECHO,GETCH,VALDG,VALDL

DESTROYS: A.B,C,D,E,F/F'S

JUMPS: FRET.SRET

DESCRIPTION: GETHX ACCEPTS A STRING OF HEX DIGITS FROM THE INPUT STREAM AND RETURNS THEIR VALUE AS A 16-BIT BINARY INTEGER. IF MORE THAN 4 HEX DIGITS ARE ENTERED, ONLY THE LAST 4 ARE USED. THE NUMBER TERMINATES WHEN A CARRIAGE RETURN IS ENCOUNTERED. ILLEGAL CHARACTERS (NOT HEX DIGITS OR DELIMITER) CAUSE AN ERROR INDICATION. IF THE FIRST (VALID) CHARACTER ENCOUNTERED IN THE INPUT STREAM IS NOT A DELIMITER, GETHX WILL RETURN WITH THE CARRY BIT SET TO 1; OTHERWISE, THE CARRY BIT IS SET TO 0 AND THE CONTENTS OF BC ARE UNDEFINED.

GETHX:

GHX05:

GHX10:

GHX15:

PUSH

LXI

MVI

CALL

CALL

MOV

CPI

JNZ

PUSH

POP

POP

MOV

ORA

JNZ

JZ

CALL

JNC

CALL

MVI

DAD

DAD

DAD

DAD

MVI

MOV

DAD

JMP

CALL

POP

JMP

H

H,0

E,0

GETCH

ECHO

A,C

CR

GHX10

H

B

H

A,E

A

SRET

FRET

VALDG

GHX15

CNVBN

E.OFFH

H

H

H

H

B,0

C,A

B

GHX05

CROUT

H FRET

SAVE HL

INITIALIZE RESULT

INITIALIZE DIGIT FLAG TO FALSE

GET A CHARACTER ECHO THE CHARACTER MOVE TO REG. A SEE IF CR NO—BRANCH

MOVE RESULT TO BC

RESTORE HL

GET FLAG

SET F/F'S

IF FLAG NON-ZERO, A NUMBER HAS BEEN FOUND

ELSE, DELIMITER WAS FIRST CHARACTER

IF NOT DELIMITER, SEE IF DIGIT

IF NOT A VALID DIGIT, RETURN

CONVERT DIGIT TO ITS BINARY VALUE

SET DIGIT FLAG NON-ZERO

*2

*4

*8

"16

CLEAR UPPER 8 BITS OF BC PAIR

BINARY VALUE OF CHARACTER INTO C

ADD THIS VALUE TO PARTIAL RESULT

GET NEXT CHARACTER

OUTPUT CR AND LF

RESTORE RP HL

RETURN WITH CARRY = 0

FUNCTION: MSGL

INPUTS: B—COUNTER FOR CHARACTERS IN MESSAGE

HL—ADDRESS OF MESSAGE OUTPUTS: NONE CALLS: CO

DESTROYS: A,B,C,H,L,F/F'S IUMPS: NONE DESCRIPTION: OUTPUTS A MESSAGE AS DETERMINED BY INPUTS.

MSGL:

MOV CALL INX DCR

CM CO

H B

FETCH NEXT CHARACTER TO C REGISTER SEND IT TO TERMINAL POINT TO NEXT CHARACTER DECREMENT BYTE COUNTER

Listing 2 continued on page 438

436 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

«BUY BY DIRECT-MAIL'

1-800-841-0860

CONVENIENT ORDER ENTRY

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S

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OKIDATA EPSON

GA. INFO

912-377-7120

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TRS-80 SOFTWARE

VISICALC. PROFILE.

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PRICES AND PRODUCTS SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. ORDERS SUBJECT TO VERIFICATION AND ACCEPTANCE.

V.

V.

8

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

437

Listing 2 continued:

JNZ

RET

FUNCTION: NMOUT INPUTS: A—8-BIT INTEGER OUTPUTS: NONE CALLS: ECHO, PRVAL DESTROYS: A,B,C,F/F'S JUMPS: NONE DESCRIPTION

MSGL

; RETURN FOR NEXT CHARACTER

NMOUT CONVERTS THE 8-BIT, UNSIGNED INTEGER IN THE

A REGISTER INTO 2 ASCII CHARACTERS. THE ASCII CHARACTERS

ARE THE ONES REPRESENTING THE 8 BITS. THESE 2

CHARACTERS ARE SENT TO THE CONSOLE AT THE CURRENT PRINT

POSITION OF THE CONSOLE.

NMOUT:

PUSH

RRC

RRC

RRC

RRC

CALL

CALL

POP

CALL

CALL

RET

PSW

PRVAL

ECHO

PSW

PRVAL

ECHO

SAVE ARGUMENT

GET UPPER 4 BITS TO LOW 4-BIT POSITIONS CONVERT LOWER 4 BITS TO ASCII SEND TO TERMINAL GET BACK ARGUMENT

FUNCTION: PRVAL

INPUTS: A—INTEGER, RANGE 0 TO F

OUTPUTS: A—ASCII CHARACTER

CALLS: NOTHING

DESTROYS: NOTHING

JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: PRVAL CONVERTS A NUMBER IN THE RANGE 0 TO F HEX TO THE CORRESPONDING ASCII CHARACTER, 0-9, A-F. PRVAL DOES NOT CHECK THE VALIDITY OF ITS INPUT ARGUMENT.

PRVAL:

ANI

ADI

DAA

ACI

DAA

MOV

RET

HCHAR 90H 40H C,A

MASK OUT UPPER 4 BITS—WANT 1 HEX CHAR

HCHAR = OFH

SET UP A SO THAT A-F CAUSE A CARRY

ADJUST CONTENTS OF A REGISTER

ADD IN CARRY AND ADJUST UPPER 4 BITS

ADJUST CONTENTS OF A REGISTER AGAIN

MOVE ASCII CHARACTER TO C

ALL DONE

FUNCTION: SRET

INPUTS: NONE

OUTPUTS: CARRY = 1

CALLS: NOTHING

DESTROYS: CARRY

JUMPS: NONE

DESCRIPTION: SRET IS JUMPED TO BY ROUTINES WISHING TO RETURN INDICATING SUCCESS. SRET SETS THE CARRY TRUE AND THEN RETURNS TO THE CALLER OF THE ROUTINE INVOKING SRET.

SRET:

STC RET

SET CARRY TRUE RETURN APPROPRIATELY

438 December 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc

FUNCTION: VALDG

INPUTS: C—ASCII CHARACTER

OUTPUTS: CARRY—1 IF CHARACTER REPRESENTS VALID HEX DIGIT -0 OTHERWISE

CALLS: NOTHING

DESTROYS: A,F/F'S

JUMPS: FRET.SRET

DESCRIPTION: VALDG RETURNS INDICATING SUCCESS IF ITS INPUT

ARGUMENT IS AN ASCII CHARACTER REPRESENTING A VALID HEX DIGIT (0-9,A-F), AND FAILURE OTHERWISE.

MOV

A,C

CPI

'0'

TEST CHARACTER AGAINST '0'

JM

FRET

IF ASCII CODE LESS, CANNOT BE VALID DIGIT

CPI

'9'

ELSE, SEE IF IN RANGE '0'-'9'

JM

SRET

CODE BETWEEN '0' AND '9'

JZ

SRET

CODE EQUAL '9'

CPI

'A'

NOT A DIGIT—TRY FOR A LETTER

JM

FRET

NO—CODE BETWEEN '9' AND 'A'

CPI

'G'

JP

FRET

NO-CODE GREATER THAN 'F'

JMP

SRET

OKAY—CODE IS 'A' TO T, INCLUSIVE

Listing 2 continued on page 442

INDUSTRIES, INC.

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Questions & Answers

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22511 Katy Freeway Katy (Houston) Texas 77450

To Order 1-800-231-3680 800-231-3681

SAVE BIG DOLLARS ON ALL TRS-80 HARDWARE & SOFTWARE

TRS-80" BY RADIO SHACK. Brand new in cartons delivered. Save state sales tax.Texas residents add only 5% sales tax. Open Mon.-Fri. 9-6, Sat. 9-5. We pay freight and insurance. Come by and see us. Call us for a reference in or near your city. Ref: Farmers State Bank, Brookshire, Texas.

WE OFFER ON REQUEST

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References from people who have bought computers from us probably in your city

1 TRS-80 is a Registered Trademark of Tandy Corp

ED McMANUS

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JOE McMANUS

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

The new IBM Instruments Computer System:

Jf insffiimonts

1

..» I * II *

440 BYTE December 1962

Unique combination of features Unusual flexibility Attractive price

A new dimension in small computers,

In its price range, the new IBM Instruments Computer System offers higher levels of function and performance than other computers.

For scientific, engineering and general computing applications, including instrument control and data acquisition, data analysis and communications, no other computer is like it.

The IBM Instruments Computer System is based on the highest performance general purpose processor available. Modular design permits you to select a configuration to meet your present needs exactly. Provision for continuing enhancement and upgrading is built in.

The inside story

Basic working memory is exceptionally large. When

L expanded fully, the IBM

Instruments Computer System has up to 5 megabytes of working memory. You'll find more standard communications ports and more connection modes than on other computers at or near the price. The optional integrated Analog I/O card further enhances connectability.

You'll also find a priority interrupt driven system with 32 levels of interrupt and 4 direct memory access channels.

The outside story

This is a computer that people find simple to understand and easy to use. Up to three interface modes (two programmable keypads and a keyboard) provide a wide range of choices for interacting with the system. Operation is from

menu or by simple direct command.

The system provides integrated high resolution graphics on a CRT. Hard copy is supplied by an optional high resolution 4-color printer/plotter using plain paper. These high levels of resolution are standard from IBM Instruments, extra on others.

Optional diskette and disk drives provide up to 44 megabytes of on-line storage.

A real-time, multitasking operating system and a wide range of programming support enhance the usability of the system.

The value story

The IBM Instruments Computer System can grow easily; you can add options yourself. Your initial investment is protected.

Starting at $5,695, this system gives you outstanding power, capacity and performance for the money.

SPECIFICATIONS

IBM INSTRUMENTS

COMPUTER SYSTEM

Processor

Communications

• 768 x 480 dots

• 68000 8-MHz

• RS232C—3 puns

• Mentor) mapped

Working Memory

• Up lu 128K bytes i)f ROM

• [EEE-488bus

• Parallel I/O

• VERSAbus*

Key board and

Keypads • Full alphanumeric

• 128K bytes of RAM

compatible system

keyboard plus 10

expandable in 256k

bus • Analog I/O cad

programmable ke\s • Up I., 57

megabytes

Printer Plotter

programmable suit

Dinks anil Diskettes

• Up L> 4 Diskettes, 5W-322K bytes or 8"-l megabyte eaeli

• Up to four 514"

• 4-culors

• Up to 200 eps

• 200x336dots/inel

• Full tint pattern control for graphics

keys on processor

• 10 programmable soil keys on CRT

Programming

• BASIC/FORTRAN/

Winchester type disks. 5 or It') megabytes each

plotting Display Screen

• 12" adjustable

• 80 characters x 30

PASCAL assemblers

• Utilities/Diagnostics

• Chromatography, FTTR and other

lines

application programs

•Trademark uf Motorola, [m

We'd like to tell you more about it. Simply call 800-243-7054. In Connecticut, call 800-952-1073. IBM Instruments, Inc., Orchard Park, Box 332, Danbury, CT 06810.

"t^^E Instruments

:=te Inc.

Circle 509 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

441

Listing 2 continued:

BARBER-POLE PATTERN FOR NK x 4 MEMORY COMPONENTS

PATRN:

DB DB

00H,11H,22H,44H,88H,0EEH,0DDH,0BBH,77H O0H,llH,22H,44H,88H,0EEH,0DDH,OBBH,77H

BARBER-POLE PATTERN FOR NK x 1 MEMORY COMPONENTS

PATRN:

DB DB DB DB

; MESSAGES

MESG1:

DB

MESL1

EQU

MESG2:

DB

MESL2

EQU

MESG3:

DB

MESL3

EQU

MESG4:

DB

MESL4

EQU

MESG5:

DB

MESL5

EQU

MESG6:

DB

MESL6

EQU

MESG7:

DB

MESL7

EQU

MESG8:

DB

MESL8

EQU

;DATA STORAGE

ERFLG:

DS

MEMND:

DS

MEMST:

DS

NBYTE:

DS

NCYCL:

DS

PATLN:

DS

END

00H,01H,02H,04H,08H,10H,20H,40H,80H 0FEH,0FDH,0FBH,OF7H,0EFH,0DFH,0BFH,7FH OOH,01H,02H,04H,08H,10H,20H,40H,80H OFEH,OFDH,0FBH,OF7H,OEFH,0DFH,0BFH,7FH

'ENTER ADDRESS OF MEMORY START IN HEX '

S-MESG1

"ENTER ADDRESS OF MEMORY END IN HEX '

S-MESG2

'ERROR: MEMORY START ADDRESS > MEMORY END ADDRESS'

$-MESG3

'MEMORY ERROR AT '

S-MESG4

' HEX, EXPECTED '

J-MESG5

', FOUND '

S-MESG6

'SUCCESSFUL TEST'

S-MESG7

'UNSUCCESSFUL TEST'

S-MESG8

STORAGE LOCATION FOR ERROR FLAG ZERO-NO ERROR DURING TEST NON-ZERO-ERROR DUING TEST STORAGE LOCATION FOR END ADDRESS STORAGE LOCATION FOR START ADDRESS STORAGE LOCATION FOR NUMBER OF BYTES STORAGE LOCATION FOR NUMBER OF CYCLES SHIFTS OF THE BARBER POLE STORAGE LOCATION FOR PATTERN LENGTH

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• Z80C CPU SPEEDUP- Programmable 10 8MHi

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• SYSTEM DUST COVERS-3 covers

S149 S 29

S 19 S 29

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• 6ciol 10 Diskettes (5'.V'SSDD)

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S25 S 19 S 19 S 19

S25

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5250 8088 Processor ICPM 86 and MSDOS Compatible)

5 39 Anchor Signalman Modem

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Portal Calc S149

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442

December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 308 on inquiry card.

■||;f

PRICE:

CAPACITY:

EXPANSION:

NETWORK:

2495.OO complete subsystem for Apple II or IBM-PC

14.4 megabytes unformatted 11.3 megabytes formatted

Total expansion capability to 57.6 megabytes using the same controller and host interface.

Expansion capability to 18.8 megabytes by adding a second disk drive and using the same cabinet and power supply.

For Apple II only, Network capability is available at a cost of $200 per station

GALLIUM SOFTWARE

For Apple II, the ROM resident software interfaces to DOS 3.3, CPM and PASCAL operating systems. All operating systems remain unmodified so there is no need to make any program changes when using the Gallium. Any system can be booted directly from Gallium.

For IBM-PC, a connect program is provided which brings the Gallium-lO on line and becomes accessible as Drives C and D.

APPLE

UTILITIES

Format Formats all Surfaces

Volume Initer Initializes With An "EMPTY"

File A Given Number of Volumes

in Single, Double or Triple

Size DOS 3.3 Volumes

File Finder Finds All Volumes On Which

Any Given File Is Resident

File Runner Finds 8t Runs The Given File

From the First Volume On Which It Is Resident

Partition Partitions The Disk For DOS 3.3,

CPM & PASCAL Allocating The

Reauired Number Of Sectors

For Each Given Operating System

Connect Connects Gallium To DOS

If Booted From Floppy Disk

IBM

UTILITIES

FDISK Formats All Surfaces, Once

Formatted Capacity is 11.5 Megabytes

DSKLNK Connects Gallium to PC-DOS

CHKHRD Similar to PC-DOS CHKDSK

Utility, Reports Disk Usage

Circle 125 on inquiry card.

XitenSystems

16815 Hawthorne Blvd. Lawndale, Ca 90260

(213) 370-3966

(800) 421-1947

Text continued from page 418:

the top of the pattern table (PATRN) is placed on the stack for future use. The number of bytes (NBYTE) and starting memory address (MEMST) are loaded into the DE and HL register pairs, respectively. Next, the barber-pole pattern is loaded into memory.

This is accomplished by using the BC register pair as the pattern-table pointer, the HL pair as the memoryaddress pointer, and the DE pair as the number of bytes remaining to be loaded. When DE is decremented to zero, the program jumps to the next section, which tests the integrity of the barber-pole pattern.

If DE is not zero, PATLN is decremented. If PATLN is not zero, the

Number of bytes

Time

4K (hexadecimal 1000)

3.8 seconds

8K (hexadecimal 2000)

7.5 seconds

Table 2a: The time required for execu

tion of the barber-poh

' test of nine

cycle patterns using an

Intel 8080A-2

running at a clock

frequency of

2.15 MHz.

Number of bytes

Time

4K (hexadecimal 1000) 6.9 seconds 8K (hexadecimal 2000) 13.5 seconds

Table 2b: The time required to run the barber-pole test of 17-cycle patterns on the 2.15-MHz 8080A-2. The crystal frequency of 19.354 MHz is divided by 9.

program loops to write another pattern element in memory. If PATLN is zero, the BC pair is set to point to the top of the pattern table, PATLN is set to the length of the pattern table, and the program loops to write another pattern element in memory.

With DE equal to zero, the BC register pair is set to the address of the top of the pattern table, PATLN is set to the appropriate length, NBYTE is loaded into DE, and MEMST is loaded into HL. The barber-pole pattern is tested in the same fashion it was written, except for a comparison and calling of subroutine ERROR if the contents of the memory location and the pattern-table element are not the same. The output of ERROR consists of the messages shown in listings la and lb.

When DE is decremented to zero, the program jumps to the next section, which shifts the barber-pole pattern left by 1 bit and sets PATLN to the appropriate length. The byte NCYCL is decremented by 1 and, if it is not zero, the shifted barber-pole pattern is loaded into memory and verified as discussed above. If NCYCL is zero, the program prints the message "SUCCESSFUL TEST" or "UNSUCCESSFUL TEST", depending upon the value in the data-storage byte, ERFLG (error flag).

Speed of Execution

The speed of this program in performing the memory test is excellent. Using an Intel 8080A-2 processor running at a clock rate of 2.15 MHz, the times to do 4K and 8K bytes are

shown in tables 2a and 2b. The projected time for a successful test of 64K bytes using the pattern in table la (9-elements/9-cycle pattern) is approximately 60 seconds; the time for using the pattern in table lb (17elements/17-cycle pattern) is approximately 110 seconds.

Summary

The barber-pole memory-test program meets the initial design goals of being rapid, providing sufficient information to indicate which memory component is causing the error, distinguishing between hard and soft memory errors, and aiding in flagging the memory-decoding errors.

A minor problem is that the program requires 9 bytes for data storage and 12 bytes for the stack. Thus, the computer must have part of its memory error-free. ■

Acknowledgments

/ would like to tliank Leroy A. Noble of the Dickey-John Corporation for an initial discussion of tlie development of the barber-pole algorithm in PL. M. The assistance of Bob Polack in the coding of the PL/M model is gratefully acknowledged.

The utility routines CI, CNVBN. CO. CROUT, ECHO, FRET. GETCH. CETHX. NMOUT. PRVAL. SRET. and VALDC are reprinted by permission of Intel Corporation, copyright 1977.

Reference

1. Nordin, Floyd L. "Memory Test Program/ Keyboard Entry of Start and End Values." INSITE Users Library, reference number AA11, page 4-271.

BTA MODEL 953B EPROM PROGRAMMER-$359

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES, inc.

HWY. 603, P.O. BOX 387

BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520

(601) 467-8231

• Programs 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 27C16, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, 2564, 2764, 27C64, MCM68766, 27128.

• RS-232, 3 line serial interface, Xon/Xoff format, DB-25 I/O connector.

• No personality modules - software control EPROM selection.

• Extended diagnostics.

• LED warning indicates power applied to EPROM socket.

• Supports Intel, Motorola, and Intel 8086 data formats as well as HEX data dump.

• Automatic baud rate selection.

• Textool zero insertion force socket.

• Available CP/M software.

• Model 953A, programs most 24 pin EPROMS.

Price - $269.00

444 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

The mind never stops. Your constant search for better, more costefficient business methods will lead you to the fourth annual Office Automation Conference, the only one of its kind in the world. Our theme is Explorations in Office Automation, and we'll be presenting 50 technical sessions which will examine six areas of interest:

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You'll also discover a panorama of office automation products and services exhibited by more than 150 of the leading manufacturers. There will be four luncheon workshops in which you may choose to participate, and a special presentation by five editors from Newsweek who will be conducting a Periscope Panel with lively discussion on events of the day.

We're expecting a sellout crowd at OAC '83, so why don't you fill out and mail this coupon today. Bea part of the office of the future at OAC '83.

THE FOURTH ANNUAL

CONFERENCE FEBRUARY21-23, 1983 • CIVIC CENTER • PHll_/VDEI_PI-ttA.,PA,.

SPONSORED BY AMERICAN FEDERATION OF INFORMATION PROCESSING SOCIETIES, INC.

MAMF

3 inrorm

anon, cut ana man i

Mail to:

TITLE

HI

[J AFIPS

■ COMPANY

w,

I 1983 OAC | J PO Box 9659

[ ADDRESS

■j

■ Arlington, VA. 22209

I PITY

STATF

ZIP

9

Circle 349 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 445

Marcey Inc.

The METEOR

A System designed for Maximum Reliability, Flexibility and Value

System Specifications:

Processor • 4 MHz Z-80A GPU • 64K Memory - Bank Selected • 2 Serial & 2 Parallel I/O Ports

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Constant Voltage Power Supply (Provides Brown-Out Protection)

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For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service Card #284

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Specifications: • Motherboard — S-1007IEEE-696 — Shielded and Grounded

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For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service Card #285

MARCEY INC.

Distributors of Computers and Computer Products 6700 Valjean Avenue □ Van Nuys, California 91406 □ (213) 994-7734

Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

446 BYTE December 1982

Marcey Inc.

Consumer Products Division

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Cameras

• Dysan

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• Panasonic

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There's more but we didn't have any more room to put them in, so please call if you don't see what you want or need!

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6700 Valjean Avenue □ Van Nuys, California 91406 □ (213) 994-7734 Dealer Inquiries Invited Quantity Pricing Available

For Further Information Please Circle Reader Service #286

BYTE December 1982 447

System Notes

A Little Apple SOS with Your Pascal

Timothy C. O'Konski

Apple Computer Inc.

10460 Bandley Dr.,

Cupertino, CA 95014

The Apple III is a powerful, versatile personal computer offering the user the Sophisticated Operating System (SOS; pronounced "sauce") and a new expanded version of Pascal. SOS has a flexible and generalized command set to access devices supported by the Apple III, and Pascal offers the advantage of a language designed to teach proper programming practices. The two, therefore, go hand in hand to make applications programming productive and enjoyable. This article presents a particular set of routines to allow direct access to SOS file calls from a Pascal program. (See listing 1, page 450, and listing 2, page 460.)

By making direct system calls to SOS, you can dramatically expand the limited nature of standard Pascal input and output (I/O) constructs, which are a carry-over from the original sequential cassette-tape model. The interpretive Pascal environment on the Apple III allows you to link external (assembly-language) routines to a program or to a separately compilable unit. Thus, you can use the features of SOS for any application program that runs under it.

Although Apple III Pascal allows you to read UCSD Pascal-formatted disks as well as edit, compile, and link source text that was created on the Apple II UCSD Pascal system, the routines described in this article are executable only on the Apple III using SOS-formatted disks.

About the Author

Timothy O'Konski is a senior member of the technical staff at Apple Computer in the Personal Computer Systems Division. He has a bachelor's degree in computer science from the University of California, Berkeley and has been working in the computer industry on systems and applications software for six years.

448 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

The Console

The Apple's standard monochrome monitor is supported by the SOS console driver. The greatest advantage of using the console driver rather than Pascal read and write routines is the ability to mix commands and text. With a single call to SOS, you can turn off the cursor, clear the screen, position the cursor at any X, Y position, write a line of data, set a viewport, scroll newly written text up one line, and turn on the cursor. Because the contents of any viewport (an arbitrary rectangular area that you define) can be saved and then restored, error messages can temporarily overlay the current information, which can then be restored in a single control request to the console driver.

The SOS IO routines that communicate with the console are:

• SOS Open—opens the console for use by your application

• SOS Read—reads from the keyboard

• SOS Write—writes data and issues commands to the

display

• SOS Close—relinquishes use of the console to other

programs

Writing to a Printer

With Apple III Pascal, data is passed to the printer on a character-by-character basis. This means that each buffer passed to a printing device via a Pascal write or unitwrite statement is broken down into n SOS calls, where n is the number of bytes given in the write request. This takes n— 1 times more SOS overhead when compared to a direct request to a SOS printer driver. The performance improvement you get by using a SOS Open and then

Text continued on page 480

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BYTE December 1982

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458 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

A Disc Drive Decision Alaorithim

Call PD5

about

Datadrive?

Mo

Call, let's talk

anyway.

Call, let's talk

anyway.

Call, let's talk

anyway.

Call, let's talk

anyway.

^k.

£

Mo

Want easy interconnect

toother computers?

Yes

Disconnect interface board and use with other computers.

ho

\]/

Want 15% greater storage?

Yes

With enhancer diskette and 40 track mode.

Mo

^E

Want

super-silent

operation and

long life?

Yes

highest standards of

components, design,

manufacture and quality control.

8500 hours MTBf:

An outstanding value at the PD5 price.

All logical Paths Lead to PDS Datadrive for Your Apple II.

' Apple II is a trademark of Apple Computers Inc. ■' 5iemens is a trademark of Siemens Corporation.

Circle 384 on inquiry card.

Want 100% Apple II*

compatibility?

Half-tracking D05, PA5CAL, CPM.

Yes

*

Call PD5

about

Datadrive?1

Call PDS

about

Datadrive?

Call PD5

about

Datadrive?

±&L

Call PD5

about

Datadrive?

Call PDS

about

Datadrive?

3^

Call PD5

about

Datadrive?

Call PDS

about

Datadrive?

rfW!***".

<T

Yes

\/

Want ' state-of-the-art electro-mechanics?

Mo

Siemens" mechanism

and read/write

electronics.

Call, let's talk anyway.

<"

Yes

\/

Want 500%

track-to-track

speed?

Mo

On the right track with precision lead screen.

Call, let's talk anyway.

«

Yes

Want to conserve power?

Mo

Call, let's talk

anyway.

When the datadrive

is not driving, it's not using power.

Call PDS

Universal Inc.

(714)730-6772

2630 Walnut Ave., Suite Q Tustin,CA 92680

BYTE December 1982 459

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460 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Don't settle for too little, too late.

Subscribe to

The Wall Street Journal

and get all the business news

you need ... when you need it.

If you're in business and serious about getting ahead, you have to search around to get all the business news you need these days. Even the best daily newspapers give you only a section of business news. And if you have to wait a week to read a business magazine, the news may not be news anymore. You wind up getting too little, too late.

There is one publication that gives you all the business news you need when you need it. The Wall Street Journal. Everyone who is serious about business knows that The Journal is serious business. That's why most successful executives start their day with The Journal. They just open its pages and the world of business is laid out for them—like a map of opportunity. It's where the big business stories break. It's unmatched in providing valuable information. It's the way the word gets around.

Every business day, The Journal reports anything happening anywhere in the world that can affect business—your business. It tells

Circle 489 on Inquiry card.

you what new products and services are being developed. Where markets are opening up. How companies are coping with inflation and energy problems. Which companies are merging. Whose sales are surging. And along the way you'll probably discover many pointers to help direct your company to bigger profits and boost your own career.

And of course, there's The Journal's famous coverage of investment news designed to help you manage your money more profitably. There are regular feature articles on personal finance with subjects such as tax shelters, mortgages, C.D.'s, stock and bond selection, tax rulings and much, much more.

If you're serious about how you manage your business, your finances, your career, don't settle for "too little, too late." Subscribe to The Wall Street Journal and get all the business news you need... when you need it.

You can have The Journal rushed to you every business day for six months (26 weeks) for only $47—that's about $1.80 per week. All you have to do is mail the coupon. Do it now!

Call Toll Free

800-345-8540, ext. 14

(in Pennsylvania: 800-662-5180, ext. 14)

THE WALL STREET JOURNAL

Att: Manager of Subscriber Service Subscriber Service Division 200 Burnett Road Chicopee, Mass. 01021

D Please enter my subscription to The Journal for six months (26 weeks) at $47.

D I prefer one year (52 weeks) at $89.

D Check enclosed □ Please charge my:

□ American Express □ Diners Club □ MC □ VISA

Card No Expires

Signature

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Limited time offer-good in Continental U.S.

only. 2AAD

BYTE December 1982

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463

£)o99eo< G\iitim}t fo \e<xyyi a Sec^oh-M lar^yy «.^e .

tV\C

r*..;t

CP M is<-i registered trademarkofDigital Research Cor]).

For the name of the dealer nearest you, phone {800) 227-2400, ext. 948; in California, (800) 772-2666, ext. 948. For more information.

And now, InfoStar:

The first DBMS you can use without speaking programmerese.

So put away vour GO TOs and DO WHILES.

InfoStar is one microcomputer data base system that doesn't askyou to write in code. Or learn a programming language. Instead you make selections from an on-screen menu written in one easy language. English.

Which means you don't have to be a programmer or computer jock to use it. But, in case you are, there's something in it for you, too.

With InfoStar,you can generate a custom application four times faster than with other DBMS software.

Reason being it has a lot of the features that made WordStar1 the standard in the industry. For instance, select-as-you-go menus prompt you through all procedures. And to format a data entiy form or report, you simply draw it on the screen. We've said it before: what you see is what you get.

But, of course, that's not all you get.

Fact is, InfoStar has more informative

(and self documenting) capabilities than you've come to expect from any microcomputer DBMS.

Starting with report writing. A custom report feature — complete with transactional updating and exception processing abilities — lets you format, manipulate and merge countless different ways. And a quick report feature lets you finish faster than you can count them — usually in 60 seconds or less. Not that you have to slow down to sort things out either. Because InfoStar can sort five to six times faster than any other DBMS in its class.

And for data entry, there are high-end minicomputer features. Like batch editing. And 200 editing mask combinations, to name a few.

All that's required of you is that you have a CP/M-based computer. And that you take a trip over to your local computer store to ask about InfoStar.

They don't speak programmerese.

But they're happy to talk business.

MicroPro

The Microcomputer Software Company

unite MicroPro, Xi San Pablo Avenue, San Rafael. CA 94903. (415) 499-1200.

Circle 535 on inquiry card.

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466 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

iBEX7202

POR%295!

NEVER BEFORE SO MUCH FOR SO LITTLE. MERRY CHRISTMAS!

What a gift from a major Japanese

Look what you get for $2,295:

manufacturer! By the end of 1982, we want

•Z80

to move our remaining inventory of 7202's.

• CP/M compatible

Due to a special purchase, we are able to offer

• 64 kilobyte RAM, expandable to

this product while they last for $2,295. It's

192 kilobytes

fully documented and comes with a 90-day

• Dual 8" floppies (1.2 megabytes each)

limited warranty.

switchable to IBM format

This computer features dual 8-inch double

• 12" green phosphor monitor (80 x 24

sided, double-density floppy disks, with the

characters)

format software selectable. Because it sup

• Centronics compatible printer

ports the IBM 3740 industry-standard format,

interface

as well as double-density, data exchange with

• Serial interface

most other computers is possible.

• Full function keyboard

• Clock timer and calendar (with

battery)

Other models also available at special close-out prices.

Access Unlimited

401 North Central Expressway

Richardson, TX 75080

1-800-527-3475 outside Texas

(214) 340-5366 inside Texas CP/M is a registered trademark

of Digital Research.

Circle 545 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 467

Extra

savings

plus

extra

backup!

Palomar backs its low, low prices with great extras: (1) Expert technical advice. (2) Fast response on orders. (3) In-house service repairs. (4) Guaranteed satisfaction! That's no-risk mail-order buying!

SPECIAL!

SAVE 31%

Franklin Ace 1000 1,595.00 Taxan 12" Green Screen ... 169.00

TEAC Super 5 Disk Drive .. 495.00 Diskettes 35.00

TEAC Super 5 Controller Card 195.00 Diskette Case 5.00

Gemini 10 499.00 «qrmj»—•

Genie Graphics Card 99.00 _»*u«fltr

NOW — $2,085.

PRINTERS

COMREX

Comriter CR-1C CALL

Tractor Feed 89.00

EPSON

Comrex 4K Buffer 139.00

Microbuffer - 16K Parallel 159.00

Micro-buffer - 8K Serial 159.00

MPI

Apple Ap-Pak 145.00

IEEE Adapter Card 55.00

Hi-Speed RS232 Serial Card .... 70.00

Apple Parallel Card 110.00

8K Buffer Expansion - 150 G ... 170.00

NEC

3510 RO Serial 1,515.00

3520 KSR Serial 2,100.00

3530 RO Parallel 1,750.00

3550 RO IBM 1,880.00

7710 R0 Serial 2,465.00

7730 RO Parallel 2.465.00

8023-A Dol Matrix 499.00

Bidirectional Tractor (3500) ... 150.00

Cut Sheet Guide (3500) 90.00

Envelope Handler (3500) 270.00

Horizontal Tractor (7700) 150.00

Bidirectional Tractor (7700) ... 345.00 Friction Attachment (7700) 35.00

MONITORS

AMDEK

Video 300- 12" Green 159.00

Color I -13" Color Composite .. 379.00

Color II - Hi-Res RGB 799.00

Color III - Lo-Res RGB 469.00

RGB Apple II Card 169.00

COMREX

CR 5500 • 12" Green 155.00

CR6500- 13" Composite 315.00

CR6600- 13" RGB 429.00

NEC

PC-8041 A-12" Green 159.00

ZENITH

12" Green 119.00

SUPPLIES

RIBBONS

Comrex SS, doz 25.00

Comrex MS. doz 57 00

C. Itoh 13.50

Epson MX 80. 80 FT 4.99

NOVELL

Image 800 999.00

OKIDATA

Microline 82-A 519.00

Microline 83-A 745.00

Microline84-S 1.250.00

Microline 84-P 1.150.00

OLYMPIA

ES100KRO 999.00

ES 100 799.00

Ser./Par. Interface 250.00

CCS Apple Serial Card 139.00

SMITH CORONA

TPI 649.00

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10 CALL

Gemini 15 CALL

TEC

PMC 8510 Parallel 475.00

ITOH 8510-A Parallel 499.00

ITOH 8510-A Serial 650.00

ITOH 1550 Parallel 750.00

ITOH 1550 Serial 789.00

ITOH F-10-40 1.535.00

ITOH F-10-55 1.899.00

SANYO

9" Hi-Res Green 159.00

12" Green Screen 135.00

12" Hi-Res Green 209.00

13" Color 419.00

13" Hi-Res Color 899.00

TAXAN

KG 12 N ■ 12" Green CALL

KA12N 12" Amber CALL

RGB Vision I- CALL

RGB Vision II - CALL

RGB Apple II Card 129.00

U.S.I.

9" Green Screen 149.00

12" Green Screen 159.00

12" Amber Screen 179.00

PRINTWHEELS

Comrex 18 00

NEC (Thimble) 14.95

Olympia (Whisperdisc) 30.00

Smith Corona 4.95

Many products are not listed. Please call our 800 number if you don't see what you are looking for.

468 BYTE December 1982

APPLE

HARDWARE

Apple II Plus CALL

CCS IEEE Card 200.00

CCS Analog/Digital Card . 120.00 CCS 12K ROM/PROM Mod 115 00

Comrex Clock Card 79 00

CPS Multifunction Card . 179.00

Microbufler II 16K 250 00

Microliter II 32K 279 00

Microsolt 780 Softcard 299 00 Microtek 16K Ram Card ... 99 00 Microtek Parallel Printer Card 89 00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

Financial Partner 19100

Pascal Tutor 97 00

Pro Easy Writer 137 00

Easy Writer 40 Co! 78.00

Super Text II 117 00

The Address Book 38 00

Form Module Letter 78 00

Visifile 229 00

Desktop Plan III 27500

Desktop Plan II 229 CO

Visiplof 185 00

Visiirend/Visiplot .... 27500

Visidex 22900

Visiterm 89 00

Visicalc 3 3 229 00

Inlotory 198.00

Superspell |Req Soltcard) 43500 WorrJ Processor (Req Soil 255 00

MISCELLANEOUS

Applesoft Compiler 144 00

Basic Compiler 327 00

Apple-Doc 4100

DB Master 169 00

DB Utility Pack 70 00

E-ZDraw33 4000

Pascal Graph Ed 79 00

Microtek Graphics Card . 10500 MPC Serial Printer Card .. 89 00

M&R Super Fan 40 00

Numeric Key Pad 150.00

Paymar Lower Case Adapters:

Old (Rev 1-6) 3100

New (Rev 7) 19.00

TG Game Paddles 30 00

TG Joy Stick 47 00

TG Select-A-Pon 47 00

Videx 80 Column Card .... 299.00 Viewmax 80 249 00

PERSONAL/HOME

Typing Tutor 1900

Elementary Math 31 00

Personal Filing System 98.00

Personal Report System ... 7500

Algebra I 3100

Compu-Math Anth Skill .... 3900 Compu-Math Fractions 3100

Compu-Math Decimals 31 00

Compu-Spells: (Reg Data Disk) 2300

GAMES

Raster Blaster 24 00

Air TraMic Controller 1100

Tempte ol Apshal 31.00

Datestones of Rkyn 1500

Morloc's Tower 1500

Rescue at Rigel 2300

Hell Fire Warrior 3100

Star Warrior 3100

Crash. Crumble & Chomp ... 23.00 Upper Reaches of Apshal ... 15 00

The Keys to Acheron 15.00

Sneak Attack 23 00

The Prisoner 23.00

Kabul Spy 28 00

DISK DRIVES

Corona 5MB Winchester Coiona lOMBWmchester Disk II with

Controller Card .......

Microsci A2 without

Controller Cart)

Microsci Controller Card

Rana Disk Drive

Rana Controller

TEAC Super 5 Disk Drive TEAC Super 5

Controller Card .. .

CALL CALL

CALL

39900 9900 359 00 10900 29900

. 8900

Zonk I 3100

Zonk II 3100

Robot Wars 3100

Three Mile Island 31.00

ABM : 1900

Castle to Wolfenstein 1900

Wizard and Princess 2500

Missile Defense 23 DO

Cranston Manor 2700

Warp Destroyer 23 00

Cyber Strike 3100

Phantoms Five 24 00

Space Eggs 24.00

Pulsar II 24 00

Autobahn 24 00

Orbitron 24.00

Gamma Goblins 2400

Gorgon 32 00

Sneakers 3200

Epoch 2800

Cops and Robbers 28 00

Outpost 24 00

Dark Forest 24.00

Beer Run 24.00

Hadron 2800

Twerps 24 00

Snake Byte 24.00

Borg 24.00

HARDWARE

IBM PC CALL

Adam & Eve Game Paddles 32 00 Corona 5 MB Winchester CALL Corona 10 MB Winchester CALL

PMC Disk Drive 199 00

STB Prmler Interlace 239 00

TG Joystick 5100

64K RAM Card 205.00

I28K RAM Card 309 00

192K RAM Card 415 00

256K RAM Card 520 00

MODEMS

HAYES

Micromodem II (Apple II) 299.00

Micromodem II (S-100) 349.00

Smartmodem (RS-232) 225.00

Chronograph (RS-232) 229.00

UDS

103 LP Direct 175.00

103 JLP Auto Answer 209.00

202 LP 1200 BAUD 259.00

212 LP 535.00

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

Write On Word Processor 105 00 Denver Accoonling System 589 00

Easy Writer II 275 00

Easy Filer 31500

Easy Planner 13900

Easy Speller 139 00

HOME

Home Accountant Plus

Mathmagic

Graphmagic

Tax Manager

11900 75 00 75 00

209 00

GAMES

Zork I 32 00

Zork II 32 00

Deadline 39 00

Galactic Attack 2900

Call To Arms 25 00

NOVATION

CAT 140.00

D-CAT 155.00

Auto CAT 209.00

Apple CAT 299.00

Expansion Module 37.00

Handset 29.00

S-lOO

HARDWARE

Tandon TM 100-1 Disk Drive Tandon TM 100-2 Disk Drive CCS Disk Controller/CPM 2.2 CCS 16K Static Ram Module CCS32K Static Ram Module CCS 2 Serial Port *2 Parallel

Comrex Clock Card

Hayes Micromodem II

21900 259 00 425 00 295 00 499 00 359.00 11900 349.00

CP/M SOFTWARE

CCS CP/M Control Program 2.2 149.00 CCS CP/M Macro Assembler ... 89.00 CCS CP/M Symb. Instr. Debug .. 75.00

CCS CP/M Text Formatter 75.00

CCS CP/M Print Utility 49.00

Hayes Terminal Program (8") ... 24.00

Microsolt Fortran 80 (8") 499.00

Microsoft Basic Compiler (8") . 389.00 Microsoft Basic 80 (8) 349 00

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

ALTOS

ACS 8000-2 3.645.00

ACS 8000-15 4,989.00

ACS 8600-12 12,499.00

ACS 8600-14 14,499.00

APPLE

Apple II Plus CALL

Disk II CALL

D.0.S, 3.3 CALL

BASIS

108-0003 (64K) 1,895.00

108-0004 (128K) 1,995.00

KAYCOMP

Kaypro Portable, includes $250.00 extras

1,795.00

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000, 64K CALL

ACE 10, disk drive CALL

ACCESSORIES

CABLES CENTRONICS

Centronics/Centronics 25.00

Centronics/IBM 30.00

Centronics/Osborne 30.00

OSBORNE

Osborne 1 Portable, includes $200.00 extras 1,795.00

TELEVIDEO

TS 802 3,035.00

TS 806 5,735.00

TS816 10,365 00

VICTOR SPECIAL, a $4,995 value!

912000 3,495.00

912100 3.495.00

XEROX SPECIAL, a $3,495 value!

820 with CP/M, Wordstar .... 1,925.00

RS232

4 wire, male-male. 10 ft 25.00

9 wire, male-male, 10 ft 30.00

4 wire, male-female, 10 It 25.00

9 wire, male-female, 10 ft 30.00

Switch Box, 2-port 109.00

ORDER TOLL-FREE! Call

800-237-3333

In California call 800-338-5555

TELEX 697120-150

TERMS OF SALE: Cash, check, money order, bank wire transfer, credit card, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions. Please include telephone number with order and expiration date on credit card orders. California residents add 6% sales tax. Advertised prices are for prepaid orders F.O.B. shipping point. Add 3% or $3.00 minimum for shipping in U.S. Pricing and availability subject to change without notice. Address written orders to:

910-105 W. San Marcos Blvd., Dept. B12, San Marcos, CA 92069

PAlOMAft

COMPUTER PRODUCTS

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 469

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computer ■ products, inc

Manufactured by Professional Data Systems. Tustin, California.

'APPLE is TM of APPLE Corp6^RB|W^WpW(W™«pfational Business Machines. Circle 520 on Inquiry card.

Computer Products Inc. has created the b unit for the Apple II. This new data rive slimline nut performs any of its competition. s pint-size drive, works 8 times faster than t other drives, saving you space and time. Compare the features of the new ASAP slimline to what you're using now. We're sure you'll agree, this slimline out performs • the others.

8 times faster than APPLE II Drives.

Direct drive motor of extremely high quality.

Only Vz the size of a regular drive.

100% APPLE1 compatible (including "half track").

Can be used with IBM PC2and other computers by simply disconnecting Interface Board.

Mechanism and read - write electronics made by TEAC the world leader in Audio recording machines.

1 (one) full year warranty at no extra cost!!!!!

The SLIMLINE is a 35/40 track drive and can take advantage of our ENHANCER Diskette which will give the user 15% more storage capacity & up to 163K Bytes.

Slimline V2 height 163K.

Dual Slimline drives Vz height in one box.

Slimline Vi height (1) Megabyte with controller.

Contact your local dealer for more information. Dealer inquiries invited.

computer products, inc.

1198 E. Willow St.. Signal Hill, CA 90806

Call Toll Free (800) 421-7701

In California (213) 595-6431

or (714) 891-2663

In Canada Call ASAP Computer

PrOdUCtS LTD., 116ViceroyRd..D-12Concord Toronto. Ontario. Canada L4K 1A9

(416)738-0500(800)268-1996

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Circle 75 on inquiry card.

Circle 337 on inquiry card.

MULTI-PROGRAMMER

matures SYSTEM-10

dicated keys and large

iplay vocabulary for ease of use. <^ 1 OQC

D - 6 baud rates, 13 formats including Sf I /fc5JO

Features: SYS

Dedicated keys and large display vocabulary for ease of use. I/O - 6 baud rates, 13 formats including Intellec, Textronix and Motorola. EPROMs,, E2PROMs and bipolars. Gang option - programs eight at once. • Remote control option.

PROGRAMS OVER 250

DEVICE TYPES

FUNCTIO,

DISPLAY DEVICE DATA LOAD DATA CRC- DEVICE/RAM

EDIT RAM DATA COMPARE FIELDS CRC - RAM

DEVICE PROGRAM FILL MEMORY FIELD I/O HOST PROMPT

TYPE SELECTION BLOCK MOVE DIAGNOSTICS

and more . . .

COMPUTER SYSTEMS CORP

Standardized,

continuous checks,

invoices, statements and letterheads

work with programs from over 200 software

sources ... or program forms with guides provided. Full

color catalog also has stock tab paper, diskettes, other

supplies.

• Quality products, low prices • Small quantities

• No "handling charges" • Money-Back Guarantee

Fast service by mail or PHONE TOLL FREE

1 + 800-225-9550 (Mass. res. 1+800-922-8560)

NAME

COMPANY

STREET

CITY. STATE and ZIP

SOFTWARE BRAND

(To help us send correct Into.)

PACKAGE #

pi Do own

programming

COMPUTER MAKE

MODEL

p Not

L"' Purchased

LINE OF BUSINESS

Number ol Employees

Nebs Computer Forms

F*Ib? 78 Hollis Street, Groton, Ma:

CODE 11003

Massachusetts 01471 A division of New England Business Service, Inc.

NOW YOU CAN GET A S30.00 FACTORY REBATE

WHEN YOU PURCHASE A QUANTUM DATA VIDEO

CARTRIDGE OR VIDEO COMBO CARTRIDGE.

The QDI 40/80 Video Cartridge and Video Combo Cartridge is the means to upgrade the VIC-20 computer to a 40 x 24 or an 80 x 24 character display providing a wealth of new uses for the VIC-20. With the appropriate software, you can now accomplish quality word processing and various business functions that previously were very difficult with only the VIC's standard 22 character video display.

• Features a high quality 8 x 8 dot matrix.

• Character-by-character reverse video attributes allowing adjacent characters to have different attributes.

• All features are accessible through BASIC using POKE commands.

• Black & White composite video. 6545 controller does not support color. The black and white composite video output has the same connector as the VIC video output. 5 pin DINjack.

• Includes two character sets; The ANSI standard 7-bit character set and the Commodore character set

QUANTUM DATA. INC.

The ASCII character set features all of the standard lowercase and

uppercase letters, symbols

and numbers.

• Operates in VIC-20 block graphics mode.

• Plugs directly into the VIC-20 memory expansion port or the QDI Mini-Mother or MaxiMother boards.

• Contains 2K of CMOS internal video RAM; no system RAM is used by the Video Cartridge. • 40 columns can be viewed using your home TV. while 80 columns require using a video monitor.

40/80 VIDEO CARTRIDGE O-K memory:

$219-95

40/80 VIDEO COMBO CARTRIDGE w/16-K RAM:

$319.95

3001 Redhlll Ave., Building 4, Suite 105, Costa Mesa, CA 92626 |714| 966-6553 Catalogs |714| 754-1945 Dealer Hot Line

Shipping costs not included in the above prices VISA & MASTERCARD accepted Dealer inquires .ire welcomed The above prices are U S retail do/Mrs

ntun, Data for a iisr of deniprs m vour ,vea Oirnlfi 391 nn innuirv card.

expires \? 00 midnight U S pacific Standard time, December 31. 1982

,rther information please contact your local Commodore dealer or Quantum Data for a list of dealers in your area

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

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474 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 200 on Inquiry card.

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

PUT THE BYTE

ON YOUR COMPUTER

WITH lO OR 20 Mbye STORAGE

EVOLUTIONARY ELECTRONICS INC.

OFFERS IO OR 20 Mbyte STORAGE

FOR APPLE II PLUS & FRANKLIN ACE

MICRO COMPUTERS

EEI HAS FULL BIT

AND BIG BYTE HARD DISK SYSTEMS

COMPLETE WITH

CONTROLLERS, ADAPTERS, AND SOFTWARE FOR APPLE AND FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

PRICES START AT

$2295 - 10 Mbyte $ 2895 - 20 Mbyte

EEl's MONTHLY SPECIAL

SHUGART SA450's-$275

ALSO AVAILABLE:

64 K DUAL DRIVE 6809 MICRO PROCESSING SYSTEMS WITH FULL BUSINESS SOFTWARE

WE HAVE THE FULL LINE OF SHUGART HARD AND FLOPPY DISK DRIVES CALL WEEKDAYS FROM 9AM- 6PM.

1-503-289-3988

EVOLUTIONARY

ELECTRONICS. INC.

433 N.E.LOMBARD

PORTLAND. ORE 97211

ANNOUNCING THE C86™ C COMPILER —THE COMPILER THAT SPEAKS THE LANGUAGE OF THE FUTURE!

Kemlghan and Ritchie's book, The C Programming Language, is

the key source for C. Just as fundamental is the C86™ C

Compiler.

The C86 ,m C Compiler Is especially designed for the IBM®

Personal, IBM® Display Writer, CP/M-86® and MS-DOS®

For further information on the C programming language and the C86™ C Compiler, please contact:

■ IjMfl Computer Innovations, Inc.

adamaik ol Compute, Innovations. Inc. CPIM-86 is a | I FbTO^bW I inrmft NfluU lnrc.au C\777A

ol Digital Runic* IBM and MS-DOS am i.g.sl.ied I ■ llfCM LlrU-r0", <^BV/ J erSBV U I I Jfl

" nimaiionii Biainui MicnMs. me ^mttttmm Telephone: (201) 530-0995

\?GytGc,inc

AUTHORIZED DIABLO DISTRIBUTOR

305-859-7340 US Wats 800-327-9744 FL Wats 800-432-9205

942 E. FAIRLANE AVENUE P.O. BOX 13947 ORLANDO, FLORIDA 32809

CALL OUR ORDER ENTRY DEPT. FOR PRINTER PRICES

DIABLO 630 API PRINTERS-RECEIVE ONLY

TRS 80 Mod I & Mod 3 Centronics Interface IEEE Interface IBM Interface Apple Interface Standard RS-232C

DIABLO KSR PRINTERS

Standard K104 Serial KSR

"NEW"

FORMS TRACTORS

Uni-Directional $215.00

Bi-Directional $230.00

DIABLO PRINTWHEELS

Plastic $ 5.90 ea.

US 88 Character Metal $42.00 ea.

US 96 Character Metal $48.00 ea.

FOR THE BEST PRICES — CALL US TODAY! Circle 481 on inquiry card.

DIABLO 620 SPI PRINTERS

Standard RS-232C

[helmed Belov

RECEIVE ONLY

DIABLO RIBBONS

(l-12doz)

(13-36 doz)

301980-04

MyType II

$4.00 ea.

$3.75 ea.

40980

HyType II

4.00 ea.

3.75 ea.

38000

HyType1

3.50 ea.

3.10ea.

38002

HyType 1 M/S

3.50 ea.

3.10ea.

8R1077

Universal

6.30 ea.

5.50 ea.

24650-02

Matrix

7.75 ea.

7.00 ea.

BYTE December 1082

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476 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

START YOUR OWN COMPUTER CO.

HOW TO START YOUR OWN SYSTEMS HOUSE S36.

7th edition. November 1981

Written by the founder of a successful systems house, this fact-filled 220-page manual covers virtually all aspects of starting and operating a small systems company. It is abundant with useful, real-life samples: contracts, proposals, agreements and a complete business plan are included in full, and may be used immediately by the reader. Proven, field-tested solutions to the many problems facing small turnkey vendors are presented.

HOW TO BECOME A SUCCESSFUL COMPUTER CONSULTANT S28.

by Leslie Nelson. 4th revised edition. December 1981

Independent consultants are becoming a vitally important factor in the microcomputer field, filling the gap between the computer vendors and commercial/ industrial users. The rewards of the consultant can be high: freedom, more satisfying work and doubled or tripled income This manual provides comprehensive background information and step-by-step directions for those interested to explore this lucrative field.

HOW TO SELL YOUR MICRO SOFTWARE S19.95

by B J. Kontes. Ph D May 1982

The best practical guide for those with software to sell. Detailed discussion of the

eight best marketing strategies. How to sell through distributors, brokers.

computer manufacturers Advertising technigues Pricing strategies Software

security

HOW TO START YOUR OWN WORD PROCESSING SERVICE S48.

by Leslie Nelson. 2nd edition October 1982

Turn a small investment into a steady, money making business that adds S10.000. $50,000 or $100,000 to your income Detailed start-up. marketing and operations plans are included

Send check, money order. VISA. Master Charge or American Express » and exp date Publisher pays 4th class shipping Add S1 00 per book tor UPS shipping (USA) only) NJ residents add 5% sales tax For faster shipment on credit card orders call (201) 783-6940

ESSEX PUBLISHING CO. Dept 2

285 Bloornfield Avenue • Caldwoll, N J 07006

Circle 42 on inquiry card.

CUSTOM-PRINTED

BOOKS &

MANUALS

for the computer industry

For over 20 years, D. Armstrong has

specialized in printing quality

books and manuals.

We're professionals who know and

understand the computer industry's needs.

Our in-plant facilities include

type-setting, art, printing and binding.

• Perfect Binding

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• Hardback

For Quotations Call: 1-800-231-6441 Texas: 1-800-392-4311

D. Armstrong

Company, Inc. BOOK PRINTERS

5806 Antoine • Houston, Texas 77091 • Phone: (713) 957-4818

V

n

Now, you can balance your checking account... even if you never could before, with

THE SMART CHECKBOOK

Your personal financial manager

Its unique checkbook reconciliation mode finds the mistakes in your checkbook for you and makes corrections easily.

For example it:

•Shows items returned by your bank which you forgot to enter.

• Locates duplicate entries.

• Finds differences in amounts entered in your checkbook, and those charged by your bank.

•Even catches mistakes the bank made.

In short, it enables you to BALANCE YOUR CHECKBOOK with ease and confidence. Or, an unlimited number of checking and credit card accounts, for that matter.

AND THERE'S MUCH MORE...

A powerful data base manager, checkwriter, budget information, automatic and customized reports and tables.

SMALL BUSINESSES...

Keeps track of Schedule C revenues and expenses

and displays them in monthly income statement

form for a whole year.

AT TAX TIME...

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BYTE December I°82

477

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478 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE December 1982

479

Call SOS_Create

SOS_Destroy

SOS_Rename SOS_Set_lnfo

SOS_Get_lnfo

SOS_Volume

SOS_Set_Prefix SOS_Get_Prefix SOS_Open

SOS_New_Line

SOS_Read SOS_S_Read

SOS_Write SOS_S_Write

SOS_Close

SOS_Flush

SOS_Get_B_Mark SOS_Set_B_Mark SOS_Get_B_EOF SOS_Set_B_EOF

SOS_Get_Mark

SOS_Set_Mark SOS_Get_EOF SOS_Set_EOF

Description

Creates a file on a blocked device (i.e., disk) and preallocates blocks for a new file, if desired.

Removes a file from a blocked device, if possible.

Changes the name of a file. Defines the directory information to be associated with a specified file. Returns the directory information associated with a specified file. Returns the volume name, total blocks in use, and total number of free blocks for any block device.

Sets the system prefix path name. This is not the Pascal prefix. Returns the current system prefix path name.

Opens any SOS file configured into the system, including the console or any printer.

Disables or enables and sets the "read until" character for the specified SOS file.

Reads from a specified file. Reads from a specified file into an indexed buffer. Useful for reading in a Pascal-string variable after turning off range checking (i.e., {$R- }). Writes to a specified file. Writes to a specified file from an indexed buffer. Useful for writing string variables.

Closes the specified file. If the passed reference number is 0, all user files are closed.

Writes out any information currently buffered by SOS to the specified file. Works

in a similar fashion to SOS Close with a

0 reference number passed to it. This gives the applications programmer the ability on demand to write out to disk all SOS file buffers.

Gets the current file mark rounded up to the closest block number. Sets the current file position to the passed block number. Gets the current EOF rounded up to the closest block number. Sets the EOF to the passed block number. SOS 1.1 does not deallocate blocks if the EOF is reduced. Gets the current file mark and returns the low 16 bits in "Low" and the highorder 8 bits (of the 24-bit mark) in "Hi." Sets the mark to the 24-bit quantity passed.

Gets the current EOF and returns the 24-bit quantity in "Low" and "Hi." Sets the EOF to the 24-bit quantity passed.

Table 1: SOS file-management calls. When you use SOS file calls for reading or writing to your floppy disk, your applications programs do not have to take into account each drive's attributes.

Text continued from page 448:

SOS Write calls to write to a printer is readily discernible. For applications programs that print more than one page of data, the SOS interface is the method of choice.

SOS File Management

By using SOS file calls for reading and writing to block devices (i.e., floppy and hard disks), your applications program does not have to take into account the specific attributes of each hardware device. This allows you to write general-purpose programs that communicate to all block devices supported by SOS, including any devices to be supported in the future. Because only the SOS file structure is required to store and retrieve information, it's not necessary to write specialized software into an applications program to handle a floppy disk and another set of routines to control larger-capacity devices. This is managed by SOS at a level that is transparent to your Pascal program. The file-management calls available are described in table 1 and file-system error codes are listed in table 2 (page 482).

Helpful Hints

Because Apple III Pascal allows assembly-language reference parameters to bypass type-checking, you can use this feature to allow greater flexibility in defining output-parameter data types. For example, any Pascal data type can be passed as the argument to any reference parameter in these assembly-language routines. This lets the assembly-language routine overwrite whatever variable has been passed as a call by a reference parameter. A possible outcome is that you can easily pass the wrong variable to any reference parameter and have the assembly-language routine post the returned value in whatever data type you've just passed it.

In the Apple III Pascal system, a segment that contains external (i.e., assembly-language) routines is not allowed to cross any 32K-byte bank boundary. Therefore, the Pascal system may leave unusable holes in memory when loading units that contain assembly-language routines. The way to avoid this problem is to use the intrinsic unit SOS_IO in listing 1.

When compiling your main program, use the "{SNOLOAD + }" compile-time option as the first statement. Then, add a "{$R SOS IO}" compile-time command after the main line's Begin statement. The Pascal interpreter will load the SOS IO unit first, which allows

your P-code-only Pascal program to cross any bank boundary that is encountered further along in the loading process.

Apple III Pascal consumes 1100 bytes of buffer space in the data space for each file that is opened, including any character device such as a printer or console. SOS, however, does not use the buffer passed on an open request (i.e., the SysBuf parameter in listing 1), unless the device is a block device. This means you can save considerable stack and heap space by using SOS to output to a printer or a console. Any variable (the integer I, for example) can be used as the SysBuf parameter when using the SOS Open routine for a printer or the console. Note

480 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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ECC?

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Error Number Error Message

32

Invalid request code

34

Invalid control parameter list

35

Character device not open

36

Device not available

37

Resource not available

44

Invalid byte count

45

Invalid block number

64

Invalid path-name syntax

65

Too many character files open

66

Too many block files open

67

Invalid file reference number

68

Cannot find the specified path name

69

Volume not found

70

File not found

71

Duplicate file name

72

Overrun error due to lack of disk space

73

Directory full

74

Incompatible file format

75

Unsupported storage type

76

Attempted read past end-of-file

77

File position out of range

78

Illegal access attempted

79

User's buffer too small

80

File busy

82

Not a SOS volume

83

Invalid value in list parameter

84

Out of memory for SOS system buffer

85

Buffer table full

86

Invalid system buffer parameter

87

Duplicate volume error

88

Not a block device. Only Open, Newline,

Read, Write, and Close calls can reference

a character file.

89

File level error

90

Invalid bit-map address found on volume

Table 2:

SOS file system errors.

that a blocked-device SysBuf must be untouched and always available to SOS while the file is open. Because of that requirement, the usual scope rules for a Pascal file must be rigorously followed to keep Pascal from deallocating a SOS SysBuf before closing the file.

Although the file-handler routines in listing 1 are represented as an Apple III Pascal intrinsic unit, the declarations can alternatively be used piecemeal by suffixing an "External;" after each procedure declaration and compiling them along with any Pascal main program. However,

a SOS Data must always be included because all of the

routines use it as the SOS parameter block-data area. Additionally, the following routines must be used in pairs, as they share code:

SOS_Set_Info and SOS_Get_Info SOS_Read and SOS_S_Read SOS_Write and SOS_S_Write SOS_Get_B_Mark and SOS_Get_B_EOF SOS_Set_B_Mark and SOS_Set_B_EOF SOS_Get_Mark and SOS_Get_EOF SOS_Set_Mark and SOS_Set_EOF

Linking the Pascal program with the assembled external routines would allow it to be run without having a SYSTEM.LIBRARY or program library on-line.

Conclusion

By using SOS IO for file operations in your Apple III

Pascal programs, you gain flexibility and power in addition to a considerable performance improvement. With a Pascal file, you always run the risk of crashing the program with "IO err: Volume not found" whenever an in

General-purpose applications programs are possible by using Pascal and SOS in combination.

valid device is specified in a Reset or Rewrite call. A

SOS Open request will not crash the program, but will

instead return the appropriate error code if the path name cannot be located. The file type, modification date and time, as well as other attributes can be modified for every

SOS file by means of a SOS Set Info call. Since the

SOS IO call communicates directly with SOS, no additional Pascal preprocessing takes place. Because of this, control characters are not expanded or translated into other characters. This feature not only reduces the amount of preprocessing, but reduces any potential anomalous effects generated whenever nondata characters are written out.

The use of SOS IO can also result in significant memory savings. The complete set of SOS IO file-processing

routines is slightly larger than IK bytes of code. For each Pascal file opened by calling Reset or Rewrite, a mandatory lK-byte buffer is reserved. Therefore, the entire

SOS IO package fits into the space saved using the

SOS IO to write to just one nonblocked device. Any

Pascal application that deals with the Apple III only should consider using SOS IO as a means to enhance performance and potentially realize some memory savings. ■

References

1. Apple III Owners Guide. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer Inc., 1981.

2. Apple III Pascal: Introduction, Filer, and Editor. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer Inc., 1981.

3. Apple III Pascal Program Preparation Tools. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer Inc., 1981.

4. Apple III Pascal Programmer's Manual, volumes 1 and 2. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer Inc., 1981.

5. Apple III Standard Device Drivers. Cupertino, CA: Apple Computer Inc., 1981.

6. Scanlon, Leo J. 6502 Software Design. Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams &Co. Inc., 1980.

7. Zaks, Rodnay. Programming the 6502. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1978.

482 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Our engineers have come up with some state-of-the-art LSI technology and a whole new modem.

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It's better. J-Cat does the things you need for professional performance. No fussing to get it into the right answer or originate mode; it does it automatically. LED's show you status; and audio "beeps" tell you when you reach a busy signal, detect a carrier, get a dial tone, etc.

And you can hook it into any modular RJ11C phone jack.

It COStS less. If you've shopped around, you know a modem with close to these features costs |250 or more. Our LSI technology has let us do the right thing with the price, too. Suggested retail—$149.

Smaller is definitely better.

See your dealer. He has them right now.

Introducing the Novation

J-CAT

J-CAT FEATURES:

I Direct Connect, FCC Part 68 Registered

■ Auto Answer

■ Auto Search (Originate or Answer Mode)

■ Disconnect/Test Key

■ Connect/Break Key

■ Self-Test

■ Audio Line Status Indicator

■ Dialtone/Busy Status at Serial I/O Connector

■ Off Hook Control at Serial I/O Connector

■ Compatible With EIA-RS232C or TTL Interfaces

■ Low Power

■ And it's from Novation, the world's leader in personal communications.

Novation

(800) 423-5419

2§| In California:

(213) 996-5060

Circle 529 on inquiry card.

18664 Oxnard Street, Tarzana, CA 91356

A Versatile Low-Cost

Microprocessor

Controller Module

Add intelligence to your latest project at minimal expense.

One of the original aims of the microprocessor was to replace complex, discrete, and small-scale integrated circuits (ICs) with a generalpurpose programmable device flexible enough to meet the needs of a variety of applications. The microprocessor can shrink the size and complexity of the digital logic circuitry necessary to perform a particular task and can also make practical circuits that would otherwise be too complex to consider. Extra niceties of performance and user convenience can often be added at no extra cost. The problem for experimental and "one-off," or single-quantity, projects has been to find a method of building a microprocessor controller that is inexpensive enough and small enough to be competitive with more conventional logic designs in "lowend," or unsophisticated, applications.

Many single-board computers and microprocessor-evaluation kits are available that can serve as controller modules, but these are too large, overly powerful, and far too expensive for low-end controller applications. Also available now are a number of single-IC microcomputers

David L. Craig

134 Victor St.

Holland Park 4121

Queensland, Australia

(e.g., Intel 8048, Zilog Z8, Motorola 6805), but most of these are impractical for small-quantity designs because they incorporate on-chip mask-programmed ROM (read-only memory), thus the minimum order is several thousand units.

The few single-IC microcomputers with either on-chip EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) (e.g., Intel 8748, Motorola 68705) or with a "piggyback" socket (e.g., Zilog Z8-03) for a standard EPROM would be ideal as controllers for small-quantity applications because they contain a processor, RAM (random-access read/write memory), EPROM, I/O (input/output) lines, and a timer, all of which are essential for a general-purpose controller. Unfortunately these are still very difficult to obtain and not inexpensive enough to produce one-off controllers.

The aim of the design described in this article was to produce a very small, low-cost microcomputer module that would be suitable for a large number of controller applications, using only the most readily available components. The total cost of the module presented here is ap

proximately $30.

The module consists of a 100- by 60-millimeter (mm) single-sided printed-circuit board with a 24-pin edge connector. The board accommodates a Motorola 6802 microprocessor, a 2716-type ( + 5-volt-only) EPROM, a 6820 (or 6821) PIA (peripheral interface adapter), a crystalcontrolled clock circuit with a 60-Hz interrupt generator, and a +5-volt (V) power-supply regulator. Thus, the user has available 128 bytes of programmable memory, 2048 bytes of EPROM, 19 programmable I/O lines, and a source of real-time interrupts. All communication with external circuitry is through the 19 I/O lines. You can produce a powerful controller with this configuration. The complete circuit schematic of the module is shown in figure 1.

Circuit Description

The microprocessor used in the module is the Motorola MC6802. The MC6802 was chosen because \t \s readily available at a low cost (less than $10 in single quantities). Also it contains 128 bytes of on-chip memory, so no additional memory ICs are

486 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

Reliable Business Software

DATASMITH software requires no previous computer experience, so it can be used effectively by your present office staff. The menu-driven systems feature extensive error detection and correction facilities, so they are "friendly" to the user.

• GENERAL LEDGER. Everything you need to keep the books. Features easy-to-use data entry and error correction, trial balance, fast post, and a variety of comprehensive reports. Automatic error detection keeps the books in balance. Writes checks and makes journal entries in one operation.

• PAYROLL. A very flexible system that adapts to a wide variety of needs. Features Federal, state, and local tax calculations, El credit, and special pay and deduction amounts. Prints all necessary reports, paychecks, and W-2 forms.

• DATA MANAGER. A powerful generalized data management system that iets you define, enter, update, sort, select, and print reports from a database of your own design. Applicable to almost any job where records must be kept, this system can replace literally hundreds of programs.

Put your computer to work with these sophisticated systems now. Programs are available for 48K or larger two-disk systems in your choice of code for Microsoft BASIC-80" under CP/M'", IBM" Personal Computer BASIC, or Micropolis" BASIC.

DfflflSMJTH

Box 8036, Shawnee Mission, KS 66208, (913) 381-9118

RADIO SHACK

TRS-80'S

Full Line

WE PAY SHIPPING in the 48 continental states on prepaid

orders of $100.00 or more. NO TAXES are collected on out-of-state shipments. WE ACCEPT Visa, MasterCard and American Express, or

you can save additional money by paying cash.

TOLL FREE ORDER NUMBER 800/531-7466

Pan American Electronics

1117 Conway • Department B

Mission, Texas 78572

Phone: 512/581-2766

Telex Number 767339

TM — Trademark of Tandy Corporation

General Software

Mailing Address:

1454 S. 25th St.

Terre Haute, IN 47803

WE HONOR

VISA and MASTERCHARGE

TOLL FREE - Outside Indiana 1-800-457-0517

ORDER DESKS (812)234-9421

Best Selection

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Write for our famous CATALOG. Contains many items not in ad. Still only $1.00 (refund with purchase) Outside US add $10 plus Air Parcel Postage. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each Item. Indiana residents add 4% sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. COD add $3.00 per item. Prices subject to change without notice. All items subject to availability.

Disk Manual with Only Manual

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Denial (PAS-3) S849/40

Medical (PAS-3) $849/40

ASHTON-TATE

•dBASEII $525/50

BALCONES

The Boss Fin Ace System $1750

BYROM SOFTWARE

•BSTAM $149

'BSTMS $149

COMPUTER CONTROL

•Fabs(B-Tree) $159/35

Ultrasoft S159/35

CONDOR COMPUTER

Condor II $515/55

Condor II $795/55

DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M

2.2 Inlel MDS-800 $149/35

Northstar (Horizon) $149/35

Micropolis $169/35

TRS Model II $159/45

CB-80 $429/45

PL1-80 $429/50

CBasio2 $ 98/30

EPIC COMPUTER

"Supervyz $ 89/25

FAIRCOM 'Micro B +

(Specily language) $229/30

FINANCIAL PLANNING

•Mini Model $429/50

FRIENDS

ACCESS 80 I $249/50

ACCESS 80 II $429/50

FRONTIER SOFTWARE Professional

Time Accounting $549/50

General Subroutine $269/50

Applicalion Utilities $439/50

ISA

Spellguard $229/30

SP/Law $109

PASCAL LANGUAGE

Pascal Z $349/40

Pascal MT+ V5.5 $429/40

Compiler $316/25

SPPOnly $165/15

KEY BITS

Wordsearch $179/50

String 80 $ 84/25

String 80 (Source) .$279

UNICORN

Final Word $255

LEXISOFT

' Spellbinder $349/55

MICRO AP

Selector IV $249/40

SelectorV $449/50

SBasic $269/40

MICRO TAX

• Level I $249

•Level II $995

$749

$1495

49

. $409/45 .$ 75

$111/25 $269/25

•Level III

•Combo II+ 111

Microsoft 5 3

Run time module MICRO PRO"

Wordstar $295/60

Call tor NEW LOW PRICES MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $298

Basic Compiler $329

Fortran-80 $349

Cobol-80 $629

M-Scrl $124

Macro-80 $144

Edit-80 $84

MuSimp/muMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

•Statpak

OASIS

•■'TheWord"

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

'Textwnier ill

' Dalebook

• Milestone $269/30

PEACHTREE- SOFTWARE

General Ledger $399/60

Accounts Receivable $399/60

Accounts Payable $399/60

Payroll $399/60

inventory 399/60

Mailirg Address $399/60

lor P8 version add$119

Series 6-Peachtree

CPA $799/60

Property Mgl $799/60

Passive Payroll $449/60

Series 7-Peachtree

Sales Tracker $3049/60

AR-Sales Analysis $1299/60

Inventory $799/40

Order Entry $699/40

REDDING GROUP

■Lynx $199/25

SORCIM

•Pascal/M Z80 $349/40

Pascal/M 86/88 $449/40

•ACI65 $149/20

'Ad 68 •Act 69 •Act 86/88 $149/25

"Trans86 $119/25

'Supercalc $269

SOUTHERN COMPUTERS

Call for our unbeatably low prices.

STRUCTURED SYSTEMS GROUP

GL.AR.AP.PR.OE $849/50

Call for others SUPERSOFT

" Diagnostic II $ 84/20

"Forth $149/30

•SSS Fortran $219/30

• Fortran w/RATFOR . ... S289/35

'C Compiler "Tiny Pascal . .

"Disk Doctor

"Term I

Term II

Z8000 Xassembler

Games & Others less 10% WHITESMITHS

C Compiler

Pascal (incIC)

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER Wordstar 3.2

$175/20 $ 80/25

.$ 84/20 $129/25 S169/25

.$449/35

$700/40 $900/45

$309/60

Mailmerge $109/25

Supercalc . Visicalc (256K) .

Optimizer

Supersoft C ■ CP/M86 Peachtree 3PakGL. AP.AR. .

Final Word

Condor I. II, III . .

Statpak

BSTAM

S269/NA S229/NA S200/NA $500/NA

$595 $265 .CALL $439 $149

Move-It $129

Easy Writer II $315

Easy Speller $155

Easy Filer (dBase mgr.) $335

Spellbinder $355/49

APPLE II DOS

Wprd Handler II $155/49

Broderbund Software

General Ledger (w/A/P) $435

Payroll $325

Professional Easywriter $155

Mfg Inventory and Control Program T1990. 300 Meg. storage required Distributed in Cobol object code

Call for Info $20000/NA

Write for catalog {$1 00) and other listings

Available for Apple with Softcard

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

487

Figure 1: Circuit diagram of the complete microcomputer module. The printed-circuit board is single-sided, and the main integrated circuits provide programmable memory, EPROM, I/O, and a counter. Other circuitry provides the system clock, a 60-Hz interrupt, and +5-V power regulation.

488 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 488 on Inquiry card.

OSI SOFTWARE

Challenger 1P / Superboard II

HEXDOS is a remarkable disk operating system which surpasses the capabilities of OS65D. But because HEXDOS uses subroutines in OSI's ROM BASIC, it is very compact (only 2K). HEXDOS provides you with easy-to-use commands and saves 10K of memory and disk space!

• Load or save BASIC programs, machine language, and data files by name. Chain BASIC programs from disk.

• Up to 22 data files may be open simultaneously.

• Full trace of BASIC programs with optional single-stepping.

• Includes a disassembler and demonstration programs: CHECKBOOK and ADDRESSBOOK (personal data base management), LIFE, SURROUND, REVERSI, BACKGAMMON, and BSR CONTROLLER (home control).

Price: $49.50 (51/4-inch diskette and 40-page manual)

HEXASM is a powerful macro-assembler plus utilities. Requires HEXDOS and 20K RAM. Price: $38.50

TEC65 is a versatile text editor/editing language. Requires HEXDOS. Price: $38.50

Your satisfaction guaranteed, or your money promptly and completely refunded. For more information, send $1.00 for our catalog of OSI, Apple, AIM, KIM, and SYM software.

The 6502 Program Exchange

2920 West Moana

Reno, NV 89509

(702)825-8413

I MasterCard

TELEPHONE VOICE RESPONSE

The V100 interactive voice synthesizer

with telephone interface is an Apple ll®or IBM Personal

Computer® compatible, low-cost, solution to remote

data base access arrangements.

$39500

V100-A

• Direct telephone connection, auto-dial/answer

• Touch-tone® generation and detection

• Includes 300 word, LPC vocabulary

• Software for sentence/library construction

• Expandable with 1300 ($495) high quality LPC words

For a demonstration call toll free (800) 538-7002 In California call (408) 942-1595

fMLYNFr

CORPORATION

2405 Qume Dr., San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 942-1037

12 B&W MONITOR

VIDEO 100 byAMDEK

FACTORY $7095

WARRANTY I «J

for APPLE

16K RAM CARD

Language Transparent $g995

COEX FACTORY WARRANTY

51A"Floppy

DISKETTES

All Certified-100% Guaranteed

BOXof100...$149°°

Above with .

Hub Rings $169.00

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

From Fourth Dimension Systems

with "Track Zero Micro Switch

• DOS 3.2.1 & DOS 3.3

• CP/M and PASCAL

DESIGNED ,

FOR YOUR SOQ795

APPLE" LOi

Controller Card

for above $99.00

COEX 80-FT DP°JZ^iX

• Interface with Apple,™ Centronics RS-232, IEEE-488

• 9x7 Dot Matrix, 80 CPS, Bi-Directional Printing

• 2K Buffered Memory

• 80, 96, 132 Columns, Graphics and Block Printing

• Selectable Char Pitch, Line Spacing and Feed

COEXInterfaceCardtoAPPLE $49.95

VISION-80® $<MQ00

80x24 Video Display Card faltf

Vista Computer Company's new Vision-80 board is a sophisticated yet easy to use video display card for the Apple™ computer.

EXTENDER CARDS

for APPLE $16.95

forl.B.M $19.95

PROTOTYPING CARDS

for APPLE $19.95

forl.B.M $49.95

PARALLEL INTERFACE EPSON TO APPLE

A 095 CABLE t»l INCLUDED

New From 6

COEX

"Have You Kissed Your Computer Lately"

Components Express, Inc.

1380 E. Edinger • Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 • 714/558-3972

Terms of Sale: Cash, Checks, Credit Cards, M.O., C.O.D. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

Circle 505 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

489

ntioaty

ALTERNATIVE

1DB

System Highlights

• Dual Processors

• 64K or 128K RAM

• Selectable 40 or 80 column text

• Color Graphics Resolution —280h x I92v High

—80hx48v Medium — 40hx48v Low

• Built-in Parallel & Serial Interface

• Three video output modes

• Detached Keyboard with: —Normal typewriter functions

—Numeric keypad —Function keys —Cursor block

The BASIS 108 upholds the fine tradition of quality and craftsmanship inherent in German technology.

This German-made microcomputer system features Z-80* and 6502 processors, making the system compatible with more computer languages, operating systems, and software than any other off-the-shelf microcomputer available in its price category. Additionally, the 108's large memory capacity, built-in interfaces, and full-feature detached keyboard combine to make the 108 the most capable microcomputer at any price. And, the BASIS 108's price makes it the most cost effective microcomputer for any computing application.

BASIS 1DB —

A HERITAGE

OF EXCELLENCE!

5435 Scotts Valley Drive Scotts Valley, CA 95066 (408) 438-5804 TWX: 910-598-4512

*Z-i

INCORPORATED

) is a trademark of Zilog, Inc.

required for "scratch pad" (memory for storage of temporary values).

For the controller to do useful work it must follow instructions stored in its memory. For program memory, the controller uses a 2716-type EPROM that can store 2048 bytes. The 2716 was chosen because it is readily available, currently costs approximately $6 in single quantities, and is easy to program and erase. The capacity of the 2716 allows storage of quite a lengthy machine-language program.

The module is designed to operate from an unregulated 9-V-DC power supply—easily obtained from a calculator-type AC adapter. Regulated + 5 V DC for use by the module is obtained from IC5, a 7805 (or LM 340-T-5) three-terminal regulator. The +5-V supply is made available at the module's edge connector for use with associated interface circuitry. The module's current drain is approximately 250 milliamperes (mA), with the regulator being capable of supplying approximately 400 mA safely without a heat sink. (Care must be taken not to overload the regulator with too much extra circuitry.)

Although the MC6802 microprocessor itself has a built-in oscillator circuit requiring only an external crystal for operation, an external oscillator circuit is used. IC6 is a crystal oscillator with buffered output at the crystal frequency and incorporating a 17-stage frequency divider. With the 3.579545-MHz crystal used, which is an NTSC (National Television System Committee) television color subcarrier crystal, the frequency divider output is 60 Hz. This is connected to the CAl input of the MC6820 PIA to provide a source of interrupts. This is very useful in controller applications to allow timing of operations without tying up the processor in software timing loops. The MC6802 divides the clock frequency by 4 internally, and so runs at 894,886 Hz—10 percent below the microprocessor's 1-MHz maximum allowable clock frequency.

The only reset facility provided for the module is a power-on reset. The combination of Rl and Cl buffered through two gates (b and c) of IC4

490 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Edix + Wordix has word processing features that our competitors are still dreaming about...

$390 buys the whole dream.

Edix Editing Features

Up to 4 screen windows Up to 12 file buffers Top-to-bottom and

side-to-side scrolling. Regular expression

searching and translating Intra- and inter-buffer

moving and copying Online help Online tutorial

Call or write for our brochure.

Wordix Formatting Features

Auto footnotes Auto table of contents Auto hyphenation Multi-line headers and

footers Multi-column layout Powerful macros Data file access

Requires 128KIBMPC Edix alone: S195

EIDE^GiTIG

TECHNOLOGY Box 154 Louisville, Colorado 80027 303 447-9495

I'M Trademark i»l [{merging lechiuilugy ConsulianLv Inc.

Circle 264 on inquiry card, SPECIALS ON IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

A. 64K system unit & keyboard, two 320K drives & controller, color graphic card

12" BMC green monitor $££+S $2,850

64K system unit & keyboard, two 320K drives & controlIBM monitor, monitor/printer adapter .$3^95- $3,255

51/4"TAND0N DRIVES

Brand new IBM compatible internal drives. Fully supported by the new PCDOS 1.10. Our exclusive step-by step instruction makes installation easy.

Single sided (160 KB) . . $450- $207.99 Double sided (320 KB) . $S66- $289.99_

MEMORY BOARDS by AST

User expandable to 256K. IBM compatible and supported by PC

DOS. Assembled, burned-in St tested. 1 -year warranty.

64K 128K 192K 256K

Memory board without port $295 $407 $518 $629 RAM EXPANSION PACK

with Serial OR Parallel Port- -$335 $447 $558 $669 £&,g chlpsjfor system board

with BOTH Serial & Parallel Ports -- $375 $487 $598 $709 sm „* S2BM

with Serial, Parallel Ports & Clock—$405 $517 $628 $739 150 ns !!!!!! ! $35!oO

******* PRINTERS SALE *******

Epson MX80FTw/Graphtrax-Plus, 80 CPS JS69T $499

NECSpinwriter 3550 New! 203 col.. Serial $3-960" $2,099

C. Itoh Prowriter 8510 AP 120 CPS, Parallel $^95 $459

C. Itoh F-10 Daisywheel, 40 CPS, Parallel $-h995 $1,375

C. Itoh F-10 Daisywheel, 55 CPS, Parallel . . . . $2£95 $1,699 Brother HR-1 Daisywheel, 15 CPS, Parallel £1^69- $829

Ka\*s\ AUTO RANGING DIGITAL MULTIMETERS

The state-of-the-art autoranging DMMs - from Japan's foremost meter mfr, Mode! SK-6440:

3.5-digit LCD with auto unit and sign indications Full autoranging on Volt and Ohm with 10A AC/DC range Input value can be put into memory to make difference measurements like a galvanometer

Autoranging Voltage Test: 200mV-1000V DC, 2V-600VAC AC/DC Current Tests: 200mA-10A SK-6440'^' :Wl^r * Resistance Tests: 200n-2000Kl2

~ Autoranging Low Power Ohm Tests: 2K£2-2000Kfl DC Volt Accuracy; ±0.8% reading, ±0.2% full scale Low Battery Consumption: 300 hrs. on two AA batteries (included) Test leads with protective rim prevents fingers from touching probe 'Compact size:* Submerged connectors for added safety £"x3'/i"x1%"* Folding tilt stand for easy viewing .

• Dual fuse for safety protection SK-6440 $99.50

Model SK-6330:- All the above plus these additional features:

• DC Volt Accuracy: ±0.5% reading, ±0.2% of full scale

• Built-in Beeper (switchable) for continuity tests, overload warning m Extended AC/DC current range: 20mA-10A

, :<>&0&* Manually overrides the autoranging function so that the desired

bK-bJJU ^^\^ sjirf range can be selected for voltage and resistance measurements

' 0 smF,- * Zero Ac*just function cancels the resistance value of test leads for Dealer's inquiries ^^^ffFs'' the easiest and most accurate measurements SK_H $^59 5Q welcome '^Wf HARD CASE for above two models $10.00 '

To prder, please send money order or cashier's check. Personal checks may cause delay up to 4 weeks. Visa/ Mastercard welcome. Add 1 % (Min. $3) of total order value for shipping & Handling by UPS truck. California residents add sales tax. COD's requires 20% deposits. Prices & availability subject to change without notice.

VISA

EASTERN ENTERPRISES, INC.

2937 S. VAIL, COMMERCE, CA 90040 * (213)725-3080

Executive Peripheral Systems unveils their new

EPS keyboard: the key to a more professional Apple II

At last, a detachable, full-function keyboard to plug into your Apple II

12 special function keys enhance the value of any software package * Function keys are pre-programmed using EPS-PROMWARE modules, available for all popular software packages. * Helps you learn software quickly * Faster data entry and editing Detachability means less fatigue * Less need to look up commands in manuals Features:

* 10 key numeric pad * 6 dedicated edit keys * 6 cursor control keys

* working shift key * 12 special function keys, programmed using EPS-PROMWARE modules * includes a EPS-PROMWARE module for BASIC

$350. Suggested Retail

~P~pO Visit our booth (2468) at the Comdex Show

Executive Peripheral Systems, Inc. 800 San Antonio Road, Palo Alto, CA 94303, (415) 856-2822

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

491

Circle 465 on inquiry card.

Data-yusoFnendw

It's

TorthePro^

Everyone has heard that the cost of computing is going down, but bythetimeyou'refinished with a Database Management System you can rely on you've spent hundreds and maybe thousands of dollars. At Thinkers Soft Inc., the price of computing is more reasonable than you think. Data-Vu'" by Thinkers Soft Inc., has three features which makes it one of the most powerful data management facilities available.

A COMPLETE DATA MANAGEMENT FACILITY

1. Automatic Form Generator

Allow you to generate forms on the screen and use them as a personalized tool

2. Relational Database Manager

Designed for the small firm or professional who would like a convenient but inexpensive data base management system.

Minimum system requirement: 48K CP/M-80' (check manufacturer's user's manual) Specify Diskette Format. $2 additional shipping costs per diskette. Prices subject to change without notice. Available Soon: CP/M 86 version.

3. The Report Generator Program

Specifically designed to retrieve information from the data base with simple statements, perform arithmetic operations, and much more.

ALL THIS FOR

$129

$35.00 for manual only.

(Disk & Manual)

'Registered trademark Digital Research. Inc.

demark ot ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

ThuS* • ?d°jS^

- ' (516) 294-8104

Dealer Inquiries Invited \" "I £" £JZZ

Tele Video* Users!

Single Key Access to 46 WordStar® Commands

The TV1000 is Designed for the

925,950, Intelligent I and 800

Through 816 Computers

Features:

• 46 single key stroke commands

• Faster cursor and keyboarding

• User-oriented command selection & location

• Soft switch activates the enhancement with no loss of TeleVideo attributes.

Includes:

46 replacement key caps Replacement ROM

Introductory Price: $ 150

IGood until 12/15/82 reg. list S220I

40 Pin Inserter/Extractor set $15.

California Res. add 6Vi% Tax

WordlbchSystems

953 Mountain View Dr. Suite 114 Lafayette, California 94549 (415) 254-7747

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED TRADEMARK WORDSTAR MICROPRO VISA/MC/COD

HEXADECIMAL ADDRESS

2K BYTES

2716-TYPE

EPROM

NOT OCCUPIED

0403 0400

4 BYTES

MC6820 1/0 PORT

NOT OCCUPIED

007F 0000

128 BYTE ON- CHIP PROGRAMMABLE MEMORY

Figure 2: Memory map of the module's address space. Unoccupied gaps are due to the simple decoding method that uses some address lines to directly enable the peripheral integrated circuits.

provides a reset pulse to the MC6802 processor and the MC6820 PIA when power is applied. This forces the processor to begin execution of an initialization routine in the EPROM.

The eight data-bus lines of the MC6802 processor are connected to the data-bus lines of the 2716 EPROM and the MC6820 PIA. These lines are not buffered and are not available for connection off the module.

Exhaustive address decoding is not used; only enough of the 16 address lines of the MC6802 are used to sepa

492 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

Circle 271 on Inquiry card.

Circle 411 on Inquiry card

DECEMBER SPECIALS

Advanced Micro Digital Single

board computer A&T

699.00

Godbout "Compupro" Systems A, B, & C

Call

Morrow Designs Multi I/O 3S, 1P, RTC, A&T

269.00

IBM P.C. boards by Tecmar

& Seattle Computer

Call

S-100's own 8" dual drive box

w/P/S, fan, & internal cables A&T

349.00

California Computer Systems

floppy disk controller w/CP/M 2.2 A&T

340.00

SSM I/0-4 2P +2S ports A&T

203.00

Ithaca Intersystems Main frame

w/a front panel A&T

1299.00

Paradynamics "Pronto" main frame,

18 slot w/room for 2 floppy drives

999.00

VISIT OUR SHOWROOM - Hrs. - 9:00 A.M. - 5:30 P.M. M-F

Subject to Available Quantities 'Prices Quoted Include C

ash Discounts.

Shipping & Insurance Extra.

We carry products from all Major Manufacturers

/

s~

/

\\ shdd \\\

J 14425 North 79th Street. Suite B

\ ^—>^ Scottsdale, Arizona 8S260 ^—«^

l/^^\ Sales 800-528-3138 /A0^L\

J

'

"^T|\ Technical 602-991-7870 [ ■ Q «

Est. 1977_J#

J

\J v^

I UV EPROM ERASER

$49.95

* Erases over 15 EPflOMS -15 minutes erase time

* Element lite 7700 hours

* Intensity: 12Ws %cm2at1"

* Erases all UV EPP.0MS (2716. 2732, 2516, 2532, etc.)

* HOBBY MODEL

INDUSTRIAL MODEL

QUV-T8/2N

$68.95

WITH TIMER & SAFETY SWITCH

QUV-T8/2T

$97.50

ABOVE 220VAC 50HZ

QUV-T8/2TE

$109.50

PRICE INCLUDES _,_._.,_ mt nmmw mm «m» PERSONALITY MODULES

STAND ALONE RS-232 t-Lan cm

INTELLIGENT PROGRAMMER $489.00

PROGRAMS: 2508, 2516, 2532, 2716, 2732. 2732A, 2758, 8748. 8749 OPTIONAL MODULES: 2564, 2764, 8755A, 8741

PHONE ORDERS (305) 776-5870

TWX: 510-955-9496 • WE ACCEPT VISA, MC, CHECKS, C.O.D., MONEY ORDER

* STAND ALONE, CRT. OR COMPUTER CONTROL

* UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD IN MOTOROLA OR INTEL HEX FORMAT

* MICROPROCESSOR BASED * 4 K INTERNAL RAM

* 90 DAY PARTS & LABOR WARRANTY ON ALL PRODUCTS

released

LOGICAL DEVICES INC.

781 W. OAKLAND PARK BLVD. • FT. LAUDERDALE, FL 33311

ADD: $4.00 SHIPPING $2.00 COD. CHARGES J

Get your computer talking and save $126. The Type-'N-Talk™ speech synthesizer is now available for only $249.

The Type-'N-Talk'u text-to- D Spelling and phoneme access modes,

speech synthesizer automaticall) ££ J □ 750 character buffer,

translates your text into electronic ^^ JkWmgT^ I I -T~ -4. £^\ D Data echo of ASCI1 charade speech and allows your computer \Jm\\ \\A. ^^. D Complete installation and

to speak with an unlimited vocab ulary. Standard with an RS-232C interface, Type-'N-Talk has an internal microprocessor and 750 character buffer. And remember, it doesn't use your computer's memory to make

££ , \i • D 750ch

Ualkiss cheaper

JL CO

your text speak.

Here's what you get.

O Unlimited vocabulary SC-0

speech synthesizer chip. D Text-to-speech

algorithm for

translation. D RS-232C

interface. D Selectable

Baud

(75-9600).

Type-'N-Talk is covered by a limited

warrant)1. Write Votrax for a free copy.

500 Stephenson Highway,

Trov, MI 4-8084.

programming instructions. Great new software is available for Type-'N-Talk equipped computer systems. To order, see your local computer retailer or call toll-free

1-800-521-1350

Michigan residents, call (313) 588-0341. MasterCard, VISA or personal check accepted. The price is $249 plus $4 for delivery. Educational discount available. Add sales tax in Michigan and California.

© VOTRAX 1982

Circle 487 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

493

THE SBC80A designed for multiprocessor /slave or 1/0 processor, has on board Z80A-CPU; DMA; 128K dual ported RAM.no wait state, byte/word accessible;Eprom sockets up to 32K; 2 RS232; 2 parallel ports;Memory Map Prom;3 counter/timer; floppy controller;hard disk interface; math chip AM9511;20 bit Intel Multibus 21 vectored interrupts;auxiliary power input for stand alone.From $895(qty.l)

INNOVATIVE RESEARCH, INC. 17071 Kampen Ln,Huntington Bch,CA92647 714-842-0492.Multibus Intel trademark.

Circle 231 on inquiry card.

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. In Cal. call (800)592-5935 or {805)543-1037

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

VOICE SYNTHESIZER

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

CREATE YOUR OWN CUSTOM VOCABULARIES

For Tl 5220 or Gl SP-250 Speech Synthesizers

Using Your S-100 or INTELLEC™ Micro

INCLUDES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE FOR:

DMA Voice Digitizing and Playback (8 bit mu-law codec)

• Parameter Extraction and Coding • Screen Oriented

Parameter Editor • Voice Synthesis

MODEL VPP-696 lor S-100 (IEEE-696 Compatible! - CP/M80 MODEL VPP-796 lor INTELLEC MDS - ISIS II

$3900

(Includes Hardware and Software)

APPLIED DIGITAL SIGNAL ANALYS

P.O. Box 1364 Palo Alto, CA 94301 (415) 326-7303

WtSHs is 3 UMttiM ol Intel Coip

Circle 11 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 450 on inquiry card.

New update from Tarbell...

CP/M DATABASE for only$ 100!

IMPROVED FEATURES

D 3 times faster than previous version □ CB80 language source and COM files included □ improved query language □ up to 19 files open at once □ command file processor □ no limit on record length or number of records

OTHER ADVANTAGES

□ variable-length fields D field names of any length □ field names may include spaces □ sequential or random files □ optional index files D also runs under CBASIC

INTERACTIVE PROGRAMS

Tarbell Database also includes these interactive programs: DBSORT, sorts random files; DBSETUP, creates a file; DBENTRY for entering data; DBUPDATE for changing files; DBQUERY for accessing data; DBLABEL for printing labels; DBLETTER for printing letters; DBCOPY to change structure of a file.

TARBELL VALUE

Dollar for dollar, you can't get a better value than Tarbell's updated Database System. Ask your nearest Tarbell dealer for a demo.

950 Dovlen Place, Suite B Carson, CA 90746 (213)538-4251

CPIM, CB80 and CBASIC are trademarks of Digital Research.

Circle 483 on Inquiry card.

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Inc.

SAWS

"3626S«^tockWr

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

TO order TOLL FREE 800-233-8760

r- a i i iie>

CALL US

November

ATARI SPECIALS

800 48 K

In PA 1-717-398-4079

810 Disk Drive .... $429.00

32K RAM : $ 79.00

400 32K RAM ... $349.00

RAM ....$609.00

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE

800-233-8760

In PA 1-717-398-4079 or send order to Lyco Computer P.O. Box 5088

Jersey Shore, PA 17740

BYTE December 1982 495

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

IBM. USERS

SAVE 25% ON YOUR PC UPGRADES

Anatron Multifunction Ram Board suJL $450

Socketed for easy memory expansion • Each port individually disabled

Parallel Printer Port may be configured as LPT1 or LPT2 or LPT3

Two RS 232 ports configured as COM1 and COM2 • Base address

selectable on any 64 KB boundary • All features fully compatible with IBM PC

EVERYTHING FOR THE PC

HARDWARE SOFTWARE

• Disk Drives: . Condor DBMS

SingleSided [160 kb] $239.00 • Ed-Word" Screen Editor/Word Processor

Double Sided [320 kb] $300.00 • NECPRINT [NEC 8023AC print utility)

• RAM Expansion Packages for • GRAPHDUMP

Mother Board |16 kb] $25.00

Memory Expansion Board [64 kb] —$130.00 Prices reflect J% Cash Discount

• PrinterstNEC, EPSON, OKIDATA] $CALL

• Monitors [NEC, teko, amdek] $call More hardware and software coming.

• Diskettes [3M ^"^"Sodl $CALL Call for details.

• Extension Cables for:

Printer $CALL

Monitor [two cable set] $CALL

Keyboard $CALL

AEGIS SYSTEMS

t Bennett Street.

apple

\\\\ Dist. by Bell & Howell Sgg

800 368-3417

$999

Turning Prices Upside Down for Christmas

LB 669 66 L

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Computer learning Tree

Government Sales Call 703-750-2632

7023 Little River Tnpk. Annandale, VA 22003

rate the RAM, EPROM, and I/O ports in the address space. There are a number of "don't care" address bits. (See figure 2 for a simple map of the address space.) The address-bus lines are not buffered and are not available for connection off the module.

The MC6820 PIA provides 16 I/O lines that are independently programmable as inputs or outputs. In addition, the MC6820 has 4 programmable control lines. One of these control lines, CAl, is used as the 60-Hz interrupt input. The other 3 control lines and the 16 I/O lines are available at the module's edge connector for interfacing the controller to external circuitry. All communication between the controller module and external circuitry is through these 19 I/O lines.

The Printed-Circuit Board

The printed-circuit board for the controller module measures 100 by 60 mm with a 24-pin edge connection (2.54-mm spacing). The board is single-sided to reduce costs. This necessitates a number of wire links on the component side of the board. The printed-circuit board, wiring link positions, and component overlay diagrams are shown in figure 3.

Prototype matrix boards of the same size, also with a 24-pin edge connection, are available from a number of suppliers. These matching boards are ideal for building interface modules for use with the controller module.

Software and Interface Hardware

The MC6802 processor uses an instruction set identical to the MC6800 processor. Any of the Motorola MC6800 development systems or evaluation kits are suitable for software generation. A Motorola D2 kit with 4K bytes of memory is very suitable because its address space covers the RAM and EPROM address space of the controller module. The user PIA of the D2 kit can be used to simulate the PIA on the controller module. The interface circuitry simply plugs into the user PIA, and all hardware and software debugging can be performed using the D2 kit.

496 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 118 on inquiry card.

Circle 498 on inquiry card.

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

WINTERHALTER & ASSOCIATES, INC.

SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE SOFTWARE

FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR FOR YOUR

MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER MICROCOMPUTER

ISISYNC

si»m:/sna

Software for Your Microcomputer

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1313) 662-2002

IBM"CP/M ||?PPta

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row ISM-PC OWWEWSi BAST BLUE by ggdfS - S47»j FircM - »ingl« driv« »dJ-or> - 130* , dusl - HI* t gjUsj II - for-TWFpc STB 2S4K I/O M»ory board - U» , STB au 1 t'i-Cunction I/i 57T9 , qot your ru print apoolar/utTTi ty Cor 13*.»5 Ficiyit - aaaaory boards. Call for pricaa.

rOA APPLE LOVERS ONLY: Hlcro-Scl or fourth DiMnnon Olak Driva, Vour Choica - 1109, Controller - US. Micro Soft Softcard (1-401 - 1249, Raatcard iHKI - $114, Praauuat Pack - |SSff,

Special Dapt. Cor Govarnawnt * University °rd*ra - Aak Cor Ann* Malted P.O. Accepted - All ahippln*; charges Sr« rem. El Toro, CA All prices u« aubjvet to chenqe/pereonel check* dalay for 2 wfce.

I fttcnlrr*

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mm.

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TRUE MAIL ORDER PRICES

With so many so-called Mail Order establishments using "toll free" lines, and grandiose advertising, how can you, the customer, expect to receive true mail order savings? We have done away with large ads, and free phone lines to offer comparable service passing on the savings to you. THINK! You still SEND YOUR MONEY in the mail to an unknown untested party, and delivery is still often doubtful and certainly protracted in most cases.

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

80 no tf actor $ 319

80 with Iractor $ 369

82A no tractor $ 419

82A with tractor $ 459

83A

84A parallel

84A serial

2K Bulfer , Graphics 82A. 83A

. $ 669 $1009 $1119 $ 50 $ 73

EPSON PRINTERS

MX80 $ 415

MX80FT $ 515

MX100 $ 675

C-ITOH PRINTERS

80 col. parallel printer $ 449

80 col serial printer $ 589

132 col. parallel printer $ 679

132 col serial printer $ 729

Ptac Peripheral 6K Serial Buffer

with X on'ofl Epson $ 111

Graphics Prownler (120 cps) $ 444

Color IDS PRISM 132. with all oplions $1555

Color IDS PRISM 80. with all options $1333

LETTER QUALITY

serial or parallel

C-ITOH F10

Brother HRI

Smith Corona TPI

$1345

$ 849 $ 569

PRINTER CONNECTORS

TRS-80 Cables only . . $ 22

Apple Int. & Cable $ 79

Atari-printer Cable * $ 24

IBM PC-printer Cable . $ 24

Male Centronics-printer Cable $ 24

RS232 male-male $ 19

"Configured for any computer, please specify your computer"

IDS Cable $ 33

Apple Graphics Card with Cable

to Epson/NEC.'C-ITOH $ 89

MONITORS

Zenith ZVM-121 Green $107

TECO ED 1200 line Hires Green . $111

NEC Ami Glare Green $155

AMDEK300G $155

AMDEK Color I $333

AMDEK Color II (IBM Available) $699

PRINTER RIBBONS

MX80 Cartridges $ 8.95

Prowriter Ribbons $ 9 95

IDS PRISM, Color $16.00

IDS PRISM, Black Only $13.00

5 74" SS/SD 5 74" SS/DD 5 74" DS/DD 8" DS/DD 8" SS/DD

VERBATIM

$22.50 $24.00 $35.00 $39.00 $35.00

Available in soil sector and hard sector 10/16

IBM/APPLE DRIVES

• TandonTMS-100-1 $202

TMS-100-2 $265

TMS-100-4 $383

■ Software patch for IBM $ 66

• RANA Elite 1 Add on Drive $333

Quad drive Apple controller $ 99

For Elite 2/3/4

write for price/availability $ 99

• DAVONG 5 MB

(Apple and IBM) . . $1525 12 MB (Apple and IBM) . $2025

NEC PERSONAL COMPUTER

PC-8001 $699

PC-8012 $459

PC-B031 $699

3M SCOTCH

In Suave Black Plastic Library Cases

5 74" SS/DD "10/box" $21.50

574" SS/DD "10/box" $23.00

Soft Sector Only.

Library Cases Alone

5 74" $ 2.50

8" $ 3.50

MODEMS

Hayes Smart Modem , $212

Hayes Micro Modem $259

Hayes Chronograph $179

Apple - Cat II $279

IBM - Smart Modem Cables $ 22

RAM CARDS

Apple 16K Card $ 66

32K Card $125

IBM 64K Quad Board $414

Apple Vista Vision 80 $242

Send orders and inquiries to:

TM

Computer Apparatus

P.O. Box 32063 - Aurora, CO 80041

TELEPHONE ORDER INQUIRIES: (303) 759-9251

10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Mountain Time. Monday to Friday.

We have access to a vast range of computer products from the many stocking distributors in Denver. We cater for

a range of brand name peripherals and software for TRS-80, Apple. IBM. Atari and CP/M users. SEND in a card

staling your interests lor our free catalog.

DELIVERIES: 4-6 weeks at worst, all orders are fully dated. (Includes mail and shipping time).

PERSONAL CHECKS: OKAY, but cashiers checks, money orders, etc., will receive shipping preference

VISA AND MASTERCARD: Add 4% to total we CHARGE only WHEN we SHIP.

CATALOG: Descriptions/charts/pricing and availability on all our products. Prices subject to change without notice

SHIPPING: VIA UPS add $2.00 plus 1% of order total.'

Please Circle Inquiry Card to Receive Our Comprehensive Catalog l

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

497

Expand your IBM PC

s189500

For 6M Bytes

As little as

*8500

Add-In Winchester Disk System

(PC)2's Add-In Winchester Disk System is housed within the IBM chassis and is easy to install directly into the floppy slot, reducing desktop space. Also available in 12 and 18 M Bytes capacity.

Memory Expansion Board

(PC)2's Expansion Board offers 4 TIMES the amount of memory offered by IBM. P.C. Configurations can be set at 64K, 128K, 192K and 256K Bytes. Board can be easily upgraded in 64K capacities. Upgradability is the key!

Asynchronous Communications Controller

1 or 2 line capability on one card.

Totally compatible with IBM software and diagnostics.

Combination Memory/Asynchronous Controller Board

(PC)2 high capacity memories are combined on one board with single or double ported asynchronous communications controllers to create the (PC)2 Combination Memory Expansion/ Asynchronous Controller Board. (PC)2 Combo Boards are fully upgradeable in 64K increments up to the 256K byte board capacity and are configured with support for one or two RS-232C Ports.

Larger quantity pricing is available. For further details call (PC)2 Today.

Phone or Write Now! (408) 749-9313

(PC)2, 510 Lawrence Expressway No. 678 Sunnyvale, CA 94086

Postage and Handling included within continental U.S.A.

One year warranty on all board products.

MasterCard, Visa, Checks and C.O.D. accepted.

PLUG COMPATIBLES FOR PERSONAL COMPUTERS

When the system is operating satisfactorily, the program can be transferred to EPROM and the controller module can replace the D2 kit. Program alterations to allow software developed on a D2 kit to run on the controller module are minimal. The main program change required is to change the PIA address from hexadecimal 8004 through 8007 (for the D2 kit) to hexadecimal 0400 through 0403 for the controller module. This requires the change of only two bytes if all program references to the PIA use indexed addressing with the index register being loaded from a doublebyte constant in memory each time it is used.

One other possible program change would be to use software loops to perform timing functions. The controller runs at an internal clock frequency of 894.886 kHz, compared with a D2 kit, for example, which runs at a clock frequency of 614.4 kHz. Adjustment of timing-loop execution times is simple if the loop counter is loaded from a constant in memory each time it is used. Then only a single memory constant need be altered, irrespective of the number of times it is used.

A number of standard interface modules can also be produced to cope with the most common interface requirements. From an $8 calculator I have designed and built an interface module for use with a 24-key keypad and an 8-digit, 7-segment LED (lightemitting diode) display. I have also built a module (costing approximately $4) that can be configured as a 7-bit A/D (analog-to-digital) or D/A (digital-to-analog) converter. As a D/A converter, the module uses only two PIA lines, and as an A/D converter, only three PIA lines. Relay drivers, lamp drivers, and switch inputs are easily implemented.

Standard software routines can be used to drive the standard interface modules and provide other commonly used software functions, e.g., a real-time clock driven by the 60-Hz interrupt source. This allows a wide range of different controllers to be produced with relatively little effort by mixing and matching standard hardware and software modules.■

498 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

READ AMERICASM NUMBER1 NON-SELLER.

B

Consumer

Information |

Catalog

Not for sale in any bookstore! Not available at any price! The new Consumer Information Catalog!

It's the free booklet that lists over 200 helpful Federal publications; more than half, free. On topics like home repairs. Money management. Nutrition. Informa

tion that could help you to a

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To get your free

copy, just write:

CONSUMER INFORMATION

CENTER,

DEPT E

PUEBLO, COLORADO

81009

<;sss.

GeneraJ Services Administration.

CP/M is a Digital Research TM.

CP/M 8080/8085/Z80 DISASSEMBLER (DASM)

Debugging machine code? Need a source listing? Use the W.S.T. DASM. DASM quickly diasassembles .COM files into .ASM files. DASM authomatically detects CODE/DATA segments and allows manual override of this detection. A symbol table is produced upon request at any time during disassembly. Don't be stuck with just a Z80 disassembler, try the W.S.T. DASM.

CP/M FILE TRANSFER PROGRAM (XFER)

Have two computers and only one program? Use the W.S.T. XFER to transfer it. XFER transfers all types of CP/M files quickly and is simple to use. Send a 12K program in just 13 seconds running at 9600 baud. Some simple I/O patching is required and serial hardware is not included. Don't retype that program—XFER it!

SEND ME ONE 8" SSSD DISKETTE WITH BOTH PROGRAMS AND USER MANUALS FOR $29.95

City

Zip.

□ Check Dc.O.D D MasterCard D VISA

(CA Residents add sales tax. Add $6 00 for shipping outside North America.)

Card No. Exp.

Authorized Signature

vva .hc.

5701 Atlantic Blvd. Maywood, CA 90270

(213)582-0701

Circle 492 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 499

BYTELINES

News and Speculation about Personal Computing

Conducted by Sol Libes

llandom Rumors: Casio Computer is rumored readying a personal computer that costs $63. It will be introduced in Japan. . . . Expect a price cut on the Sinclair ZX81 if sales begin to falter as they did in England when the new Sinclair color Spectrum computer was introduced. . . . Look for Panasonic to introduce a $300 personal computer in February. . . . IBM may soon begin production of the PC outside the U. S. with a goal of producing over 1 million units next year. . . . Apple is expected to introduce an Ethernet interface for the Apple III. It has reached an agreement with 3Com Corporation to purchase $3.6 million worth of network interfaces. . . . Both Televideo and Applied Digital Data Systems will come out with low-cost color display terminals shortly. . . . Honeywell is presumed to be ready to market a personal computer using the Victor 9000 machine. . . .

I redictions for 1983:

In past years, it has been my practice to make some predictions for the coming year in my December column. In looking back at my predictions made last year and in prior years, I am surprised at how many have come true . . . typically over 85 percent. So, let me stick my neck out once again and make some predictions for 1983.

First, I predict that 1983 will be the year of the true portable computer. Osborne having shown the way, you can expect Radio Shack, Apple, and IBM to introduce portable

personal computer systems. I assume that they will fit into a briefcase, have flat-panel displays, microfloppy drives, and built-in direct-connect modems. They will also use CMOS (complementary metaloxide semiconductor) circuits operable from small, low-cost batteries; hence, they will be true portable systems. Expect them to have CMOS RAM (random-access read/write memory) with battery backup rather than bubble memory. Watch for the Japanese to attack this market next year.

Second, I predict that the personal computer market will divide into several separate and distinct markets with three or four suppliers dominant in each. Thus, we will see diverse markets ranging from consumer computers selling for $60 to $70, to home word-processing computers going for $1000-$2000, to small-business computers in the $3000-$5000 price range, workstations in local networks selling for $5000-$8000, and multiuser systems ranging from $7000 to $10,000. No one supplier will dominate more than one market, so we can plan on several dozen successful manufacturers and probably well over a hundred different personal computer system makers.

Third, following from that prediction, is the prospect that the number of new personal computer systems coming to market will probably be at the staggering rate of almost one per working day. Look for one-third of them to come from Japan.

Fourth, systems with separate, cableless, radio-linked keyboards will flourish—no more connecting cables getting in the way. And, I hope,

manufacturers will make a concerted effort to standardize keyboard layouts. Also, I predict that several manufacturers will add voice input/ output that acts as an aid to, rather than a replacement for, keyboards. Voice output should be the next big feature added to low-cost personal computers.

Fifth, don't be surprised to see IC modem chips capable of operating at 9600 bps (bits per second) and possibly as high as 19,200 bps.

Sixth, I await the introduction of erasable optical memory systems for microcomputers capable of storing up to 100 megabytes on a single disk.

Seventh, the microfloppy and micro Winchester drives will start replacing minifloppy and mini Winchester drives in personal computers. Within two or three years, microfloppies and micro Winchesters should be the dominant storage systems on personal computers.

Eight, expect arcade video games where the player actually gets into the game. For example, a flight simulator that actually gives the player a feeling of movement, acceleration, and of really flying a spaceship, with voice recognition that will respond to such commands as "Fire one!" and "Blast off!"

MMppte Doings: Looks as if Apple has decided to introduce the Apple ll-E this January. Unless, of course, the company decides to make changes again. Rumor has it that Apple planned to introduce the new Apple II replacement in September and initiated a special sale price to

clear out inventory. But sales increased to the point where Apple decided to continue producing the Apple II for another few months and do some further design work on the ll-E. Over the summer, several software houses received prototypes of the ll-E so that they could get a head start on applications software development. It is rumored that the ll-E will not be completely software-compatible with its predecessor.

Apple's 68000-based workstation, called Lisa, is reportedly out on beta test with several potential corporate customers. Rumor has it that units are being used in a localnetwork configuration.

Apple disclosed that it has won injunctions against four more Hong Kong-based makers of alleged imitation Apple II computers. Also, the U. S. Customs Service has reportedly begun confiscating and destroying imitation Apples arriving at ports in the U. S. It has been estimated that as many as 20 companies are making about 5000 Apples a month with retail prices as low as $200. Compare that to the U. S. price of $1200 to $1400.

Continuing to tighten up its sales/distribution organization, Apple has cancelled central purchasing agreements with two more independent retail chains, Compushop in Richardson, Texas, and The Computer Store (TCS) in Sudbury, Massachusetts. Compushop and TCS outlets will now have to buy equipment directly from Apple at standard dealer prices. The reason given was the same as in the previous cases of Computerland and Xerox: the sales organizations refused to let

500 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Apple dictate where new stores could be opened.

M ormer Mall-Order Dealer Sues HP: Computer Place Inc., Carmel, California, has filed an antitrust suit against HP (Hewlett-Packard) alleging that the company is stopping mail-order distribution of personal computer and calculator products. Computerland was named as a codefendant. Computer Place alleges that HP stopped supporting dealer national advertising and refused to make available its new HP-86 personal computer to dealers who would not support local customers. It also claims that this action forced it out of business. It is interesting to note that a similar action filed against Apple Computer by three of its former mail-order dealers was dismissed.

I rice War Develops:

Atari and Commodore have accelerated the low-end personal computer price war with discounts on software, peripherals, and even basic units. This is in response to Texas Instruments' $100 rebate program. Atari is offering coupons good toward the purchase of software, while Commodore has reduced the base price of its VIC-20. The result is that both the VIC-20 and TI-99/4A can now be purchased for well under $200. I have seen both units being offered by stores in my area for under $180. It is likely that Tandy will soon reduce the price of its Color Computer.

At these prices, personal computers are close to the selling prices of computer games and are beginning to affect game sales. (Speculation is that this is why Atari is offering games coupons instead of a price reduction.) The dealer cost for a computer is now down around $150; however, dealers rely

on sales of software and peripherals to make a profit. Commodore is boasting that it is now producing 70,000 VIC-20s a month and, even with the $150 dealer price, is still making a healthy profit on each unit shipped. The question is how this will affect sales of Commodore's soon to be released Max game machine, which will carry a $179 price tag.

In the meantime, the Timex/Sinclair 1000 (aka the S.nclair ZX81 with 2K-byte RAM), selling at just under $100 and already being discounted, is taking sales away from Texas Instruments, Atari, and Commodore in nationwide chains such as K-Mart.

This price war is upsetting to several Japanese companies who were planning to offer low-end computers. NEC, which planned to introduce its PC-6000 with a $450 price, is now going through a redesign to eliminate features and reduce the price. Also, NEC is rumored to be designing a very low cost machine to compete with the VIC-20. Matsushita's Panasonic subsidiary, which had already disclosed that it planned to retail two computers, the JR-100 and JR-200, in early 1983 with prices in the $300 range, has postponed introduction until summer as these products go through redesign. Sanyo, however, expects to begin selling a machine next August that will compete with the Timex/Sinclair.

The price war is undeniably making it difficult for new companies to enter the lowend marketplace. And those that do plan to enter are being thrown off balance as to pricing and timing of their entries.

Joftw.irc Marketing Changing: Did you know that more than 150 new programs are marketed each month? It's getting like the record and book publishing

Do You Use a Printer or Modem?

The average microcomputer "moves" data at 120,000 characters a second. A typical disk drive transfers it at 27,000 CPS. Most printers however plod along at 100 CPS and many modems squeak out 30 CPS. That's quite a drop in efficiency not to mention a waste of computing power!

We've broken this bottleneck with a smart little "white" box called the PRINTER OPTIMIZER"that features a 64,000 to 256,000 character memory buffer. Now you can "print" your inventory in 2 seconds instead of 10 minutes, and no longer will your computer be tied up transmitting or receiving modem transmissions. The OPTIMIZER is smart too. You'll notice a keypad and display in our picture. You can tell the OPTIMIZER to convert data, send control sequences, pause on cue, and more. For example: access all of your printer's capabilities (graphics, font size, forms control, special symbols) with the ease of selecting a station on a pushbutton car radio. Use it to adapt an XYZ printer to your ABC computer running a PDQ word processing program. Run a serial printer or modem from a parallel port. If you can afford and justify a disk drive, then you certainly need our OPTIMIZER to bring your printer, plotter or modem "up to speed" with the rest of your system.

If You Need A Letter Quality Printer

. . .then consider our affordable yet high quality alternative. Our MEDIAMIX ETI2" converts an IBM Electronic Typewriter (and some other brands) into a computer printer. Every office needs a typewriter. So for example, you can buy an IBM Model 50 ET that costs about $1200 and have a superior typewriter, and then with our ETI2 have a printer that produces probably the highest quality printed image available. You can even do typesetting like this ad! And for financial printing you can't beat a wide carriage IBM ET. It's a truly cost effective investment. There are a number of arguments in favor of choosing this route over a single use computer printer, and we have an article on this subject you should read.

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COPYRIGHT 1982

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 501

BYTELINES

industries. Word-processing programs, for example, already number more than one hundred, and the competition is becoming intense.

Software suppliers trying to establish brand names are providing slick packages for their products. The plain plastic sandwich bags will soon be a thing of the past, as software packages look more and more like record packages. In addition, suppliers are upping ad budgets and increasing promotional efforts, all of which serves to jack up the retail price.

But purchasers often have had trouble getting programs to work properly. Suppliers are finally beginning to face the problem by offering service with the product. For example, Peachtree Software now provides 30 days of free consultation with its software.

Currently, about half of all software is purchased via mail order. However, some experts are betting that this will shift to stores that will sell software much as record shops sell records: customers can walk in and see a demonstrations of the software packages before they buy.

u.

' nix On 8-Bit Systems:

We see an awful lot of promotion for Unix-like systems on 16-bit computers, particularly 68000-based machines. However, it is worth noting that Unix-like systems are also available on 8-bit machines. For example, several suppliers of 6809-based systems are furnishing the Uniflex operating system from Technical Systems Consultants (Chapel Hill, North Carolina). Also, Morrow Designs, located in Richmond, California, offers its Micronix operating system for the Z80-based Decision I.

Both of these systems offer multiuser, multitasking capability with file management nearly identical to that of Unix. They use a shell that in

cludes I/O redirection, pipes, and many other Unix-like features.

M,

lotorola Announces 68000 Enhancements:

Motorola has announced that next year it plans to make available several new versions of its 16-bit 68000 microprocessor. Prototypes of some of these new parts are already being tested by potential customers.

First, Motorola will market a reduced-bus version called the 68008. It will have an external 8-bit data bus and reduced address space (1 megabyte), come in a 48-pin package, and operate with 6800 peripheral chips.

Next will be the 68010, a virtual-machine version of the 68000. It will be able to recover control of the machine after memory faults, so it can be used in a demandpaged environment. Virtualmemory support improves the 68000's ability to handle multiuser systems.

Last will be the 68020, a full 32-bit version of the 68000. It will have a 32-bit-wide data bus and an instruction cache memory. Consequently, it will run programs two to four times faster than the 68000.

I

BM Alms To Fit A 370 Into A 68000: According to a technical paper that appeared in a recent issue of IBM's journal of Research and Development, researchers at IBM's Endicott, New York, facility are attempting to recode Motorola 68000 microprocessors to implement the functions of an IBM System/370. The 16-bit 68000 microprocessor was selected because it is microcoded and has seventeen 32-bit generalpurpose registers. The full 370 would require about four times the microcode capability of the current 68000; however, the hope is that within a

few years a 370 will be encoded into one 68000. In the meantime, the research group intends to partition the 370 architecture among a number of 68000s, which will communicate over a local bus and share common local storage.

J apanese Adopt U.S.

Software: More and more Japanese personal computer systems are being introduced in the U. S., but the surprising thing is that they are using American software rather than Japanese-made software. For example, Hitachi, NEC, and Panasonic will soon introduce systems using Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system, while Sony, Mitsubishi, Sanyo, and Hitachi are using the CP/M operating system from Digital Research. Hitachi will use both the MS-DOS and CP/M disk operating systems. Not only are Japanese companies contracting with U. S. firms to supply operating systems, they are also looking to them for languages and applications programs. Structured Systems Croup, for example, has signed contracts to provide its accounting software for several Japanese computers.

^»tari And Lucasfllms Enter Joint Venture: Atari has announced the formation of a new company with Lucasfilms (creator of Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Back, and Raiders of the Lost Ark). Each firm has an equal share of the new venture. The first product will be a video game based on Raiders of the Lost Ark.

\flettlng Robots To Walk: Currently, mobile robots get around on wheels or tank-like tracks. But research is' under way at Carnegie-Mellon and Ohio State universities to develop walking robots. Although

humans take walking for granted, it is a highly complex task fraught with such problems as balance and coordination of many sequences of joint and leg movements.

It is hoped that computers can be taught to cope with this problem. The walking robot being developed at Carnegie-Mellon will have six legs. This work is being funded by the Defense Department. Work on walking robots is also being done in Japan and the Soviet Union.

^^rtlflcial Intelligence

News: The introduction of the Motorola 68010 upgraded 16-bit microprocessor and the recent use of the LISP language for writing applications programs may lead to the use of Al (artificial intelligence) techniques in applications programming. LISP has long been the language of the Al community. Although there have been a few implementations of LISP on 8-bit machines, they have had very limited performance, and anyone doing serious Al work was forced to use large minicomputers. This, however, appears to be changing.

For example, the University of Pittsburgh has developed "Internist 1," which, in a test at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, proved almost as capable at diagnosing some diseases as physicians. Although currently running on a very large computer, this program is now being transported to run on several 68000-based microcomputers. Also, Cognitive Systems Inc., an offshoot of the Yale artificial-intelligence lab, has developed programs for stockbrokers, paralegals, accountants, and tax advisors that are already running on the 68000-based Apollo computer (Apollo Computer Inc., North Billerica, Massachusetts).

502 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Current 68000-based systems that are large enough to support these LISP programs, such as the Apollo, cost in the $40,000 range. However, the introduction of the Motorola 68010 and the National Semiconductor 16032 is expected to soon reduce these costs to the $20,000 to $30,000 range. Xerox has already announced a LISP machine, called Dandelion, which it expects will sell for under $30,000.

Japanese Attack DiskDrive Market: Apple Computer recently switched from Shugart to Alps Electric Ltd. drives, and DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) and Tandy have awarded Teac the contract for supplying 5'/i-inch drives for their new personal computers. These signs indicate that the Japanese have become much more aggressive in pursuit of OEM (original equipment manufacturer) floppy-disk drive contracts.

The greatest Japanese penetration of the floppy-disk market is anticipated in the half-height and microfloppy arenas. NEC and Mitsubishi have already entered the halfheight market, which is currently dominated by Tandon. OEM prices of half-height double-sided 8-inch drives are already down in the $370 area. The greatest competition should be in the halfheight 5'/4-inch drive area, where Alps, Qume, and Teac are expected to start shipping drives to compete against Tandon and Shugart. Competition in the microfloppy arena should develop in late 1983 when more companies start shipping these drives. Presently, Sony appears to be the leader in the microfloppy area. For example, Sony has already signed a contract to supply Hewlett-Packard with 3/2-inch microfloppy drives that can store 437.5K bytes.

Sony is rumored to be ready to announce a double-sided version of its drive.

The Japanese are also expected to make major inroads into the Winchester-drive marketplace. Currently, some 75 percent of this market is in' the hands of Seagate and Tandon with Shugart, Control Data, Quantum, Priam, and Mircopolis sharing the remainder.

Vomputer Store Franchises: I have a friend who owns two computer stores, plans to soon open a third, and employs more than two dozen people. Six years ago when he started his little retail operation in his basement, it was open only nights and weekends. Those days are gone.

Today, opening a computer store usually means buying a franchise. Generally, this requires an initial fee ranging from $15,000 to $45,000, depending on location, and that's followed by a monthly royalty fee that may be 5 to 6 percent of gross sales. In addition, you may be hit with a cooperative advertising fee, which is typically 1 to 3 percent of gross sales. Nonpayment of these fees, failure to to comply with the franchisor's rules and regulations for running the store, or unauthorized transfer of the franchise to another person can result in loss of the franchise.

The franchisor usually provides plans and specifications for store construction as well as training, supervision, and education of the franchisee's employees. The franchisor will provide advertising and purchasing of products and supplies at advantageous prices.

Franchising experts today estimate that opening a franchised computer store requires a minimum of $200,000 capital to be successful.

I

EEE For Software Engineering Standards:

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has organized a Software Engineering Standards Committee with several working groups. The purpose is to create standards, guides, and recommended practices for software engineering. The working groups are concerned with areas ranging from software quality assurance to a recommended practice for the Ada programming language. For more information on these groups, contact Fletcher J. Buckley, RCA, Moorestown, NJ 08057, (609) 778-3606.

^graphics Standards Emerging: Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel Corporation, and Tektronix have

announced that they will adopt and support the North American Presentation Level Protocol Syntax (NAPLPS) and Virtual Device Interface (VDI) standards for creating and transmitting computergraphics images. NAPLPS and VDI are currently being evaluated by the American National Standards Institute X3L2 and X3H3 committees, respectively.

I

BM To Conduct Education Test: IBM is lending 300 personal computers with voice output, color graphics, and a programmed series of exercises designed to teach reading and writing to selected schools as part of a test. For example, to teach writing, the computer will show a child a picture of a cat and then will ask the child to

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 503

BYTELINES

spell "cat" while helping him find the right letters by lighting areas in both phonic and regular alphabets.

I axl Dispatching Going Digital: The dispatching of taxis via voice radio may soon be a thing of the past. Several Canadian taxi companies have switched from voice-radio dispatching to computerized radio dispatching. The taxis are equipped with a video display and keyboard.

Here's how it works: a driver enters information as to which zone he is in or headed for, whether the cab is empty, etc. The central computer then sends a message as to where to pick up the next ride. No other driver gets the call, so no one can try to beat the cabbie to the fare, which sometimes happens with voice dispatching. With computerized dispatching, companies are claiming that they can now handle as many as 500 cabs per channel whereas before the limit was about 150. Who knows, maybe they will let the passengers play Pac-Man on the system between pick-up and destination.

Vomputers Being Sold Door-to-Door: Two companies are already selling personal computers door-todoor, via phone, or through small Tupperware-party-like gatherings. Tronics Marketing Corporation, Houston, Texas, claims to have nearly 10,000 door-to-door salesmen in 50 states selling Texas Instruments personal computers. The Dallas-based Dynasty Computer Corporation claims that it has 2300 "distributors" selling a private-label system. Both companies have set up pyramid-type sales organizations in which distributors enlist sales agents to do the actual selling.

^^n The Business Side:

Tandy reported that for the fiscal year that ended June 30, 1982 revenues were up 21% to more than $2 billion. Earnings increased over 32% to more than $224 million. Most of this gain was due to a 72% increase at Tandy's computer operations. Tandy estimates that its computer business now accounts for about 31% of its total revenues, or approximately $640 million. This makes Tandy far and

away the largest manufacturer of personal-computer systems.

Vector Graphic posted a $252,000 loss for the last quarter of the year on a 10% decline in sales. Sales for the year, however, were up almost 45% to over $36 million compared with 1981 sales of $25 million. The decrease in the fourth quarter was blamed on dealers holding off ordering in anticipation of the introduction of a new computer system and an inventory theft of $600,000 worth of merchandise.

R,

andom News Bits: Intel has reduced the price of its 8087 mathematics processor integrated circuit from $320 (1000-unit quantity) to $150, and prices are expected to drop further next year. Intel has been shipping the 8087 since December 1981.... Scopex Instruments Ltd. (Pixmore Ave., Letchworth, Hertfordshire, England) has introduced an oscilloscope with a flat liquid-crystal display screen. . . . Siemens A.G. (Munich, West Germany) has announced an experimental 14-inch, flat, high-resolution color screen CRT (cathode-ray

tube) that can display 28 lines of 80 characters. . . . Human Computing Resources Corporation in Toronto, Canada, has begun work on transporting Unix System III to National Semiconductor's 16032 microprocessor. . . . Phosphor Products Ltd., Poole, Dorset, England, is reportedly developing a compact flatpanel videotex terminal. . . .

VXuotation Of The Month: "Because of the nonproprietary software and limited distribution [of the PC], IBM has not only invited in Japanese competition, but has handed over a large portion of the market to the Japanese on a silver platter." John Roach, President, Radio Shack, Computer Update Magazine, July/August 1982

MAIL: I receive a large number of letters each month as a result of this column. If you write to me and wish a response, please include a selfaddressed, stamped envelope.

Sol Libes

POB 1192

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504 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Clubs and Newsletters

Attention: Doctors

The Medical Computer Journal has reviews of medical hardware and software, news of the latest developments in the medical field, and features on the uses of computers in laboratories and offices. It is published six times a year. The annual cost is $25 for individuals and $35 for libraries, institutions, and overseas mailings. For further information, write to the Medical Computer Journal, 42 East High St., East Hampton, CT 06424, or call (203) 267-2934.

Count on ABACUS

The Atari Bay Area Computer Users Society (ABACUS) welcomes anyone in the San Francisco area who wishes to attend monthly meetings and subscribe to its newsletter. The newsletter is accepting informative articles and short programs. ABACUS is also willing to trade newsletter subscriptions with other user groups. Contact ABACUS through Dave Mentley, POB 325, El Cerrito, CA 94530.

Listen to This

Voicenews is published 10 times a year to report the latest news concerning speech-synthesis and speechrecognition technology. The annual subscription rate is $95 in the U. S. and $120 overseas. Write the editor at POB 1891, Rockville, MD 20850, or call (301) 424-0114.

Attention: Lawyers

Last Call for Clubs and Newsletters Directory

To be included in the fifth edition of the BYTE Clubs and Newsletters Directory, your club or publication must supply the following information.

1. name of organization or publication

2. mailing address

3. contact person and telephone number

4. name of newsletter or publication

5. special interests

Send your information to Clubs and Newsletters Directory, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

The Lawyer's Microcomputer is a monthly newsletter written specifically about practical applications of the

TRS-80 in the law office. Research on printer quality, choosing software, and how to finance a computer are all included in the first issue. Yearly subscriptions are $28 (U. S.), $37 (Canada), and $43 (foreign). For more information, write Rose T. Wilkins, R. P. W. Publishing Corp., POB 1046, Lexington, SC 29072, or call (803) 359-2077.

Sorcim's Newsletter

Sorcim Corporation's newsletter Supernews is designed to provide user-friendly information for new users of Sorcim products. Published quarterly, Supernews includes articles on templatebuilding and computer shows. New products, update policies, and customer support columns are featured. Suggestions for articles are welcome. For further information, contact Supernews, Sorcim Corp., 405 Aldo Ave., Santa Clara, CA 95050, or call (408) 727-7634.

Atari Group in the Berkshires

The Berkshire Users Group (Atari) of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, is a support

group for owners of Atari 400 and 800 personal computers. BUG(A) meets on the second Saturday of each month. Members would like to exchange newsletters and information with other user groups. For more information write BUG(A), POB '593, Great Barrington, MA 01230, or call (413) 528-1438 or 528-0744.

Active Club in Finland

The 1800 Users Club of Finland meets monthly in Helsinki. Members engage in hardware and software competitions and produce a newsletter. Group members also receive a free subscription to a Finnish electronics magazine. We seek contact with other clubs. Send a selfaddressed envelope to Richard Eller, 1800 Users Club, POB 559, 00101 Helsinki 10, Finland.

Newsletter Swapping

The Central Florida Computer Society (CFCS) publishes a newsletter, Bussline, containing information on various users groups, hard

ware and software reviews, and buy-sell-swap ads. CFCS members would like to swap monthly newsletters with other like-minded clubs. Send your newsletter to CFCS Inc., 2821 Sunset Dr., Apopka, FL 32703.

TRS-80 Users Meet in LA

The TRS-80 Model I Users Group of West Los Angeles meets on the last Tuesday of each month. All users are invited to attend and exchange ideas and public-domain software. For more information, write Mike Miller, 10210 Woodbine St. -1, Los Angeles, CA 90034, or call (213) 836-4103.

Welcome in Wichita

In Wichita, Kansas, a Commodore VIC-20 Users Club meets monthly to exchange the latest news and publicdomain programs. Anyone is welcome. For the current meeting time and a copy of the newsletter write to Walter Lounsbery, 739 Litchfield, Wichita, KS 67203, or call (316) 262-4861.

Stay Up to Date with Eagle News

Eagle Computer, manufacturer of desktop computers for small businesses, produces Eagle News, a monthly newsletter. Eagle News contains the latest information about Eagle computers, trade shows, software news, and new products. For your copy, contact Eagle Computer Inc., Building C, 983 University Ave., Los Gatos, CA 95030, (408) 395-5005. ■

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Clarcla

M a g n e t ic-Ta pe Standard

Dear Steve,

I built an FSK (frequencyshift keyed) cassette interface for my homebrewed 8080based microcomputer. Do you know of a standard or frequently used format for recording data on magnetic tape? I want my system to be compatible with commercial software. Michael D. Zahorik New Berlin, Wl

One of the problems with the personal computer industry is its lack of standards. A format known as the Kansas City Standard is used on many 8080-type systems. This standard, named after the location of the conference that established it, uses 1200 Hz to indicate a 0 and 2400 Hz to indicate a 1. These frequencies were chosen to be compatible with the bandwidth and frequency response of typical cassette recorders. With the homebrew FSK system for your computer and this information, you should have no trouble with compatibility. ■ . . Steve

Increasing Line Counts

Dear Steve,

In the March 1982 BYTE, you responded to a letter about high-speed printers (see "High-Speed Printers," page 442). You stated that the IBM laser printer is capable of 1800 lpm (lines per minute); however, IBM claims 1000 pages in 6 minutes, or approximately 11,000 lpm (almost 6 times as fast as 1800 lpm). Charles Gawthrop Wilmington, DE

Thank you very much for your letter. 1 have received many responses to the decimal point error that crept into that Ask BYTE answer. The correct number should have been 18,000 lines per minute, and even that is not its maximum speed.

From IBM's literature, the following calculations can be made: "allows printing at either 6, 8, or 12 lines per inch. . ." ... "can process, for example, 1000 11-inchlong pages in approximately 6 minutes of continuous printing, regardless of the number of lines per page."

Now, 11 inches/page X 12 lines/inch = 132 lines/page

1000 pages/6 minutes = 166.67 pages/minute

166.67 pages/minute X 132 lines/page = 22,000

lines/minute

In reality, with 6 or 8 lines per inch and 66 lines per page, the effective number of lines per minute will be less. . . . Steve

No Joy In Stlckvllle

Dear Steve,

I own an Atari 800, and I have been disappointed in the performance of Atari's joysticks. They are not accurate and don't always make a good electrical connection.

I have been trying to build my own using momentary switches to make the five connections needed for motion and firing. Do you know where I can buy the appropriate female plug needed for the Atari? Also, do you have any suggestions for building a joystick, or do you know any companies making betterquality Atari-compatible joysticks?

Thanks for your help. Your articles are great. Louis Yelgin Maiden, MA

The connector used on the rear of the Atari for the joysticks is a 9-pin Type D subminiature. It's available from many of the mail-order houses that advertise in BYTE; look for Priority One Electronics and California Digital ads in any issue.

Wico, a company that manufacturers parts for arcade games, makes a deluxe version of the Atari joystick. It is large, solidly built, and has a trigger button on top of the stick, as well as one in the normal position. Order the Command Controller Joystick (part number: 15-9714) from Wico, 6400 West Grosse Point Rd., Niles, IL 60648, (312) 647-7500. . . .Steve

Shielding TV from Interference

Dear Steve,

I recently purchased the disk drive for the TRS-80 Color Computer. Since adding this device, I have experienced an annoying amount of interference on my television set. The drive's manual came with a flier warning that this problem might be present in some of the earlier machines and, if that was the case, you should return the computer to a service center for additional shielding.

I would prefer to make the modifications that might be necessary myself. Could you please give me an idea of what could correct this problem.

Thanks for whatever help you can give. Richard D. Fothergill Pittsfield, MA

The interference that you are experiencing with the TRS-80 Color Computer disk drive is probably caused by radiation from the cable that connects the drive to the computer. The cable is acting as an antenna, and to eliminate the radiation, it must be shielded. My article in the January 1981 BYTE, "Electromagnetic Interference" (page 48), describes the sources of electromagnetic interference and how to cure them.

Wrapping the disk-drive cable in several layers of aluminum foil and grounding the foil to the computer should be beneficial. But frankly, if Radio Shack has a free fix, I would let the service center do it. It will be neater and may help the resale value of the computer at some later date. . . . Steve

Chess Program for Home Brewers

Dear Steve,

I'd like to buy a chessplaying program for my computer. My problem is that I don't have a standard personal computer but two home-built systems. One is 6809-based, with keyboard and video display. The other is Z80-based, with 32K bytes of memory and plenty of space for 2716-type EPROMs (erasable programmable readonly memories).

I'd like to know how to change an existing chess program so that it could be run on my Z80-based computer and so that the input and output can be done through the 6809 computer, allowing it to process all communication with a human opponent.

506 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

I'm planning to use dot graphics to display the chessboard and a light pen to make moves. This means I must know the hexadecimal locations of the chess program's I/O routines and how the parameters are passed. Further, I need to know the cassette format used for storing the program. I think any cassette format can be read by a little hardware and software. A Z80 PIO (parallel input/output integrated circuit) is provided in the Z80 system. Matti Kassi Vantaa, Finland

The easiest way to get a chess program on your Z80 computer is to get a copy of the book Sargon—A Computer Chess Program, by Dan and Kathe Spracklen, and start typing. It is published by Hayden Publishing Company and is available from TSE Hardside (6 South St., Milford, NH 03055) for $15.95 plus shipping. It contains complete documentation for all of Sargon's algorithms and a program listing in Z80 assembly language. With the information provided, you can tailor the program to fit any Z80 machine with 8K bytes of memory. Block diagrams and an index to subroutines are also included. All you need is the patience to type it in. . . . Steve

Sorting Out Computer Languages

Dear Steve,

I've learned a great deal from reading your answers in Ask BYTE. Now, I would like to have an answer to a question that deals with a comparison of programming languages.

Obviously, no one lan

guage is best. I assume they vary in a number of ways, such as ease or difficulty in. learning, ease in debugging, efficiency in run time and in memory space, etc. And, of considerable importance, some languages lend themselves better for certain types of applications. I would very much like to find something— a book perhaps—that sets forth a comparison of all the major languages—giving their characteristics and especially the facility with which they lend themselves to various uses. Can you tell me where I can find such a comparison? Donald W. Kearney Martinsburg, WV

An informative and timely article on the comparison of computer languages appeared in the December 1981 Popular Electronics magazine, beginning on page 40. "Computer Language Confusion. . .Sorting It Out," by Stanley S. Veit, discusses computer languages so as to provide an understanding of what is available and to help you choose the most appropriate one for a particular application. . . .Steve

Full ASCII Codes Transmlttable

Dear Steve,

I own an Apple II Plus system and a Hayes Microcomputer Products Micromodem II. For some time now, I have been searching for software or hardware that will permit me to transmit both uppercase and lowercase ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) codes to another computer system (namely, a PDP VAX-11/70 with a Unix operating system). I have been unable to find anything of moderate price (say, $100 to $200) that

will allow me to do this. If you can give me any advice, I sure would appreciate it.

Thanks. Michael T. Cortley Albuquerque, NM

The best program for you to use is Visicorp's Visiterm. With Visiterm, your Apple II Plus becomes an on-line terminal with the ability to define keyboard macro instructions, define your own character set, and transfer Applesoft or Integer BASIC listings

or text or binary files over a standard phone line. It is designed to work with the Micromodem and it automatically displays uppercase and lowercase on the screen.

Visiterm has a suggested retail price of $100 and is available from local dealers and Visicorp, 2895 Zanker Rd., San Jose, CA 95134, (408) 942-6000. My answer sure sounds like a commercial, but I've seen this program and can highly recommend it. ■ . .Steve!

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033

If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve (TCE3I7) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

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The MICROSTAT - baZic version requires: a Z80 CPU, CP/M™ and 48K of memory. Available formats: 8" SD disk or 5%" North Star only. Check with your dealer for other formats. Also available for: Microsoft's Basic-80™, North Star DOS and IBM. For more information, call' or write:

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CP/M is a registered trademark ol DIGITAL RESEARCH

Basic-80 is a registered trademark of MICROSOFT

Circle 188 on Inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

507

Software Received

Apple

Advanced System Editor, a

screen-oriented text editor for the UCSD Pascal system. The editor provides all common word-processing features, including copy, delete, find, search, and replace. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $175. Volition Systems, POB 1236, Del Mar, CA 92014.

The Big Math Attack, a tutorial game covering basic mathematics problems. The object is to solve a simple equation before it reaches the bottom of the screen. The more equations you solve, the faster they drop. For the Apple II; floppy disk and cassette, $25 and $20, respectively. Thesis, POB 147, Garden City, MI 48135.

Bipolar Psychological Inventory, a multidimensional personality test. This program administers, scores, and interprets test results and prints a report with norm, profile, and significant items. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $250. Diagnostic Specialists Inc., 1170 North 660 W, Orem, UT 84057.

Corral 1.0.1, a cost-return analysis program for beef producers and related industries. Provides a complete breakdown and report of all costs and expenses. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $150. Applied Micro Systems, RR 3, Box 309-B, Leavenworth, KS 66048.

Crazy Mazey, an arcadetype game. Within the intricate maze are secret hordes of cash. Find the cash and run for your life. Killer cars will try to stop you in the 19 levels of the maze. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Datamost, 9748 Cozycroft Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311.

Crush, Crumble, and Chomp, a simulation game that lets you become the monster you always longed to be. This game allows you to

design your own monster and let it loose on a city where it feeds on human tidbits. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Epyx/Automated Simulations, POB 4247, Mountain View, CA 94040.

The Curse of Crowley Manor, an adventure-type game. What starts out as a simple homicide investigation changes into a descent into the world of the occult. Solve the my&tery or face the gates of Hades. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Death Race 82, an arcadetype game. You must escape from the killer robots in the Death Squad Cars by piloting your turbocar through the 10 levels of the maze. Destroy robots and increase your score. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Avant-Garde Creations, POB 30160, Eugene, OR 97403.

Diskovery, a disk-utility package. Examine, edit, and store information on any track or sector of a disk. Recover, alphabetize, and purge any files on a disk. Other utilities included. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $59.95. Micro Mantic Computer, 541 Northeast McWilliams Rd., Bremerton, WA 98310.

Double Check, a checkbook balancer and moneymanagement program. Establish up to 100 expense categories, and this program will sort all expenses and provide you with a total for tax deductions. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $49.95. Computer Tax Service, POB 7915, Incline Village, NV 89450.

Eliminator, an arcade-type game. You must protect your energizers on the planet surface from the 15 waves of attacking alien spacecraft. Destroy the aliens to increase your score. For the Apple II;

floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International (see address above).

Federation, an arcade-type game. You must wipe out the merciless invading Drorn Drones. Develop the correct strategy to skillfully deploy your Federation spacecraft. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Avant-Garde Creations (see address above).

Graphic Writer, a program that lets you print your own character sets. Features provided include underline, boldface, large and small letters, and the ability to use inverse print with most word-processing programs and printers. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $54.95. Computer Station Software, 11610 Page Service Dr., St. Louis, MO 63141.

Laf Pak, four arcade-type games: Creepy Corridors, Apple Zap, Space Race, and Mine Sweep. Each game requires a different tactic to win. For the Apple II or II Plus; floppy disk, $34.95. Sierra On-line Inc., 36575 Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarsegold, CA 93614.

Lazermaze, an arcade-type game. To resolve interstellar conflicts, a single combat game has been developed. Accurately fire your laser at the alien and your planet could win the war. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $29.95. Avant-Garde Creations (see address above).

Marauder, a two-level arcade-type game. You must descend to the alien planet's surface through a rain of laser fire and torpedoes. Once on the ground, you must destroy the central computer, which is guarded by robots. For the Apple II or II Plus; floppy disk, $34.95. Sierra On-line Inc. (see address above).

Mars Cars, an arcade-type game. There are tales of a great treasure on Mars, but it's guarded by an ancient defense

system. If you can destroy the dreaded Mars Cars, the treasure is yours. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Datamost (see address above).

The Mask of the Sun, an adventure-type game. You are an archaeologist and treasurehunter seeking the fabulous Mask of the Sun, a gold artifact. But there's this curse. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $39.95. Ultrasoft Inc., 24001 Southeast 103rd St., Issaquah, WA 98027.

Mission Impossible, a graphics adventure game. You must save the world from nuclear disaster by deactivating the world's first automated nuclear reactor. The game has full-color graphics. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International (see address above).

Oil Rig, a simulation where you try to become a tycoon by buying, selling, and drilling for oil. Manipulate the price of oil with purchases and trades, while ruthlessly acquiring wealth. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Computer Programs Unlimited, 9710 24th Ave. SE, Everett, WA 98204.

The Printographer, a highresolution printing utility that allows you to dump a picture from the disk to any dotmatrix or daisy-wheel printer. The utility comes configured for most printers. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $49.95. Southwestern Data Systems, 10761-E Woodside Ave., Santee, CA 92071.

Serpentine, an arcade-type game. You control one serpent in your quest to destroy all the evil serpents. You must outwit, outmaneuver, and eat the evil serpents to win the game. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $34.95. Broderbund Software, 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Succession, a maze-type

508 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

game. Your creature, the Masher, must get all the creatures with numbers on their bodies into the correct order within the specified time limit. Four levels of difficulty. For the Apple II or II Plus; floppy disk, $29.95. Piccadilly Software Inc., 89 Summit Ave., Summit, NJ 07901.

Test Writer, a program that produces multiple-choice tests of any length from a pool of questions developed by the user. Its automated index card system is useful for almost any subject. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $35. Persimmon Software, 502 C. Savannah St., Greensboro, NC 27406.

Tic Tac Show, a multiplayer question-and-answer game program. You can enter your own questions and answers to develop a computerassisted instruction game. Several different subjects can be stored on disk. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $19.95. Computer Advanced Ideas, Suite 341M, 1442 A Walnut St., Berkeley, CA 94709.

The Tool, a business-applications program generator. This package handles all screen editing, field formatting, and entry validation. Includes a database manager and a report generator. Configured for use with BASIC. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $395. High Technology Software, 2201 Northeast 63rd St., POB 14665, Oklahoma City, OK 73113.

Tunnel Terror, an arcadetype game. You are given three ships, and you must shoot down the center of the tunnel to prevent the enemy from destroying you. This game has 61 levels for up to four players. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International (see address above.)

The Wreck of the B. S. M. Pandora, a simulation game. You assume the role of a crewman trying to save your ship

mates, a cargo of dangerous alien creatures, and your ship from a fatal accident. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $50. Apple Computer Inc., 10260 Bandley Dr., Cupertino, CA 95014.

Atari

Airstrike, an arcade-type game. Fight your way through the alien cavern as you shoot or dodge missiles and bombs. Destroy the alien fighters as you traverse through the levels of the fortress. For the Atari 400 and 800; cassette, $39.95. English Software Co., POB 3185, Redondo Beach, CA 90277.

Legionnaire, a real-time simulation game. Control the forces of the Roman Legions as you battle the Gaulish barbarians. The game features high-resolution graphics and sound. For the Atari 400 and 800; cassette, $35; Avalon Hill Game Co., 4517 Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD 21214.

Pirate Adventure, a highresolution adventure-type game. In this game, you attempt to go from your London flat to Treasure Island as you search for the long-lost treasure of Long John Silver. For the Atari 400 and 800; floppy disk, $39.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Preppie, an arcade-type game. You must retrieve golf balls from the world's toughest golf course, the Nasty Nine, or cease to be a preppie. For the Atari 400 and 800; floppy disk, $29.95. Adventure International {see address above).

Sentinel, an arcade-type game. Your mission is to destroy the enemy's missile silos while protecting your cities from the incoming missiles. You must also destroy the strategic bombers and alien intruders. For the Atari 400 and 800; floppy disk, $29.95. Med Systems

Software, POB 3558, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.

Soccer, an arcade-type game. This game uses highresolution graphics to produce a real-time sirnulation of the game of soccer. Two, three, or four players can control opposing teams. For the Atari 400 and 800; floppy disk, $29.95. Gamma Software, POB 25625, Los Angeles, CA 90025.

Text Editor, a line-oriented text editor. This simplified editor can be used as a word processor or as an editor for BASIC programs. Character line length is limited to 128 characters. For the Atari 400 and 800; floppy disk, $25. Softcenter Industries, 26 Country Ridge Rd., Pomona, CA 91766.

Atari VCS

Barnstorming, an arcadetype game. Pilot your biplane through barns, over windmills, and around flocks of geese. The object is to get the quickest time for flying over the course. For the Atari VCS (video computer system); cartridge, $31.95. Activision, Drawer 7286, Mountain View, CA 94042.

Berzerk, an arcade-type game. You are trapped in a series of electric mazes. If you touch the walls, you will be destroyed. To get out, you must dodge or shoot the robot guards. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Atari Inc., 1196 Borregas Ave., POB 427, Sunnyvale, CA 94086.

Chopper Command, an arcade-type game. You control a chopper that's guarding a convoy of trucks delivering medical supplies. You must destroy the attacking enemy aircraft with your missiles. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Defender, an arcade-type

game. You must defend the Earth from attack by alien ships. Destroy the bombers, swarmers, landers, and mutants. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $37.95. Atari Inc. (see address above).

Dragster, an arcade-type game. Race your dragster against another car and the clock. Your joystick becomes the clutch, gearshift, and gas pedal. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $22.95. Activision (see above address).

Frogger, an arcade-type game. The object is to get your frog across the road, over the river, and home. For the Atari VCS; floppy disk, $30. Parker Brothers, POB 1012, Beverly, MA 01915.

Grand Prix, an arcade-type game. Control a Grand Prix race car and maneuver your vehicle around the course. The game features high-resolution graphics and sound. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Ice Hockey, an arcade-type game. You control your forward player to shoot the puck into the opposition's goal or defend your own goal. Game has automatic scorekeeping and timing. For one or two players. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Kaboom, an arcade-type game. The mad bomber is dropping bombs from a high wall. You must catch the bombs in buckets of water. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $22.95. Activision (see address above).

Laser Blast, an arcade-type game. You must destroy the invading aliens by blasting them with your laser. The longer you play, the more difficult the game becomes. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $22.95. Activision (see address above).

Megamania, an arcade-type game. You must shoot down

December 1962 © BYTE Publications lnc

509

Software Received

the alien objects, which include celestial dice, spinning bow ties, flying widgets, and hostile hamburgers. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Pitfall, an arcade-type game. Hidden in the jungle are several treasures. You must swing through trees, jump over bottomless pits, and journey through underground passages. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Skiing, an arcade-type game. Step onto the slopes for a skiing experience that ranges all the way from the beginner's slope to an Olympic downhill run. Beat your best time. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $22.95. Activision (see address above).

Starmaster, an arcade-type game. You are in the cockpit of a starfighter. Your mission is to defend your starbase from attacks and to search out and destroy the enemy's fighters. For one player. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $31.95. Activision (see address above).

Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back, an arcade-type game. Based on the popular film, this game pits the Rebel Snowspeeders, controlled by the player, against the Imperial Walkers on the ice planet Hoth. For one or two players. For the Atari VCS and the Sears Video Arcade; cartridge, $30. Parker Brothers (see address above).

Tennis, a graphics simulation game. You can rush the net, play the baseline, or roam the court in this version of tennis. The game provides automatic scorekeeping. For one or two players. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $22.95. Activision (see address above).

Volleyball, an arcade-type game. This simulation of volleyball follows standard

rules. The game uses setups and spiking. For one or two players. For the Atari VCS; cartridge, $26.95. Atari Inc. (see address above).

CP/M

CP + , a user-friendly program that replaces CP/M commands with English-language "menus," messages', and directions. It provides you with a software print spooler, help option, and other functions. For CP/Mbased systems; floppy disk, $150. Taurus Software, Suite 815, 870 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94102.

Compare for CP/M-80, a utility program that locates and documents the differences between two text files. The files may be text or source-code files for programs in assembler, BASIC, PL/I, or other languages. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $105. Solution Technology Inc., Suite 218, 1499 West Palmetto Park Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33432.

MAG/base3, a database applications-development system. You can design a database to your own specifications for any application. This system includes password protection and entry and edit functions. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $795. Micro Applications Group, Suite 205, 20201 Sherman Way, Canoga Park, CA 91306.

Micro-WYL, a line-oriented text editor. This program performs all the standard textediting functions, including moving and copy text within a document, global search and replace, and copying external files. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $25. Realworld Software Inc., Suite 103, 913 South Fourth St., DeKalb, IL 60115.

PROMUtil, a utility for programming, reading, verifying, and editing EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memories). Designed for use

with the SD Systems' PROM 100 S-100 programmer board, the program can work with 2708, 2716 and 2732 EPROMs. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $70. Concise Datacom Systems Inc., 1503 Pear Tree Lane, Bensalem, PA 19020.

UAPLink, a telecomputing file-transfer program. Designed specifically for Digital Equipment Corporation's VT18X computer, this program features data compression, file protection, and global transfer commands. For VT18X computers running CP/M; floppy disk, $250. Unique Automation Products, Suite L, 17922 Sky Park Circle, Irvine, CA 92714.

Heath

Exterminator, an arcadetype game. As the Exterminator, your job is to wipe out the anthropod eggs before they hatch into deadly carnivorous creatures. For one player. For the H89, Z-90, and H8/H19; floppy disk, $19.50. Evryware, POB 60802, Sunnyvale, CA 94088.

Key-Wiz, a multikeyword database-management program. This program operates as a file of "index cards" and will search a file for a particular keyword. Save up to 300 entries of 60 lines each. For the H89; floppy disk, $19.95. Interactive Micro Systems, POB 21007, Columbus, OH 43221.

IBM Personal Computer

Friendlyware PC Introductory Set, a set of programs for novices. Includes games, utilities, and business applications. The user's manual explains the workings of the computer. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $49.95. Friendly soft Inc., 213 Pebblebrook, Arlington, TX 76014.

Highcalc, a highway design and construction utility package. It calculates the cut and

fill amounts required for highway construction. For use by contractors and engineers. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $195. Softov Consultants, Suite R102, 360 Bloor St. E, Toronto, Ontario, M4W 3M3, Canada.

Pairstat, a statistics program used to evaluate and present paired data. Statistical results can include R square, standard deviation, beta, plot of residuals, and mean. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $150. Davell Custom Software, POB 4162, Cleveland, TN 37311.

Supercref, a BASIC language cross-referencing program. This program will display a list of all variables or commands used in a program and the line-number references. It can output information to printer or disk. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $25. The Write Ring, 5050 Garford #160, Long Beach, CA 90815.

Intellivision

Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack, a set of graphics simulation games. You can play four different card games: five or seven card stud, draw poker, or blackjack. The program keeps track of all bets and winnings. For one player. For the Intellivision Master Component; cartridge, $29.97. Mattel Electronics, 5150 Rosecrans Ave., Hawthorne, CA 90250.

Space Spartans, an arcadetype game featuring voice output. The game pits you against an invading alien fleet. You must protect your starbases from attack. The game requires the Intellivoice voice-synthesis module. For the Intellivision Master Component; cartridge, $45. Mattel Electronics (see address above).

Star Strike, an arcade-type game. You must defend the Earth from attack by an alien

510 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

space station. Shoot the alien fighters and bomb the targets to win the game. For one player. For the Intellivision Master Component; cartridge, $34.97. Mattel Electronics (see address above).

TRS-80

Crush, Crumble, and Chomp, a simulation-type game (see description under Apple). For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $29.95. Epyx/Automated Simulations, POB 4247, Mountain View, CA 94040.

Dunzin, an adventure, fantasy role-playing game. You start the game as a novice warrior. Your quest is to enter the dungeon and obtain various treasures. For one player. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $29.95. Med Systems Software, POB 3558, Chapel Hill, NC 27514.

Halls of Time, an arcadetype game. Your ship is trapped in a giant maze. There is only one exit, and you must find it before you run out of energy. The game features three-dimensional graphics. For the TRS-80 Model III; floppy disk and cassette, $27.95 and $23.95, respectively. Mops Computer Systems Inc., POB 26416, Austin, TX 78755.

The Institute, an adventure-type game. The game scenario has you trapped in a mysterious asylum. You are apparently sane, but your fellow inmates are not. You must try to escape by solving various problems. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $19.95. Med Systems Software (see address above).

Laser Defense, an arcadetype game. You are in control of the United States' strategic laser defense satellites. You must intercept the incoming missiles with the laser beams. For one player. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $18.95. Med

Systems Software (see address above).

Sea Dragon, an arcadetype game. You are the commander of a nuclear submarine. Your mission is to destroy an undersea nuclear reactor. But watch out for the depth charges, mines, and other dangers. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $24.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

Star Trap, an arcade-type game. The object of this game is to destroy all the bouncing stars in the time allotted. Stars are captured by opening the grid beneath them. For one or two players. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $17.95. Med Systems Software (see address above).

Subterranean Encounter, a graphics adventure-type game. You must solve both strategic and word puzzles. There are alligators in the moat, a sorcerer, and a knight. For one player. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $29.95. Toucan Software, 4024 Canonero Court, Fair Oaks, CA 95628.

ZX81

Artist, a graphics development program. You can create your own graphics using the 30 commands in this program. Draw, erase, move, copy, and save your graphics. You can also define commands. For the Timex Sinclair 1000 and ZX81 (16K RAM); cassette, $10. Ksoft, 845 Wellner Rd., Naperville, IL 60540.

Krakit, an adventure and treasure hunt game. The game gives you 12 clues. If you discover the answer to all the clues, you'll learn how to claim the $20,000 in prize money from the publishers. For the Timex Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $19.95. International Publishing & Software, POB 1654, Buffalo, NY 14216.

Meteorites, an arcade-type game. Your ships must shoot the meteorites or be destroyed. You have the full mobility of your ship and can fire in any direction. For one player. For the Timex Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Softsync Inc., POB 480, Murray Hill Station, New York, NY 10156.

Red Alert, an arcade-type game. You must attack the alien fuel dumps that are located in a mountainous region and protected by enemy fighters. For one player. For the Timex Sinclair 1000 and ZX81; cassette, $14.95. Softsync Inc. (see address above). ■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to inc lude the list price of the packages and |where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 511

Books Received

Apple Pascal: A Programming Guide, Allen B. Tucker, Jr. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1982; 247 pages, 18.5 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-059547-9, $17.95.

Apple Pascal Games, Douglas Hergert and Joseph T. Kalash. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1981; 371 pages, 17.2 by 22.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-074-1, $14.95.

Applying Computers in Social Service and Mental Health Agencies, Simon Slavin, ed. New York: The Haworth Press, 1982; 195 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-86656-102-1, $30.

BASIC for Business, Douglas Hergert. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1982; 223 pages, 17.5 by 22.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-O80-6, $12.95.

BASIC for Business, For the TRS-80 Model II & III, Alan J. Parker. Reston, VA: Reston

Publishing, 1982; 277 pages, 17.4 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-0352-4, $14.95.

COBOL, George Jackson. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 290 pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1398-6, $9.95.

Comparative Studies in Software Acquisition, Steven Glaseman. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982; 131 pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-669-05422-4, $18.95.

Computer Architecture and Organization, Theodore H. Meyer. Beaverton, OR: Dilithium Press, 1982; 333 pages, 13.8 by 21.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-918389-55-X, $16.95.

Computers and Man, 3rd edition, Richard C. Doft. San Francisco, CA: Boyd & Fraser Publishing, 1982; 500 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-87835-121-3, $16.95.

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4116 120ns B/S16.50 100 + SLSOea.

2114L 300ns 8/S13.00

21 14L 200ns 8/S 14.75 •4164 200ns 55.85 •4164 150ns S6.B5 ea. •6116 150ns S6.75 •6116 200ns S4.75

•1791 Disk Controller S20.00

Z80A CPU S3.00 ea.

6251A S4.00ea.

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Eagle III. S3995.0O

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SOFTWARE CP/M, IBM, Apple, TRS-80, Atari

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Data Communications for Microcomputers, Elizabeth A. Nichols, Joseph C. Nichols, and Keith R. Musson. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 264 pages, 15 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-04680-4, $16.95.

80 Practical Time-Saving Programs for the TRS-80, Charles J. Carroll. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 252 pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-83061293-9, $9.95.

FORTRAN Programs for Scientists and Engineers, Alan R. Miller. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1982; 320 pages, 17.4 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-082-2, $15.95.

Fundamentals of Interactive Computer Graphics, J. D. Foley and A. Van Dam. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 664 pages, 16.5 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-201-14468-9, $34.95.

The Guide to DP Training Courses: Descriptions of Over 300 Programs and

Workshops, Roger Sullivan, ed. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press (22 Amherst Rd.), 1982; 358 pages, 29 by 26 cm, spiral binder, ISBN 0-914234-61-7, $95.

The HP-IL System: An Introductory Guide to the Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop, Gerry Kane, Steve Harper, and David Ushijima. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 106 pages, 18.5 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-931988-77-2, $16.99.

Illustrated Computer Science Dictionary for Young People, Donald D. Spencer. Ormand Beach, FL: Camelot Publishing, 1982; 128 pages, 15.2 by 22.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89218-053-6, $8.95.

Implementing BASICs, How BASICs Work, William Payne and Patricia Payne. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1982; 210 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-3045-9, $21.

An Introduction to Process Control and Digital Minicomputers, Peter L. Ginn. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Co., 1982; 291 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-87201-180-1, $26.95.

Literary Machines, Ted Nelson. Swarthmore, PA: Theodore Holm Nelson Publisher, 1982; 125 pages, 21.6 by 22.8 cm, softocver, ISBNnone, $15.

Microprocessor Operating Systems, volume 1, John Zarrella, ed. Suisun City, CA: Microcomputer Applications (POB E), 1981; 155 pages, 14.9 by 22.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-935230-03-3, $12.95

Microcomputer Systems, Ivan Flores and Christopher Terry. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982; 288 pages, 15.6 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-26141-1, $22.50.

A Micro-PROLOG Primer, 2nd edition, K. L. Clark, J. R. Ennals, and F. G. McCabe. London, England: Logic Programming Associates Ltd., (36 Gorst Rd.) 1982; 130 pages, 14.7 by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN-none. $17.

Modeling and Simulation on Microcomputers, Lance A. Leventhal, ed. La Jolla, CA: Simulation Councils Inc. (POB 2228), 1982; 120 pages, 21.6 by 27.9 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, $20.

102 Microprocessor Software and Hardware Projects, Frank P. Tedeschi and Gary Kueck. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 294 pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1333-1, $8.95.

119 Practical Programs for the TRS-80 Pocket Computer, John Clark Craig. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 298 pages, 12.6 by 20.7 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-83061350-1, $9.95.

Pascal Implementation, Compiler and Assembler/Interpreter, S. Pemberton and M. C. Daniels. New York:

512 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

Circle 377 on Inquiry card.

Halsted Press, 1982; 82 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-470-27325-9, $64.95

Pascal Implementation, The P4 Compiler, S. Pemberton and M. C. Daniels. New York: Halsted Press, 1982; 172 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-470-27325-9, $64.95.

Pascal Programming Structures for Motorola Microprocessors, George W. Cherry. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1982; 359 pages, 17.4 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5471-4, $15.95.

PL/I Programming Problems and Applications, David T. Barnard and Robert G. Crawford. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1982; 216 pages, 17.4 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-5554-0, $10.95.

A Practical Guide to Word Processing and Office Management Systems. Merrimack, NH: Digital Equipment Corp., 1982; 117 pages, 13.6 by 21.4 cm, softcover, ISBNnone, $5.

Problem Solving and Comprehension, 3rd edition. Arthur Whimbey and Jack Lockhead. Philadelphia, PA: The Franklin Institute Press, 1982; 343 pages, 15.2 by 22.6 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89168048-9, $10.95.

Problem Solving and Structured Programming in WATFIV, Frank L. Friedman and Elliot B. Koffman. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1982; 527 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-20110482-2, $16.95.

Software Reflected, Robert

L. Baber. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1982; 210 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-44486372-9, $29.95.

Teletext and Videotex in the United States, ]. Tydeman, H. Lipinski, R. Adler, M. Nyhan, and L. Zwimpfer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982; 314 pages, 19.5 by 24.1 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-000427-7, $30.

The Third Book of Ohio Scientific, S. Roberts. Pomona, CA: Elcomp Publishing (POB 1194), 1982; 127 pages, 13.6 by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 3-921682-77-0, $7.95.

TRS-80 Data Communications Systems, Frank J. Derfler Jr. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 159 pages, 17.4 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-931220-X, $12.95.

UCSD Pascal: A Beginner's Guide to Programming Microcomputers, J. N. P. Hume and R. C. Holt. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing, 1982; 346 pages, 17.4 by 23.2 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-7913-X, $12.95.

User-Designed Computing, Louis Schlueter Jr. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1982; 145 pages, 16.4 by 23.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-66905377-5, $17.95.

Your Atari Computer: A Guide to Atari 400/800 Personal Computers, Lon Poole, Martin McNiff, and Steven Cook. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982; 458 pages, 16.4 by 23.4 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-93198865-9, $16.95.■

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 513

Event Queue

December 1982

December

Information Management and Technology Seminars,

various sites throughout the U.S. Among the wide variety of seminars offered by Datamation Institute are "Financial Management's Use of Computer Graphics" and "Database Management Systems." Registration fees range from $595 to $795, depending upon duration and the topic covered. For details, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, Datamation Institute Seminar Coordination Office, Suite 415, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020. For information on in-house presentations, contact Art Gutmann, Datamation Institute for Information Management and Technology, Seminar Coordination Office, Suite 803, 331 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 697-2361.

December-January 1983

Intensive Seminars for Professional Development, Worcester Polytechnic Institute campus and various sites in the New York City and Boston metropolitan areas. Some of the topics to be presented are "Project Management," "Leadership Skills and Management Tools for High-Technology Professionals," and "Management Skills for First-Line Supervisors." Fees range from $495 to $990. Complete details are available from Ms. Ginny Bazarian, Office of Continuing Education, Higgins House, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 793-5517. For information on in-house seminars, call Robert J. Hall at (617) 793-5574.

December-January 1983

Courses from Q.E.D. Information Sciences, various sites throughout the U.S. Among the courses offered are "Screen Design," "Designing Systems Controls," and "Teleprocessing Network Design." Complete course outlines are available from Priscilla Goudreault, Q.E.D. Information Sciences Inc., Q.E.D. Plaza, POB 181, Wellesley, MA 02181, (800) 343-4848; in Massachusetts, (617) 237-5656.

December-February 1983 Seminars of Interest to Women Professionals, various sites around Boston, MA. This series of one- and twoday seminars is presented by Boston University Metropolitan College. Among the topics on the agenda are "Managing Word Processing to Increase Productivity and Profitability," 'Advanced Management for Women: Beyond the Basics," and "Data Processing Fundamentals for Accounting and Financial Managers." The seminar fees are $325 and $495, depending on duration. For registration information, contact Ms. Joan Merrick, University Seminar Center, Suite 415, 850 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (617) 738-5020.

December-March 1983

Courses for Developers and

Users of Computer Systems,

various sites throughout the U. S. Among the courses offered by the AMA (American Management Associations) are "Fundamentals of Data Processing for the Nondata Processing Executive," "BASIC: A Computer Language for Managers," and "Database Concepts and Designs." For complete registration and course information, contact the AMA, 135 West

50th St., New York, NY 10020, (212) 586-8100.

December 9-11

The 1982 California Educational Exposition, Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, CA. This exposition's theme is "Public Education: Our Purpose—Our Future." Exhibits and an all-day computer-literacy workshop highlight this event. Address inquiries to Alice Lytle, California School Boards Association, 916 23rd St., Sacramento, CA 95816, (916) 443-4691.

December 9-12

Southeast Computer Show and Office Equipment Exposition, Civic Center, Atlanta, GA. For details, contact Computer Expositions Inc., POB 3315, Annapolis, MD 21403, (800) 368-2066; in Maryland, (301) 263-8044.

December 10

The 1982 Computer Networking Symposium, Gaithersburg, MD. "Planning for the Near Term: The Next Three Years" is the theme for this symposium, which is sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Computer Communication and the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology of the National Bureau of Standards. Papers related to the design, selection, and implementation of network systems within the next three years will be delivered. Areas of particular interest include long-haul networks, localarea networks, and satellite systems. Full details are available from Computer Networking Symposium, IEEE Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-3386.

December 12-17

Small Computers in Biomedical Research, Woods Hole, MA. This course is sponsored by the Marine Biological Laboratory. It emphasizes hands-on exercises using several fully equipped microprocessor systems. The concentration is on basic machine operation and assembly language. Other topics include number systems, machine logic and architecture, operating systems, and flowcharting and interrupts. Contact the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, (617) 548-3705.

December 13-15

Microcomputers in Education, Boulder, CO. This workshop is designed for educators at all levels. Topics to be covered include BASIC and Graphics, Logo, administrative uses of microcomputers, and microcomputers as laboratory instruments. Hands-on experience with a variety of computers will be provided. Information is available from Ms. Sharon Woodruff, Technical Education Research Centers, 8 Eliot St., Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 547-3890.

December 13-15

Office Automation for Management Productivity, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, DC. Conference sections will focus on better methods to evaluate productivity, to select equipment or procedures, to integrate equipment or procedures into an organization, and to get people to work effectively in a changing environment. For further details, contact the Information Exchange, Suite 334, 4500 South Four Mile Run Dr., Arlington, VA 22204, (703) 820-5720.

514 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

December 13-16

Database: A Builder's Guide,

San Francisco, CA. This seminar, led by Robert Holland, focuses on identifying subject databases and defining data architecture. For complete information, contact the Technology Transfer Institute, 741 10th St., Santa Monica, CA 90402, (213) 394-8305.

December 13-16

F8 & F3870 Microcomputer Systems, Santa Clara, CA. This is one of several courses offered by the Microprocessor Division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corporation. For more information, contact Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp., Education Center, 3420 Central Expressway, Santa Clara, CA 95051, (408) 773-2161.

December 13-17

C Programming Workshop,

Boston, MA. This workshop is designed for programmers or engineers able to program in another language. Areas to be explored include C operands and operators, C preprocessors, pointers and arrays, and structures and unions. The fee is $1000. A full course outline is available from Joan Hall, Plum Hall Inc., RD 2 Box 235P, Pleasantville, NJ 08232, (609) 927-3770.

December 13-17

Digital Continuous-System Simulation, University of Maryland University College, College Park, MD. The fee for this course is $975. For details, contact Marc Rosenberg, UCLA Extension, Continuing Education in Engineering and Mathematics, 6266 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-1047.

December 14-15

Plenary Technology, Palo Alto, CA. Details are avail

able from the Yankee Group, POB 43, Harvard Square, Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 542-0100.

December 14-15

World Update '83, New York, NY. This industry briefing is designed for key management personnel. The focus is on what happened in the communications industry this year and what will happen in the future. Contact the DMW Group Inc., Publishing & Seminar Division, 2020 Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, (800) 521-7802; in Michigan, (313) 971-5234.

December 14-16

A Business Approach to Systems Controls, Chicago, IL. The fee for this seminar is $600. Contact the Registrar, Arthur Andersen & Co., Center for Professional Education, 1405 North Fifth Ave., St. Charles, IL 60174, (800) 323-0815; in Illinois, (800) 942-0851.

December 14-17

Systems Project Management,

Chicago, IL. The fee for this seminar is $900. For full details, contact the Registrar, Arthur Andersen & Co., Center for Professional Education, 1405 North Fifth Ave., St. Charles, IL 60174, (800) 323-0815; in Illinois, (800) 942-0851.

December 15-16

Local Area Networks: Architecture, Technology, and Products, Marriott Inn North, Dallas, TX. Topics to be covered at this workshop include network concepts and architectures, local-network characterization, internetworking, and standards. The registration fee is $570. Contact Technology Concepts

Inc., 730 Boston Post Rd., Sudbury, MA 01776, (617) 443-4637.

December 20-21

Using Microcomputers in the Business Environment, Chicago, IL. This course is designed for managers and executives with little or no experience in microcomputing, but who want to understand its potential in the business environment. The course offers hands-on experience by providing one microcomputer for every two participants. The tuition is $500. Contact the Registrar, Arthur Andersen & Co., Center for Professional Education, 1405 North Fifth Ave., St. Charles, IL 60174, (800) 323-0815; in Illinois, (800) 942-0851.

December 28-29

Using Microcomputers in the Business Environment, Washington, DC. For details, see December 20-21.

January 1983

January 5-7

The Sixteenth Hawaii International Conference on System

Sciences, Honolulu, HI. This conference will focus on recent developments in the theory and practice of computer software, hardware, and advanced computer systems applications as related to information and systems science. Special emphasis will be placed on medical information processing, decision support systems, and office systems and technology. Further information is available from Emily M. Yano Jorgensen, Office of Management Programs, College of Business Administration, University of Hawaii, 2404 Maile Way

C-202, Honolulu, HI 96822, (808) 948-7396.

January 11-12

Local Area Networks: Architecture, Technology, and Products, Sheraton-Tara Hotel, Framingham, MA. See December 15-16 for details.

January 13

Network Optimization and Tariff Impact Strategies, San

Francisco, CA. This seminar will provide a concise overview of maximizing network potential and how to plan corporate strategies to minimize the impact of tariff increases. Contact the DMW Group Inc., Publishing and Seminar Division, 2020 Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48104, (800) 521-7802; in Michigan, (313) 971-5234.

January 18-19

Local Area Networks: Architecture, Technology, and Products, Berkeley Marina Marriott Inn, Berkeley, CA. See December 15-16 for details.

January 18-20

Microcomputers in Education, Tallahassee, FL. For details, see December 13-15.

January 18-20

Southcon/83, High-Technology Electronics Exhibition and Convention, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA. Contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 999 North Sepulveda Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245, (800) 421-6816; in California, (213) 772-2965.

January 18-21

.Defining Software Requirements, Specifications, and Tests, San Diego, CA.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 515

Event Queue

Participants in this short course will learn how to analyze and document enduser requirements, generate software requirements that include test plans, and plan the sequencing of test and integration procedures. The fee is $845. Further details are available from Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (213) 450-2060.

January 20-21

The Twelfth Annual National Measurement Science Conference and Exhibition, Hyatt Rickeys Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. This conference is intended for managers, scientists, engineers, and operating personnel. Its theme is "Accuracy and Automation." Seminar sessions will stress practical applications of new equipment and techniques to solve measurement problems. By format and objective, this conference will promote professional and state-of-the-art approaches and emerging technologies in the fields of measurement science. For registration information, contact Bob Weber, Lockheed Missile & Space Corp., Sunnyvale, CA 94046, (408) 742-2957.

January 21-23

CP/M '83, Moscone Center, San Francisco, CA. This international exposition and conference is designed for CP/M manufacturers, software developers, distributors, and users. The exposition will be the largest presentation of CP/M-based hardware and software ever assembled. Seminars and conferences will explore CP/M applications, technical information, development aids, venture-capital programs, and software distribution. Separate end-user conferences will be held. Adam Osborne, Chris Morgan, Tony Gold, Sol Libes,

and Gary Kildall have assisted in organizing this show for Digital Research Inc. Contact National Computer Shows, 824 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 343-2222; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

January 24-25

Computers in Agriculture

Conference and Trade Fair,

Red Lion Inn, Sacramento, CA. This conference and exposition is designed to address the needs of farmers and ranchers. More than 20 speakers and 60 hardware and software exhibitors will attend. The conference seeks to answer basic questions confronting farmers and ranchers considering the purchase of a computer. For details, write to Kim Schnoor, Western Agricultural Chemicals Association, Suite 209, 6650 Belleau Wood Lane, Sacramento, CA 95831.

January 25-27

The First Annual Automated Office Expo, Moscone Center, San Francisco, CA. This show will feature computer and telecommunications systems, graphics, peripherals, and word-processing systems. This show is sponsored by Infosystems magazine. Contact Automated Office Expo, Suite 400, 222 West Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606, (800) 621-2134; in Illinois, (312) 263-3131.

January 25-28

Designing Real-Time Hardware for Digital Signal and Image Processing, Los

Angeles, CA. Participants in this short course will learn how to implement digital filters, fast Fourier transforms, correlation, modulation, and other real-time processes by designing with generalpurpose 16-bit microproces

sors. Case histories and lectures will be featured. The fee is $845. Contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (213) 450-2060.

January 31-February 2

Communication Networks '83, the Rivergate, New Orleans, LA. This fifth annual conference and exposition will encompass the voice, data, and telecommunications industry with sessions and demonstrations. The theme is "Communications Cost Control Via High Technology." Topics on the agenda include electronic mail and office communications, local-area networks and internetting, and modems and multiplexers. Optional in-depth skill seminars will be held. These seminars, led by industry leaders, include lectures, class activities, and a workbook. General registration fees are $395; skill seminars cost $295. Contact Louise Myerow, Conference Management Group, CW Communications Inc., POB 880, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4698; in Massachusetts, (617) 879-0700 collect.

February 1983

February 1-4

Advanced Microprocessor Programming and Applications Techniques, Los

Angeles, CA. This short course is designed to teach participants how to use realtime operating systems, design customized modules to implement real-time functions, apply 16-bit microprocessor families, and how to structure multiprocessor and multicomputer architectures. The fee is $845. Contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Com

puter Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (213) 450-2060.

February 1-4

Defining Software Requirements, Specifications, and Tests, Washington, DC. For details, see January 18-21.

February 7-9

Microcomputers in Education, Washington, DC. For details, see December 13-15.

February 8-9

Local Area Networks: Architecture, Technology, and Products, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Atlanta, GA. For details, see December 15-16.

February 15-18

Peripheral Array Processors for Signal Processing and Simulation, University of California, Los Angeles. The fee for this course is $845. Contact Marc Rosenberg at the UCLA Extension, Continuing Education in Engineering and Mathematics, 6266 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90024, (213) 825-1047.

February 15-18

Designing Real-Time Hardware for Digital Signal and Image Processing, Washington, DC. For details, see January 25-28.

February 16-18

Talmis, Ambassador West, Chicago, IL. Information is available from Talmis Inc., 115 North Oak Park Ave., Oak Park, IL 60301, (312) 848-4000.

February 16-19

Data and Telecommunications/Japan Exposition '83,

516 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Tokyo Ryutsu Centre, Tokyo, Japan. Contact Cahners Exposition Group, Cahners Plaza, 1350 East Touhy Ave., POB 5060, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (312) 299-9311. In Japan, contact Cahners Exposition Group S.A., Hino Building 3F, 3-4-11 Uchikanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101, Japan; tel: 03-254-6041.

February 17-19

Microcomputers in Education, New York, NY. For details, see December 13-15.

February 21-23

Office Automation Conference, Civic Center, Philadelphia, PA. More than 200 exhibitors are expected to participate in this conference. Fifty technical sessions will explore such topics as ad

vanced office technology, current office technology and systems, and human factors and social issues. Details are available from the American Federation of Information Processing Societies Inc., 1815 North Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209, (703) 558-3624.

February 22-26

The Eighteenth Annual BiasMicroelettronica '83, Milan, Italy. This international exposition is expected to attract more than 80,000 visitors. Areas of interest include active and passive components, instrumentation and equipment for component manufacturing, laboratory instrumentation, microcomputers, peripherals, and telecommunications systems. For information, contact Ente Italiano

Organizzazione Mostre, BiasMicroelettronica '83, Viale Premuda 2, 20129 Milan, Italy; tel: 796.096; Telex: CONSEL 334022.

Febntary 25-27

The Second Annual Computer Expo '83, Tupperware Convention Center, Orlan

do, FL. This exposition features mini- and microcomputers. The focus is on hardware, software, word processing, graphics, peripherals, supplies, services, and computer furnishings. Seminars will be held. Contact Tom Blayney, POB 1185, Longwood, FL 32750, (305) 339-1731.■

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach pur office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

**

IT'S A ROM CARD!

IT'S A RAM CARD!

S-100

IT'S BOTH!

S-100

o?

\P

512K ROM

«P

to

128K STATIC RAM

Featuring two independent banks of 8 sites [28 pin sockets) the ADS Memorizer;Mallows you mix RAM with ROM or dedicate to either. Independent wait states (0-5) per bank supports fast RAMS with slow Epromsl Allows system to run at max speedl Uses any IK x 8 to *32K x 8 part *Singie RAM or ROMI Extended memory address or bank select. supply

Ackerman Digital Systems, Inc.

110 IM. York Road Elmhurst, IL 60126 (312) 530-8992 £)||c"

COPYRIGHT T9ti

Circle 8 on Inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 517

BYTE INDEX UPDATE

January 1982 — December 1982

"When did you run that review of the six personal computers from Japan? I think it was in the spring, but I'm not sure of the exact issue."

"In what issue of BYTE did Steve Ciarcia write about interactive-videodisc controllers?" "When was it that Gregg Williams reviewed the IBM Personal Computer?"

Ours is the age of information. Name any topic and there'll be an article on it somewhere. But somewhere doesn't help much if you're the one looking for specific information. The real question in the end is "How can I find what I want quickly and easily?"

In this issue of BYTE we present the first annual BYTE Index Update. In December 1981, as a service to our readers, we included a comprehensive, cumulative index covering every issue of the magazine between September 1975 and December 1981, inclusive. Among the information represented is every article and product review that has appeared in the pages of BYTE.

All entries in the index are arranged by subject descriptors, and an article may be listed under several descriptors. Any article for which a correction was published has an asterisk after its title. The correction can be found under the heading "BYTE Corrections." The figure below shows a typical index entry and describes what the different parts mean.

For those who require information beyond what is presented here, Microcomputer Information Services (which prepared the BYTE Index and the 1982 Update) publishes Microcomputer Index, which covers 20 microcomputer-oriented magazines and includes abstracts for each entry. For more information on Microcomputer Index, you can reach MIS by calling (408) 984-1097.

Index Entry:

(Descriptor Term

Title

Author)

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION Programmable character generator, part 2: software. Weinstein, Larry.

art 3:6 Jun78 D14-22

Graphics/Character Generator

/

(Kind of Material ^Volume/Issue Date Pages Other Descriptors)

art article

br book review

col column

hr hardware review

let letter

sr software review

see BYTE Corrections *** marker symbol for

other descriptors

Key to Abbreviations

L1 program listing in BASIC

L2 program listing in machine language

L3 program listing in assembly language

L4 program listing in FORTRAN

L5 program listing in COBOL

L6 program listing in Pascal

L7 program listing in FORTH

L8 program listing in C programming language

L9 other programming language

518 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

1802

Clocked interrupts for the COSMAC Elf. Price, Gary, art L3 /:1 JanB2 p3U4-322 *** Clock / Elf / Multi-tasking Tuning up the 1802: a simple music composition trainer. Makosinski, Art. col L2 7:7 Jultf2 p<142-447 «** MUSIC / VIP 4004

Microprocessor's tenth Dirthday. Morgan, Chris. cq\ 7:3 WarB2 pb-iU *** Microprocessor / History 6502

Build an EPROM emulator. Rehnke, Eric, art 7:2 Feb82 pl94-2U3 *** Hardware Construction / EPROM / Emulator 6B02

Versatile low-cost microprocessor controller module. Craig, David, art 7:12 Uec82 p4B6-a98 **» Hardware Construction / Control 6809

6809 machine-code disassembler. Dubner, Joseph. art L3 7:2 FeD82 p.i40-3b4 *** Disassembler 68701

Let the MC68701 program itself, Morales/Ruhberg. col L3 7:8 Aug82 p380-394 *** EPROM / Hardware Construction / EPROM Programmer 8051

8051 one-chip microcomputer: a most powerful microcontroller. Boyet/Katz. art 7:12 0ec82 p288-Jll *** Control / Microprocessor 8080

8080-based remote appliance controller.

Staehlin, David, art 13 7:i Jan82 p239-292 *** Control / Home / Heath H8 Test your memory using the Barber-Pole algorithm. Pinnick, H.R.. art L3 7:i2 Dec82 p414-444 *** Memory / Test / 8085 8085

Test your memory using the Barber-Pole algorithm. Pinnick, H.R. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p414-444 *** Memory / Test / BUBO 8086

Upward migration, part 1; translators (CP/M-86 translators). Taylor/Lemmons. art L3 7:6 Jun82 p321-344 *** Translators / CP/M / CP/M-86 8088

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system, part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:11 Nov82 p78-114 *** Hardware Construction / Microcomputer System Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system, part '2. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:12 Dec82 p42-7B *** Hardware Construction / Microcomputer System A/D CONVERTER

Apple variable errors / Strain-Gage data col lection. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p<Ul *** Apple II / BASIC Inexpensive transducers for the TRS-BO, part II (real-world monitoring). Barden, William, art 7:11 Nov82 p41b-444 *** Interface / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Color Model III ft to 0 revisited. Barden, William, art LI 7:9 Sep82 p398-418 *** Analog/Digital Circuit / Hardware Construction / TRS-80 Model III AC-85

Autocontrol's AC-85: a CP/M system on one board. Benedict, JoAnne. hr 7:12 Dec82 p250-256 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System / CP/M APL

Microcomputers in cultural anthropology: APL programs for qualitative... . Werner, Oswald, art L9 7:7 Jul82 p2bO-28U *** Social Science / Research / Anthropology ASCII

Input/output primer, part 5: character codes. Leibson, Steve, art 7:6 Jun82 p242-258 *** Input/Output / Baudot Code ACCOUNTING

Supercalc, spelling programs, BASIC compilers, and home-grown accounting Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:5 MayH2 p22b-243 *** Spelling/ Compiler ADA

Ada, MINCE, CP/M utilities, overpriced documentation and Analiza IE. Pournelle, Jerry, col 1:1 Jul82 p29U-310 *** Word Processing / Documentation / CP/M AGRICULTURE

Computer-controlled irrigation / ZX81 home control / Current overloads. Ciarcia, Steve, col 1:1 Jul82 p420 *** Ask BYTE / Control / TRS-BO Color Cows and catalogs / TV jitter bugs / Downloading to CP/M / Speedometer. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:5 MayB2 pJ9B-400 *** Ask BYTE / TRS-80 Color / CP/M ANALOG/DIGITAL CIRCUIT

Analog interfacing in the real world. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 JanB2 p72-98 *** Hardware Construction / Digital/Analog Circuit / Interface Build a joystick A-to-D converter for the TRS-BO Model I or Hi. Bartien, William, art LI 7:1 Jan82 ploO-184 *** Joystick / TRS-BO Model I / TRS-tfO Mouel III Model III A to U revisited. Barden, William. art Ll 7:9 Sep82 p39H-<llB *** Hardware Construction / TRS-8U Model III /A/D Converter ANIMATION

Computer animation with color registers: fast animation in BASIC (Atari) Fox/Waite. art Ll 7:11 NovB2 pl94-214 *** Programming Instruction / BASIC / Atari

ANIMATION (CONTINUED)

Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple

II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82

pl3B-144 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Uti1ity Program Tronic imagery. Sorensen, Peter, art 7:11

NovB2 p48-74 +** Motion Pictures / High

Resolution Graphics ANTHROPOLOGY

Microcomputers in cultural anthropology: APL

programs for qualitative... . Werner, Oswald.

art L9 7:7 Ju!82 p2bU-280 *** Social

Science / Research / APL APPLE DOS

Converting Apple DOS and Pascal text files.

Matthews, John, art L6 7:4 AprB2 p447~463

*** Conversions / Apple II / Pascal APPLE II

Accidental reset protection for the Apple II.

DeWilde, Greg, col 7:1 Jan82 p234-238 ***

Hardware Modification Adaptive-firmware card for the Apple II

(alternative input techniques). Schwejda/et

al. art 7:9 Sep82 p276-314 ***

Handicapped / Input/Output / Hardware Construction Add a peripheral interface adapter to your Apple

II. Ciszewski, Kenneth, col L3 7:1 Jan82

P324-330 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / Parallel Input/Output Apple talks with the deaf. Rhodes, Ned. art L3 7:x Jan82 p366-386 *** Handicapped /

Interface / Telecommunications Apple variable errors / Strain-Gage data

collection. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82

p431 *** BASIC / A/D Converter Converting Apple DOS and Pascal text files.

Matthews, John, art L6 7:4 Apr82 p447-463

***. Conversions / Apple DOS / Pascal Give your Apple a voice (Radio Shack Speech

Synthesizer). Blankenship, John, art Ll 7:5 May82 p446-456 *** Voice Synthesis /

Interface / Hardware Construction Interpretive language used to program the CPR

system. Laumer, Mike, art L9 7:6 JunB2

pl26-130 *** Languages / Videodisc Logo music. Bamberger, Jeanne, art 7:8 Aug82

p325-328 *** Logo / Music Personal computer as an interface to a

corporate...information system. McBurney,

N.R. art L6 7:10 0ct82 p315-358 ***

Terminal / Pascal / Management Stock market / Basic questions / Portable

terminals / Measuring devices, Ciarcia, Steve. col 7:9 Sep82 p499-b00 *** Ask BYTE /

Stock Market / Terminal TAFT: terminal Apple with file transfer.

Gabriele, Tom. art Ll 7:6 Jun82 p410-432

*** Terminal / Data Transmission /

Telecommunications TRS-80 assembly language / Apple 16-bit /

Construction tips / Selectric. Ciarcia, Steve. col 7:2 FebB2 p3b9-371 *** Ask BYTE /

Assembly Language / Printer Turn your Apple II into a storage oscilloscope.

Korba, Larry, art L3 7:9 Sep82 p520-530

*** Test Equipment / Hardware Construction VIA experiment board / Totem poles and TTL / Bus

standard stops here. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p429 *** Input/Output / S-100 Bus /

Standards

EDUCATION'

Assisted instructional development system.

Wolfe, George, hr 7:8 Aug82 p408-414 *** Hardware Review / Computer Assisted Instruction / Education

Leading fish to water: early observations on the use of Logo. Higginson, William, art 7:8 Aug82 p328-329 *** Logo / Education

GAMES Alien typhoon (Apple II game). Latocha, Walt. sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Games Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 MarB2

pb8-69 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade Beer Run (Apple II arcade game). Little, Arthur, sr 7:9 Sep82 p375-379 *** Software Review

/ Games / Arcade Charge! (game contest winner #2). Ray, C.

Anthony, art Ll 7:12 DecB2 pll2-120 ***

Games / Contests / Arcade Cosmic conquest (game contest winner Hi).

Sartori-Angus, Alan, art L7 7:12 Uec82

pl24-138 *** Games / Contests / Arcade Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan,

Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl6U-161 ***

Software Review / Games / Strategy Game of rat and dragon {Apple II). Smith,

Talbot, art L3 7:11 Nov82 p336-374 ***

Games / Arcade / Contests Quinti-maze (Apple II game). Tsuk, Robert, art

Ll /:9 Sep82 p24-30 *** Games / Puzzles /

Strategy Ricochet. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:12 DecB2

pl42-14b *** Software Review / Games / Arcade Ringquest (Apple II adventure game). Mills,

Gordon, art Ll 7:10 0ct82 pl76-20b ***

Games / Strategy / Contests Swashbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Spangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p362-367

*** Software Review / Games / Arcade Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun82 p235-236 *** Software Review /

Strategy / Gaines

APPLE II (CONTINUED)

Zero Gravity Pinball (Apple II arcade game). Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade

GRAPHICS

CHEDIT: a graphics-character editor (Apple Pascal). Sweet, Jerry, art L6 7:5 May82 p426-444 *** Utility Program / Pascal / Graphics

Double-width Silentype graphics for your Apple. Putney, Charles, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p4lJ-423 *** High Resolution Graphics / Printer / Utility Program

Executive briefing system: a color graphics development for the Apple II . Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-l7U *** Software Review / Utility Program / High Resolutio

GRPRINT: an Apple utility program for dot-matrix printers. Arnott, Douglas, art L3 7:12 Dec82 p398-403 *** Utility Program / Printer / High Resolution Graphics

High-resolution sprite-oriented color graphics. Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 7:8 Aug82 p57-80 *** Color Graphics / Interface / Logo

Interactive 3-D graphics for the Apple II. Pickholtz, Andrew, art Ll 7:11 Nov82 p474-505 *** Three-Dimensional Graphics / Pascal

Problem solving with Logo: using turtle graphics to redraw a design. Weinreb, William, art L9

7:11 Nov82 pl!8-134 *** Turtle Graphics / Logo / Problem-Solving

HARDWARE REVIEW Apple II 80-column video boards: five popular

units. Howland, John, hr 7:5 May82

p252-266 *** Hardware Review / Video Display Applescope stores dual traces. MacNicol,

Gregory, hr 7:6 Jun82 p364-372 ***

Hardware Review / Test Equipment Assisted instructional development system.

Wolfe, George, hr 7:3 Aug82 p408-414 ***

Hardware Review / Computer Assisted Instruction

/ Education Cognivox V10-1003: voice recognition and output

for the Apple II. Murray, William, hr 7:9

Sep82 p231-238 *** Hardware Review / Speech

Recognition Dithertizer II (video-digitizer interface for the

Apple II). Tomas, Joe. hr 7:2 Feb82

p219-224 *** Hardware Review / Digital Video

/ Interface John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel

Interface Board. Rhodes, Ned. hr L3 7:3

Mar82 p414-430 *** Hardware Review /

Parallel Input/Output / Clock More Apple 80-column boards. Williams, Gregg.

hr 7:5 May82 p266-271 *** Hardware Review

/ Video Display Soundchaser Computer Music Systems. Moog,

Robert, hr 7:12 DecB2 p26U-277 ***

Hardware Review / Music / Musical Instrument Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the

Apple. Murray, William, hr 7:4 Apr82

p96-100 *** Hardware Review

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION Guided tour of Apple Pascal units and libraries. Tonkens, Ross, art L6 7:2 Feb82 p22S-244 *** Programming Instruction / Pascal

SOFTWARE REVIEW

Alien typhoon (Apple II game). Latocha, Walt.

sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Software Review /

Arcade / Games App-L-ISP (Apple II LISP). Bonar/Levitan. sr

L9 7:6 Jun82 p220-230 *** Software Review

/ LISP Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 Mar82

p68-69 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade Beer Run {Apple II arcade game). Little, Arthur, sr 7:9 Sep82 p375-379 *** Software Review

/ Games / Arcade Comparison of five compilers for Apple BASIC.

Taylor/Taylor, sr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p440-464

*** Software Review / Benchmark Testing /

Compiler Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan,

Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 ploO-161 ***

Software Review / Games / Strategy Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0. Elliott, Brownlee.

sr 7:10 0ct82 p400-404 *** Software Review

/ Statistics Executive briefing system: a color graphics

development for the Apple II . Callamaras,

Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-170 ***

Software Review / Utility Program Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell,

Robert, sr 7:2 Feb82 p32-36 *** Software

Review / Plotting / Utility Program Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple

II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82

pl38-144 *** Software Review / Animation /

Utility Program Logo for the Apple II, the TI-99/4A and the

TRS-80 Color Computer. Williams, Gregg, sr

L9 7:8 Aug82 p230-290 *** Software Review

/ Logo / TI-99/4A Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F).

Moskowitz, Robert, sr /:6 Jun82 p488-492

*** Software Review / Finances / Financial

Modeling Ricochet. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82

pl42-146 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade Super FORTH isn't. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:5

May82 p296-298 *** Software Review / FORTH

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 519

APPLE II (CONTINUED)

Swa.hbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Snangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p3b2-367

*** Software Review / Games /Arcade Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun82 p235-23b *** Software Review /

Strategy / Games Two tax aids (Individual Tax Plan and Tax

Preparer;. Kvam, Mary Jo. sr 7:2 Feb82

p2U4-2i2 *** Software Review / Taxes /

Federal Government Zero Gravity Pinbatl (Apple Ii arcade game).

Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 ***

Software Review / Games / Arcade

TRS-80 MODEL I Apple Sweet Talker / Low-cost monitor / TRS-80 vector graphics. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p408-4Q9 *** Ask BYTE / Video Oisplay / TRS-80 Model I

UTILITY PROGRAM CHEDIT: a graphics-character editor (Apple

PascalJ. Sweet, Jerry, art Lb 7:5 MayB2

p42b-444 *** Utility Program / Pascal /

Graphics Double-width Silentype graphics for your Apple.

Putney, Charles, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p413-423 *** High Resolution Graphics / Printer /

Uti1ity Program Epson MX-80 print-control program for the Apple

II. Starbuck, Bill, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p]66-170 *** Utility Program / Printer Executive briefing system: a color graphics

development for the Apple II Callamaras,

Peter, sr 7:11 NovH2 plb4-170 ***

Software Review / Utility Program Finding words that sound alike: the Soundex

algorithm. Jacobs, Jacob, col Ll 7:3 Mar82 p473-474 *** Utility Program / BASIC Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell,

Robert, sr 7:2 FebH2 p32-3b *** Software

Review / Plotting / Utility Program GEOSAT program (calculates the position of

communications satellites). Emmett, Steve.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p420-432 *** Utility

Program / Broadcasting / Data Transmission GRPRINT: an Apple utility program for dot-matrix

printers. Arnott, Douglas, art L3 7:12

Dec82 p398-403 *** Utility Program / Printer

/ High Resolution Graphics Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple

II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82

pl38-144 *** Software Review / Animation /

Uti 1 ity Program Lowercase descenders for the Epson MX-70 (Apple

II). Piggott, Bruce, art L3 7:3 Mar82

p248-254 *** Utility Program / Lowercase

Modification / Printer Shape-drawing program for Diablo printers (Apple

II). Brock, Thomas, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p310-314 *** Utility Program / Printer APPLE III

Apple III and its new Profile. Moore, Robin, hr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p92-132 *** Hardware Review

/ Hard Disk Drive / Benchmark Testing Little Apple SOS with your Pascal. O'Konski,

Tim. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p448-482 ***

Pascal / Input/Output / Documentation ARCADE

Action games for the VIC-20. Kavanagh, Russell.

sr 7:12 Dec82 pl50-156 *** Software Review

/ Games / VIC-20 Advanced Star Raider tactics and strategies.

Harris, C. Donald, col 7:9 Sep82 p383-396

*** Games / Atari Alien typhoon (Apple II game). Latocha, Walt.

sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Software Review /

Games / Apple 11 Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 Mar82

po8-69 *** Software Review / Games / Apple II Armored Patrol. Callamaras, Pete, sr 7:6

Jun82 plb2-166 *** Software Review / Games /

TRS-80 Model I Beer Run (Apple II arcade game). Little, Arthur. sr 7:9 Sep82 p37S-379 *** Software Review

/ Games / Apple II Charge! (game contest winner rf2). Ray, C.

Anthony, art Ll 7:12 Dec82 pll2-120 ***

Games / Contests / Apple II Coinless arcade (Dec82). Clark/Williams, art

7:12 Dec82 p84-91 *** Games Cosmic conquest (game contest winner ?rl).

Sartori-Angus, Alan, art L7 7:12 Dec82

pl24-138 *** Games / Contests / Apple [I Dino Wars. Stewart, George, sr 7:3 MarB2

p74-7b *** Software Review / Games / TRS-80

Color Galactic Chase. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:6 Jun82

P176-180 *** Software Review / Games / Atari Game of rat and dragon (Apple II). Smith,

Talbot, art L3 7:il Nov82 pJ36-374 ***

Games / Apple II / Contests Missile Command. Wszola, Stanley, sr 7:3

Mar82 p70-74 *** Software Review / Games /

Atari Penetrator. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:12 Dec82

plb2-164 *** Software Review / Games / TRS-80

Model III Play's the thing. Clark, Pamela, col 7:12

Dec82 pb-10 *** Games Ricochet. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82

pi42-146 *** Software Review / Games / Apple II Swashbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Spangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p362-367

*** Software Review / Games / Apple II

ARCADE (CONTINUED)

The Eliminator: mayhem in space, TRS-80 style.

Pike, Silas, sr 7:o Jun82 pi70-174 ***

Software Review / Games / TRS-80 Model I Vectrex Arcade System. Clark, Pamela, hr 7:i2

Dec82 p92-93 *** Hardware Review / Video

Game System / Games Videosyncrasies (Atari Star Raider tactics).

Feigel, Curtis, col 7:9 Sep82 p38b-390 *** Games / Atari Zero Gravity Pinball (Apple Ii arcade game).

Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 ***

Software Review / Games / Apple II ARCHAEOLOGY

Breaking the jargon barrier: designing programs

for humanists. Heite/Heite. art Ll 7:7

Jul82 p76-104 *** Statistics / PET / Social

Science ART

Homebrew graphics digitizer. Atkins/Castro-Cid.

art Ll 7:2 Feb82 p72-86 *** Graphics /

Hardware Construction / Graphics Tablet Weaving simulator. Heiser, Paul, art Ll 7:9

SepB2 p513-519 *** North Star ASK BYTE

8-bit vs. 16-bit / Sensing motions / EPROM

programmer note. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p436-438 *** Microprocessor / Security Apple Sweet Talker / Low-cost monitor / TRS-80

vector graphics. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1

Jan82 p408-409 *** Apple II / Video Display

/ TRS-80 Model I Battery power / PC info / Burnout / Lifelines /

Tape cassette / EPROM. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:12 Dec82 p532-533 *** Composite PET video / Ztf-based voice-recognition

system. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:8 Aug82 p420 **■* video Display / PET / Speech Recognition Computer-controlled irrigation / ZX81 home

control / Current overloads. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 7:7 Jul82 p420 *** Agriculture /

Control / TRS-80 Color Control sources / Apple/North Star compiler /

S-100 systems. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2

Feb82 p367-369 *** Control / Compiler /

S-100 Bus Cows and catalogs / TV jitter bugs / Downloading

to CP/M / Speedometer. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:5 May82 p398-400 *** Agriculture / TRS-80

Color / CP/M Data in, garbage out / RS-232C-to-IEEE-488

interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7;5 May82

p400-404 *** Power Supply / RS-232 / IEEE-488

Bus Disk drives / ADM-3 lowercase / VIC cassette /

S-100 & TRS-80 / ZX81. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:10 0ct82 p452-454 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

VIC-20 / TRS-80 Model I High speed printers / Level t tape format /

Computer lab essentials. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442-443 *** Printer / TRS-80

Model I / Test Equipment Letter-quality selectrics / Bank selecting memory

/ 50 Hz power. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10

0ct82 p452 *** Typewriter / Memory / Power

Supply Mail order / TRS-80 merge / Z80 monitor /

Color-monitor bandwidths. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p404-406 *** Retailing / TRS-80

Model I / Monitor Plotting with the TRS-80 / Matter of environment

/ Feasibility study. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p445-446 *** Plotting / Operating

Systems / Consumer Information Programming the RS-232 serial port / Build your

own / RFI. Ciarcia,'Steve, col 7:3 Mar82

p444-445 *** RS-232 / Radio-frequency

Interference / Design Redefining Atari characters / Keyboard connection

/ Battery Apple. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:7

Jul82 p420-421 *** Atari / Keyboard / Power

Supply Soroc iq-120 slave monitor / OSI shift-lock

problem / Audible alarms. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6 Jun82 p434-435 *** Video Display / OSI

/ Keyboard Speech synthesizer application / Problems with

EPROM / Modem interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442 *** Voice Synthesis / EPROM

/ Modem Stock market / Basic questions / Portable

terminals / Measuring devices. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:9 Sep82 p499-500 *** Stock Market /

Terminal / Apple 11 TRS-80 EPROMs / TI-58C printer interface /

ROM-based BASIC / Power backup. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:2 Feb82 p365-366 *** TRS-80

Model I / Printer / Calculator TRS-80 assembly language / Apple 16-bit /

Construction tips / Selectric. Ciarcia, Steve. col 7:2 Feb82 p369-371 *** Assembly

Language / Apple II / Printer TRS-80 clock / Low-cost computers. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:y Sep82 p500-501 *** TRS-80

Model I / Microcomputer System Tape standard / Line counts / Joystick / RFI /

Chess / Languages. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:12

Dec82 p5O6-507 *** Tips on homebrewing / 8ASIC in ROM / Line

disturbances / Clock.- Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:8 Aug82 p418-420 *** Homebrew / Power

Supply / Clock ASSEMBLER

TRS-80 disk editor/assemblers. Daneliuk, T.A..

sr 7:9 Sep82 p537-539 *** Software Review

/ TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE

TRS-80 assembly language / Apple lb-bit /

Construction tips / Selectric. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2 Feb82 p369-371 *** Ask BYTE /

Apple II / Printer ASSOCIATIONS

Young People's Logo Association. Muller, James.

art 7:8 AugB2 p333-334 *** Clubs / Logo ATARI

Advanced Star Raider tactics and strategies.

Harris, C. Donald, col 7:9 Sep82 p383-396

*** Games / Arcade Atari tutorial, part 10: human engineering.

Crawford, Chris, art 7:b Jun82 p302-313

*** User Interface Atari tutorial, part 5: scrolling. Crawford,

Chris, art 7:1 Jan82 p2b-34 ***

Programming Instruction / Graphics / BASIC Atari tutorial, part 6: Atari BASIC. Winner,

Lane, art Ll 7:2 Feb82 p91-118 ***

Programming Instruction / BASIC Atari tutorial, part 7: sound. Fraser, Bob. art Ll 7:3 Mar82 p80-98 *** Programming

Instruction / BASIC / Sound Effects Atari tutorial, part 8: generating sound with

software. Fraser, Bob. art L3 7;4 Apr82

pl34-150 *** Sound Effects / Programming

Instruction / BASIC Atari tutorial, part 9: even more colors!.

Pitta/Winner, art Ll 7:5 May82 pl48-160

*** Color Graphics / Programming Instruction /

BASIC Character editor for the Atari. Kilby, Tim. art Ll 7:12 Dec82 pl67-l79 *** Graphics /

Utility Program / Programming Instruction Computer animation with color registers: fast

animation in BASIC (Atari) . Fox/Waite. art

Ll 7:ll Nov82 pl94-214 *** Programming

Instruction / BASIC / Animation Galactic Chase. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:6 Jun82

pl76-180 *** Software Review / Arcade / Games Missile Command. Wszola, Stanley, sr 7:3

Mar82 p70-74 *** Software Review / Games /

Arcade Redefining Atari characters / Keyboard connection

/ Battery Apple. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:7

Jul82 p420-421 *** Ask BYTE / Keyboard /

Power Supply Videosyncrasies (Atari Star Raider tactics).

Feigel, Curtis, col 7:9 Sep82 p38b-3SQ *** Games / Arcade BASIC

Anatomy and development of a batch-processing

system. Walters, Gene, art Ll 7:5 May82

p334-386 *** Programming Instruction /

Programming Design / North Star Apple variable errors / Strain-Gage data

collection. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82

p431 *** Apple II / A/D Converter Atari tutorial, part 5: scrolling. Crawford,

Chris, art 7:1 Jan82 p26-34 ***

Programming Instruction / Atari / Graphics Atari tutorial, part 6: Atari BASIC. Winner,

Lane, art Ll 7:2 Feb82 p91-118 ***

Programming Instruction / Atari Atari tutorial, part 7: sound. Fraser, Bob. art Ll 7:3 Mar82 p80-98 *** Programming

Instruction / Sound Effects / Atari Atari tutorial, part 8: generating sound with

software. Fraser, Bob. art L3 7:4 Apr82

P134-150 *** Atari / Sound Effects /

Programming Instruction Atari tutorial, part 9: even more colors!.

Pitta/Winner, art Ll 7:5 May82 pl48-160

*** Atari / Color Graphics / Programming

Instruction BASIC and Pascal benchmark, elegance, apologies

and FORTH. Pournelle, Jerry, col Ll 7:1U

0ct82 p254-288 *** Benchmark Testing /

Languages / FORTH BASIC formatted printing (TI BASIC). Subbaiah,

Malladi. col Ll 7:3 Mar82 plb2-164 ***

Uti1ity Program BASIC plotting subroutine: sophisticated plotting

with your MX-80. Bregoli, Lawrence, art Ll

7:3 Mar82 pl42-156 *** Plotting / Utility

Program / Printer Computer animation with color registers: fast

animation in BASIC (Atari) . Fox/Waite. art

Ll 7:11 Nov82 pl94-214 *** Programming

Instruction / Animation / Atari Finding words that sound alike: the Soundex

algorithm. Jacobs, Jacob, col Ll 7:3 Mar82 p473-474 *** Utility Program / Apple II Microsoft's BASIC compiler for the TRS-80.

Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll 7:3 Mar82 p358-370

*** Software Review / Compiler / TRS-80 Model On the way to standard BASIC. Kurtz, Thomas.

art 7:6 Jun82 pl82-218 *** Standards Radio Shack Compiler BASIC. Archer, Rowland, sr Ll 7:10 0ct82 p224-250 *** Software

Review / Compiler / TRS-80 Model I Skip sequential: a new file structure for

microcomputers. Purdum, Jack, art Ll 7:3

Mar82 p466-472 *** Data Structures /

Programming Instruction / North Star Structured progamming in BASIC. Sobell, Mark.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p410-416 *** StructuYed

Programming / Programming Instruction /

Cromemco Structured strings in BASIC. Stockburger, David, col Ll 7:b May82 p308-31b ***

Programming Instruction / Poly-88 / Structured

Programming TRS-80 BASIC program hang-ups: the reasons and

some solutions. Tesler, Glenn, art L3 7:5

May82 p318-330 *** Programming Instruction /

TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III

520 December 1962 © BYTE Publications Inc

BASIC (CONTINUED)

Text-handling routines in extended BASIC. Sreenhalgh, Roger, col Li 7:o Jun82 p460-467 *** Utility Program BMC IF800

BMC ifaOO. Kocher/Keith, hr 7:b May82 p62-6b *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System BYTE CORRECTIONS

Computing inflation'/ A closer look at the IBM Personal Computer, col Li 7:3 Mar82 p434,44i *** Life after death / 6809 machine-code

disassembler, col ?:10 Oct82 pJ90 *** Mystery coil turns up in Circuit Cellar, col

7:5 May82 pJQU *** PDQ; a data manager for beginners, col Ll 7:2

FebB2 p376 *** Switched asignments ("8080-Based Remote Appliance

Contro ler"). co I 1:7 Ju 1BZ p32 *** Switching power supplies / Atari tutorial, part

3. col 7:2 Feb82 p327 *** Tree searching yields bugs. Steiner, Michael, col 7:6 JunB2 p4d0 *** BAUDOT CODE

Input/output primer, part 5: character codes. Leibson, Steve, art 7:6 Jun82 p242-2b8 *** Input/Output / ASCII BENCHMARK TESTING

Apple III and its new Profile. Moore, Robin, hr 11 7:y Sep82 p92-132 *** Hardware Review / Apple III / Hard Disk Drive BASIC and Pascal benchmark, elegance, apologies and FORTH. Pournelle, Jerry, col Ll 7:1U 0ct32 p254-2BB *** Languages / FORTH / BASIC Comparison of five compilers for Apple BASIC. Taylor/Taylor, sr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p440-4b4 *** Software Review / Apple II / Compiler Four implementations of Pascal. Woteki/Sand. sr L6 7:3 Mar82 p316-356 *** Software Review / Pascal / CP/M Six persona) computers from Japan. Kocher/Keith. art 7:5 May82 p61-102 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System Upward migration, part 2: a comparison of CP/M-8b and MS-DOS. Taylor/Lemmons. art 7:7 Jul82 p330-356 *** CP/M-86 / Operating Systems / MS-DOS BINARY

Base conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer. Oolan, David, col Ll 7:4 Apr82 p436-438 *** Conversions / TRS-80 Pocket Computer / Hexadecimal BINARY CODED OECIMAL

Input/Output primer, part 4; the BCD and serial interfaces. Leibson, Steve, art 7:5 May82 P202-220 *** Serial Input/Output / Interface / RS-232 BINARY-CODEO TEXT

Binary-coded text: a text compression method. Tropper, Richard, art 7:4 Apr82 p398-413 *** Information Storage BOOK REVIEW

Semidisk, Software Tools, the BDOS blues. Power, and LISPs. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:8 Aug82 p342-363 *** CP/M / LISP / Utility Program Terminals, keyboards, and...software piracy. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:11 Nov82 p394-415 *** Terminal / Keyboard / Software Piracy BROADCASTING

GEOSAT program (calculates the position of communications satellites). Emmett, Steve, art Li 7:1 Jan82 p420-432 *** Utility Program / Data Transmission / Apple II BUBBLE MEMORY

BubcomBO. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82 p92-100 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System / BubcomBO BUBCOM80

BubcomBO. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 Hay82 py2-100 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System / Bubole Memory BUSINESS

Adapting microcomputers to Wall Street. Franz, Robert, art 7:10 0ctB2 p80-92 *** Stock Market / Management / Investment Beyond the peaks of Visicalc (Desktop Plan II, Microfinesse, PlandUj. Bishop, Jack, sr 7:10 0ct82 p29-39 *** Software Review / Financial Modeling / Planning Commodore 8032 business system. Dickerman, Harold, hr 7:3 Aug82 p36b-376 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System / CBM 8032 Custom and standardized forms for the microcomputer user. Lemmons, Philio. art 7:3 Mar82 pl98-205 *** Forms Designing the Star user interface. Smith/et al. art 7:4 Apr82 p242-282 *** Xerox Star / User Interface Fill forms system: CP/M programs to cut down on paperwork. Roch, Bill, art Li 7:3 Mar82 p218-238 *** Utility Program / Printer / CP/M Osborne 1. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:6 Jun82 p348-3b2 *** Hardware Review / Osborne i / Microcomputer System Programming PERT in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad, art Ll 7:5 \A&y82 p46b-473 *** Planning / Management / TRS-80 Model I Programming critical-path method in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad, art Ll 7:7 Ju132 p378-390 *** Management / TRS-80 Model I Tax tips for computer owners. Feuermar,/Mol ler. art 7:2 Feb82 p212-2±4 *** Taxes / Federal Government What makes business programming hard?. Woodward, James, art 7;i0 0ct82 pbB-76 *** Programming Design

C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE

Slew of languages, a slap at documentation, and a

curse at keyboards. Pournelle, Jerry, col

7:12 Dec82 p222-246 *** Languages / Pascal

/ Keyboard Underline filter for matrix printers. Reed,

Adam, col L8 7:3 MarB2 p3Q0-3Q6 ***

Printer / uti1ity Program CBM

Commodore 4U22 printer. Holmes, Joseph, hr 7:3 Mar82 p2b-3b *** Hardware Review / Printer

/ PET Controlling heat surges / UC-20 video display /

Sweet Talker interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:4 Apr82 p430-431 **• TRS-80 Model I /

VIC-<;U / Voice 5ynthesis CBM B032

Commodore BU32 business system. Dickerman,

Harold, hr 7:8 Aug82 p366-376 ***

Hardware Review / Business / Microcomputer

System COBOL

COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Archer,

Rowland, sr L5 7:3 Mar82 p3B4-412 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 t>:odel I / TRS-80 Model

III COSMAC

COSMAC EPROM programmer. Rubis, Dan. art L3

7:1 Jan82 p344-364 »** EPROM / Hardware

Construction CP/M

Ada, MINCE, CP/M utilities, overpriced

documentation and Analiza II. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p290-310 *** Ada /

Word Processing / Documentation Autocontrol's AC-85: a CP/M system on one board.

Benedict, JoAnne. hr 7:12 Dec82 p250-256

*** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System /

AC-85 CP/M, your time has come (real-time clock).

Calaway/Hi 11. art L3 7:5 May82 p479-493

*** Clock / Hardware Construction Condor Series 20/rDBMS. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:i2

Dec82 p404-410 *** Software Review / Data

Base Management Cows and catalogs / TV jitter bugs / Downloading

to CP/M / Speedometer. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:5 May82 p398-400 *** Ask BYTE /

Agriculture / TRS-80 Color Database management with Ashton-Tate's dBase II.

Abbott, Jack, sr 7:7 Jul82 p412-416 ***

Software Review / Data Base Management Fill forms system: CP/M programs to cut down on

paperwork. Roch, Bill, art Ll 7:3 Mar82

p218-238 *** Utility Program / Business /

Printer Four implementations of Pascal. Woteki/Sand. sr L6 7:3 Mar82 p31b-356 *** Software Review

/ Pascal / Benchmark Testing Listing the disk directory in CP/M-based Pascal.

Hunt, Daniel, col L6 7:6 Jun82 p497-501

*** Pascal / Utility Program Microshell and Unica: Unix-style enhancements for

CP/M. Kern, Christopher, sr 7:12 Dec82

p206-22Q *** Software Review / Utility

Program / UNIX PL/I for microcomputers (CP/M). Lehman, John.

sr L9 7:5 May82 p246-250 *** Software

Review / PL/I Pickles & Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II.

Smith, Hal. sr 7:9 Sep82 p531-536 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 Model II / Operating

Systems Program generators (The Last One and

Quic-N-EasiJ. Stewart, George, sr Ll 7:8

Aug82 p38-56 *** Software Review / Program

Generator / TRS-80 Model III Selector IV by Micro-Ap: an

information-management program. Abbott, Jack.

sr Ll 7:4 Apr82 p371-376 *** Software

Review / Data Base Management Semidisk, Software Tools, the BDOS blues, Power,

and LISPs. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:8 Aug82

p342-363 *** LISP / Book Review / Utility

Program Systems Plus: FMS-80. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:10

0ct82 p447-450 *** Software Review / Data

Base Management Text editing with Compuview's VED1T. Thompson,

H.B.. sr 7:3 Mar82 p262-270 *** Software

Review / Text Editor Upward migration, part 1: translators (CP/M-86

translators). Taylor/Lemmons. art L3 7:6

Jun82 p321-344 *** Translators / CP/M-86 /

8086 CP/M-86

MS-DOS and CP/M-86 on the IBM Personal Computer:

not my dream Tinsdale, Mark, col 7:7

Jul82 p354-355 *** Operating Systems / IBM

Personal Computer / MS-DOS MS-DOS and CP/M-86: a system manufacturer's view. Lomas, Ricnard. col 7:7 Jul82 p352 ***

Operating Systems / MS-DOS Strengths and gaps in MS-DOS and CP/M-86.

Fortson/Lock. col 7:7 Jul82 p342-344 ***

Operating Systems / MS-DOS Systems integrator's view of MS-DOS and CP/M-86.

Houston, Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p338-339 *** Operating Systems / MS-DOS Upward migration, part 1: translators (CP/M-86

translators). Taylor/Lemmons. art L3 7:6

Jun82 p321-344 *** Translators / M-36 / 8086 Upward migration, part 2: a comparison of CP/M-86

and MS-COS. Taylor/Lemmons. art 7:7 Jul82

p330-356 *** Operating Systems / Benchmark

Testing / MS-DOS

CP/M-86 (CONTINUED)

Vote for MS-DOS. Colvin, Neil, col 7:7 Jul82

p356 *** Operating Systems / MS-DOS CALCULATOR

Oraw poker for the TI-59. Boyle, Lee. col Ly

7:7 Jul82 p434-440 *** Games Getting the most from your TI programmer.

Patton, Robert, col L9 7:9 Sep82 p540-541

*** Conversions / Decimal / Hexadecimal Hewlett-Packard interface loop - HPIL: unique

two-wire system Katz, Robert, nr 7:4

Apr82 p76-93 *** Hardware Review / Interface TRS-80 EPROMs / TI-58C printer interface /

ROM-based BASIC / Power backup. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:2 FebB2 p365-366 *** Ask

BYTE / TRS-80 Model I / Printer CANON CX-1

Canon CX-1. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p66-69 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System CAREER OPPORTUNITIES

Career opportunities in computing. Johnston,

Jacqueline, art 7:4 Apr82 p439-446 ***

Job Opportunities / Information Sources CHARACTER GENERATOR

Japanese character sets, col 7:5 May82 p63

*** Foreign Language CHILDREN

Group of the turtle (group theory in Logo).

Leron, Uri. art 7:8 Aug82 p330-331 ***

Logo / Mathematics / Research Introducing Logo to children. Solomon, Cynthia.

art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl96-208 *** Programming

Instruction / Logo Logo research at Bank Street College.

Jewson/Pea. art 7:8 Aug82 p332-333 ***

Logo / Research / Problem-Solving Logo: an approach to educating disabled children. Weir/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p342-360 ***

Logo / Handicapped / Special Education CLOCK

Build a half-year clock for the Color Computer:

fourth in a series. Barden, William, art L3

7:3 Mar82 plOO-122 *** Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Color / Wire Wrap CP/M, your time has come (real-time clock).

Calaway/Hi 11. art L3 7:5 May82 p479-493

*** CP/M / Hardware Construction Clocked interrupts for the COSMAC Elf. Price,

Gary, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p304-322 *** 1802

/ Elf / Multi-tasking Everyone can know the real time (real-time

clocks). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 7:5 May82

p34-58 *** Hardware Construction / Z8 John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel

Interface Board. Rhodes, Ned. hr L3 7:3

Mar82 p414-430 *** Hardware Review /

Parallel Input/Output / Apple II SOFTIM: a software timer. Terpstra, Dan. col

L3 7:1 Jan82 P436-439 *** Z-80 /

Programming Instruction Tips on homebrewing / BASIC in ROM / Line

disturbances / Clock. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:8 Aug82 p418-420 *■** Ask BYTE / Homebrew

/ Power Supply CLUBS

Young People's Logo Association. Muller, James.

art 7:8 Aug82 p333-334 *** Associations /

Logo COLOR DISPLAY

How to use color displays effectively.

Ourrett/Trezona. art 7:4 Apr82 p50-53 ***

Color Graphics / Video Display / User Interface COLOR GRAPHICS

Atari tutorial, part 9: even more colors!.

Pitta/Winner, art Ll 7:5 May82 pl48-160

*** Atari / Programming Instruction / BASIC High-resolution sprite-oriented color graphics.

Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 7:8 Aug82 p57-80

*** Interface / Apple II / Logo How to use color displays effectively.

Durrett/Trezona. art 7:4 Apr82 p50-53 ***

Color Display / Video Display / User Interface Scion Color System. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:7

Jul82 p54-59 *** Hardware Review / S-100 Bus

/ High Resolution Graphics COLOR PRINTER

Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer. Umlor, Ed. hr 7:3 Mar82 p44-49 *** Hardware Review /

Printer COMPILER

Comparison of five compilers for Apple BASIC.

Taylor/Taylor, sr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p440-464

*** Software Review / Benchmark Testing /

Apple II Control sources / Apple/North Star compiler /

S-100 systems. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2

Feb82 p367-369 *** Ask BYTE / Control /

S-100 Bus Letters, Pascal, CB/80, and Cardfile. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:9 Sep82 p318-341 *** Pascal

/ Word Processing Microsoft's BASIC compiler for the TRS-80.

Kelly, Mahlon. sr Ll 7:3 Mar82 p358-370

*** Software Review / BASIC / TRS-80 Mode) I Radio Shack Compiler BASIC. Archer, Rowland, sr Ll 7:10 0ct82 p224-250 *** Software

Review / BASIC / TRS-80 Model I Supercalc, spelling programs, BASIC compilers,

and home-grown accounting . Pournelle, Jerry.

col 7:5 MayB2 p226-243 *** Spelling /

Accounting COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION

Assisted instructional development system.

Wolfe, George, hr 7:8 AugB2 p4U8-414 ***

Hardware Review / Apple II / Education

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 521

COMPUTER ASSISTED INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Thirty more days to faster input. Roberts,

Edward, col Ll 7:1 Janb2 pi 86 ***

Keyboard / TRS-80 Model I / Education Videodiscs in education: integrating the computer

and.... Bejar, Isaac, art L6 7;b Jun82

p78-i04 *** Videodisc / Education COMPUTER INSTRUCTION

Input/Output primer, part 1: what is I/O?.

Leibson, Steve, art 7:2 Feb82 pl22-l4b *** Input/Output / Definitions Input/Output primer, part 2: interrupts and

direct memory access. Leibson, Steve, art

7:3 Mar82 ' pl26-140 *** Input/Output Input/Output primer, part 3: the parallel and

HPIB (IEEE-488 interfaces) . Leibson, Steve.

art 7:4 Apr82 p!8b-2Q8 *** Parallel

Input/Output / IEEt-488 Bus / Interface Microcomputer graphics primer. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:11 Nov82 p448-470 *** Graphics /

Video Display / Vendor Guide CONFERENCE

Third NCGA and the future of computer graphics.

Pournelle, Alexander, art 7:11 Nov82 p30-44 *** Graphics / Future CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

Machines behind the machines (Japanese

Manufacturers). Lemmons, Phil, art 7;5

May82 pllb-138 *** Manufacturing / Foreign

Competition CONSUMER INFORMATION

Designing a text editor? The user comes first.

Jong, Steven, art 7:4 Apr82 p284-300 ***

Text Editor / Programming Design / Word

Processing Maintenance alternatives for personal computers.

Whitaker, Lewis, art 7:6 Jun82 p452-459

*** Maintenance Plotting with the TRS-80 / Matter of environment

/ Feasibility study. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 P445-446 *** Ask BYTE / Plotting /

Operating Systems Some answers to frequently asked questions.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:10 0ct82 p6-14 ***

Videotex CONTESTS

And the winners are... (game contest), col 7:8

Aug82 p84-85 *** Games BYTE game contest ff2. col 7:8 Aug82 p86-87

*** Games Charge! (game contest winner #2). Ray, C.

Anthony, art Ll 7:12 Dec82 pll2-120 ***

Games / Arcade / Apple II Cosmic conquest (game contest winner #\).

Sartori-Angus, Alan, art L7 7:12 Dec82

pl24-138 *** Games / Apple II / Arcade Game of rat and dragon (Apple II). Smith,

Talbot, art L3 7:11 Nov82 p336-374 ***

Games / Arcade / Apple II Ringquest (Apple II adventure game). Mills,

Gordon, art Ll 7:10 0ct82 pl76-206 ***

Games / Strategy / Apple II CONTROL

8051 one-chip microcomputer: a most powerful

microcontrol ler. Boyet/Katz. art 7:12 Dec82 p288-311 *** Microprocessor / 8051 8080-based remote appliance controller.

Staehlin, David, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p23y-2y2 *** Home / 8080 / Heath H8 AC motor control: simple algorithms and hardware. Nyberg, Jostein. col 7:1 Jan82 pll8-121

*** Interface / Hardware Construction Build an interactive-videodisc controller

(Pioneer VP-10UU). Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p60-74 *** Videodisc / Interface /

Hardware Construction Computer-controlled irrigation / ZX81 home

control / Current overloads. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 7:7 Jul82 p420 *** Ask BYTE /

Agriculture / TRS-80 Color Control sources / Apple/North Star compiler /

S-100 systems. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2

Feb82 p367-3by *** Ask BYTE / Compiler /

S-100 Bus Putting real-world interfaces to work, part 1

(TRS-80 monitoring). Barden, William, art

7:10 0ct82 pyb-123 *** Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Model I / Interface Use infrared communication for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p40-49 ***

Hardware Construction / Home Versatile low-cost microprocessor controller

module. Craig, David, art 7:12 Dec82

p436-498 *** Hardware Construction / 6802 CONVERSIONS

Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the

Commodore PET. Berry, Jerry, col Ll 7:6

JunS2 p404-408 *** Solar Energy / PET / Home Base conversion on the TRS-8U Pocket Computer.

Dolan, David, col Ll 7:4 Apr82 p43o-438

*** Binary / TRS-80 Pocket Computer /

Hexadecimal Converting Apple DOS and Pascal text files.

Matthews, John, art Lb 7:4 Apr82 p447-46J

*** Apple II / Apple DOS / Pascal Getting the most from your TI programmer.

Patton, Robert, col Ly 7:9 Sep82 p540-541 *** Calculator / Decimal / Hexadecimal COPYRIGHT

Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved (parti)?. Stern, Richard, art 7:9

Sep82 p420-433 *** Law / Software Publishing

/ Patent Case of the purloined object code: can it be solved?, part 2 (protection). Stern, Richard.

art 7:10 0ct82 p210-222 *** Law / Software

Pub 1 ishing

COPYRIGHT (CONTINUED)

Copyrights, computers and the Betamax case. Klasson, Walter, art 7:5 May82 p22-30 *** Law / Software Publishing / Software Piracy CORPORATE INFORMATION

Microcomputer profits. Libes, Sol. col 7:5

May82 p3y4 ***

CROMEMCO

Structured progamming in BASIC. Sobell, Mark.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p410-41b *** Structured

Programming / BASIC / Programming Instruction Word-counting utility for writers. Roberts,

Steven, col L3 7:6 Jun82 p237-240 ***

Writing / Utility Program CRYPTOLOGY

BASIC program for home cryptography. Roberts,

Ralph, col Ll 7:4 Apr82 p432-434 ***

Smoke Signal Broadcasting DATA BASE MANAGEMENT

Condor Series 20/rDBMS. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:12

Dec82 p404-41O *** Software Review / CP/M Database management with Ashton-Tate's dBase II.

Abbott, Jack, sr 7:7 Jul82 p412-416 ***

Software Review / CP/M Selector IV by Micro-Ap: an

information-management program. Abbott, Jack.

sr Ll 7:4 Apr82 p371-376 *** Software

Review / CP/M Systems Plus: FMS-80. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:10

0ct82 p447-450 *** Software Review / CP/M DATA STRUCTURES

Effective text-compression algorithm. Cortesi,

David, art L9 7:1 Jan82 p3y7-403 ***

Programming Design / Word Processing /

Information Storage Skip sequential: a new file structure for

microcomputers. Purdum, Jack, art Ll 7:3

Mar82 p466-4 72 *** Programming Instruction /

BASIC / North Star DATA TRANSMISSION

GEOSAT program (calculates the position of

communications satellites). Emmett, Steve.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p420-432 *** Utility

Program / Broadcasting / Apple II TAFT: terminal Apple with file transfer.

Gabriele, Tom. art Ll 7:6 Jun82 p410-432

*** Terminal / Apple II / Telecommunications DECIMAL

Getting the most from your TI programmer.

Patton, Robert, col L9 7:9 Sep82 p540-541

*** Calculator / Conversions / Hexadecimal DECISION MAKING

Conditionals in LISP (decision-making function).

Howard, M.S. col L9 7:6 Jun82 p493-496

*** LISP / Programming Instruction DEFINITIONS

Input/Output primer, part 1: what is I/O?.

Leibson, Steve, art 7:2 Feb82 pl22-146 *** Input/Output / Computer Instruction Logo - a cultural glossary. Goldenberg, E. Paul.

art 7:8 Aug82 p210-228 *** Logo Videodisc interfacing primer. Daynes, Rod. art

7:6 JunB2 p48-59 *** Videodisc / Interface DESIGN

Board to death. Swanson, Jon. art 7:12 Dec82

p94-95 *** Puzzles Brief introduction to electronic music

synthesizers. Moog, Robert, art 7:12 Dec82

p278-286 *** Music / Musical Instrument Chuck Peddle: an interview with the chief

designer of the Victor 9000. Lemmons, Phil.

art 7:11 Nov82 p256-271 *** Interview /

People / Victor 9000 FDA regulation of computerized medical devices.

Jorgens/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p204-214 ***

Medicine / Handicapped / Government Regulation Floppy-disk performance. Yalirakis, N.. col

7:1 Jan82 pll4-116 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Test Hierarchical interrupts. Foster, Caxton. col

7:5 May82 p457-459 *** Microprocessor Introduction to the human applications standard

computer interface, pt 1 . Rutkowski, Chris.

art 7:10 0ct82 p291-310 *** User Interface

/ Standards Practical dynamic-memory system design. Belies,

Rob. art 7:12 Dec82 p372-385 *** Memory /

Interface Programming the RS-232 serial port / Build your

own / RFI. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82

p444-445 *** Ask BYTE / RS-232 /

Radio-frequency Interference DIGITAL AUDIO

Analyze audio by visualizing. Phillips, Thomas.

col L3 7:1 Jan82 p206-214 *** Voice

Synthesis / / DIGITAL VIDEO

Build a video digitizer (image processing).

Keryan, Michael, art 7:11 Nov82 pl74-192

*** Hardware Construction / Image Processing Dithertizer II (video-digitizer interface for the

Apple II). Tomas, Joe. Ur 7:2 Feb82

P219-224 *** Hardware Review / Interface /

Apple II DIGITAL/ANALOG CIRCUIT

Analog interfacing in the real world. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p72-98 *** Hardware

Construction / Analog/Digital Circuit /

Interface DIRECTORIES

BYTE printer directory. Feigel, Curtis, art

7;3 MarB2 p27B-2y6 *** Printer DISASSEMBLER

6809 machine-code disassembler. Dubner, Joseph.

art L3 7:2 Feb82 p340-364 **« 6809 DISKETTES

Find that disk (storing disks). Bruninga, R.E.

col 7:6 Jun62 p23? ***

DOCUMENTATION

Ada, MINCE, CP/M utilities, overpriced

documentation and Analiza II. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p290-310 *** Ada /

Word Processing / CP/M INS8070 series instruction set summary. Chiang,

James, col 7:7 Ju182 p406-407 *** INS8070 Little Apple SOS with your Pascal. O'Konski,

Tim. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p448-482 ***

Apple III / Pascal / Input/Output EPROM

Build an EPROM emulator. Rehnke, Eric, art 7:2 Feb82 pl94-203 *** Hardware Construction /

Emulator / 6502 COSHAC EPROM programmer. Rubis, Dan. art L3

7:1 Jan82 p344-364 *** COSMAC / Hardware

Construction Let the MC68701 program itself. Morales/Ruhberg. col L3 7:8 Aug82 p380-394 *** Hardware

Construction / 68701 / EPROM Programmer Speech synthesizer application / Problems with

EPROM / Modem interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442 *** Ask 8YTE / Voice

Synthesis / Modem EPROM PROGRAMMER

Let the MC68701 program itself. Morales/Ruhberg. col L3 7:8 Aug82 p380-394 *** nstruction

/ 68701 / EPROM Programmer EDUCATION

Assisted instructional development system.

Wolfe, George, hr 7:8 Aug82 p408-414 ***

Hardware Review / Computer Assisted Instruction

/ Apple II Designing computer-based microworlds (Logo).

Lawler, R.W. art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl38-160

*** Logo / Programming Design Leading fish to water: early observations on the

use of Logo. Higginson, William, art 7:8

Aug82 p328-329 *** Logo / Apple II Thirty more days to faster input. Roberts,

Edward, col Ll 7:1 Jan82 pl86 ***

Keyboard / Computer Assisted Instruction /

TRS-80 Model I Videodiscs in education: integrating the computer

and Bejar, Isaac, art L6 7:6 Jun82

p78-104 *** Videodisc / Computer Assisted

Instruction Why Logo? (problem-solving skills). Harvey,

Brian, art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl63-193 ***

Logo / Problem-Solving ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Lamplighter project (Logo). Gorman, Henry, art

7:8 Aug82 p331-332 *** Logo Logo in the schools. Watt, Oaniel. art 7:8

Aug82 pll6-134 *** Logo / Research /

Information Sources Logo update. Lemmons, Phil, art 7:8 Aug82

p334-340 *** Logo / Secondary Education /

Higher Education ELF

Clocked interrupts for the COSMAC Elf. Price,

Gary, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p304-322 *** 1802

/ Clock / Multi-tasking EMULATOR

Build an EPROM emulator. Rehnke, Eric, art 7:2 Feb82 pl94-203 *** Hardware Construction /

EPROM / 6502 EPSON HX-20

Epson HX-20: the first BYTE-sized computer.

Williams, Gregg, art 7:4 Apr82 pl04-106

*** Microcomputer System EPSON QX-10

Epson QX-10 Valdocs System. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:9 Sep82 p54-57 *** Microcomputer

System FORTH

BASIC and Pascal benchmark, elegance, apologies

and FORTH. Pournelle, Jerry, col Ll 7:10

0ct82 p254-288 *** Benchmark Testing /

Languages / BASIC Computer toolbox (microcomputer as a lab

assistant). Bernstein, Mark, art 7:3 Mar82

p456-465 *** Higher Education / Research /

Science Disk operating system for FORTH: an in-depth look

at how a DOS operates. Reece, Peter, art L7

7:4 Apr82 p322-358 *** Operating Systems /

Programming Design / TRS-80 Model I Super FORTH isn't. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:5

May82 p296-298 *** Software Review / Apple II FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

FIT - a federal income tax program in UCSD

Pascal. Heyman, Edward, art Lb 7:2 FebB2

P148-190+ *** Taxes / Pascal Keeping our technological edge. Morgan, Chris.

col 7:8 Aug82 p6-18 «** Research / Foreign

Competition Tax tips for computer owners. Feuerman/Moller.

art 7:2 Feb82 p212-214 *** Taxes /

Business Two tax aids (Individual Tax Plan and Tax

Preparer). Kvam, Mary Jo. sr 7:2 Feb82

p204-212 *** Software Review / Taxes / Apple

II FICTION

Computers, fiction and poetry istories and poems

written by computers). McKean, Kevin, art

7:7 Jul82 pbO-53 *** Poetry / Writing FINANCES

Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F).

Moskowitz, Robert, sr 7:6 Jun82 p488-492

*** Software Review / Financial Modeling /

Apple II Pascal NOW: let Pascal balance your NOW account.

Doyle, Thomas, art Lb 7:2 Feb82 p290-322

*** Pascal / Money

522 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

FINANCIAL MODELING

Beyond the peaks of Visicalc (Desktop Plan II, Microfinesse, PlanSO). bishop, Jack, sr 7:10 0ct82 p29-39 *** Software Review / Planning / Business Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (USS/F). Moskowitz, Robert, sr 7:6 JunB2 p48d-492 *** Software Review / Finances / Apple II FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

Disk drives / ADM-3 lowercase / VIC cassette / S-LOO & TRS-BO / ZX31. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10 0ct82 p452-454 *** Ask 8YTE / VIC-20 / TRS-80 Model I Floppy-disk performance. Yalirakis, N. col

7:1 Jan82 pli4-116 *** Test / Design Heath/Zenith Model 4/ dual floppy-disk system. Kern, Christopher, hr 7:8 Aug82 pJ98-406 *** Hardware Review / Heath H89 / Zenith 139 FLYING

Jetset (TRS-80 Model II flying simulation). Szymanski, Eugene, art Li 7:11 NovS2 p272-322 *** Games / TRS-8U Model II / Simulation Omni aviation navigation systerr,. Campbell, Richard, art Ll 7:6 Jun82 p463-478 *** Navigation / Simulation / Mathematics FOREIGN COMPETITION

Japan and the "64K" Question. Morgan, Chris.

col 7:5 May82 p6-10 *** Future Japan maps computer domination. Manuel, Tom. art 7:5 May82 p!4U-l44 *** Research / Future Japanese manufacturers - how successful will they be?. Zipnick, Ted. col 7:5 May82 pU8 *** Marketing Keeping our technological edge. Morgan, Chris, col 7:8 Aug82 pb-ld *** Research / Federal Government Machines benind the machines (Jaoanese Manufacturers}. Lemmons, Phil, art 7:5 May82 pll5-138 *** Manufacturing / Consumer Electronics FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Japanese character sets, col 7:5 May82 p63 *** Character Generator FORMS

Custom and standardized forms for the microcomputer user. Lemmons, Philip, art 7:3 Mar82 pl98-205 *** Business FOURIER TRANSFORMS

Fast approximation for fast Fourier. Polczynski, Mark, col 7:2 Feb82 p248-250 *** Mathematics FUJITSU FM-8

Fujitsu FM-8. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82 p86-92 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System FUTURE

Japan and the "64k" Question. Morgan, Chris. col 7:5 May82 p6-10 *** Fore i gn Competition Japan maps computer Domination. Manuel, ."om. art 7:5 May82 pi4Q-144 *** Research / Foreign Competition Third NCGA and the future of computer graphics. Pournelle, Alexander, art 7:11 Nov82 pJ'*44 *** Conference / Graphics GAMES

Action games for the VIC-20. Kavanagh, Russell, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl50-156 *** Software Review / Arcade / VIC-20 Advanced Star Raider tactics and strategies. Harris, C Donald, col 7:9 Sep82 p383-396 *** .Atari / Arcade Alien typhoon (Apple II gamej. Latocha, Walt, sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple II And the winners are... (game contestj. col 7:8

Aug82 p84-85 *** Contests Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 Mar82

p68-69 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple II Armored Patrol. Callamaras, Pete, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl62-166 *** Software Review / Arcade / TRS-80 Model I BYTE game contest w2. col 7:8 Aug82 p86-87

*** Contests Beer Run (Apple II arcade gamej. Little, Arthur, sr 7:9 Sep82 p375-379 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple II Charge! (game contest winner ff2). Ray, C. Anthony, art Ll 7:12 Dec62 pl!2-120 *** Contests / Arcade / Apple II Coinless arcade (Dec82j. Clark/Wi11'ams. art

7:12 Dec82 p84-91 *** Arcade Cosmic conquest (game contest winner *1). Sartori-Angus, Alan, art L7 7:12 Dec82 pl24-13d *** Contests / Apple II / Arcade Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan, Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl60-161 *** Software Review / Strategy / Apple II Design techniques and ideals for computer games. Crawford, Chris, art 7:12 Dec82 p96-108 *** Programming Design Dino Wars. Stewart, George, sr 7:3 Mar82 p74-76 *** Software Review / Arcade / TRS-80 Color Draw poker for the T1-59. Boyle, Lee. col Ly

7:7 Jul82 p434-440 *** Calculator Galactic Chase. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:6 Juno2

pl76-l80 *** Software Review / Arcade / Atari Game of rat and dragon (Apple II). Smith, Talbot, art L3 7:11 Nov82 p33o-374 *** Arcade / Apple II / Contests Jetset (TRS-80 Model II flying simulation). Szymanski, Eugene, art Ll 7:11 Nov82 p272-322 *** TRS-80 Model II / Simulation / Flying

GAMES (CONTINUED)

Marketplace (TRS-80 Model III telecomputing

game). Dickinson, Robert, art Ll 7:10

0ct32 pl46-174 *** Telecommunications /

Strategy / TRS-80 Model III Missile Command. Wszola, Stanley, sr 7:3

Mar62 p7U-74 *** Software Review / Arcade /

Atari Penetrator. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:12 Dec82

pi62-lo4 *** Software Review / Arcade /

TRS-80 Model III Play's the thing. Clark, Pamela, col 7:12

Dec82 po-10 *"* Arcade (juinti-maze (Apple II game

Ll 7:9 Sep82 p24-30

/ Strategy Ricochet. Williams, Gregg

Tsuk, Robert, art Puzzles / Apple II

7:12 Dec82

:12

P142-146 *** Software Review / Arcade / Apple

II Ringquest (Apple II adventure game). Mills,

Gordon, art Ll 7:10 0ct82 pi 76-206 ***

Strategy / Apple II / Contests Swashbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Spangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p362-367

*** Software Review / Arcade / Apple II Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun32 p235-236 *** Software Review /

Strategy / Apple II The Eliminator: mayhem in space, TRS-80 style.

Pike, Silas, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl70-174 ***

Software Review / Arcade / TRS-80 Model I Three Dee Tee (TRS-80 Color Computer game).

Stuart, John, art Ll 7:9 Sep82 p34-50 *** Puzzles / Strategy / TRS-80 Color Vectrex Arcade System. Clark, Pamela, hr 7;

3ec82 p92-93 *** Hardware Review / Video

Game System / Arcade Videosyncrasies (Atari Star Raider tactics).

Feigel, Curtis, col 7:9 Sep82 p386-390 * Arcade / Atari Zero Gravity Pinball (Apple II arcade game).

Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 **

Software Review / Arcade / Apple II GOVERNMENT REGULATION

FDA regulation of computerized medical devices.

Jorgens/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p204-214 **

Medicine / Design / Handicapped GRAPHICS

Atari tutorial, part 5: scrolling. Crawford,

Chris, art 7:1 Jan82 p26-34 ***

Programming Instruction / Atari / BASIC Beginners's guide to Logo. Abelson, Harold. L9 7:8 Aug82 p88-112 *** Programming

Instruction / Logo CHEDIT: a graphics-character editor (Apple

Pascal). Sweet, Jerry, art L6 7:5 May82

p426~444 *** Utility Program / Apple II /

Pascal Character editor for the Atari. Kilby, Tim. Ll 7:12 Dec82 pl67-179 *** Utility

Program / Atari / Programming Instruction Double your TRS-80's graphics resolution.

Haddad, George, col Ll 7:7 Jul82 p448-451

*** TRS-80 Model I / Hardware Modification Homebrew graphics digitizer. Atkins/Castro-Cid.

art Ll 7:2 Feb8Z p72-86 *** Art /

Hardware Construction / Graphics Tablet Microcomputer graphics primer. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:11 Nov82 p448-470 *** Video Display

/ Computer Instruction / Vendor Guide Third NCGA and the future of computer graphics.

Pournelle, Alexander, art 7:11 Nov82 p30-44 *** Conference / Future GRAPHICS TABLET

Homebrew graphics digitizer. Atkins/Castro-Cid.

art Ll 7:2 Feb82 p72-86 "** ardware

Construction / Graphics Tablet HP-75C

Deus ex Machina of the technological age.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:12 Dec82 p6-10 ***

Portaole Computer HAND-HELD COMPUTER

New horizon for nonvocal communication devices.

Demasco/Foulds. art Ll 7:9 Sep82 pl66-182

*** Handicapped HANDICAPPED

Abilityphone (message system for handicapped

people). Rush, William, hr 7:9 Sep82

p240-246 *** Hardware Review /

Telecommunications / Telephone Adaptive-firmware card for the Apple II

(alternative input techniques). Schwejda/et

al. art 7:9 Sep82 p276-314 ***

Input/Output / Hardware Construction / Apple II

art

art

Apple talks with the deaf 7:1 Jan82 p366-386 *

II / Telecommunications Braille writing in Pascal.

L6 7:9 Sep32 p250-263 Computers can

individuals

Rhodes, Ned. art L3 Interface / Apple

Fant, Alfred, art *** Printer ay a dual role for disabled Vanderheiden, Gregg, art 7;9

Sep82 pl36-162 *** Information Sources FDA regulation of computerized medical devices.

Jorgens/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p204-2i4 ***

Medicine / Design / Government Regulation Let there be talking people too. Dahmke, Mark.

col 7:9 Sep82 p6-8 *** Voice Synthesis Logo: an approach to educating disaoled children. Weir/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p342-360 ***

Logo / Special Education / Cnildren Minspeak (semantic compaction system for disabled

individuals). Baker, Bruce, art 7:9 Sep82

pl86-202 *** Voice Synthesis New horizon for nonvocal communication devices.

Demasco/Foulds. art Li 7:9 Sep82 pl66-182

*** Hand-held Computer

HANDICAPPED (CONTINUED)

Talking terminals (text-to-speech translation).

Stoffel, David, art 7:9 Sep82 p2l8-227 *** Terminal / Voice Synthesis / Vendor Guide HARD DISK DRIVE

Apple III and its new Profile. Moore, Robin, hr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p92-132 *** Hardware Review / Apple III / Benchmark Testing Four new products from Radio Shack (TRS-80 Model

16, hard disk, terminal). Morgan, Chris, art 7:3 Mar82 p40-43 *** TRS-80 Pocket Computer

/ High Resolution Graphics / TRS-3U Model 16 HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION

AC motor control: simple algorithms and hardware. Nyberg, Jostein. col 7:1 Jan82 pllB-121

*** Control / Interface Adaptive-firmware card for the Apple II

(alternative input techniques). Schwejda/et

al. art 7:9 Sep82 p276-314 ***

Handicapped / Input/Output / Apple II Add a cassette interface to your VIC-20. Hale,

William, col 7:3 Mar82 p272-274 *** Tape

Cassette / Interface / VIC-20 Add a peripheral interface adapter to your Apple

II. Ciszewski, Kenneth, col L3 7:1 Jan82

p324-330 *** Interface / Parallel

Input/Output / Apple 1] Add programmable sound effects to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 7:7 Jul82 p60-72

*** Sound Effects / Interface Analog interfacing in the real world. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p72-98 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / Digital/Analog Circuit

/ Interface Build a computerized weatner station. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p38-68 ***

Weather / Kit 8uilding / Voice Synthesis Build a half-year clock for the Color Computer:

fourth in a series. Barden, William, art L3

7:3 Mar82 plOO-122 *** Clock / TRS-80 Color

/ Wire Wrap Build a video digitizer (image processing).

Keryan, Michael, art 7:11 Nov82 pl74-192

*** Digital Video / Image Processing Build an EPROM emulator. Rehnke, Eric, art 7:2

Feb82 pl94-203 *** EPROM / Emulator / 6502 Build an interactive-videodisc controller

(Pioneer VP-1000). Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p60-74 *** Videodisc / Interface /

Control 3uild the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system,

part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:11 Nov82

p78-114 *** Microcomputer System / 8088 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system,

part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:12 Dec82

p42-78 *** Microcomputer System / 8088 Build the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer,

part 1: hardware. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:9

Sep82 p64-88 *** Voice Synthesis Build the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer,

part 2: software. Ciarcia, Steve, col L9

7:10 0ct82 p40-64 *** Voice Synthesis /

Programming Instruction COSMAC EPROM programmer. Rubis, Dan. art L3

7:1 Jan82 p344-364 *** COSMAC / EPROM CP/M, your time has come (real-time clock).

Calaway/Hill. art L3 7:5 May82 p479-493

*** Clock / CP/M Everyone can know the real time (real-time

clocks). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 7:5 May82

p34-58 *** Clock / Z8 General-purpose I/O board for the Color Computer. Barden, William, art Ll 7:6 Jun82

p260-282 *** Interface / TRS-80 Color /

Input/Output General-purpose I/O board for the TRS-80 Models I

and III. Barden, William, art Ll 7:8 Aug82 P291-321 *** Input/Output / TRS-80 Model I /

TRS-80 Model III Give your Apple a voice (Radio Shack Speech

Synthesizer). Blankenship, John, art Ll 7:5 May82 p446-456 *** Voice Synthesis /

Interface / Apple II Homebrew graphics digitizer. Atkins/Castro-Cid.

art Ll 7:2 Feb82 p72-86 *** Graphics /

Art / Graphics Tablet Let the MC68701 program itself. Morales/Ruhberg. col L3 7:8 Aug82 p380-394 *** EPROM /

68701 / EPROM Programmer Memory expansion for the ZX80. Ernde, Hilton.

art L3 7:1 Jan82 p216-232 *** Memory /

Kit Building / Sinclair ZX80 Microvec: the other type of video display.

Garrett, Billy, art Ll 7:11 Nov82 p508-528 *** Video Display / High Resolution Graphics

/ TRS-80 Model I Model III A to D revisited. Barden, William.

art Ll 7:9 Sep82 p398-418 ***

Analog/Digital Circuit / TRS-80 Model III / A/D

Converter Po(r)tpourri of ideas (TRS-80 tone generator,

telephone dialer, RS-232). Barden, William.

art L3 7:4 Apr82 pl58-182 *** TRS-80

Model I / TRS-80 Model III / Input/Output Putting real-world interfaces to work, part 1

(TRS-80 monitoring). Barden, William, art

7:10 0ct82 p96-123 *** Control / TRS-80

Model I / Interface Turn your Apple II into a storage oscilloscope.

Korba, Larry, art L3 7:9 Sep82 p520-o30

*** Test Equipment / Apple II Use infrared communication for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p40-49 ***

Control / Home Use voiceprints to analyze speech. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p50-64 *** Speech

Recognition

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 523

HARDWARE CONSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

Versatile low-cost microprocessor controller

module. Craig, David, art 7:12 Dec82

p486"-49d *** Control / 6802 Voice synthesis for the Color Computer: third in

a series. Barden, William, art 13 7:2

Feb82 p2S8-28b *** TRS-8U Color / Voice

Synthes is HARDWARE MODIFICATION

Accidental reset protection for the Apple II.

OeWilde, Greg, col 7:1 Jan82 p234-23b ***

Apple II Add a full-sized keyboard to Sinclair's ZX8G.

Cosshall, Wayne, art 7:3 Mar82 p256-2bl

*** Sinclair ZX80 / Keyuoard Double your TRS-8U's graphics resolution,

Haddad, George, col Ll 7:7 Juld2 p448-451

*** TRS-80 Model I / Graphics Modify your Paper Tiger for different paper

thicknesses. Sarna, R.P.. art 7:3 Mar«2

pl58-lbQ *** Printer Z80 starting address: one jump further. Lemmen,

Steven, col 7:1 Jan82 p433-435 *** Z-80 HARDWARE REVIEW

Abilityphone (message system for handicapped

people). Rush, William, hr 7:9 Sep82

p24G-246 *** Handicapped / Telecommunications

/ Telephone Autocontrol's AC-8b: a CP/M system on one board.

Benedict, JoAnne. hr 7:12 Dec82 p250-256

*** Microcomputer System / CP/M / AC-B5 BMC i f3UU. Kocher/Ke l th. hr 7:5 May82 p62-66

*** Microcomputer System / BMC ifBOO Base 2 printer. Jeffries, Walter, hr 7:3

Mar82 p2Ub-21b *** Printer BubcomHO. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82 p92-100 *** Microcomputer System / Bubble Memory /

BubcomBO CMOS: memory with a future, ideas behind

CompuPro's RAM 17. Anderton, Craig, hr 7:1

JanB2 p41b-4l9 *** Memory / S-lOO Bus Canon CX-1. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p66-69 *** Microcomputer System / Canon CX-1 Closer look at the IBM Personal Computer.

Williams, Gregg, hr Ll 7:1 Jan82 p36-68

*** IBM Personal Computer / Microcomputer

System Colne Robotics Armdroid: the smal1-systems robot. Leininger, Steve, hr 7:5 May82 p286-294

***" Robots / Kit Building Colonial SB-80. Little, Arthur, hr 7:11 Nov82

p324-334 *** Microcomputer System / SB-80

Color Computer disk system. Stearman, Colin, hr

7:7 Jul82 p312-328 *** Minidisk Drive /

TRS-80 Color / Operating Systems Commodore 4022 printer. Holmes, Joseph, hr 7:3

Mar82 p26-36 *** Printer / PET / CBM Fujitsu FM-8. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p86-92 *** Microcomputer System / Fujitsu FM-8 Heath/Zenith Model 47 dual floppy-disk system.

Kern, Christopher, hr 7:8 Aug82 p398-4Ub

*** Floppy Oisk Drive / Heath HB9 / Zenith 789 Hewlett-Packard interface loop - HPIL: unique

two-wire system Katz, Robert, hr 7:4

Apr82 p7b-yi *** Calculator / Interface Hitachi MB-6890. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

P74_84 *** Microcomputer System / Hitachi

MB-6890 Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer. Umlor, Ed. hr 7:3 Mar82 p44-49 *** Color Printer /

Printer It all depends on your viewpoint (ADDS Viewpoint

video terminal). Moore, Allen, hr 7:7 Jul82 p408-411 *** Terminal Lobo Max-80. Daneliuk, Tim. hr 7:12 Dec82

p390-391 *** Microcomputer System / Lobo

Max-80 Mediamix's ETI. Welborn, Robert, hr 7:7 Jul82 p284-288 *** Printer / Interface / Typewriter NEC PC-8001 A. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

pb9-74 *** PC-8001 / Microcomputer System RCA VP-3J01 data terminal. Daneliuk, Tim. hr

7:1 Jan82 p!23-128 *** Terminal SD Systems' Z80 Starter Kit. Angevine, Wayne.

hr 7:1 Jan82 p332-342 *** Z-80 /

Microcomputer System / Kit Building Six personal computers from Japan. Kocher/Keith. art 7:5 May82 p61-102 *** Microcomputer

System / Benchmark Testing Tele-VIC: Commodore breaks the S100 price barrier

for modems. Lebow, Max. hr Ll 7:3 Mar82

p240-246 *** VIC-20 / Modem / Terminal Victor victorious: the Victor 90(J0 computer.

Lemmons, Phil, hi- 7:11 Nov82 p2l6-254 ***

Microcomputer System / Victor 90U0 Wyse Technology's WY-100 terminal. Haas, Mark.

hr 7:10 0ct82 p392-396 *** Terminal

APPLE II Apple II 80-column video boards: five popular

units. Howland, John, hr 7:5 May82

p252-266 *** Video Display / Apple II Apple III and its new Profile. Moore, Robin, hr Ll 7:9 Sep82 p92-132 *** Apple III / Hard

Disk Drive / Benchmark Testing Applescope stores dual traces. MacNicol,

Gregory, hr 7:b Jun82 p364-372 *** Test

Equipment / Apple 11 Assisted instructional development system.

Wolfe, George, hr 7:8 Aug82 p408-414 ***

Computer Assisted Instruction / Apple II /

Education Cognivox VIO-1003: voice recognition and output

for the Apple II. Murray, William, hr 7:9

Sep82 p231-238 *** Speech Recognition /

Apple II

HARDWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

Dithertizer II (video-digitizer interface for the

Apple II). Tomas, Joe. hr 7:2 Feb82

p219-224 *** Digital Video / Interface /

Apple II John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel

Interface Board. Rhodes, Ned. hr L3 7:3

Mar82 p414-430 *** Parallel Input/Output/

Apple II / Clock More Apple 80-column boards. Williams, Gregg.

hr 7:5 May82 p266-271 *** Video Display /

Apple II Soundchaser Computer Music Systems. Moog,

Robert, hr 7:12 Dec82 p260-277 *** Music

/ Apple II / Musical Instrument Strawberry Tree's Dual Thermometer Card for the

Apple. Murray, William, hr 7:4 Apr82

P96-100 *** Apple II

BUSINESS

Commodore 8032 business system. Dickerman, Harold, hr 7:8 Aug82 p366-376 *** Business / Microcomputer System / CBM 8032

Osborne 1. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:6 Jun82 p348-362 / Business

ike, narK. nr /:t> Juna^ Osborne 1 / Microcomputer System

EDUCATION Assisted instructional development system. Wolfe, George, hr 7:8 Aug82 p408-414 *** Computer Assisted Instruction / Apple II / Education

GAMES Vectrex Arcade System. Clark, Pamela, hr 7:12 Dec82 p92-93 *** Video Game System / Games / Arcade

GRAPHICS Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution Video

Graphics System. DeKock, James, hr 7:il

Nov82 pl48-160 *** Interface / High

Resolution Graphics / S-100 Bus Graphics II by Selanar: high-resolution hard copy

from a DECwriter. Macero/et al. hr Ll 7:3

Mar82 pl72-196 *** High Resolution Graphics

/ Printer Scion Color System. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:7

Jul82 p54-59 *** Color Graphics / S-100 Bus

/ High Resolution Graphics HEATH H8

8080-based remote appliance controller.

Staehlin, David, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p239-292 *** Control / Home / 8080 HEATH H89

Heath/Zenith Model 47 dual floppy-disk system.

Kern, Christopher, hr 7:8 Aug82 p398-406

*** Hardware Review / Floppy Disk Drive /

Zenith Z89 HEXADECIMAL

Base conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer.

Dolan, David, col Ll 7:4 Apr82 p436-438

*** Conversions / Binary / TRS-80 Pocket

Computer Getting the most from your TI programmer.

Patton, Robert, col L9 7:9 Sep82 p540-541

*** Calculator / Conversions / Decimal HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS

Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution Video

Graphics System. DeKock, James, hr 7:11

Nov82 pl48-160 *** Hardware Review /

Interface / S-100 Bus Double-width Silentype graphics for your Apple.

Putney, Charles, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p413~423 *** Apple II / Printer / Utility Program Executive briefing system: a color graphics

development for the Apple II . Callamaras,

Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-170 ***

Software Review / Utility Program / Apple II Four new products from Radio Shack (TRS-80 Model

16, hard disk, terminal). Morgan, Chris, art

7:3 Mar82 p40-43 *** Hard Disk Drive /

TRS-80 Pocket Computer / TRS-80 Model 16 GRPRINT: an Apple utility program for dot-matrix

printers. Arnott, Douglas, art L3 7:12

Dec82 p398-403 *** Utility Program / Printer

/ Apple II Graphics II by Selanar: high-resolution hard copy

from a DECwriter. Macero/et al. hr Ll 7:3

Mar82 pl72-196 *** Hardware Review / Printer Microvec: the other type of video display.

Garrett, Billy, art Ll 7:11 Nov82 p508-528 *** Video Display / Hardware Construction /

TRS-80 Model I Scion Color System. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:7

Ju182 p54-59 *** Hardware Review / Color

Graphics / S-100 Bus Tronic imagery. Sorensen, Peter, art 7:11

Nov82 p48-74 *** Motion Pictures / Animation HIGHER EDUCATION

Computer toolbox (microcomputer as a lab

assistant). Bernstein, Mark, art 7:3 Mar82

p456-465 *** Research / Science / FORTH Logo update. Lemmons, Phil, art 7:8 Aug82

p334-340 *** Logo / Secondary Education /

Elementary Education HISTORY

Historian and the microcomputer. Rowney, Don.

art 7;7 Jul82 pl66-176 *** Social Science

/ Statistics Microprocessor's tenth birthday. Morgan, Chris.

col 7;3 Mar82 pb-10 *** Microprocessor /

4004 HITACHI MB-6890

Hitachi MB-6890. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p74-84 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System

HOME

8080-based remote appliance controller.

Staehlin, David, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p239-292 *** Control / 8080- / Heath H8 Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the

Commodore PET. 8erry, Jerry, col Ll 7:6

Jun82 p404-408 *** Solar Energy / PET /

Conversions Use infrared communication for remote control.

Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p40-49 ***

Control / Hardware Construction HOMEBREW

Tips on homebrewing / BASIC in ROM / Line

disturbances / Clock. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:8 Aug82 p418-420 *** Ask BYTE / Power

Supply / Clock HUMOR

Generic word processor: a word-processing system

for all your needs. Schrodt, Pnilip. art 7:4 Apr82 p32-36 *** MicroShakespeare - 3. Kalnik, Andrew, col 7:4

Apr82 p362-366 *** IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

Closer look at the IBM Personal Computer.

Williams, Gregg, hr Ll 7:1 Jan82 p36-68

*** Hardware Review / Microcomputer System Human-factors case study based on the IBM

Personal Computer. Cooper/et al. art 7:4

Apr82 p56-72 *** User Interface / Keyboard /

Video Display Lotus Development Corporation's 1-2-3. Williams,

Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl82-198 ***

Software Review / Spreadsheet MS-OOS and CP/M-86 on the IBM Personal Computer;

not my dream Tinsdale, Mark, col 7:7

Jul82 p354-355 *** Operating Systems /

CP/M-86 / MS-DOS Of IBM, operating systems and Rosetta Stones.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:1 Jan82 pb-10 ***

Operating Systems / Standards IEEE-488 BUS

Data in, garbage out / RS-232C-to-IEEE-488

interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:5 May82

p400-404 *** Ask BYTE / Power Supply / RS-232 Input/Output primer, part 3: the parallel and

HP1B (IEEE-488 interfaces) . Leibson, Steve.

art 7:4 Apr82 pl86-208 *** Parallel

Input/Output / Computer Instruction / Interface INS8070

INS8070 series instruction set summary. Chiang,

James, col 7:7 Jul82 p406-407 ***

Documentation IMAGE PROCESSING

Build a video digitizer (image processing).

Keryan, Michael, art 7:11 Nov82 pl74-192

*** Hardware Construction / Digital Video INDEXING

1982 BYTE index. Microcomputer Index, col 7:12 Dec82 p518- *** Information Sources INFORMATION SOURCES

1982 BYTE index. Microcomputer Index, col 7:12

Dec82 p518- *** Indexing Career opportunities in computing. Johnston,

Jacqueline, art 7:4 Apr82 p439-446 ***

Job Opportunities / Career Opportunities Computers can play a dual role for disabled

individuals. Vanderheiden, Gregg, art 7:9

Sep82 pl36-162 *** Handicapped Logo in the schools. Watt, Daniel, art 7:8

Aug82 pll6-134 *** Logo / Elementary

Education / Research INFORMATION STORAGE

Binary-coded text: a text compression method.

Tropper, Richard, art 7:4 Apr82 p398-413

*** Binary-Coded Text Effective text-compression algorithm. Cortesi,

David, art L9 7:1 Jan82 p397-403 ***

Programming Design / Word Processing / Data

Structures Generate Huffman codes- Sellers, Jeff, col Ll

7:7 Jul 82 p441 *** Videodiscs and optical data storage.

Moberg/Laefsky. art 7:6 Jun82 pl42-160 *** Videodisc / Research / Office Automation INPUT/OUTPUT

Adaptive-firmware card for the Apple II

(alternative input techniques). Schwejda/et

al. art 7:9 Sep82 p276-314 ***

Handicapped / Hardware Construction / Apple II General-purpose I/O board for the Color Computer. Barden, William, art Ll 7:6 Jun82

P260-282 *** Hardware Construction /

Interface / TRS-80 Color General-purpose I/O board for the TRS-80 Models I

and III. Barden, William, art Ll 7:8 Aug82 P291-321 *** Hardware Construction / TRS-80

Model I / TRS-80 Model III Input/Output primer, part 1: what is I/O?.

Leibson, Steve, art 7:2 Feb82 pl22-146 *** Computer Instruction / Definitions Input/Output primer, part 2: interrupts and

direct memory access. Leibson, Steve, art

7:3 Mar82 pl26-140 *** Computer Instruction Input/Output primer, part b: interrupts, buffers,

grounds and.... Leibson, Steve, art 7:7

Jul82 p34-46 *** Interface Input/output primer, part 5: character codes.

Leibson, Steve, art 7:6 Jun82 p242-258 *** 8audot Code / ASCII Little Apple SOS with your Pascal. O'Konski,

Tim. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p448-482 ***

Apple III / Pascal / Documentation Po(r)tpourri of ideas (TRS-80 tone generator,

telephone dialer, RS-232). Barden, William.

art L3 7:4 Apr82 pl58-182 *** TRS-80

Model I / TRS-80 Model III / Hardware Construction

524 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

INPUT/OUTPUT (CONTINUED)

Ports of entry and soft breezes for the Color

computer and Model III. Barden, William, art

L3 7:5 May82 pl62-198 *** TRS-80 Color /

IRS-30 Model III / Tape Cassette VIA experiment board / Totem poles and TTL / Bus

standard stops here. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p42y *** Apple II / S-100 Bus /

Standards INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

VIP expansion / TTL data books. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 7:3. Mar82 p446-447 *** VIP INTERFACE

AC motor control: simple algorithms and hardware. Nyberg, Jostem. col 7:1 Jan32 pll8-121

*** Control / Hardware Construction Add a cassette interface to your VIC-2U. Hale,

William, col 7:3 Mar82 p272-274 ***

Hardware Construction / Tape Cassette / VIC-20 Add a peripheral interface adapter to your Apple

II. Ciszewski, Kenneth, col L3 7:1 Jan82

p324-33Q *** Hardware Construction / Parallel

Input/Output / Apple II Add programmable sound effects to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col LI 7:7 Ju182 p60-72

*** Sound Effects / Hardware Construction Analog interfacing in the real world. Ciarcia,

Steve, co 1 7:1 Jan3? p/2-98 *** Hardware

Construction / Analog/Digital Circuit /

Digital/Analog Circuit Apple talks with the deaf. Rhodes, Ned. art L3 7:1 Jan82 p36b-386 *** Handicapped / Apple

II / Telecommunications Build an interactive-videodisc controller

(Pioneer VP-1000). Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p60-74 *** Videodisc / Control /

Hardware Construction Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution Video

Graphics System. DeKock, James, hr 7:il

Nov82 pl48-160 *** Hardware Review / High

Resolution Graphics / S-100 Bus Dithertizer II (video-digitizer interface for the

Apple II). Tomas, Joe. hr 7:2 Feb82

p219-224 *** Hardware Review / Digital Video

/ Apple II General-purpose I/O board for the Color Computer. Barden, William, art Ll 7:6 Jun82

p26Q-282 *** Hardware Construction / TRS-80

Color / Input/Output Give your Apple a voice (Radio Snack Speech

Synthesizer). Blankenship, John, art Ll 7:6 May82 p446-456 *** Voice Synthesis /

Hardware Construction / Apple II Hewlett-Packard interface loop - HPIL: unique

two-wire system Katz, Robert, hr 7:4

Apr82 p76-93 *** Hardware Review /

Calculator High-resolution sprite-oriented color graphics.

Ciarcia, Steve, col L3 7:8 Aug82 pb7-80

*** Color Graphics / Apple II / Logo Inexpensive transducers for the TRS-80, part II

(real-world monitoring). Barden, William, art 7:11 Nov82 p416-444 *** TRS-80 Model I /

TRS-80 Color / A/D Converter Input/Output primer, part 3: the parallel and

HPIB (1EEE-488 interfaces) Leibson, Steve.

art 7;4 Apr82 pl86-20B *** Parallel

Input/Output / IEEE-488 Bus / Computer Instruction Input/Output primer, part 4: the BCD and serial

interfaces. Leibson, Steve, art 7:5 May82

p202-220 *** Serial Input/Output / Binary

Coded Decimal / RS-232 Input/Output primer, part 6: interrupts, buffers,

grounds and.... Leibson, Steve, art 7:7

Jul82 p34-46 *** Input/Output Mediamu's ETl. Welborn, Robert. Ur 7:7 Jul82 p284-288 *** Hardware Review / Printer /

Typewriter Practical dynamic-memory system design. Belies,

Rob. art 7:i2 Dec82 p372-335 *** Memory /

Design Putting real-world interfaces to work, part 1

(TRS-80 monitonngj. barden, William, art

7:10 Dct8^ p96-123 *** Hardware

Constrjction / Control / TRS-80 Model I Videodisc interfacing primer. Daynes, Rod. art

7;6 Jun82 p4oo9 *** Videodisc /

Definit ions INTERVIEW

Chuck Peddle: an interview with the chief

designer of the Victor 9000. Lemmons, Phil.

art 7:11 Nov32 p2bb-271 *** People /

Design / Victor 9000 INVESTMENT

Adapting microcomputers to Wall Street. Franz,

Robert, art 7:10 0ct82 p80-92 *** Stock

Market / Management / Business JOB OPPORTUNITIES

Career opportunities in computing. Johnston,

Jacqueline, art 7:4 Apr82 p439-446 ***

Career Opportunities / Information Sources JOYSTICK

Build a joystick A-to-D converter for the TRS-80

Model I or III. Barden, William, art Ll 7:1 Jan82 plbO-184 *** Analog/Digital Circuit /

TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III KEYBOARD

Add a full-sized keyboard to Sinclair's ZX80.

Cosshall, Wayne, art 7:3 Mar82 p2bb-2bl

*" Hardware Modification / Sinclair ZX80 Human-factors case study based on the I8M

Personal Computer. Cooper/et al. art 7:4

Apr82 p56-72 *** User Interface / IBM

Personal Computer / Video Display MOD III: TRS-80 Model III features for your Model

I. Rocke, Joe. art Ll 7:4 Apr82 p380-3yb

*** TRS-80 Model 1 / Utility Program / Video

Display

KEYBOARD (CONTINUED)

Redefining Atari characters / Keyboard connection

/ Battery Apple. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:7

Jul82 p420-421 *** Ask BYTE / Atari / Power

Supply Slew of languages, a slap at documentation, and a

curse at keyboards. Pournelle, Jerry, col

7:12 Dec82 p222-246 *** Languages / Pascal

/ C Programming Language Soroc IQ-120 slave monitor / OSI shift-lock

problem / Audible alarms. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6 Jun32 p434-435 *** Ask BYTE / Video

Display / OSI Terminal madness, The Word, Grammatik, and then

some. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:6 Jun82

P286-300 *** Terminal / Spelling / Pascal Terminals, keyboards, and...software piracy.

Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:11 Nov82 p394-415

*** Terminal / Software Piracy / Book Review Thirty more days to faster input. Roberts,

Edward, col Ll 7:1 Jan82 pl86 ***

Computer Assisted "Instruction / TRS-80 Model I

/ Education KIT BUILDING

Build a computerized weather station. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 7;2 Feb82 p38-68 ***

Weather / Hardware Construction / Voice

Synthesis Colne Robotics Armdroid: the small-systems robot. Leininger, Steve, hr 7:5 May82 p286-294

*** Hardware Review / Robots Memory expansion for the ZX80. Ernde, Hilton.

art L3 7:1 Jan82 p216-232 *** Memory /

Hardware Construction / Sinclair ZX80 SD Systems' Z80 Starter Kit. Angevine, Wayne.

hr 7:1 Jan82 p332-342 *** Hardware Review

/ Z-80 / Microcomputer System LISP

App-L-ISP (Apple II LISP). Bonar/Levitan. sr

L9 7:6 Jun82 p220-230 *** Software Review

/ Apple II Conditionals in LISP (decision-making function).

Howard, M.S. col L9 7:6 Jun82 p493-496

*** Oecision Making / Programming Instruction Semidisk, Software Tools, the BOOS blues, Power,

and LISPs. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:8 Aug82

P342-363 *** CP/M / Book Review / Utility

Program LANGUAGES

BASIC and Pascal benchmark, elegance, apologies

and FORTH. Pournelle, Jerry, col Ll 7:10

0ct82 p254-28d *** Benchmark Testing / FORTH

/ BASIC Interpretive language used to program the CPR

system. Laumer, Mike, art L9 7:6 Jun82

pl26-130 *** Videodisc / Apple II Operating systems, languages, statistics, pirates

and the lone wolf. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:1 Jan82 pl32-158 *** Operating Systems /

Statistics / Software Piracy Problem oriented language, part 1: a new method

of input. Finger, Mark, art Ll 7:12 Dec82

p314-368 *** Programming Design Slew of languages, a slap at documentation, and a

curse at keyboards. Pournelle, Jerry, col

7:12 Dec82 p222-246 *** Pascal / C

Programming Language / Keyboard LAW

Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved (parti)?. Stern, Richard, art 7:9

Sep82 p420-438 *** Copyright / Software

Publ ishing / Patent Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved?, part 2 (protection). Stern, Richard.

art 7:10 0ct82 p210-222 *** Copyright /

Software Publishing Copyrights, computers and the Betamax case.

Klasson, Walter, art 7:5 May82 p22-30 ***

Copyright / Software Publishing / Software

Piracy Naming your software: considerations under the

trademark laws. Becker, Stephen, art 7:10

0ct82 p380-384 *** Software Publishing LOBO MAX-80

Lobo Max-80. Daneliuk, Tim. hr 7:12 Dec82

p390-391 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System LOGO

Beginners's guide to Logo. Abelson, Harold, art L9 7:8 Aug82 p88-ll2 *** Programming

Instruction / Graphics Designing computer-based microworlds (Logo).

Lawler, R.W. art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl38-160

*** Education / Programming Design Group of the turtle (group theory in Logo).

Leron, Uri. art 7:8 Aug82 p330-331 ***

Mathematics / Children / Research High-resolution sprite-oriented color graphics.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Li 7:8 Aug82 p57-80

*** Color Graphics / Interface / Apple II Introducing Logo to children. Solomon, Cynthia.

art L9 7:3 Aug82 pl96-203 *** Programming

Instruction / Children Lamplighter project (Logo). Gorman, Henry, art

7:8 Aug82 p331-332 *** Elementary Education Leading fish to water: early observations on the

use of Logo. Higginson, William, art 7:8

Aug82 p328-329 *** Apple II / Education Learning physics from a dynaturtle.

diSessa/White. art 7:8 Aug82 p324 ***

Physics / Secondary Education Logo - a cultural glossary. Goldenberg, E. Paul.

art 7:3 AugS2 p210-228 **» Definitions Logo for the Apple II, the TI-99/4A and the

TRS-80 Color Computer. Williams, Gregg, sr

L9 7:8 Aug82 p230-290 *** Software Review

/ Apple II / TI-99/4A

LOGO (CONTINUED)

Logo in the schools. Watt, Daniel, art 7:8

Aug82 pll6-134 *** Elementary Education /

Research / Information Sources Logo music. Bamberger, Jeanne, art 7:8 Aug32

p325-328 *** Music / Apple II Logo project PROKQP. Boecker/Fiscner. art 7:8

Aug82 p329-330 *** Secondary Education /

Research / Problem-Solving Logo research at Bank Street College.

Jewson/Pea. art 7:8 Aug82 p332-333 ***

Research / Children / Problem-Solving Logo update. Lemmons, Phil, art 7:8 AugB2

p334-340 *** Secondary Education / Elementary

Education / Higher Education Logo: an approach to educating disabled children. Weir/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p342-360 ***

Handicapped / Special Education / Children Problem solving with Logo: using turtle graphics

to redraw a design. Weinreb, William, art L9 7:11 Nov82 pll8-134 *** Turtle Graphics /

Apple II / Problem-Solving Why Logo? (problem-solving skills). Harvey,

Brian, art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl63-193 *+*

Education / Problem-Solving Young People's Logo Association. Muller, James.

art 7:8 Aug82 p333-334 *** Associations /

Clubs LOWERCASE MODIFICATION

Lowercase descenders for the Epson MX-70 (Apple

II). Piggott, Bruce, art L3 7:3 Mar82

p248-254 *** Utility Program / Apple II /

Printer MIKBUG

MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 2: A file transfer

and debugging package. Labenski, Robert, art

L3 7:1 Jan82 plOO-110 *** Utility Program

/ TRS-80 Model I / Terminal MS-DOS

Limited high-level languages: caveats for MS-DOS

software developers. Wilson, Camilo. col 7:7 Jul82 p334 *** Operating Systems MS-OOS and CP/M-86 on the IBM Personal Computer:

not my dream.... Tinsdale, Mark, col 7:7

Jul82 p354-355 *** Operating Systems /

CP/M-86 / IBM Personal Computer MS-DOS and CP/M-86: a system manufacturer's view. Lomas, Richard, col 7:7 Jul82 p352 ***

Operating Systems / CP/M-86 Strengths and gaps in MS-DOS and CP/M-86.

Fortson/Lock. col 7:7 Ju182 p342-344 ***

Operating Systems / CP/M-86 Systems integrator's view of MS-DOS and CP/M-86.

Houston, Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p338-339 *** Operating Systems / CP/M-86 Upward migration, part 2: a comparison of CP/M-86

and MS-DOS. Taylor/Lemmons. art 7:7 Jul82

p330-356 *** CP/M-86 / Operating Systems /

Benchmark Testing Vote for MS-DOS. Colvin, Neil, col 7:7 Jul82

p356 *** Operating Systems / CP/M-86 MACHINE LANGUAGE

Easy entry program for Radio Shack's Color

Computer. Field, Tim. col Ll 7:4 Apr82

p482-487 *** TRS-80 Color / Utility Program MAINTENANCE

Maintenance alternatives for personal computers.

Whitaker, Lewis, art 7:6 Jun82 p452-459

*** Consumer Information Troubleshooting with electronic signatures.

Piggott, Kenneth, art 7:1 Jan82 pi90-2U4

*** Troubleshooting / Signature Analysis MANAGEMENT

Adapting microcomputers to Wall Street. Franz,

Robert, art 7:10 0ct82 p80-92 *** Stock

Market / Investment / Business Personal computer as an interface to a

corporate...information system. McBurney,

N.R. art L6 7:10 0ct82 p315-358 ***

Terminal / Apple II / Pascal Programming PERT in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad.

art Ll 7:5 May82 p465-478 *** Planning /

Business / TRS-80 Model I Programming critical-path method in BASIC.

Zimmerman/Conrad, art Ll 7:7 Ju182

P378-390 *** TRS-80 Model I / Business MANUFACTURING

Machines behind the machines (Japanese

Manufacturers). Lemmons, Phil, art 7:5

May82 pll5-138 *** Consumer Electronics /

Foreign Competition State of industrial robotics. Callahan, J.

Michael, art 7:10 0ct82 pl28-142 ***

Robots / Vendor Guide MARKETING

Japanese manufacturers - how successful will they

be?. Zipnick, Ted. col 7:5 May32 pll8 *** Foreign Competition MATHEMATICS

Fast approximation for fast Fourier. Polczynski,

Mark, col 7:2 Feb82 p248-250 *** Fourier

Transforms Generating Mohr's circle (TRS-80 Model I). Fink,

Robert, col Ll 7:10 Oct82 p312-313 ***

Physics / TRS-80 Model I Group of the turtle (group theory in Logo).

Leron, Uri. art 7:8 Aug82 p330-331 ***

Logo / Children / Research Dmni aviation navigation system. Campbell,

Richard, art Ll 7:6 Jun82 p463-478 ***

Navigation / Simulation / Flying Osborne 1, Zeke's new friends, and spelling

revisited. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:4 Apr82

p212-236 *** Osborne 1 / Spelling / Word

Processing Software Arts' TK Solver. Williams, Gregg, sr

7:10 0ct82 p360-376 *** Software Review /

Uti1ity Program

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 525

MEDICINE

FDA regulation of computerized medical devices.

Jorgens/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p204-214 ***

Design / Handicapped / Government Regulation Interactive training in cardiopulmonary

resuscitation. Hon, David, art L9 7:6

Jun82 pl08-138 *** Training / Videodisc /

Simulation MEMORY

CMOS: memory with a future, ideas behind

CompuPro's RAM 17. Anderton, Craig, hr 7:1

Jan82 p416-419 *** Hardware Review / S-lOU

Bus Letter-quality selectrics / Bank selecting memory

/ 50 Hz power. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10

0ct82 p452 *** Ask BYTE / Typewriter / Power

Supply Memory expansion for the ZX80. Ernde, Hilton.

art L3 7:1 Jan82 p216-232 *** Kit

Building / Hardware Construction / Sinclair

ZX80 Practical dynamic-memory system design. Belies,

Rob. art 7:12 Dec82 p372-385 *** Design /

Interface Test your memory using the Barber-Pole algorithm. Pinnick, H.R. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p414-444 *" Test / 8080 / 8085 MICROCOMPOTER SYSTEM

Autocontrol's AC-85: a CP/M system on one board.

Benedict, JoAnne. hr 7:12 DecB2 p25U-266

*** Hardware Review / CP/M / AC-85 BMC if800. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82 p62-b6

*** Hardware Review / BMC if800 Briefcase computer market heats up. Morgan,

Chris, col 7:7 Jul82 po-10 *** Portable

Computer / Terminal BubcomSO. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82 p92-100

*** Hardware Review / Bubble Memory / BubcomBO Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system,

part 1. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:11 Nov82

p78-114 »** Hardware Construction / 8088 Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 computer system,

part 2. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:12 DecSZ

p42-78 *** Hardware Construction / 8088 Canon CX-1. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

pb6-69 *** Hardware Review / Canon CX-1 Closer look at the IBM Personal Computer.

Williams, Gregg, hr LI 7:1 Jan82 p36-68

*** Hardware Review / IBM Personal Computer Colonial SB-80. Little, Arthur, hr 7:11 Nov82

p324-334 *** Hardware Review / SB-80 Commodore 8032 business system. Dickerman,

Harold, hr 7:8 Aug82 p366-376 ***

Hardware Review / Business / CBM 8032 Epson HX-20: the first BYTE-sized computer.

Williams, Gregg, art 7:4 Apr82 pl04-106

*** Epson HX-20 Epson qX-10 Valdocs System. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:9 Sep82 p54-57 *** Epson CIX-10 Fujitsu FM-8. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 MayB2

p86-92 *** Hardware Review / Fujitsu FM-8 Hitachi MB-6890. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p74-84 *** Hardware Review / Hitachi MB-6890 Japan update (Consumer Electronics Show}. Haas,

Mark, art 7:5 May82 pl06-110 *** Shows Lobo Max-80. Daneliuk, Tim. hr 7:12 Dec82

P390-391 *»* Hardware Review / Lobo Max-80 NEC PC-8001 A. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

p69-74 *** Hardware Review / PC-8001 Osborne 1. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:6 JunB2

P348-362 *** Hardware Review / Osborne 1 /

Business SO Systems' Z80 Starter Kit. Angevine, Wayne.

hr 7:1 Jati82 p332-342 *** Hardware Review

/ Z-80 / Kit Building Six personal computers from Japan. Kocher/Keith. art 7:5 May82 p61-102 *** Hardware Review

/ Benchmark Testing TRS-80 clock / Low-cost computers. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:9 Sep82 p500-501 *** Ask

BYTE / TRS-80 Model I Victor victorious: the Victor 9000 computer.

Lemmons, Phil, hr 7:11 Nov82 p216-254 ***

Hardware Review / Victor 9000 MICROPROCESSOR

8-bit vs. 16-bit / Sensing motions / EPROM

programmer note. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p436-438 *»* Ask BYTE / Security 8051 one-chip microcomputer: a most powerful

microcontroller. Boyet/Katz. art 7:12 Dec82 p288-311 *** Control / 8051 Hierarchical interrupts. Foster, Caxton. col

7:5 May82 p457-459 *** Design Microprocessor's tenth birthday. Morgan, Chris.

col 7:3 Mar82 p6-10 *** History / 4004 MINIDISK DRIVE

Color Computer disk system. Slearman, Colin, hr 7:7 Jul82 p312-328 *** Hardware Review /

TRS-80 Color / Operating Systems MODEM

Speech synthesizer application / Problems with

EPROM / Modem interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442 «** Ask BYTE / Voice

Synthesis / EPROM Tele-VIC: Commodore breaks the S100 price barrier

for modems. Lebow, Max. hr LI 7:3 Mar82

P240-246 *" Hardware Review / V1C-20 /

Termina 1 MONEY

Pascal NOW: let Pascal balance your NOW account.

Doyle, Thomas, art L6 7:2 FebH2 p290-322

*** Pascal / Finances MONITOR

Mail order / TRS-80 merge / Z80 monitor /

Color-monitor bandwidths. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 JanS2 p4O4-406 *** Ask BYTE /

Retailing / TRS-80 Model I

MOTION PICTURES

Tronic imagery. Sorensen, Peter, art 7:11

NovB2 p4B-74 *** Animation / High Resolution

Graphics MULTI-PROCESSING

Simple multiprocessor implementation.

Harrington, John, art L3 7:4 Apr82

p464-471 *** SWTPC / SWTPC 6809 MULTI-TASKING

Clocked interrupts for the COSMAC Elf. Price,

Gary, art L3 7:1 Jan82 p304-322 •** 1802

/ Clock / Elf MUSIC

Brief introduction to electronic music

synthesizers. Moog, Robert, art 7:12 Dec82

P278-286 *** Design / Musical Instrument Logo music. Bamberger, Jeanne, art 7:8 Aug82

P325-328 *** Logo / Apple II Soundchaser Computer Music Systems. Moog,

Robert, hr 7:12 Dec82 p260-277 ***

Hardware Review / Apple II / Musical Instrument Tuning up the 1802: a simple music composition

trainer. Makosinski, Art. col L2 7:7 Jul82 P442-447 *** 1802 / VIP MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

Brief introduction to electronic music

synthesizers. Moog, Robert, art 7:12 Dec82

p278-286 *" cal Instrument Soundchaser Computer Music Systems. Moog,

Robert, hr 7:12 Dec82 p260-277 ***

Hardware Review / sical Instrument NAVIGATION

Omni aviation navigation system. Campbell,

Richard, art LI 7:6 Jun82 p468-478 ***

Simulation / Mathematics / Flying NORTH STAR

Anatomy and development of a batch-processing

system. Walters, Gene, art LI 7:5 May82

p334-386 *** Programming Instruction /

Programming Design / BASIC Skip sequential: a new file structure for

microcomputers. Purdum, Jack, art LI 7:3

Mar82 p466-472 *** Data Structures /

Programming Instruction / BASIC Two word processors for North Star. Coudal,

Edgar, sr 7:4 Apr82 p312-320 *** Software

Review / Word Processing Weaving simulator. Heiser, Paul, art LI 7:9

Sep82 p513-519 *** Art OSI

Soroc IQ-120 slave monitor / OSI shift-lock

problem / Audible alarms. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6 Jun82 p434-435 **« Ask BYTE / Video

Display / Keyboard OFFICE AUTOMATION

Videodiscs and optical data storage.

Moberg/Laefsky. art 7:6 JunB2 pl42-160 *** Information Storage / Videodisc / Research OPERATING SYSTEMS

Color Computer disk system. Stearman, Colin, hr 7:7 Jul82 p312-328 *** Hardware Review /

Minidisk Drive / TRS-80 Color Disk operating system for FORTH: an in-depth look

at how a DOS operates. Reece, Peter, art L7

7:4 Apr82 p322-358 *** FORTH / Programming

Design / TRS-80 Model I LDOS - disk operating system for the TRS-80.

Daneliuk, Tim. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p372-382

*** Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80

Model III Limited high-level languages: caveats for MS-DOS

software developers. Wilson, Camilo. col 7:7 Jul82 p334 *** MS-DOS MS-DOS and CP/M-86 on the IBM Personal Computer:

not my dream.... Tinsdale, Mark, col 7:7

Jul82 p354-355 *** CP/M-86 / IBM Personal

Computer / MS-DOS MS-DOS and CP/M-86: a system manufacturer's view. Lomas, Richard, col 7:7 Jul82 p352 ***

CP/M-86 / MS-DOS Multidos: a new TRS-80 disk operating system.

Archer, Rowland, sr 7:12 Dec82 p392-397

*** Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80

Model III NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (TRS-80 Model I/III).

Kelly, Mahlon. sr 7:6 Jun82 p376-400 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model

III Of IBM, operating systems and Rosetta Stones.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:1 Jan82 pb-10 ***

IBM Personal Computer / Standards Operating systems, languages, statistics, pirates

and the lone wolf. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:1 Jan82 pl32-158 *** Languages / Statistics /

Software Piracy Pickles & Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II.

Smith, Hal. sr 7:g Sep82 p531-536 ***

Software Review / CP/M / TRS-80 Model II Plotting with the TRS-80 / Matter of environment

/ Feasibility study. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p445-446 *** Ask BYTE / Plotting /

Consumer Information Strengths and gaps in MS-OOS and CP/M-8b.

Fortson/Lock. col 7:7 Jul82 p342-344 **«

CP/M-86 / MS-DOS Systems integrator's view of MS-DOS and CP/M-86.

Houston, Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p338-339 *** CP/M-86 / MS-DOS Upward migration, part 2: a comparison of CP/M-86

and MS-DOS. Taylor/Lemmons. art 7:7 Ju182

p330-356 *** CP/M-86 / Benchmark Testing /

MS-DOS Vote for MS-DOS. Colvin, Neil, col 7:7 Jul82

p356 *** CP/M-86 / MS-DOS OSBORNE 1

Osborne 1, Zeke's new friends, and spelling

revisited. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:4 Apr82

P212-238 *** -Spelling / Word Processing /

Mathematics

OSBORNE 1 (CONTINUED)

Osborne 1. Dahmke, Mark, hr 7:6 Jun82

p348-362 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System / Business PC-8001

NEC PC-8001 A. Kocher/Keith. hr 7:5 May82

P&9-74 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System PET

Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the

Commodore PET. Berry, Jerry, col LI 7:6

Jun82 p404-408 *** Solar Energy / Home /

Conversions Breaking the jargon barrier: designing programs

for humanists. Heite/Heite. art LI 7:7

Jul82 p76-104 *** Statistics / Social

Science / Archaeology Commodore 4022 printer. Holmes, Joseph, hr 7:3

Mar82 p26-36 *** Hardware Review / Printer

/ CBM Composite PET video / Z8-based voice-recognition

system. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:8 Aug82 p420 *** Ask BYTE / Video Display / Speech

Recognition Measuring attitudes with a PET. Heise, David.

art LI 7:7 Jul82 p208-246 •** Social

Science / Psychology / Survey PL/1

PL/I for microcomputers (CP/M). Lehman, John.

sr L9 7:5 May82 p246-250 *** Software

Review / CP/M PARALLEL INPUT/OUTPUT

Add a peripheral interface adapter to your Apple

II. Ciszewski, Kenneth, col L3 7:1 Jan82

P324-330 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / Apple II Input/Output primer, part 3: the parallel and

HPIB (IEEE-488 interfaces) . Leibson, Steve.

art 7:4 Apr82 pl86-208 *** IEEE-488 Bus /

Computer Instruction / Interface John Bell Engineering's Apple II Parallel

Interface Board. Rhodes, Ned. hr L3 7:3

Mar82 p414-430 *** Hardware Review / Apple

II / Clock PASCAL

CHEDIT: a graphics-character editor (Apple

Pascal). Sweet, Jerry, art L6 7:5 May82

p426-444 *** Utility Program / Apple II /

Graphics Converting Apple DOS and Pascal text files.

Matthews, John, art L6 7:4 Apr82 p447-463

*** Conversions / Apple II / Apple DOS FIT - a federal income tax program in UCSD

Pascal. Heyman, Edward, art L6 7:2 Feb82

P148-190+ *** Taxes / Federal Government Four implementations of Pascal. Woteki/Sand. sr L6 7:3 Mar82 p316-356 *** Software Review

/ CP/M / Benchmark Testing Guided tour of Apple Pascal units and libraries.

Tonkens, Ross, art L6 7:2 Feb82 p225-244

*** Programming Instruction / Apple II Idiot-proof input in Pascal. Booch, Grady, col

L6 7:7 Jul82 p452-453 *** Programming

Instruction Interactive 3-D graphics for the Apple II.

Pickholtz, Andrew, art LI 7:11 Nov82

p474-505 *** Three-Dimensional Graphics /

Apple II Letters, Pascal, CB/80, and Cardfile. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:9 Sep82 p318-341 *»*

Compiler / Word Processing Listing the disk directory in CP/M-based Pascal.

Hunt, Daniel, col L6 7:6 JunB2 p497-501

*** Utility Program / CP/M Little Apple SOS with your Pascal. O'Konski,

Tim. art L3 7:12 Dec82 p448-482 ***

Apple III / Input/Output / Documentation More maze building. Neldner, Thomas, art L6

7:5 MayB2 p274-284 *** Puzzles Pascal NOW: let Pascal balance your NOW account.

Ooyle, Thomas, art L6 7:2 Feb82 p290-322

*** Money / Finances Pascal standards. Doyle, Thomas, col 7:2

Feb82 p322 **« Standards Personal computer as an interface to a

corporate...information system. McBurney,

N.R. art L6 7:10 Oct82 p315-358 ***

Terminal / Apple II / Management Slew of languages, a slap at documentation, and a

curse at keyboards. Pournelle, Jerry, col

7:12 Dec82 p222-246 *** Languages / C

Programming Language / Keyboard Terminal madness. The Word, Grammatik, and then

some. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:6 JunB2

p286-300 *** Terminal / Keyboard / Spelling PATENT

Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved (parti)?. Stern, Richard, art 7:9

Sep82 p420-438 «** Copyright / Law /

Software Publishing PEOPLE

Chuck Peddle: an interview with the chief

designer of the Victor 900U. Lemmons, Phil. ,'

art 7:11 Nov82 p266-271 *** Interview /

Design / Victor 9000 PHYSICS

Generating Mohr's circle (TRS-80 Model I). Fink,

Robert, col LI 7:10 0ct82 p312-313 •*•

Mathematics / TRS-80 Model I Learning physics from a dynaturtle.

diSessa/White. art 7:8 Aug82 p324 ***

Logo / Secondary Education PLANNING

Beyond the peaks of Visicalc (Desktop Plan II,

Microfinesse, PlanBO). Bishop, Jack, sr 7:10 0ct82 p29-39 *** Software Review /

Financial Modeling / Business

526 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

PLANNING (CONTINUED)

Programming PERT in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad.

ar: Ll 7:5 May82 p465-478 *** Management

/ Business / TRS-80 Model I PLOTTING

BASIC plotting subroutine: sophisticated plotting

with your MX-80. Bregoli, Lawrence, art Ll

7:'i MarS2 pl42-15b *** Uti1ity Program /

Printer / BASIC Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell,

Robert, sr 7:2 Feb82 p32-36 *** Software

Review / Utility Program / Apple II Plotting with the TRS-80 / Matter of environment

/ Feasibility study. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p445-44b *** Ask BYTE / Operating

Systems / Consumer Information POETRY

Computers, fiction and poetry (stories and poems

written by computers). McKean, Kevin, art

/:/ Jul82 pSO-53 *** Fiction / Writing POLITICS

Microcomputers in the study of politics:

predicting wars.... Schrodt, ?hilip. art L6

7:7 Jul82 pi08-134 *** Social Science /

Simulation / Predictions POLY-88

Structjred strings in BASIC. Stockburger, David, col Ll 7:5 May82 p3U8-316 ***

Programming Instruction / BASIC / Structured

Programming PORTABLE COMPUTER

Briefcase computer market heats up. Morgan,

Chris, col 7:7 Jul82 p6-10 *** Terminal /

Microcomputer System Deus ex Machina of the technological age.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:12 Dec82 pb-10 ***

HP-75C POWER SUPPLY

Data in, garbage out / RS-232C-to-IEEE-488

interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:5 May82

p4U0-404 *** Ask BYTE / RS-232 / [EEE-488 Bus Letter-quality selectrics / Bank selecting memory

/ 50 Hz power. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10

0ct82 p452 *** Ask BYTE / Typewriter /

Memory Redefining Atari characters / Keyboard connection

/ Battery Apple. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:7

Jul82 p420-421 *** Ask BYTE / Atari /

Keyboard Tips on homebrewing / BASIC in ROM / Line

disturbances / Clock. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:8 Aug82 p418-420 *** Ask BYTE / Homebrew

I Clock PREDICTIONS

Microcomputers in the study of politics:

predicting wars Schrodt, Philip, art L6

7:7 Jul82 pl08-134 *** Social Science /

Politics / Simulation PRINTER

BASIC plotting subroutine: sophisticated plotting

with your MX-80. Bregoli, Lawrence, art Ll

7:3 Mar82 pl42-156 *** Plotting / Uti1ity

Program / BASIC BYTE printer directory. Feigel, Curtis, art

7:3 Mar82 p278-296 *** Directories Base 2 printer. Jeffries, Walter, hr 7:3

Mar82 p206-216 *** Hardware Review Braille writing in Pascal. Fant, Alfred, art

L6 7:9 Sep82 p250-268 *** Handicapped Commodore 4022 printer. Holmes, Joseph, hr 7:3

Mar82 p26-36 *** Hardware Review / PET / CBM Double-width Silentype graphics for your Apple.

Putney, Charles, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p413-423 *** High Resolution Graphics / Apple II /

Uti1ity Program Epson MX-8U print-control program for the Apple

II. Starbuck, Bill, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p!66-170 *** Utility Program / Apple II Fill forms system: CP/M programs to cut down on

paperwork. Roch, Bill, art Ll 7:3 Mar82

p218-238 *** Utility Program / Business /

CP/M GRPRINT: an Apple utility program for dot-matrix

printers. Arnott, Douglas, art L3 7:12

Dec82 p398-403 *** Utility Program / High

Resolution Graphics / Apple II Ghost of Epsons past (Epson MX-80 printer

problem). Fehrenbach, Paul, col Ll 7:7

Jul82 p432-433 *** Graphics II by Selanar: high-resolution hard copy

from a DECwriter. Macero/et al. hr Ll 7:3

Mar82 pt72-196 *** Hardware Review / High

Resolution Graphics High speed printers / Level I tape format /

Computer lab essentials. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442-443 **+ Ask BYTE / TRS-80

Model I / Test Equipment Integral Data Systems' Prism Printer. Umlor, Ed. hr 7:3 Mar82 p44-49 *** Hardware Review /

Color Printer Lowercase descenders for the Epson MX-70 (Apple

II). Piggott, Bruce, art L3 7:3 Mar82

p248-254 *** Utility Program / Lowercase

Modification / Apple II Mediamix's ETI. Welborn, Robert, hr 7:7 Jul82 p284-288 *** Hardware Review / Interface /

Typewriter Modify your Paper Tiger for different paper

thicknesses. Sarna, R.P. art 7:3 Mar82

pl58-160 *** Hardware Modification Shape-drawing program for Diablo printers (Apple

II). Brock, Thomas, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p310-314 *** Utility Program / Apple II TRS-80 EPROMs / TI-58C printer interface /

ROM-based BASIC / Power backup. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:2 Feb82 p365-366 *** Ask

BYTE / TRS-80 Model I / Calculator

PRINTER (CONTINUED)

TRS-80 assembly language / Apple 16-bit /

Construction tips / Selectric. Ciarcia, Steve. col 7:2 Feb82 p369-371 *** Ask BYTE /

Assembly Language / Apple II Underline filter for matrix printers. Reed,

Adam, col L8 7:3 MarB2 p300-306 ***

Utility Program / C Programming Language PROBLEM-SOLVING '

Logo project PROKOP. 8oecker/Fischer. art 7:8

Aug82 p329-330 *** Secondary Education /

Logo / Research Logo research at Bank Street College.

Jewson/Pea. art 7:8 Aug82 p332-333 ***

Logo / Research / Children Problem solving with Logo: using turtle graphics

to redraw a design. Weinreb, William, art L9 7:ll Nov82 pU8-134 *** Turtle Graphics /

Logo / Apple 11 Why Logo? (problem-solving skills). Harvey,

Brian, art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl63-193 ***

Logo / Education PROGRAM GENERATOR

Program generators (The Last One and

Quic-N-Easi). Stewart, George, sr Ll 7:8

Aug82 p38-56 *** Software Review / CP/M /

TRS-80 Model III PROGRAMMING DESIGN

Anatomy and development of a batch-processing

system. Walters, Gene, art Ll 7:5 May82

p334-386 *** Programming Instruction / BASIC

/ North Star Design techniques and ideals for computer games.

Crawford, Chris, art 7:12 Dec82 p96-108

*** Games Designing a text editor? The user comes first.

Jong, Steven, art 7:4 Apr82 p284-300 ***

Text Editor / Word Processing / Consumer

Information Designing computer-based microworlds (Logo).

Lawler, R.W. art L9 7:8 Aug82 pl38-160

*** Logo / Education Disk operating system for FORTH: an in-depth look

at how a DOS operates. Reece, Peter, art L7

7:4 Apr82 p322-358 *** Operating Systems /

FORTH / TRS-80 Model I Effective text-compression algorithm. Cortesi,

David, art L9 7:1 Jan82 p397-403 ***

Word Processing / Information Storage / Data

Structures Human-factors style guide for program design.

Simpson, Henry, art 7:1 Apr82 pl08-132 *** User Interface Managing words: what capabilities should you have

with a text editor?. Finseth, Craig, art 7:4 Apr82 p302-310 *** Text Editor / Word

Processing Problem oriented language, part 1: a new method

of input. Finger, Mark, art Ll 7:12 Dec82

p314-368 *** Languages Program your own text editor, part 1: avoid

complex commands.... Fobes, Richard, art 7:9 Sep82 p476-489 *** Text Editor Program your own text editor, part 2

(video-display-oriented text editor). Fobes,

Richard, art L3 7:10 0ct82 p406-446 ***

Text Editor Software tools for writers. Holder, Wayne, art

L3 7:7 Jul82 pl38-lb'3 *** Writing /

Spelling / Word Processing What makes business programming hard?. Woodward,

James, art 7:10 0ct82 p68-76 *** Business PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION

Anatomy and development of a batch-processing

system. Walters, Gene, art Ll 7:5 May82

p334-386 *** Programming Design / BASIC /

North Star Atari tutorial, part 5: scrolling. Crawford,

Chris, art 7:1 Jan82 p26-34 *** Atari /

Graphics / BASIC Atari tutorial, part 6: Atari BASIC. Winner,

Lane, art Ll 7:2 Feb«2 p91-118 *** BASIC

/ Atari Atari tutorial, part 7: sound. Fraser, Bob. art Ll 7:3 Mar82 p80-98 *** BASIC / Sound

Effects / Atari Atari tutorial, part 8: generating sound with

software. Fraser, Bob. art L3 7:4 Apr82

pl34-150 *** Atari / Sound Effects / BASIC Atari tutorial, part 9: even more colors!.

Pitta/Winner, art Ll 7:5 May82 pl48-160

*** Atari / Color Graphics / BASIC Beginners's guide to Logo. Abelson, Harold, art

L9 7:8 Aug82 p88-112 *** Logo / Graphics Build the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer,

part 2: software. Ciarcia, Steve, col L9

7:10 0ct32 p40-64 *** Hardware Construction

/ Voice Synthesis Character editor for the Atari. Kilby, Tim. art Ll 7:12 Dec32 plb7-179 *** Graphics /

Utility Program / Atari Computer animation with color registers: fast

animation in BASIC (Atari) . Fox/Waite. art

Ll 7:11 Nov82 pl94-214 *** BASIC /

Animation / Atari Conditionals in LISP (decision-mating function).

Howard, M.S. col L9 7:6 Jun82 p493-496

*** LISP / Decision Making Guided tour of Apple Pascal units and libraries.

Tonkens, Ross, art L6 7:2 Feb82 p225-244

*** Pascal / Apple II Idiot-proof input in Pascal. Booch, Grady, col

L6 7:7 Jul82 p4S2-453 *** Pascal Introducing Logo to children. Solomon, Cynthia.

art L9 7:3 Aug82 pl96-208 *** Logo /

Chi ldren

PROGRAMMING INSTRUCTION (CONTINUED)

SOFTIM: a software timer. Terpstra, Dan. col

L3 7:1 Jan82 p436-439 *** Z-80 / Clock Skip sequential: a new file structure for

microcomputers. Purdum, Jack, art Ll 7:3

Mar82 p466-472 *** Data Structures / BASIC /

North Star Structured progamming in BASIC. SobeJJ, Mark.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p410-415 *** Structured

Programming / BASIC / Cromeinco Structured strings in BASIC. Stockburger, David, col Ll 7:5 May82 p308-316 *** BASIC /

Poly-88 / Structured Programming TRS-80 BASIC program hang-ups: the reasons and

some solutions. Tesler, Glenn, art L3 7:5

May82 p318-330 *** BASIC / TRS-80 Model I /

TRS-80 Model III Using the LOOKUP function in VisiCalc. Ramsdell,

Robert, col 7:8 AugS2 p443-445 ***

VisiCalc / Taxes PSYCHOLOGY

Measuring attitudes with a PET. Heise, David.

art Ll 7:7 Jul82 p208-246 *** Social

Science / PET / Survey PUZZLES

Board to death. Swanson, Jon. art 7:12 Dec82

p94-95 *** Design More maze building. Neldner, Thomas, art L6

7:5 May82 p274-284 *** Pascal CJuinti-maze (Apple II game). Tsuk, Robert, art

Ll 7:9 Sep82 p24-3U *** Games / Apple II /

Strategy Three Dee Tee (TRS-80 Color Computer game).

Stuart, John, art Ll 7:9 Sep82 p34-50 *** Games / Strategy / TRS-80 Color RS-232

Data in, garbage out / RS-232C-to-IEEE-488

interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:5 May82

p400-404 *** Ask BYTE / Power Supply /

IEEE-488 Bus Input/Output primer, part 4: the BCD and serial

interfaces. Leibson, Steve, art 7:5 May82

p202-220 *** Serial Input/Output / Interface

/ Binary Coded Decimal Programming the RS-232 serial port / Build your

own / RFI. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82

p444-445 *** Ask BYTE / Radio-frequency

Interference / Design Using the Model I/III RS-232C port. Barden,

William, art Ll 7:7 Jul82 p360-376 ***

TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III / Serial

Input/Output RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE

Programming the RS-232 serial port / Build your

own / RFI. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82

p444-445 *** Ask BYTE / RS-232 / Design RESEARCH

Computer toolbox (microcomputer as a lab

assistant). Bernstein, Mark, art 7:3 Mar82

p456-465 *** Higher Education / Science /

FORTH Group of the turtle (group theory in Logo).

Leron, Uri. art 7:8 Aug82 p330-331 ***

Logo / Mathematics / Children Japan maps computer domination. Manuel, Tom.

art 7:5 May82 pl40-144 *** Foreign

Competition / Future Keeping our technological edge. Morgan, Chris.

col 7:8 Aug82 p6-18 *** Federal Government

/ Foreign Competition Logo in the schools. Watt, Daniel, art 7:8

Aug82 pll6-134 *** Logo / Elementary

Education / Information Sources Logo project PROKOP. Boecker/Fischer. art 7:8

Aug82 p329-330 *** Secondary Education /

Logo / Problem-Solving Logo research at Bank Street College.

Jewson/Pea. art 7:8 Aug82 p332-333 ***

Logo / Children / Problem-Solving Microcomputers in cultural anthropology: APL

programs for qualitative... Werner, Oswald.

art L9 7:7 Jul82 p250-280 *** Social

Science / APL / Anthropology Videodiscs and optical data storage.

Moberg/Laefsky. art 7:6 Jun82 pl42-160 *** Information Storage / Videodisc / Office

Automation RETAILING

Mail order / TRS-80 merge / ZBO monitor /

Color-monitor bandwidths. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p404-406 *** Ask BYTE / TRS-80

Model I / Monitor ROBOTS

Colne Robotics Armdroid: the small-systems robot. Leininger, Steve, hr 7:5 May82 p286-294

*** Hardware Review / Kit Building State of industrial robotics. Callahan, J.

Michael, art 7:10 0ct82 pl28-142 ***

Manufacturing / Vendor Guide S-100 BUS

CMOS: memory with a future, ideas behind

CompuPro's RAM 17. Anderton, Craig, hr 7:1

Jan82 p416-419 *** Hardware Review / Memory Cambridge Development Lab's High-Resolution Video

Graphics System. DeKock, James, hr 7:11

Nov82 pl48-160 *** Hardware Review /

Interface / High Resolution Graphics Control sources / Apple/North Star compiler /

S-100 systems. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2

Feb82 p367-369 *** Ask BYTE / Control /

Compiler Scion Color System. Dahmke, Mark, hr 1:1

Jul82 p54-59 *** Hardware Review / ColorGraphics / High Resolution Graphics VIA experiment board / Totem poles and TTL / Bus

standard stops here. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p429 *** Input/Output / Apple II /

Standards

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 527

SB-ao

Colonial SB-80. Little, Arthur, hr 7:11 Nov82

p324-334 *** Hardware Review / Microcomputer

System SWTPC

Simple multiprocessor implementation.

Harrington, John, art L3 7:4 Apr82

p464-471 **» SWTPC 680a / Multi-Processing SWTPC 6809

Simple multiprocessor implementation.

Harrington, John, art L3 7:4 Apr82

p464-471 *** 6809 / Multi-Processing SCIENCE

Computer toolbox (microcomputer as a laD

assistant). Bernstein, Mark, art 7:3 Mar82

p4bb-465 *** Higher Education / Research /

FORTH SECONDARY EDUCATION

Learning physics from a dynaturtle.

diSessa/White. art 7:8 Aug82 p324 ***

Logo / Physics Logo project PROKOP. Boecker/Fischer. art 7:8

Aug82 p329-330 *** Logo / Research /

Problem-Solving Logo update. Lemmons, Phil, art 7:8 Aug82

p334-340 *** Logo / Elementary Education /

Higher Education SECURITY

8-bit vs. 16-bit / Sensing motions / EPROM

programmer note. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p436-438 *** Ask BYTE / Microprocessor SERIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

Input/Output primer, part 4: the BCD and serial

interfaces. Leibson, Steve, art 7:5 May82

P202-220 *** Interface / Binary Coded Decimal

/ RS-232 Using the Model I/Ill RS-232C port. Barden,

William, art LI 7:7 Jul82 p360-376 ***

RS-232 / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III SHOWS

Computers for humanity (West Coast Computer Faire

*7). Pournelle, Jerry, art 7:7 Jul82

p392-400 *** Hanover fair. Ramsdell, Robert, art 7:9 Sep82

P62-63 *** Japan update (Consumer Electronics Show). Haas,

Mark, art 7:5 May82 pl06-110 ***

Microcomputer System NCC report (1982). Morgan, Chris, art 7:9

Sep82 p58-61 *** Report from COMDEX. Morgan, Chris, col 7:2

Feb82 pB-16 *»* West Coast Computer Faire Report. Morgan, Chris, col 7:6 Jun82 p6-22 *** SIGNATURE ANALYSIS

Digital troubleshooting with signature analysis

(HP-5004A). Piubeni, Steven, art 7:9 Sep82

p466-474 *** Troubleshooting Troubleshooting with electronic signatures.

Piggott, Kenneth, art 7:1 Jan82 p!90-204

*** Troubleshooting / Maintenance SIMULATION

Interactive training in cardiopulmonary

resuscitation. Hon, David, art L9 7:6

Jun82 pl08-138 *** Medicine / Training /

Videodisc Jetset (TRS-80 Model II flying simulation).

Szymanski, Eugene, art LI 7:11 Nov82

P272-322 *** Games / TRS-80 Model II / Flying Microcomputers in the study of politics:

predicting wars.... Schrodt, Philip, art L6

7:7 Jul82 pl08-134 **» Social Science /

Politics / Predictions Omni aviation navigation system. Campbell,

Richard, art LI 7:6 Jun82 p468-478 ***

Navigation / Mathematics / Flying Simulating neighborhood segregation.

Dethlefsen/Moody, art LI 7:7 Jul82

P178-206 **» Social Science / TRS-80 Model I SINCLAIR ZX80

Add a full-sized keyboard to Sinclair's ZX80.

Cosshall, Wayne, art 7:3 Mar82 p256-261

*** Hardware Modification / Keyboard Memory expansion for the ZX80. Ernde, Hilton.

art L3 7:1 Jan82 p216-232 *** Memory /

Kit Building / Hardware Construction SMOKE SIGNAL BROADCASTING

BASIC program for home cryptography. Roberts,

Ralph, col LI 7:4 Apr82 p432-434 ***

Crypto logy SOCIAL SCIENCE

Breaking the jargon barrier: designing programs

for humanists. Heite/Heite. art LI 7:7

Jul82 p76-104 **» Statistics / PET /

Archaeology Historian and the microcomputer. Rowney, Don.

art 7:7 Jul82 pl66-176 *** History /

Statistics Measuring attitudes with a PET. Heise, David.

art LI 7:7 Jul82 p208-246 *** Psychology

/ PET / Survey Microcomputers in cultural anthropology: APL

programs for qualitative... Werner, Oswald.

art L9 7:7 Jul82 p250-280 *** Research /

APL / Anthropology Microcomputers in the study of politics:

predicting wars.... Schrodt, Philip, art L6

7:7 Jul82 pl08-134 *** Politics /

Simulation 7 Predictions Simulating neighborhood segregation.

Dethlefsen/Moody. art LI 7:7 JulB2

P178-206 *** Simulation / TRS-80 Model I SOFTWARE PIRACY

Copyrights, computers and the Betamax case.

Klasson, Walter, art 7:5 May82 p22-30 **«

Copyright / Law / Software Publishing

528 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

SOFTWARE PIRACY (CONTINUED)

Operating systems, languages, statistics, pirates

and the lone wolf. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:1 Jan82 pl32-158 *** Operating Systems /

Languages / Statistics Terminals, keyboards, and...software piracy.

Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:11 Nov82 p394-415

*** Terminal / Keyboard / Book Review SOFTWARE PUBLISHING

Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved (parti)?. Stern, Richard, art 7:9

Sep82 p420-438 *»* Copyright / Law / Patent Case of the purloined object code: can it be

solved?, part 2 (protection). Stern, Richard.

art 7:10 0ct82 p210-222 *** Law /

Copyright Computers and the special education classroom.

Sicoli, Thomas, col 7:9 Sep82 p270-274 *** Special Education 7 Vendor Guide Copyrights, computers and the Betamax case.

Klasson, Walter, art 7:5 May82 p22-30 ***

Copyright / Law / Software Piracy Naming your software: considerations under the

trademark laws. Becker, Stephen, art 7:10

0ct82 p380-384 *** Law SOFTWARE REVIEW

Condor Series 20/rDBMS. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:12

Dec82 p404-410 *** Data Base Management /

CP/M Database management with Ashton-Tate's dBase II.

Abbott, Jack, sr 7:7 Jul82 p412-416 **«

Data Base Management / CP/M Four implementations of Pascal. Woteki/Sand. sr L6 7:3 Mar82 p316-356 *** Pascal / CP/M /

Benchmark Testing Lotus Development Corporation's 1-2-3. Williams,

Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl82-198 *** ISM

Personal Computer / Spreadsheet PL/I for microcomputers (CP/M). Lehman, John.

sr L9 7:5 May82 p246-250 *** PL/I / CP/M Selector IV by Micro-Ap: an

information-management program. Abbott, Jack.

sr LI 7:4 Apr82 p371-376 *** Data Base

Management / CP/M Systems Plus: FMS-80. Abbott, Jack, sr 7:10

0ct82 p447-450 *** Data Base Management /

CP/M Text editing with Compuview's VEDIT. Thompson,

H.B. sr 7:3 Mar82 p262-270 *** Text

Editor / CP/M

APPLE II Alien typhoon (Apple II game). Latocha, Walt.

sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Arcade / Games /

Apple II App-L-ISP (Apple II LISP). Bonar/Levitan. sr

L9 7:6 JunB2 p220-230 *** LISP / Apple II Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 Mar82

P68-69 *** Games / Arcade / Apple II Beer Run (Apple II arcade game). Little, Arthur. sr 7:9 Sep82 p375-379 *** Games / Arcade

/ Apple II Comparison of five compilers for Apple BASIC.

Taylor/Taylor, sr LI 7:9 Sep82 p440-464

*** Benchmark Testing / Apple II / Compiler Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan,

Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl60-161 *** Games /

Strategy / Apple II Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0. Elliott, Brownlee.

sr 7:10 0ct82 p400-404 *** Statistics /

Apple II Executive briefing system: a color graphics

development for the Apple II . Cal lamaras,

Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 D164-170 *** Utility

Program / High Resolution Graphics / Apple II Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell,

Robert, sr 7:2 Feb82 p32-36 *** Plotting

/ Utility Program / Apple II Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple

II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82

P138-144 *** Animation / Apple II / Utility

Program Logo for the Apple II, the T1-99/4A and the

TRS-80 Color Computer. Williams, Gregg, sr

L9 7:8 Aug82 p230-290 *** Logo / Apple II

/ TI-99/4A Micro-Decision Support System/Finance (DSS/F).

Moskowitz, Robert, sr 7:6 Jun82 p488-492

*** Finances / Financial Modeling / Apple II Ricochet. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82

pl42-146 *** Games / Arcade / Apple II Super FORTH isn't. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:5

May82 p296-298 *«* FORTH / Apple II Swashbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Spangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p362-367

*** Games / Arcade / Apple II Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun82 p235-236 *** Strategy / Games / Apple

II Two tax aids (Individual Tax Plan and Tax

Preparer). Kvam, Mary Jo. sr 7:2 Feb82

p204-212 **• Taxes / Apple II / Federal

Government Zero Gravity Pinball (Apple II arcade game).

Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 ***

Games / Arcade / Apple II

ATARI Galactic Chase. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:6 Jun82

pl76-180 *** Arcade / Games / Atari Missile Command. Wszola, Stanley, sr 7:3

Mar82 p70-74 *** Games / Arcade / Atari

BUSINESS

Beyond the peaks of Visicalc (Desktop Plan II, Microfinesse, PlanSO). Bishop, Jack, sr 7:10 0ct82 p29-39 *** Financial Modeling / Planning / Business

SOFTWARE REVIEW (CONTINUED)

GAMES

Alien typhoon (Apple II game). Latocha, Walt.

sr 7:5 May82 p224 *** Arcade 7 Games /

Apple II Apple Panic. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:3 Mar82

p68-69 *** Games / Arcade / Apple II Armored Patrol. Callamaras, Pete, sr 7:6

Jun82 pl62-166 *** Arcade / Games / TRS-80

Model I Beer Run (Apple II arcade game). Little, Arthur, sr 7:9 Sep82 p375-379 *** Games / Arcade

/ Apple II Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan,

Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 pl60-161 *** Games /

Strategy / Apple II Dino Wars. Stewart, George, sr 7:3 Mar82

p74-76 *** Arcade / Games / TRS-80 Color Galactic Chase. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:6 Jun82

pl76-180 *** Arcade / Games / Atari Missile Command. Wszola, Stanley, sr 7:3

Mar82 p70-74 *** Games / Arcade / Atari Penetrator. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:12 Dec82

pl62-164 *** Games / Arcade / TRS-80 Model III Ricochet. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:12 Dec82

P142-146 *** Games / Arcade / Apple II Swashbuckler (Apple II arcade game).

Spangenberg, Scott, sr 7:9 Sep82 p362-367

*** Games / Arcade / Apple II Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun82 p235-236 *** Strategy / Games / Apple

II The Eliminator: mayhem in space, TRS-80 style.

Pike, Silas, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl70-174 ***

Arcade / Games / TRS-80 Model I Zero Gravity Pinball (Apple II arcade game).

Friedman, Mark, sr 7:9 Sep82 p370-372 ***

Games / Arcade / Apple II

GRAPHICS Executive briefing system: a color graphics development for the Apple II . Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-170 *** Utility Program / High Resolution Graphics / Apple II

MATHEMATICS Software Arts' TK Solver. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:10 0ct82 p360-376 *** Mathematics / Utility Program

TRS-80 MODEL I Armored Patrol. Callamaras, Pete, sr 7:6

Jun82 pl62-166 *** Arcade / Games / TRS-80

Model I COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Archer,

Rowland, sr L5 7:3 Mar82 p384-412 ***

COBOL / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Mode? Ill LD0S - disk operating system for the TRS-80.

Daneliuk, Tim. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p372-382

*** Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model I /

TRS-80 Model III Microsoft's BASIC compiler for the TRS-80.

Kelly, Mahlon. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p358-370

*** Compiler / BASIC / TRS-80 Model I Multidos: a new TRS-80 disk operating system.

Archer, Rowland, sr 7:12 Dec82 p392-397

*** Operating Systems 7 TRS-80 Model I /

TRS-80 Model III NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (TRS-80 Model I/III).

Kelly, Mahlon. sr 7:6 Jun82 p376-400 ***

Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80

Model III Omni term: smart terminal program for the TRS-80.

Liddil, Bob. sr 7:2 Feb82 p252-256 ***

Terminal / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III Penetrator. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:12 Dec82

P162-164 *»» Games / Arcade / TRS-80 Model III Pickles 8. Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II.

Smith, Hal. sr 7:9 Sep82 p531-536 ***

CP/M / TRS-80 Model II / Operating Systems Program generators (The Last One and

Quic-N-Easi). Stewart, George, sr LI 7:8

Aug82 p38-56 *** Program Generator / CP/M /

TRS-80 Model III Radio Shack Compiler BASIC. Archer, Rowland, sr LI 7:10 0ct82 p224-250 *** Compiler /

BASIC / TRS-80 Model I TRS-80 disk editor/assemblers. Daneliuk, T.A.

sr 7:9 Sep82 p537-539 *** Assembler /

TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model III The Eliminator: mayhem in space, TRS-80 style.

Pike, Silas, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl70-174 *«*

Arcade / Games / TRS-80 Model I

UTILITY PROGRAM

Executive briefing system: a color graphics development for the Apple II . Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-l70 *** Utility Program / High Resolution Graphics / Apple II

Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell, Robert, sr 7:2 Feb82 p32-36 «** Plotting / Utility Program / Apple II

Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl38-144 *** Animation / Apple II / Utility Program

Microshell and Unica: Unix-style enhancements for CP/M. Kern, Christopher, sr 7:12 Dec82 p206-220 *** Utility Program 7 UNIX / CP/M

Software Arts' TK Solver. Williams, Gregg, sr 7:10 0ct82 p360-376 *** Mathematics / Utility Program

WORD PROCESSING

Two word processors for North Star. Edgar, sr 7:4 Apr82 p312-320 Processing / North Star

Coudal, ... u„rd

SOLAR ENERGY

Adapting "Harvesting the Sun's Energy" for the

Commodore PET. 13erry, Jerry, col LI 7:6

Jun82 p404-40B *** PET / Home / Conversions SOUND EFFECTS

Add programmable sound effects to your computer.

Ciarcia, Steve, col Li 7:7 Jul82 p60-72

*** Hardware Construction / Interface Atari tutorial, part 7: sound. Fraser, Bob. art LI 7:3 Mar82 p80-98 *** Programming

Instruction / BASIC / Atari Atari tutorial, part 8: generating sound with

software. Fraser, Bob. art L3 7:4 Apr82

P134-150 *** Atari / Programming Instruction

/ BASIC SPECIAL EDUCATION

Computers and the special education classroom.

Sicoli, Thomas, col 7:9 Sep82 p270-274 •** Software Publishing / Vendor Guide Logo: an approach to educating disabled children. Weir/et al. art 7:9 Sep82 p342-3b0 ***

Logo / Handicapped 7 Children SPEECH RECOGNITION

Cognivox VIO-1003: voice recognition and output

for the Apple II. Murray, William, hr 7:9

Sep82 p231-238 *** Hardware Review / Apple

II Composite PET video / Z8-based voice-recognition

system. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:8 Aug82 p420 *** Ask BYTE / Video Display / PET Use voiceprints to analyze speech. Ciarcia,

Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p50-64 *** Hardware

Construction SPELLING

Osborne 1, Zeke's new friends, and spelling

revisited. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:4 Apr82

p212-238 *** Osborne 1 / Word Processing /

Mathematics Software tools for writers. Holder, Wayne, art

L3 7:7 Jul82 pl38-163 ***'Writing / Word

Processing / Programming Design Supercalc, spelling programs, BASIC compilers,

and home-grown accounting Pournelle, Jerry.

col 7:5 May82 p226-243 *** Compiler /

Accounting Terminal madness, The Word, Gramrnatik, and then

some. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:6 Jun82

P286-300 »** Terminal / Keyboard / Pascal SPREADSHEET

Lotus Development Corporation's 1-2-3. Williams,

Gregg, sr 7:12 0ec82 pl82-198 ***

Software Review / IBM Personal Computer STANDARDS

Introduction to the human applications standard

computer interface, pt 1 Rutkowski, Chris.

art 7:10 0ct82 p291-310 *** User Interface

/ Design Introduction to the human applications standard

computer interface, pt 2 Rutkowski, Chris.

art 7:11 Nov82 p379-390 *** User Interface Of IBM, operating systems and Rosetta Stones.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:1 Jan82 p6-10 ***

IBM Personal Computer / Operating Systems On the way to standard BASIC. Kurtz, Thomas.

art 7:6 Jun82 pl82-218 *** BASIC Pascal standards. Doyle, Thomas, col 7:2

Feb82 p322 *** Pascal VIA experiment board / Totem poles and TTL / Bus

standard stops here. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p429 *** Input/Output / Apple II /

S-100 Bus STATISTICS

Breaking the jargon barrier: designing programs

for humanists. Heite/Heite. art LI 7:7

Jul82 p76-104 *»* PET / Social Science /

Archaeology Edu-Ware's Statistics 3.0. Elliott, Brownlee.

sr 7:i0 0ct82 p400-404 *** Software Review

/ Apple II Historian and the microcomputer. Rowney, Don.

art 7:7 Jul82 pl66-176 *** History /

Social Science Operating systems, languages, statistics, pirates

and the lone wolf. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:1 Jan82 pl32-158 *** Operating Systems /

Languages / Software Piracy STOCK MARKET

Adapting microcomputers to Wall Street. Franz,

Robert, art 7:10 0ct82 p80-92 ***

Management / Investment / Business Stock market / Basic questions / Portable

terminals / Measuring devices. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 7:9 Sep82 p499-500 *** Ask BYTE /

Terminal / Apple II STRATEGY

Deadline: the butler did it...this time. Morgan,

Chris, sr 7:12 Dec82 pieO-ldl ***

Software Review / Games / Apple II Marketplace (TRS-80 Model III telecomputing

game). Dickinson, Robert, art LI 7:10

0ct82 pl46-174 *** Games /

Telecommunications / TRS-80 Model III Ouinti-maze (Apple II game). Tsuk, Robert, art

LI 7:9 Sep82 p24-30 *** Games / Puzzles /

Apple II Ringquest (Apple II adventure game). Mills,

Gordon, art LI 7:10 0ct82 pl76-206 ***

Games / Apple II / Contests Tawala's last redoubt (Apple II and TRS-80

adventure game). Lesser, Hartley, sr 7:6

Jun82 p235-236 *** Software Review / Games /

Apple II Three Dee Tee (TRS-80 Color Computer game).

Stuart, John, art LI 7:9 Sep82 p34-50 *** Games / Puzzles / TRS-80 Color

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING

Structured progamming in BASIC. Sobell, Mark, art LI 7:1 Jan82 p410-41S **» BASIC / Programming Instruction 7 Cromemco Structured strings in BASIC. Stockburger, David, col LI 7:5 May82 p30B-316 *** Programming Instruction / BASIC / Poly-88 SURVEY

Measuring attitudes with a PET. Heise, David, art Li 7:7 Jul82 p208-246 *** Social Science / Psychology / PET TI-99/4A

Logo for the Apple II, the TI-99/4A and the TRS-80 Color Computer. Williams, Gregg, sr L9 7:B Aug82 p230-290 *** Software Review / Logo 7 Apple II TRS-80 COLOR

Build a half-year clock for the Color Computer: fourth in a series. Barden, William, art L3 7:3 Mar82 pl00-122 *** Clock / Hardware Construction / wire Wrap Color Computer disk system. Stearman, Colin, hr 7:7 Jul82 p312-328 -** Hardware Review / Minidisk Drive / Operating Systems Computer-controlled irrigation / ZX81 home control / Current overloads. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:7 Jul82 p420 *** Ask BYTE / Agriculture / Control Cows and catalogs / TV jitter bugs / Downloading to CP/M / Speedometer. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:5 May82 p398-400 »** Ask BYTE / Agriculture / CP/M Dino Wars. Stewart, George, sr 7:3 Mar82

p74-76 *** Software Review / Arcade / Games Easy entry program for Radio Shack's Color Computer. Field, Tim. col LI 7:4 AprB2 p482-487 «** Utility Program / Machine Language General-purpose 1/0 board for the Color Computer. Barden, William, art LI 7:6 Jun82 P260-282 *** Hardware Construction / Interface / Input/Output Inexpensive transducers for the TRS-80, part II (real-world monitoring). Barden, William, art 7:11 Nov82 p416-444 *** Interface / TRS-80 Model I / A/D Converter Ports of entry and soft breezes for the Color computer and Model III. Barden, William, art L3 7:5 May82 pl62-198 *** TRS-80 Model III / Tape Cassette / Input/Output Three Dee Tee (TRS-80 Color Computer game). Stuart, John, art LI 7:9 Sep82 p34-50 *** Games / Puzzles / Strategy Voice synthesis for the Color Computer: third in a series. Barden, William, art L3 7:2 Feb82 p258-286 *** Voice Synthesis / Hardware Construction TRS-80 MODEL 16

Four new products from Radio Sh,ack (TRS-80 Model 16, hard disk, terminal). Morgan, Chris, art 7:3 Mar82 p40-43 *»* Hard Disk Drive / TRS-80 Pocket Computer / High Resolution Graphics TRS-80 MODEL I

Apple Sweet Talker / Low-cost monitor / TRS-80 vector graphics. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1 Jan82 p408-409 *** Ask BYTE / Apple II / Video Display Armored Patrol. Callamaras, Pete, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl62-166 *** Software Review / Arcade / Games Build a joystick A-to-D converter for the TRS-80 Model I or III. Barden, William, art LI 7:1

Jan82 pl60-184 *»* Joystick / Analog/Digital Circuit / TRS-80 Model III COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Archer, Rowland, sr L5 7:3 Mar82 p384-412 *** Software Review / COBOL / TRS-80 Model III Controlling heat surges / VIC-20 video display / Sweet Talker interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:4 Apr82 p430-431 *** VIC-20 / Voice Synthesis / CBM Disk drives / ADM-3 lowercase / VIC cassette / S-100 8, TRS-80 / ZX81. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10 0ct82 p452-454 *** Ask BYTE / Floppy Disk Drive / VIC-20 Disk operating system for FORTH: an in-depth look at how a DOS operates. Reece, Peter, art L7 7:4 Apr82 p322-358 *** Operating Systems / FORTH / Programming Design Double your TRS-80's graphics resolution.

Haddad, George, col LI 7:7 Jul82 p448-451 *** Graphics / Hardware Modification Genera I-purpose I/O board for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Barden, William, art LI 7:8 AugB2 P291-321 *** Input/Output / Hardware Construction / TRS-80 Model III Generating Mohr's circle (TRS-80 Model I). Fink, Robert, col LI 7:10 0ct82 p312-313 *** Physics / Mathematics High speed printers / Level I tape format / Computer lab essentials. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:3 Mar82 p442-443 *** Ask BYTE / Printer / Test Equipment Inexpensive transducers for the TRS-80, part II (real-world monitoring). Barden, William, art 7:11 Nov82 p416-444 **» Interface / TRS-80 Color / A/0 Converter LDOS - disk operating system for the TRS-80. Daneliuk, Tim. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p372-382 *** Software Review / Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model III MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 2: A file transfer and debugging package. Labenski, Robert, art L3 7:1 Jan82 plOO-110 *** Utility Program / MIKBUG / Terminal

TRS-80 MODEL I (CONTINUED)

MOD III: TRS-80 Model III features for your Model I. Rocke, Joe. art LI 7:4 Apr82 p380-396 *** Utility Program / Keyboard / Video Display Mail order / TRS-80 merge / 780 monitor /

Color-monitor bandwidths. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:1 Jan82 p404-406 *** Ask BYTE /

Retai1ing / Monitor

Microsoft's BASIC conpiler for the TRS-80.

Kelly, Mahlon. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p358-J70

*** Software Review / Compiler / BASIC

Microvec: the other type of video display.

Garrett, Billy, art LI 7:11 Nov82 p508-528

*** Video Display / Hardware Construction / High Resolution Graphics Multidos: a new TRS-80 disk operating system. Archer, Rowland, sr 7:12 Dec82 p392-397 *** Software Review / Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model III NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (TRS-80 Model I/I 11). Kelly, Mahlon. sr 7:6 Jun82 p376-400 *** Software Review / Operating Systems / TRS-80 Model III Omniterm: smart terminal program for the TRS-80. Liddil, Bob. sr 7:2 Feb82 p252-256 *** Software Review / Terminal / TRS-80 Model III Po(r)tpourri of ideas (TRS-80 tone generator, telephone dialer, RS-232). Barden, William. art L3 7:4 Apr82 pl58-182 *** TRS-80 Model III / Input/Output / Hardware Construction Programming PERT in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad, art LI 7:5 May82 p465-478 *** Planning / Management / Business Programming critical-path method in BASIC. Zimmerman/Conrad, art LI 7:7 Jul82 p378-390 *** Management / Business Putting real-world interfaces to work, part 1 (TRS-80 monitoring). Barden, William, art 7:10 0ct82 p96-123 *** Hardware Construction / Control / Interface Radio Shack Compiler BASIC. Archer, Rowland, sr LI 7:10 0ct82 p224-250 *** Software Review / Compiler / BASIC Simulating neighborhood segregation. Dethlef sen/Moody, art LI 7:7 Jul82 P178-206 *** Social Science / Simulation TRS-80 BASIC program hang-ups: the reasons and some solutions. Tesler, Glenn, art L3 7:5 May82 p318-330 **» Programming Instruction / BASIC / TRS-80 Model III TRS-80 EPROMs / TI-58C printer interface / ROM-based BASIC / Power backup. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:2 Feb32 p365-366 *** Ask BYTE / Printer / Calculator TRS-80 clock / Low-cost computers. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:9 Sep82 p500-501 *** Ask BYTE / Microcomputer System TRS-80 disk editor/assemblers. Daneliuk, T.A. sr 7:9 Sep82 p537-539 *** Software Review / Assembler / TRS-80 Model III The Eliminator: mayhem in space, TRS-80 style. Pike, Silas, sr 7:6 Jun82 pl70-174 *** Software Review / Arcade / Games Thirty more days to faster input. Roberts, Edward, col LI 7:1 Jan82 pl86 *** Keyboard / Computer Assisted Instruction / Education Using the Model I/III RS-232C port. Barden, William, art Li 7:7 Jul82 p360-376 *** RS-232 / TRS-80 Model III / Serial Input/Output TRS-80 MODEL II

Jetset (TRS-80 Model II flying simulation). Szymanski, Eugene, art LI 7:11 Nov82 P272-322 *** Games / Simulation / Flying Pickles & Trout CP/M for the TRS-80 Model II. Smith, Hal. sr 7:9 Sep82 pb31-536 *** Software Review / CP/M / Operating Systems TRS-80 MODEL III

Build a joystick A-to-D converter for the TRS-80 Model I or III. Barden, William, art LI 7-1

Jan82 pl60-184 *»* Joystick / Analog/Digital Circuit / S-80 Model III COBOL for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Archer, Rowland, sr L5 7:3 Mar82 p384-412 *** Software Review / COBOL / S-80 Model III General-purpose I/O board for the TRS-80 Models I and III. Barden, William, art Li 7:8 Aug82 P291-321 *** Input/Output / Hardware Construction / S-80 Model III LDOS - disk operating system for the TRS-80. Daneliuk, Tim. sr LI 7:3 Mar82 p372-382 *** Software Review / Operating Systems / S-80 Model III Marketplace (TRS-80 Model III telecomputing game). Dickinson, Robert, art LI 7:10 0ct82 pl46-174 *** Games / Telecommunications / Strategy Model III A td D revisited. Barden, William, art Li 7:9 Sep82 p39B-418 **» Analog/Digital Circuit / Hardware Construction / A/D Converter Multidos: a new TRS-80 disk operating system. Archer, Rowland, sr 7:12 0ec82 p392-397 *** Software Review / Operating Systems / S-80 Model III NEWDOS/80 Version 2.0 (TRS-80 Model I/III). Kelly, Mahlon. sr 7:6 Jun82 p376-400 »«« Software Review / Operating Systems / S-80 Model III Omniterm: smart terminal program for the TRS-80. Liddil, Bob. sr 7:2 Feb82 p252-256 *** Software Review / Terminal / S-80 Model III Penetrator. Wszola, Stan, sr 7:12 Dec82

pl62-164 *** Software Review / Games / Arcade Po(r)tpourri of ideas (TRS-80 tone generator, telephone dialer, RS-232). Barden, William, art L3 7:4 Apr82 pl58-182 «** S-80 Model III / Input/Output / Hardware Construction

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 529

TRS-80 MODEL HI (CONTINUED)

Ports of entry and soft breezes for trie Color

computer and Model III. Barden, William, art

U 7:5 MayB2 plt>2-iy8 *** TRS-80 Color /

Tape Cassette / /nput/Output Program generators (The Last One and

Quic-N-Easi). Stewart, George, sr Ll 7:3

AugB2 p38-56 *** Software Review / Program

Generator / CP/M TR5-80 BASIL program hang-ups: the reasons and

some solutions. Tesler, Glenn, art L3 7:5

May82 p3l8-330 *** Programming Instruction /

BASIC / S-80 Model HI TRS-80 disk editor/assemblers. Uaneliuk, T.A.

sr 7:9 Septt2 pt>37-539 *** Software Review

/ Assembler / S-80 Model III Using the Model I/III RS-232C port. Barden,

William, art Ll 7:7 Ju 18^ p360-376 ***

RS-232 / S-80 Model III / Serial Input/Output TRS-80 POCKET COMPUTER

Base conversion on the TRS-80 Pocket Computer.

Dolan, David, col Ll 7:4 Apr82 p436-438

*** Conversions / Binary / Hexadecimal Four new products from Radio Shack (TRS-8U Model

lb, hard disk, terminal). Morgan, Chris, art

7:3 Mard* p40-43 *** Hard Disk Drive / High

Resolution Graphics / TRS-80 Model lb TAPE CASSETTE

Add a cassette interface to your VIC-20. Hale,

William, col 7:3 Mar82 p272-274 ***

Hardware Construction / Interface / VIC-20 Ports of entry and soft breezes for the Color

computer and Model III. Barden, William, art

L3 7:5 May82 pl62-198 *** TRS-80 Color /

TRS-80 Model III / Input/Output TAXES

FIT - a federal income tax program in UCSO

Pascal. Heyman, Edward, art L6 7:2 Feb82

pl4B-19U»- *** Federal Government / Pascal Tax tips for computer owners. Feuerman/Moller.

art 7:2 Feb82 p212-2l4 *** Business /

Federal Government Two tax aids (Individual Tax Plan and Tax

Preparer). Kvam, Mary Jo. sr 7:2 Feb82

p204-212 *** Software Review / Apple II /

Federal Government Using the LOOKUP function in VisiCalc. Ramsdell,

Robert, col 7:8 Aug82 p443-445 ***

VisiCalc / Programming Instruction TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Abilityphone (message system for handicapped

people). Rush, William, hr 7:9 Sep82

p240-246 *** Hardware Review / Hand.icapped /

Telephone Apple talks with the deaf. Rhodes, Ned. art L3 7:1 Jan82 p366-386 *** Handicapped /

Interface / Apple II Marketplace (TRS-80 Model III telecomputing

game). Dickinson, Robert, art Ll 7:10

0ct82 pl46-174 *** Games / Strategy / TRS-80

Model III TAFT: terminal Apple with file transfer.

Gabriele, Tom. art Ll 7:6 Jun82 p4l0-432

*** Terminal / Apple II / Data Transmission TELEPHONE

Abilityphone (message system for handicapped

people). Rush, William, hr 7:9 Sep82

p240-246 *** Hardware Review / Handicapped /

Tel ecoirmuni cat ions TERMINAL

Briefcase computer market heats up. Morgan,

Chris, col 7:7 Jul82 p6-10 **» Portable

Computer / Microcomputer System It all depends on your viewpoint (ADDS Viewpoint

video terminal). Moore, Allen, hr 7:7 Jul82 p403-4U *** Hardware Review MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 2: A file transfer

and debugging package. Labenski, Robert, art

L3 7:1 Jan82 plOO-110 *** Utility Program

/ TRS-80 Model I / MIKBUG Omniterm: smart terminal program for the TRS-80.

Liddil, Bob. sr 7:2 Feb82 p252-256 ***

Software Review / TRS-80 Model I / TRS-80 Model

III Personal computer as an interface to a

corporate...information system. McBurney,

N.R. art L6 7:10 0ct82 p315-358 ***

Apple II / Pascal / Management RCA VP-3301 data terminal. Daneliuk, Tim. hr

7:1 Jan82 pl23-i28 *** Hardware Review Revolution in your pocket (1X0 Telecomputing

System). Morgan, Chris, col 7:4 Apr82

p6-13 *** Stock market / Basic questions / Portable

terminals / Measuring devices. Ciarcia, Steve. col 7:9 Sep82 p499-500 *** Ask BYTE /

Stock Market / Apple II TAFT: terminal Apple with file transfer.

Gabriele, Tom. art Ll 7:b Jun82 p41Q-432

*** Apple II / Data Transmission /

Telecommunications Talking terminals (text-to-speech translation).

Stoffel, David, art 7:9 Sep82 p2lB-227 *** Voice Synthesis / Handicapped / Vendor Guide Tele-VIC: Commodore breaks the ilOO price barrier

for modems. Lebow, Max. hr Ll 7:3 Mar82

p240-246 *** Hardware Review / VIC-20 / Modem Terminal madness, The Word, Grammatik, and then

some. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7;b Jun82

p286-300 *** Keyboard / Spelling / Pascal Terminals, keyboards, and...software piracy.

Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:11 Nov82 p394-415

*** Keyboard / Software Piracy / Book Review Wyse Technology's WY-100 terminal. Haas, Mark.

hr 7;i0 0ct82 p392-396 *** Hardware Review TEST

Floppy-disk performance. Yalirakis, N.. col

7:1 Jan82 pi 14-116 *** Floppy Disk Drive /

Design

TEST (CONTINUED)

Test your memory using the Barber-Pole algorithm. Pinnick, H.R. art L3 7:l2 Dec82 p4i4-444 *** Memory / 8080 / 8085 TEST EQUIPMENT

Applescope stores dual traces. MacNicol,

Gregory, hr 7:6 Jun82 p3b4-372 ***

Hardware Review / Apple II High speed printers / Level I tape format /

Computer lab essentials. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442-443 *** Ask BYTE / Printer /

TRS-80 Model I Turn your Apple II into a storage oscilloscope.

Korba, Larry, art L3 7:9 Sep82 p520-530

*** Hardware Construction / Apple II TEXT EDITOR

Designing a text editor? The user comes first.

Jong, Steven, art 7:4 Apr82 p284-300 ***

Programming Design / Word Processing / Consumer

Information Managing words: what capabilities should you have

with a text editor?. Finseth, Craig, art 7:4 Apr82 p302-310 *** Word Processing /

Programming Design / Program your own text editor, part 1: avoid

complex commands Fobes, Richard, art 7:9

Sep82 p476-489 *** Programming Design Program your own text editor, part 2

(video-display-oriented text editor). Fobes,

Richard, art L3 7:10 0ct82 p406-446 ***

Programming Design Text editing with Compuview's VEDIT. Thompson,

H.B. sr 7:3 MarB2 p262-270 *** Software

Review / CP/M THREE-DIMENSIONAL GRAPHICS

Interactive 3-D graphics for the Apple II.

Pickholtz, Andrew, art Ll 7:11 Nov82

p474-505 *** Apple II / Pascal TINY BASIC

Introduction to NSC Tiny BASIC: the language of

the INS8073. Handy, Jim. art Ll 7:4 Apr82

p472-481 *** TRAINING

Interactive training in cardiopulmonary

resuscitation. Hon, Oavid. art L9 7:6

Jun82 pl08-138 +** Medicine / Videodisc /

Simulation TRANSLATORS

Upward migration, part 1: translators (CP/M-86

translators). Taylor/Lemmons. art L3 7:6

Jun82 p321-344 *** CP/M / CP/M-86 / 8086 TROUBLESHOOTING

Digital troubleshooting with signature analysis

(HP-5004A). Piubeni, Steven, art 7:9 Sep82

p466-474 *** Signature Analysis Troubleshooting with electronic signatures.

Piggott, Kenneth, art 7:1 Jan82 pl90-204

*** Maintenance / Signature Analysis TURTLE GRAPHICS

Problem solving with Logo: using turtle graphics

to redraw a design. Weinreb, William, art L9 7:11 Nov82 piie-134 *** Logo / Apple II /

Problem-Solving TYPEWRITER

Letter-quality selectrics / Bank selecting memory

/ 50 Hz power. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:10

0ct82 p452 *** Ask BYTE / Memory / Power

Supply Mediamix's ETI. Welborn, Robert, hr 7:7 Jul82 p284-288 **+ Hardware Review / Printer /

Interface UNIX

Microshell and Unica: Unix-style enhancements for

CP/M. Kern, Christopher, sr 7:12 Dec82

p206-220 *** Software Review / Utility

Program / CP/M USER INTERFACE

Atari tutorial, part 10: human engineering,

Crawford, Chris, art 7:6 Jun82 p302-318

*** Atari Designing the Star user interface. Smith/et al.

art 7:4 Apr82 p242-282 *** Xerox Star /

Business How to use color displays effectively.

Durrett/Trezona. art 7:4 Apr82 p50-53 ***

Color Display / Color Graphics / Video Display Human-factors case study based on the IBM

Personal Computer. Cooper/et al. art 7:4

Apr82 p56-72 *** IBM Personal Computer /

Keyboard / Video Display Human-factors style guide for program design.

Simpson, Henry, art 7:4 Apr82 pl08-132 *** Programming Design Introduction to the human applications standard

computer interface, pt 1 . Rutkowski, Chris.

art 7:10 Oct82 p291-310 *** Standards /

Design Introduction to the human applications standard

computer interface, pt 2 . Rutkowski, Chris.

art 7:11 Nov82 p379-390 *** Standards UTILITY PROGRAM

BASIC formatted printing (TI BASIC). Subbaiah,

Ma 11 ad i. col Ll 7:3 Mar82 pl62-164 ***

BASIC BASIC plotting subroutine: sophisticated plotting

with your MX-80. Bregoli, Lawrence, art Ll

7:3 Mar82 pl42-156 *** Plotting / Printer /

BASIC CHEDIT: a graphics-character editor {Apple

Pascal). Sweet, Jerry, art Lb 7:5 May82

p426-444 *** Apple II / Pascal / Graphics

Character editor for the Atari. Kilby, Tim. art

Ll 7:12 Dec82 pl67-i79 *** Graphics /

Atari / Programming Instruction Double-width Silentype graphics for your Apple.

Putney, Charles, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p413-423 *** High Resolution Graphics / Apple II /

Printer

UTILITY PROGRAM (CONTINUED)

Easy entry program for Radio Shack's Color

Computer. Field, Tim. col Ll 7:4 Apr82

p482-487 *** TRS-80 Color / Machine Language Epson MX-80 print-control program for the Apple

II. Starbuck, Bill, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p!66-170 *** Printer / Apple II Executive briefing system: a color graphics

development for the Apple II . Callamaras,

Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82 pl64-170 ***

Software Review / High Resolution Graphics / Apple Fill forms system: CP/M programs to cut down on

paperwork. Roch, Bill, art Ll 7:3 Mar82

P218-238 *** Business / Printer / CP/M Finding words that sound alike: the Soundex

algorithm. Jacobs, Jacob, col Ll 7:3 Mar82 p473-474 *** BASIC / Apple II Flexibility of VisiPlot (Apple II). Ramsdell,

Robert, sr 7:2 Feb82 p32-36 *** Software

Review / Plotting / Apple II GEOSAT program (calculates the position of

communications satellites). Emmett, Steve.

art Ll 7:1 Jan82 p420-432 ***

Broadcasting / Data Transmission / Apple II GRPRINT: an Apple utility program for dot-matrix

printers. Arnott, Douglas, art L3 7:12

Dec82 p398-403 *** Printer / High Resolution

Graphics / Apple II Graphics Magician: easy animation for the Apple

II. Callamaras, Peter, sr 7:11 Nov82

pl38-144 *** Software Review / Animation /

Apple II Listing the disk directory in CP/M-based Pascal.

Hunt, Daniel, col L6 7:6 Jun82 p497-501

*** Pascal / CP/M Lowercase descenders for the Epson MX-70 (Apple

II). Piggott, Bruce, art L3 7:3 Mar82

p248-254 *** Lowercase Modification / Apple

II / Printer MIKBUG and the TRS-80, part 2: A file transfer

and debugging package. Labenski, Robert, art

L3 7:1 Jan82 plOO-110 *** TRS-80 Model I /

MIKBUG / Terminal MOD III: TRS-80 Model III features for your Model

I. Rocke, Joe. art Ll 7:4 Apr82 p380-396

*** TRS-80 Model I / Keyboard / Video Display Microshel'l and Unica: Unix-style enhancements for

CP/M. Kern, Christopher, sr 7:12 Dec82

P206-22O *** Software Review / UNIX / CP/M Semidisk, Software Tools, the BDOS blues, Power,

and LISPs. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:8 AugB2

P342-363 *** CP/M / LISP / Book Review Shape-drawing program for Diablo printers (Apple

II). Brock, Thomas, col Ll 7:3 Mar82

p310-314 *** Printer / Apple II Software Arts' TK Solver. Williams, Gregg, sr

7:10 0ct82 p360-376 *** Software Review /

Mathematics Text-handling routines in extended BASIC

Greenhalgh, Roger, col Ll 7:6 Jun82

p460-467 *** BASIC Underline filter for matrix printers. Reed,

Adam, col L8 7:3 Mar82 p300-306 ***

Printer / C Programming Language Word-counting utility for writers. Roberts,

Steven, col L3 7:6 Jun82 p237-240 ***

Writing / Cromemco VIC-20

Action games for the VIC-20. Kavanagh, Russell.

sr 7:12 Dec82 pl50-156 *** Software Review

/ Games / Arcade Add a cassette interface to your VIC-20. Hale,

Wi11iam. col 7:3 Mar82 p272-274 ***

Hardware Construction / Tape Cassette /

Interface Controlling heat surges / VIC-20 video display /

Sweet Talker interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:4 Apr82 p430-431 *** TRS-80 Model I /

Voice Synthesis / CBM Disk drives / ADM-3 lowercase / VIC cassette /

S-100 & TRS-80 / ZX81. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:10 0ct82 p452-454 *** Ask BYTE / Floppy

Disk Drive / TRS-80 Model I Tele-VIC: Commodore breaks the $100 price barrier

for modems. Lebow, Max. hr Ll 7:3 Mar82

p240-246 *** Hardware Review / Modem /

Terminal VIP

Tuning up the 1802: a simple music composition

trainer. Makosinski, Art. col L2 7:7 Jul82 p442-447 *** Music / 1802 VIP expansion / TTL data books. Ciarcia, Steve.

col 7:3 Mar82 p446-447 *** Integrated

Circuits VENDOR GUIDE

Computers and the special education classroom.

Sicoli, Thomas, col 7:9 Sep82 p270-274 *** Special Education / Software Publishing Microcomputer graphics primer. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:11 Nov82 p448-470 *** Graphics /

Video Display / Computer Instruction State of industrial robotics. Callahan, J.

Michael. art 7:10 0ct82 pl28-142 ***

Robots / Manufacturing Talking terminals (text-to-speech translation).

Stoffel, David, art 7:9 Sep82 p218-227 *** Terminal / Voice Synthesis / Handicapped VICTOR 9000

Chuck Peddle: an interview with the chief

designer of the Victor 9000. Lemmons, Phil.

art 7:11 Nov82 p2S6-271 *** Interview /

People / Design Victor victorious: the Victor 9000 computer.

Lemmons, Phil, hr 7:11 Nov82 p216-254 ***

Hardware Review / Microcomputer System VIDEO DISPLAY

Apple II 80-column video boards: five popular

units. Howland, John, hr 7:5 May82

p252-266 *+* Hardware Review / Apple II

530 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

VIDEO DISPLAY (CONTINUED)

Apple Sweet Talker / Low-cost monitor / TRS-8U

vector graphics. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:1

Jan82 p408-409 *** Ask BYTE / Apple II /

TRS-80 Model I Composite PET video / Z8-based voice-recognition

system. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:8 Aug82 p420 *** Ask BYTE / PET / Speech Recognition How to use color displays effectively.

Durrett/Trezona. art 7:4 Apr82 p50-b3 ***

Color Display / Color Graphics / User Interface Human-factors case study based on the IBM

Persona] Computer. Cooper/et al. art 7:4

Apr82 p56-72 *** User Interface / IBM

Personal Computer / Keyboard MOD III: TRS-80 Model III features for your Model

I. Rocke, Joe. art Ll 7:4 Apr82 p380-3y6

*** TRS-80 Model I / Utility Program /

Keyboard Microcomputer graphics primer. Williams, Gregg.

art 7:11 Nov82 p448-470 *** Graphics /

Computer Instruction / Vendor Guide Microvec: the other type of video display,

Garrett, Billy, art Ll 7:11 Nov82 p508-528 *** Hardware Construction / High Resolution

Graphics / TRS-80 Model I More Apple 80-column boards. Williams, Gregg.

hr 7:5 May32 p266-27i *** Hardware Review

/ Apple II Soroc IQ-120 slave monitor / OS! shift-lock

problem / Audible alarms. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6 Jun82 p434-435 *** Ask BYTE / OSI /

KeyDoard VIDEO GAME SYSTEM

Vectrex Arcade System. Clark, Pamela, hr 7:12

Dec82 p92-93 *** Hardware Review / Games /

Arcade VIDEODISC

Build an interactive-videodisc controller

(Pioneer VP-1000). Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:6

Jun82 p60-74 *** Interface / Control /

Hardware Construction Interactive training in cardiopulmonary

resuscitation. Hon, David, art L9 7:6

Jun82 plOS-138 *** Medicine / Training /

Simulation Interpretive language used to program the CPR

system. Laumer, Mike, art Li* 7:6 Jun82

pl26-130 *** Languages / Apple II Videodisc interfacing primer. Daynes, Rod. art

7:6 Jun82 p48-5y *** Definitions / Interface Videodiscs and optical data storage.

Moberg/Laefsky. art 7:6 Jun82 pl42-160 *** Information Storage / Research / Office

Automation Videodiscs in education: integrating the computer

and.... Bejar, Isaac, art Lb 7:6 Jun82

p78-104 *** Education / Computer Assisted

Instruction VIDEOTEX

Some answers to frequently asked questions.

Morgan, Chris, col 7:10 0ctS2 p6-14 ***

Consumer Information VISICALC

Using the LOOKUP function in VisiCalc. Ramsdell,

Robert, col 7:8 Aug82 p443-445 ***

Programming Instruction / Taxes VOICE SYNTHESIS

Analyze audio by visualizing. Phillips, Thomas.

col L3 7:1 Jan82 p206-214 *** Digital

Audio / / Build a computerized weather station. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 7:2 Feb82 p33-68 ***

Weather / Hardware Construction / Kit Building Build the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer,

part 1: hardware. Ciarcia, Steve, col 7:9

Sep82 p64-88 *** Hardware Construction Build the Microvox text-to-speech synthesizer,

part 2: software. Ciarcia, Steve, col L9

7: 10 0ct82 p40-64 *** Hardware Construction

/ Programming Instruction Controlling heat surges / VIC-20 video display /

Sweet Talker interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:4 Apr82 p430-431 *** TRS-80 Model I /

VIC-20 / CBM Give your Apple a voice (Radio Shack Speech

Synthesizer). Blankenship, John, art Ll 7:5 May82 p446-456 *** Interface / Hardware

Construction / Apple II Let there be talking people too. Dahmke, Mark.

col 7:9 Sep82 pb-8 *** Handicapped Minspeak (semantic compaction system for disabled

individuals). Baker, Bruce, art 7:9 Sep82

pl86-202 *** Handicapped Speech synthesizer application / Problems with

EPROM / Modem interface. Ciarcia, Steve, col

7:3 Mar82 p442 *** Ask BYTE / EPROM / Modem Talking terminals (text-to-speech translation).

Stoffel, David, art 7:9 Sep82 p218-227 *** Terminal / Handicapped / Vendor Guide Voice synthesis for tne Color Computer: third in

a series. Barden, William, art L3 7:2

Feb82 p258-236 *** TRS-80 Color / Hardware

Construction WEATHER

Build a computerized weather station. Ciarcia,

Steve, col L3 7:2 FebB2 p38-6d ***

Hardware Construction / Kit Building / Voice

Synthesis WIRE WRAP

Build a half-year clock for the Color Computer:

fourth in a series. Barden, William, art L3 7:3 Mar82 plOG-122 *** Clock / Hardware

Construction / TRS-80 Color WORD PROCESSING

Ada, MINCE, CP/M utilities, overpriced

documentation and Analiza II. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:7 Jul82 p290-310 *** Ada / Documentation / CP/M

WORD PROCESSING (CONTINUED)

Designing a text editor? The user comes first.

Jong, Steven, art 7:4 Apr82 p284-300 ***

Text Editor / Programming Design / Consumer

Information Effective text-compression algorithm. Cortesi,

David, art L9 7:1 Jan82 p397-403 ***

Programming Design / Information Storage / Data

Structures Letters, Pascal, CB/BO, and Cardfile. Pournelle,

Jerry, col 7:9 Sep82 p318-341 *** Pascal

/ Compiler Managing words: what capabilities should you have

with a text editor?. Finseth, Craig, art 7:4 Apr82 p302-310 *** Text Editor /

Programming Design / Osborne 1, Zeke's new friends, and spelling

revisited. Pournelle, Jerry, col 7:4 Apr82

P212-238 *** Osborne 1 / Spelling /

Mathematics Software tools for writers. Holder, Wayne, art

L3 7:7 Jul82 pl38-163 *** Writing /

Spelling / Programming Design Two word processors for North Star. Coudal,

Edgar, sr 7:4 Apr82 p312-320 *** Software

Review / North Star WRITING

Computers, fiction and poetry (stories and poems

written by computers). McKean, Kevin, art

7:7 Jul82 p50-53 *** Fiction / Poetry

Software tools for writers. Holder, Wayne, art

L3 7:7 Jul82 pl38-163 *** Spelling / Word

Processing / Programming Design Word-counting utility for writers. Roberts,

Steven, col L3 7:6 Jun82 p237-240 ***

Utility Program / Cromemco XEROX STAR

Designing the Star user interface. Smith/et al.

art 7:4 Apr82 p242-282 *** User Interface

/ Business Z-80

SD Systems' Z80 Starter Kit. Angevine, Wayne.

hr 7:1 Jan82 p332-342 *** Hardware Review

/ Microcomputer System / Kit Building SOFTIM: a software timer. Terpstra, Dan. col

L3 7:1 Jan82 p436-439 *** Programming

Instruction / Clock Z80 starting address: one jump further. Lemmen,

Steven, col 7:1 Jan82 p433-435 ***

Hardware Modification Z8

Everyone can know the real time (real-time

clocks). Ciarcia, Steve, col Ll 7:5 May82

p34-58 *** Clock / Hardware Construction ZENITH Z89

Heath/Zenith Model 47 dual floppy-disk system.

Kern, Christopher, hr 7:8 Aug82 p398-406

*** Hardware Review / Floppy Disk Drive /

Heath H89

Collector ^Edition

FE

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautih.il Collector Edition Prints. Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in.. Including a I 1/2 in. border, and is part of an edition strictly limited to 500 prints Each print is faithfully reproduced from the original painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected, signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticity accompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and are shipped first class. The price of each print is $25. plus S3 per shipment for postage and handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12, Set 13-16. and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, u<e the convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

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December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 531

What's New?

Games

Game Animation Package

The Game Animation Package from Synergistic Software lets Applesoft programmers design fullcolor, high-resolution graphics. For arcade-type games, the package provides bit-mapped graphics, and its vector-graphics capabilities make fullscreen pictures available for use in logos, maps, and gameboards for adventure games. Other features include two-dimensional im

ages with lines, circles, and ellipses.

The Game Animation Package runs on 48K-byte Apple lis with DOS 3.3 and Applesoft BASIC. It costs S49.95. Complete details are available from Synergistic Software, Suite 201, 830 North Riverside Dr., Renton, WA 98055, (800) 426-6505; in Washington, (206) 226-3216. Circle 600 on inquiry card.

Stick Stand Has EasyGrip Control Knob

K-Byte's Stick Stand joystick has a ball-shaped easy-grip control knob. The Stick Stand is designed to reduce hand and wrist fatigue, and it frees one hand for operating a fire button. Assembly is simple: you snap the control knob

onto the joystick and then place the joystick into the Stick Stand.

The Stick Stand fits the Atari VCS and Sears Video Arcade and Atari 400/800 joysticks. It costs S6.99 and is available from K-Byte, 1705 Austin, POB 456, Troy, Ml 48099, (313) 524-9878. Circle 601 on inquiry card.

Stock-Market Simulation

Fifteen different stocks

are yours to manipulate with Blue Chip Software's stock-market simulation game. Millionaire. You can buy and sell stocks, put options, buy on margin, and borrow against your net worth. Players can summon corporate histories and week-by-week industry trends and graphs.

Millionaire runs on the Apple II Plus and Apple III computers. It costs S 79.95. Versions are available for the IBM Personal Computer, Osborne 1, and CP/M-based systems for S99.95. Contact Blue Chip Software, Suite 215, 18653 Ventura Blvd., Tarzana, CA 91356, (213) 881-8288. Circle 602 on inquiry card.

Invaders Runs on Osborne

Invaders is a full-color, high-resolution arcadetype game from The Software Toolworks. In Invaders, waves of attacking aliens attempt to land, and you, sheltered behind ever-shrinking barricades, must beat them back with your space cannon. Game parameters can be modified to increase the challenge, and you can redesign the graphics display.

Designed for the Osborne 1, Invaders costs S 19.95. It's available at Computerland stores, Osborne dealers, or factorydirect from The Software Toolworks, 14478 Gloriet

ta Dr., Sherman Oaks, CA 91423, (213) 986-4885. When ordering from the manufacturer, enclose $2 for postage and handling. Circle 603 on inquiry card.

Professional Blackjack Strategies

Intelligent Statements has released Ken Uston's Professional Blackjack— The Ultimate Game, The Winningest System. This program teaches computer-developed Blackjack strategies and simulates the playing environments of 50 different casinos.

Ken Uston's Professional Blackjack requires 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a disk drive, and a color or monochrome display. It costs S89.95, plus S2 shipping and handling. Versions for the Apple II, Atari, IBM Personal Computer, TRS-80, and CP/M-based systems are available. Contact Intelligent Statements Inc., POB 600, Holmes, PA 19043, (800) 345-8112; in Pennsylvania, (800) 662-2444. Circle 604 on inquiry card.

Foreign Products

Report Generator

The Mistress Report Writer from Rhodnius Inc. is a report generator designed to be used in conjunction with the Mistress database-management

532 December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc

What's New?

system. This system allows formatting and pagination of complex reports with values from Mistress databases and Unix commands. Retrieved values can be printed in a variety of formats, and arithmetic operations can be performed on them. Other features include grouping of data at any number of levels and such functions as sorting and subtotaling at any level. The suggested retail price is S2000. Complete details are available from Rhodnius Inc., POB 1, Station D, Scarborough, Ontario, MIR 4Y7, Canada, (416) 922-1743. Circle 605 on inquiry card.

tants, Veungsdalsveien 1, 3600 Kongsberg, Norway; tel: (03) 73 49 60. Circle 606 on inquiry card.

A/168000 Disassembler

Norsoft Consultants is marketing an M68000 disassembler program that can interpret all 68000 instructions and produce readable source files. The disassembler's input file is a Motorola S-format ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) file, and the output file contains standard Motorola 68000 instruction mnemonics and addressing syntax. The disassembler can produce a crossreference list to all absolute addresses found in the input file.

Written in Pascal, this disassembler will run on a variety of 68000-based systems under different operating systems. The price is S200. Full details are available from Norsoft Consul

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Display-Mode Expansion for VIC

Computer World's video cartridge for the Commodore VIC-20 gives you selectable 25-line by 40- or 80-character display formats, which let you use programs written for the 2000, 3000, 4000, and 8000 CBM computers. Standard features include true uppercase and lowercase descenders, full cursor control, and VIC and PET/CBM graphics capabilities. The cartridge expands the VIC's RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) to 32K bytes. It does not require an external power supply.

The cartridge requires an Arfon or Commodore expansion box equipped with 3K-, 8K-, or 16K-byte RAM cartridges. It costs $249. Contact Computer World, Hilvertsweg 99, 1214 JB Hilversum, Holland; tel: 035-1 2633; Telex: 43776 INCO NL. Circle 607 on inquiry card.

Robot Programming Language

Biomatik will soon introduce a programming language for microcomputercontrolled robots and manipulators called PASRO (PAScal for RObots). PASRO features elements that control robots and claws, elements for addressing process periphery and sensors, predefined special data types for robotcontrol programming, and arithmetic operators for flexible manipulation of new data types.

PASRO requires an ISO (International Standards Organization) Pascal compiler and will run on machines such as the Osborne 1. The price is 1.800 DM (approximately $750). Contact Biomatik Gmbh, Carl-Mez-Str. 81-83, D-7800 Freiburg i. Br., West Germany; tel: 076143045; Telex: 7721508 bios. Circle 608 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

PET/CBM Serial Printer Adapter

The ADA 1450 printer adapter from Connecticut Microcomputer allows Commodore PET and CBM computers to use standard serial printers. The adapter features switch-selectable uppercase and lowercase, uppercase and lowercase reverse, and uppercase only. It works with Commodore disks and with Wordpro, BASIC, and other software.

The ADA 1450 comes completely assembled and tested with a case, cable, and power supply for $149. Phone or write to Connecticut Microcomputer, 36 Del Mar Dr., Brookfield, CT 06804, (203) 775-4595. Circle 609 on inquiry card.

Removable-Cartridge

Winchester-Disk

Drive

The SQ306 is a 39/l0-mch (100 mm) removable-cartridge Winchester disk drive from Syquest Technology. Fully compatible with Seagate Technology's 5 'A -inch fixed-disk Winchester drive (the model ST506/406), the SQ306 can store 6.38 megabytes of data and use controller interfaces designed for the ST506, such as the DTC 510A, Xebec SAM 10, and Western Digital's WD 1000. The drive is said to be fully operational within 1 5 seconds of cartridge insertion.

The SQ306 uses disk packs marketed under the name of Q-Pak. They feature thin metallic-alloy platters that are impervious to dust, smoke, and humidity. The cartridges cost $35 each. The SQ306 has a suggested retail price of approximately $800. Contact Syquest Technology, 44160 Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, (415) 490-751 I. Circle 610 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 533

What's New?

10-Megabyte

Winchester Back-up

System

The Companion series of digital tape-cassette backup units for 5'A-inch Winchester disk-drive systems are marketed by MFE Corporation. According to the manufacturer, this backup system is capable of storing up to 10 megabytes of data on a single tape cassette in 4 minutes. Companion's cassette tapes, known as BackPaks, resemble ANSI (American National Standards Institute) and ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) standard 0.150-inch high-density digital cassettes.

The series comes in two versions: the Model 505, which holds 5 megabytes of data, and the Model 510 for twice that amount. The evaluation price of the Companion 505 is S995. The Model 510 is SI 175. Full details are available from MFE

Corp. Keewaydin Dr.,

Salem, NH 03079, (603)

893-1921.

Circle 611 on inquiry card.

Visual 50 Terminal

The Visual 50 can emulate Hazeltine Esprit, ADDS Viewpoint, Lear Siegler ADM-3A, and DEC VT-52 terminals. Produced by Visual Technology, the Visual 50 features menudriven set-up modes in nonvolatile memory that permit easy selection of terminal parameters. A detached keyboard, smooth scroll, 7 by 9 dot-matrix characters, an 80-character by 24-line display, and a nonglare screen are standard. Other features include tilt and swivel abilities, n-key rollover, status line, a line-drawing character set, and line insertion and deletion.

The Visual 50 costs $695 and can be purchased through Visual Technology dealers. Service is available in major cities through Sorbus Service, a division of Management Associates Inc. Full specifications can be obtained from Visual Technology Inc., 540 Main St., Tewksbury, MA 01876, (617) 851-5000. Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Two Terminals from Hazeltine

Hazeltine Corporation has added two more members to its line of computer terminals: the Executive 10 and the Esprit II. The Executive 10 has eight programmable-function keys, a programmable twenty-fifth status line, a full set of editing features, a 7 by 10 dot-matrix display, a split-screen display, and a business graphicscharacter set. Standard features include a detached keyboard and a tiltand-swivel, nonglare green display. The Executive 10 costs SI 195.

A nonglare display, green characters, and the ability to project the complete 128-character ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) set are among the Esprit ll's standard features. Its editing capabilities include character insert and delete, line insert and delete, and local print. The detachable Esprit II keyboard has two-key rollover and a 14-key numeric

pad. Compatible with the Hazeltine 1500, the Esprit also emulates Applied Digital Data Systems' Regent 25 or Lear Siegler's ADM-3. The suggested price is $645. For purchasing information, contact Hazeltine Corp., Computer Terminal Equipment, Greenlawn, NY 11740, (800) 645-5300: in New York, (516) 549-4532. Circle 613 on inquiry card.

Solid-State

Disk Emulators

for the Apple

Synetix Micro Products Inc. has announced the availability of single-board SSDs (solid-state disk emulators) for the Apple II or Apple II Plus. Software compatible with Apple DOS 3.3. Apple Pascal, and the CP/M operating system, the SSD cards plug directly into any Apple I/O slot except 0 and do not require external power. Up to seven SSD cards can be installed in the Apple.

The cards are offered in a 147K-byte single-disk version and in a 294K-byte dual-disk version. The suggested prices are $450 and $850, respectively. Dealer prices are available. A kitthat upgrades the I47Kbyte SSD to 25 6K bytes costs $350. Contact Synetix Micro Products Inc., 15120 Northeast 95th St., Redmond, WA 98052, (800) 426-7412: in Washington, (206) 881-8440. Circle 614 on inquiry card.

534 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

SOFTWARE

N B fl:FOU>ER-SAHPLEl:]lDMSl, MCKNT-TkOPIFHIII, COHIBTf-HOltt >A8

! \ ft ABAC A» AT AM

ITropiFruit ftnnual Sales (HilTions)

2Product '8i '82 '83 '84 '85

3 1

4Pineapples 515 $18 $20 $23 $26! '

5Lines 5 IB 12 28 38. 8

6Bananas 25 22 28 16 1ft 2

7Sugar- Cane 48 41 42 43 44

$85 $91 $94 S1B2 $11

r—1 19,7'/.

Pineapples CuKsie.9)!

■45/. Sugar Cane

TropiFruit Sales

L3B

*: ■ ■ 111

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'81 '82 '83 "84 '85

Pineap Tllo: All Sales Personnel

„,„, .Fro*: U-P Sales

lilies .Subject: Stagnant Sugar Cane Sales

.Please note the relative .stagnation of Sugar Cant sales in .our sales forecasts. I wnt tack .of you to report to He bg next ■Hondag ang i<

Five Business Functions in One Program

The Context MBA incorporates electronic spreadsheet, telecommunications, word processing, graphics, and dataPase functions in a single program. Developed by Context Management Systems, MBA's electronic spreadsheet gives business managers "what if" financial models that can be shown as one of nine different graphs. Information from the spreadsheet can be used in reports generated with MBA's wordprocessing function. The

relational-like database has near instant recall, and it searches and retrieves or sorts only the information requested.

MBA requires a 256Kbyte IBM Personal Computer outfitted with dualdisk drives and the IBM color graphics card. The suggested retail price is $695. Contact Context Management Systems, Suite 100, 23864 Hawthorne tBlvd., Torrance, CA 91604. Circle 615 on inquiry card.

CP + for Friendlier Microcomputers

CP+ replaces CP/M commands with Englishlanguage menus and directions. According to Taurus Software Corporation, operating a microcomputer with CP+ is a simple matter of following the steps outlined on the screen. In addition to menus and directions, CP+ offers operator messages and Help commnds.

CP+ is compatible with

any CP/M-based system, including those with optional add-on circuit Poards for CP/M. CP+ installs on top of CP/M versions 1.4 and 2.2. It costs SI50 per copy, complete with documentation. For details, contact Taurus Software Corp., Suite 817, 870 Market St., San Francisco, CA 94102, (415) 788-0888. Circle 616 on inquiry card.

Cross-Assembler for Z8

System-Z8 is a CP/Mcompatible cross-assembler for Zilog's Z8 microprocessor. It features a macro assembler, an interactive editor and assembler, a text editor, and a cross-reference generator. Its macro assembler has full macro and conditional assembly features and the ability to chain a series of source files together during a single assembly.

System-Z8 is available on soft-sectored 8-inch CP/M disks (3740 format) and 5 ]A-inch North Star and Micropolis Mod II (Lifeboat adaptation) formatted disks. It costs $ 150, including documentation and full user support Py telephone or mail. Current System-Z8 owners are eligible for a free update procedure. Contact Allen Ashley, 395 Sierra Madre Villa, Pasadena, CA 91107, (213) 793-5748. Circle 61 7 on inquiry card.

Database Sorts 5000

Records in 12

Seconds

The ISAM Database from Ensign Software is said to be able to sort 5000 records in 12 seconds. ISAM (indexed sequentialaccess method) provides keyed access to data files for reading, writing, updating, and deleting records within the file. It interfaces directly to BASIC programs through a few variables, and it's accessed by executing a call to a

BASIC subroutine. Standard features include dynamic disk-space management, record buffering, searching by full key or partial key, forward and backward sequential retrieval, and the ability to access up to seven ISAM files simultaneously. Among the commands provided are open and close a file; add, delete, and update records; get next and previous record; get first and last record: and show file statistics.

The ISAM Database runs on 48K-byte IBM Personal Computers with one disk drive, PC-DOS, and disk BASIC. It's available for $69.95 from Ensign Software, Suite E, 2312 North Cole Rd., Boise, ID 83704, (208) 378-8086. Circle 618 on inquiry card.

Interact with Your Apple

Savvy Marketing International's Savvy Personal Language System allows personal-language interaction between your Apple II and you. Using its Adaptive Recognition Processing system, which "trains" an internal Robot Programmer that actually writes your programs in machine language, Savvy lets you work with your own words, phrases, and expressions. The ability to redefine system commands is provided, so all programs can be modified at any time. Standard features include decimal arithmetic, a virtualresource manager, and

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 535

What's New?

ISAM (indexed sequentialaccess method) file structures.

Savvy comes with general ledger, accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, mailing list, document writer, and inventory control applications programs. Complete with Z80 processor card, firmware, instruction manual, and the applications packages, the Savvy Personal Language System for the Apple II costs S950. It's available from Savvy Marketing International, 9th Floor, 100 South Ellsworth St., San Mateo, CA 94401, (415) 340-0335. Circle 619 on inquiry card.

C Compiler for 6809 Systems

Introl Corporation's lntrol-C/6809 version 2.0 C language compiler system is designed for 6809based computers running under Flex-09, Uniflex, OS-9, or CP/M DOSes. Introl-C generates position-independent and reentrant 6809 assemblylanguage code that's easily assembled with a supplied assembler. All standard C language functions are supported, except bitfields, initializers, and the #line and #if preprocessor directives. Written entirely in the C language, this package includes a C compiler, a 6809 assembler, linking loader, and library manager. Source code for the runtime library is provided.

The price for lntrol

C/6809 ranges between $375 and $425, depending upon operating system. Your purchase includes unlimited rights to distribute the object code produced with the compiler. It comes in both 5 'A and 8-inch floppy-disk formats. Source code for the 6809 assembler, written in C, is available as an option. For further details, contact Introl Corp., 647 West Virginia St., Milwaukee, Wl 53204, (414) 2762937. Circle 620 on inquiry card.

SubscriptionManagement Progam

Publiphile is a software and hardware subscription-management system for the small publisher. Designed by WPL Associates, this system can handle from several hundred to approximately 20,000 subscribers, and it can generate mailing labels in a variety of formats. Some of the subscriber information provided by Publiphile includes separate billing addresses, purchase and credit-card orders, bad credit names, special offers, and advanced and multiple renewals. Onscreen verification of individual subscriber data is permitted, and Publiphile provides hard copy for circulation summaries, expiration counts, renewal analysis, cash receipts, bank deposits, accounts receivable, earned income, and subscriber liability reports.

Publiphile operates on

the Apple II, NEC APC, IBM Personal Computer, Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II, Victor 9000, and many CP/M-based systems. A Publiphile system ranges in price from $5000 to S20.000, which includes hardware and software for full-function word processing and connection to electronic publishing services such as Newsnet. Publiphile software can be purchased separately. For further information, contact WPL Associates Inc., Department 01, 1 105-F Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 5898588. Circle 621 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Directory Lists People with Similar Interests

The Personal Computer Owners Directory can help you locate people with the same interests or computer as you and who are willing to trade information. Interests covered range from adventure-type games to word processing.

For a free, permanent listing in the Personal Computer Owners Directory send your name, address, computer type, interests, and trade information (optional) to Personal Computer Owners, Department IB, POB 426, Feeding Hills, MA 01030. To receive the current issue of the directory and the next issue containing your listing, enclose $9.95.

Bell 201-Compatible Modems Described

An 8-page brochure describing Racal-Vadic's line of Bell 201-compatible modems for remote terminals and computer sites is available free of charge from the company. Included are technical aspects, applications, ordering information, and complete product specifications for the firm's family of 2400-bps (bit-per-second) half-duplex modems. Future brochures from RacalVadic will detail its 300-, 1200-, and 2400-bps fullduplex modems, as well as its 1200- and 4800-bps half-duplex modems. For your copy, contact RacalVadic, Sales Department, 222 Caspian Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 744-0810. Circle 622 on inquiry card.

CIME Focuses on Computers in Design

CIME (Computers in Mechanical Engineering)

is a quarterly publication of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), a nonprofit organization. CIME probes how computers are used and how computers can be used in the design, manufacture, measure

536 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

ment, and control of machines and industrial processes. It features case histories, work-measurement guidelines, summaries of available software, computer-aided design and modeling programs, robotics design and applications,

and cost analysis. Annual subscriptions cost $20. Contact CIME, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, (212) 705-7750. Circle 623 on inquiry card.

o

Accounts Receivable

Or:

o

73

e

General Ledger i Accounts Payable

en -i

-H C

Payroll 1 I

, , ., ilM ">

-I

01

Fortune Business

Fortune Systems Corporation has produced a series of brochures describing the Business Accounting System, a comprehensive software package designed for the Fortune 32:16 microcomputer. The Business Accounting System comprises order processing, accounts receivable, purchase orders, accounts payable, payroll, fixed assets, and generalledger programs. The brochures detail individual features of these menu

Software Explained

driven programs, which can function as standalone packages or interface with other Fortune software.

The Business Accounting System is part of Fortune Systems' single- and multiuser business systems, which include word processing, financial modeling, and business graphics programs. Contact Fortune Systems Corp., 1501 Industrial R<±, San Carlos, CA 94070, (415) 595-5014. Circle 624 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

CIE Systems Markets

Line of Business

Computers

CIE Systems' 680 family of single- and multiuser business computers is based on Motorola's M68000 microprocessor and Intel's Multibus. The basic 680, the Model 680/10, is a single-user integrated workstation that comes with a built-in display, comprehensive video electronics, a detachable keyboard, and Data Technical Analysts PRO-IV applications processor. The operating speed is 8 MHz, and the 680/10 carries 128K bytes of high-speed RAM (random-access read/write memory), three RS-232C serial ports, a parallel printer port, a 10-megabyte hard disk for mass storage, and a 500K-byte 5/4-inch floppy-disk drive for backup. For expansion, an extra slot in the Multibus chassis is provided. Software supported includes the Unix III and Regulus operating systems. Standard features on multiuser 680s include 256K bytes of expandable RAM and the ability to sup

port from 3 to 16 workstations.

In OEM (original equipment manufacturer) quantities, the 680/10 costs S5200. Multiuser 680s range in price from S6000 to about SI 2,000. Full product specifications can be obtained from CIE Systems, 2515 McCabe Way, POB 16579, Irvine, CA 92713, (714) 957-1 1 12. Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Husky Outdoor Computer

Husky is a hand-held portable computer designed for outdoor use. Produced by Sarasota Automation, Husky features 144K bytes of memory and an LCD (liquid-crystal display) that can display 128 characters in 4 lines. It includes a BASIC interpreter, the Z80 instruc

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 537

What's New?

tion set. and an RS232C/V4 port. The CP/Mcompatible Husky is battery-powered and housed in a sealed aluminum case with a membrane-protected keyboard. Its dimensions are 9 Vi by 8 by 13A inches. Husky weighs 4/2

pounds and has been successfully operated in 15 feet of water. For further information, contact Sarasota Automation Inc., 1500 North Washington Blvd., Sarasota, FL 33577, (813) 366-8770. Circle 626 on inquiry card.

IBM-Compatible Portable from Compaq

Compaq Computer Corporation's Compaq portable computer is IBM PCcompatible. According to the manufacturer, it is able to run all the major business and applications programs written for the PC. The unit is housed in a 20by 8/,- by I 53/l0-inch plastic enclosure and weighs in at 28 pounds. Its 9-inch (diagonal) high-resolution screen displays 25 lines by 80 characters. Characters are formed by a 7 by 9 dot matrix in a 9 by 14 cell. The monitor is also capable of displaying IBM PC-compatible high-resolution graphics, and provision is made for driving an external red/green/blue monitor for full-color graphics. The display also has adjustable viewing angles. Compaq's

keyboard is detachable from the main unit and is connected by a 6-foot retractable coiled cable. The keyboard layout is identical to that of the IBM PC, with a 10-key numeric pad and 10 function keys, as well as cursor-control keys and an adjustable typing angle.

Compaq uses the Intel 8088 microprocessor, and a socket is provided for the addition of an 8087 mathematics coprocessor in the future. Microsoft MS-DOS version 1.1 and GWBASIC are included. The system comes with 128K bytes of 9-bit parity RAM (randomaccess read/write memory), expandable to 256K bytes on the main-system board, and 16K bytes of video-display RAM. The main-system board also

contains three IBM PCcompatible expansion slots, a parallel printer port, and outputs for a color monitor, composite video, and connection to a standard television set through an RF (radio frequency) modulator.

The basic Compaq system includes one 320Kbyte double-sided doubledensity 5'/4-inch floppydisk drive, 128K bytes of RAM, and a parallel printer interface. The suggested price is S2995. Available options include a second floppy-disk drive, an asynchronous-communications interface, and a serial printer interface. Compaq will be available at computer-specialty retail stores in January. For further information, contact Compaq Computer Corp., 12337 Jones Rd., Houston, TX 77070, (713) 890-7390. Circle 627 on inquiry card.

Versatile Single-Board Computer

The 128-1 single-board computer from Insight Enterprises features 128K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) and a Zilog Z80A processor. Both 514- and 8-inch double-sided double-den

sity floppy disks are supported, and the CP/Mbased 128-1 is supplied with CTC (counter/timer circuit), DMA (direct memory access), PIO (parallel input/output), and other support chips. Standard equipment includes two software-programmable RS232C serial ports, a Centronics-type parallel printer interface, an expansion bus, and a smart Winchester disk controller interface that can handle Western Digital, IMI, and Corvus intelligent disk controllers.

The 128-1 costs S600 and can be ordered from Insight Enterprises Corp., Suite 12, 373 North Westem, Los Angeles, CA 90004, (213) 461-3262. Circle 628 on inquiry card.

STD Bus-based Systems

Xitex Corporation's XM850S STD bus-based microcomputers have dual 8-inch slimline drives and two RS-232C ports. Optional capabilities include 5!/4-inch Winchester- and floppy-disk drives.

A typical XM850S system features 2.4 megabytes of 8-inch floppy-disk storage, 64K bytes of dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory), a 4-MHz 280 processor, and the CP/M 2.2 operating system. In single units, this system costs S4799. A version with 2.4 megabytes of floppy-disk storage and 12.7 megabytes of 5]Ainch Winchester-disk storage is available for $8049.

538 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

For full details, contact Xitex Corp., 9861 Chartwell Dr., Dallas, TX 75243, [214] 349-2491. Circle 629 on inquiry card.

Middi-Cadet

Integrated Business Computers has introduced a smaller version of its Super-Cadet microcomputer, called Middi-Cadet. Middi-Cadet measures 12 inches wide by 6 inches tall by 17 inches, so it can fit comfortably on most desktops. Standard features include 256K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a 20-megabyte 5/4-inch hard disk, a 1 -megabyte floppy-disk drive, 10 serial ports, and one Centronics port. Middi-Cadet's memory can be bank-switched within any 4K-byte block, and its bank sizes are switch-selectable. MiddiCadet also features switch-selectable MP/Mto-Oasis-to-Famos operating systems.

Optional equipment for Middi-Cadet includes a cache memory, a cartridge-tape controller, and a bisynchronous port for communications capabilities. Middi-Cadet has a suggested retail price of S7500. For full details, contact Integrated Business Computers, 21592 Marilla St., Chatsworth, CA 91311, (213) 8829007. Circle 630 on inquiry card.

What's New?

MISCELLANEOUS

Logic Comparator

The Bugtrap Logic Comparator from Bugtrap Instrumentation is a troubleshooting tool that compares TTL (transistor-transistor logic) devices in circuit. It compares the output activity of the circuit being tested to that of a known good circuit. The circuits share a system input, but their outputs are separated and continuously compared. Any miscomparisons cause an error signal to be generated and a cor

responding LED (lightemitting diode) to light.

The Bugtrap Logic Comparator comes with a reference manual that documents more than 100 of the most commonly used and testable TTL chips. It costs $265 and comes with a 14-day money-back trial period. For further details, contact Bugtrap In-. strumentation, 1173 Tasman Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 734-1 1 18. Circle 631 on inquiry card.

RS-232C Line Tester

B & B Electronics is offering an RS-232C tester that monitors and displays the status of seven RS-232C lines. The tester has LEDs (light-emitting diodes) that display the status of the following lines: transmit data, receive data, requestto-send, clear-to-send, data set ready, carrier detect, and data terminal ready. The unit has one 25-pin

male and one female connector for insertion into any RS-232C interface.

The tester does not require power and is designed to remain in-line permanently. It does not affect data-transfer ability. It costs $39.95, postage paid, and is available from B & B Electronics, POB 475, Mendota, IL 61342, (815) 539-5827. Circle 632 on inquiry card.

Winchester Controller with DMA

Compupro is marketing a high-performance Winchester disk controller that can directly access a 16-megabyte address space. The Disk 2 controller board has high-speed DMA (direct memory access) protocols that allow processor-independent data transfer between system memory and Winchester-type 8- and 14-inch drives. It can handle four drives, with up to 16 heads per drive. The Disk 2 is compatible with IEEE 696/S-l 00 bus standards and with MP/M, Oasis, CP/M-80, and CP/M-86 operating systems.

Disk 2 will work with the Shugart SA4000 series. Fujitsu 2300 series, and Memorex 101 series drives. The suggested retail price is $795; OEM (original equipment manufacturer) prices on request. Contact Compupro Systems, Oakland Airport, Oakland, CA 94614, (415) 562-0638. Circle 633 on inquiry card.

Apple II DataProtection System

Datalok from Atlantis Computers makes the DES (Data Encryption Standard) Algorithm for data protection available to Apple II or CP/M users. By storing data in encrypted form, Datalok prevents unauthorized individuals from tampering with your information. It uses a WD2001 DES chip on a board configured for the Apple bus and is supplied with in

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 539

BISON

PRODUCTS, INC.

A CALIFORNIA CORPORATION

Winter Sale! 20% Off on New 1983 Q.T. Models.

Bison sells and supports the full line of Q.T. S-100 microcomputer and disk storage products. Choose a preconfigured, ready-to-run package, or assemble your own system from the wide range of Q.T. and other compatible S-100 components available. One of our support technicians will be glad to help you select the proper configuration to meet your needs. Bison carries everything you need from terminals and printers through software to blank floppy disks. (For more S-100 information, circle Reader Service Card #69) We also have some older models at bigger discounts. Check out our other ad or call for details. Request your 1983 Q.T. Catalog today!

Q.T. DISCOUNT MICRO-SYSTEMS PACKAGES

Q.T. MAXI-SYSTEM PACKAGE-Model 800P

Q.T. MINI-SYSTEM PACKAGE-Model 500P

List $7,995.00-Save $1,600.00

—QT 8" Mainframe with 8 slot Motherboard —Televideo 925 Full Featured CRT

-Choice of printer: C. Itoh F-10 daisy wheel or Oki data M84P high speed dot matrix (200 cps.)

The Q.T. Maxi-System is an industry standard S-100 expandable microcomputer which is ideal for general business computing, word processing and data base management applications. CP/M operating system is standard. MP/M or Turbodos optional. Unique Infoware" utilities simplify operation and user training.

• Electronics on Two Cards • 64K RAM Standard • Universal Disk Controller • 2 Megabytes on line

• 4MZ Z80A CPU • Parallel Printer Port • 10-40 MB Hard Disk Option • Expandable to 256K RAM

• Filtered Fan • Two A.C. Outlets • Key Lock Switch • Two Serial Ports

Package Price Includes Cables, Documentation & Utility Programs. Model 800 alone $4,995

$6,395.00 $3,995.00

List 54,995.00-Save $1,000.00

-Q.T. 5%" MINI-FRAME w/6 slot MB -Televideo 910 Green CRT -Dot Matrix printer (M82A)

• CP/M standard. Turbodos optional.

• Reliable Single Card Electronics

• Z80 CPU/Universal DMA controller

• Dual Double Sided/Density Drives

• Memory: 64K RAM & 320K Disk Drive

• Cables, manuals, Infoware' Utilities

Q.T. INDUSTRY STANDARD S-100 MAINFRAMES

Q.T. MAXI-rRAME'

Q.T. MICRO-FRAME -Series 600

DeskTop-Plain Front Panel

• 6 to 22 slot Motherboard

• Full I/O Cutout Array

• Fused EMI/RFI Filter

• Heavy Duty Power Supply ( + 8V<s>16A±16V@3A)

6 slot MB . 8 slot MB . 12 slot MB 18 slot MB 22 slot MB

. List $599 . . List $649 . . List $699 . List $799 . List $899

Bison $479 Bison $519 Bison $559 Bison $639 Bison $719

Q.T. MINI-FRAME"-Series500

Desk Top—Dual Mini Drives

• Holds two51/t" Drives

• Full Cutout Array

• 6, 8, or 12 slot MB.

• Fused EMI/RFI Filter

• Hard Disk Power Supply (+8V@16A,±16V@3A, ±12V@5A, + 5V@5A)

6 slot MB ... List $799 ...Bison $639 8 slot MB ... List $849 ...Bison $679 12 slot MB .. List $899 ..Bison $719

Q.T. MAXI FRAME Series 800 Desk Top for Dual 8" Drives

• 6, 8,12 slot Motherboard

• Universal Drive mounts

• Key lock Power Switch

• Heavy Duty Power supply

(+ 8V@16A. ± 16V@3A, + 5V@5A, -5V<a1A, + 24V#5A)

6 slot MB ... List $899 ... Bison $719 8 slot MB ... List $949 .. . Bison $759 12 slot MB .. List $999 . . Bison $799

Q.T. DISK DRIVE CABINETS AND SUBSYSTEMS

From—Tandon Panel

Rear view

Q.T.'s All in One®

• Universal Disk Drive Cabinet • Expandable • Accepts all 8 drives

QT's unique new disk drive cabinet has been designed to accept virtually any 8" drive on the market today from Tandon Thinlines to 40 megabyte Quantums. Features include interchangeable face plates (Qume, Shugart, Tandon, etc.) and "electronics in a drawer" construction to simplify installation and maintenance. Heavy duty power supply will carry any combination of up to four Thinline, two standard, or one hard disk drive with floppy backup. + 5V@5A,-5V@1A, + 24V@5A. DDC8 8V-XX w/one faceplate ..List $399 .. Bison $319.00

SINGLE 8 "VERTICAL CABINET

Size: 11"H 11"W 18"D

Perfect add-on disk drive for any system. Accepts most brands.

Replacement Faceplates (Specify type) $25.00 DDC8V .. List $299 .. Bison $239 QTC-DDC + 88H .

DUAL 8" HORIZONTAL DRIVE CABINET

Dimensions: 5"H17"W20"D

Designed to provide basic disk storage capacity for S-100 and other computers. Low profile permits table top stacking.

. List $349 .... Bison $279

SEND MAIL ORDERS TO: ORDERS MAY BE PICKED UP AT: FOR PHONE ORDERS OR

P.O. Box 9078-184 6700 Valjean Ave. TECHNICAL INFO CALL:

Van Nuys, CA 91409 Van Nuys, CA 91409 (213) 994-2533

"We accept Cash, Certified Checks, VISA, and MasterCard." All merchandise new in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Corporate and School District P.O.'s

accepted subject to credit approval. Enclose financial statement with order. California residents add Sales Tax. Shipping charges added to all orders. No refunds without

prior approval. Bison credit only on returned merchandise. Quantities limited on some items—prices subject to change without notice.

Circle 554 on inquiry card.

What's New?

teractive software that lets you encrypt and encode data by responding to a few questions. No programming is required.

Two software utilities are supplied with Datalok. The first is the ability to encrypt and decrypt any file created under Apple DOS, such as text, integer, binary, or Applesoft. The second lets you lock and unlock an entire disk, thereby rendering it inaccessible and unbootable to unwelcome users.

Datalok requires 48K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), one disk drive, DOS 3.2 or 3.3. and Applesoft BASIC. The price is S349. The CP/M software costs S69. Order Model ACS-1A from Atlantis Computers, 31-14 Broadway, Astoria, NY 1 1106, (212) 728-6700. Circle 634 on inquiry card.

Tool for WireWrapping

OK Industries' WA-I Wrap-Aid wire-measuring tape ruler is designed for wire-wrapping applications. This tool eliminates wasted wire, helps prevent errors by identifying both posts to be wrapped, and can help you determine the best wire path. Special post extensions are provided for wire routing.

Here's how it works: one end of Wrap-Aid is placed over the first post to be wrapped. The other end is then pulled through the wiring path and placed over the second post. The length of wire required is then read directly from the tape.

The WA-I Wrap-Aid costs S4.95. It's available from many electronics distributors or from OK Industries Inc., 3455 Conner St., Bronx, NY 10475. (212) 994-6600. Circle 635 on inquiry card.

Impact Detector

Shockwatch is a small glass capsule that attaches to hard-disk units and detects and flags mechanical shocks that may indicate possible damage to the unit. Manufactured by Media Recovery, Shockwatch is designed to be an integral part of any of six configurations of hard-disk packs. It uses a combination of liquid surface tension and capillary action to detect trouble. Indicators that turn from white to red alert you to an impact of a degree that could cause misalignment of the disk, which can result in a head crash. Contact Media Recovery Inc., 1435 Round Table Dr., Dallas, TX 75247, (800) 527-9497; in Texas, (214) 630-9625. Circle 636 on inquiry card.

Ethernet for IBM

A series of products that link IBM Personal Computers together in an Ethernet local-network environment has been introduced by 3Com Corporation. All the Etherseries products are plug- and software-compatible with the PC and provide users with peripheral and information sharing and personal communications capabilities. Among the items in the series is Etherlink, which includes a plug-in controller/ transceiver board, software, and manual. It costs S950.

Also available is Ethershare, a 16-bit microcomputer-based file server with a 10-megabyte Winchester-disk drive. It supports as many as 20 workstations (dependent only on disk capacity) and allows each user access to the Winchester drive as if it were a part of his system. The disksharing software makes storage appear as "virtual floppy disks." Most disks have a file backup system whereby files are periodi

cally copied so as to protect against system failures. A hard-disk backup system on floppy disk or an op-' tional tape-cartridge system is available. Passwords can be assigned so that access to data can be limited. Ethershare costs $1 1,500.

When equipped with a printer and Etherprint software, Ethershare can support spooled printer sharing. Another product, Ethermail, provides Ethershare with electronic-mail collection and distribution capabilities. Ethermail permits messages to be automatically amended with attachments from any PC DOS file.

The Etherseries will be expanded to allow other personal computers to communicate with each other. In addition, more software is being developed. Complete details are available from 3Com Corp., 1390 Shorebird Way, Mountain View, CA 94043, (415) 961-9602. Circle 637 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications lnc 541

WE STOCK EAGLE COMPUTERS

COmPUTER

USI Video Monitors—Green or amber

20 MHz hi-res. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

TOjgj^W

SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS

6502 7.45

6502A/6512A 8.40

6520 PIA 5.15

6522 VIA 6.45

6532 7.90

2114-L200 2716EPR0M 2532 EPROM 6116 2KX8

CMOS RAM 4116 RAM Zero Insertion Force 24 pin

10/6.95

10/7.95

10/4.90

10/6.10

10/7.40

2.45

4.90

8.90

50/6.55 100/6.15

50/7.35 100/6.90

50/4.45 100/4.15

50/5.75. 100/5.45

50/7.00 100/6.60

25/2.30 100/2.15

5/4.50 10/4.00

5/8.45 10/7.90

8.90 5/8.45 10/7.90 8 lor 14 Socket (Scanbe) 2.00

L_»__'_".±J

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start at less than £100. Oilier ind OEM Inquiries Invited

Mark I RS232

Mark II lor Atari 850

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software

Mark V for Osborne (software available)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer

DC HAYES Smartmodem RS232 MODEM - Accoustic RS232 MODEM — CCITT frequencies

229 119 175

We carry Apple 11+ from Bell & Howell

16K RAM Card ~^~ lor Apple

Apple LOGO

Video Recorder Interface

Super Serial Card

Thunderclock Plus

Z80 Softcard and CP/M

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable

Grappler Interface

TG Products Joystick for Apple

TG Paddles

DC Hayes Micromodem II

Videx 80 Column Card

fullFORTH+for Apple (tig-Forth)

Silentype Printer and Card

Graphics Tablet and Card

Apple PASCAL Language

Apple FORTRAN

We stock EDUWARE Software

GENIS I Courseware Development System

Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory

Executive Briefing System with fonts

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer

65

150 545 149 119 295 85 139

48

32 299 259

85 310 645 195 160

185 250 225

115 160

Q commodore

See us for Personal, Business, and Educational requirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers'Completely transparent to the user Perfect for schools or multiple word processing configurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers Additional computer hookups $100 each.

Commodore COMMUNICATES!

COMPACK $129

Intelligent Terminal Package includes: ACIA hardware based interface; DB25 Cable and STCP Software with remote telemetry, transfer to/from disk printer output, XON-XOFF control, user program control, and status line.

VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 119

Includes case, power supply, lull 8-bit transmission, and switch selectable character conversion to ASCII,

VIC 20 VIC Printer VIC 3K RAM VIC 8K RAM VIC 16KRAM VIC Disk Drive VIC Pinball VIC Omega Race Spiders ol Mars (UMI) VIC Draw Poker

189 335 32 53 99 395 32 32 39 24

VIC Sargon II Chess VIC GORF Meteor Run (UMI) VIC Radar Ratrace Amok (UMI) Snakman Rubik's Cube Programmers Reference Renaissance (UMI) VIC Superslot

VICTORY Software lor VIC

Street Sweepers Night Rider Treasures of Bat Cave Games Pack I Victory Casino Adventure Pack II

12

11

12

12

8

12

Maze in 3-D Cosmic Debris Grave Robbers Advent Games Pack II Adventure Park I Trek

TNW 488/103 with DAA 450

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+ - 32K CBM, disk, printer 195

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk printer 300

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

COPY-WRITER Professional Word Processor 159

VISICALC lor PET, ATARI, or Apple 190

PE-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 25

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040. or 8050 8

VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 85

CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface - PET 120

SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235

Library of PET Subroutines 12

Programming the PET/CIM (Compute!) — R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

Whole PET Catalog (Midnight Gazette) 8

Color Chart Video Board for PET 125

PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 11

FlexFile for PET/CBM $110

Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists

FORTH for PET lull FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50 Metacompiler lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KM MM PASCAL lor PET/CAM 85

EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 65

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Exercises 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM

4KS75 8K

DISK SPECIALS

SCOTCH (3M) 5" 10/2.30 50/2.35 100/2.18

SCOTCH (3M) 8" 10/2.45 50/2.25 100/2.20

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/185

Wabash 5" 10/180 50/1.75 100/170

Wabash8" 10/2.25 50/2.20 100/2.10

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 lor S4 Hub Rings 50 for S6 Disk Library Cases 8"—300 5"—225

Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTES

-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

High output, low noise, 5 screw housings

C-10

10/56

50/50

100/48

C-30

10/73

50/.68

100/66

SPECIALS

Timex/Sinclair Computer Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor INTEX Talker Text to Speech System Epson, Okidata, Prowriter printers available Brother Daisy Wheel Printer STARWRITER Daisy Wheel Printer F10 We Stock AMDEK Monitors Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 1095 Staticide anti-static spray dBASE II

95 109 265

1445

6-pen 1395

6

445

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED A P Products .!.5%J.F.F

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189

KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349

KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385

\£± Alspa Computer,Inc.

The price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 full 8" drives (double density, double sided). 3 serial and 1 parallel port, and Winchester port Prices start at less than S2000 DEALER and OEM inquiries invited

TgMiTM I data

I systems

Z90-80 64K 1995

Z90-82 64K. 1 double dens, drive 2245

Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Drive 1355

Z19 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible) 695

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 550 Z100 16-hiV8-bit System CALL

ATARI*

SPECIALS

800 Computer 400—16K 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 850 Interface Inside Atari DOS Joysticks or Paddles 16K RAM (Microtek) 32K RAM (Microtek) Pilot

Super Breakout APX Software

649

269

440

625

170

18

19

69

99

65

29

Call

Microsoft BASIC MISSILE COMMAND ASTEROIDS STAR RAIDERS

Space Invaders Music Composer Caverns ol Mars PAC-MAN CENTIPEDE First Book of Atari Anchor Modem—Atari Other Atari products

72 29 29 34

29 35 33 36 36 11 85 Call

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar, PA 18915

215-822-7727

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG

Add $1 25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount basis. Regular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

What's New?

Computer Is on the Dot

Dot is a portable computer that's fully compatible with the IBM Personal Computer. Dot, engineered and marketed by Computer Devices Inc., features Intel's 16-bit 8088 microprocessor and the MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft. Standard equipment includes 64K bytes of memory and a 5by 9-inch monochrome display with bit-mapped graphics. The display has 32K bytes of dedicated RAM (random-access read/write memory) and

variable character modes of 40, 80, or 132 columns by 16 or 25 lines. Dot comes with two Sony 3/2-inch disk drives that provide 287K bytes of storage (formatted) per disk.

Options include an embedded printer with 5 by 10 dot-matrix uppercase and lowercase characters, two RS-232C ports, a Zilog Z80 to run CP/M version 2.2, and a built-in 300- or 300/1200-bit-per-second modem. User applications software includes an electronic spreadsheet, a word processor, a time and proj

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

ect scheduler, business graphics, and accounting software. Prices for the Dot ranges from S2995 to S3997, depending upon options. For complete details, contact Computer Devices Inc., 25 North Ave., Burlington, MA 01803, (800) 343-5104; in Massachusetts, (617) 273-1550. In Canada, call Datamex Ltd. at (416) 781-9135. Circle 638 on inquiry card.

Relational Database Management System

ABW Corporation's RL-1 Relational Database Management system is designed for the IBM Personal Computer and CP/M-based systems. This database is fully relational and comes with such operators as selection, projection, and join. Standard features include a query language.

relational editor, and program interface.

A variety of applications packages are available for use with the RL-I system, including a report generator, a graphics processor, inventory and production control, and general ledger and other accounting packages. The suggested retail price for the RL-1 Database Management system is S495. For full details, contact ABW Corp., POB Ml047, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106, (313) 9719364. Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Cube Aids Program Instruction

Metacomet Software's Programmable Cube can help teach programming because it corresponds to the popular cube game. This program simulates all six sides of the cube in six colors (or special shades for black-and-white displays) as well as each move's motion. A solver provides a step-by-step guide through the solution of any scrambled cube. The Programmable Cube is supplied with a programming language designed especially for cubes, pattern-matching and control constructs, and an editor and debugger.

The Programmable Cube runs on Apple II computers and is available in both 48K- and 64K-byte versions. It costs $34.95. Contact Metacomet Software, POB 31337, Hartford, CT 06103. Circle 640 on inquiry card.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

543

Beautiful Plots with

PLOTPAK™

PLOTPAK Is a complete plotting library that runs under FORTRAN-80 and includes drivers tor the following screens and plotters:

• MicroAngelo MA 512

• ADM + Renographies

• TEK 4010 compatible terminals

• Houston Intruments DMP-4

• HP plotters 7225B and 7470 •Radio Shack Printer/Plotter

PLOTPAK (.REL file): $275.

PLOTPAK source code plus two drivers: $365.

□ BRIDGE

Computer Company

DIVISION OF Sea Data Corporation

One Bridge Stieet, Newton, MA 02158 TEL. (617) 244-8190 TLX: 951107

"ELF"interface^ Converts Your Typewriter Into Printer

• Finest print quality • Low cost

• Easy Installation • oulck delivery

• Fits IBM Selectrlr* and Electronic Typewriters

• Models for all popular computers

• Call or write for more Information, todayl

We export to all countries

WBU INTERNATIONAL INC. fcJL 5115 Douglas Fir Rd. Calabasas. CA 91302 U.S.A. Tel: I2HI 710-1444 TLX/TWX: 910 494 2100 J

GRRPHIC SOFTWARE ON CP/M FOR ENGINEERING S. BUSINESS SYSTEMS

ON PLOTTERS. CRT'S. DOT MRTHIX. AND H-P- PRINTERS

I

•::

]■

!'

1

,|l.

PL0TWARE-Z

TRY IT OUT AND BUY

FROM YOUR DERLER. OR COLL THE ENERCOMP COMPANY

I 303 )'

1648

PLOTHRRE-Z GIVES YOU HRXlrUirl RESOLUTION SRRPHICS. NOT R ■BLOCKY" MEMORY MRPPEO QRMUHti HVTtt BOXES ■■INTERACTIVE, HENU DR1VEH, iQQT HmflU-.EPSOH. IDS .WZiQR ASCII DISK FILES, OR. «PL0TT£R: HIPL0T. OTHERS.CLX'ILES I .1:1 •":_;;;; f. (i' 3 : T rr;T'ir,', \ ■ . .-..: .',.:

iERSY USEfi IHTEHFRCE iH.P. PRINTERS:DURE.DIABLO

■S0FTMRRE UPUflROS COMPATIBLE (CflLCOHP. DISSPLfl. PLOTI0I iKRRuMRRE UPWRRDS COMPATIBLE IPfJPll. PEflKIN ELMER. IBHI DARFTING QUALITY CHflflBCIFfl SET ! SHDHN HERE I OR COMPLEX. SCRIPT. ITRLL1CS. GOTHIC. ARABIC. OH 'HHKE- rat/H■ OHH' It

$399 COMPLETE. J35 INRNUftL ONLY), VISA. M.C.

THIS RD DRAHH IQTALU AT PL0THARF-? ON HIPIOT flRP-<

Circle 74 on Inquiry card.

Circle 250 on inquiry card.

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

ONE BOARD CP/M SYSTEM!

only $750

Assm., Tested

& Burned-In

for one week

Features:

• 8'/i by 12 inches

• 10 MHZ 8085 CPU

• 64K RAM

• 3 RS-232 channels

• 8272 Floppy Disk Controller

• Handles Single/Double Density

• One to Four Drives. 801R or 850R.

Documentation $15.

CP/M Floppy Disk Operating System S150

Check or Money Order

c

autocontrolH

11400 Dorset! Rd. St. Louis. MO 63043

(314) 739-0055

D

\-*Ss*/>& tn"" ™itjrv 'r" *iggSat,a

"Till CLEARANCE SPECIAL

'i

%

%

PERTEC TAPE DRIVES

T6860-9-25

New S1595

Used S795

T6848-9-25

New S1495

Used S695

WANGCO TAPE DRIVES

MODEL 812

New S995

Used S495 JC

(714) 973-4773

SOUTH COAST COMPUTER SYSTEMS. INC.

1415 E McFadden Santa Ana. CA 92705

P5i

|^^^^^^^^gfc

S-lOO Single Board WINCHESTER

"EASY DISK CONTROLLER"

v&sss&i ■ ssl

Wjmh

W^i~;j£p-W£

fc.W8rW

Kk' ^cS^iirfj^i^^^"

Blffl^SS

jfiffiPi

• Works with any S-100 CPU + IEE 6%

• Supports 5'/i", 8" and 14" Drives ST-506. SA-1000. SA-400O Interfaces

• Record Accessible 1-K sector buffer frees host memory, matches DMA speed

• On-board microprocessor- auto seeks. Simple, very small software driver

• Dealers and Distributors invited Assembled and tested with formatter/test program and operating system drivers. VISA, MasterCard - specify drive - S545.

Monitor Dynamics, Inc.

1121 West Ninth St. • Upland. CA 91786

(714) 985-7214

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 436 on inquiry card.

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

AUTOMATE YOUR OFFICE WITH

ASCI* SOFTWARE

CONTROLLABLE

SWITCHES

1 User selectable/software controllable > Switches computers and peripherals

• User determined control words

• Supports 150 to 19200 baud

» Totally portable with AC option

• Features manual override operation

Advanced Systems Concepts, Inc.

P.O.Box Q

Altadena, California 91001

(213)684-5461 or 794-2308

Forthe

^tjfc'ir IBMPCand VIflQSf CP/M-86.

♦ir 8087 CHIP $223

APPLICATIONS

FFTs $75

MATRIXPAK $75

18 DIGIT TRIGONOMETRICS $75

LANGUAGE SUPPOFTT

87MACRO'" $150

87BASIC™ $125

87PASCAL'" $125

87FORTRAN" $125

IBM Personal Compute is a re-yisiered Trademark ol IBM Corp CP/M-86 IS a trademark ol Digital He- ™"™ seared. Inc 6087 is a trademark ol Inlel Corp m

H7-88GU1DE 87MACRO 87BASIC B7PASCAL. 87FORTRAN and MicoWart- are trademarks ol MicroWare Inc

Mirm PQ Box 79

f rffV'f \J Kingston, MA

tAlam 02364

W WCU C? (617) 746-7341

DISKETTES

3M Scotch' BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

gg

j

COD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE 800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA 800 468-1068

Tayco Buiinan Formi Com put* r Supplies Post Office Box 605 Newbury Park. CA 91320

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

Circle 451 on inquiry card.

Circle 443 on inquiry card.

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

KIT 1, 2 & 3 ForS-100 R3For3x8" (or 51/4") Disks S3 For S-100 & Two Disks

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLY "S3" OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS. SIZE: 10" (W) x 6" (D) x 5" (H) 102.95

REGUL OUTPUTS FOR DISKS: +5V@5AOVP, -5V@ 1A, +24V (OR + 12V) @ 5A-7A PEAK. ADJUSTABLE AND UNREGUL OUTPUTS FOR S-100: +8V@ 14A, ±16V@3A. FUSES PROTECT ALL REGUL. OUTPUTS.

IDEAL FOR THE MAINFRAME WITH 12 SLOTS & 2 x 8" or 5W" FLOPPY (OR 1x FLOPPY & 1x HARD DISK).

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP -5V(or-12V) +24V(or+12V) +8V Unreg. SIZE W x D x H PRICE

Ro Ri

R2 "3

2x8" SLIMLINE 2 x 8" or 2 x 5W DISK [3x8" (or 5'/.") FLOPPY] [or 1x

1x Floppy & 1x Hard]

2.5A 2.5A-5APeak 5" x 4" x 4" 49.95

3A 1A 3A-5APeak 2A 8"x4"x3%" 54.95

6A 1A(or2.5A) 6A-8APeak 1.81/2"x5"x4%"or2. 10"x4'/s"x3%" 69.95

6A 1A 6A-8APeak 1.9"x 614" x 4%"or2.9"x 5%*'x 514" 69.95

OPTION: + 12V @ 1A CAN BE ADDED TO ITEM "R3" SIZE 1. ONLY, COSTS $12.00 MORE.

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

KIT 1 15 CARDS 15A

KIT 2 20 CARDS 25A

KIT 3 DISK SYSTEM 15A

2.5A 3A 3A

2.5A 3A 3A

12"x5"x47/b" 12"x5"x4W 13VS"xS"x4%"

54.95 61.95 69.95

1A 3A 3A 5A

POWER TRANSFORMERS (with mounting brackets)

ITEM PRIMARY SECONDARY #1. SECONDARY #2 SECONDARY #3 SIZE WxDxH

PRICE

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120 110/120

2x8 Vac, 15A 2x8 Vac, 25A 2x8 Vac, 15A

2x8 Vac, 6A 16 Vac, CT, 3A

28 Vac, CT, 2.5A 28 Vac, CT, 3.5A

28 Vac, CT, 3A 28 Vac, CT. 1.5A

28 Vac, CT, 2A

48 Vac, CT, 2.5A

48 Vac, CT, 3A

(48 Vac, if specified)

3%" x 3%" x 3'/b" 3%" x 4%" x 3Vs" 3%" X 4%" x 3W 3%" x 3%" x 3V8" 3" x 3" x 2%"

22.95 28.95 30.95 23.95 15.95

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES; $18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6.5% SALES TAX.

ATTENTION O.E.M.S YOUR SPECIAL NEEDS OR DESIGNS OF TRANSFORMER, LINEAR & SWITCHING PWR SUPPLY WILL BE MADE TO ORDER AT SUNNY LOW LOW COST & FASTEST DELIVERY.

MAILING ADDRESS: P.O. BOX 4296 TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)

(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE f TORRANCE, CA 90502

Plus Sensational Limited-Time Savings On Ohio Scientific C1P Series personal computers, Superboard and C1P accessories, spare replacement parts, printers, monitors, integrated circuits, and other computer-related components.

To Order

Call us directly or return order coupon with your check, money order, or Mastercard or Visa Account Number. Orders will normally be shipped within 48 hours after receipt. $100.00 minimum order.

FREE

Sampler Cassettes with each Superboard II and C1P series order!

Taxi (Game), Electronic Equations, Loan Finance, Straight and Constant Depreciation. Uneven Cash Flows

Tiger Tank, Flip Flop, (Logic Game), Hectic, Black Jack, Master Mind

Super Sale!

40% Off On Ohio Scientific Superboard II A Complete Computer System On A Board

Includes full-size 53-key keyboard, video and audio cassette interfaces; SWAP, Modem, sampler cassettes; manual; 8K BASIC-in-ROM, with 8K RAM. Requires 5-V/3 amp regulated DC power supply. 30-day limited warranty. Supply is limited. ONLY $200.00

II Cleveland Consumer Computers & Components

I 1333 S. Chillicothe Road, Aurora, OH 44202 TO ORDER: CALL 1-800-321-5805 TOLL FREE (Ohio Residents Call 216-562-4136)

□ SUPERBOARD II. $200.00

□ Send Detailed Catalog/Order Form

Name

Address

State.

City

Payment by enclosed check or money order or charge to: □ MasterCard □ VISA

Account # Expiration Date

Total Amount Charged or Enclosed $

-Zip

Ohio Residents Add 5.5% Sales Tax. All Orders Will Be Shipped Insured By UPS Unless Requested Otherwise.

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

545

Happy New Year

Circle 473 on inquiry card.

« W 88* m/C/?0

If I.I . SALES

^DECEMBER SPECIAL*^

®(B°4 MM

0 c

Choose the System that fits your needs

A complete computer system ready to add on a terminal and printer. All systems include CP/M 2.2* software and system manual set. Full six-month parts and labor warranty excluding drives which carry the full O.E.M. manufacturers warranty. All S-100-4 systems advertised are in stock assembled and tested available for immediate delivery.

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and tested units

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD $ 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD 1 225.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/OD 1 250.00

w/two Tandon 848-1 SS/DD 995.00

w/two Tandon 848-2 DS/DD 11 95.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces. 235.00 Cabinet Top and Bottom 69.50

California Computer Systems

SPECIAL!

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . . $1995.00

€

• Includes CP/M* 2.2

• DMA Disk Controller

• 2-Real Time Clocks

• 2-Serial/1 -Parallel Port

• Hardware Vectored Interupts

• Supports CP/M-.MP/M" .OASIS

CCS 2200 System, A & T.. 1625.00

• 2810 CPU Only—255.00

• 2422 Disk Controller Only—330.00

• 2065C 64K Only— 320.00

• 2200A Mainframe Only—475.00

• CCS Apple Boards. . . CallToll Free For Prices

"LOPIP*

U

KOnly $1395.0° COMPLETE* • with 48 TPI single sided double density 5'/i"..S1395.00 li • with 48 TPI double sided double density 5W'..$1495.00 bj, | * with 96 TPI double sided double density 5W..S1650.00 An inexpensive but powerful system featuring a 4 slot S-100 bus chassis with the XOR S-100 board set: 4-MHZ Z-80 CPU * 64K dynamic memory * multi-sector mixed density disk controller * 2RS232 output ports in the rear for your terminal and printer * 3 eight-bit parallel ports on the CPU ready to add a cable and interface to your printer * All above systems are in stock * Includes CP/M'rt 2.2. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp.

Only $2995.0-P

COMPLETE

These S-100-4 systems may be very small in size (9"H x 9V2" W x 18W L) but look at the size of the ATASI* 5W Winchester hard disks we offer! 4 models to choose from

• Seagate 5 Megabyte System S2995.00

• #3020 15.6 Megabyte* System $3495.00

• #3033 26 Megabyte* System $3995.00

• #3046 36 Megabyte* System $4495.00

The above systems include a 96 TPI double sided double density 5'/i" floppy as standard. The hard disk is controlled via Western Digital's controller for hard disks. Other features are the same as system at left.

!: Actual storage space alter formatting.

TAPE B^CTO

ONLY $4250.oo

COMPLETE

II J Now available through

U.S. Micro Sales the

XOR IRWIN 510 S-100

□ 4 tape backup system

with 10 megabytes of

__i^ii hard disk storage. Back

up your hard disk on a

mini-tape (we're talking 10 meg.) in less than

31/2 minutes! The above system includes a 96

TPI DS/DD floppy drive and this system's

modular design allows you to add a second

floppy for only $395.00.

# CALL FOR QUANTITY prices'

THE COST OF LIVING.

GIVE TO THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY.!

And then there

were none

The list of already extinct animals grows . . . the great auk, the Texas gray wolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink, the passenger pigeon .. .

What happens if civilization continues to slowly choke out wildlife species by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit for animals.

Join an organization that's doing something about preserving our endangered species. Get involved. Write the National Wildlife Federation, Department 105, 1412 16th Street, MW. Washington, 7 DC 20036.

It's not too late.

546 BYTE December 1982

Urcle 474 on inquiry card.

Merry Christmas

TfW® IksxearfStaxiDS ft® ©©uw® ^@w

ft EAST Coast Call (815) 485-4002 it WEST Coast Call (714) 891-2677,

out ©»i^ y@\l\l if mum

STATE

1]

TERMS: 4 We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to clear betore shipment. $5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00.15% Restocking Fee. All orders shipped via UPS. unless otherwise specified. *Our products carry a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding drives, printers and terminals which carry the lull O.E.M. factory warranty. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGf WITHOUT NOTICE.

■k EAST 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451 • WEST 15381 Chemical Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

'universal power supply a

For Big Board, Apple or Aim 65

+5VDC @ 3 Amps

12VDC @ .750 Amps

-12VDC @ .750Amps

-5VDC @ .500 Amps

Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

$69.95

DISK DRIVE POWER SUPPLY

For 2 - 8" or 5" Drives + 5 VDC Cu 4 Amps + 24 VDC fa 3 Amps - 5 VDC (a 1 Amp AC Cables for 2 Drives $7.50 Dimensions: 4" x 4" x 11"

$59.95

S-100 POWER SUPPLY

+8VDC @30 Amps + 16VDC @ 6 Amps -16VDC @ 6 Amps

PC Board Design Dimensions: 5" x 6" x 11"

$89.50

iJStl

$1695.00

vS

$Kk

* 4 Slot S-100 Bus

+ Two Separate Power Supplys

* XOR S-100 Board set

• Inculdes CP/M" 2 2 and Manl

• All Cables Provided

+ Dimensions only9"x9"x 18'V

S-100-4 System Complete with:

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-1 SS/DD) Part#S-1000-40 $1 695.00

2-Tandon Thinline 8" (Model TM-848-2 DS/DD) Part#S-1000-39 $1 950.00

Now we are able to offer Mitsubishi thinline drives DSDD model 2896 for full 2.4 megabytes of formatted storage. All S-100-4 systems with these drives will include a full 6 months parts and labor warranty including the drives! Part #S-1000-34

SOFTWARE

CALCSTAR

. 150.00

C BASIC ".

. 118.00

DATA STAR...

. 265.00

DISK DOCTOR

. 85.00

MACRO ASSEMBLER

. 90.00

MAILMERGE

. 115.00

SPELLSTAR

. 190.00

WORDSTAR

. 275.00

CALL FOR SOFTWARE NOT LISTED

TERMINALS

Telivideo 910+ with green screen $575 T.V. 925 .... $739 T.V, 950 .... $945 Adds viewpoint with green screen $519 Zenith Z-19 $740

PRINTERS

Epson MX-80FT $549.00

Epson MX-100FT $699.00

Okidata 82A 80 column $465.00

Okidata 83A 132 column $745.00

C-ITOH Prowriter I $525.00

I.D.S. Microprism Model 480 . $565.00

8" DISK DRIVES

SA801R 388.00 ea.

SA851R 535.00 ea.

QUME DT-8 . 540.00 ea. Tandon 848-1 395.00 ea. Tandon 848-2 525.00 ea.

Two for 379.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea. Two for 529.00 ea. Two for 388.00 ea.

Two for 519.00 ea.

Mitsubishi Model 2896 DS/DD

475.00 ea.

^CALLFOR QUANTITYPRICES! jl

t—zz—r^rrr—~ \

Q

$1795.00

TERMINAL

■k Feather Touch Capacitance Kybrd • 60 Key Standard ASCII

• S0R0C Type Screen Attribute Set • 8 Special Function Keys

* Half Intensity * 20 Screen Editing Keys

COMPUTER

• XOR S-100 Board set • Includes CP/M*2.2

* Programmable Keyboard Set • 8 Slot S-100 Bus

S-100-8 System Complete With:

Shugart 801R Subsystem* (#S-1000-22) ...$2675.00 Shugart 851R Subsystem* (#S-1000-23)... 2925.00

Qume DT-8 Subsystem* (#S-1000-24) 2950.00

Shugart SA 400 Minis (#S-1000-25) 2350.00

Complete System, No Drives (#S-1000-21).. 1795.00

'Available in Horizontal or Vertical Cabinet

ZENITH DATA SYSTEMS

CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES 1 - 800 - 435-9357

Controller Board for 8" and 5" Drives lor the Z-89, Z-90 or H-89 Computers Comes w/CP/M-- 2.2 on 8" and 5" media

Only $550.00

•1]

by XOR

For test or systems applications. Complete S-100 12 Slot Main- . frame with Disk Drive Power Supply for 4 Drives,

SPECIFICATIONS

Regulated +5V @ 5A +24V @ 3A -5V @ 1A $225.00 Kit with 12 S-100 Bus Connectors $255.00 Assem. and Tested with 1 2 Bus Connectors

$1 5.00 AC/DC Drive Cable Set for 2 Drives Dimensions 6" x 10" x 18" — Shipping Weight 25 lbs.

Unregulated +8V @ 30A +16V @ 6A

Cooling tPower

Low Velocity Whisper'" Fans On/y$18.00ea, Finger Guards $2.50 each.

XOR

S-100 MOD

^®@=

$1350.00

• With the XOR S-100 MOD

• 12 Slot Motherboard and Card Cage

• +8V 9 30A • #16V @ 6A

• XOR S-100 Board set

• Includes CP/M' 2 2 Software and Manual

• All Cables Provided

• DC Power to Run up to 4 Drives * Complete Manual Set

S-100-12 System Complete With:

2-Shugart 801R (#S-1000-30) $ 21 25.00

2-Shugart 851R (#S-1000-31 2425.00

2-Qume DT-8 (#S-1000-32) 2450.00

Complete System, no drives 1 350.0r

Cabinet only - Includes Switches, Fan & AC/DC Wiring

(#S-1000-28) 250.00

Dimensions 11" x 21" x 22" CP/M' is a trademark of Digital Research

Apple 8" Disk Controller Card $395.00

ZVX4 Dual Density, Single & Double Sided - Auto Boot Disk 2 + 2 Single Density Single or Dual Sided

VSVA> 300.00

i—/ '

Complete line of add on drives for Apple CALL TOLL FREE FOR PRICES

^

64 K

DYNAMIC RAMS and EPROMS

TOSHIBA

HITACHI

FUJITSU

NEC

OKI

MITSUBISHI

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

Monarchy Engineering Inc.

380 Swift Avenue, Unit 21

So. San Francisco, CA 94080

Phone (415) 873-3055

WRITE OR CALL FOR OUR LATEST INVENTORY LIST.

B Dysan

^/corporation

Solve your dbc problem, buy 100% surface tested Dywn bMmMm All orders •hipped bom Mock, urkhin 24 houra. Call toll FREE (800) 23S-4137 for prices and Information. Visa and Master Card accepted

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (InCal. call (805) 543-1037.)

PC/FORTH

TM

Complete FORTH program development systems for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages include Interpreter/compiler with virtual memory management, line editor, custom screen editor, assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record access modules, and many demonstration programs. 150 page user manual $100.00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, color graphics extensions, and target compiler available at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86®. One disk drive and 48 kbytes RAM required. Software supplied on 5Va inch single sided soft sectored double density diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven Street Los Angelas, CA 90066

(213)306-7412

Circle 326 on inquiry card.

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

HOW TO REPAIR THE APPLE*

NOVEMBER 15th RELEASE DATE.

A comprehensive guide to repair your Apple II' or Apple II plus' computer.

With repair rates soaring and outrageous repair bills being charged for even simple repairs, THIS GUIDE CAN SAVE YOU MONEY!

ONLY $35.95

Note: If ordered prior to release date, pay only

534.95.

DATA-LINE (602) 820-0082 2961 S. LAS PALMAS MESA, ARIZONA 85202

'Trademark of APPLE COMPUTER INC.

Circle 168 on Inquiry card.

EDGE-86

AN INDUSTRIAL QUALITY 8086 OEM SYSTEM

• HARDWARE

— A Multibus1 COMPATIBLE 8086 CPU BOARD WITH DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER, INTERRUPT CONTROLLER, PROGRAMMABLE TIMERS, 3 SERIAL PORTS, TWO PARALLEL I/O PORTS, AND 8K BYTES OF PROM WITH BOOT STRAP LOADER FOR CPMI86™.

— 128K BYTES DYNAMIC RAM BOARD.

— 4-SLOT MULTIBUS CARD CAGE, WITH COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION AND SCHEMATICS; ALL FOR $1250.

• SOFTWARE

— CPM/86 O.S. WITH COMPLETE UTILITIES. . . $250.

—OFF THE SHELF DELIVERY—

33GE MICRO SYSTEMS

195 W. EL CAMINO REAL, SUNNYVALE, CA 94086 TELEPHONE: 408-738-4729

■ Multibus TM ot Intel, ™CPM!86 TM ol Digital Research.

ANALOG *#• DIGITAL DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

;st S-100 - 9. to V~> khz lie high and low Inputs - gain

- iy hit ■ nrnple ancj hold amplifier

jntiol 16-thonnel - mining to digital programmable gain instrumentation

,lom boorrJ Ibsi - S 100 - 2 to 15 khz

:rarn 1 to 10P4 12-bit sample and hold amplifier B-channel differential - !6<honn®l - analog to digital high accuracy - proqrnmimihli.' gain mMrunicnlntion -imnlifirr custom board test S-100 2 to IS kh?

For additional details about the ad-100-4 and other fine California Data corporation 100% individually

tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road. Suite C-10 Newbury Park. CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

BASF

FlexyDisks

5 V

Specify sod, 10 or 16 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

$20.00 34.50

$185.00 325.00

8

n

Specify soft or 32 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/single density $21.00 $195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00 Certified ChBck - Money Order - Personal Check Allow up to 2 weeks for personal checks to clear. Add S1.50to each order lor U.P.S. shipping charges.

NJ Residents add 5% NJ Sales Tax

280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85 Somerville, N.J. 08876 • (201) 725-6680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

ifyouuseCP/IW

then you need

DISK FIX!

DISK FIX is a disk editor which can display, edit or copy any sector of a CP/M floppy and/or hard disk. The DISK FIX utility can be used to recover files from disks with damaged directories, to reconstruct files with bad sectors, to restore erased files and to do general disk editing. DISK FIX automatically configures to floppy and hard disks, just insert the program disk and it is ready to run. A single CPU license is available for $150. Call software HOT LINE 906/228-7622.

The Software Store

706 Chippewa Square • Marquette Ml 49855

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

Now...You Can Monitor

7 Most Important RS-232 Interface Lines

._—5m.

•««/-"

Made in America

RS-232-INTERFACE TESTER

connects in series with any RS-232 interface. LED s clearly display status of 7 functions, transmit Gala, receive data, request to send, clear to send, data set ready, carrier detect, data terminal ready. Requires no power; may be left in permanently Satisfaction guaranteed. ORDER NOW! Only S39.95 ppd (IL res add 5% sales tax), we accept MC, Visa FREE illustrated catalog of problem detecting equipment Phone 815/539-5827. Make checks payable to.

Q&D electronics

Box 475-B; MEND0TA, IL 61342

Circle 189 on Inquiry card.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

EPSON

MX 80 F/T III MX 100 IIPiVoc'ps;

BOTH WITH GRAFTRAX

HX-20 COMPUTER

Cards and cables for all computers Please Call For Best Prices

OKJDATA

82 A

83 A

$39900

$54900

© B^SIS108

APPLE COMPATIBLE

COMPUTER

CALL FOR LOWEST PRICE

16KRAMCARD

For Apple® 11/11 +

Compatible with:

Dos 3.3® CP/M®

Visicalc®, Pascal®,

2 Year

Warranty

Fully tested and assembled

$59

00

SOFTWARE

WE HAVE IT ALL!

OVER 500 TITLES

• APPLE •

CP/M

• IBM • ATARI

PARTIAL LISTING

Applewriter II

sggoo

Arcade Machine

35"°

Bag of Tricks

SCALL

BPI GL

29900

Choplifter

2700

Data Factory

24900

dBase II

489™

DB Master

169°°

Executive Secret;

ry $CALL

Frogger

27°°

Home Accountan

t 59°°

Peachtree

SCALL

PFS

89°°

S.A.M.

SCALL

Screenwriter II

89°°

Su percale

199°°

Versaform

285°°

Visicalc

179°°

Visifile

179°°

Wizardry

3900

Word Handler

159™

Wordstar

SCALL

SYSTEM SAVER

• UL Listed

• Surge

• Suppression

• Dual outlet

$65

SMITH-CORONA

LETTER QUALITY daisy P~----_

WHEEL r,k ~~~~~l

PRINTER '<+*>- -^

A ATARI

Atari 800 (48K) $CALL Atari 400 (16K) 299™

Visicalc 17900

LJK Letter Perfect 11900 32K memory 7900

Software & acces. $CALL

gC3i Products

Paddles

$29°°

Joystick II

4fJ00

Select-A-Port

4700

All of Above

10900

Joystick III

$CALL

Joystick IBM

4500

HARDWARE

Disk Library Case

$250

Hayes Modems

$CALL

Lobo Drives

$CALL

Microsoft Softcard

259°°

Novation Modems

SCALL

Paymar Lower Case

23°°

Vista Products

SCALL

Wizard BPO

159™

16K Ram 4116(8)

11™

64K Ram 4164(8)

88™

3-Ring Disk Sheets (10)

5°°

Jj Mountain Computer

CPS Card

$149°'

CPS Cable

$CALL

Ramplus+ 32K

139™

Rom Writer

13900

Clock

19500

Music System

29900

Super Talker

14900

Expansion Chassis

559°°

Card Reader

$CALL

A/D-D/A

26900

V-C Expand

$CALL

|)bmc

12" Green AU $88°°

12" Green EU 12900

Amber $CALL

RGB (IBM) $CALL

13"

Color Composite

$269

dex

80 Column

$239

Enhancer II

119

Softswitch

25

Function Strip

59

Inverse Video

19

15^575^5

64 K 128K

V-C Expand 80

$319°' 459™

7501

\ferbatim

5 1/4" (100) $239°'

5 1/4" (10) 259;

8" (10) 399;

Head Cleaning kit 75(

fJ-SG

APPLE II

A2 Repent 5299°°

A40 40 TRACK 359°°

A70 70 TRACK 479°°

APPLE III

A3 Replacement *339

A73 70 TRACK 52900

A143 140 TRACK 669°"

EPSON RIBBONS

MX 80 MX 100

$10°°eaOr3 for25°°

15

|00_

00

ea Or

3 .or 39

00

DEALER

INQUIRIES

INVITED

COMPUTER DISCOUNT PRODUCTS

(408) 985-0400

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128 MON-FRI 8-5 SAT 10-4

Mail and phone orders welcome. CA residents add 6%%TAX. Prices subject to change. All items FOB San Jose VISA, MC. AMEX, MO. CASHIERS CHECK. COD OK. Personal checks allow 2 weeks for processing. Schools PO's accepted.

CHRISTMAS HOURS: MON-FRI 8AM - 7PM - SAT & SUN 10AM - 4PM

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

T.H.E. SMART e TERMINAL

Software that turns your Atari 400 or 800 into a real smart terminal. Send and receive data from all popular data services. Works with cassette or disk for upload/download.16K min. Available at Atari Dealers Worldwide or directly from Binary. VISA/MC/ AMEX/COD/CHECK. Cassette $49.95 Disk $49.95 add $2.50 P & H U.S., $5.00 overseas.

BilMfW™

Computer Software

3237 Woodward Ave.

Berkley, Ml 48072

(313) 548-0533

BINARY CORPORATION

Circle 65 on Inquiry card.

LOOK TO THE FUTURE...

EPROM-32

The only EPR0M programmer you need!

■ IEEE-696 IS-100] EPR0M programmer lor single supply I + 5VIEPR0MS

• Programs current IK througn 16K (byte) EPflOMs plus future 32K EPROMs.

• EPR0M can be verified through a port or located in memory space tor verification and use.

• Personality Modules adapt board to dillerent EPR0M types: PM-1-2508, 2758 PM-3-2732, 2732A PM-6-68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564 PM-7-2528

PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764 PM-B—27128

• Single zero-insertion-pressure socket accommodates both 24pin and 28-pin EPR0M packages

• On-board DC-to-DC converter with adjustable regulator lor programming voltage.

• Double-sided PC board with solder masks, silkscreen and gold-plated contact fingers.

• 8080/Z80 control software includes commands for programming, verification, disk I/O and editing.

■ Comprehensive user's manual contains source listing of control software.

Mkro Dynamics

$269.95

(assembled & tested) Corporation Pfice includes EPROM-32, documenPO Rnx 17577 ta!ion an(f tw0 Personality Modules MpmnhiV TN TO117 tspeci,y)' Wltional Modules-$7.95. «H5 IcL nc?n ConIro1 softwa[e on 8 inch single denst(aui)-/oo-Ubl9 tyCP/M-compatible diskette-$9.95.

MasterCard & Visa

TN residents add 6% sales tax.

SIGMATEK INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

327 Clarkin Ct„ Walnut Creek. CA 94598

(415) 938-5097 MICflOPflOCESSOR CRYSTALS [Wife]

1 000 12288 168%

2 000, 2 09/152 2 -1576

3 2768 3 579545 A 000 J9152 5000 50688

•I 19430-1 4 -133619 5 185 5 71-13

73728. 8000 10000. 11 000 12000 14 31818 15 575. 18 000, 18-13? 19 660!) 20 000. 22 1184. 32 000 "18 000

TUNING FORK CRYSTALS (3 x 8 Minature)

3? 768 KHz 30 KH? lo 50 KHz

EPROMS

2532 15V 450 n 273? 15V 450 ns 2764 15V 450 ns

DYNAMIC HAMS

4164 (150 ns)

2 00 each 2 50 each

I 50 each Inquire

N.A.S.H.U.A.

5 Vt mini floppy diskette

SS/SD Soft Sector 20.00 box/10 pc.

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

^ScotaK

l^Pff DISKETTES

Call Toll-Free 1-800-328-DISC for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE

~4a

m.

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

YOU'VE JUST FOUND

THE MISSING LINK!

Computer Shopper is your link to individuals who buy, sell and trade computer equipment and software among themselves nationwide. No other magazine fills this void in the marketplace chain.

Thousands of cost-conscious computer enthusiasts use Computer Shopper every month through hundreds of classified ads. And new equipment advertisers offer some of the lowest prices in the nation.

Subscribe to Computer Shopper with a

6 month trial for $6 or 12 months

for only $10. MasterCard & VISA accepted.

CO/77PL/TER SHDPP5R

P.O. Box F311 •Titusville. FL 32780

305-269-3211

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

EPICSCOMPUTER SOFTWARE for EXECUTIVES and MANAGERS

• Name/Address/Key Information

• Personal Schedule

• Corporate Schedule

• Document Tracking

• File Indexing Schema

• Tickler File

Functional, well engineered software in the Pascal programming language for Apple II and TRS-80 Model II Computers. Plus seminars to help your computer understand you.

SOFTWARE CONSULTING SERVICES

901 Whittier Drive. Allentown. Pa. 18103

(215) 797-9690

An. Martha Cichelli

•iTMl Apple Computer Co„ "ITMI T;indy Corp

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 345 on inquiry card.

Circle 427 on inquiry card.

STATISTICAL SOFTWARE

ELF—Stepwise regression, factor analysis, correlation coefficients, crosstabs, simple statistics, t-tests, ANOVA, stepwise discriminant analysis, all BASIC Iransformations and more. $200.00.

TWG/ARIMA—Box-Jenkins for seasonal and non-seasonal models. $300.00.

EASI/ARIMA—Automatic Box-Jenkins program for stock and commodity traders. $300.00

All are for the Apple II* with 48K of memory, Applesoft* and DOS 3.3.

Visa and MasterCard accepted. Call of write:

1U TVine/uMOui tyiaufr 3907 Lakota Road P.O. Box 10114 Alexandria, VA 22310 (703) 960-2587

•Trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.

OMEGA

The Last Disassembler You Will Ever Need!

Mnemonics Externally Defined

Zilog, Intel, PASM Supplied

ASCII/HEX Preconditioner

Can Externally Def. Equates

Optional Address Listing

ASM/PASM/M80 Compatible

DB statements forcible over user specified range

$150. complete/$25. manual only for further information contact

COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC.

1325 East Main St.

Waterbury, Ct. 06705

Phone (203) 754-4197

CONTROL DATA

DISKETTES

5 1/4'

SPECIFY SOFT. 10 or

56

SECTORS

PRICE/10

PRICE 50

PRICE 100

SSSD

_ $23.00

S112.00

S215.00

SSDD

_ 26.00

126.00

235.00

DSDD

32.00

156.00

295.00

8"

SPECIFY SOFT or 32 SECTORS

PRICE/IO

PRICE/SO

PRICE 100

SSSD _

S25.00

Si 22.00

S223.00

SSDD

3O.00

145 00

263.00

DSDD _

34.80

165.00

303.00

[CALL TOLL FREE - ORDERS ONLY 800-824-7888 all states except ca 800-852-7777 for ca residents

, ask for OPERATOR #906

fterfUgt

"Unlimited

P.O. Box 3304, Saratoga. CA 95070-1304

Circle 496 on inquiry card.

Circle 155 on inquiry card.

BEFORE YOU GET TOO EXCITED ABOUT LOBO'S NEW COMPUTER, THERE'S SOMETHING YOU SHOULD KNOW.

There's plenty to be excited about in Lobo's new MAX-80,™ as you'll see in just a minute.

But first we want to warn you: you can't get one right away. Already, orders are coming in faster than we can build systems. However, if you can appreciate an incredible price/performance bargain, you'll agree the MAX-80 is well worth waiting for. WHAT'S ALL THE EXCITEMENT ABOUT?

We're glad you asked. And the answer is pretty simple. Just look at this list of standard features:

• 5 MHz Z-80B processor. That's 2Vz times the speed of a TRS-80 Model III or SoftCard/Apple!

• 64k RAM. 128k is a low-cost option.

• CP/M included. A few more dollars get you LDOS, an incredibly powerful operating system that lets you run standard Radio Shack software.

• Software-selectable 25 x 80,76 x 64, and 16 x 32 screen formats. For full compatibility with CP/M and TRS-80 applications.

• All disk interfaces built in. Plug in any combination of 51/4" floppies, 8" floppies, and Winchester disk.

• Two RS-232 serial ports. Ready to plug in modems, printers, or what-have-you.

• Centronics-type parallel port. For any printer using this standard interface.

• Plus: numeric keypad with 4 function keys, software definable text and graphics characters, built-in clock/calendar with battery backup, and buffered I/O expander port.

Now for the best part: the factory-direct price for all this power is just $820including shipping and Lobo's standard 1-year hardware warranty! WHAT TO DO NOW.

Call Lobo toll-free. Tell us what hardware and software configuration you're interested in (see below), and we'll give you an approximate shipping date. A $100 deposit will hold your place on the waiting list.

Then get a good book to help you pass the time.

MAX-80

1850M

CPU and Accessories

MAX-80 computer with 64k RAM and CP/M

$

820.00

64k expansion RAM (installed)

$

95.00

12" (diag.) high-resolution anti-glare green phosphor monitor

$

175.00

LDOS operating system instead of CP/M

$

39.00

LDOS operating system in addition to CP/M

$

69.00

Dual 51A" Floppy Disk Systems

4402CM single-sided, 40

track; 180 kB per diskette $ 690.00

4802CM double-sided,

80 track; 720 kB per diskette $1,175.00

Dual 8" Floppy Disk Systems

NOTE: Lobo CP/M permits reading and

writing standard single-sided, single density

CP/M disks with either of these systems.

8202CM single-sided, double

density; 577 kB per diskette $1,185.00

5202CM double-sided, double

density; 1155 kB per diskette $1,485.00

Winchester Disk Systems

950M 5W system: 4.8 MB

hard disk plus 720 kB floppy $2,405.00

950MX same as 950M above

but no floppy drive $2,100.00

1850M 8" system: 8.0 MB hard

disk plus 1155 kB floppy $3,085.00

The Lobo Warranty

All Lobo hardware products carry a limited 1-year parts and labor warranty. Call or write for complete warranty statement.

© 1982 Lobo Drives International, Goleta, CA CP/M trademark of Digital Research Corp. TRS-80 trademark of Tandy Corporation. SoftCard trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Apple trademark of Apple Computer. LDOS trademark of Logical Systems Incorporated.

ALL PRICES INCLUDE SHIPPING WITHIN THE U.S.A. California residents add 6% sales tax. Payable by credit card, check, or money order.

TOLL-FREE ORDER NUMBERS: U.S. (except California);

800-235-1245

In California: 800-322-6103 or

800-322-6104 Hours: 7AM-5PM Pacific Time

l®6(|

drii/es;

INTERNATIONAL 1

Prices subject to change without notice.

i

Lobo Drives International

Dept. BY 12

358 S. Fairview Ave.

Goleta, CA 93117

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

551

m

Apple II + Paper Tape I/O Is This Easy

10101011010001010:.:.:.:.::.::.:.:.:: 01010101010010100.:.:.:.:.::.:..:.:: One minute you're without, the next you're up and running! Just plug into your APPLE II PLUS. A neat and complete package.

• Model 600-1 Punch — 50cps, rugged

• Model 605 Reader — 150cps

• Parallel Interface Board/Cable

• Data Handling Program

Code conversion available. TRS-80 pack age soon. ADDMASTER CORP. 416 Juni pero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 ' 213/285-1121.

FOR TRS-80 MODEL II & Z80

- CCOS

Real-time Operating System

Intended (or:

OEM's, Systems Implementors & experienced owners

POLL REMOTE TERMINALS, CASH REGISTERS,

DATA ACQUISITION DEVICES CONCURRENTLY WITH OPERATOR/BACKGROUND ACTIVITIES

CONFIGURED FOR TRS-80 MODEL II

TRANSPARENT OVERLAY TO TRSDOS 2,0A

AVAILABLE FOR STAND-ALONE/BOARD LEVEL SYSTEMS

GIVES YOU ACCESS TO I/O DEVICES FROM EITHER FOREGROUND OR BACKGROUND

GATHER. PROCESS & STORE DATAWHILE RUNNING APPLICATION PROGRAMS IN BACKGROUND

- INTERRUPT DRIVEN - MULTI-TASKING - 16 PRIORITIES

Also

TRS-80 MODEL II DISASSEMBLER TRS-80 MODEL II EXTENDED DEBUG PACKAGE

Specialiiing in Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition €Wt/ic/ (rtfiflOi(f/t'<!Jt (612)424-2622

508 THIRD STREET SE - 03SEO. MINNESOTA 55369

Analog and Power

Control I/O in a

Single Board Computer

6801 or 68701 MPU with 2K ROM or EROM, 128 RAM, timer. 8 12-bit analog inputs, 8-bit analog output, 8 AC or DC inputs or outputs, serial I/O, digital I/O, watchdog timer, power supply.

WINTER

Winlek Corp. 1801 Soulh Slreel Lalayette, IN .1790.1 317.742-8426

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

Circle 497 on Inquiry card.

Scotch*

DISKETTES

SAVE 40% complete list.

51/ 11 Specify soft, Price/10 /* 10 or 16 sector

#744 1 side/sgl dens $26.70

#7440 1 side/dbl dens 31.20

#745 2 sides/dbl dens 38.40

8/ i Specify soft or 32 sector

#740 1 side/sgl dens 27.30

#741 1 side/dbl dens 35.80

#743 2 sides/dbl dens 43.60

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Authorized Distributor d*aR«fl

Information Processing Products mji^n

FOR UCSD PASCAL* SYSTEMS PDBASE an Entity Relational Data-base. Complete with English query language, formated screen, procedure language, data security, multiple users, validity checking. Introductory Prices $245 -Interactive PDBASE $100 -Program interface for

PDBASE Available for APPLE II, III IBM PC TANDY II, DEC, + others IOTC Inc. 910 Sully/Laramie, WY 82070 •Trademark Regents Univ. of Calif. (307) 721-5818

Get more out of your

Apple with the MICRO

on the Apple Series

Vols. 1,2, & 3

$24.95 ea.

+ $2.00 shipping each volume Each book includes more than 30 programs —

all on DISKETTE

Machine Language Aids I/O Enhancements Runtime Utilities Graphics & Games Hardware & Reference Information

To order toll free:

1-800-345-8112 In PA 1-800-662-2444

MICRO INK, Inc. P.O. Box 6502 Chelmsford, MA 01824

Circle 275 on Inquiry card.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

IBM-PC t SOFTWARE for BUSINESS and RESEARCH

ARA TEST OPERATIONS 99.95 p.p.

Designed to provide comprehensive analysis of tests and questionnaires. Scores multiple-choice instruments and generates item statistics for analyzing a test or group of examinees.

ARA BUSINESS PLANNER 99.95 p.p.

Designed to assist business decision-makers by improving productivity and performance. Contains linear programming, life cycle cost analysis, business forecasting, PF.RT analysis, inventory optimization, route and delivery scheduling, and equipment replacement modeling.

ARA BASIC STATISTICS 49.95 p.p.

Offers univariate and multivariate statistical routines for analyzing business and scientific problems. Includes descriptive statistics with bargraphs, chi-square cross tabulations, multiple regression and correlation, and ANOVA modules.

All ARA software is written in BASIC and requires at least 64K RAM with two 5.25 floppy-disk drives. Additional technical specifications available upon request.

US funds only. Add SI0.00 if foreign order. Allow 3-4 weeks for personal checks. California residents add 6.5% tax. All orders are confirmed in writing.

f.

ANACAPA RESEARCH ASSOCIATES

-HMnriundvicwBlvd l\

tIBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation

SDSystems*

S-100 Boards

components and systems

MPC-4 — MULTI-PORT COMM.

S495

."• VERSA FLOPPY II

350

0 EXPANDORAMII —64K

417

O SBC-200w/Monitor

299

0 CP/M"

225

2-80 Starter Kit

275

VDB8024

465

0 SPECIAL—VFYII,EXPII,SBC200—

1050

w/CP/M'"

1250

prices subject to change

" indicates trademark from manufacturer

complete line of SD boards, components and systems at below market prices. We offer the latest factorv releases and complete technical support. Free brochures available upon request.

•if we can't offer you the lowest prices... we'll tell you who can. MICRO COMPUTER COMPANY INC.

MSS

701 Wheaton Plaza North 301-942-5442 Wheaton, Maryland

20902

ALIST

Alphabetical LIST and database program. Designed for variable length Melds and flexibility. Enter 50 records without a disk wait.

Send selected records to screen, printer or disk file. Sort or re-sort records by ANY field.

Introducing ALISTA an advanced version of ALIST with added arithmetic capabilities.

Simplified Users Guides (ALIST or ALISTA)

MAIL/PHONI LIST (Included)

REFERENCE/CITATION 10.00

FILE CARDS 10.00

Users guides for ALISTA ONLY.

CHICKBOOK/BUDOET (Included)

HOME INVENTORY 1O.O0

Requires 48K CP/M. Available for the Osborne I, 8" SSSO CP/M. SuperBrain, Advantage... call for other disk formats.

ALIST (Alphabetical LIST program) 130.00

ALISTA (Added features) 173.00

HONOR SYSTEM SOFTWARE

2562 E. Glado

Moid, AZ 8S204

(602) 892-2434

Circle 33 on inquiry card.

Circle 298 on inquiry card.

Circle 224 on Inquiry card.

THE COMPUTER SPECIALISTS

Apple II plus 48K,

Apple Disk Drive II with

Interface DOS 3.3, Apple

III, 12" Monitor and the

Apple Monitor Stand

All lor Only5179900 FREE! Apple Writer II

with purchase of this fabulous package

BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL

Apple II plus 48K, Apple Disk Drive w/interface DOS 3.3, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor, Visicalc

3.3. Planning & Financial

Forecasting Software

Only S197900

16K RAM Card $74flS

w/purchase of above package

apple'

WORD PROCESSOR SYSTEM

Apple II plus 48K, Apple

Disk Dr. w/interface DOS

3.3, 12" Hi Res Green

Monitor, OKIDATA

Microline 80 Printer,

Printer Interface Card &

Cable. Screenwriter II

Only S2325

00

Wam HEWLETT

kkIpackard

HP-83A *11499s

HP-85A *2099»8

'700 Free Software!

direct from manuf..

Call or write for details!

HP-87XM *24959s

HP-125 «20999S

— Accessories —

8290tM 5V«" Dual

Disc Drive ..... *16949S

82905A Serial Prntr*61995

HP-7470A Graphics plotter

also available in Serial for

use with the Apple*'- and

Franklin- Computers

-" Now Only *12699S

FRANKLIN

DATA BASE MANAGER

Franklin ACE 1000 64K,

Micro-Sci Disk Drive w/interface, 12" Hi Res

Green Monitor.

Stoneware DB-Master

Data Base Manager

Call or Write

NEW! ACE 1000

THE PERSONAL

PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER

THAT'S HARDWARE AND

SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE

w/APPLE II PLUS™

64K RAM, Upper & Lower

Case. 12 Key Numeric

Keypad, Built-in Fan,

Typewriter Style Keyboard

Call or Write

BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL

ACE 1000 64K. Micro-Sci

Disk Drive w/controller.

12" Hi Res Green

Monitor. Visicalc 3.3

Call or Write

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE® and FRANKLIN

®

RANA

Elite 1 Disc Drive, with 15% more storage capacity than Apples' drive . .Only s36950 Controller Card Only 109.95

MICRO SCI

A-2 Disc Drive, the cost effective alternative to the Disc II, with controller .Only s40995 without controller Only 329.95

KENSINGTON

System Saver Fan, with built-in surge protector for Apple- II Only ^7495

MICRO PRO Spec/a/ Offer!

Word Pack Includes WordStar, MailMerge, and SpellStar All 3 tor Only s32900

NOVATION

Apple Cat II, direct line modemOn/y s29995

Apple Cat II, 212 Upgrade Only s32995

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

VISICORP PROGRAMS

Visicalc s184" Visifile S1849S

Visiplot s23995 Visiterm s7995

Visidex s18495 Visischedule.s23995

Desktop Plan II M9495

ADDITIONAL "ADD-ONS"

DC HAYES Micromodem II *28995

VIDEX Keyboard Enhancer II s11995

VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. Board . . .s25995

VIDEX Function Strip ('/use w/Enhancer II) s6295

TKC Numeric Keypad (Apple' only) . . .s13495

ABT Numeric Keypad (Apple- only) s999!

THUNDERCLOCK PLUS M1995

PKASO Parallel interface s13495

MICROSOFT Z-80 CP/M Card *25995

MICROSOFT 16K Ram Card s9995

TG Joystick s475° TKC Joystick . s4495

VOTRAX TYPE-N-TALK

Lets your computer talk to you Only $19995 Available lor Apple/Franklin/Alari/VIC-20

NEW! APPLI CARD

Z-80 Card with 64K RAM Only s36995

FORMAT II WORD PROCESSOR

with mail list, user friendly . . . Only s19995 MICROSOFT PREMIUM PACK

Z-80 CPM Card, VIDEX Videoterm 80 Col. board,

CPM user's guide & MICROSOFT RAM Card

All for only s54995 Plus you receive a FREE Videx Soft Switch (a s30 Value!)

MICROBUFFER llby Practical Peripherals

32K . ..Only s24995 16K ...Only *21495

MICROBUFFER for EPSON

16K Parallel s13495 8K Serial s13495

Franklin ACE is a trademark of Franklin Computer Co.

COMPUTER SPECIALS!

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

Tl 99 4/A with RF Modulator . M999S

After Mfg's Cash Rebate, Plus 2 FREE

oflers Irom Tl Call or Write lor details!

COMMODORE

VIC-20 with RF Modulator s184"

RCA VP-3501 built-in modem s339"

ATARI 400 s269"

TIMEX Sinclair 1000 s99"

48K Memory 49.95 32K Memory 99.95

SHARP (Handheld) PC-1500 s214" CE-150 Primer s174" PC-1211 with CE-122 Primer M24»!

Registered Traderr

SOFTWARE & ACCESSORIES

IBM Orig. 5'A" Disk SS/DD pk. of 10 34.95

IBM Orig. 5%" Disk DS/DD pk. ol 10 49.95

TANDON DS/DD Disk Drive 320K 279.95

IBM is a registered trademark ol IBM. Inc.

BIG BLUE 469.95

Quadrant Parallel printer card w/cable 129.00

QUADRAM Serial card with cable 110.00

QUAD Board 64K449.00 QUAD Board 256K749.00

VISICALC/256K 185.00 SUPERCALC .209.95

PC Pedestal lor Monochrome Display 69.95

MICROSOFT RAM Card

64K 279.95 256K 629.95

POWER TEXT Word Processor 299.95

PEECH TREE Accounting GL, APSAR 3-pk .469.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 239.00

VISIDEX 185.00 VISIFILE 239.00

ATARI

BUSINESSMAN'S SPECIAL Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Drive and Visicalc 3.3 c^nnnac Now Only *139995

WORD PROCESSOR

Atari 800 48K, Atari 810 Disk Drive, Atari Word Processor, 850 Interface, Okidata Microline 82A Printer with Connecting Cable

Now Only51 99900

PRINTERS

EPSON

MX-80 III F/T 80-136 Column Dot Matrix, Tractor or Friction Feed. Bidirectional, 80 CPS, Graftrax Plus Call

MX-100IIIF/T 136-233 Column. Tractor or Friction Feed, Bidirectional, 80 CPS,

Graftrax Plus Call

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 120 CPS. Bidirectional. Parallel-Serial. 80/132 Columns.

Friction & Pin Feed 449.95

MICROLINE 83A F/T 120 CPS, Bidirectional, 136 Columns. Serial/Parallel. Friction and Tractor 699.00

New.' MICROLINE 84A F/T 200 CPS, Bidirctional, 136 Coiumn. Parallel, Friction and Tractor 1099.00

Serial w/2K Buffer 1199.00

New! C.ITOH 1550 120 CPS. 136/232

Column. F/T Graph Parallel 769.00

Parallel and Serial 809.00

DISKETTE SPECIALS!

(10 pk except where indicated)

MAXELL MD-1 SS 5%" 34.95

MAXELL MD-2 DS/DD 5'/," 49.95

MAXELL FD-2 DS/DD 8" (Sofl Seclor)59.95

VERBATIM SS/DD 5%" 31.95

VERBATIM DS/DD S'A" 46.50

MEMOREX SS/DD 5V„" 23.95

CONTROL DATA SS/DD 5'A" (12 pk)25.95

NEW! IBM SS/DD 5 V 34.95

NEW! IBM DS/DD 5%" 49.95

For quantity discount prices please call or write!

C.ITOH F-10 Daisy Wheel, Letter Quality Printer, 40 CPS, Parallel 1499.00

SMITH CORONA TP-1 Letter quality Daisy wheel printer. Microprocessor elec

tronics. Serial or Parallel interface, 120 words per minute 639.00

MONITORS

USI PI-2 12" High Res. Green 159.00

High Res. Amber 189.00

USI PI-3 12'

SANYO 13" Color 389.95

AMDEK 300 12" Green 149.95

AMDEK 13" Color I 329.00

AMDEK Color II RGB High Res. . .699.95 AMDEK Color Interface Board f/RGB159.00

NEC JB 12" Green 179.95

NEC JC 12" Color 349.95

BMC-1200 12" Green 149.00

ELECTROHOME ECM-1302-1 13" RGB Monitor Hi-Res.

with NTSC Interface 399.95

1302-2 High Res. RGB 599.95

COLOR BOARD for APPLE' II . . .199.95

OSBORNE

Complele w/the following software: Wordstar. Mailmerge. Supercalc. CBasic and M Basic.

Now In Stock! Software & Accessories

X-MON monitor adapter 39.95

CENTRONIX printer cable 59.95

Keyboard extender cable 4 ft 49.95

RS232 Serial cable 39.95

Games for Osborne

Velor 20.00 Star Trek 15.00

Trapper 15.00 Catacomb .... 18.00

CORPORATE ACCOUNTS WELCOME

(212)260-4410

TOLL FREE OUT-OF-STATE

™800-221-7774 800-221-5858

Hems Prices

on sale for limited effective as of Oc

67 West 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

115 West 45th Street, New York, N.Y. 10036

MAIL ORDER ADDRESS: 36 E. 19th St. New York. N.Y. 10003

time only, and are subject to limited availability. Not responsible for typographical errors. This ad supersedes all other ads prior to Dec, 1982 28. 1982 and are subject to change without notice. All orders subject to verification and acceptance. Minimum shipping and handling $4.95

Circle 1 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

553

5'/4" Floppy Disk Drives

(Direct IBM'01 Plug-in) TANDON Model TM 100-1 . $189* ea. TANDON Model TM 100-2 . $269* ea. 12" Green Phospher Zenith Monitor $109" ea.

IBM EXPANSION BOARDS

64K Memory $275* ea.

128K Memory $375* ea.

192K Memory $450* ea.

256K Memory $510* ea.

Floppy Controller $180* ea.

16K System BD Memory . $ 25* ea. MC / VISA or C.O.D. with certified check or money order. Arkansas residents add sales tax.

For information or orders, call

501-777-9859

G-H Computer Systems, Inc.

P.O. Box 871 • Hope, AR 71801

" Plus Shipping.

digital group computers)

by /EON inc.

Z-BO 64k l FLOPPY DOUBLE DENSITY IIMGI 5meq HARD DISK

OASIS OPERATING SYSTEM 80 CHARACTER TERMINAL wM

RS232 CHANNELS

5MEG HARD DISK w/cab. and controller

10MEG HARD DISK wlcab. and contoller

POWER SUPPLY lor hard disk

BATTERY CLOCK CARD I milaserj. tick lor molti user

32K STATIC msec 4k increments of bank seta

SPEECH SYNTHERSIZER 384k ol speech rom

CPO w/rom board, no wait states at 4MHZ

4 channel RS 232 COMMUNICATIONS CARD

DOOBLE DENSITY DISK CONTROLLER

HAYESSMARTMODE^^^^^^^^^^

AbUN blectronics 1855 S. Pearl, Suite MSB Denver, CO 80210 303-777-AEON

S5395 $1800 $2300 $ 168 * 150 5 375 S 285 S 200 S 180 $ 275 1220

"v'ii/.

€S

TeleVideo USERS!

COGITATE Fast Dump/Restore System for TS 802H, 806.

• Back-up files twice as fast as PIP.

• Double the storage, up to 700K/diskette, with multiple diskette capability $90.00

COGITATE Type Ahead With Print Screen

• Print key prints screen.

•64 character type ahead buffer $90.00

COGITATE 2780/3780 Communications System.

• Communicates with most IBM systems.

• Many features for remote job

entry $400.00

TurboDOS

•MULTIUSER $750.00

•SEMINARS $250.00

CPVM® is registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

TurboDOS is a registered trademark ol Software 2000, Inc.

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034

(313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

NOW MAKE SOLID

CONNECTIONS....

Male or Female

RS 232 GENDER REVERSERS

$19.95 each postpaid

American Made

Order either two male or two female connectors with all 25 pins interconnected. Both Gender m Reversers just $34.95 post- I , paid. Purchase Orders from I?. rated firms accepted. Get free I illustrated catalog of interface and monitoring equipment.

Q&B electronics

P.O. Box 475-B • Mendota, IL 61342

Phone (815) 539-5827

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

maxell

Floppy Disks

BEST PRICES IN THE U.S.

Call for our special dealer program. C.O.D.'s accepted. TOLL FREE (800) 652-8162 In California (213) 901-8881

U.S.

EXCHANGE

' U.S. EXCHANGE 14831 Bessemer St. Van Nuys, CA 91411-2773

THE SBC 8671

FEATURES: Zilog Z8671 Microprocessor with on chip 2K basic interpreter: Full RS-232 and Opto Isolated 20 MA current loop serial communications with baud rales from 110 9600 baud: Three 28 pin JEDEC standard byte wide universal memory sockets for up to 48K of on board user memory: Prom memory map decoder for selection of any ROM/RAM mix between standard EPROMS and byte wide sialic RAMS including the new 8K x 8 static RAMS: 48 parallel 1/0 lines on board. 32 of which are pin compatible with industry standard power opto I/O modules and have sockets for universal 7400 style line drivers or R-Pack line terminators' Module bus (or full expansion- All chips socketed: Industrial grade construction,

Price $325 each Custom and OEM versions also available

lA

LEHMANN & ASSOCIATES

P.O. Box 566. Maumee. Ohio 43537

|419| 891-0687

Circle 476 on Inquiry card.

Circle 266 on Inquiry card.

Mf@™

Check with us before you order FORTH from any other distributor. UNI FORTH is available for most Z-80, 8086/8088, LSI/PDP-11, 68000 or 16032 computers, either stand-alone or as a task under an operating system. UNIFORTH adheres to the FORTH-79 standard, and includes a video editor, floating point routines, and an assembler. We offer a solid, professional system with extensive documentation and option packages. Prices: $60 (basic) to $300 (multi-user). Requires 8" floppies.

Unified Software Systems

P.O. Box 2644

New Carrollton, Md 20784

(301)552-1295

-~ Robots!

jf "*"—• Horns!

-*■.**J?^/' ;f\ Lamps! '.'-« Printers!

CONVERT YOUR SERIAL PORT TO PARALLEL

* RS232 Type Input * Handshake Signals

* 8 Baud Rate Selections* Centronics Type Output

* 8 Latched Outputs * Compact 3V*" x43li" x 1Va"

Now you can operate parallel printers and other devices from a standard RS232 serial port. Ideally suited for operation of popular printers such as the NEC 8023A and others. Latched output lines can be used lo control eight external circuits from a single serial control line. Great lor ROBOT CONTROL! Available with optional Centronics type connector on output.

ntv *7995

Conn. Opl, Add MO00 Cal. Res. Add 6% Tax I SpWWW »3« UPS Shipping

1501-B Pine Street

P.O.Box 2233 Oxnard. CA 93030

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 For FAST Delivery

TAXMAN-83

An Interactive TAX MANagement Program for VisiCalc™ & SuperCalc™ Users

TAXMAN-83 provides the user with the capability to easily calculate his 1982 taxes by using Ihe already proven VisiCalc™ and SuperCalc™ software.

TAXMAN-83 includes Ihe following features: Federal 1040 pages 18 2; Schedules A, B, C, D, E, F. G.R.RP, SE.ES, U; Forms 1116,2106. 2119. 2210, 2440. 2441, 3903, 4136, 4137, 4255, 4562, 4625, 4684, 4726,4797,4868,4874,4952,4970,4972,5329, 5405,5544, 5695, 5884,6251, 6252; Tax Schedules X, Y, Z. Tax Tables; Sales lax tables lor all slates, plus local multiplier

TAXMAN-83 produces all Una! calculations and results that need only be transcribed lo Ihe proper form, as detailed in Ihe TAXMAN-83 documentation manual.

TAXMAN-83 is now available lor mosl microcomputers utilizing VisiCalc™ or SuperCalc™.

VisiCalc is IracJemark ot Personal Sollware Incorporated SuperCalc is trademark ol Sorcim Corporation

fW;..;.^

PRICED AT ONLY

$95.00

Phone Orders Call: 1-205-533-7590 ATSUKO

OCI

(Shipment 1/31/83)

COMPUTING INTERNATIONAL

(hams Avenue Hunisville. AL 35801

Circle 479 on Inquiry card.

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

■■*■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■

FOR ONLY$129.95 Learn Computing : From The Ground Up

un in your 8VDC power supply and terminal or lyboard/display — if you don'l have ihem. see our

Build a Computer kit that grows with you, and can expand to 64k RAM, Microsoft BASIC, Text Editor/Assembler, Word Processor, Floppy Disks and more.

EXPLORER/85

Here's the low cost way to learn the fundamentals of campuling- the till-important basics you'll need more and mom as you advance in computer skills. Far just S129.95 you fiel the advanced-design Explorer/B5 motherboard, wilh nil the fcalures you need to learn how to wrile and use programs. And il can grow inlo a system thai is a match for any personal computer on the market. Look al these features: 8085 Central Processing Unit, the microprocessor "heart" of Ihe Explorer/B5. (loin the millions who will buy and use Ihe 6080/8065 this year alone!) Four B-bit plus nnnG-hil input/output ports from which you can input and output your programs, as well as control exterior swlu;hes. relays, tights, etc. . a cassette interface thai lets you stun1 and reload programs you've learned to wrile . deluxe 2,000 byte Operating system/monitor makes it easy to learn computing in several importanl ways: • Il allows simpler, faster writing and entering of programs • It permits access by you

10 all parts of the system so you can check on the status of any point in Ihe program • It allows tracing each program slep by step, wilh provision for displaying all the contents of the CPU (registers, flags, etc.) • .., and il does much more!

You gel all this in the starling level (Level A) of the Explorer/BS for only $129.95, Incredible! To use. '

keyl

special offers below.

Q Level A computer kit (Terminal Version) ... 1129.96

plus $3 P&l.'

□ Level A kil (Hex Keypad/Display Version] . . J129.95 plus S3 P&l '

LEVEL B — This "building block' converts the motherboard into a rwo-slot SlOO ous (industry standard) computer Now you can plug in any of Ihe hundreds of SlOO cards available.

D Level B kit.. $49.95 plus J2 P&L* D SlOO bus connectors (two required) S4.8S each, postpaid

LEVEL C — Add still nun computing power this "building block" mounts directly on the motherboard and expands

the 8100 bus to six slota

O Level CkB... S39.95 plus $2 f Pftl.*

D SlOO bus connectors (fivr required) $4.85 each postpaid

LEVEL D — When you reach the point in learning that requires more memory, we nffi-r rwo choices: either add 4k of a memory directly on thu- motherboard or add 16k to 64kof memory by means of .i single SlOO card, our famous "|AWS."

bivel I) kit: (CHECK ONE) D 4k nn-bOBTd , $49.96 plus $2 I'AIV □ 16k SlOO "|AWS": . $149,95 plus 52 P*I*:D :i2kSl00"]AWS". $199,95 plus S2Pftl*:D 4flk SlOO "JAWS" . $249.93 plus S2 PAT: D 64k SlOO " | AWS $299.95 plus $2 Pft I'

LEVEL E — An important "building block," il activates iheflkROM/KPROMspaceon the motherboard Now just plug in our flk Microsoft BASIC or your own custom programs

□ UvelEkH $5.95 plus SOCPftl,*

Microsoft BASIC — It's the language thai allows you lo talk English In your computer' Il is ,\\ ,til,ilile ihree ways:

□ Hk cassette version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level

11 .mil ink of RAM minimum; we suggest a 16k SlOO "|AWS" — see above) $64.95 postpaid,

□ flk ROM version of Mictuofl BASK:. | requires Level B

& Ural E and 4k RAM: just plug mio vour Level E sockets.

We lUggest either ihe 4k Leva) D RAM expansion or a 16k SlOO "JAWS") $99.95 plus $2 PA I* Q Disk version of Microsoft BASIC (requires Level B, 12k of RAM. floppy disk controller. H" floppy disk drive) $325 postpaid

TEXT EDITOR/ASSEMBLER — The editor/assembler is a software, tool (a program) designed to simplify the task of wn1inn programs. As your programs become longer .ind more complex, ihe .issi'moler can save you manv hours of programming lime '["his software includes an editor program thai enters the programs you write, makes changes, and laves the programs on cassettes. The assembler performs the clerical task of translating symbolic code into Ihe computer-readable object code The editor/ assembler program is available either in cassette or a ROM version

□ Editor/Assembler (Cassette version requires Level "B" and ilk (min ) of RAM — we suggest 16k '[AWS" —

hh above] $59.95 plus $2 pa r

0 Editor/Assembler (ROM version supplied on BDSlOO

card: requites Level B anil 4k ram (mm 1— we suggest

either Level D or 16k "JAWS" | $99.95 plus 52 PAI. * I" FLOPPY DISK — A remarkable '"building block" Add our H" floppy disk when you need faster operalion, more umvenienl program Storage, perhaps a business application, and access to the literally thousands of programs anil program languages available today You simply plug them into your Expl«nr/B.r) disk svsiem — it accepts a!! IBM-formatted CP/M*programs. Q H" Floppy Disk Drive $499.95 plus SI2 P&l *

□ Floppy Controller Card $199.95 plus $2 P&I *

a Disk Drive Cabinet A Power Supply $6*95 plus

$3 PAI*

O Drive Cables (set up for two drives) . $25.00 plus

H.SOP&I,'

D CP/M 2.2 Disk Operating Syslem: includes Texl Kdilor/Assenibli'r. dynamic debugger and other features lh.it give your Explorer/65 access lo thousands of existing CP/Mbased programs . 515000 postpaid. NEED A POWER SUPPLY? Consider our AP-1. It can supply all Ihe power you need fur a fully expanded Ex

Plorcr/BTi (note: disk drivirs have their own power supply) hjs Ihe AP-1 fits neatly into the attractive Explorer slee! cabinet (see below). D AP-1 Power Supply kit (6V « cabinet $39.96 plus 52 PAI.' NEED A TERMINAL? We offer you choices: the least expensive one is our Hex Keypad/Display kil that displays the informalion on a calculator-type screen The other choice is our ASCII A>jfward/Computer Terminal kit, thai can be used wilh either

4 Plug in Level F. hero: 0C

tnft RASJf: or

E

I. Plug

n Nelronic's

Hi

cents M x Er/flor/A

crosoft

sambfflf 1

J ASIC or 1 ROM

KcypcfuTDfspJay

3 Add 11

0 SI 00 Ik

Kirds

2. Add 1

DVItJ B Ifl com

rl

n & Add y

II OlVd c

.slum i:ir

SlOO

roils fpmlo typing

ri'iij

3, Add 4k HAM

I term i 111

I

a CRT m

jnitor or a TV

se

(if you have

an RF modulator]

D Hex

Keypad/Disp

a>

kit $69.95 plus S2 PAI*

P FASTERM - 64 TERMINAL KIT - Featur.ng a 56 key ASCII Keyboard. 126 character sei upper ana lowei case. 75 ohm output, 8 baud rates 150 to 19 200 1 switch seiec able). RS232/C or 20 MA output. 32 or 64 character by line formats, complete wilh Deluxe Steel Cabinet ana Power Supply .... $199.95 plus S3 P&l,*

D RF Modulator kil (allows you to use your TV sel as a

monitor) $8.95 postpaid.

□ 12" Video Monitor (10MHz bandwidth) $139.95

plus S5 PAl *

D Deluxe Steel Cabinet for the,

Explorer/B5 . . $49.95 plus 51

P&l.*

a Fan for cabinet .. . $15.00

plus SI,50 P&I,*

ORDER A SPECIAL-PRICE

EXPLORER/85 PAK—THERE'S

ONE FOR EVERY NEED.

G Beginner Pik (Save $26.00) — You gel Level A (Terminal Version) wilh Monitor Source Listing (S25 value) AP-1. 5-amp, power supply. Intel K065 Users Manual. . . fReg- $199.95) SPECIAL $169.95 plus S4 P&l."

□ Experimenter P«k (Save $53 4(1) — Ydu get Level A [Hex Keypad/Display Version) with Hex Keypad/ Display, Intel 8085 User Manual. Level A Hex Monitor Source Listing, and AP-l,r>-amp power supply (Reg 5279.95) SPECIAL $219.95 plus St. P&l*

D Special Microwri BASIC Pak (Save S103 001— You gel Levels A (Terminal Version). B, D (4k RAM). E. flk Microsoft in ROM. Intel BOBS User Manual. Level A Monitor Source Listing, and AP-1. 5-amp. power supply (Reg. $439.70) SPECIAL$329.95 plus S7 P&I.*

□ Add a Rom-Version Text Editor.'Assembler (Requires levels Band Dor SlOO Memory] $99.95 plus $2 PfluT*

Starlet 8" Diik Svsiem - Includes Level A, H floppy disk controller, one CDC fl" disk-drive, two-drive cable, two SlOO Connectors: just add your own power supplies cabinets and hardware ..□ iKi* 51065 00) SPECIAL $999.95 plus 513 PAL" . . D 32k Starter Svsiem, $1045,95 plus 513 PAl ' D 48k Starter System $1095.95 plus 513 P&l ' D 64k Starter Syslem, 51145.95 plus $13 P&l * a Add loany of above Explorer Blew cabinet. AP-1 Five amp. power supply. Level C with two SlOO connectors, disk drive cabinet and power supply fwo sub-D connectors for connecting vour printer and terminal (Reg 5225,95) SPECIAL$199.95 plus S13 I'Al ' G Complete 64K System Wired A lesled $1650.00 plus 526 P&l.*

O Special! Complete Business Software Pak [Save S62S <M))— Includes CP/M 12 Microsoft BASIC. Genera) Ledger. Accounts Receivable. Accounts Payable, Payroll Package |R«R $1325) SPECIAL $699.95 postpaid

' For Qi

(did

Continental Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut:

TO ORDER

Call Toll Free:

800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut,

or For Technical Assistance,

Call (203) 354-9375

CP/M is a reg. tradei

"j^ (Clip and mail entire urfi'y^

SEND ME THE ITEMS CHECKED ABOVE

Total Enclosed (Conn Residents add sales lax) S

Paid by

□ Personal Check D Cashier's Check/Mi

Order

□ VISA D MASTER CARD (Dank No

5 amps) in clelu:

•f-ye^NETRONICSResearch&DevelopmentLtd

ili?W3.3.3. k'isltfisiiSssi .«ew Milf °rd-CT y?77.6.

ANNOUNCING TWO NEW TERMINALS

Smart* Fast • Graphics • Matching Modem and $295 Printer

Netronics announces a state of the art

breakthrough in terminals. Now at prices you can afford, you can go on-line with data-bank and computer phone-line services. It's all yours: "electronic newspapers," educational

services, Dow-Jones stock reports, games, recipes, personal computing with any level language, program exchanges, electronic bulletin boards . . . and more every day!!!

Netronics oilers two new terminals, both feature a lull 56 key/126 character typewriterstyle keyboard, baud rates to 19.2 kilobaud, a rugged steel cabinet and power supply. The simplest one, FASTEAM-64, is a 16 line by 64 or 32 character per line unit, with a serial printer port for making hard copy of all Incoming data, and optional provisions for block and special character graphics. The "smart" version, SMARTERM-80, features either 24 line by 80 characters per line or 16 by 40 characters per line, it offers on-screen editing with page-at-allme printing, 12,000 pixel graphics, line graphics, absolute cursor addressing, underlining, reverse video, one-half Intensity and much more . .. simply plug them Into your computer or our phone modem and be on-line instantly. Use your TV set (RF modulator required) or our delux green-phosphor monitor pictured above. For hard copy just add our matched printer.

Price breakthrough!!I Own thB FASTERM-64, a complete terminal kit, ready to plug In for just $199.95 or order the SMARTERM-80 kit lor just $299.95, (both available wired and tested.) Be on-line with the million-dollar computers and data services today ... we even supply the necessary subscription forms.

More good news: All the components in our terminals are available separately (see coupon), so you buy only what you need!!!

FASTERM-64 .. . DISPLAY FORMAT: 64 or 32 characters/line by 16 lines ... 96 dlsplayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case)... 8 baud rates: 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200, (switch sel.)... LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ... VIDEO OUTPUT: 1V P/P (EIA RS-170)... CURSOR MODES: home & clear screen, erase to end of line, erase cursor line, cursor up & down, auto carriage return/line feed at end of line & auto scrolling ... REVERSE VIDEO ... BLINKING CURSOR . .. PARITY: off, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 1, 1.5, 2 ... DATA BITS PER CHARACTER: 5, 6, 7 or 8 .. . CHARACTER OUTPUT: 5 by 7 dot matrix in a 7 by 12 cell ... PRINTER OUTPUT: prints all Incoming data.. . 1K ON BOARD RAM ... 2K ON BOARD ROM . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY . . . OPTIONAL GRAPHICS MODE: Includes 34 Greek & math characters plus 30 special graphics characters ... ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 characters.

SMARTERM-80 . . . DISPLAY FORMAT: 80 characters by 24 lines or 40 characters by 16 lines 128 dlsplayable ASCII characters (upper & lower case) 6 baud rates: 110, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19, 200 ... LINE OUTPUT: RS232/C or 20 ma current loop ., . VIDEO OUTPUT: IV pp (EIA RS-170) ., , EDITING FEATURES: insert/delete line, insert/delete character, forward/back tab . . . LINE OR PAGE TRANSMIT , . . PAGE PRINT FUNCTION . . . CURSOR POSITIONING: up, down, right, left, plus absolute cursor positioning with read back .. . VISUAL ATTRIBUTES: underline, blink, reverse video, hall intensity, & blank . .. GRAPHICS: 12,000 pixel resolution block plus line graphics . .. ON-SCREEN PARITY INDICATOR .. . PARITY: off, even or odd . . . STOP BITS: 110 baud 2, all others 1 ... CHAR. OUTPUT: 7 by 11 character In a 9 by 12 block . . . PRINTER OUTPUT ... 60 OR 50 Hz VERTICAL REFRESH . . . BLINKING BLOCK CURSOR . . . CRYSTAL CONTROLLED . . . 2K ON BOARD RAM . . . ASCII ENCODED KEYBOARD: 56 key/128 character . . . 4K ON BOARD ROM , . . COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY.

TELEPHONE MODEM 103 O/A . . FULL DUPLEX, FCC APPROVED , , . DATA RATE: 300 baud .., INTERFACE: RS232/C and TTY . .. CONTROLS: talk/data switch (no need to connect and disconnect phone), originate/answer switch on rear panel ... NO POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED.

ASCII KEYBOARD ASCII-3 ... 56 KEY/128 CHARACTER ASCII ENCODED . . . UPPER & LOWER CASE . . . FULLY DEBOUNCED . 2 KEY ROLLOVER . . . POS OR NEG LOGIC WITH POS STROBE . REQUIRES +5&-12V DC (SUPPLIED FROM VIDEO BOARDS) PRINTER COMET I . . . SERIAL I/O TO 9600 BAUD ... 80 CHARACTER COLUMN (132 COMPRESSED) . . . 10" TRACTOR FEED * . . . UPPER/LOWER CASE . . . INDUSTRY STANDARD RIBBONS ... 4 CHARACTER SIZES ... 9 BY 7 DOT MATRIX , . , BI-DIRECTIONAL PRINTING

Continental U.S.A. Credit Card Buyers Outside Connecticut

CALL TOLL FREE 800-243-7428

To Order From Connecticut Or For Tech. Assist. Call (203) 354-9375

NETRONICS R&D LTD. D.pt.

333 Litchfield Road, New Mllford, CT 06776 Please send the items checked below:

U COMPLETE FASTERM-64 TERMINAL (Includes FASTVID-64 video board

ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply)... kit $199.95 plus $3 P&l

... wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l .. . graphics option: add $19.95 to

each of above

Z COMPLETE SMARTERM-80 TERMINAL (Includes SMARTVID-80 video

board, ASCII-3 keyboard, steel cabinet and power supply) ... kit $299.95 plus

$3 P&l ... wired and tested $369.95 plus $3 P&l

D FASTVID-64 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & -12V DC)... kit $99.95 plus $3

P&l . .. graphics option add $19.95 ... wired & tested $129.95 plus $3 P&l ...

graphics option add $19.95

J] SMARTVID-80 VIDEO BOARD (requires +5 & +/-12V DC)... kit $199.95

plus $3 P&l .. . wired & tested $249.95 plus $3 P&l

□ DELUXE STEEL TERMINAL CABINET . . . $19.95 plus $3 P&l

G ASCII-3 KEYBOARD (requires +5& -12VDC) ... kit $69.95 plus $3 P&l ... wired and tested $89.95 plus $3 P&l

□ POWER SUPPLY (powers ASCII-3 keyboard & video boards)... kit only $19.95 plus $2 P&l

D ZENITH VIDEO MONITOR (high resolution green phosphor)... wired &

tested $149.95 plus $6 P&l

D TELEPHONE MODEM MODEL 103 O/A . .. wired & tested $189.95 plus $3

P&l

□ DOT MATRIX PRINTER Comet I . .. wired & tested $299.95 plus $10 P&l U RF MODULATOR MOD RF-1 ... kit only $8.95 plus $1 P&l

D 3FT-25 LEAD MODEMfTERMINAL OR PRINTER/TERMINAL CONNECTOR CABLE . . . $14.95 ea plus $2 P&l

For Canadian orders, double the postage . Conn. res. add sales tax.

Total Enclosed $

□ Personal Check □ Cashier's Check/Money Order

□ VISA □ MasterCard (Bank No )

Acct. No Exp. Date

Signature

Print Name

Address

City

State

Zip

BYTE December 1982

555

MicroScripf*

Are you wasting valuable time trying to format complex documents with a word processor or obsolete text formatter?

MicmSchpi™ is a state of the art text formatter specifically designed for the production of technical manuals, specifications, and other complex documents. This powerful tool pays for itself the first time you use it. Featuring:

• generalized markup

■ left alignment

• center alignment

■ right alignment

• justification

■ left indention

• right indention

• bold text

• underscored text

• proportional spacing

• fully definable page

• multiple columns

• headers and footers

■ floating text blocks

• footnotes

• variable line spacing

• widow supression

• section numbering

• imbedded documents »automatic lists

• macro processing

• symbol processing

• table of contents

• direct printer control

• initialization profile » page numbering

S99 postpaid within U.S., outside U.S. add S10. CA residents add 6%. Specify CP/M-80*. CP/M-86V MS-DOS', or PC-DOS-; printer type; disk format.

Software Technique™

6531 Crown Blvd., Suite 3A ■ San Jose. CA 95120

(408) 997-5026

■ CP/M-80. CP/M-86 trademarks of Digital Research. MS-DOS

trademark of Microsoft, PC-DOS trademark of IBM Corporation.

wabasK

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted. Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cat call (805)543-1037)

MICROPRINTER

ACOUSTIC ENCLOSURE

$99to$199

Model

MPC I MPC II MPC III

MPC IV

Printer

Epsom MX80

OKI 824

MX 100.OKI 831.

Others IDS, Many Others

Sug. Ret.

$99 S129 S179

S249

• Reduces Printer Noise Up To 90%

• Walnut or Oak Veneer

• Heavy Duty Acrylic Cover

• Add UPS Shipping and Handling

CAB - TEK

CIVILIZING PRINTERS ORDER NOW 800-343-4311

Mastercharge & Visa Accepted

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CAB-TEK, Inc Riverside St. Nashua, NH 03062

Circle 432 on Inquiry card.

Circle 361 on Inquiry card.

Circle 78 on Inquiry card.

n—i COMPUTER DISKETTES

3 COMPUTER CASSETTES, CASSETTE DUPLICATING SERVICE

APPLEIBM<P.C.)ATARI-HEATHOSBORN COMMODORE-TRS-80SINCLAIRNORTHSTAR

Unit Price

Diskettes 100% Certified

5-V4 " SSDD Soft Sector

W/Hub Ring $2.75 C $25.00 [

5'/4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector 2.75 □ 25.00 0

5'/4 " DSDD Soft Sector 3.75 C 35.00 □

6" SSDD IBM Compatible 3.50 D 32.50 □

Computer Cassettes with MAXELL Computer Cassette Tape 100% Certified - Instant Play/ Record -Sliding Lock Out Doors

C- 5 (25 Feet) 2.00 11 17.50 0

C-10(50Feet) 2.25 ,_: 20.00;:

C-20 (100 Feet) 2.65 1. 22.00 I !

C-30(150 Feet) 2.75 L. 24.00 I ]

C-60 (300 Feet) 2.90 □ 26.00 LJ

C-90(450 Feet) 3.10 D 30.00 □

Cassette Duplicating - Add $2.00 per unit. □ Check □ Master Charge □ Visa Card # Expiration Date

Send to: Magnetic Information Systems

P.O. Box 806, 415 Howe Ave., Shelton, CT 06484

(203) 735-6477 • Dealers Inquiry Welcomed

Minimum Credit Card Order $10.00

Get Smart!

Get Your Computer An Automatic Port Selector

(ASU-3)

OurASl-3 will connect your CPL or CRT to ait) one

of 3 peripherals. Just enter a command from your keyboard and the desired peripheral is automatically connected. Also available for 5 and for 7 peripherals The band rate is set automatically Many options are available. The onh low cost, smart switch on the market,

SWITCH TO GIITRONIX.

UNIVERSAL INTERFACE PHOOUCTS

. Palo Alto. CA 943DG. Call Ml 5) 493-1300

CALL 8003431078

FOR THE BEST PRICE

Call P.R.I.C.E. for big savings on home computers, software, video cassette recorders, car stereo, home stereo, portable radios and tape recorders, cordless telephones, and answering machines, video games, tapes, and movies.

P.R.I.C.E. will beat any legitimate offer on in-stock items. Call our tollfree number now! 800-343-1078. In Mass. 617-961-2400.

PRICE

67 Teed Dr., B1282, Randolph, MA02368

Circle 281 on Inquiry card.

Circle 213 on Inquiry card.

Circle 359 on Inquiry card.

APPLE

FOURTH DRIVE

FOURTH (W/Controller} FOURTH DUAL DRV. .. APPIE DUMPL1NG-GX .

Choplillor|Ol

Saigon II (D)

Software Automalic Mouin

Snack Allack

Way Out (D)

FllfjritSlmulalor(D) .....

$294.95 $384.95 $984.95 . $75.95

. 124.95 J24.95

tao.es

S28.95 128,95 128.95

DoadllnolD) $35.95

The Home Accountant J52.95

"' iMollfD) S5S.95

J) .

roon(O) . Bandits(D) Wizardry (D| .

iB(D) 128.95

. 128.95 12AM

. 135.95 124.95 . S28.95 . 121.95 . 189.95 . J86.95

Scroonwritar 11(D)

SuparTonl4O/5&70(DI . Vrstcalc 3.3(D)

4.95

PRINTERS

NEC8023A-C $469.00

SMITH CORONA TPt 1589.00

AXIOM GP-100 S269.0Q

VlC-64

CALL!

V1C-2Q $182.95

1530 RECORDER S63.95

1525 PRINTER $.314.95

1540DISK DRIVE $314.95

A

ATARI

LOWEST PRICED BOO {48K)-CALL!

800 (48K) $619.00

PERCOMD/D DISK DRV $559.00

BIO DISK DRIVE S428.00

410 RECORDED S74.00

B50INTERFACE $164.00

400C0MP(1GK) 1265.00

ENTERTAINER $66.95

COMMUNICATOR $298.00

BOOKKEEPER KIT $179.95

32K RAM (Manic) $99.00

32K RAM IlllSfi] $74.95

$139.95 $425.00 I7B.95 $24.95 $54.95 12295 $65.05

4BK RAM (lntsc/400)

RAMDISK

SIGNALMAN MK II

WICO JOYSTICK

WICO TRACKBALL

Eastern Front 194 I (CO)

MacraAssem.&EdltOrlL.

Assembler Editor (R| 144.95

Centipede (R) $32.95

PacMan(H) 132.95

Choplifter(D) J25.95

Frogger(C<D) $24.95

Slarfilazcr(D) 122.95

Text Wizard 11(D) S72.95

File Manager 800+ (D| S72.95

Zork

8(6) .

$35.9!

All Baba S 40 Thieves (D) 123.95

Gorl(D) J29.95

Wizard Of Wor(D) J29.95

Pro!eclor(C/0| 124.95

WayOul(D| $28.95

= OISK C = CASSETTE R = ROM

FREE PRICE LIST

COSMIC COMPUTERS

UNLIMITED

ORDER LINES OPEN MON-SAT 6 am • 9 pm 228 N. PROSPECTORS RD. DIAMOND BAR, CA. 91765

THE ABOVE PRICES ARE FOR PREPAID ORDERS

ArJU $2.00 Shipping per soltware order anywhere in U.S Non-U.S soltware orders, add $5 00 Hardware Shipping, call lor cosi. Cahl. residenls add 6Vj%

sales ta< Casniers Checks or Monuy Orders tilled same day. Personal checks require 4 weeks to clear Miller Cud ind Vlu OK lor lorhnirt onh/. add 3% ■urcliirgt. Include card no . expiration date and

signature Prices suDjeci to change

(714) 861-1265

APPLE AND ATARI ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

IBM PC Software

When you want the very best...

SSI Delivers.

P-Edit: The professional program editor. Full screen context editing with dynamic file handling. $145.00.

FORTH: FIG compatible system with all of the standard features plus many extras. $95.00.

For information, call toll free: 1-800-321-5906.

Satellite Software Inf 288 W. Center, Orem, UT 84057

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

SuperCalc

(and other CP/M spread sheet)

USERS CON-CALC

* Consolidates up to 256 worksheets

* Adds a third dimension to your electronic spread sheet programs

* Includes logic for Rate of Return

* 8" disk-CP/M & MBASIC required Test disk and manual in plastic mailer

$15

$125.00 VISA/MC accepted

SUNWEST SOFTWARE

2000 S. Logan

Denver, Co. 80210

(303) 777-9400

(dealer inquires invited)

* CON-CALC TO Sunwest Software

* SuperCalc TM ofSorcim

* CP/M TM Digital Research

* MBASIC TM Microsoft

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring Street New York, New York 10012 TO ORDER: CALL OUR TOLL-FREE NUMBER: (800)221-5416 In N.Y. State and for technical information: (212) 226-2121

HOURS: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST) Monday-Friday

anaffiliateo. «2g^Jg?» est. 1912

CUSTOM COMPUTER ROOM WIRING SINCE 1960

TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHC0MP NYK

FULLY CONFIGURED BUSINESS SYSTEMS

The following are some examples of the fully assembled and tested business and scientific computer systems which we offer:

The Premier Multi-User Computer System CALL

I 8000 SX. multi-user, multi-processor, turbo DOS FOR

international CPM 2.2. FULL 2 YEAR WARRANTY! CONFIGURATION

5000IS, S-100 desk top mainframe

On-Site Service Contracts Available

MICRO-DECISION from below S1200

8088/8055—Runs both 8 & 16 bit software. Green or high res. color. CP/M. MS-DOS

APC-8086, 16 bit, 128K, 8" DRIVES, 1024x1024 Color Graphic.

32 bit F.P. Proc, MS DOS, CP/M 86 from S3295

PC-8800 Personal Computer

NEC

[•i

The Professional's Work Station NEC on N.Y.S. Contract #P-07220

68000 16 bit multi-user, S-100. UNIX V. 7

TER

Group[

California Computer Systems

16 bit, 128K RAM, S-100. Syst. #2

XEROX.

NorthStaf^

SCALL

S3499

morrow

DESIGNS

ALTOS

8 & 16 BIT BOARDS & SYSTEMS

SCION MicroAngelo Hi Res Graphics Systems SCALL

Similar savings on SSM, DELTA, DYNABYTE, TELEVIDEO, DIGIAC, ADDS, DEC. DATA GEN., ATARI, TECMAR AND MANY OTHERS

PRINTERS

t^t

Teletype 40. 300 LPM-typerwriter quality. RS-232 from Only interface. This quality printer is available in many S3200

configurations including forms

access, quietized

case. etc.

Teletype 43

from S995

ANADEX

DIABLO

MANNESMANN TALLY

CENTRONICS

EPSON

NEC AMERICA

C. ITOH

FACIT

QUME

DATA PRODUCTS

OKI DATA

SMITH CORONA

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP.

OLIVETTI

TELETYPE

INTERGRAL DATA SYS.

QANTEX

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS

8" DISK DRIVE SALE NOW!

8"SHUGARTSA801R $385 8"SHUGARTSA851R $540 2 for $1025

QUME DATATRACK 8 or MITSUBISHI S550 2 for $1050

Enclosure, power supply for 2 8" drives A & T S350

MORROW DISCUS 2D + CP/M® MICROSOFT BASIC, CONT. S950

VISTA SCALL

HARD DISK SPECIALS

CORVUS TERMINALS

TELETYPE TELEVIDEO LEAR SIEGLER

MORROW DESIGNS

PMMI MODEM

ADDS

ANN ARBOR VISUAL

AMPEX Dialogue 81™

Interactive Terminal

fi^.. I »Full cursor control

£D

• Full editing keys

• Full visual attributes

• 2 pages (4 page optional)

• Printer port • Black & White, Green, or

Amber screen

SOFTWARE

$795

XCOMP

$359 IBM 1301

DIGITAL EQUIP. CORP. HAZELTINE

BACK TO SCHOOL SPECIAL! ZENITH ZT-1

Built-in Auto Dial Modem Terminal

JEC VT-52 Compatible; 96 ASCII+ 33

_J graphics cursor control keys. Editing $CCQ functions. Many other 00^ functions.

DBASE II $525

F&GQUICKCODE SCALL

MBASIC-80 $275

MBASIC COMPILER $316

FORTRAN-80 $349

C0B0L-80 $574

PL/1-80 $425

PASCAL MT+V5.5 $398

WHITESMITH'S C $660

CB-80 $420

RM COBOL $699

LIFEBOAT SOFTWARE SCALL

SUPERSOFT SCALL

BSTAM.BSTMS $200

PASCAL I SCALL

PEACHTREE SCALL 8"SDSS;

WORDSTAR $300

MAILMERGE $110

DATASTAR $230

CONDOR III $716

MILESTONE $235

SUPERCALC $221

FMS-80 $649

SELECTOR V $396

SPELLGUARD $236

CHANG-MICROPLAN $CALL

PEARL(LEVEL 3) $549

AMERICAN BUS. SYST. SCALL •

ACCOUNTING PLUS SCALL

VANDATA/OSBORNE $500

STRUCTURED SYST. SCALL

GRAHAM-DORIAN SCALL Call For Other Formats

PI PAQFI Do n°t confuse us with mail order dealers. We are a rLLnuL, fu|| service distributor serving the data processing & installation needs of business & industry from micros to mainframes. System houses, Educational institutions & governmental agencies given special consideration. Leasing available.

N. Y. State agencies, municipalities, and schools — call us for information on our O.G.S. term contracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

For fast delivery, send certified check, money order or call to arrange direct bank wire transfer. Personal or company checks require two to three weeks to clear. Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Prices include 3% cash discount. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark of North Atlantic Industries, Inc. Accounting Plus is a trademark of Software Dimensions. Wordstar, Mailmerge and Datastar are trademarks of Micropro. CP/M® is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request). Call for shipping charges. Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Circle 491 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

557

Shielded RS 232 Cables w/OB-25 connectors up

!o 7 conductors, specify male/female ends.

length & pin interconnects $11.00

+ ,40/n.

Hazeltine ESPRIT I green screen emulator

$575.00

ESPRIT II detachable keyboard

S625.00

Other Hazeltine models available

TelvidBO 910+ full featured terminal .....

S589.00

925 terminal w/detachable keyboard . . .

S759.00

950 graphics terminal w/del. keyboard ...

S985.00

970 Call for price

second page memory lor 925/950

$80.00

Novation CAT 0-300 baud Acoustic coupled modem

5149.00

D-CAT 0-300 baud Direct conned modem ..

5159.00

AUTOCAT 0-300 baud aulo answer modem .

$199.00

APPLE CAT 0-300 baud modem

$319.00

212AUTOCAT 0-300 baud/1200 baud 212A

Auto Answer modem

S595.00

212APPLE CAT II 300/1200 baud modem ..

S650.00

212APPLE CAT II 1200 baud upgrade lor Ap

ple Cat II modem ,.

S350.00

UDS 212LP line powered 1200 baud only modem

$439.00

OKI-DATA UL82A9V carnage 120 cps printer

$459.00

uLB3A 15" carriage 120 cps printer

$725.00

uL84 15 carriage 200 cps serial or parallel

S1199.00

High speed interface w/2KByte buffer

si3s.no

Certilirjrj check, maney aide: or C 0 D . VISA and Mastercard add 3%.

eisonai or

comoany cnecks require 2lo 3 weeks to clear All prices in US dollars

res

dents add 4% lax. FOB Ml Clemens. Michigan .18044.

ELECTROSOIMICS

P.O. Box 1141, Ml. Clemens, Ml 48044

(313] 286-6969

PAL*

Development System

• Programs MMI, National and Tl 20-pin and 24-pin PALs

• PALASM assembles Boolean equations

• SIMULATE verifies Boolean equations

• ContinuityTest verifies socket connection

• Function Test PALs to your truth table

• 4K byte RAM with space compressions allows large PAL Design Specification

• Continuous Loop Magnetic Tape stores PAL Design Specification

• Use with ASCII Terminal or Host computer

• IMMEDIATE delivery, $1,800

Structured Design, Inc.

1700 Wyatt Drive, Santa Clara, CA 95054 408/9BB-0725 • Telex 172931

*PAL is a registered trademark of Monolithic Memories

6-12 hour turnaround! $5.00 minimum • 190 typestyles 300 baud • 1200 baud

Typesetting

from your Personal Computer

Personal Publishing"'1

service and software turns your

personal computer into an

editorial/production system just

like those used by the major book

and magazine publishers. Call or

write for more information.

800-368-3342

703-683-9414 in Virginia

Intergraphics, Inc., 106-A S: Columbus St. Alexandria, Virginia 22314

Visa MasterCard American Express

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 442 on inquiry card.

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

EPROM PROGRAMMER

for the Apple II

PROGRAMS

27128

27C16

27C32

27C64

Completely self-contained single board fits in any Apple II I/O slot. Programs present and future EPROMs. Complete software supplied is 100% menu-driven, friendly, easy to use, flexible and powerful. Has EPROM POWER ON/OFF switch. Conservatively designed, well built, well burned in, well tested, reliable, guaranteed, all common parts, all ICs in gold-plated sockets, three ZIF sockets gold-plated. No jumpers or plugs. Uses standard DOS binary files. Turn your Apple into powerful software development system for only $395. Excellent customer references available. Data sheet and catalog of other Apple II products free. Manual $3.00.

Hollister Microsystems, Inc.

1455 Airport Boulevard

San Jose, California 95110

(408) 293-3900

HMS

Contact your local dealer

FIRST QUALITY

RIBBONS

EPSON

MX70/80 3/S22.00

MX100 3/S40.00

Centronics Zippack $9 $30

Diablo Film $14 $42

Qume Film $9 $30

Write for free catalogue!

$2 ship. Checks (2 wks to clear) Visa & MC: Name/No./Exp. Date

oread tech

8609 College Blvd.

Overland Park, KS

66210

1-913-341-0588

WIREMASTER

Whip your wire wrap and PC layout problems with WIREMASTER

WIREMASTER is a software tool for design, layout, and assembly of hardware. Your schematic is fed to WIREMASTER, which produces network maps, cross-references, wire and parts lists, and debug checklists. CHANGEMASTER keeps track of fixes and updates. PLOTBOARD and PRINTBOARD give pictures of the layout. Post-processors for wirewrap machines available. Runs on 8 and 16 bit CP/M, CDOS, and MSDOS. $200.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING 7266 Courtney Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (714) 279-2868.

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

Circle 57 on Inquiry card.

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

PConnection

modem card for IBM PC

Plug your PC into the exciting world of telecommunications with the PConnection, Microperipheral's new Bell 103/113 compatible modem card This quality direct conneci modem card fits inside the PC leaving your work area uncluttered by slacks of hardware Features include autodialing (Touch Tone or pulse], autoanswer, built-in speaker foi line monitoring, and an addinonal RS-232 port Software seleo table protocol and modes S350 Dealer inquiries welcome

the micropenpheral corporation

?643 151 st PINE. Redmond. WA L;H()V |206) 881 7S44

IBM i« a Registered trademark m( International Business Machine, Corp

r-&

&&

C ™\(*el ,»!«* aP^ ,*><*0,

;>#sgS#

maxell

Floppy Disks

CflWF AH0/™ Wrlle lor your W*^ » I— T^W /U complete list.

51/i " Specify sod, PriceJIO **• 10 or 16 sector

MD1 or MH1 SS/DD $33

MD2 or MH2 DS/DD 47

MD1-DDM SS/QD/96TP1 43

MD2-DbM DS/QD/96 TP1 53

8" Specify solt or 32 sector

FD1 or FH1 SS/DD 43

FD2 or FH2 DS/DD 53

CHECKS — VISA — MC — CO.D (313) 777 7780 ADD S2 SHIPPING

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.

St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Circle 316 on inquiry card.

Circle 467 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD

SOFTWARE

APPLE SOFTWARE

COMPUTERS

MICROPRO

Wordstar

$239.00

Mailmerge

$89.00

Customization Notes

$359.00

Spellstar

$239.00

Datastar

$199.00

Calcstar

$199.00

MICROSOFT

Basic Interpreter

$349.00

Basic Compiler

$389.00

Fortran 80

$499.00

Cobol 80

$695.00

DATA BASE

dBase II

$599.00

IBM PC SOFTWARE

INFORMATION UNLIMITED

Easy Writer

$289.00

Easy Speller

$149.00

Easy Filer

$319.00

VISICORP

VisiCalc 256K

$199.00

VisiDex

$209.00

VisiFile

$219.00

VisiTrend/VisiPlot

$259.00

VisiTerm

$99.00

MICROPRO

Mailmerge

$119.00

Wordstar

$239.00

MISCELLANEOUS

Supercalc by Sorcim

$229.00

Superwriter by Sorcim

$289.00

Home Accountant Plus

$139.00

ENTERTAINMENT

Deadline

$39.00

Temple of Apshai

$29.00

Curse of Ra

$15.99

Call For More IBM Software And Accessories

DISK DRIVES

CCI 100 for the TRS-80 Model 1

5'A 40 track

$299.00

CCI 189 for the Zenith Z-89

5% 40 track

$379.00

CORVUS 5M with Mirror

$3089.00

CORVUS10M with Mirror

$4489.00

CORVUS 20M with Mirror

$5389.00

CORVUS Interfaces

CALL

RANA SYSTEMS add-on Disc Drive for the Apple II

Elite Two 80 Track

CALL

Elite One 40 Track

CALL

Elite Controller

CALL

Elite Two 80 Track

CALL

Elite Three 80 Track double-sided

CALL

DISKETTES

Maxell 5V« single side

$39.00

Maxell 8 single side

$49.00

Maxell 5'A double side

$45.00

Maxell 8 double side

$55.00

BASF 5'A

$26.95

BASF 8

$36.00

Verbatim 51A

$26.95

Verbatim 8

$36.00

Wabash 5'A

$21.95

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

64K Card by Microsoft

$435.00

Joystick by T & G

$49.00

128KCard

$579.00

192KCard

$629.00

256 K Card

$699.00

Combo Card by Apparat

$249.00

Call for more IBM PC add-ons

For fast delivery, send certified checks, money orders, or call to arrange direct bank wire transfers. Personal or company checks require one to three weeks to clear. All prices are mail order only and are subject to change without notice. Call for shipping charges.

MICROPRO

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Spellstar

DataStar

CalcStar

VISICORP

VisiCalc

VisiTerm

VisiDex

VisiPlot

VisiFile

VisiSchedule

VisiTrend/Plot

MISCELLANEOUS

Micro Courier

Screen Director

Executive Briefing System

Supercalc

Personal Filing System

PFS Report Writer

Word Handler

ENTERTAINMENT

Beer Run

Zork I, II

Deadline

Chop Lifter

Cannonball Blitz

Knights of Diamonds

Midnight Magic

Wizardry

Tuesday Morning Quarterback

Crush, Crumble & Chomp

Datestones of Ryn

Morloc's Tower

Snack Attack

Star Blazer

$199.00 $89.00 $149.00 $199.00 $189.00

$199.00 $79.00 $199.00 $169.00 $199.00 $259.00 $239.00

$219.00 $129.00 $169.00 $199.00 $115.00 $75.00 $169.00

$28.00 $26.95 $39.00 $24.95 $29.95 $29.95 $32.00 $45.00 $24.95 $24.95 $15.99 $15.99 $23.95 $24.95

APPLE ACCESORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC

Add-Ram 16K Card

Z-Card CP/M for the Apple II

Smarterm 80 Column Board w/Softswitch

Z-80 Card by Microsoft

16K Card by Microsoft

32K Card by Saturn

Keyboard Enhancer II by Videx

Videoterm by Videx

Game Paddles by TG

Joystick by TG

Numeric Keypad by Keyboard Co.

ALF 9 Voice Board

ALF 3 Voice Board

System Saver by Kensington

Microbuffer II 16K w/graphics

Microbuffer II 32K w/graphics

APPLE INTERFACE CARDS BY CCS

Serial Asynch. #7710

Centronics #7729

Call for other CCS cards

RAM

16K Ram Kit for Apple II; TRS80 200 nano seconds, 4116 chips

$99.00 $225.00 $249.00 $319.00 $159.00 $199.00 $125.00 $259.00

$49.00

$49.00 $139.00 $159.00 $229.00

$75.00 $259.00 $299.00

$139.00 $149.00

$17.50

DEALER INQUIRIES

PLEASE CALL

1-800-343-7036

$485.00 $265.00 $569.00 $359.00

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

Mainframe 2200a

Z-80 CPU 2810a

64K RAM 2065

Floppy Controller 2422a

ZENITH

Z-89 48K CALL

Z-90 64K CALL

Z-100 CALL

Call For Prices On The Complete Zenith Line

CASIO FX702P Pocket Computer $179.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 64K CALL

Call For Prices On Complete Sanyo Computer Line

PRINTERS

NEC 3550 for the IBM PC $2195.00

NEC 7710 Serial $2395.00

NEC 7720 KSR $2749.00

NEC 7730 Parallel $2395.00

NEC 3510 Serial $1850.00

NEC 3520 $2099.00

NEC 3530 Parallel $1850.00 Antex "Generic Model of the Prowriter" $479.00

Epson MX-80 CALL

Epson MX-80FT CALL

Epson MX-100 CALL

IDS Micro Prism CALL

IDS Prism 80 CALL

IDS Prism 132 CALL

Okidata Microline 80 CALL

Okidata Microline 82A CALL

Okidata Microline 83A CALL

Okidata Microline 84 CALL

Datasouth 180 cps CALL

MONITORS

SMD 13" Color Sanyo 9" B & W Sanyo 9" Green Sanyo 12" B & W Sanyo 12" Green Sanyo 13" Color Zenith 12" Green Zenith 13" Color Electrohome 13" HI-RES

Color Monitor Electrohome 13" Color Electrohome 12" B&W Electrohome 12" Green Electrohome 9" B&W Electrohome 9" Green

$329.00 $135.00 $140.00 $179.00 $189.00 $359.00 $95.00 $339.00

$829.00 $349.00 $179.00 $189.00 $149.00 $159,00

SPECIAL OF THE MONTH SMD 13"

COLOR MONITOR $329.00

TERMINALS

ADDS Viewpoint Zenith Z-19 Televideo 910 Televideo 925 Televideo 950 Zenith ZT-100

$495.00 $679.00 $595.00 $779.00 $969.00 $595.00

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

Novation Cat Modem Novation D-CAT Novation AUTO-CAT Novation APPLE CAT Hayes Smart Modem Smart Modem 1200 Hayes Micro-Modem Hayes Chronograph Signalman Mark I

$139.00 $149.00 $199.00 $299.00 $249.00 CALL $295.00 $225.00 $85.00

The CPU Sh

I I

TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 1 -800-343-6522 —

420-438 Rutherford Ave., Dept. BY12, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129

Hours 9 AM - 9 PM (EST) Mon.-Fri. (Sat. till 6)

Technical information call 617/242-3361

TWX-710-348-1796

Massachusetts Residents call 617/242-3361 Massachusetts Residents add 5% Sales Tax

Circle 154 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

559

STQTE COLLEGE, Po.

1814) 234-3SB&

CQLL COLLECT (ORDER!

LOW COST TERMINAL

The LCT-100 is a "dumb" terminal ideally suited for most computer applications. Featuring a full ASCII keyboard in standard typewriter format. 24 X 80 display, 7 X 9 dot matrix characters with true descenders, and 31 special graphics symbols, the LCT-100 has an RS232C interface with data rates from 110-9600 baud. The LCT-100 is priced at $350 with a separate 12 inch green phosphor video monitor. MasterCard and Visa accepted.

LOW COST PERIPHERALS

P.O. Box 1773 Corrales, NM 87048 (505) 294-2857

\ferbatinr

Floppy Discs

SAVE 40% SUSS

51/ 11 Specify soft. Price/10 /* 10 or 16 sector

MD525 1 side/dbldens $27.30

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 40.30

MD577 1 side/77 track 37.10

MDS57 2 sides/77 track 47.50

811 Critically Certified Soft sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgldens 33.80

FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 39.00

FD34-4001 2 side/dbl dens 46.20

CHECKS - VISA - MC - C.O.D. 1313) 777-7780 ADD $2 SHIPPING

LYBEN computer systems

27204 Harper Ave. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

Circle 273 on Inquiry card.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER SPECIALS

PINEAPPLE COMPUTER

$599

• APPLE II plus (48k) $1099

• FRANKLIN Computer $1099

• APPLE Disk Drive $275

• OSBORNE Computer $1595

• SANYO MBC 1000 $1595

• K-PRO Computer $1595

• IBM PC $ CALL

• COMODORE VIC-64 $AVE

• Please see other AD page 566

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave., La Jolla. CA 92037 (619) 457-2149

I WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICE

PROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST.

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$5.75

64K

150 ns

6.25

16K

150 ns EPROM

1.25

2764

250 ns

$10.49

2732

450 ns

4.15

2716

450 ns

3.43

2532

450 ns STATIC RAM

4.94

6116P-3 150 ns

$4.99

6116LP-3 150 ns

5.99

2114

200 ns Z80A FAMILY

1.60

CPU,

CTC, or PIO

$ 3.50

DART

7.50

DMA

or SIO/0

13.50

MasterCard.'VISA or UPS CASH COD

All Prime Parts MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24,000 South Peoria Ave BEGGS, OK 74421 (918) 267-4796

SMITH-CORONA TP-1 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

LIMITED

TIME

OFFER

DISCOUNT PRICES ON SUPPLIES. DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME.

CALL TODAY—

901-755-0638

INTERNATIONAL

TRADE CONSULTANTS

5545 Murray Ave., Memphis, TN 381

Box 17342 7

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

Circle 317 on inquiry card.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

The PC MoneyMan®

$65

Exclusively for the IBM Personal Computer

The financial manager featuring full function management tools for the HOME and BUSINESS

• Checking account management

• Income and expense analysis

• Budget planning and control

• Summaries for tax analysis

• Complete transaction capability

• Plain English - no cryptic codes

• Powerful query language...inquire by date, account, category etc., in any order.

• State-of-the-art extended hashing data base technology for fast query access and disk utilization

• Structured programming in Pascal and assembler for maximum reliability and speed

128 K required, 2 drives desirable

Send order wiih check/money order lo

ORGANIZATIONAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. INC.

3 Chickory Court. Glen Arm. Md. 21057

(301) 668-9011

MD residents include 5% sales tax

=o

If you also buy either an upgrade or a terminal & printer Else 53095

MORROW DESIGNS

DECISION 1 $2995

W5MEGHD &5WSSOD

FLOPPY DISK

,$3795 !

Shipment from laclery wilh lactory warranty and our warranly Wo crater to professionals We loci lliiit (..cjcnplelt? Iii'itiiincc, can benefit trom Hie retail services of a local store; however, we do have i btin.innr.TS help package at S75C extra Call 9 AM ■ It) PM CDT lor tn.ipi saving on ;jll Morrow products Cost Plur. lo dealers No minimum quantity Call lor our latest prices on all Moccow products f ^fa fa flyy^ QiftujQfe. fa TAjUV-Ttel/HOn Deosii

s)Desfc

SO Bf>K Si.l! i l

iiiCPM W«d

drostfllBascBO i

Mtg s Retail

$2395 3-195

i!S95

Ol Coni|iulei< Inly No Disk

D2 Willi twos' .nSDDFIoppyDisk

n;t|l Willi Or:.- K)M.:(|KOnc5' .FIDSDD

mi; Willi (Jin ■ Itit.li'ijftOnr- 5' .FIDSDD n.'lJWiii.On.' X)Me(|HnsOne8 OSDD

rt:>|-iw,n,< iii.';'iiMh|Iiiisoiii'8 DSDD

Multi-user Up Grade i3f,K Sialic HAM & MOS 2nd 195KHAM*3fl IP I Otoi 6Usd ? Printers MORROW HARD DISKS: 5' i 5 Meg W Conlctii SI249 10 Meg WOinmii S?i95 Add 10 tor SI69!

%2Wib. :»::i it,i[ir&;'i95 8 H Disks lOf' S2295 20 Men] W Controller S3449 Mr. Controller iXW, Arm ?|, 1,1,.,, r,„ S29<15

TELEVIDEO COMPUTERS & TERMINALS

TSCOMPS: HCKiA Sli'^t «02 S.'Jm'J'i HU'H l-M'ri (H!ii 55195. 8H> S9S TVTERMINALS: I VMi ii ^W IVI 41:'(. 'M.lf'i I VliK'i. 5725. FVI950 59; OTHER TERMINALS: ADDs 3A 54!!H U.n.iMcdi.i I ;i? Character Sere SCALL Colorscan 5CAL.L D.rlaVue Vnrwrn.iMei 51595 PRINTERS: Okid.il,! HI) (ji.iC.rb ^M-< K'A 1,'ti '. .f- -,429 B3A |Wi

SS99 fl'tt-1 :'oi) c.t"; vm sa?, iSciui m-h imnn ..msossp 35n cps t

5995 4495

6495 11849

'i SillV.tF) ArJ-l !j l.:,\; Ii lb Meg W Conlcol Ic: V ConicoJIer S3B49. Add 101c: tl 2ftMeov\

821

Spftfi

'27<)NEC.SPINW,llU US :;

I1vll.il:

(10 52149

TERMS Cash with order Add 2°° Handling 10" amen nation tb^.testock mgchg FOB Ship PI CALL US 9AMI0 'UPM

205 879-5976 205 879-4735

CostPlus

COMPUTERS

PO Box 611<1-Birmingham. AL 35259-61 M Ouibank-n; iblNaiinnaiot Birmingham (20E)>326-5120

HOW DO YOU CHEAPLY REPAIR A MICROCOMPUTER?

BYTE Magazine Suggests,

"....Signature Analyzer offers a solution to all the problems discussed above. It allows the manufacturer to revert back to the simple yet efficient troubleshooting method of signal tracings."

BYTE, Sept., 1982, pg. 466

Our pT-1000 for $279-at VS the price of other units, makes this technique available to the Home User as well as to the Manufacturers and Repair Depots.

For our brochure and a reprint of the BYTE article on using Signature Analysis, circle the number below on the Inquiry Card at the end of this magazine or contact us directly.

nT-1000 and Manual....$279.00 "Implementing S.A."....$10.00

N.W.S., Inc.

P.O. Box 62

Westminster, MD 21157

(301) 875-4054

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

Circle 334 on inquiry card.

"THE BIG BOARD" ,€& OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

JINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

w

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X.

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DO

u

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LU

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c-o

£

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THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: Three years In the works, and maybe too good to be true. A tribute to hard headed, no compromise, high performance, American engineering! The Big Board gives you all the most needed computing features on one board at a very reasonable cost. The Big Board was designed from scratch to run the latest version ol CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can be run on the Big Board without any modifications needed! Take a Big Board, add a couple of 8 inch disc drives, power supply, an enclosure, C.R.T., and you have a total Business System for about 1/3 the cost you might expect to pay.

$399

00 (64K KIT ~* BASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8V, x 13% IN. SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE. REQUIRES: -5V @ 3 AMPS - - 12V @ .5 AMPS.

64K RAM

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM'S. All 64K is available lo the user, our VIDEO and EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special care was taken in the RAM array PC layout lo eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on small monitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video orsplitvideo and sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customized fonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may be inverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM refresh and supports Mode 2 INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULL RS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronous mode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels can beset up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int. Price for all parts and connectors: $49

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator for enhanced reliability. IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatible with standard Shugart drives such as theSASOO orSA801. Drives can be configured (or remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M" 2.2.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL),

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buttered, bi-directional. User selectable hand shake polarity. Set ol all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BASIC I/O

Consists of a separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encoded keyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

REALTIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set of all parts: S9.95

BLANK PC BOARD - $149

The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with full documentation (including schematics), the character ROM. the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the source of our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M" D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for $159.00.

PRICE CUT!

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in Its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M", Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, GoTo, Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive. Track. Sector), and Search. PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

** (OF TEXAS) '

P.O. BOX 401565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75040 • (214) 271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we receive your order, VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add S4.00 shipping. USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH.

NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE "1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

BYTE December 1982 561

**

*'•

MEGA3

^

[ COMPATIBLE MEMORY BOARD

FEATURES:

On Board Mrmur) Expansion from b-IK to IM Bylr

Memory Wrfic Protect ( ummand

Program ( .ml nil led Banking < apabilih in I28K or 5I2K Btocks

Mrmnn Error Defection

Hnihk Mentor) Boundan Selection

On Board Two Minis Supported Asynchronous RS-2J2-C Peril

Price Starts at ~tM&SJ& S395.00

P.O. BOX 16115, IRVINE, CA 92713 {714)553-0133 (714)727-0202

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Disks with maximum quality.

Dealer inquiries invited C.O.D's accepted. Call FREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San Luis San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or

(805)543-1037

CP/M COMPATIBLE-CP/M EFFICIENT

• 4 MHz Z-80A CPU •Two banks of 64K RAM

• Two RS-232 serial ports • Full Centronics printer port • True hard disk interface • External DMA 1/0 • Compatible with 5 inch and 8 inch drives, single/double density • Real time clock* 5 volts only at 1.5 amps • Compact size

Jf£C

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES. CORPORATION 373 N. Wesiern Ave . Suite 12. Los Angeles. CA 90004. (213) 461-3262 OEM. International Inquiries Welcome

Circle 191 on Inquiry card.

Circle 361 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

Garden Of Eden

Computers

"The Apple Paradiee"

DC Hayes Mcromodem Source Subscription

Fee ASCII Express I

LIST SALE

S379 $269 All 3 Pieces $100 $79 $399 $79.95 $64

'Don't Miss The Great RANA Disk Drive Sale''

RANA Disk Drive Controller

[Controls up to 4 Drives] $99

"Completely Apple compatible. Mix up to 4 Apple and RANA drives □n the same RANA controller: RANA Drives:

1 Drrvew/ocontroller $323

1 Drive w/controller $422

2 Drives w/o controller $630

2 Drives w/controller. $725

NEC 12" Green Monitor Ecdito [JB1260).

RH Electronics Super Fan II

Microsoft 16K Ramcsrd

T.G. Joystick

NEC 0O23A Desk Top Graphics Printer The Grappler + Graphic Printer Interface

$113.00

$62.50

Now Just $99

$39.95

$479

$129

We discount all lines □( hardware and software We accept Visa, Mastercard. Cash, M.D 5omeday shipments 5% ser. chg, on

All orrtL:r;i shipped via UPS.

PHONE: 714.B94-9528

"Ask for our newest or>ce list "

Garden Of Eden

Computers

9903 Gladiola Drive

Fountain Valley, CA 92708

ATR8000: THE DOUBLE DENSITY DISK INTERFACE FOR ATARI®' 800/400

• 16K RAM

upgradable ■ to 64K.

• With OSA+

Version 4 is double density.

• Runs standard 5'A" or 8" drives.

• A Z80 4 MHz controller.

• A serial and a parallel port.

• Software compatible with existing ATARI software.

• Is CP/M compatible (with 64K).

ATR8000 S499.95

OSA+ Version 4 $ 49.95

5%" drive $399.95

64K Upgrade —Call—

SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS, INC.

2500 E. Randol Mill Rd., Suite 125 Arlington, TX 76011 (817)469-1181

OVER-VOLTAGE

PROTECT YOUR SYSTEM

(Computer/Disk/Printer)

FROM OVERVOLTACE

(GUARANTEED)

Make Your Own: SCHEMATIC/INSTRUCTIONS Only (easyassembly) .... $ 995

KIT (with parts) $1595

COMPLETE KIT $3995

(Allow 3 Weeks for Delivery)

Send Check/Money Order to:

SAFETE K

P.O. Box 283 DeSoto, Texas 75115

Circle 208 on Inquiry card.

Circle 430 on inquiry card.

Circle 222on Inquiry card.

IBM PC SOFTWARE

FORTH-32™ allows access to all of the PC

memory using intermixed 16/32 bit addressing. Screen editor, assembler, decompiler, debug, graphics. CASE, and DOS interface. Package Builder Utility produces compact marketable software £150. Floating Point Library (Software or 0OQ7). 350.

QUESTalk™ Asynchronous

Communications connects ywpc

to other computers. Menu driven with help feature, terminal or local mode, UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD file transfers. Multiple BAUD rates. $45,

PrinfcPaK allows customized printouts via menu driven selection of page headers, line numbers, character type. time, date and more. $45.

DJskPak™ recovers erased files, prints, views and modifies sectors and more $35

Edlin Recovery Utility reclaims

the file you thought you lost when the disk was lull. $35.

QUEST RESEARCH, INC.

PO Bo« 2553 ■ Huntsvrile. AL 35B04 ■ 205-533-9405 Tall Free 800-558-3000

CENTERLINE

COMPUTE RCENTER" S1 99 s„g Rel PRINTERCENTER " $299 Sog na

CAB-TEK

CIVILIZING COMPUTERS

800-343-4311

MASTERCHARGE & VISA ACCEPTED DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CAB-TEK, Inc.

Riverside St. Nashua. NH 03062

MEMOREX

Flexible Discs

BEST PRICES IN THE U.S.

Call for our special dealer program. C.O.D.'s accepted TOLL FREE (800) 652-8162 In California (213) 901-8881

U S EXCHANGE

14831 Bessemer Si

Van Nuys, CA 91411-2773

Circle 395 on inquiry card.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

Circle 477 on Inquiry card.

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL MICROCOMPUTERS

6502 AND Z80 MICROCOMPUTERS

ARE DEDICATED COMPUTERS DESIGNED FOR CONTROL FUNCTIONS.

THESE BOARDS FEATURE:

• 4096 BYTES EPROM

• 1024 BYTES RAM

• ALL BOARDS INCLUDE COMPLETE DOCUMENTATION

• 50 PIN CONNECTOR INCLUDED

• EPROM AVAILABLE SEPARATELY

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING'S 6502 MICROCOMPUTER FEATURES:

• 1024 BYTES RAM

• 4096 BYTES EPROM

• USES ONE 6522 VIA (DOC. INCL)

• 2 8 BIT BIDIRECTIONAL I/O PORTS

• 2 16 BIT PROGRAMMABLE TIMER/

COUNTERS

• SERIAL DATA PORT

• LATCHED I/O WITH HANDSHAKING LOGIC

• TTL AND CMOS COMPATIBLE

80-153A

EPROM NOT INCLUDED

LIST 100-499 $110.95 $66.57

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING'S NEW Z80 MICROCOMPUTER FEATURES:

• Z80 CPU-SOFTWARE COMPATIBLE WITH Z80, 8080 AND 8085 MICROPROCESSORS

• 4096 BYTES EPROM

• 1024 BYTES RAM

• SINGLE 5V POWER SUPPLY AT 300MA

• CLOCK FREQUENCY IS 2MHZ, RC CONTROLLED

• Z80 PIO (DOC. INCL)

• 2 8-BIT BIDIRECTIONAL I/O PORTS

• LATCHED I/O WITH HANDSHAKING LOGIC

• TTL AND CMOS COMPATIBLE

80-280A LIST 100-499

EPROM NOT INCLUDED $129.95 $77.97

USE YOUR 6502 OR Z80 MICROCOMPUTER TO CONTROL EVERYTHING!

YOUR HOME SECURITY SYSTEM

HEAT CONTROL

LIGHT CONTROL

SOLAR HEATING AND POWER SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF TAPE

RECORDERS

TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL

IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF VIDEO

RECORDERS

ROBOT CONTROL

AUTOMATIC DIALER

AUTOMATED SLIDE SHOW CONTROL

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR THE

DISABLED

THE WORLD

Johiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, Inc.

#300

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070

ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100 ;-^^^M

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG (415)592-8411 2S SSJS^^n \ VISA

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am-4pm AUU *lbU hUH UUU

BYTE December 1982 563

Now, Interconnect Any Two RS232 Devices

WIRING ADAPTER

$24.95

postpaid

American Made

Connects any two RS232 devices in any pattern. Temporary or permanent. Comes complete with ten plug-in jumper wires. Wiring Adapter just $24.95 postpaid. Purchase Orders accepted from rated firms. Get FREE illustrated catalog of interface and monitoring equipment.

BQ electronics

P.O. Box 475-B • Mendota, IL 61342

Phone: (815) 539-5827

Circle 55 on inquiry card.

8086/8087/8088

CROSS SOFTWARE PACKAGES

1C cross compiler for the 8086. All facilities of the complete C language, including floating point for the 8087, are supported. Optionally, memory can be allocated for use with the 8088. Output Is symbolic assembly language. The compiler is suitable for use in porting UNIX to the 8086. 2Cross assembler/linker/librarian/downline loader for the 8086. Assembler input is an extension to that used by Intel. Loader output is a file in standard Intel hex format.

3 Simulator/debugger for the 8086. Capabilities Include display, breakpoints. Interpretive execution, as well as many others. Host System: PDP-II running RT-I I. RSX-IIM, UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX-! I running VMS, UNIX/32V.

For additional Information:

dvanced

igital Products, Inc.

1701 21st Ave. S., Suite 222 • Nashville, TN 37212 Phone (615) 383-7520

Intel Is 3 trademark of Intel Corporation; UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories; RT-11. RSX-I 1M. POP-11, VMS. and VAX-11 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

* MICRO DISCOUNTS*

saoud eiqisuas mot •SYSTEMS

IBM Personal Computer • Franklin* Basis 108 NEC • Kaycomp "Apple II, III Osborne $1595.00

•PRINTERS

C - llhos • NEC 8023

F-10 • Brother HR-1 •MONITORS

Epson • Microline As low as $299.00 Smith Corona$574 00

BMC...18MZ.. BMO.Colori

Apple 8c IBM Compatible

*Aa

i'-I IIH.I ANV 1V:1H

nv:> :h/y\

.. $89.00 . $259.00

Hardware,

Software

Accessories

* MICRO DISCOUNTS :£

4625 W. Pacific Coast Hwy. Newport Beach, CA 92660

6o|D(DO tunoosia mo inoqv >l$v Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 14 on Inquiry card.

Circle 32 on Inquiry card.

TANDON UPGRADES

100-2* = $225.00 100-1* = $ 95.00

'That's right, a new 100-2 for $225.00 and your old 100-1 working or not.

100-1 to 100-2 Upgrade

Upgrade your 100-1 you now have,toa 100-2 foronly $189,00.

*100-1 = $95.00

Complete factory reconditioning with full guarantee.

ANGEL's

Computer Products

(213) 891-5546

"""-Heath Users

Double Your 5%" disk storage capacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 51//' drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density, 8" and 5'/)" drives — simultaneously.

OH

C.D.R. Systems Inc. Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc. 7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111 (714) 560-1272

S259

S199

$365

S395

S495

IIM P.C. DISK DRIVES

TANDON TM100-2

5%" Double-sided, 48TPI. 360KB TRS-80», Vector, North Star, Cromemco...Compatible Disk Drives TANDON TM100-1

5W' Single-Sided, 48TPI TM100-4

5'/4" Double-Sided. 96TPI TM848-1

8" Single-Sided. 48TPI TM848-2

8" Double-Sided, 48TPI yitum 'COMPATIBLE BW & 8" Disk Drives and SUBSYSTEMS including: 1-47 Single or Dual 8" $1995/

Intelligent Flex Disk Subsystem $2795

tmmed. Delivery-Full Pre-Ship

Testing & Support. • 24 Hour Ordering Service •

inn

(714) 630-6600

2730 Regal Park Dr. TS^ Anaheim, CA 92806 mtsmm

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Circle 164 on Inquiry card.

DEMO INVENTORY SALE

* 'Limited Quantities* *

REG. NOW

Datavue Displaymaster Teleuideo 950 Centronics 353 Datamedia Excel 42

$1,997$1,200 1,195 850 2,495 1,975

995 775

NEW ADDS VIEWPOINTS FROM $495.00

ECONOMY PERIPHERALS (404) 952-0231

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Circle 382 on Inquiry card.

JJC/I

rELECTRONICS

FULL LINE ALL PARTS & COMPUTER PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 4430X Santa Clara, CA 95054 'Will calls: 2322 Walsh Ave. (408) 988-1640

Same day shipment. First line parts only. Factory tested. Guaranteed money back. Quality IC's and other components at factory prices.

INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Phone orders only (800) 538-8196

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74LS13N 45

74LS14N 99

74LS20N 25

74LS22N 25

74LS28N 35

74LS30N 25

74LS33N 55

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74LS74M 45

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74LS93N 55

74LS95N 85

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74LS132N 75

74LS136N 49

74LS151N 75

74LS155N 79

74LS157N 75

74LS162N 95

74LS163N 95

74LS174N 95

74LS190N '00

74LS221N ' 19

74LS256N 69

74LS367N 69

LINEAR

CA3045 90

CA3046 I 10

CA30S1 I 80

CA3082 1 90

CA30B9 3 4p LM3Q1ANAH 34

LM305H 37

LM307N 35

LM305N 98

LM309K 1 25

LM311HN 54

IM3I7T

IM3WK

LM318

LM320K-5

IM320K 12

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ICL7103 9 50

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CMOS

CD4000 25

CD4001

CD4002

CD4006

CD4007

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CD4009 crwoio CO40I1 CD40T2 CD4013 CD4Q14 CD4015 CD4016 CD4017 CO401B

CD40T9

CD402Q CD4021 CD4022 CD4023 CD40J4 CD4025 CD4026 CD4027 CD4028 CD4029 CD4030 CD4035 CD4040 CD4042 CD4043 CD4044 CO4046 C04049 CQ4050 CD4051 CD4060 CD4066 CD4068 CD4059 CD4Q70 CD407I CD4072 CDJ073 CD4075 C04076 CD4078 CD40B1 CD4082 C04116 C0449D CD4507 CO450B CD45I0

C045H CD4515 CD4516 C04S18 CU4520 C04527 CD452B CD4553 CD4566 CD45B3 CD4585 CDJ0192 74CD0 74C04 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C4B 74C74 74C76 74C90 74C93 74C154 74C160 74CI75 I 74C192 74C221 74C905 74C914 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 74C927 INTERFACE 8095 8096

« MOSMEMQRY RAM UART FIFO

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2104A-4

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21141300ns 2.00

211414SOM 1 95

4116 200ns 2 25

fl'.ll 16 ?00ns 1240

B4116 150ns 1850

MM5280 300

MM5J21 9 95

MM5330 5 94

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26 95 " 17 95

19.75

24 50

HMfl 116-4 HM611GIP3

4164 7Q0ns MK4E16

CLOCKS

MU531I 4 95

MM5312 3 90

MM5314 3 90

umm 1 95

MM5641 1445

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CT7010 B95

CT7015 8 95

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NB2S126

NB2S129

NB2S131

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NB2S137

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CONNECTORS 30 D'» tdfif 44 pin edge 86 pin edgp 100 pin edge 100 pin ed<je *

IC SOCKETS Salder Tin Low Prafile PIN 1UP PIN 1UP 8 13 22 30

395 D1PSWI1CHES

MONITORS 12 GREEN 1129.00 12 BW 11)5.00

KEYBOARDS

00 key ASCII heytioaid m Fully assembled

tnclosart Plastic

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: 32MHJ 3 90

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3 2768 MHz 3 95

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5 185 MHz 3 95

5 7143 MHz 3 95

6.5536 Mrfi 3 95

7 15909 MHz 3 95

14 31818 MH: 3 95

18 432 MHz 3 95

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KEYBOARD ENCOOERS

■ AY5-2376 11 95

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SPECIAL PRODUCTS 2 5 MH; Fieq Counter Kit 37 50

■ 30 MHz Fica Counief Kit 47 75

I 1 AC TRANSFORMERS

FRAME WALL PLUt"

6V 500 ma S4 00 tOV 2 jmp S b IV CT 600 ma 4 60 12V 250 m,; 12V250ma t 95 '2VCI250ma

12 6VCT 600 ma 4 95 12V 500 mj !2 6VCT2amps 5 95 12V I amp 12 6V CT 4 amo 8 60 12V 2 amn i2 6VCTflamp 10806 9. 12VDC 24V CT ICO ma 3 95 300 ma 24V CT ECO fflj 4 95 9 VDC 500 m,i

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DISPLAY IEDS

MAN72 74

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DL727 728

DL747 750

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FND500 507

FND503 5IC

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10 digit disr/iy

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MAN4610

MAN4710

MAN6640

MAN6710

MAN6740

CCCA ! CCCA ! CCCA I

BT26 BT2B BT97 8T98

J3 95 4116 200ns Dynamic RAM B/S12.40

Apple Peripheral Kits

SERIAL I/O INTERFACE 0 to 30,000 baud, D.T.R., Input & output from monitor or basic, or useApple as intelligent terminal, Bd only (P/N 2) $14.95, Kit (P/N 2A) $51.25, Assembled (P/N 2C) $62.95.

PROTOTYPING BOARD (P/N 7907) $21.95. PARALLEL TRIAC OUTPUT BOARD 8 triacs, each can switch 110V, 6A loads, Bd only (P/N 210) $19.20, Kit (P/N 210A) $119.55. APPLE II GAME PADDLESAdam and Eve$38.00. 16K RAM Board to take you to 64K. Assem. $67. Kit $57.

Interlace Kits

SERIAL/PARALLEL INTERFACE Bidirectional, Baud rates from 110 to 19.2K, sw selectable polarity of input and output strobe, 5 to 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, parity odd or even or none, all characters contain a start bit, +5 & —12V required.Bd only (P/N 101) $11.95, Kit (P/N 101 A) $42.89.

RS-232/TTL INTERFACE Bidirectional, requires ±12V, Kit (P/N 232A) $9.95. RS-232/20mA INTERFACE Bidirectional, 2 passive opto-isolated circuits. Kit (P/N 7901A) $14.95.

PROM Eraser

Will erase 25 PROMs in 15 minutes. Ultraviolet, assembled. 25 PROM capacity $37.50 (with timer $69.50). 6 PROM capacity OSHA/UL version $83.00 (with timer $119.00).

Z80 MicroProfessor $135.00

Single board computer. Learning, teaching, prototyping. 2K RAM, keyboard, displays; cassette interface. Tiny BASIC $19.00. All fully assembled.

Z80 Microcomputer Kit $69.00

16 bit I/O, 2 MHz clock, 2K RAM, ROM Breadboard space. Excellent for control. Bare Board $28.50. Full Kit $79.00. Monitor $20.00. Power Supply Kit $35.00. Tiny Basic $30.00.

Modem Kit $60.00

State of the art, orig., answer. No tuning necessary. 103 compatible 300 baud. Inexpensive

acoustic coupler plans included. Bd. only $17,00. Article in June, July, Aug. Radio Electronics, 1981.

60 Hz Crystal Time Base Kit $4.40

Converts digital clocks from AC line frequency to

crystal time base. Outstanding accuracy.

Video Modulator Kit $9.95

Convert TV set info a high quality monitor w/o affecting usage. Comp. kit w/full instruc.

Multi-volt Computer Power Supply

8v 5 amp, ±18v .5 amp, 5v 1.5 amp, 5v .5 amp, 12V .5 amp, -12v option. r5v, ±12v are regulated. Basic Kit $35.95. Kit with chassis and all hardware $51.95. Add S5.00 shipping. Kit of hardware $16.00. Woodgrain case $10.00. S1.50 shipping.

Type-N-Talk by Votrax

Text to speech synthesizer with unlimited vocabulary, built-in text to speech algorithm, 70 to 100 bits per second speech synthesizer, RS232C interface $359.00. Speech IC $59.00.

Direct Connect Modem $99.00

Fully assembled in case with RS232 cable. Orig/answer, 103 compatible, 9V battery or wallplug.

Wklenture

INTRODUCING A BRAND NEW MICROCOMPUTER

VENTURE is a single board computer that is an adventure (orthe hobbyist. It is a learning, training computer as well as just plain fun for anyone who wants to get into a state-ofthe-art computer at reasonable cost.

VENTURE comes in kit form or fully assembled and tested. You can get it in its minimum configuration for as little as $195.00 or take it all the way to floppy disks and voice. It can be expanded as a kit or fully assembled, at your own pace and choice.

VENTURE is a 16" by 20" main board with separate ASCII and HEX keyboards. It runs fast, almost 4 MHz, and has the capability ot putting 1.5 megabyte of RAM and ROM on the board along with a variety of inexpensive options.

A 16-channel analog-to-digital converter allows use ol joysticks, control functions, instrumentation, temperature sensing, etc. T1 sound generator, software controlled music, Votrax voice synthesizer and real time clock calendar add to its versatility.

VENTURE connects directly to a monitor or to your TV set through an RF modulator. And now for the heart of VENTURE ... its video display. VENTURE has a high resolution programmable video display with up to 16.384 user-defined characters, alphanumeric symbols, special graphics or objects, such as space ships, etc. Each character is 8 pixels wide by 15 pixels high, with 2 grayscale maps; it has 64 levels of grayscale plus video invert/compliment and hidden screen update for a "snow" iree display. The display is 512 x 512 pixel mapped with 2 planes of video RAM per display. VENTURE video is in short... astounding!

VENTURE has complete software support with full BASIC, 3 ROM monitors, disassembler/assembler/editor. It will run real-time video games, all RCA chip 8 programs and all current

Quest 1802 software. VEN TURE DOS will accommodate up to four 5 Vj" double density floppies. A complete 1802 programming book is available. All versions of VENTURE are shipped with a set of manuals written to be understood by the inexperienced as well as experienced user. A standard 60-pin bus with 5 slots, parallel ports and 2 serial ports with full handshaking (75 to 9600 BAUD) allow expansion into floppy disks, color, EPROM programmer, printer, model ot your choice. Later expansion will add a light pen, a universal user programmable music sound board, General Purpose Instrument Bus. and a high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board. On-Board Options

16 channel A to D: 5 slot 60 pin bus, 2 serial ports, parallel ports, 4 video options incl. color, 48k RAM, Votrax voice synthesizer, sound generator, EPROM, full BASIC disassembler, editor, assembler, metal cabinet, additional power supply, ASCII keyboard real time clock calendar. Expansion Options

Floppy disk. EPROM programmer, lighlpen, universal user programmable music, sound board high resolution color/grayscale pixel mapped video board General Purpose Instrument Bus, 8088 co-processor board. Minimum VENTURE System $195.00 Kit includes CPU and control with 4K of RAM, 1K of scratchpad, 2K monitor, 1861 video graphics, cassette interface and separate HEX keyboard with LED displays lor address and output. Power supply is included along with 2 game cassettes. The main board is 16" x 20" and includes space for all of the previously discussed on-board options. Full on-board expansion can be completed for under $1000.00. Call for further details, option prices, etc.

RCA Cosmac 1802 Super Elf Computer $106.95

The Super Elf is a tremendous value as it combines video, digital displays, LED displays, and music, all on a single board for $106.95. The Super Elf expansion capability is virtually unlimited and you can do it inexpensively one step at a time. Expansion includes casstte interface, additional memory, color video, Basic, ASCII keyboard, printer, floppy, S-100 bus, RS232, etc. The Super Elf comes complete with power supply and detailed 127 page instruction manual which includes over 40 pages ol software, including a series of lessons to help get you started and a music program and graphics target game. Many schools and universities are using the Super Elf as a course of study. OEM's use it for training and

R&D. A monthly newsletter. Questdata is devoted

exclusively to software for the Super Elf and there

are many software books available at low cost.

The Super Elf computer system is now available as

a series of bare boards as well as full kits and

assembled.

Bare Boards: Super Elf $35.00. Super Expansion

$35.00. Power Supply $10.00. S-100 Color

$35.00. Dynamic RAM $40.00. Manuals $10.00.

Super Basic $45.00.

"Eat & Run" cassette $14.95

Free 14 Page Brochure

Send or call for a free brochure on all details and pricing of the Super Elf and its expansion. We will get it right out to you!

Voltage Mate $18.50

$1.25 shipping. Switching regulator kit with adjustable AC/DC voltage conversion, 3 modes of operation; step up, step down, inversion. Jumper selectable modes of operation. Input voltage 5-15 VDC, output voltage -24 to +30 VDC. current draw 30-250 ma

UHF Preamplifier Kit $34.95

$2.00 shipping. Improves uht reception dramatically, 25 db gain assem. version $57.50. Articles Radio Elect. Mar, May, 1981.

Fluke Multimeters

D800 $125.—D802 $189.-0804 $249.

Rockwell AIM 65 Computer

6502 based single board with full ASCII keyboard and 20 column thermal printer. 20 char, alphanumeric display ROM monitor; fully expandable. $439.00. 4K version $454.00. 4K Assembler $35.00, 8K Basic Interpreter $65.00.

Special small power supply 5V 2A 24V ,5A assem. in frame $59.00. Molded plastic enclosure to fit both AIM 65 and power supply S52.50. AIM 65 1K in cabinet with power supply, switch, fuse, cord assem. $571.00. 4K $586.00. A65/40-5000 AIM 65/40 W/16K RAM and monitor $1295.00. RAM Board Kit (16K, S195) (32K, $215). VD640 Video Interlace Kit S119.00. A&T $149.00. Complete AIM 65 in thin briefcase with power supply $532.00. Special Package Price; 4K AIM, 8K Basic, power supply, cabinet $615.00.

AIM 65/KIM/SYM/Super Ell 44 pin expansion board; board with 3 connectors $22.95. 'Send for complete list of all AIM products.

Elf II Adapter Kit $24.95

Plugs into Elf II providing Super Elf 44 and 50 pin plus S-100 bus expansion. (With Super Expansion). High and low address displays, state and mode LED's optional $18.00.

Super Color S-100 Video Kit $99.00

Expandable to 256 x 192 high resolution color graphics. 6847 with all display modes computer controlled. Memory mapped. 1K RAM expandable to 6K. S-100 bus 1802, 8080, 8085, Z80, etc. Dealers: Send for excellent pricing/margin program.

TERMS: $5.00 min. order U.S. Funds. Calif, residents add 6% tax. Prices

$10.00 min. VISA and MasterCard accepted. $1.00 insurance optional. subject Shipping: Add 5%; orders under $25.00—10%. to change

FREE: Send for your copy of our 1982 QUEST CATALOG. Include 88(2 stamp.

Circle 394 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

565

PRIVACY

in your micro

MICROCRYPT scrambles data and programs in your computer- unscrambles them with a password you select. A must for multi-user systems Perfect with dBase ll.tm Easy to use - Fast - For CP/M,,m MP/M,m-Only $125.

Order today: 800-368-3359

VISA, Master Card accepted

NEW GENERATION SYSTEMS

2153 Golf Course Drive, Reston, VA 22091 703/476-9143

"CP/M. MP/M: Digital Research: dBase II: Ashton-Tate

Verbatim® Diskettes

"' ***!*

•WJmuuSr

Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettes from Teeh'Data, your complete word and data processing supply center. Dealer inquiries invited.

Call Toll Free

1-800-237-8931,

In Florida, call

813-577-2794.

V

Tech'Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive North St. Petersburg, FL 33702

NEW! M-6SOOO

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

::*?;!i .'.'iiifc'l

Iiiiffl3,m#iafawl|j

■ 'iLLL'Ltf '

BUBUli

16 Ul Motorola 6*000 (PL optrailnfA IOMHi.MKb)l«of onboard fulitalk RAM. I6K bjiM of on band EPR0M ipacf,' lodi of priorillrd lultiitdurrd inltrrupti. 1 rmmorj upmiion bum (up to 2MK|. 1 atrial communicitlon porli IRS-2J2C), 16-bll bidirectional parallel port. 6100 ptrlphtnl iccomodiliun bui. Ja Ifr-bli cuunltr/ Hmrn -nli vectored inltriupli, on bond ml tlmt (luck, lotiw.rr ctimpallblr wNh Motorola MKXtlKDM board.

PRICE]

Bur board wllh documrnfallon 194,95

MEX«8KDM compailblt monitor In 1764 EPROM'a II20.00

M6I0OO CPU II mrmor) map PROM SI 15.00

Shipping and handling |[)om«li(| SJ.M

(r'ortl(n) SI5.M

EMS

PO BOX 16IIS IRVINE.I

714-553-Q133

Circle 536 on Inquiry card.

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

Circle 190 on Inquiry card.

CC6502

C cross compiler for the 6502. With the exception of three minor features, all facilities of the complete C language are supported. Output is symbolic assembly language and is easily customized to existing assemblers. This cross compiler has been in use for over one year.

Host System: PDP-lI running RT-ll, RSX-l l M. UNIX/V6, UNIX/V7; or VAX-l I running VMS, UNIX/32V.

For additional information, contact

ft

vanced igital Products, Inc.

I70I 2lst Ave. S., Suite 222 • Nashville. TN 372I2 Phone (615) 383-7520

UNIX and UNIX/32V are trademarks of Bell Laboratories; RT-I I. RSX-l 1M, PDP-l I, VMS, and VAX-l 1 are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

Letter Quallty*Dolsy Wheel Printers

$565

• BROTHER HR-1 (2k Buffer. 16cps) $775

• DAISY WRITER (48k Buffer) $999

• BYTEWRITER (Typriter/Printer) . . $699

• C-ITOH F-10 (40 cps) $1295

> '

STAR • MICRONICS $299

• OKIDATA 82 A $420

• OKIDATA 83 A $625

• Please see other AD page 560

MICRO TECHNOLOGY

7817 Ivanhoe Ave.. La Jolla, CA 92037 (619) 457-2149

S-100 ULTRA-RES GRAPHICS

— N. E. C. UPD 7220 GRAPHICS PROCESSOR

— 1024 X 1024 PIXEL MEMORY PLANE

— 1 to 8 VIDEO PLANES, RGB 8 COLOR

— HARDWARE ZOOM 1 to 16 TIMES

— PROGRAMMABLE DISPLAY RESOLUTION FROM

1024 h by 1024v

— Software Drivers

— GRAPHICS PROCESSOR, 1 MEG. PIXEL PLANE

STARTING at $995.00

COMING SOON:

- MULTI-BUS

- Q-BUS COMPATIBLE

CSD INC. P. O. Box 253 Sudbury, MA 01776 (617) 443-2750

Circle 15 on Inquiry card.

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

Circle 539 on Inquiry card.

OlPunch?

$

D/Punch Conversion Kits will help you SAVE MONEY, SAVE STORAGE SPACE, SAVE TIME D/Punch Kits are engineered so you can quickly, accurately, & safely mate alterations necessary to let you use both sides of your H or S sectored SINGLE -SIDED Disltelles Converting 1 box of diskettes will more than pay for each D'Punch Kit * Hub-Reinforcer Kit occuraiely positions Hub-Reinf. Ring to hub opening * DiskSleeve lets you replace your lost or damaged sleeves. Indicate your system config. with order

a D/Punch Kit A — (5 V drives & eq.) for ex.

. Fronkhr

$ 6.95

b. D/Punch Kit B — IS1/*" drives & eq | for ex.

|TRS 80 [Mod I, III), IBM. Osborne. Zenith) 14.95

c D/Punch Kit C — (8" drives & eq.) for ex

[Altos. Zenith. TRSSOModll] 16.95

d Label* — |100p«j 300

e Write-Protect Stickers — [100pcs| 2 65

f Hub-Re.nforcer Kit (5 V) 10 99

g Hub-Reinforcer Kit (8") 12 99

h Hub-Reinforcer Rings (5 V) — [50pcs| 5 85

i Hub-Re.nforcer Rings (8") — [50 pes] 6.20

I Disk Sleeves (5 V) — [10 pes] 2 35

k. Disk Sleeves (8") — (10 pes) 3 85

Add $2 shipping & handling for each SI 5 Order AK. HI, & over*eas cusl wr.te io> S&H charges MA res add 5% tox Send check or money order to

D/Punch Co. (BB-12)

PO Box 201. Newton Hid.. MA 02161

Tel: (617) 964-2126 Telex: 4991009 CHTRt

1982, D'Punch Corp Pal Pond

SS.

printervfcerminal

KIT

INSTALL IT YOURSELF AND SAVE!

INTERFACES WITH OLIVETTI PRAXIS MODELS 30 AND 35

THE KIT INCLUDES:

• FULLY ASSEMBLED BOARD

• COMPLETE MOUNTING HARDWARE

• WIRING AND INSTRUCTIONS

CENTRONICS PARALLEL - $200,00 SERIAL/PARALLEL COMBO, - $280,00 ALSO AVAILABLE.,, a

Brand New PRAXIS 30's and 35's ■ SYSTEIVED CORPORATION

IBM PC Software

SOFTSPOOl"7"1'^-printer spooler 'Creates true foreground/background operation •Buffer sizes user modifiable 0-128K) -Program execution no longer linked to printer speed. $49.95 {includes disk & docl

UV5WAp'""J-typing utility

-Transforms the PC's keyboard into a standard typewriter keyboard

•Poorly positioned keys are relocated and replaced -Optional audible feedback on "toggle" keys -Increases "touch typist" efficiency '$69.95 (Includes disk, stick-on labels & doc)

BOTH PROGRAMS

-Work with any program that runs under DOS (EASYWRITER* ', VISICALC , WORDSTAR1 ', etc.)

-Ideal for Business or Software development

PROCRYPr'm — software protection program "Encrypts, serializes, and copy protects your programsCall for price!

NOW 'til 2/1/83 SOFTSPOOL & KEYSWAP for $99.95

FOR ORDERS OR INFO CALL—(617) 662-0856

OR SEND CHECK rO:

Rickerdata MC & VISA

P.O. Box 288 accepted

Burlington, MA 01803 AddS2.50S&H

terms & conditions may change w/o notice

Circle 537 on inquiry card.

Circle 540 on Inquiry card.

Circle 538 on inquiry card.

im-pak One-Stop Component Center

electronic components

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD BELMONT, CA 94002

• Quality Components • Over 650 Items Available From Our 700

• Competitive Prices Authorized J IM-PAK Distributors

• Send Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope for 1983 Catalog and Distributor List

BUG TRAY™ — Stores in Bug Cage • Molded plastic • Three styles: Open (1 compartment); Vertical (5 compartments); and Horizontal (8 compartments) • Ideal for tools, hardware, components, etc. • Color: Black • Size: 3.55" x 5.05" x .6".

Part No.

Description

Price

BUG CAGE™ — 6 locations store Bug Boxes, Big Bug Boxes or Bug Trays • Modular & interlocking • Cage size: 5-1/8"x5"x3-7/8" • Color: Blue Part No Price

BGC-001B $5.95

BUG BOX™ — 30 individual compartments

• Stores 60 8-pin or 30 14- or 16-pin DIPs • Heavy duty injection molded plastic • Clear plastic cover slides & locks ■ Cover marked w/numbers 1-30 • Compartment size: 1" x 3.75" x .5" deep • Box size: 4.9" x 3.3" x .6"

• Weight: 1.75 oz. • Color: Blue

BTH-002 Horizontal Tray (2). .$3.89

BTV-002 Vertical Tray (2) 3.89

BTO-002 Open Tray (2) 3.89

DATA BOOKS

Part No. Description

Price

30001 National CMOS S 7.95

30003 National Linear 12.95

30005 National TTL Logic 10.95

30008 National Memory 7.95

30009 Intersil Data 10.95

30013 Zilog Micro 8.95

10400 Intel Data 15.95

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ — Designed to store large IC's, Resistors, Capacitors and Diodes • Three vertical and three horizontal dividers included • Color: Blue • Size: 4.9" x 3.3" x .6".

Part No. Price

BLX-002B (2 Boxes) $6.55

ANTI-STATIC BLX-002BAS (2 Boxes) $8.49

Part No.

Price

BGX-002B (2 Boxes) $4.59

ANTI-STATIC BGX-002BAS (2 Boxes) $6.55

JOYSTICKS

CONNECTORS

JE224

Adjustable Switching

Power Supply Kit

4-24VDC REGULATED, UP TO 5AMP

Pari No. Description

Price

DE9P 9 Pin Plug S1.95

DE9S 9 Pin Socket 2.49

DA15P 15 Pin Plug 2.49

DA15S 15 Pin Socket 3.29

DB25P 25 Pin Plug (Meets RS232) .. . 3.79

DB25S 25PinSocket(MeetsRS232). . 4.49

DC37P 37 Pin Plug 5.49

DC37S 37 Pin Socket 6.49

DD50P 50 Pin Plug 6.49

DD5DS 50 Pin Socket 7.49

Accessories

0E-9H Hood lor DE-9 Series Connectors S1.39

DE-15H Hood for DA-15 Series Connectors 1.49

DB25H Hood lor DB25 Series Connectors 1.79

IJB37H Hood for DC37 Series Connectors 1.59

DD50H Hood for DD50 Series Connectors 1.79

JS-5K 5K Linear Taper Pots $5.95

JS-100K 100KLinearTaperPots $5.25

JS-150K 150KLinearTaperPots $4.95

JVC-40 40K (2) Video Controller in case ....$3.95

The JE224 is a high-efficiency power supply utilizing a LH1605 5 amp switching regulator. The LH1605 provides high current output while maintaining a small physical configuration. Open frame type to allow mounting into restricted areas.

FEATURES: Adjustable 4-24VDC: 5VDC @ 5A, 6VDC @ 4.8A, 9VDC @ 4.1A, 12VDC @ 3.3A, 18VDC @ 1.9A, 24VDC @ .5A. Overvoltage protection. Input: 115VAC 50/60HZ. Output variations within 20mV. Size: 8.24"L x 4.25"W x 2.25"H. Weight: 3.25 lbs.

JE224KIT $79.95 each

Muffin-Style Fan

• 105cfm free air delivery •4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth

• 10 years continuous duty at 20°C

• Impedance protected, ambients to 70 °C

•115V 50/60HZ 14W

• Weight: 17 oz.

MU2A1 $15.95

Sprite-Style Fan

• 36cfm free air delivery

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth

• 10 years continuous duty at 20°C

• 115V50/60HZ

PWS2107 $15.95

Anti-Theft Auto Alarm System

• Audible horn is activated when door or trunk is opened • Alarm sounds for 3 min. — unless turned oil by secret 3-digit code. • Wire cutting will not deactivate alarm. • Code set by owner. • Uses only 0.01mA power. • System complete w/one blackbox control unit: one personal coded keyboard; 2 sets of sensors: one audible horn: & wiring (incl. one 10A fuse).

CA-06 Auto Alarm $59.95

Stereo Cassette Player

with FM Stereo Tuner Pack

• Lightweight Headphones

• Cr02rMetal/Normal Tape Selector

• Anti-Rolling Mechanism

FEATURES: • Blue carrying case, shoulder strap, belt lightweight headphones, FM stereo tuner pack & instruction manual

• Talkline • Tone selector • Cr02/Metal/Normal tape selector • LED operation indicator • Built-in microphone • Stop/eject, play, rewind/review, fast forward/cue, tape/radio selector functions • Vol. control • Ext. power input Jack • Headphone jack • Auto-stop mechanism (shuts off player when tape ends) • Anti-rolling mechanism (prevents sound from quivering when walking, jogging, etc.) • Weight: 13 oz. • Requires 4 AA batteries (not included) • Size: 6"Lx 4"Wx 1-1/8"H

Model TWF-802 $69.95

DIODES

CRYSTALS

TRANSISTORS

SOCKETS

KITS SWITCHES RESISTORS

LEDS HEAT SINKS KEYBOARDS

WIRE

SPEAKERS

TOOLS

CORDS

SOLDER

IC'S BOOKS CAPACITORS and more...

Door Security System

• Coded door alarm. • Instant or 7-second delay

system. • Alarm activated as door is opened.

> Can be de-activated by pressing personal code.

i Power: One 9V battery (not incl.). • System inI eludes one personal coded keyboard and one I magnetic sensor,

IES-07 Door Alarm $29.95

Home Alarm System

• Self-Installation • Presettable w/individual 3-digit code — no key nee. • Instant or 10-sec, delayed warning system * Alarm system incl. window & door contacts • One 9V battery required (not incl.) Low power consumption (0.01mA) • Loud audible alarm (90db) • Delayed exit feature

• System complete w/one control station with built-in siren and test button; 4 magnetic contact sets & connecting wires for entire system

ST-05 Home Alarm System $59.95

Mini Stereo AM/FM Receiver

UT/c

*>W i J* WITH HEADPHONES For Joggers,

al1~m"'^ii.i.ii - Cyclists, Skaters & Sports Events

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance control. Full fidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case & shoulder strap. Belt-clip (hands-free). Uses 3 AA cell batteries (not included). Compact size: 3-1/8"H x 4-7/8"L x 1 "D. Wt. 6 oz.

MODEL 2830 $29.95

Circle 518 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

567

f *pw^

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS

SN740QN SN740IN SN7402N SN7-103H SN7404N SN74Q5N SN7406N SN7407N SN7408N SN74Q9N SN7410N SN7411N SN7412N SN74I3N SN7414N SN7416N SN7417N SN7420N SN7421N SN7422N SN7423N SN7425N SN7426N SN7427N SN7428N SN743DN SN7432N SN7437N SN743BN SN7439N SN7440N SN7441N SN7442N SN7443N SN7444N SH7445N SN7446U SN7447N SN7448N SN7450N SN7451N SN7453N SN7454N SN7459A SN7460N SN7470N

SN7472N SN7473N SN7474N SN7475N SN7476N SN7479N SN7480N SN7482N SN7483N SN74B5N SN7486N SN7489N SN7490N SN7491N SN7492N SN7493N SN7494N 5N7495N 5N7496N SN7497N SN74100N SN74104N SN74105N SN74107N SN74109N SN74116N SN74121N SN74122N SN74123N SN74125N SN74I26N SN74132N 5N74136N SN74141N SN74142N SN74143N SN74144N SN74145N SN74147N SN74148N SrJ74!50N SN741S1N SN74152N SN74153N SN74154N SN74155N

74LSOO 74LS01 74LS02 74LS03 74LS04 74LS05 74LS08 74LS09 74LS10 74LS11 74LS12 74LSI3 74LSI4 74LS15 74LS20 74LS2I 74LS22 74LS26 74LS27 74LS28 74LS30 74LS32 74LS33 74LS37 74LS38 74LS4G 74LS42 74LS47 74LS48 74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55 74LS73 74LS74 74LS75 74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LSB5 74LS86 74LS90

SN74156N

SN74157N SN7416QN SN74181N SN74162N SN74183N SN74184N SN74165N SN74166N SN74167N SN74170N SN74172N SH74173N SN74174N SN74175N SN74176N SN74177N SN74179N SN741B0N SN74181N SN74182N ;■;: i ■-■■; i ()■'..', SN74165N SN74190N SN74191N SN74192N SN74193N SN74194N SW74I95N 5N74196N SN74197N SN74198N SN74199N SN74221N SN7425IN SN74276N SN74279N SN742B3N SN74284N SN74285N SN74365N SN74366N SN74367N SN7436SN SN74390N SN74393N

74LS92 74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LS107 74LSI09 74LS112 74LS113 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 74LS125 74LSI26 74LSI32 74LS133 74LS136 74LS13B 74LS139 74LS151 74LS153 74LSI54 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74IS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LSI64 74LS165 74LS16B 74LS169 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS1B1 74LS190 74LSI91

74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 74LS19S 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251 74LS253 74LS257 74LS258 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS279 74LS2B3 74LS290 74LS293 74LS298 74LS352 74LS353 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74LS3B6 74LS393 74LS399 74LS670 81LS95 B1LS97

COP1802 40 CPU

2650 40 MPU

IDM2901A0C 40 CPU-4-bll slice (Com. Tamp. Or.)

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock (G5K bylcs meni )

MC6B02CP 40 MPU w/ClockandRAM ..

INS8D35N-6 40 MPU~B'bll(6MHz)

INS8039N-6 40 CPLl-Sgl.ehlpB-bil(128h!5.Ram)

INS8040N-6 40 CPU {256 bytes RAM)

INS8070N 40 CPU (64 bytes RAM)

INS8073N 40 CPU w/Basic Micro Interpreter

PB085A 40 CPU

Z80, ZBQA, Z80B, Z8000 SERIES

Z80 ZBO-CTC

40 711

CPU(MK3880N)(780C)2MHi Counter Timer Circuit

$4.95 5.95

ZBO-DART

40

Dual Asynchronous flee./Trans Direct Memory Access Circuit

11.95

ZBQ-DMA

411

.15.95

Z80-P10

411

Parallel I/O Interface Controller

5.95

ZB0-S1O/0

4(1

Serial I/O (TxCBand RxCB Bonded]

.15.95

280-S10/1

40

Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB) . ,,,

15.95

Z8O-S10/2

40

SoriaL l/Ofl.acks SYNCB) .. .

15.95

Z80-S10/9

40

Serial I/O

15 95

Z80A

40

CPU(MK38BON-4)(780C-1)4MHi

5 95

ZBOA-CIC

m

Counter Timer Circuit

5.95

ZBOA-OART

411

Dual Asynchronous flee. /Trans Direct Memory Access Circuit

11.95

ZBOA-OMA

411

17.95

ZB0A-P10

411

Parallel I/O Interface Controller

..5.95

Z80A-S10/0

411

Serial I/O (TxCB and RxCB bomlci!)

.16.95

Z80A-S10/1

4(1

Serial I/O (Lacks DTftB) ..

16,95

Z6OA-S10/2

40

Serial I/O (Lacks SYNCB)

.16.95

Z80A-S10/9

40

Serial I/O

16.95

ZBOB

40

CPU(MK3880N-6)6MH*

11.95

ZBOB-CTC

70

Counter Timer Circuit

13.95

ZB0B-P10

4ft

Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

13.95

ZB001

40

CPU Segmented ......

51.95

Z8002

411

CPU Non-Segmenled...

.55.95

ZB030

40

Serial Comm. Controller

44.95

ZB036

40

Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unit

29.95

MC6B00

40

MPU

..4.95

MC68Q2CP

40

MPU with clock and RAM

. .7.96

MC6810API

'74

128x8 Sialic RAM ,.

.3.95

MC6821

4(1

Peripheral Inter, Adapt (MC6820)

..4.95

MC682B

?4

Priority Interrupt Controller 1024*8-bil ROM (MC6BA30-8)

15 95

MC683DLB

74

10.95

MC6850

24

Asynchronous Comm. Adapter

.4.95

MC6852

24

Synchronous Serial Data Adapter

.5.75

MC6860

74

0-6Q0bps Digital MODEM

.9.95

MC6862

24

2400bps Modulator..

17.95

MC6B8DA

Hi

Quad 3-stalo bus. trans. (MCHI2B)

.2.25

MC68000LB

M

MPU16-BII(8MHz)

.69.95

MC66488P

411

General Purpose Int Adapter

. .8.95

MC68652P2

4(1

Mull! Protocol Comm. Controller

24.95

MC68661PB

20

Enhanced Prog. Comm. tnl. - 8080A SERIES

. 8.95

INS8080A 40 CPU

TMS5501 40 Synchronous Data Interlace (SIRC)

INS8154 40 128 Byle RAM 16-Bit I/O

1NS82C06 20 Octal 6 flip Flop Tri-Stale (74C374)

DP8212 24 8-bil Input/Output(74S4J2).

DPB214 24 Priority Interrupt Control

DPS216 16 Bidirectional Bus Driver...

DP8224 16 Clock Generator/Driver

0PB226 16 Bus Driver

OPB22B 28 Syslem Cont./Bus Driver (74S42BI

DP8238 2B Syslem Controller (74S438)

INS8243 24 I/O Expander lor 4B Series

INSS245 IB 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922)

1NSB246 20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923)

INS8247 28 OisplayContrcller (74C91t) o.ys

INSS248 28 Display Controller (74C912) 8 95

INSB250N 40 Asyn. Comm Element IIN58250) 10.95

DP8251 20 Prog Comm I/O (USART) . . .4.49

DP8253 24 Prog. Interval Timer . 6.95

DPB255 40 Prog. Peripheral I/O (PPI) 4.49

DP8257 40 Prog. DMA Control .... . 7.95

DP8259 28 Prog. Interrupt Control .6.95

DP8275 40 Prog. CRT Controller .29.95

DP8279 40 Prog. Keyboard/Display Interlace .6 95

DP8303 20 8-BllTrl-SiaioBi-Oireciional Trans . 3.95

OPB304 20 8-blt Bi-Dlrectional Receiver . 2.49

0P8307 2D 8-blt Bi-Directional Receiver . .2.49

0P8308 20 8-blt Bi-Dlrectional Receiver . . 2.49

DP8310 20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver 4.95

DPB311 20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver . 4 95 MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS

M-Z80

M-CDP1B02

M-2650

10400

30001

30002

30003

30005

30008

30011

30013

205610

User Manual

User Manual

User Manual

1982 Intel Data Bock (1405 pg)

19B1 Nat. CMOS Book (628 pg.)

1960 Nat Interface Book (640 pg )

1982 Nat. Linear Book (1952 pg.) 1981 NalTTL Book (624 pg.)

198D Nal. Memory Data Book |464 pp..) 19B0Nat Linear Applications (736 pg.)

1983 ZilogDaia Book (641 pg ) 1981 Intel Peripheral Design (B2Bpg)

1103

4027

4116N-2

4116N-3

4116N-4

4164N-150

4164N-200

MM5261

MM5262

MM5270

MM52B0

MM5290-3 MM5290-4 MM5298-3

1101

21141

2114-2

2114L-2

2141-3

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

MM5257

HM6116P-3

IIM6I16-4

HM6116LP-4

74B9

74C920

74C921

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S20G

74S289

82S10

B2S25

1702A

2708

2708-5

TMS2516

TMS2532

TMS2564

TMS2716

2716

2716-1

2732

27580

MM 2764

MM2764-3

74S18B

74S287

74S288

74S387

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S478

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

B2S23

S2S115

S2S123

S2S126

82S129

62S130

82S185

OM87S180N

0M87S181N

OM87S184N

DM87S185N

OMB7S190H

DMB7S1DIU

DC 10

MC3470P

MC1408L7

MCI408L8

AOCOB04

DACOBOG

AOC0BO9

AV-5-1013A

— DYNAMIC RAMS

WW Price

18 1024x1 (300ns) .99

16 4096«1 (250ns) 2.49

16 16,3B4x1 (150ns| . 1.B9-B/14.95

16 16.384x1 (200ns) .1.69-8/12.95

1B 16.384x1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10.95

16 65.536x1 (150ns 7.95-8/59.95

IB 65.536x1 (200ns .7.49-8/54.95

18 1024x1 (300ns 49-6/1.95

22 2048x1 (365nsj 49-B/1 95

18 4095x1 (250ns) MK4096 4.95

22 4096<l (200ns)2107 3.95

16 16,384*1 150l» . 1.89-8/14.95

16 16.384x1 (200ns) . 1.69-8/12.95

16 16.3B4X1 (250ns) 1.49-8/10 95

16 6192x1 (200ns) 1.69

STATIC RAMS

16 256x1 (650ns) 1.49

22 256x4 (450ns)8101 2.49

16 1024x1 (350ns) 89

1B 1024x1 (450ns)LP 1.49

1B 256x4 (450ns)8111 2.95

IB 256x4 (450ns|MOS ... .2.95

IB 1024x4 (450ns) 1.95-8/1395

1B 1024x4 (450ns) LP 2.25 - 8/15 95

18 1024x4 (200ns) 2.25-8/15.95

18 1024x4 (200ns L.P ., 2.49-8/17.95

18 4096x1 (ISOnsj 3.95

18 4096x1 (70ns) 4.95

18 1024x4 70ns) B.95

IB 4096x1 (450ns) 3.95

IB 1024x4 (450ns) .3.95

22 256»4 (450ns)CM0S 4.95

IB 4096x1 (450ns)4044 4.95

24 2Q4BxB (150ns)CM0S . .. 7.95

24 204Bx8 (20Dns)CMOS 6,95

24 204B*B (200ns) L.P CMOS... . 7.95

IB 16x4 (50ns] 3101 2.25

22 256x4 (250ns)CMDS(6551) . 3.95

IB 256x4 (250ns) CMOS 3.95

16 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6501) 3,95

18 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518).. .3.95

16 16x4 (35ns) 93405 1,95

16 256x1 (80ns) 93410 3,95

16 256x1 (6Dns 93411 3.95

16 16<4 (35ns)3101 ... 2.25

16 1024x1 (50ns)0C (93415). .3.95

16 16x4 (50ns)OC (74S2B9) . 2.25

EPROMS

24 256x8 (1US) 4.95

24 1024x8 J450ns) 3,95

24 1024x8 (550ns) SM00246 2.95

24 204B«8 (450ns) 2716 6.95

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 9.95

2B 8192x8 (450ns) 19.95

24 2048x8 (450ns)3voliage 7,95

24 2048x6 (450ns) . . . 4.95

24 204BxB (350ns) 6.95

24 4096xB (450ns) 9.95

24 1024x8 (450ns) single +5V 2.95

2B B192xB (450ns) 16.95

28 8192x8 (300ns) ._.. 19.95

PROMS ——

16 32x8 PROMO.C. (6330-1).. .. 1.49

16 256x4 PROMT.S. (6301-1) 1.95

16 32x8 PROM T.S. (6331-1) 1.95

16 256x4 PROMOC (6300-1) . 1.95

20 256x8 PROMT S (6309-1). .5.95

20 512x8 PROM I S (6349-1) . 4.95

20 512x8 PROM O.C. (6348) .. .4.95

24 512x8 PROM T.S. (DM67S296N) 4.95

24 512x8 PROMOC (6340) 4,95

24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (TBP2BS86) . .8.95

16 512x4 PROM O.C, (6305) 2.95

16 512x4 PROM T.S. (6306) 2.95

IB 1024x4 PROMOC. (6352) 4.95

IB 1024x4 PROM T.S. (825137) . .4.95

IB 32x8 PROM O.C. (27S1B) .. 2.95

24 512x8 PROM T.S. (27S15) 9.95

IB 32xB PROMT S.(27S19) . .. .2.95

16 256x4 PROM O.C. (27S20) 3.95

16 256x4 PROMT S.(27S21) .. ..3,95

16 512x4 PROM O.C. (27S121 5.95

IB 2048x4 PROM T.S. (TBP24S81) .. 9.95

24 1024x8 PROMOC. (82S180) 9.95

24 1024x8 PROM T.S. (B2S181) ... .9.95

18 2048x4 PROMO C.(82S184) .... 9.95

18 2048x4 PROMT S (82S185) .. ,.9.95

24 2048x4 PROM O.C 1,825190) ...19.95

24 2048x8 PROM T S (82S191) .19.95

— DATA ACQUISITION

MostekDC/OC Convert. +5V10-9V 2 95

18 Floppy Disk Read AMP System 4.95

16 7-bit O/A Converter (OAC0B07LCN) .. 2.49 18 8-bit O/A Converter (OAC080BLCN. ..2.95

20 H-hitA/D Converter 1L86) 3,49

16 B-bitD/AConverler|0.78%Lln.) 1.95

28 B-bit A/0 Convener |8-Ch. Mulll.) 4.49

40 30KBAUDUART(TR1602) 4.95

CO40OO CD40OI CD4O02 004006 CD4007 CD40O9 CD401Q C04011 C04012 C04013 CD40I4 C040I5 CD40I6 CD4017 CD401B CD4019 CD40J0 CO4021 CD4022 CO4023 C04024 CD4025 CD4026 CD4027 CD402B CD4029 C04030 CD4034 CD4035

Pirl No.

7045IPI

7045EV/KH*

71Q6CPL

7106EV/KI1'

7107CPL

7107EV/KI1

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IUS

7205IPG

7205EWK11

7206CJPE

72Q6CEV/KU

7207AIPO

7207AEV/Kil'

7208IPI

7209IPA

7215IPG

7215EV/KII'

7216AIJI

7216CUI

7216DIPI

72171JI

7217AIPI

7224IPL

7226AIJL

7226AEV/KU

72401JE

7242IJA

7250IJE

7260UE

7555IPA

7556IPO

7611BCPA

7612BCPA

7621BCPA

7631CCPE

7641CCP0

7642CCPD

7660CPA

803BCCPD

8048CCPE

8069CC0

8211CPA

B212CPA

Function

CMOS Precision Timer. Stopwatch Chip. XTL

3tt 0igi1A/D[LCD0rrw)

IC. Circuit Board. Olsplay

3Vi Digit A/D (LEO Drive)

IC, Circuit Board. Display

3ft Digit A/D LCD Ols.HLD

3ft Digit A/0 LEO DiS.HLD

Low Battery Volt indicator

CMOS LED Stopwatch/Timer . ...

Siopwatch Chip. XTL .

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip. XTL

Oscillator Controller

Freo.CounterChip, XTL

Seven Decade Counter

Clock Generator

4 Func. CMOS Stopwatch CKT ....

4Func. Stopwatch Chip, XTL

8 Digit Univ. Counter C.A

8 Digit Freq Counter C A B Digit Freq. Counter CC 4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.A.

4 Digit LEO Up/Down Counter C.C.

LCD ■t1/.- Digit Up Counter ORI

8 Digit Univ. Counter

5 Function Counter Chip, XTL

CMOS Bin Prog. Timer/Counter . CMOS Divide-by-256 RC Timer CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter CMOS BCD Prog. Timer/Counter CMOS 555 Timer..

CMOS 556 Timer

CMOS Op Amp Comparator CMOSOpAmpExl.Cmvr CMOS Dual Op Amp Comp CMOSTriOpAmpComp. , CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp. CMOS Quad Op Amp Comp Voltage Converter Wavelorm Generator Monoliinic Logarithmic Amp 50ppm 8and-6AP Volt Ret Diode Volt Ret/Indicator Volt Ret/Indicator

Price . 14 95 ,19.95 9.95 . 34.95 11.95 . 29.95 . 16.95 .15.95 . 2.25

5.95

7.95

15 95

.. .3.95

.13.95

. 14.95

29 95

24 95

t 45

... 2.20

.5MV 2.25

5MV 2.95

5MV 3.95

10MV 5.35

10MV 7.50

10MV 7.50

.2.95 3 95

PRODU

„„ 74HC High Speed CMOS

74HC138 16 149

74HC243 14 7 79

74HC02 14 .75

74HC139 16 1 49

74HC251 16 1 19

•74HCU04 14 .75

74HC147 16 1 19

74KC266 14 .99

74HC08 14 .75

74HC151 16 1.19

74HC280 14 4.95

74HC10 14 .75

74HC157 16 1.19

74HC373 20 3 95

74HC20 14 .75

74HC160 16 1.79

74HC374 20 3 95

74HC27 14 .75

74HC161 16 179

74HC533 20 3.95

74HC74 14 .99

74HC164 14 1 79

74HC534 20 3 95

74HC75 16 .99

74HC174 16 1 39

74HC4075 14 .75

74HCS6 14 .99

74HC175 16 1.39

74HC4538 16 2 95

74HC109 16 1.39

74HC242 14 2.79

74HC4543 16 4 95

"74HCU04 is unpuflered.

II others are buttered. Send J.3D tor Dili Sheet.

■Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

Part No. "Pins Function

PAL10H8

n

Oclal 10 input AND-OR Gate Array (High Ouipul)

S5 95

PAL12H6

20

Hex

2-lnpul AND-OR Gale Array (High Ouipul)

5.95

PAL14K4

20

Duad 14-lnput AND-OR Gate Array >

ligh Oulput)

5 95

PALIOLB

20

Octal 10-lnput AND-OR-lnverl Gate Array (Low Output)

5 95

PAL12L6

20

Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnverl Gate Array (Low Output)

595

PAL14L4

20

Quad 14-tnput AND-OR-lnverl Gate Array (Low Output)

5.95

PAL16LB

20

Octal ItHnput AND-OR-lnverl Gale

trray (LowOutpul).

.,9,95

PAL16R8

■;u

Octa

16-lnput Register ANDORGate Array

9.95

PAL16R6

20

Hex

:6-lnput Register AND-OR Gate Array

9 95

PAL16R4

a

Quad 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gale Array

9.95

30012 1982 National PAL Data Book (176 pagu)

15.95

R071CP

0

.79

WH7

•=\

TV

NE570N

111

395

TL072CP

0

1,39

3.

IaM

LM703CN

0

t 19

TL074CN

14

1.95

LM340K-15

135

LM709N

14

49

TL081CP

0

.59

LM340T-5

79

LM710N

14

.69

TL082CP

0

1.19

LM340M2

79

LM711M

14

79

TL084CN

14

1.95

LM340T-I5

79

LM723N

14

.55

LM30ICN

0

.35

LM348N

14

99

LM733N

14

1.00

LM302H

1.95

LM350K

4.95

LM739N

14

1.95

LM304H

1.95

LF355N

0

1 10

LM741CN

0

35

LM305H

.99

LF356N

0

1 10

LM74 7N

14

69

LM307CN

0

.45

LM370N

14]

4.49

LM740M

0

.59

LM308CN

0

.69

LM373N

14

395

LM1310N

14

1.49

LM309K

1.25

LM377N

14

1.95

LM1458CN

R

.59

LM310CN

0

175

LM380N

14

.89

LM1488N

14

69

LM311CN

0

.69

LM381N

14

1 79

LM1489N

14

69

LM312H

2.49

LM3B2N

14

1.39

LM14S0N

14

1 95

LM317T

1.19

LM384N

14

179

LM1B00N

10

1 49

LM317K

3.9b

LM386N-3

fl

89

LM1689N

in

1 95

LM316CN

0

1.95

TL494CN

10

2 95

LM1696N

14

2.95

LM319N

14

1.95

TL496CP

g.

1.19

LM2002T

1.49

LM320K-5

1.35

NE510A

14

4 95

LM3189N

16

1.59

LM320K-12

1.35

NE529A

14

2.95

LM3900N

14

59

LM320K-15

1.35

NE531V

0

2.95

LM3905CN

8

1 19

LM320T-5

.89

NE536H

8 95

LM3909N

R

99

LM320T-12

.89

NE540H

4 95

LM3914N

111

3 49

LM320T-15

.89

NE544N

14

2.95

LM3915M

111

3 49

LM323K

5.95

NE550A

14

1.95

LM3916N

1R

3 49

LM324N

14

.59

NE555V

0

.35

RC4136N

14

1 25

LM337T

1.95

LM556N

14

.69

RC4151NB

8

1 95

LM338K

6.95

NE564N

16

2.95

ICL803BB

14

3 95

LM339N

i4

.69

LM565N

14

1 19

LM130BOK

R

1 19

LM340K-5

1 35

LM566CN

8

1 49

LM13G00N

16

1 19

LM340K-I2

1.35

LM567V

0

89

MORE AVAILABLE

CAPACITOR CORNER

50 VOLT CERAMIC DISC CAPACITORS

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

Value

1-9

10-99

100+

10 pf

.08

.06

.05

,001/i F

.03

.06

.OS

22 pf

.08

.06

.05

.004 7uF .OluF

.08

.06

.Oh

47 pf

.08

.06

.05

.08

.06

.05

100 Pf

.08

.06

.05

-022JJF

.09

.07

,0ft

220 pf

.08

.06

.05

.047uF ■ IMF

.09

.07

.06

470 pf

-OB

.06

.05

.15

.12

.10

MINI, fi

LUMI

MUM

ELEC

rROLYTIC CAPACITORS

Axial

1-99

100-499

500+

Radial

1-99

100-499

500-f

-47/50V

.16

.14

.10

-4J/25V

.15

.13

.17

1.0/50 V

.19

.16

.12

.47/S0V

.16

.14

,11

3.3/50 V

.17

.15

.11

1.0/16V

.15

.13

.1?

4.7/25V

.IB

.15

.11

l.Q/25V

.16

.14

.13

10/25V

.18

.15

.11

1.0/50V

.17

10/50V

.19

.16

.12

4.7/16 V

.15

.13

.1?

22/25V

.19

.16

.12

4.7/25V

.16

.14

.13

22/50V

.24

.20

-IB

4.7/S0V

.17

.14

47/25V

.25

.21

.19

10/16 V

.15

.13

.1?

47/50V

.29

.25

.23

10/2SV

100/25V

.28

.24

.22

10/50V

.17

.15

.14

100/50V

.41

.37

.34

47/50V

.25

.21

.19

220/25V

.39

.34

.33

10O/16V

.14

220/50V

.49

.45

.41

100/25V

.25

.23

.21

470/25V

.54

.49

.45

100/50V

.37

.34

.31

1000/16V

.79

.69

.61

220/16 V

.25

.21

,14

.89

79

.69

4 70/25 V

.35

.31

M+

568 BYTE December 1982

Circle 255 on Inquiry card.

f 2708.2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS - 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

Sall-Contalned — Raquiros No Additional Syslcms lor Operation

NEW]

• Programs, valldalai, and chock! lor properly erased EPfiOMs • Emulates PROMl or EPROMi • RSZ37C Computer Inlerlice lor editing/prog/am loading • Loads data Into RAM by keyboitd • Cnmgei dila In RAM by keyboard • Loads RAM Irom an EPROM • Compare! EPROMi lor content difference! • Copies EPRQMs * Power Input: 115VAC, GDHi. ■* 10W power consumption ■ Enclosurs: Cofor-coordlnated, light Ian panels w/molded mocha brown end pieces ■ Size; 1S-5/fl"L x Bvro i 3Vi"H • Wl.: BVt lbs.

JE664-A EPHOM Programmer $995.00

Assembled & Tested I includes JM16A Module)

JE665 —RS232C INTERFACE OPTION — The JEtf35RS232C Interlace Option implements, computer access lo the JEE64's RAM Sample software written in BftEtC provided lor TRS'80' Model I. Level II Computer. Baud rate: 9600 Word Loth B Oils - odd partly Slop Oils 2 Option may be adapted to airier computers

JEG64-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JEGG5 Option $11 95.00

Assembled and Tested fincludes JMI6A Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES — TheJE664's jumper MODULE (Personality Module) is a plug-m Module lhal presets JE664 for proper programming pulses lo the EPROM & configures EPROM socket connections lor thai canicular EPROM.

Pan

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JM08A 270B AMD.Moiorola.Nalional.lntel.TI S14.95

JMI6A 2716.TMSZ516 Intel. Motorola,National. NEC.TI $14.95

JMI6B TMS2716 Motorola. Tl(+5. -12. +12) S14 95

JM32A TMSJ532 Motorola. TI $14.95

JM32B 2732 AMD.Fujiisu.NEC.Hitachi.Intel S14 95

JM64A MCMG8764,

MCM68L764 Motorola S14 95

JM64B 276-1 Intel $14.35

JM64C TMS2564 Tl $14.95

CONSUMER PRODUCTS

SECURITY ALARM SYSTEMS

Home Alarm System

• Sell-Installation • Presoltanle w/lndlvldual 3-digii code — no key nee. • Instant or 10-sec. delayed warning sysiem • Alarm system incl window 4 aoor contacts • One 9V batlery required (nor incl ) Low power consumption (0.01mA) • Loud audible alarm (90db) * Delayed exit feature

• System complele w/one control station wilh built-in siren and lest butlon; 4 magnetic contact sets & connecting wires tor entire system

ST-05 Home Alarm System $59.95

Door Security System

• Coded door alarm • instant or 7-second delay system • Alarm activated as door is opened

• Can be de-activaled by pressing personal code.

• Power. One 9V batlery (not incl). • Sysiem Includes one personal coded keyboard and one magnetic sensor

ES-n7ooor Alarm $29.95

Anti-Theft Auto Alarm System

• Audible horn is activated when door or Irunk Is opened ■ Alarm sounds for 3 mm. — unless turned oil by secrel 3-digil code. •Wire culling will not deachvale alarm. • Code set by owner. • Uses only 0 01mA power • Sysiem complete w/ono blackbo> conlrol unit, one personal coded keyboard. 2 seta ol sensors: one audible horn, & wiring (incl one 10A fuse).

CA-06 Auto Alarm $59.95

DIGITAL QUARTZ TIME PEN

• 5-Funcllon: Hours. Minutes, Seconds. Month. Day • Liquid Crystal Display

• 1/8" digits • Battery Included • Uses standard Parker Ink refills •Ultra-slim design (5V t tt")

77ILK Blaek/GoldTrim $9.95 Bach

77ISG Stainless Steel/Cold Trim $9.95 each

77ILR Hid/Gold Trim $9.95flach

STICK-ON CLOCK

5-Function LCD Quartz Digital

• Hours • Minutes • Seconds • Month • Day • Hashing Colon • ideal lor car. kitchen, bathroom, olllca. ale. • 1/4" digits* Runs 2 years on 1 battery (incl.) • Sine: 1-3/B" Round. Specify color: Red/ST-ODIR: Whrte/ST-O0tW: Biaek/ST-OOIB lVST-001 (Specify letter) $4.95 each Or 2/58.95

Stereo Cassette Player

with FM Stereo Tuner Pack

• Lightweight Headphones

• Cr02/Metal/Normal Tape Selector

• Anti-Rolling Mechanism

FEATURES: e Blue carrying case, shoulder strap, belt strap, lightweight headphones, FM stereo luner pack & Instruction manual • TalMlne • Tone selector • Cr02/Melal/Normal lape selector • LED operation Indicator • Bulli-ln microphone • Stop/eject, play, rewind/review, last forwardlcue, tape/radio selector functions • Vol. control • Ext. power input lack • Headphone jack • Auto-stop mechanism (shuts off player when tape ends) • Anti-rolling mechanism (prevents sound from Quivering when walking, jogging, elc.) • Weight: 13 oz. • Requires 4 AA batteries (not Included) ■ Size:

B'Lx

*Wx

ModelTWF-802 ...

AM3-4 AA Alkaline Batteries

.$69.95

. . . 4/S3.95

UTIC

Mini Stereo AM/FM Receiver

WITH HEADPHONES For Joggers. Cyclists. Skaters & Sports Events

FEATURES: Lightweight headphones. Left/right balance conlrol. Full fidelity stereo sound. Additional black soft carrying case and shoulder strap. Belt clip |hands free). Operates on 3 AAcell batteries (nol Incl. ■ see below). Compact size: 3-1/8 "H x 4-7/8'L X 1 "D. Wt. 6 oz.

Model 2830 $29.95

V AM3-3 AA Alkaline Batteries 3/S2.95

16V'L»5»"vVx1VH

23"Lx5V.,'Wx1-3l8"H

iV."Lx5«.i'Wx IV„"H

ti

KEYBOARDS — POWER SUPPLIES

MICRO SWITCH 69-KEY KEYBOARD

□ill Entry Keyboard. Encoded Oulput: l-bll Parallel EBC DIC. Switching: Hall Eltect, 24-pln Edge

Card Connection. Complele w/Pin Connection. Can easily be modified to ASCII code.

Part No. KB69SD.2-2 (Fits Into DTE-20 Enclosura) $19.95 Bach

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard. 26 Pin Edge Card Connection. Supply Voltage +5V0C. Main Keyboard

Is QWERTY. Additional Key Pads lor Cursor and word processing junctions.

Part No. 85SD1B-1 $29.95 Bach

MICRO SWITCH 88-KEY KEYBOARD (PARALLEL)

Data Entry Keyboard used In a Diablo 11340 Terminal. Supply Votfige: +6V, -12V. Switching: Hall Elfecl — 10-pin Edge Card Connection. Schematic Included. Uses B04B Encoder Chip.

Part No. 8BSD22 (Fits into DTE-20 Enclosure) $69.95 Bach

POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transaction Tech

Output +5V0C® 1A (also +30VDC) reo. Input 115VAC6DHI. 2-tone (black/beige) self-enclosed case. 6 It.. 3 cond. black power cord. 6Vi"W > 7"D « 2V*"H. Wl. 3 lbs. Data shoot Incl.

Part No. PS51194 $19.95 aaph

POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED s industries

Output + 5VDC@1arnp, +36-42VDC adj. 400mA or less, 3DVAC [Isol.I rj* 1.5 amp. Input 115VAC 60Hz. Ore. brkr. re-iol button. Blk. soil-end. case w/4 rubber leet. Bit., 3 cond. blk. now. cord. On/ofl swrlch. 6VW i 7Y."0 i 3-7/8'H - wt. 7 lbs. Data sheet Included.

Part No. PS407D 524.95 each

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 3 AMP REGULATED Detuon

Input: 115VAC. 47-440H2. Output: 5V0C Ad|us(able ® 3 amp, 6VDC @ 2.5 amp. Adjustable current llmll. Ripple & Noise: IMVrma. 5MV p-p — 2 mounting surfaces. UL recognized. Slze:4"Wx 4V."L 12-7/1B"H - wt. 2 lbs. Data shtel Included.

Part No. 0PS-1 $29.95 each

MULTI-VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLY +5,+12.-12VDC REGULATED Input: 105-125VAC. 47-53HI/205-250VAC. 47-63Hz. Output: +SV0C @ 2 amps Ad).. 5V0C @ 50mA Fixed, +12VDC& lampAdj.. — 12V <jc 2 amp adj. Overvollage prelection. Size: 1ZVi"Lx 4-7/B"W x 3V«"D. Dala sheel included.

Part No. RA0250 $39.95 Bach

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING Input: 115VAC. 50-GDHz as 3 amp/230VAC. 50Hz Q 1-6 amp. Fan vol!./power supply select switches (1IS/23DVAC). Output: 5VOC @ 7.6 amp. 12V0C^ 1.6 amp. B h. blk. pow. cord. 11'VWi ISVOiS^'H, Wt, 6 lbs.

Part No. PS94V0 $49.95 each

POWER SUPPLY 4-Channel Switching Power Supply

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment and process conlrol applications. Input: 9D-130VAC 47-440HZ. Oulput: +5V0C"i■ 5ft. -5VDC f* 1A; +1ZVDC @ 1A. -12V0C ® 1A, Line reo.: ±Q.2K. Ftlppla: 30mV p-p Loid rug.: ±1W. Overcurrenl protection. Ad|: 5V main outputilOK. B-3/B"Li 1-7/B-Wi 4-15/16"H. Wl. IVi lbs.

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 Bach

POWER SUPPLY Adjustable Switching 4-24VDC to 5 Amps

Adj. 4-24VQC; 5VDC C" SA. 6V0C &■ 4.BA, 9V0C r» 4.1A, 12V0C 0 3.3A, 1BVDC & 1.9A. 24VOC S .5A. Overvollage Prelection. Input: lliVftC 50/EOHz. Output variations within 20mV, B.25"L> 4.25"W i 2.25"rf. Wl. 3.25 lbs.

JE224 Kit $79.95 each

JE224A Assembled A Tesled $99.95 each

SDRENSEN Regulated Power Supplies

Sorensen's open construction (SOC) power supplies are seriesregulated solid-state systems, designed to provide reg. DC voltages at 6 levels (2-28 v/range). These units are open-framed on sturdy black anodlzed aluminum for excellent mounting.

FEATURES 115/20B/23OVAC Input <g 50-63Hz. Lew Ripple: l.SmVrmt. 5mV P-P maximum. Adjustable current limit. Vollige adjustment control. All schematics and speculations supplied with unit. Series A.B.C.E have three mounting surfaces (Series F, bottom mounting only).

tSSL

5V4" Mini-Floppy Disc Drive

FOR TftS-80 MODEL I (Industry Standard) Features single or double density. Recording mode: FM single, MFM double density. Power: +12VDC (±0.6V) 1.6 amps max., 5VDC <± 0.25V) 0.8 amps max. Unit as pictured at left (does nol incl. esse, power supply or cables). 30-page dala book Included. Weighs 3Vi pounds. Size: 5V."W x 8"D x

Pert No. "■■rfQ-rfW Pr(ca

FD200 $179.95

Single-Bided, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double sided, 35 tracks, 43BK bytes capacity

EXPAND YOUR TRS-80

tu 16K, 32K, or4BK 'Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit Model 3 ■ From 4K to 48K Requires (3} Threo Kits Color = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit

"Model 1 equipped with Eipanslon Board up lo 48K Two Kits Required

SOC 2-6 (Pictui

pin

BUG BOX™ _ 3g individual compartments

• Stores 60 8-pin Or 30 14- or 16-pln DIPs * Heavy duty Injection molded plastic • Clear plastic cover slides & locks • Cover marked w/numbers 1-30

• Comparlment size: 1" x 3.75" x .5" deep -Box size: 4.9" x 3.3" x .6" • Weight: 1.75 oz.

BUG BOX™ Please specify color code: (Bl Blue. (R) Red, (W) While. (Y) Yellow Part N o.J Colo Code QTY PRICE

BUG BOX™

STORAGE

SYSTEMS

BUG CAGElm (BOC-001- ) with Bug Boxes

)AS )AS

ANTISTATIC

10

BUG CAGE™ — 12 locations slore Bug Boxes, Big Bug Boxes or Bug Trays ■ Modular and interlocking • Heavy duty injection molded plastic • Each cane lias 6 slip-on locations • 2 cages per pkg. 'Cage size: 5-1/B" x 5" x 3-7/B" »4 colors available — please specify color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W) While, (Y) Yellow Part No.f Color Code Prlco

BGC-001-1 )2Cages(6lc

a.)..$11.95/pkg.

BUG TRAY™ — Stores In Bug Cage • Molded plastic • Threo styles: Open (1 compartmenl 3.05" x 4,6" x .6"); Vortical [5comparlmenls .5"x 4,6" x .6"); and Horizontal (8 compartments .4" x 3.95" x .6") • Ideal lor tools, hardware, components, etc. • Tray size: 3.55" x 5.05" x .6" • Black color only PART NO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

BTH-001 Horizontal Bug Tray $1.95

BTV001 Vertical Bug Tray 1.95

BTO-001 OpenBugTray 1.95

BTX-003 lot each Bug Tray (3) 4.96

LSI BIG BUG BOX™ — Designed to store largo IC's. Rosistors. Capacitors and Diodes * Divided Into three compartments measuring 1"x 4.15"x .5" deep • Three vertical and three horizontal

dividers Included • Heavy duty Injection molded plastic Box size: 4.9" x 3.3" x.6" "Weight: 1.75 oz.

LSI BIG BUG BOX™

Please specily color code: (B) Blue, (R) Red, (W)

WhllB,(Y) Yellow

PART NO.JCOLOR CODE QTY PRICE

)AS. )AS.

10

10

BACK PACK™ — Soil-adhesive labels for the back of ICs • Shows oxact Internal logic in relation to IC pins • 532 labels In each package (Including sevoral blank labels) • Each package lor 8, 14. 16, 24, 28 and 40-pin ICs • Combo package Includes 1.068 labels lor TTL and CMOS ICs ■ Microprocessor package contains 744 labels Part No. Description Price

BPT.Q12 TTL $7.95

BPC-012 CMOS B.95

BPM012 Combo 14.95

BPU-012 Microprocessor 9.95

JUMPER AND CABLE ASSEMBLIES

Custom Jumpers/

STANDARD DIP JUMPERS

DJ162 16

914

IB 24

DJ16316

924

tS3S

91'

22 17

0J24-I

97*

22 24

oa»-3

92*

2336

DJ2< -..24

924

26 12

OJ24-124

26 24

OJ24 3 24

)24

DJtO-1

024132-12

40

Hllgta en

12"

5.39

DJ40 2

92413224

24"

6.19

924132-36

40

..r-fllt en

36"

6.B9

924136 12

40

9.49

DJ402-40

914136 24

a 24

10.29

DJ*0 3 40

924136 36

40

uouBle r

J 36"

10.95

STANDARD DB25 SERIES CABLES

Now vou can order DB25 P or S cormoewrs with [lie

Pan No.

DB2SP-4

DB25S-4

DB25P-4-P

DB25P4S

OB25S4-S

1-DB25P 1DB25S 2 DB25P DH25P/1DB25S 2-DB25S

$7.95 8.49 13.49 13.75 13.95

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6Vi % Sales Tax Postage — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c each Send $1.00 Postage for your FREE 1963 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

Tfi!ffWgWT7lBt'WJ-''ll-ll

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 PHOME ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097

TRS-80 16K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete wilh 8 each MM5290 (UPD416/4116) I6K Dynamic RAM ('ns) and documentation (or conversion.

TRS-16K2 -150ns $14.95

TRS-16K3 -200ns $12.95

TRS-16K4 -250ns $10.95

TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns). 64KDyn. RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers trom 4K-32K Memory or 16K-64K Memory. TRS-64K2 (200ru) 554.95

Universal

Computer Keyboard Enclosure

"DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosure;. are designed lor easy modification High strenglh cpoxy moldec end pieces in mocha brown Irnish Sliding rear/bottom panel for service/ component access. Top/doll, panels .080" v thick alum, alodine type 1200 tlnlsh (gold linl color) lor best palnl adhesion alter modilicalion. Vented lop & botiom panels lor cooling ellicioncy. DTE-20 Panel width 20- $34.95

D

Sprite-style Fan

• 36cfm free air delivery jww,

• 3.125" sq. x 1.665" depth y-M„,fJ

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C -^Frame^ •115V50/60HZ ~Ww-<

• For Apple users

PWS2107U mSShuU ••■•• 995ea. PWS2107Fw.» S14.95ea.

Muffin-style Fan

• 105cfm free air delivery S^t^

• 4.68" sq. x 1.50" depth. ^F™"„

• 10 yrs. cont. duty at 20°C ^wv

• Impedance protected, ambients to 70°C

• 115V 50/60H2 14W Wt. 17 oz.

MU2A1-U SXL, *>.95ea.

•MU2A-1N n.» S14.95ea.

JOYSTICKS

5K Linear

Taper Pots S5.25

' TapBrPots S4.95

ic ii:nir 150K Linear

J&-iauK Taper Pols S4.75

JS-BK (Plcluied)

vjv At\ 40K (2) Uideu ConJ"'",u Uollar in Case S4.95

UV-EPROM Eraser

1 8 Chips — 51 Minutes |

1 Chip — 37 Minutes

Erases 2708, 2716, 2732, 2764, 251B, 2B32, 2564. Erases up to 8 chips within 51 minutes (1 chip In 37 minutes). Maintains constant exposure dlstanco ol one inch. Special conductive loam liner eliminates static build-up. Built-in safety lock lo prevent UV exposure. Compact — only 9.00' x 3,70* x 2.60". Complete with holding tray (or 6 chips.

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb s16.95

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser ... .S79-95

Wall Transformers AC and DC Types

AC250 (Pictured)

Part No Input Output Price

AC 250(above) 117V'60Hz 12VAC2S0mA S3.95

AC 500 117V/60H* 12VAC 500mA 54.05

AC1000 117VJ60H* 12VAC 1 amp $5.95

AC9004 117V/B0HI 9.2VAC2.Samp S3.95

DC BOO 120V/60Hz BVDC 400mA 51.95

DCB912 12OV/B0HZ 6,0,12VDC 300mA SB.95

DC5490 117V/60HZ 9.SVDC 275mA S2.95

DC900 120V/60H* 9VDC 500mA $3.95

DC1200 120V/60H* 12VDC 300mA $2.95

DV9200 117Vf60Hz 9VAC 200mA $3.25

Stamen? g„ F|oppy Q\Sk DHve

• Single-Sided

• 77 Tracks

• 400/800K Bytes Capacity

• Industry Standard

The FDD 100 8 6' Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) leature; single or double density. Recording mode: FM single. MFM Ooufcie density. Transler rate: 250K bits/sec. single density; 500K bMs/sec. double density. The FDDiQO-8 is designed lo work with (he singlesided soft sectored IBM Diskette I, or eq. disk cartridge. Hardsectored option available Power: 115/230VAC © 50-60Hz, +24VDC & 1.7 amps max,. + 5VDC & 1.2 amps max. Unit as pictured above (does nol Include case, power supply, or cables). Size: 8.55"W x 14"L x 4.5"H. Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg. manual. Part No. Price

FDD100-8 Buy 1 for $269.95 each

FDD100-8 Buy 2 for $259.95 each/

FDD100-8 Buy 10 tor $249.95 each/

Circle 255 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

569

We Have It I.. At the best prices.

Call For Super Value

On SI 00 System With

Dbl. Dens. 8' Drives I

INTERTECSUPERBRAIN II Free! Microsoft Basic 80 Self-contained computer with dual disks and two RS232C ports. Complete with CP M 2.2.

64KJr $2099

64K QD $2495

64KSD $2949

10 Meg. DDS Hard Disk.... $2995

VIDEO TERMINALS

SOROCIQ130 595

SOROCIQ 135 749

SOROCIQ 135G 799

SOROC IQ 140 1149

HAZELTINE ESPRIT CALL

ESPRIT-II CALL

1420 CALL

1500 CALL

1510 CALL

1520 CALL

TELEVIDEO 910C CALL

912C CALL

920C CALL

925C CALL

950C CALL

TEXAS INST. 940 BASIC 1599

940 Package 2079

745 Portable Terminal 1399

745 Portable Terminalw/U L/Case. 1495

INTERTEC INTERTUBE III 749

ZENITH Z-19 729

PRINTERS

ANADEXDP-9000A/01A .. . . $1449

DP-9501A 1449

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special! 599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, wo color. . . Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w'color 1695

NEC 3510. R0RS232C35CPS. . New Low, $1699 NEC 3530, ro. Cemr inter 35CPS.. Special, 1859

NEC 7710. RORS232C55CPS 2395

NEC 7720 ksr. RS232C55CPS 2999

NEC 7730. RO.Centr. Inter. 55CPS 2395

QUME Sprint 9/45

Lid or Full. 45 CPS, RS232C. . . . Only 2049

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

SeriaJ and Parallel 649

DIABLO 630 RO R5232C. 55CPS 2299

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349

737-3, RS232C 389

704-11, Parallel 1693

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80 489

MX80FT 589

MX100FT 789

RS232 Serial Interface 65

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface 125

Graftrax II 90

Apple Printer Interface 75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C & Parallel 1395

BlOw/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic 1839

OKIDATA Microline 81

Tractor-feed option.

Microline82A

Microline83A

359

50

479

759

Microline 84 parallel 1149

Microline 84 serial 1249

MONITORS

ZENITH-ZYM-121, 12" Green Phos.,.. $125

AMDEK 100, 12" NEW LOW. 99

100G, 12" Green Phosphor 149

300, 12" Green Phos., Hi. Res 199

Color-1, 13" 359

Color II, 13", R.G.B. Hi Res 799

Apple adapt, for RGB 159

BMC -12A, 12" Gr. Phos NewLow99

NorthStar Call For Prices

FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus 2D, single drive DD 5898"

Dual Discus 2D. dual drive DD 1549"

Discus 2 + 2, double sided DD 1239*

Dual Discus 2 + 2 2139

Dual DMA Discus 2D 1619*

HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

MORROW DESIGNS

Discus M-5 5 Meg.. . New Low $1559*

Discus M-10 10 Meg 3095*

Discus M 26, 26 Meg 3795"

CORVUS 5 Meg 2699

10 Meg 4245

20 Meg 5095

KONAN David 5 Meg 2499

10 Meg 3049

15 Meg 3295

INTERTEC 10 Meg SPECIAL $2995

" Includes CP/M' 2.2 and Microsoft Basic.

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER BOARDS

CROMEMCO 16FDC DD $499

NORTH STAR DD 479

MORROW Disk Jockey 2D, A&T 329

INTERSYSTEMS, FDC-2, A&T 439

TARBELLDD, A&T 445

SYSTEMS GROUP DD DMA 439

ESCON CONVERSION FOR IBMSELECTRIC

Complete with microprocessor controller and power supply. Factory built. User installs solenoid assembly or it can be done at ESCON Factory.

RS232 Serial & Parallel $534

Cable for above 25

PROM PROGRAMMERS

SSM PB1 Kit $152

SSM PB1, A&T 225

MODEMS

NOVATION CAT Acoustic Modem $149

D-Cat Direct Connect (300 Baud) 155

AUTO CAT Auto Answer 219

APPLE CAT 329

D-CAT (12001 Baud 599

103 JLP Auto Answer 219

DC HAYES MICROMODEM II I Applel. . 339

Smart Modem (300 Baud) 239

Smart Modem (1200 Baud) 595

Potomac Micro Magic (S 100) 339

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

Z80 CPU Board

$$269

Disk Controller 2422, w/CP/M

359

16K Static, A&T

259

32K Static, A&T

399

64K Dynamic RAM

335

System 2210 W/64K, CP-M2 2

1745

CPU BOARDS

(assembled unless noledl

NORTHSTAR Z-80A (ZPB-A/A)

$269

INTERSYSTEMS (MPU-80)

349

SSM CB1 8080, A&T

214

CB2, Z-80, A&T

289

CB2, Z-80, Kit

219

SYSTFMSGROUPZ HOwith 1 O

419

MEMORY BOARDS

NORTHSTAR 16K RAM

$299

HRAM 64K

589

HRAM32K

419

CROMEMCO 16KZ

419

CROMEMC064KZ

. 595

MEMORY MERCHANT

16K Static, 4MHz

159

64K Static, 4MHz

549

SYSTEMS GROUP

/Measurement Systems It Control*

DM4800 48K Board

499

DM640064K Board

529

DMB6400 64K Board

595

GODBOUT(AErT)

CPUZ

$$249

CPU 8085 88

. 359

RAM 20 32

359

RAM 1764

675

RAM 21

1439

Interfacer 1

209

209

Disk 1

419

System Support 1

335

699

Enclosure 2 (Rack)

759

VIDEO BOARDS I/O Mappec

SD SYSTEMS

VDB 8024, A&T

$469

SSM VB2I/0, Kit

169

VB2I/0, A&T

229

MEMORY MAPPED

VB1C, 16x64, Kit

. 152

VB1C, 16x64, A&T

206

VB3, 80Char.4MHz, Kit

359

VB3, 80 Char. 4MHz, A&T

. 419

APPLE BOARDS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER

7710A Asynchronous Ser Interface. .

$129

7712A Synchronous Ser. Interface .

149

7424A Calender Clock

105

7728A Centronics Printer Interface. .

99

MicroPro WordStar,

SpellStar, Mai/Merge.

lis. $895 -Special, $399

(popular formats only}

—Limited Supply, Limited Time

MicroPro DataStar, CalcStar,

SuperSort. List, $895 omy $399

(popular formats only)

SuperCalc,. . $179

(popular formats only)

—Limited Supply, Limited Time—

MiniMioroMart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991B Syracuse, New York 13220

(315) 422-4467 ■

TWX 710-542-0431

All prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers subject to withdrawl without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (orders prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s & Credit Cards, 2% higher.

BYTE December 1982

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

CERTRDRICS

730-1 *

# W V I (par

(parallel)

Dot Matrix Printer

*Same as TRS-80 Line Printer II formerly sold by Radio Shack for $995

730-1 $349

List $860 CEN-27301-0

STANDARD FEATURES

• 100 characters/second

@ 10 CPI; 132 CPL<§>16.7 CPI

• 80 characters/line

• 30 Ipm with 80 columns printed

• 75 Ipm with 20 columns printed

• microprocessor electronics

• 7x7 dot matrix

• 10 characters/inch and 16.7 characters/inch

• 6 Ipi vertical

• unidirectional print and return approximately 10 ips

• 3-way paper handling system

• 96 character ASCII

• 1 Line Buffer.Parallel 256 Char. Buffer.Serial

Other Outstanding Printer Values...

ANADEX DP-9500 $1349

DP-9501 1349

PAPER TIGER IDS 445G Special!599

PRISM PRINTER IDS-80, w/o color. . . Call

IDS-80, w/color Call

IDS-132, w/color 1695

C.ITOH Pro Writer, Parallel 549

SeriaJ and Parallel 689

DIABLO 630 RO RS232C.55CPS 2299

NEC3510.RORS232C35CPS 1945

NEC 3530. RO. Centr. Inter. 35CPS: 1945

NEC7710.RORS232C55CPS 2395

NEC 7720. KSR. RS232C 55CPS 2999

NEC 7730, RO. Centr. Inter. 55CPS 2395

QUME Sprint 9/45

Ltd or Full, 45 CPS, RS232C. . . . NEW LOW!

CENTRONICS 730-1, Parallel 349

737-3, RS232C 389

739-1 w/Graphics, Parallel 525

739-3B w/Graphics, RS232C 639

704-11, Parallel 1695

704-9, RS232C 1595

122G, Parallel, 120 CPS 949

EPSON

MX80

MX80FT

MX100FT

RS232 Serial Interface

RS232/2K Bufferlnterface.

Graftrax II

Apple Printer Interface

489

589

789

65

125

90

75

TI810 Basic, RS232C 1349

810 Basic, RS232C it Parallel 1395

810 w/full ASCII, vertical forms

control compressed print, 1599

820 RO, Basic 1645

820 KSR, Basic.

OKIDATA Microline80.

Tractor-feed option. ..

Microline 82A

Microline83A

Microline 84 parallel. Microline 84 serial. ..

1839

359

50

479

759

1149

1249

All prices F.O.B. shipping point, subject to change. All offers are subject to change without notice. Advertised prices reflect a 2% cash discount (order prepaid prior to shipment). C.O.D.'s and credit card orders are 2% higher.

737-3 Dot Matrix Printer

(RS232Seriall CEN-27373-0 STANDARD FEATURES

• 80 CPS — Proportional Spaced Mode

• 50 CPS — Monospaced Mode

• Proportional Spacing, Plus 10 CPI and 16.7 CPI

• Nx9 (Proportional) or 7x8 (Monospaced) Dot Matrix

• 3 Way Paper Handling System

• 96 Character ASCII

• Microprocessor Electronics

• Expanded Print

• Right Margin Justification

• Print Underlining

• 9-Wire Free Flight Print Head

• Bidirectional Stepper Motor Paper Drive

• Full One Line Buffer

• 21 LPM With 80 Columns Printed

• 58 LPM With 20 Columns Printed

• 6 Lines Per Inch Vertical Spacing

• Paper Tear Bar

$389

PAPER HANDLING Roll Paper: 8V4"

Fan Fold: 9"

Cut Sheet 8V4"

MiniMicrolVlart, Inc.

943 W. Genesee St. P.O. Box 2991B Syracuse, N.Y. 13220 (315)422-4467 TWX 710-542 0431

Circle 325 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

571

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

.34

LM339

.99

NE564

2.95

LM1496

.85

CA 3023

2.75

CA 3082

1.65

LM301H

.79

LM340(see

7800)

LM565

.99

LM1558H

3.10

CA 3039

1.29

CA 3083

1.55

LM307

.45

LM348

.99

LM566

1.49

LM1800

2.37

CA 3046

1.25

CA 3086

.80

LM308

.69

LM350K

4.95

LM567

.89

LM1812

8.25

CA 3059

2.90

CA 3089

2.99

LM308H

1.15

LM350T

4.60

NE570

3.95

LM1830

3.50

CA 3060

2.90

CA 3096

3.49

LM309H

1.95

LM358

.69

NE571

2.95

LM1871

5.49

CA 3065

1.75

CA3130

1.30

LM309K LM310

1.25 1.75

LM359 LM376

1.79 3.75

NE592 LM703

2.75 .89

LM1872 LM1877

5.49 3.25

CA 3080 CA 3081

1.10 1.65

CA3140 CA3146 CA3160

1.15 1.85 1.19

LM311

.64

LM377

1.95

LM709

.59

LM1889

1.95

LM311H

.89

LM378

2.50

LM710

.75

LM1896

1.75

LM312H

1.75

LM379

4.50

LM711

.79

LM2877

2.05

Ti

LM317K

3.95

LM380

.89

LM723

.49

LM2878

2.25

1

LM317T

1.19

LM380N-8

1.10

LM723H

.55

LM2900

.85

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

LM318

1.49

LM381

1:60

LM733

.98

LM2901

1.00

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

LM318H

1.59

LM382

1.60

LM741N-8

.35

LM3900

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

LM319H

1.25

LM383

1.95

LM741N-14 .35

LM3905

1.25

75107

1.49

75452

.39

LM319 1.25

LM320 (see 7900) LM322 1.65

LM384

LM386 LM387

1.95

.89

1.40

LM741H

LM747

LM748

.40 .69 .59

LM3909 LM3911 LM3914

.98 2.25 3.95

75110 75150 75154 75188

1.95 1.95 1.95 1.25

75453 75454 75491 75492

.39 .39 .79 .79

LM323K

4.95

LM389

1.35

LM1014

1.19

LM3915

3.95

75189

1.25

75493

.89

LM324

.59

LM390

1.95

LM1303

1.95

LM3916

3.95

75494

.89

LM329

.65

LM392

.69

LM1310

1.49

MC4024

3.95

LM331

3.95

LM394H

4.60

MC1330

1.69

MC4044

4.50

LM334

1.19

LM399H

5.00

MC1349

1.89

RC4136

1.25

LM335

1.40

NE531

2.95

MC1350

1.19

BC4151

3.95

DIE.

LM336

1.75

NE536

6.00

MC1358

1.69

LM4250

1.75

Bl re

LM337K

3.95

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM4500

3.25

TL071

.79

TL084

2.19

LM337T

1.95

NE556

.65

LM1458

.59

LM13080

1.29

TL072

1.19

LF347

2.19

LM338K

6.95

NE558

1.50

LM1488

.69

LM13600

1.49

TL074

2.19

LF351

.60

NE561

19.95

LM1489

.69

LM13700

1.49

TL081 TL082 TL083

.79 1.19 1.19

LF353 LF355 LF356 LF357

1.00 1.10 1.10 1.40

H = TO-5 CAN

T =

TO-220

K

= 10-3

BEST SELLING BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 14.95 I

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95 |

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99 I

CBASIC User Guide 15.00 |

SYBEX

Your Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 17.95J

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

• NEW HOURS •

NOW OPEN

TUESDAY & THURSDAY

EVENINGS TILL 9:00 P.M.

CHRISTMAS SPECIALS

+ #

*****

*****

#

NASHUA 51A" Diskettes

TOP QUALITY — LOW PRICE!

Single Sided, Single Density Soft Sectored with Hub Ring

$-|995

*****

BOX OF 10

■***■

* T iv *

NEWPORT PROSTICK

Professional Quality Atari-Type Joystick Improve your scores — A must for maze qames

100

$31

EACH

* Extremely Rugged —Actual

Arcade game Joystick

* All parts are replaceable

* 36 Month Warranty

$5995

PAIR

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T

.89

7905T

.99

7808T

.89

7908T

.99

7812T

.89

7912T

.99

7815T

.89

7915T

.99

7824T

.89

7924T

.99

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

7812K

1.39

7912K

1.49

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

7824K

1.39

7924 K

1.49

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

78H05K

9.95

LM323K

4.95

78H12K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

: TO-220 L =

51/4" DISK DRIVES

TANDON

ITM100-1 (FOR IBM) 229.00

|TM100-2(FOR IBM) 295.00

SHUGART

I SA 400L (40 TRACK) 199.95

|SA400 (35 TRACK) 189.95

CABINET FOR 5V<" DISK DRIVE

I* COLOR MATCHES APPLE I* FITS SHUGART

SPECIAL — $29.95

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95 I Over 800 pages of manufacturers data sheets on most commonly used ICs. Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM CPU's — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8080, 8085, 8086/8

I * MPU support & interface — 6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

WE NOW STOCK A

COMPLETE LINE OF

DISC, ELECTROLYTIC,

MONOLITHIC AND

TANTALUM CAPACITORS

RESISTORS

V. WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM 50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025 EA.

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02 EA.

.1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015 EA.

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

©1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR "NSwHF°9R5S~

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 tor UPS Ground or $3 lor UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges e suiticienl amount tor shipping There is a $10

,_.,i order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6'/'. Sales

Tax, Other Calilornia residents add 6°«. Sales Tax We reserve the right to' substitute manufacturer. Not responsible lor typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost

572 BYTE December 1982

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

THE ULTIMATE APPLE

COOLING FAN $69951

• Easy Installation

• No modification of Apple required.

• Color matches Apple.

• Switch on front controls fan, computer and monitor.

• Ultra-quiet, reliable fan.

• Completely eliminates problems caused by overheating

16KRAM CARD

• Upgrade your 48K Apple II to full 64K of RAM.

• Fully software and hardware compatible with the Apple language card and microsoft Z80 card.

* Eliminates the need for the Applesoft or Integer Basic | ROM card when used in conjunction with DOS 3.3.

* Allows you to run Apple Fortran or Pascal with no difficulty.

I* Available as bare board, kit, or assembled and tested.

board.

PRICE REDUCED

ASSEMBLED & TESTED $49.95

BARE CARD $14.95 KIT $44.95l

MONITORS

NECJB1201M $16900

ZENITH zuM-121 $11900

COLOR

[AMDEK colori

LNECJC1201M $32900

$33500

DISK DRIVE $29995

• Includes metal cabinet

• Color matches Apple

• 35 Tracks/single side

• Includes cable

• Use with Apple II Controller

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

PRINTERS

MX-80

MX-80FT

MX-100

CALL FOR PRICE

WE HA VE APPLE AND TRS-80 INTERFACE CARDS AND CABLES

SA400 35 TRACK DISK DRIVE

CLEARANCE

* VERY LIMITED SUPPLY

* MODIFY FOR USE IN APPLE

• PRE-REVISION "L" MODELl

• THEY WONT LAST LONG

$189

95

51/4" DISKETTES1

ATH AN A ss sd soft 24.95

MEMOREXsssdsoft .... 26.95 VERBATIM sssdsoft .... 29.95 VERBATIM 10 section hard 29.95

i1982 JDtt MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 256 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 573

AnCA 64K DYNAMIC | ^t I Ut 200 NS

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

TMM2016

2KX8 STATIC 200 NS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

STATIC RAMS

r DISC CONTROLLERS

2101

5101

256x4 256 x 4

(450ns) (450ns) (cmos)

1.95 1 3.95 ■

1771 1791

16.95 29.95

2102-1

1024 x 1

(450ns)

.89 ■

1793

38.95

2102L-4

1024 x 1

(450ns) (LP)

1.29 ■

1795

54.95

2102L-2

1024 x 1

(250ns) (LP)

1.69 ■

1797

54.95

2111

256x4

(450ns)

2.99 ■

6843

34.95

2112

256x4

(450ns)

2.99 ■

8272

39.95

2114

1024x4

(450ns)

8/14.95 ■

UPD765

39.95

2114L-4

1024x4

(450ns)(LP)

8/15.25 ■

1691

18.95

2114L-3

1024x4

(300ns)(LP)

8/15.45 ■

2143

18.95

2114L-2

1024x4

(200ns) (LP)

8/15.95 ■

INTERFACE

2147

4096 x 1

(55ns)

4.95 ■

8T26

1.69

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1

(450ns)

3.49 ■

8T28

2.49

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1

(300ns)

3.99 ■

8T95

.99

TMS4044-2

4096 x 1

(200ns)

4.49 ■

8T96

.99

MK4118

1024x8

(250ns)

9.95 ■

8T97

.99

TMM2016-200

2048 x8

(200ns)

4.15 ■

8T98

.99

TMM2016-150

2048 X 8

(150ns)

4.95 ■

DM8131

2.95

TMM2016-100

2048 x 8

(100ns)

6.15 ■

OP8304

2.29

HM611B-1

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)

4.95 ■

DS8835 DS8836

MISC.

1.99 .99

HM6116-3

2046 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)

5.95 ■

HM6116-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)

8.95 ■

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8

(200ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95 ■

3242

7.95

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8

(150ns) (cmos)(LP)

8.95 ■

3341

4.95

HM6116LP-2

2048 x 8

(120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95 ■

MC3470 MC3480 11C90

4.95

9.00

13.95

Z-6132

4096 x 8

(300ns) (Qstat)

34.95 ■

LP = Low Power

Qstat = Quasi-Static

95H90 2513-001 UP

7.95 9.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

2513-002 LOW 9.95

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

TMS4027

4096 x

I (250ns)

1.99 1

76489

8.95

MK410S

8192x

I (200ns)

1.95 ■

AY3-8910

12.95

MM5298

8192 x

I (250ns)

1.85 ■

MC3340

1.49

4116-300

16384 x

I (300ns)

8/11.75 ■

CRT

4116-250 4116-200

16384x 16384x

I (250ns) 1 (200ns)

8/11.95 ■ 8/13.95 ■

CONTROLLERS

6845 1 ' Qc

4116-150

16384x

1 (150ns)

8/15.95 1

68B45

35.95

4116-120

16384 x

I (120ns)

8/29.95 ■

HD46505SP

15.95

2118

16384 x

I (150ns)(5v)

4.95 ■

6847

12.25

MK4816

2048 x 8 (300ns) (5v)

24.95 1

68047

24.95

4164-200

65536 x 1

I (200ns)(5v)

6.25 I

8275

29.95

4164-150

65536 x'

I (150ns)(5v)

7.25 ■

7220

99.95

5V a single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

1702

256 x 8

(1us)

4.50

2708

1024 x 8

(450ns)

3.95

2758

1024 x 8

(450ns)(5v)

5.95

2716

2048 x 8

(450ns) (5v)

3.95

2716-1

2048 x 8

(350ns)(5v)

6.25

TMS2716

2048 x 8

(450ns)

7.95

TMS2532

4096 x 8

(450ns) (5v)

7.95

2732

4096 x 8

(450ns) (5v)

4.95

2732-250

4096 x 8

(250ns) (5v)

12.95

2732-200

4096 x 8

(200ns) (5v)

16.95

2764

8192x8

(450ns)(5v)

16.95

2764-250

8192x8

(250ns) (5v)

18.95

2764-200

8192x8

(200ns) (5v)

19.95

TMS2564

8192x8

(450ns) (5v)

24.95

MC68764

8192x8

(450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

call

Sv a Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14

PE-14T

PE-24T

PL-265T

PR-125T

PR-320

Capacity Chip

6

6

9 20 16 32

Intensity (uW/Crn')

5,200 5,200 6,700 6,700 15,000 15,000

83.00 | 119.00 175.00 255.00 349.00 595.00,

CRT5027 CRT5037 TMS9918A

39.95 49.95 39.95

BIT-RATE GENERATORS

MC14411

BR1941 j 4702 | COM5016

COM8116

MM5307

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013 ] PT1472 1 TR1602

2350

2651

TMS6011

IM6402

IM6403 ! INS8250

KEYBOARD CHIPS

I AY5-2376 11.95

AY5-3600 11.95

74C922 See 74C00

| 74C923 Series Prices

CLOCK CIRCUITS

11.95 11.95 12.95 16.95 10.95 10.95

6.95 3.95 9.95 3.95 9.95 8.95 5.95 7.95 8.95 14.95

MM5314 MM5369 MM5375

' MM58167 MM58174

I MSM5832

4.95 3.95 4.95 8.95 11.95 6.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU

3.95

Z80-CTC

5.95

Z80-DART

15.25

Z80-DMA

17.50

Z80-P1O

5.75

Z80-SIO/0

18.50

Z80-SIO/1

18.50

Z80-SIO/2

18.50

Z80-SIO/9

16.95

4.0 Mh

Z

Z80A-CPU

6.00

Z80A-CTC

8.65

Z80A-DART

18.75

Z80A-DMA

27.50

Z80A-PIO

6.00

Z80A-SIO/0

22.50

Z80A-SIO/1

22.50

Z80A-SIO/2

22.50

Z80A-SIO/9

19.95

6.0 Mh

Z

Z80B-CPU

17.95

Z80B-CTC

15.50

Z80B-PIO

15.50

ZILOG

Z6132

34.95

Z8671

39.95

8000

6800

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.95

1.0 mhz

4.95

1.8432

4.95

2.0

3.95

2.097152

3.95

2.4576

3.95

3.2768

3.95

3.579535

3.95

4.0

3.95

5.0

3.95

5.0688

3.95

5.185

3.95

5.7143

3.95

6.0

3.95

6.144

3.95

6.5536

3.95

8.0

3.95

10.7836

3.95

14.31818

3.95

15.0

3.95

16.0

3.95

18.0

3.95

18.432

3.95

20.0

3.95

22.1184

3.95

32.0

3.95

DATA

ACQUISITION

ADC0800

15.55

ADC0804

3.49

ADC0809

4.49

ADC0817

9.95

DAC0800

4.95

□ AC0806

1.95

DAC0808

2.95

DAC1020

8.25

DAC1022

5.95

MC1408L6

1.95

MC1408L8

2.95

8035

5.95

8039

6.95

INS 8060

17.95

INS-8073

24.95

8080

3.95

8085

5.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

29.95

8087

CALL

8088

39.95

8089

89.95

8155

7.95

8156

8.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

39.95

8748

29.95

8755

32.00

8200

8202

29.95

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

19.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8271

39.95

8272

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

8.95

8279-5

10.00

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

25.00

8289

49.95

FUNCTION

GENERATORS

MC4024

3.95

LM566

1.49

XR2206

3.75

8038

3.95

INTERSIL

ICL7103

9.50

ICL7106

9.95

ICL7107

12.95

ICL8038

3.95

ICM7207A

5.59

ICM7208

15.95

68000

99.95

6800

4.95

6802

7.95

6808

13.90

6809E

19.95

6809

12.95

6810

2.95

6820

4.95

6821

3.25

6828

14.95

6840

12.95

6843

34.95

6844

25.95

6845

14.95

6847

12.25

6850

3.45

6852

5.75

6860

9.95

6862

11.95

6875

6.95

6880

2.25

6883

24.95

68047

24.95

68488

19.95

6800 < 1MHZ

68B00

10.95

68B02

22.25

68B09E

29.95

68B09

29.95

68B10

7.95

68B21

12.95

68B45

35.95

68B50

12.95

68B00 2 MHZ

6500

1 MHZ

6502

5.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

4.35

6522

8.75

6532

11.25

6545

22.50

6551

11.85

2 MHZ

6502A

9.95

6522A

11.70

6532A

12.40

6545A

28.50

6551A

12.95

EXAR

XR 2206

3.75

XR 2207

3.85

XR 2208

3.90

XR 2211

5.25

XR 2240

3.25

9000 SERIES

9316

1.00

9334

2.50

9368

3.95

9401

9.95

9601

.75

9602

1.50

96S02

1.95

JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

Cc-1982 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: For shipping include S2 lor UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders, include sulticienl amount lor shipping. There is a $10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6 V'o Sales Tax. Other California residents add 6": Sales Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible lor typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided it is not below our cost.

BYTE December 1982

Circle 257 on Inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROMS

2732

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED!

fcf %J^32K EPROMS

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

74LS00

74LS00

.24

74LS86

.39

74LS169

1.75

74LS323

2.75

74LS01

.25

74LS90

.55

74LS170

1.49

74LS324

1.75

74LS02

.25

74LS91

.89

74LS173

.69

74LS352

1.29

74LS03

.25

74LS92

.55

74LS174

.55

74LS353

1.29

74LS04

.24

74LS93

.55

74LS175

.55

74LS363

1.35

74LS05

.25

74LS95

.75

74LS181

2.15

74LS364

1.95

74LS08

.28

74LS96

.89

74LS189

8.95

74LS365

.49

74LS09

.29

74LS107

.39

74LS190

.89

74LS366

.49

74LS10

.25

74LS109

.39

74LS191

.89

74LS367

.45

74LS11

.35

74LS112

.39

74LS192

.79

74LS368

.45

74LS12

.35

74LS113

.39

74LS193

.79

74LS373

.99

74LS13

.45

74LS114

.39

74LS194

.69

74LS374

.99

74LS14

.59

74LS122

.45

74LS195

.69

74LS377

1.39

74LS15

.35

74LS123

.79

74LS196

.79

74LS378

1.18

74LS20

.25

74LS124

2.90

74LS197

.79

74LS379

1.35

74LS21

.29

74LS125'

.49

74LS221

.89

74LS385

1.90

74LS22

.25

74LS126

.49

74LS240

.95

74LS386

.45

74LS26

.29

74LS132

.59

74LS241

.99

74LS390

1.19

74LS27

.29

74LS133

.59

74LS242

.99

74LS393

1.19

74LS28

.35

74LS136

.39

74LS243

.99

74LS395

1.19

74LS30

.25

74LS137

.99

74LS244

.99

74LS399

1.49

74LS32

.29

74LS138

.55

74LS245

1.49

74LS424

2.95

74LS33

.55

74LS139

.55

74LS247

.75

74LS447

.37

74LS37

.35

74LS145

1.20

74LS248

.99

74LS490

1.95

74LS38

.35

74LS147

2.49

74LS249

.99

74LS624

3.99

74LS40

.25

74LS148

1.35

74LS251

.59

74LS668

1.69

74LS42

.49

74LS151

.55

74LS253

.59

74LS669

1.89

74LS47

.75

74LS153

.55

74LS257

.59

74LS670

1.49

74LS48

.75

74LS154

1.90

74LS258

.59

74LS674

9.65

74LS49

.75

74LS155

.69

74LS259

2.75

74LS682

3.20

74LS51

.25

74LS156

.69

74LS260

.59

74LS683

3.20

74LS54

.29

74LS157

.65

74LS266

.55

74LS684

3.20

74LS55

.29

74LS158

.59

74LS273

1.49

74LS685

3.20

74LS63

1.25

74LS160

.69

74LS275

3.35

74LS688

2.40

74LS73

.39

74LS161

.65

74LS279

.49

74LS689

3.20

74LS74

.35

74LS162

.69

74LS280

1.98

74LS783

24.95

74LS75

.39

74LS163

.65

74LS283

.69

81LS95

1.49

74LS76

.39

74LS164

.69

74LS290

.89

81LS96

1.49

74LS78

.49

74LS165

.95

74LS293

.89

81LS97

1.49

74LS83

.60

74LS166

1.95

74LS295

.99

81LS98

1.49

74LS85

.69

74LS168

1.75

74LS298

.89

25LS2521 25LS2569

2.80 4.25

1-99

100

.13

.11

.15

.12

.17

.13

.20

.18

.29

.27

.30

.27

.30

.27

.40

.32

.49

.39

JERTAIL

.59

.49

.69

.52

.69

.58

.99

.90

1.09

.98

1.39

1.28

1.49

1.35

1.69

1.49

1.99

1.80

IC SOCKETS

8 pin ST 14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 20 pin ST 22 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST 40 pin ST ST = SOL

8 pin WW 14 pin WW 16 pin WW 18 pin WW 20 pin WW 22 pin WW 24 pin WW 28 pin WW 40 pin WW

WW WIREWRAP 16pinZIF 6.75 call 24pinZIF 9.95 call ZIF = TEXTOOL

(Zero Insertion Force)

CONNECTORS

RS232 MALE 2.95 I

RS232 FEMALE 3.50

RS232 FEMALE

RIGHT ANGLE RS232 HOOD S-100 ST S-100 WW

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION .85

5 POSITION .90

6 POSITION .90

7 POSITION .95

8 POSITION .95 ,

7400

CMOS

Prices Slashed! 74S00

MasterCard

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S161

74S162

.32 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .40 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .35 .40 .88 .85 .35 .35 .40 .40 .50 1.99 .50 .50 .50 .55 2.75 1.24 .45 .50 .89 .85 .85 .55 .95 .95 .95 .95 1.95 1.95

74S163 74S168 74S169 74S174 74S175 74S181 74S182 74S188 74S189 74S194 74S195 74S196 74S197 74S201 74S225 74S240 74S241 74S244 74S251 74S253 74S257 74S258 74S260 74S274 74S275 74S280 74S287 74S288 74S289 74S301 74S373 74S374 74S381 74S387 74S412 74S471 74S472 74S474 74S482. 74S570 74S571

1.95 3.95 3.95 .95 .95 3.95 2.95 1.95 6.95 1.49 1.49 1.49 1.49 6.95 7.95 2.20 2.20 2.20 .95 .95 .95 .95 .79 9.95 9.95 1.95 1.90 1.90 6.89 6.95 2.45 2.45 7.95 1.95 2.98 4.95 4.95 4.95 5.25 2.95 2.95 ,

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

IF YOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND WELL MEET OR BEA T THEIR PRICE!

(SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inventoryvirtually no back orders!

* Very competitive prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service — most orders shipped within 24 hours!

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

.19 .19 .19 .19 .19 .25 .29 .29 .24 .19 .19 .25 .30 .35 .49 .25 .25 .19 .35 .35 .29 .29 .29 .29 .45 .19 .29 .45 .29 .29 .19 .49 .65

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74132 74136 74141 74142 74143 74145 74147 74148 74150 74151 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 74167 74170 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74178 74179 74180 74181 74182 74184 74185 74186 74190 74191 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197 74198 74199 74221 74246 74247 74248 74249 74251 74259 74265 74273 74276 74279 74283 74284 74285 74290 74293 74298 74351 74365 74366 74367 74368 74376 74390 74393 74425 74426 74490

■45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75 l

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69 I

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

18.50

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55 ,

4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 ■4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4034 4035 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4051 4053 4060 4066 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4075 4076 4078 4081 4082 4085 4086 4093 4098 4099 14409 14410 14411 14412 14419 4502 4503 4508 4510 4511 4512 4514 4515 4516 4518 4519 4520 4522 4526 i 4527

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

1.95

C76

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4543

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C0B

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C(

74C5

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C927

74C928

74C929

74C930

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

1.19

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

5.75

2.25

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39

.85

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

7.95

19.95

19.95

TRANSISTORS DIODES

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760 MAN 72 MAN 74 FND-357 (359) FND-500 (503) . FND-507 (510)

.6"

.3"

.3"

.375''

.5"

.5"

CC CA CC CC CC CA

1.29 .99 .99 .75 .99 .99 .

LED LAMPS'

1-99 100-up Jumbo

Red .10 .09

Jumbo

Green .18 .15 Jumbo

Yellow .18 .15

PN2222 PN2907 2N2222 2N2907 2N3055 3055T 2N3904 2N3906

IN4148 (IN914) L.IN4004

NPN SWITCH PNP SWITCH NPN SWITCH PNP SWITCH NPN POWER NPN POWER NPN SWITCH NPN SWITCH SWITCHING RECTIFIER

TO-92

TO-92

TO-18

TO-18

TO-3

TO-220

TO-92

TO-92

10/1.00

10/1.25

.25

.25

.79

.69

10/1.00

10/1.00

25/1.00

10/1.00

100/8.99

100/10.99

50/10.99

50/10.99

10/6.99

10/5.99

100/8.99

100/8.99

1000/35.00

100/8.99 J

BYTE December 1982

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THERE ARE NO THERE ARE NO

BOARDS PRICES!

ompuPro from

SYSTEMS

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CPU BOARDS

CO-PROCESSOR 8086/8087

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets tor 8087 and 80130

Part No.

D ascription

list Price Our Price

BL6BTI8M AST8MHz 8086 only $695.00 $625.00

BLG8TI8BC CSC 10MHz 8086 only S8S0.OO $765.00

BI.8BTI86A87 AST with 8087 option $995.00 $925.00

BLSBTfBBCa7 CSC with 8087 option' $1150.00 $1065.00 '8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-8088

6 or 8 MHz Provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard

8bitS-100bus

BLBBT16I2A AST 6Mhz $425.00 $399.00

BLBBT18I2C CSC 6/8 MHz S525.00 $498.00

CPUZ - Z80B CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.

FASTESTZ80 CPU AVAILABLE!

BUBTtBOA 3/6 MHz AST $295.00 $280.00

BLBBT1B0C 3/6 MHz CSC $395.00 $375.00

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA Soft Sector, Controls 8" or 5/*" Single or

Double Densitv. OUR BEST!

' With the purchase ot GBT171-A or -C

BLPDBI71ACPIU A&TW/CP/M2.2 & BJOSS670.00$495.00

B:PDBI7ICCPM CSC W/CP/M2.2 &BJOS $770.00 $600.00

BLIiBTCPMO* CP/M 2.2 lor Z80/8085 with $175.00

manuals & BIOS 8" S/D disk BLBBTCPM86 CP/M tor 8086 with manuals & $300.00

BJOS 8" S/D disk BLGBT171A Assembled & rested $495.00 $450.00 BIGBT171C CSC 200 hr burn-in $595.00 $555.00

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set.Controls 4 Shugart 4000 series

or Fujitsu 2300 type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2*

BL6BT177A Assembled S Tested $795.00 $750.00

BLBBTI77C CSC $895.00 $850.00

CMOS RAM SALE!

RAM 17 • 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

RAM17,12 MHz,2Watt,DMACompatible24 Bit Addressing

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BLBBT175A64 BL6BT175C84

64KAST 64 K CSC

$599.00 $550.00 $699.00 $650.00

RAM 16-32Kx 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit

816 RAM 16 12MHz,32Kx 16or64Kx8

IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt. 24 Bit Addressing

BLBBT1B0A 64K AST $650.00 $599.00

BLBBTI80C 64K CSC $750.00 $609.00

NEW! RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz, 128KxBor64Kx 16

IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BL6BT190A 128KAST $1350.00 $1225.00

BLBBT190C 128KCSC $1450.00 $1375.00

M-DRIVE SOLID STATE DISK DRIVE, 3500% FASTER!

Not Really, But the Next Best Thing lor CompuPro 8085/88 Users. Call for

Detail Oft M-Drive. M-Drive requires a 6MHz CPU 8085/88 dual processor, Disk 1 DMA disk

controller and System Suport 1 Multifunction Board BLGBTMDI2BKA128KofA8.Trnernory8M-DriveSoftware $1188.00

BLGBTMD12BKC 128KolCSCmemorySM-Driye Software $1398.80

BLGBTMD256KA 256KolA8,Tmemory& M-DriveSoftware $2395.80

BLGBTMD256KC 256KolCSCmemorySM-Drive Soltware $2795.00

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 20 - 32K STATIC RAM

RAM 20 10 MHz, 4K byte block disable, bank select or 24 bit addressing available 8, 16, 24 or 32K

BLGBT164AA8

SK A&T

$210.00

$190.00

BL8BT164AC8

8KCSC

$280.00

$260.00

DL6BT1B4AA16

16KAST

$285.00

S260.00

BLBBT164ACI6

16KCSC

$355.00

$325.00

BLGBT1B4AA24

24KAST

$355.00

$325.00

BLGBT164AG24

24KCSC

$425.00

$385.00

BL6BT164AA32

32KA&T

$425.00

S385.00

BLGBTIB4AG32

32KCSC

$495.00

$450.00

S-100 MAINFRAME

110V 60Hz CVT Mainframe uses famous 20 slot

COMPUPRO Motherboard. (55 lbs.)

BLGBTENG20BM20Sforfiac/<moum $895.00 $825.00

BLGBTENC20BK 20 Slot Desk Top $825.00 $760.00

BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K EPROM or RAM

provision, 15 levels of interrupt, real lime clock,

optional math processor

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BLGBT162A

0L6BTI62C

BLGBT8231

BLGBT8232

BLGBTI62AM1

BLSBT1B2CM1

Assembled S Tested CSC

Math Chip Math Chip

AST with 8231 Math Chip CSC w/8231 Math Chip BLGBTI62AM2 ASTw/8232 Math Chip BLGBT1B2CM2 CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$395.00 $380.00

5495.00 $460.06

$195.00

$195.00

$480.00

$855.00

$480.00

$655.00

MPX CHANNEL BOARD

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085,4-2 CPU on board with 4K RAM

BLBBT1BBA4 BLBBTIB8C4

BLGBTIB6A16 BLGBT166C16

BLGBT133A BLGBT133C

Assembled & Tested CSC

With 16K.RAM Assembled & Tested CSC

$495.00 $445.00

$595.00 $535.00

1648.00 $585.00

$749.00 $675.00

INTERFACES 1

Two Serial I/O Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00

CSC $324.00 $298.00

INTERFACES 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board BLGBT150A Assembled & Tested $249.00 $219.00

BISBT150C CSC $324.00 $269.00

INTERFACES 3

Eight channel multi-use serial I/O board^ BLBBT174BA Assembled S Tested $699.00 5629.00

BL6BT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 Port $849.00 S775.B0

BLGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $559 00

BLBBT1745C CSC 200hr. 5 port $699.00 $62900

INTERFACE!! 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel, 1 Centronics Parallel BL6BT187A Assembled S Tested $395.00 $350.00

BLBBT1B7C CSC $495.00 $450.00

SPECTRUM COLOR GRAPHICS

Color Graphics board with Parallel I/O BLIGBT144A Assembled S Tested $299.00 $285.00

BLIGBT144C CSC S395.00 S375.00

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active termination, 6-12-20 Slot

BLGBTI53A AST 6 slot, 2 lbs.' $140.00 $125.00

BIGBTI53C CSC 6 slot, 2 lbs. $190.00 $155.00

BIGBT1B4A AST 12 slot, 3 lbs. St 75.00 $155.00

BLGBT154C CSC 12 slot, 3 lbs. $240.00 $220.06

BLGBTI55A AST 20 slot, 4 lbs. $265.00 $235.00

BLGBTI55C CSC 20 slot, 4 lbs. $340.00 $316.66

576 BYTE December 1982

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

T"

5 DISKEnES

4»

SOFT SECTOR

40 TRACK SINGLE SIDED

DOUBLE DENSITY WITH

HUB REINFORCING RINGS

PACKAGE OF 10 $1 9.95

BONUS! .Amm\

FREE!! KASSETTE 10 LIBRARY CASE WTIH PACKAGE OF 10 DISKETTES

A $4.25 VALUEIt BLPR15SDD IShipping Weight 2 lbs.! BLPR1580 package ot 80 less Library Case $120.00

EIA/RS232 WALL PLATES

(Does not include connectors1, BLIIIWPDB251 Single punched

4/SI0.00

BLIIIWPDB252 Dual Punched

4/S12.00

RS202 "D" SUB-MINIATURE CONNECTORS

1-9 10-24 25-99

BLCNDDA25P25 Pin Male $3.00 $2.75 $2.25 BLCNDDA25S25P/nFema/e$4.00 $3.75 $3.00

BLCNDDB51212 1 Pc Grey Hood $1.60 $1.45 $1.30

2 c. Grey Hood $1.50 $1.25 $1.10

$1.90 $1.65 $1.45

TES^

/^1

Y € i

- j

£l \

fjli

i>)

Hi

BLCNDD25H

BLCNDDB51226 2 Pc Black Hood

California Computer Systems

S-100 STARTER SYSTEM

We've bundled our most papular 3 board combination to form a complete S-100 System,

■MM just add mainframe, peripherals and cables! BLPDBCCSSP1

CCS2810 4MHz Z80 CPU

• 2/4 MHz CPU

• On board RS-232 Serial port

• On board Monitor

$695.00

LIST RPICE: $1125.00

SAVE (430.00!!

/Shipping Weight 8 /6s.;

CCS2422 DISK CONTROLLER

• Contois 4. 8" or 5'A" drives

• IBM 3740 Standard

• Supports single or double density 20WWilh the purchase o< two disk drives

• Supports single or double sided "50.00 II purchased separately

• Plug compatible with Shugart. Mitsubishi, MPI, Qume. Tandon. and Siemens

CCS2065 64K 4MHz RAM

• 4116 Low power dynamic RAMs

• Supports DMA

• Bank Select up to 512K

• Fail Safe refresh circuitry

ALL BOARDS ASSEMBLED & TESTED - PLUG & RUN!!

Para Dynamics

18 SLOT S-100 MAINFRAME

CVT Power Supply, forced air cooling: security lock l20orZ20VAC@50or60Hz+8V®30A+16V®5A-16V92A Pari No. Description list Price Our Price

BIPBN2018D BLPDN2018R

Des/< Top 113 lbs.; S880.00 $790.00 Rack Mount (13 lbs.) $925.00 $835.D0

6 SLOT S-100 MAINFRAME WITH CUTOUTS FOR 2 4V*" DISK DRIVES

+5w)6/l +8*.'20A +I2915A -M6«S2. -'6 "2 BLPDN25080 Desk Top (43 lbs.', $890.00 $800.00

BLP0N2508B Rack Mount 143 lbs.: $950.00 $855.00

DISK DRIVE FACILITY

Accommodates two 8" 'loppy drives, of Shugart. Qume. or similar design and dimensions. 110 or 220V AC at 50 or 60Hz CVT power

0LPDN22000 Desk Top (32 lbs. $650.00 $595.00

BLPDN2200B Rack Mount 131 lbs.: $675.00 $605.00

m DATAGARD

ffi

JSGLWABER

LINE MONITOR POWER

CONDITIONERS

Before you plug in your computer, you'd better consider how you are going to insure or protect your investment from unwanted electrical pollution.

DG115 SERIES

SINGLE STAGE SPIKE PROTECTION

Part No.

Description

W.

List

1-9

10-24

GI.WB.nnGI 15P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs. BLWBBDG1I5S 6outletslnpw/SW&LT 3

$49.95 $39.95 S6I95 $49.95

$34.95 $42.00

DG015

3 STAGE SPIKE FILTER AND FOUR STAGE NOISE FILTER

BLWBRD6315P Wall unit plug in 2 lbs St 53 95 $119.95 $ 99.95 BLWBRDG315S 6outletstripw/SW&LT 3rbS19395 $149.95 $119,95 BLWBHDG315R 6 outlet rackw/SW&LT 8 11)5193.95 $149.95 $119.95

A

t-rce standing cabinet Wilt accept 2. 8 floppy disks and 7.

8 Rigiddisk 18 slot card cage will accept the double height )D" x W" S-lOO cards t Alpha Micro and others! CVT Power

Supply +I2V*3A +24<*8A. +16&5A.-16 <-2A. +8^30A. +5#7A -5V&3A PRONTO COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY POWER-UP SEQUENCER

BLP0N28182 PRONTO with sequencer S159500 $1435.DD Shipped motor I'siqhl collect

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

LETTER QUALITY

ELECTRONIC TEXT

PRINTER

$599.00

BLSCMTP1210 (Serial) BLSCMTP1P10 (Parallel) • 12 CPS • 10 CPI • 6 LPI • SERIAL OR PARALLEL INTERFACE

• 50-19.2K Baud • Friction Feed • 88 Character BLSCM12625 TPI Black Milar Ribbon $3.50

BLSCM12658 TPI Black Fabric Ribbon $7.50

^PRIORITY

OH)

TWX YOUR LIST TO SANTA AT 1200 BAUD FOR ONLY $495.00!!

AUTO DIAL 212A MODEM

The AUTO DIAL 212A Modem is a direct connect 0-300 or 1200 baud modem capable ot dialing and calling lor you. The AUTO DIAL 212A is compatible in function to the DC Hayes SMABTMODEM'".

Part No. Description List Price SALE Price

BLUSRA0IAL212A 0-300, 1200 baud dialing modem $599.00 $495.00

ACCOUSTIC MODEM

The PHONE LINK Modem is a 300 baud RS232 compatible acoustic modem capable of operating as either an answer or originate modem. It is BELL 103/113 compatible and will accept most standard phone handsets.

BLDSRPLNK 0-300 Baud accoustic modem S149.00 $129.00

MICRO LINK

DIRECT CONNECT

MODEMS

The MICRO LINK Modems are available in either 0-300 or 1200 baud transmission rates and both are RS232 compatible. Operation can be answer or originate.

S17900 $159.00 S44900 $399.00

BLUSRMLNK300 0-300 baud direct connect OIUSRMLNK1200 1200 baud direct connect

AUTO LINK DIRECT CONNECT AUTO ANSWER MODEMS

The AUTO LINK Modems are auto answer modems capable ot operating at 0-300 baud or 1200 baud transmission rates. The AUTO LINK Modems can be operated in either answer or originate modes

BLUSRALNK300 0-300 baud auto/direct connect$219.00 $195.00 BLUSRALNKI200 1200 baud auto/direct connect $499.00 $449.00 BLUSRALNK212A 0-300, 1200 baud auto/direct S549.00 $495.00

Specs

^WSN

1200 Baud 0-300 Baud Auto Dial

[Hayes Smartmodem compatible) Auto Answer Auto Mode Select 0TR Override RS232 pins 2S3 reversible LED Indicators:

Carrier Detect

Analog Loopbach/ Self Test

Send Data

Receive Data

Terminal Ready

Off Hook

Answer Mode

Ring Indicate

High Speed

SEND $1.00 TODAY

FOR THE NEW, FULL COLOR

FALL 1982 ENGINEERING

SELECTION GUIDE!

ELECTRONICS

9161 DEERING AVE • CHATSWORTH, CA 91311 "o«ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5464

Terms U S VISA MC BAC Check. Money Order, U.S. Funds Only CA residents add 6'/;% Sales Tax. MINIM0M PREPAID ORDER SI 5.00 Include MINIMOM SHIPPING & HANDLING of S3.00 lor the first 3 lbs plos 40c lor each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs sent freight collect. Just in case, please include your phone number Prices subject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices thmugh December, 1982 Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight If you haven't received youi Fall '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send SI 00 for your copy todayl Sale prices are for prepaid orders only

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

577

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SIEMENS FDD100-6

TRUCKLOAD PURCHASE!

WE'VE CAPTURED THE 8" FLOPPY DRIVE MARKET WITH A HUGE FACTORY DIRECT PURCHASEII

See Previous Pages For More Great Deals!!

SINGLE-SIDED

DOUBLE DENSITY

90 DAY WARRANTY

SHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

8LCCS2422A Controller w/CP/M 2.2 1 $395.00

8LSIEFDD1008 8 Drive

IN A DUAL HORIZONTAL CABINET

WITH POWER SUPPLY

AND DATA CABLE

SAVE $380.00

$995.00

Same as above, with CCS2810 Z80

4MHz CPU anil CCS 2065 64K Dynamic RAM:

$1090.00

BLPDBSIESUB2

2 $550.00 $395.00

$275.00 $259.00 $225.00

ffl

International

Instrumentation

Incorporated

•<% -*s

> Positive Pressure Filter Cooling " • Hinged top lor easy access

| Power Supply: 4Ats>+5V.3A(5)+24V • Heavy non-Ilex .090 alumin

1A@-5V um base

' Each output is invidually fused • Modular power connectors

BUY DRIVES AND CABINET TOGETHER AND $AVE!!

DUAL 8 SIEMENS FDM 008,

DUAL 8" CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $910.00

$695.00

PRICED AT:

BLPDBIIISIE

ENVIRONMENT MONITOR PANEL

Temperature and voltage monitor with visual and audible alarm lor

overtemp condition. Direct Digital Readoutol Internal temperature m C

on standard DVM

BLIIIF0E002 CABINET ONLY iSh. Wt. 38 lbs.; $295.00

BLPOBIIISIEEM 2 Drives. Cabinet 8 disk environment monrior $775.00 BLIIIFDE002EM Cabinet only with disk environment monitor $375.00

BLSIEFD0I008 OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

10+

DON'T MISS OUT!

ft TelcMdeo

WORLD'S BEST SELLING TERMINAL!

A MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC

Better Than

QUMEI Better Than

SHUGART!

8" Double-sided, double-density, interchangeable wilh QUME & Shugarl RLMITM289463 Shipping Weight 16 lbs $430.00

BLMITM2S9463M Manual S 10.00

2 or More $435.00 each

INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

landon

8-INCH THIN LINE

DDAL B" FLOPPY DRIVE CADINET

FEATURES:

• Positive pressure forced air cooling lor reliable disk drive operation

• AC input via 3 wire 7 toot inlernational cord/sockel set

• AC input EMI filtered to six amps to help prevent disk crashes due to power spikes and line noise

• 14 gauge main chassis

• Integral power supply wilh 5V@6Ay-5V(fl1A/24Via6A

• Double-sided custom PC power board and supply

• Each DC supply and AC separately fused

BLIIIFDE002 Shipping Weight 38 lbs. $295.00

TWO MITSUBISHI 8 DRIVES AND CADINET TOGETHER!!

DRIVES AND CABINET SHIPPED SEPARATELY

BLPDBMITFDE

$1150.00

Exactly one-hall the height o' any other model Proprietary, high-resolution, read-write heads patented

by Tandon D.C. nly operation ■ no AC. required Industry standard interlace

Three milisecond track-to-lrack access time (9 lbs.: BLTNBTWB48! Single Sided $380.00 2ormoie $370.00 ea BLTNDTM8482 Double Sided $495.00 2 or more $485.00 ea

TANDON SV*" DRIVES BLTNDTM1001 Single Sided, 250KB (5 lbs.; $220.00 ea

2 or More $200.00 ea.

BLTNDTMI002 Double Sided. 500KB $295.00 ea.

2 or More $270.00 ea.

BLTN0TM1003 Single Sided. 500KB $299.00 ea.

2 or More $270.00 ea.

BLTNBTM1004 Double Sided. 1000KB $395.00 ea.

^ 2 or More $375.00 ea. ^

DUAL THIN LINE CABINET by

• Fan Cooled

/ • 24V (3 4A/5A Surge

/ • 5V (?> 2A

'^_ / • Scratch Resistant

I / Baked Enamel Finish

BLJMRTLC Cabinet & Power Supply List S200 00 $180.00

Shipping Weight 12 lbs.

DUY THE CADINET AND DRIVES TOGETHER:

BLPDBJMBTNB1 w/two TNDTM8481S '.30 lbs.) $820.00

BLPDBJMBTND2 w/lwo TNDTMB.482S 130 lbs.) $1150.00

■w^ Includes Power Cables

Extra Memory Pages FREE!

BLPDBTLV9252P* $749.00

•Telet/ideo 925 w/lree 2nd page

memory kil. a S95 00 value! BLPDUTLV9504P- $949.00

•TeleVideo 950 w/lree 2nd. 3rd S 4th page memory kit.S285 00 value BLTLV9I0 $609.00

With emulations & foreign languages BLTLV9I0BIK $609.00

Black mode version ol above

• Shipping Weight 37 lbs.)

DEST DUYS!

VISUAL 50

• Low profile detached keyboard features sculptured keys with matte finish

• Screen lilts and swivels

• 80 x 24 display with 25th status line

• 7 x 9 dot matrix with full decenders

• RS-232 Serial interface w/auxillary RS-232 port

• 128 Character ASCII set and 31 character line drawing set

INTRODUCTORY OFFER!!

BLVSL58BW Non glare Black & White $695.00 $650.00

BLVSL50GR P31 green display S750 00 $685.00

{Shipping Weight 37 lbs.:

5'A" DISK CABINET FOR SINGLE OR DOUBLE DRIVES

SINBLE DOUBLE

5V(S>1A 12VGM.5A 5V(5>2A 12V@3A

Shipping weight 5 lbs. Shipping weight 9 lbs.

BUMB1C5 Single 5'A" Drive Cabinet $79.00

BUMR2C5 Dual 5V4" Drive Cabinet $99.00

OUAL S'A" CABINET WITH INTEBNAL BATA CABLES BLJMR2C5C With Internal Dala Cable $115.00

578

BYTE December 1982

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

WOty!

REPEAT OF A SELLOUT!!

SfCPRECISlON

MODEL 1500

QUAD INPUT, EIGHT-TRACE DESIGN

$1495.00

LIST PRICE $2250.00

This new generation scope utilizes a combination of techniques never before applied to oscilloscope design, resulting in an efficient, light weight and reliable unit.

• 100 MHz response

• Maximum sweep rate of 2 nSec/division

• 1 mV/division vertical sensitivity (CH 1 & 2)

• Eight-trace, four-channel operation provides 2 trigger views or four separate vertical inputs

• Calibrated Delayed Sweep operation

• Alternate Sweep to view main timebase and delayed timebase simultaneously

pass the savings along to you! Two x10 100MHz probes are included with each Model 1500. Optional accessories that you may wish to include on your order: BLBKPLC100 Snap-on front cover $26.00 B&K-Precision backs the 1500 with a one year warranty and has service centers

»

Vertical Mode trigger selection to display four

input signals in sync — even if they are unrelated

in frequency

Bright 16KV, 8 cm x 10 cm CRT display with

internal graticule

Compact overall size; only 5.4 x 11.2 x 15.75

inches and 16.5 pounds. Small enough to fit

under any airline seat

The B&K Model 1500 offers all the capabilities you might demand from a lab grade oscilloscope, and at a price that will fit your budget. The cost? Bemarkably reasonable especially when you compare it to the other leading 60MHz and 100 MHz dual trace scopes that are currently available. This price breakthrough is made possible by PRIORITY ONE electronics unequalled purchasing power. As the largest distributor of high performance oscilloscopes, we were able to place a humungous order with B&K and then

BLBKPLC150 Vinyl carrying case for probes and cables

$32.00 located nationwide.

S*KPRECISION

DMM OV2-Digit 5 Function

200 mV AC/DC voltage ranges 200 /' A to 10A AC/DC current ranges Auto zeroing: auto polarity 10 megohm input impedance Completely overload protected Overrange indication of all ranges High-energy fuse lor added safety Complete with lest leads and carrying case

List: SI00.00

SALE: $88.00

SfCPRECISION

DMM 0V2-Digit Portable

High-contrast liquid-crystal display Auto zeroing; aulo polarity 10 megohm input impedance DC accuracy 1% typical Fully overload protected High-energy fuse for added safety Complete with test leads and carrying case

SALE: $58.00

PORTABLE DMmT

BLFLU8060A 4% Digits w/Freq Meter $349.00

BLFLU8062A 4'/2 Digit - Tru RMS $279.00

BLFLU8024B Vk Digit "Investigator" $249.00

BLFLU8020B 31/2 Digit "Analyst" $194.00

BLFLU8021B 3'/2 Digit "Troubleshooter" $159.00

# HITACHI

V-050F

!* #

-» #.

%M*>m *■#*.♦„

V-302F

V-052F

■MM* 0f 9

35 MHz DELAYED SWEEP

• Single lime base delay sweep • rectangular CRT with internal graticule • High sensilivity Imv/div (7MHz) • Large dynamic range of 8 div to full bandwidth • CHt output • Built-in signal delay line BLHITV353F List: S94900

SALE: $799.00

30 MHz

• High sensitivity Imv/div (5 MHz) • Full TV Triggering • XY operation • CHI Output • Built-in signal delay line • High reliability. MTBF 20,000 hours 8LHITV302F List: S799.0O

SALE: $699.00

35 MHz DUAL TRACE

BLHITV352F List S895 00

DUAL TRACE OSCILLOSCOPES V-200F

i

V-152F

20 MHz DELAYED SWEEP

• Single time base delay sweep • High sensitivity 1mv/div (5MHz) • Full TV triggering • X-Y operation • CH1 Output • High reliability, MTBF 20,000 hours 8LHITV203F List: $749.00

SALE: $625.00

15 MHz

• High Sensitivity 1mv/div (5MHz)

• Full TV Triggering • X-Y operation

• X10 sweep time magnilication • High reliability, MTBF 20.000 hours BIHITV1524 List. S595.00

SALE: $495.00

V202F

• *.» f* «!#.'

SALE:

$749.00

20 MHz DUAL TRACE

BLHITV202F

List 1695.00

SALE:

$575.00

SameasV203F, except without delayed sweep

^PRIORITY

9161 DEERING AVE

ELECTRONICS

EJJ3

CHATSWORTH. CA 9131 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5464

Temis. U S. VISA. MC. 8AC, Check, Money Order, US Funds Only CA residents add BM6 Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S15.00 Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING ot S3,00 lor the lirsl 3 lbs. plus 40C lor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Jusl incase, please include your phone number Prices subject tu change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through December, 1982. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. II you haven't receiveO your Fall '82 Engineering Selection Guide, send $1 00 tor your copy today! Sale prices are for prepaid orders only.

Circle 381 on inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

579

CaUFornIa Diq'iTAl

Post Off ice Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all | diskettes purchased from California Digital

*24?s

Private labeled for California Digital by ono ol me mosi respecierj producers of magnetic media. Each diskette is certilied double density at 40 tracks. To insure extended media lile all diskelle are manufactured wiih a re ml or ced hub. Each box ol diskettes is supplied with a I roe plastic

Soft sector CAL-501. Ten sector CAL-510

I Ten boxes '22.75 One hundred boxes '21.50

skettes

5V*" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

5

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

Single Side Double Density Soft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/20

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

740-0

3060

3740/1 39.50

29.50

29.50

Thirty Twn Sector

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

IcidCleirhigNm 5V, I

uifycuci gntr

Fbpiunt BurdyalM

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH 741-0

MEMOREX

DYSAN

3090

3740/D 57.50

39.00

35.00

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

DYSAN

7430

3114

3740/2D

47.50

39.50

65.00

mss^sm^i

Microswitch i*Sj

ASCII

KEYBOARD

*79

Each keyboard contains B1 high reliability Hall Effect keys. Outputs seven bit parallel ASCII MIC-81SD5 3 Lbs.

Flip & File *18.95

sioraRO fili; allows

VISA

MEMORY

2716EPR0M

4.50

450ns

16K STATIC

7.00

6116 200ns

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 200ns

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

♦116 200ns

2732 EPROM

SALE *6.9S

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4IIG-150nsI6k

4116-200ns 16k

4164- 150ns 64k Japan 128 refresh

416J-150ns 64k Texas Insi 256 refresh

4l64-200ns 6Jk Japan 128 refresh

41256-300 256K dynamic memory

2O2-200ns 1k 21L0M50M Ik

2112-450fis2k 214-300ns 4k 2114450ns 4k 4044-25Dns 4k 4044-450ns 4k 5257-3O0ns 4k 6116-P3 150ns 16k 24 pin 6116-P4 200ns 16k 24 pin 6167 I 2167 100ns 16k 20 pin

STATIC MEMORY

EPROMS

2708-450ns 8k 2716-150ns 16k

2716TMS-4MKS 16k tn-voltage 25l6-450ns 16k 2732-350ns 16k 2732-450ns 16k 2532-450ns 16k 2764-450'ns64k 27t28-450ns 128k

ASTEC SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

Output;+5v. 3A; +12v .9A; -12\i .075A. Suitable for Apple look-alike. ATC-1298

SWITCHES

UIP SWITCHES

TOGGLE

7101 on/on I. IB

7103 on/off/on 1.30 1

I 7107 itint.iui 1,33 1

J 7108 tutu, on 1.30 I

5 dpdt mnt 1.05 I

CONNECTORS

p(TI)

GOLU KDOE CONNECTORS

S-1U0 .128" co fn-.sai Bolder ■ Iir.sai iviru WIN Sullins Hl-Hcl.' Sulllns Hi-ltel. WAV Sulilns/Alialr . UJ>" .156" Centura (standard) 22/44 Kim Eyelet 38/72 Digital Group S/T 3G/72 Digital Group WAV ' 43/B6 Motorola 6B00 S/T I ■13/B6 Moto. GHOO WAV

$2.50 3.50 4.00

INTEGRATED CIRCUIT SOCKETS

L-.iv Prortlc Wire Wrap

uacli 1CCH- each 100+

S pin $.10 -COO $.46 $.41

14 pin .10 .09 .45 .41

16 pin .12 .11 .50 .45

18 pin .15 .13 .68 .61

24 pin .26 .34 .84 .87

40 pin .42 .40 1.60 1.-17

DE'JP ui:j> SI.GO

Hll. 40 $1

DEOS fomale 2.28

2.00 1

Dtl hood 1.50

1.35 1

OA1SP »iialc 2.35

2.15 2

DAtSS female 3.25

3.10 2

DA hood 2/P 1.60

l.JS 1

DB25Pmalc 3.50

2.35 2

DB25S female 8.35

3.15 3

DB hood 2/P 1.35

1.16 1

DC37P inalu 4.20

4.00 3

DC3TS female 6.00

5.75 5

DC hood 3/1' 3.25

2.00 1

DD50P male 5.50

5.10 4

UD50S female u.40

8.50 8

DD50 hood 2/P 2.GO

2.40 2

RIBBON CABLE CONNECTORS

17/34 5"diak 4.85 4.15 3.95 20/40 TRS-SO 5.65 5.05 4.70 25/50 0" disk 5.S)0 S. 15 4.yo

s: 10% shipping. Excess will i>< [dents arid f>'.",;, salts tax. CQD'i axtetided to state supported edu< wiih a "strong" Dun & Bradatr* 5608 initio wood Blvd. Visitors h

Eight Inch Single Sided

One Two Ten

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD 100-8

259

259

225

TAND0N 848-1 SLIMLINE

379

369

359

Eight Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

485

475

469

OLIVETTI 802/851

369

359

349

TAND0N 848-2 SLIMLINE

495

485

475

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA400

215

209

199

TAND0N TM 100-1

209

199

195

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA450

349

329

315

TAND0N TM 100-2

295

269

259

TAND0N 96TPI TM100-4

369

355

350

OLIVETTI 502 2A height

239

225

215

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 506 6 Megabyte

759

725

695

SEAGATE 512 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TAND0N 603SE 14 Megabyte

995

960

895

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and manual

Eight Inch Subsystem

Two Siemens FDD100-8 disk drives with power supply, 4" exhaust fan complete with al necessary power cables.

Same as above but with:

ShugaitBOIH MSD2B01 '1195 ShugaitSSIR MSD2851 1450

Olivetti802 CAL2801 '1250 OumeDTB MSD8DT 1450

ECLIPSl 100

*695<

INDUSTRIAL S-lOO MAINFRAME

Suitable for hospital and industrial applications. Constructed from 304 brushed stainless steel. Modualar 500 watt toroid power supply provides * 8 volts at 30 Amps and t16 volts al 4 Amps.Supplied with standard 18 slot Faraday mother board. Auxtlary switched AC receptacles. The Eclipse 100 can be eilher table or rack mounted. Provisions (or inlernally mounting a len megabyte Winchester disk drive.

The Eclipse 100 is the perfect mainframe to fill the void left by the now defunct TEI Corporation. EPS-100 50 lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

CaMForni'a DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

uper Buy $2S9

SIEMENS

FDD 100-8 8" DISK DRIVE

10 Drives $225 • 100 Drives s209

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of several thousand Siemens FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives. These untts are electronically and physically similar to that of theShugad801R disk drive- Any application that will accept an 801R will work with the Siemens FDD 100-8 drive.

All units are new and shipped in factory sealed boxes. Because of the extremely low price we expect a quick sell out. Please reserve your units early SEA-F1008 17 lbs. Manual and connectors supplied free upon request. Also available. Two drive subsystem supplied in steel enclosure with power supply and fan. S750.00 CAL-2F1008

Scotch Diskettes

FREE $1A95

fups Fiie

With purchatt of fin bom of Scotch ditkoHo$.

We have recently purchased the entire excess inventory of 5'/4" Scotch brand disKettes from Digital Equipment Corporation. The diskettes are all single sided double density available in soft, ten and sixteen sector. Buy one box and we supply a free plastic library storage case, buy five boxes and we supply a free flip and file storage tub. Take advantage of this one time offer and stock up lor Ihe winter.

Prime Scotch brand diskettes priced below dealer cost. Soft sector for Apple & IBM MMM-SD7440; Ten sector MMM-SD74410; Sixteen sector MMM-SD74416 2lbs.

19

PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

OWid.it.i 62A senal & parallel 9 5" paper 0KI-82A Okirtaia 826 senal A parallel 15 paper 0KI-B3A Okinaia WA parallel only 15" paper OKI-WAP Qkiriaia 8-1A senal & parallel 15 paper OKI-WAS Epson MX80 win graphics and tractor leect EPS-MXBO Epson MX80FT wilt" graphics, friction 4 tractor leed

EPS-MXBOFT Epson MX IQU Willi graphics 15" paper EPS-MX100 NEC 8023A parallel 9 5" paper, graphics NEC-8023A Anadex 950QA high speed dot matrix printer 15"

ADX-9500A Anadex 9501A 15 paper with graphics A0X-9501A Texas Instruments 810 senal 15" upper £ lower case

TEX-810L Datasoulh DS1B0. high speed 180 char/sec 15" DSl-180 Prownter B510 parallel 9 5" PA0-B510P Prowntw 8510 senal 9 5" PRO-8510S Piowfilcr II 15" paper PR0-2P Pnnironm P300 high speed punier 300 lines/min

PTX-P30Q PrmlroniN P600 high speed pnnler 600 lines/mm

PTX-P600 IDS prism 80 eoljmn graphics, (non-coloil I0S-PBOG IDS pnsm 132 COLOR with graphics 15 paper

[DS-P132CC Mannesmann Tally 1B05 200 cps senal MAN-1805

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

NEC77I0 55 char/sec Ihimble. serial only NEC-7710

NEC773Q same as above parallel only NEC-7730

NEC3510 senal 15NEC-3510

OiaOlo 620R101 25 cps serial D6L-620

Diaoio 530 40 cps serial DBL-630

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel parallel SCMTPlP

Smith Corona TP-1 daisy wheel senal SCM-TP1S

Brolher HR11 djsy wheel printer parallel BTH-HR1P

Brother HB11 (trial intartaca bth-hris

DiaDlo 830 DBL-630 Starwiiki F10 serial PRO-F10S SiarwnierFio parallel PBO-FlOP

•159 00 695 00 1.07900

1.21900

539 00 G95.00 4B9 00

1295 00 495 00 639 00 750 00

2 379 00

2.379 00

1.775 00

1.270.00

2.250 M

659 00

659.00

B55 00

895 00

2,09500

1.47500

1.475 00

MONITORS

Zenilh Z121 green phospfior 12" 40/80 column switch ZTH-7121 BMC 12A green phosphor 15 Mhz. composil video BMC-12A BMC 12EN green phosphor 20 Mltz high resolution BMC-12EN NEC J81201 green phosphor IB Mhz composil video NEC-JB1201 NEC JB1260 green phosphor commercial grade composil NEC-1260 Motorola 23' Open Irame Dlk/wtule composil video M0T-BW23 Motorola 12 open frame blk/whilereQireshorz sync SpowM0T-flW12 Comae 9" open frame requires tion sync & power supply C0N-BW9

mm

NEC JC1201 comnosil color NEC-JC1201

NEC RGB monildi NEC-I202OM

BMC 13" Composil video 8MC-1400CL

BMC 13" RGB color monitor BMC-1401RGB

BMC inlerlace card lor Apple II tor above RGB 9MC-81RG8

Comrex/Hilachi 13 RGB high res monitor COM-6600

Comrex/Hilachi 13" Composil color monitor COM-6500

Amdek color (1 composil video AMO-100

Amdek color »2 hgh res RGB color monitor AMD-200

Amdek yjloi *3 commercial grade color RGB AMD-300

115.00 88 00 13900

59 00

32500 875 00 27300 329 00 149 00 539.00 395 00 349.00

Direct Connect

MODEMS

Hayes MiCrgmoftm 100 S-100 modem HYS-100 Hayes Smart MoJel RS232 HVS-232 Hayes Micromodem II Apple direct corned HVS-MM2 Hayes Cfironogiaph lime & date HYS-CHR232 Novation Cai accuslic conned N0V-CAT Novation D Cat direct connect via handsel NOV-DCAT Novation 212 Auiocai Bell 212A NOV-212 Novation Auto Cat 103 NOV-AUTO Universal 103LP direct conned, line powered UDS-103LP Universal 103LPJ direct conned, auto answer U0S-103LPJ Universal 202 direel connect 1200 baud, hall duplex UDS-202L3 Universal 212LP direct conned 1200 baud, lull duplex UDS-212LP ^Signalman Mark I direct connect with terminal cable SGL-MK1

319 00 229 00 279 00 199 00 149 00 16900 595.00 21900 16900 209 00

TERMINALS

Ampex Dialogue B0 green screen, two page, funclion keys APX-D80C

Ampex Dialogue B0 amber screen two page lundion keys APX-DBOA

Ampex Dialogue B0 green screen Selectnc keyboard APX-081G

Ampex Dialogue B1 amber screen. Selectnc keyboard APX-D8IA

Ampex Touch Term screen command lor dala entiy APX-T80

Wyse hor* & vert split screen, metal case delatch keyed. WYS-100

Televideo 910C emulator TVI-91DC

Televideo 910 Plus block mode TVI-910P

Televideo 925C ceiatcnable keyboard 22 function keys TVI-925

Televideo 950 graphic char split screen 22 functions TVl-950

IBM 3101-10 detachable keyboard, green IBM-3101

2enilhZ-19 keyboard ZTH-Z19

Adds Viewpoint Al detatchabie keyboard A0D-VP1

Adds Viewpoint A2 xy cursor, green screen ADD-VP2

Adds Viewpoint A3 emulator, ADD-VP3

APPLE

48K Plus

'1089

APPLE BRAND PRODUCTS

APL-48P Apple Plus 48K RAM

APL-DSK1 Apple disk with controller card

APL-0SK2 Apple disk without controller card

Xilen 10 Megabyte Gallium hard disk 16K RAM card tor Apple II

RANA SYSTEMS

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

CCS-7710 Asynchronous Serial Inlerlace

CCS-7728 Centronics Parallel Interface

CCS-7720 Apple Parallel Interface

CCS-7H4 12K Rom/Prom Module

CCS-7424 Calendar/Clock Module

CCS-7440 Programmable Timer

CCS-7BHB Arithmetic Processor for Apple II plus

MTN-CPS

MTN-TCLK

MTN-STLK

MTN-R0MF

MTN-R0MRTR

MTN-ADDA

MTN-BSR

MOUNTAIN COMPUTERS, INC.

CPS Multifunction Card

Clock /Calendar

Superlalker SD200

Rom Plus with Keyboard filler

Rom Writer with Eprom socket

A*0/0*A Converter

X-10 Control Card tor BSR system

MICRO SOFT

MSF-SFTCRD Microsoft Z-80 CPU card

MSF-16KRAM Microsoft 16K RAM card

VISTA

VSA-ABOO Vista 8 ' controller card

VSA-VISS0 Vista Vision 80

MCI-CNTRL Micro So disk drive controller

FOURTH DIMENSION FDN-SPRDRV Super Dnve-35 track Apple add on

SORRENTO VALLEY ASSOC SVA-221 Single sided, single density controller

SVA-222 Double sided, single density controller

SVA-223 Single or double sided, double density

ADVANCED BUSINESS TECH

ABT-13KEYN 13-Key pad lor new Apple

rnsUUmiB add i>. ntu extruded t(.

525 00 395 00

125 00

95.00 95 00

11500 95 00 9500

319 00

145.00

m oa

149.00

489 00 289.00 89 00

360 00 360 00 475 00

S-lOO BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

SEA-B0S5 5eall!e Computer 16 bit mien

TEC-8036 Tecrrar Compuler 16 bit microprocessor B L0M-B0B6 Lcmas Oala Sysiems Lighting One

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

WAV-DLT1 Wavtmale Bullet 1 with Happy. 256K

(not S-100] 7

AMD-ZB0 Advancer! Micro Digital, floppy & (V1K 7

TEL-FOCI Telet;k FOCI Single board NEC765

controller 6

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

GBT-ZB0 Gofltout Z80 8 bit CPU 24 bil e.lenrted

adliess ?.

CCS-2810 California Comnulei 2-B0 miaopiocessai 2 SDSSBC200 SD Systems SBC-200Z-80

maoprocessor Z

MSM-Z80 Measurement System 2-BO 2810

mi:/op<o cesser t

.TAR-ZB0 Taibtll Eleclionics 2-80 wilh Iwo RS232

ports 3

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

GBT-OSKl Godboul Disk One dauoleflensityHEC-7fi5 3 M0S-OJ2 Morr jw Designs Disk Jockey II witfiCPH 3 MDS-DJ1 Mori 3w Designs Disk Jockey I single

deisily 2

CCS-2J22 Cahlerma Computer 2422 with CPM 3

TAR-DDC Taibtll Electronics double density

con I roller 4

TAR-SK Taibtll Electronics Single density

conlrolter 2

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

GBT-CPM2Z Goeltout CPM 2.2 for Disk One 8 bil

operation 11

GBT-CPM66D Godtoul CPM 86 lor Oisk One for use

wish 8088 Zi

GBT-CPM86 GofltOLil CPM 86 lor operalion wild

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

GBT-DSK2 Gorltoiil Disk II hard disk controller GBT-DSX3 Godtoul Disk III Hard disk controller MDS-W506 Morrow Desiflris Winchester lor

Seagale 506 WDI-1000 Wcslern Digilal WD-1000 (not S-100)

EPROM BOARDS

ADS-PB100 Ackerman Digital Prom Blaster 100 SOS-PICO SO Systems Prom-100 programmer SSM-PBt SSM Prom prgiammei up in 2716 DGR-P32 Digital Research 32K Eprom lead only

49500 35900

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-564 Calilorma Digital Static 64 6116 bil

(61671 G3T-R16 Gorlboul Ram 16 64K memory 8/16 Bit GST-B17 GodDoul Bam 17 6iK msmoiy S bit

GBT-R20 GBT-R21 CCS-2116

Godbout Ram W 32k static memoiy J 21 126K8H6 tut static

GndbDiii Rn

memory California Comutcr 2116 16k static

memory

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

CAL-D256 California Digital 256K dynamic memoiy

B bit SDS-EX3 SD Systems Enpandoi am IH256K dynamic C:S-2065 California Compuieis 2055 &iK dynamic l.'SM-DMBW Measoremenl Sysiems DMB&W 'Alph.i

Micro)

INTERFACE BOARDS MonnwOesiansSwilcliBoaiii twfi'

J I mi ,11 id Mo-row Designs Miiilioosifl 3 Jtt'Bl'

2 parallel Gnrtomii i"1eriacer I 2 senal pons Gontxiul inter racer II 1 soai 1 parjiin GodOonI Intei'acer III mtn 5 serial pons Godooui Jnteirjcei m min a senal pons Godtoul Interlace! IV 3SWBI ?p*aB*l California Computer 1 po" senal mmrare laCompulei 2se»ai I ?p.v.'iiw

995 00 33500

T3I i36i

rer-tsrA

--, ■-., re? ?t?o

laComi

■r i purl.

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

i-VS-MlOO DC riayes Miciomodem S-100 FCC

apinoyed 3

MJS-HtOO "f.-Tmin Di(jit<v Ndsen-akei *ilh

Vniitai module 1

QIC CC'00 01 Ci!"i|>uiei dock csi-nd.v Doaiil i

SCN-MlfiO Soon Mioaangela tjraphicj

fill SPCt

irc-'.rj:t:!

GST SVSl

WUI till

Vl.'l Ofi

.■OS":Gw lOiwinO

AflT-VAVtOO . Ml-GPtOO

r^i MBis

(.'Hil-.nl Siientuiin too cola' video Uo.in recnrai A n i? on aEQiracy 16 ctiannei Gnniiniii System suppoii boaifl

fionriiHii Si'sicm Snopoil wilh B231'

9511 I'lati'cmp MiiI/iik ri'cnriei Iwairt nil" Fi?<i o-'olii' M-iNirn 0:'tn Isoiatoj controls Bcr,,vmttt Aekeiaw n.,'i-:.ii Uugt pianivpc noam I O lerinnlagy we mac polalvin*

lift fiftiiniiici Wne wao pioio Man! tier Firtironies Geneial puipose solder .i'.Ii.i-ii.i D'lii.n !B sw •notne<t!oaid

•1900 2500 2500 3500

OCR READER

OPTICAL RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT

$

DISPLAYED ASCII OUTPUT

WAND TEST DOCUMENT MQX3Q1L-0D1 REV- A

i al your local ir any application where

This optical recognition reader Is the same unit currently used at the chock o

Sears, Roebuck or J.C. Penney retail outlets.

These units can be used lor inputing data lor Inventory control,point or sale, o

accuracy and speed are essential. See OCR font above.

Inlerf BCes eight bit ASCII parallel with "handshaking". Documentation and application notes Included.

Each reader is brand new In factory sealed boxes. Original acquisition is ^proximately S2,5rjn.

OCH-72015lbs.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

LAEWUNCED

_ CXDMPOTER

(PRODUCTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple ™ Ramcard

LIST 195 ACP

$6995

» Full 1 year warranty Top quality — gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-80 Softcard" • Allows system to run with CP/M'", PASCAL, DOS 3.3, COBAL, Visicalc, etc. • Supplied with extra 16K RAM & has (2) LED's

32K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHz

Expandable

Uiai

21141'!

16K4MHZ Kit 16K4MHZAST 32K 4 MHz Kit < 32K4MHZAST BARE BOARD Bare Bd w/all parts less mem

S159.95

217.95

$199.95-289^

• 339.00 39.95 99.95

BARE BOARDS

S-100 Sound Board

B030ACPU

32K Static RAM {2114)

8K EPROM (2708)

2708/2716 EPROM ACP Prolo Board Veclor 8800 Prolo Vector 8803 11 slot MB ACP Exlender wilh connector 13 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 9 Slot Mother Board (WMC) 8 Slot Mother Bd(Expandable) Floppy PCB (8" SHUGART) S100(AY5-8910) Sound Board Apple Sound Board

S34.95 34.95 34.95

24.95 34.95 22.95 22.20 29.95 18.95 32.95 29.95 34.95 39.95 34.95 24.95

UV "EPROM"

ERASER

Model UVs-11 E $79.95

Holds 4 EPROM'S at a time. Model S-52T $325.00

16K Memory Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8 pes 4116 16K

200/250nS (fcl O QC

Specify computer vp I C- . \3 O

CALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

0" SUB CONNECTORS

*

Unreal price. DB37 male, DB25 female. Gold PC mount with mounting holes. Mfg. AMP. Specify 25 or 37 pins.

8D37 $2.50 DB25 $1 .95

Astec RF Modulator

■*•££*=**:

for Sj COLOR

Jj &

tf B/W

P/N 1082 Channel 3 or 4

$6.95

1200 BAUD MODEM IC

^^,^^t Features:

^^^^^MK^ •1200Baud JPflRflP1'1' -10 Pin ^JlM" •5VoltsOnly SL120O $129.00

64K CMOS RAM

S100(200nS)

Uses 2716's SQ/1Q00 or6116's Ota

Assembled & Tested $399.00

MOSTEK

9 Same as W

4K

RAMS

29Ce

200,000 pieces in lock — priced to move. Same as MK4027 except ImS refresh. MK4015 4KX1 RAM.

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates by applying

12VDC in one diree

,,.» tion and then revers

.s.'TW) ing polarity (or square

,-t~~. J wave). Uses 12VDC.

V 'rr"y Clock Wise Rotation,

Vj™>' Rated 3 RPM at 4

ACP P.P.S. with a 5 degree

PRICE s,epping an°lB

$4la 10for$39-95

4K STATIC RAM IELL-OFF

10/$9.90

Same as TMS4044 but designed specifically for Z-80 based systems. This is a full-spec 4Kx1 RAM, 450nS.

Order P/N Zilog6104-4 whilesupply lasts.

Zilog

Z8CPU

with TINY BASIC Debug prog.

Plus 6132 companion quasi-static RAM 29.95

trog. $49.95

Stepper Motor

USED IN

DATA

PRODUCTS

PRINTER $19.95ea.

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DB25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood. Sale

22/44 S/T, KIM

43/86 S/T. MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

£3.25 3.75 1.25 7.50 2.95 6.50 4.95 3.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NUMERIC PRINTER

19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3 columns which have math, alpha and other notations. Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank. Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75" wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallel with fourbitBCDcomparatorcircuit{schematic provided). Print rate, 3 lines per second. Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of 340mS. Size6'/i"Wx3Vfl"Hx5%"Dp. New. $17.50 ea. 3/$45

ZB001 $99.00

2BO02 69.00

Z80 9.95

Z80A 11.95 F-8 (3850) 16.95

2650 16.95

1802 9.75

BOaOA 4.75

8085 14.95

8008-1 $1495

2901 9 90

2901A 14.95

9900JL 49.95

6502 9.95

6502A 16.95

IM6100 2995

6800 11.75

66O0B 1995

6B02P 14 95

8035 14 95

8039 12.95

8073N 34 95

8755 49.95

B748 49.95

6809 30.00

8086 49.95

68000 129.95

6116/2016 $7.95 8264-64K 8.50 4116-2 1.99

4116-2 8/12.95

2101

2102

21L02-2

21L02-4

2111

2112

2114L-2 2114L-4 2125

2147 $5.99 411 5.99

1101

3.99 .79 1.49 1.29 3.49 3.49 1.99 3.25 2.29 6.99

1103 4027 4044 4050 4060 4096 4115 4200 4402 5280

4.69 4 69 3.99

|:'IL.V..J

8155S9.95 8156 9,95 8202 29.95 8205 2.69 8212 2.75 8214 4.95 8216 2.75 8224 2.95 8226 2.95 8228 3.95 8243 9.50

8250 14.95

8251 6.50 8253 11.95 8255 4.50 8257 9.50

8259 S8.95 8275 19.95 8279 9.50 6810 4.75

6820 6.50

6821 6.50 6828 10.50 6834 16.95 6845 22.95 6847 27.95 6850 5.25 6852 5.25 6860 10.95 6862 10,95 6875 5,95

68047

68488

46505

6520

6522

6530-X

6532

6551

Z80-PIO

Z80A-PIO

Z80-CTC

Z80A-CTC

Z80-DMA

Z80A-DMA 27,95

Z80-SIO 24,95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

19.95

MOS PROMS

2764 (8Kx8) TS 2732 (4Kx8) TS 2716/2516; 5V (2Kx8) TS TMS2716.5V. 12V 2758. 5V. (450nS)

7.95 17.95 3.50

2708(450nS) S5.75 2708(650nS) 5.25 1702A 5.75

MM5203AO 14.50 MM5204Q 9.95

l!l&i=U!l

2513-001 (5V)Ufjper S9.50 2513-00515V) Lower 10.95 2513-ADM3I5V) Lower 14 95 UCM66710 ASCII Shif led 12.95

MCM6674U Math Symbol 13.95 MCM6675Q Alpha Conlrol 1345 1771-91 B" S Minilloppy 24.95 1781 Dual Floppy 29.95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 36.95 1791-02 Dual Floppy 4495 1793 DO, DS Floppy 44 95 1797 DD, DS Floppy 1091 Data Separator 2143 CfOCk Generator

S995

54 95

8700 8 bit Binary B701 10 bit Binary 8703 8 bit TS 94W)VollloFreqConv 8750 3'.i Digit BCD 140BLG0 bit 1408 LB 8 bit DAC01 Dlo A

1350

2200 1350

DAC08

OAC100 9 95

B03B Funclion Generator 4 50

MC4024 VCO 2 95

LM566VC0 195 XF1220G Function Generator 5 25

TRI6C2FJI5V, 12V) 3.95

AV5I0I3I.W, 12V) 4 95

AY5I0MA/16I2OHV) 6.95

AV510I5A/IB63(5V) 6.95

IM6402 7.95

IM6403 S.95

2350 USUI 995

16710 Astros 24.95

MCI4411 11.95

4702 14 95

WD194I 9 95

C0M5016 1695

INSB250 1595

AV5-2376 13 75

AY5-36O0 13 75

MM5740AAC 895

LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN)

3 pin LP

4 pin LP 3 pin LP

3 pin LP D pin LP

2 pin LP

4 pin LP

3 pin LP D pin LP

3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)

10 pin 14 pin 16 pin 18 pin 20 pin 22 pin 24 pin 28 pin 40 pin

WW

WW (Tin)

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

1.26 1.53

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX'

LM320T-XX*

UV1320H-XX"

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX'

LM34QT-XX"

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

IM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE558N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74SO0 $ .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 .42 74S15 42 74S20 .42 74S22 .42 74S30 .42 74S32 .49 74S38 1.19 74S40 .49 74S51 .42

74564 46

74565 .46 74S74 .69 74S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

1.49 2.95

1.35 1.39 1.25 4.95

.95 5.95 6.95

.95 1.75 1.25 1.25

3.75 2.75 1.25

1.79 1.95 1.25 1.40 1.95 3.75 .39 .98 19,95 1,25 1.75 1.50 2.75 1.99 .29 .75 .39

1.95 1.95

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

L.M3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

1.50 .95 .95 3.10 1.75 .99 2 50 2.95 2.19

2.99 2.75 1.29 1.29 1.49 3.19 3.19 4.95 1.49

2.99 3.49 1.99 1.30 1.19

1.49

3.95

3.95

3.39

.59

3,76 3.95 3.75 2.95 1.10 3.70 4.95 5.40 1.25 1.50

74S124 74S133 74S134 74S135 74S136 74S138 74S139 74S140 74S151 74S153 74S157 74S158 74S160 74S174 74S175 74S1B8 74S194 74S195 74S196 74S240 74S241 74S242 74S243

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.29 74S260 .75 74S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3,10

745374 3.10 74S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8,95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIP SWITCHES

2 Position $ .99

4 Position 1.19

5Posilion 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position $1,39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.65 10 Position 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low cost, largest selling fan for commercial cooling applications.

• I05cfm tree air delivery

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50" deep. Weight • 17 oz,

special purchase *«* $9.50b=

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

ULN2003

74LS668

74LS377

74LS241

8259

6561 RAM

LM733CN

MC1414

2/S1.99 3/1.99 2/1.99 2/1,99 6.95 2.95 3/1.99 3/1.99

2N6121 3/$ 1.00

SIG 2652 3.95

74S287 1.95

2758 EPROM 2.95 74173/8T10 5/1.99 Z80A CPU 4 95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

808OA CPU 2102 RAM 4060 RAM 8X300 CPU 74S387 2708 EPROM 74LS93 2114

1.49

14.95

1.96

8/29.95

3/1.00

8/14.50

5027 CRT

S9.95

11C24

6.95

95H03

2.89

MM5320

5.99

9131 RAM

1.99

EMM4402

1.99

1103 RAM

3/1.50

8700 A/D

2/16.95

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

vm 910-595-1565

7400 S .19

7401 .22

7402 .22

7403 .22

7404 .22

7405 .23

7406 .35

7407 .35

7408 .26

7409 .23

7410 .22

7411 .29

7412 .29

7413 .39

7414 .59

7416 .29

7417 .29

7420 .22

7421 .35

7422 .29

7423 .29

7425 .29

7426 .29

7427 .25

7429 .45

7430 .23 7432 .29

7437 .25

7438 .29

7439 .29

7440 .19

7441 .79

7442 .57

7443 .95

7444 .95

7445 .79

7446 .79

7447 .65

7448 .79

7450 .19

7451 .19

7453 .19

7454 .19

7459 .25

7460 .23 7470 .29

7472 .29

7473 .34

7474 ,34

74LS00S .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 .33

74LS13 .47

74LS14 ,95

74LS15 .33

74LS20 .26

74LS21 .33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74L.S74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A ,79

74L.S85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 45

74LS112 .43

4000 S .35

4001 .35

4002 .35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 45

4011 .35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

4016 4017 1.19

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 .65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

7475 S .38

7476 .34

7479 4.60

7480 .49

7482 .95

7483 .55 7485 .65 7486 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497

.35 1.75

2.90

.39

.79

74100 2.90

74107 .32

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

74132

74136

74139

74141

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

74LS113S 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 1 74LS124 1 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 1 74LS148 1 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 1 74LS155 1 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 1 74LS161 1 74LS162 1 74LS163 1 74LS164 1 74LS165 74LS166 2. 74LS168 1 74LS169 1 74LS170 1 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 2 74LS190 1 74LS191 1 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 1 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 1 74LS240 1 74LS242 1 74LS243 1 74LS244 1

74161

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166

74167 1.95

74170 1.69

74172 4.75

74173

74174

74175

74176

74177

74179

.87

.79

74180 ,75

74181 1.75

74182 .75

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.95 74188 3.90

74190 1.15

74191 1.15

74192 .85

74193 ,85

74194 .85

74195 .68

74196 .85

74197 .85 74198 74199 74221 74251 74273 74276 74279 74283

74284 3.90

74285 3.90 74290 1.25 74298 .95

74365 ,68

74366 .68

74367 .68

74368 .68 74390 1.45 74393 1.90 74490 1.90

1.39

1.05

140

74LS245S2.20

74LS247 1.10

74LS248 1.10

74LS249 1.19

74LS251 1.40

74LS253 1.40

74L.S257 .85

74LS258 .98

74LS259 295

74LS260 .65

74LS261 2.49

74LS266 .59

74LS273 1.75

74LS275 4.40

74LS279 .59

74LS283 .99

74LS290 .99

74LS293 .99

74LS295 1.10

74LS298 1.19

74LS324 1.75

74LS347 1,95

74LS348 1.95

74LS352 1.19

74LS353 1.19

74LS363 1.49

74LS365 .69

74LS366 .69

74LS367 .69

74LS368 .69

74LS373 189

74LS374 1.89

74LS375 .69

74LS377 195

74LS385 1.95

74LS386 .65

74LS390 1.95

74LS393 1.95

74LS395 1.70

74LS399 2.35

74LS424 2.95

74LS668 1.75

74LS670 2.29

81LS95 1.69

81LS96 1.69

S 81LS97 169

19 81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICING CALL TOLL FREE

4089 $2.95

1.25 .95

4041 4042 4043 4044 .85 4046 1.75

4049 .45

4050 .69

4051 1.10

4052 1.10

4053 1.10

4055 3.95

4056 2.95

4059 9.25

4060 1.39 4066 .75

4069 .35

4070 .49

4071 .35

4072 .35

4073 .35

4075 .35

4076 1.29

4077 .35

4078 .35

4081 .35

4082 .35 4085 1.95

4094 2.95

4098 2.29

4099 2.25

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12,95 14412 12.95 14415 8.95

4502 4503 4505 4506 4507 4508 4510 4511 4512 4515 4516 4518 4520 4555 4556 4566

Mail Drder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA 92795 (714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 (409) 946-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check. Bank Wire Personal Checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers License and credit card is Visa. AMEX. CB add 3% service charge. Add 3% shipping 8 handling or S2 50. whichever is greater Add 10% lor foreign orders or US Parcel Post Include Telephone number. NO CODs Prices subject to change without notice Some Hems subject to prior sale We reserve the right tosubstilute manuiacturer. Retail prices may vary.

582 BYTE December 1982

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

X-/IAEMVNCED fPRODUCTSbnasjE

"~\/PRQI

DIMENSION

tttcippkz computer

lkW*>Authorized Dealer

Vision 80

"^Tj as reviewed in May BYTE pg. 266 .f* This is Ihe widely discussed

1 Cadillac 80 column card for the

Apple II. The Vision 80 responds to more Apple text screen commands than any other board. It supports PASCAL, Microsofts Z80 Softcard and can be used as an intelligent terminal. List Price.... $395.00 Special Low Price $269.00

The Vision 80 can also be used in conjunction with the Vision 40 (allows enhanced character sets) and the Vision 20 for lower case.

° UNBEATABLE

• memory ABB-ON PRICES!

VISTA 576K Expandable In 64K Increments

• W/256K populated only S999

• w/512K populated only 1599

• W/576K populated only 1799

VISTA/SUPERCALC/SUPERCACHE"

• 192K with IBM SUPERCALC 799

MICROSOFT RAMCARD

• 64K w/RAMDRIVE (expandable) 419

• 256K w/RAMDRIVE 899

AST MEMORY CARD

• 64K EXPANDABLE 499

• 256K w/PARITY 899

AST "COMBO CARD"

• MEMORY. ASYNCH COMM. PARALLEL

• 64K SP 525

• 256K SP....'.,-... 1049

• INTERFACE CARDS

AST ADVANCED COMMUNICATIONS

• 2 RS232 PORTS 269

• BABY BLUE Z80 CARD 550

• PROTOTYPE CARD 69

• EXTENDERCARD 29

• DISK DRIVES-ADD-IN (Compatible) 239

• EPSON ADD-ON PRINTER 429

• SUPR'MODVRF MODULATOR 49

• EPSON TO IBM CABLE 49

- "J

MX80 $429.00

MX80FT 529.OO

MX100FT 725.00

Apple I/O w/cable 54.95

Serial I/O w/cable 95.00

Serial I/O w/2k & cable 129.00

GraplTax 89.00

Printer Pal (POO) 29.95

PrmlerPal(PIOO) 39.95

Letter quality Daisy Wheel Typewriter interfaces to Apple. Atari, NEC. TRS80 and RS232 Serial ports.

LIST ACP ESIOOROComp. Print. S1690 $1395 ES100 Typewriter Print 1195 1050 G010 Apple I/O card 349 169

GQ11 Other l/O'S 349 299

I/O Cable 49 29

• 120 cps jjt • Logic -" m seeking w • Double width & condensed print • Font seietion. character pitch & line spacing program controllable* Bi-directional printing

82A 120 cps w/tractor $499.00

S3A 120 Cps 136 columns... 740.00

84A-P200cps136col 999.00

B4A-S Serial w/2K Butter 1199.00

Apple Card 49.95

Apple Cable 19.95

Serial Card w/2K 1 29.95

Graphics ROM (82A/B3A) 75.00

Dot Resolution Graphics* 9-wire stag, pnmhead

• Lowercase decenders • Over iSOcps • Bi-directional, logic seeking* 8 • 80-132 col.*Hi-res ■ dot graphics* Proportional spacing • Tex. justification. L|ST Acp

Prism 80 $899 $ 699

IDS Paper Tiger 560G 1395 1 Prism 132 (color) 1995 1875

• Truly Portable 18 lbs.

• Includes: CP/rvT. Wordstar-plus" Bas:c 80, Valet & Charton.

• Includes: (2) Double Density. Double Sided thin drives. • 380K Bytes each.

acp price $3595.00

4S KAYCOMPII

MODEL 800 with 16K 800 with 48K 800 with 32K-t 810 Disk Drive 825 Printer 830 Acoustic Modem 850 Interlace Module Atari Visicalc Atari PAC-MAN Microtek 16KRAM Microtek 32K RAM Axalcn 128KRAM 400 with 1SK

51A" DISK DRIVES

TM100-1 SSDD S219.95

SA400 SSDD 249.95

TM100-2 DSDD 298.95

TM100-3 SSDD 298.95

TM10O-4 DSDO 419.95

B-51 SSDD 224,95

B-52 DSDD 334.95

B-91 SSDD 359,95

B-92 DSDD 459.95

5W Cabinets with Power Supply

Single cabinet w/power supply .... S69.95 Dual cabinet w/powersupply 94.95

SA801 R SSDD. $395.00

SA851 R DSDD 549.00

TM848-1 SSDD 425.00

TMB4B-2 DSDO 575.00

OT-8 DSDO 525.00

FDD! OO-B SSDO 299.00

FD0200-8 DSDO 399.00

VI000 Case/Power Supply 375.00

Dual 8" Power Supply S99.0O

Surge Suppressor Faa $ g Q^"

Double Outlet Receptacle I«

APPLE System Saver FAN

^SANYO

FCC CLASS 2 APPROVED

MODEL LIST ACP

4509 9"B/W S2I0S169

5109CX 9" Green 220 179

8012C 12"B/W 250 219

B012CX 12'Green 260 229

6013 13" Color 470 422

6113 13" RGB 995 889

NEW Down & Dirty 2012 12'B/W 145 139

2112 12" Green 169 155

TERMINALS

• 144 x 160 do Is/inch* Proportional spacing • Lower case descenders* Nx9 dol matrix*8 char, sizes* 5 unique alphabets

• Greek character set* Graphic symbols

• 100 cps* Bi-directional logic seeking

• Adjustable tractors • Smgle-sneet Iriction teed* Vertical & horizontal tabbing

NEC 8023 List $795 ACP $S49

TELEVIDEO

91OC $599

920C 769

925C 749

950 969

SOROC

10120 $695

IQ 130 595

10140 999

• Full 9" Green Screen

• CP/M Based ^L^BBIaWaW ■ * Portable Business

Computer • Complete w/CP/M 2.2 M BASIC. Magic Worksheet. Selec Word Processing, and Teach

ACP Price only $1795

AATAR

tk,^i^M Apple II

Compatible ^| I Disk Drive

Totally compatible to Apple Drives.

$OQ900

only £m*J*J

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Computer Company

Add 8" Disk Drives To Your Apple II

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now "TRIMLINE V1100" with Tandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1995.00

Qume Dual DS DD 1895.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1495.00

fMcippkz computer

^W» Authorized Dealer

ON DISK FOR APPLE

SAVE UP TO 40% OFF

ACP

Visicalc 3.3 $189

Supercalc 189

Visi Trend/Visi Plot 235

Visi Dex 199

Visi File 199

Visi Plot 159

Desk top Plan ll/lll 199

Visi Schedule 239

Visi Term 89

Zork 34

Versa Form 287

dBase II Ashton-Tate 489

Wordstar 235

Mail Merge 82

Spell Star 159

Data Star 189

CalcStar 189

Super Sort 132

Spellguard 219

DB Master (new) 178

DB Utility 72

PFS ll/lll 69

Report ll/lll 69

Locksmith 4.0 74

Accounting Plus 1195

Microcourier 229

Microtelegraph 229

i I—.

HEWLETT PACKARD

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP85A Computer $1985

HP87 Computer 1 945

• 82907A 32K Model 239

• 8290BA 64K Model 349

• 82909A 126K Model 599

• 82900A CP/M with 64K 425

HP125 Computer 1985

7470 Low Cost Plotter 1 265

9895A 8" Dual Floppy 5135

m

CALCULATORS

HP41C Prog. Scientific $189

HP4ICV W/2.2K Memory 256

HP41 Memory Module 26

HP41 Quad RAM 83

HP41 Card Reader 169

HP41 Printer 292

HP41 Optical Wand 99

HP-IL Interface Loop 119

HP! 1C Advanced Scientific 119

HP12C Financial 129

HP34C Prog. Scientific 112

HP38C Prog. Business 116

TOIL FREE

800-854-8230

iwx 910-595-1565

LIST ACP

Apple II Plus W/4SK SI 530.00 $1099.00

Apple II Plus W/64K 1729.00 1199.00 Apple II System Special w/64K.

Z80 Card, Vision 80 2519.00 1775.00

Apple III W/128K 3495.00 2895.OO

Apple III W/256K 4295.00 3495.OO

ProFile Hard Disk Drive 3499.00 2899.00

Vista Apple III Timecard 195.00 169.00

"Apple Products Available In-store Only"

APPLE HARDWARE

Apple II Disk II w/Control1 Apple II Disk II w/o Apple Family System Prototype Card IEEE-488 Interface Extended Warranty- 1 yr Super Serial Card Language Card Graphic Tablet w/IO

LIST

$645.00 525.00

2495.00 24.00 450.00 225.00 195.00 195.00 795.00

"Available In-slore Only"

ACP

$529.00 I 449.00

1995.00 21.95 375.00 199.00 174.95 I 169.95 695.00

MORE HARDWARE

MICROSOFT

LIST

ACP

Z80 Softcard

S395.00

$256.00

16KRamcaid

195.00

129.00

The Premium Package

899.00

579.00

SSM

AIO-II4 Function Serial/

Parallel

225.00

179.00

AIO Serial/Parallel

195.00

165.00

KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

149.95

124.95

Apple II Joystick

49.95

44.50

Apple II Handconlrollers

29.95

25.95

PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spool/Burr

249.00

199.00

VERSAcardFour-in-1

199.00

166.00

AUTO-DOC diagnoslics

127.00

117.OO

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

395.00

269.00

Vision 40 40 col.

enhance

199.00

149.00

Vision 20 Lo case ROM

29.95

25.00

ABOO 8" DS, DD

Controller

595.00

499.00

PROM Deveopment Bd

595.00

399.00

GB75 IBM typewriter I/O

195.00

169.00

40 Char Type-ahead

Butter

49.95

35.00

VIDEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

345.00

279.00

Keyboard Enhancer II

149,00

1 29.00

Soft Switch

35.00

30.00

Function Strip Keys

79.00

69.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16KMicrobufter

259.00

220.00

32K Microbuffer

299.00

253.00

Snapshot Option

69.00

59.00

VOTRAX

Type n'Talk Speech

375.00

339.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognit'n VET80

799.00

675.00

CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

3750.00

2995.00

10 Mb Hard Disk

5350.00

4325.00

20 Mb Hard Disk

6450.00

5240.00

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappter I/O

195.00

135.00

SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card

239.00

189.00

64K RAM Card

425.00

355.00

128K RAM Card

599.00

505.00

NOVATION

Apple-Cat II

389.00

329.00

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER

Hayes Chronograph

249.00

229.00

Micromodem II

349.00

289.00

Smart modem

299.00

229.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTEI

CPS Multifunction

239.00

169.00

RAM Plus

189.00

139.00

Expansion Chassis

750.00

699.00

Music System

395.00

335.00

100.000 DayClock

375.00

325.00

The Clock

280.00

249.00

A/D plus D/A

350.00

299.00

Supertalker

199.00

169.00

lntrolX-10 Controller

200.00

175.00

ROM Plus

155.00

129.00

Keyboard Filler ROM

55.00

44.00

Copy ROM

55.00

44.OO

ROM Writer

175.00

159.00

M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rterm 80x24 Card

395.00

279.00

Sup'rSwitcher 6 Amp

Power Supply

295.00

239.00

SupVMod II RF

Modulator

3500

28.00

Apple Fan

55.00

43.00

ALS

The "Z" Card Z80 card

295.00

219.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card

349.00

279.00

The Synergizer Package

699.00

549.00

16K RAM CARD

Apple II16K

Compatible with Z80 Softcard" ... PASCAL CP/M"

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

NEW LOW PRICE

Also from COEX NEW EPSON Parallel Interface for Apple.

With cable $54.95

$

69

95

Mailorder P.O. Boi 17320 Irvine. CA 02713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnaer, Santa Am CA 02705 (714) 558-8813 542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 85131 (408) 048-7010

TERMS: MO Caster's Check. Bank Wire Personal checks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers License and credil card »s Visa. AMEX. CB add 3°b service charge. Add 3°o shippings handling or £2.50. whichever is greater. Add 10^ lor foreign orders or US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number NOCODs Prices subject to change without notice. Some items subject toprlor sale. We reserve Ihe right to substitute manufacturer. Retail prices may vary.

Circle 13 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982 583

EPROMS STATIC RAMS

■^

1

\M

1702

ins 3.00

fm ^

^ 1

W —

jm

2708

450ns 2.99 2101

450ns

1

m it

%

#%

1

f 4fc«

1% ^^ ■

■ A M*m%. Wm%

2758

5V 450ns 9.75 2102-1

450ns

1 Mm

B

r^. ■ m

l Of

■ Ol

jT%?r

TMS 2516 5V 450ns 5.75 2102L-2

250ns LP 1

^*w ^

J 1

m. LA

^m^^ ■■

■ W0 \

w ^ ^» I

2716

5V 450ns 3.49 2111

450ns

2

mw ^

w

i ^^^^

^B

I .

2716-1

5V 350ns 7.85 2112

450ns

2

^^^^B

TMS 2716 450ns 8.75 2114

450ns

1

^P9

^^F

^^

Qm^

aJ..

*»*,**

2532 2732

5V 450ns 7.85 2114 L-3 5V 450ns 6.49 2114 L-2

300ns LP 1 200ns LP 1

^^^p

^

^^W

Krft

nil

rts

2764

5V 450ns Call 2147

55ns

a

^^r

^A

■ ■ %0

\0 V

W % w f

MC 68764 ■iiiOi.'.) r ,,i!

450ns

3

^H_

^^^^P

(24 pin) TMS 4044-3

300ns

3

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE IftC AND RECEIVE A 5% DISCOUNT'

3250 KELLER STREET, #9 • SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

DYNAMIC RAMS mkViis4"2

TMS 4027 250ns 2.00 V$™2S}£ MK4108 200ns 1.75 T^^2^ MM 5298 250ns 1.75 HM^2£ 4 4116-1 150ns 1.75 H^IHII 4116-2 200ns 1.25 HMfiTTfi"? 4116-3 250ns 1.15 7^fkl 2118 5V 150ns Call t-cls'

200ns 250ns 200ns 150ns 100ns 200ns 150ns 120ns 300ns

3 9 5 6 7 < I I (

INTERFACE

MK 4816 4164-200

ov juuns Lan

5V 200ns Call LP =

Low Powe

•* ./^ ri

^

A V% "W~\

k Y

1"^ "WW

8T26 8T28 8T95

1.65

1.95

.95

4164-150

5V 150ns Call

RESISTORS

f/% ^

\ LjTZ

> #

t-i f #

8T96

.95

>/« WATT 5% CARBON FILM

6500

/fl fv

>

A wr

f .

#7, # f

8T97

.95

ALL STANDARD VALUES

±\J 11

ii ./

A.M. A

A-/

MS M.A.

8T98

.95

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

1 MHZ

DM8131 2.90

50 PCS

. SAME VALUE .0200

6502

5.4

^■i

m- ^** A

■ '»

m v

DP8304 2.25

100 PCS

. SAME VALUE .0150

6504

6.9

J?4

M

J CA

R

n

DS8836 1.25

1000 PCS

. SAME VALUE .0125

6505 6507

7.6

9.9

XV-fJ

wirJ

L U/l

JL V

j-^

We

Will Beat

6520 6522 6532

6545

4.3 7.9

9.9 19.9

BARE

BOARD

14.00

^%

49

6551 n./ 2 MHZ

KIT

39.90

Any

c

on

ipetitors'

6502A 6522A 6532A

9.4 10.9 11.9

ASSEM

45.00

*f^

6545A 6551A

27.9 11.9

*App

u is a trademark ol Apple

Comput

er, Inc.

»

Prices!

3 MHZ

6502B 11.9

74LS00SERIES

UARTS

CMOS

74LS00

.24

74LS123

.95

74LS253

.80

AY5 1014

5.85

4000 .25 4086 .90

74C89

4.5i

74LS01

.24

74LS124

2.90

74LS25 7

.80

AY5 1013

3.90

4001 .30 4093 .90

74C90

1.7

74LS02

.24

74LS125

.95

74LS258

.80

AY5 2376 TR 1602 1M 6402 1M 6403

10.95

4002 .30 409B 2.49

74C93

1.7

74LS03

.24

74LSI 26

.79

74LS259

2.80

3.90

4006 .90 4099 1.90

74C95

1.7

74LS04

.24

74LS132

.75

74LS260

.60

7^85

4007 .25 4502 .90

74C107

l.Oi

74LS05

.24

74LS13G

.49

74LS266

.49

8.85

4008 .90 1503 .60

74C150

5.71

74LS08 74LS10

.24 .24

74LS137 74LS138

.95 .75

74LS273 74LS275

1.60 3.25

4009 .45 -.508 1.90

4010 .45 4510 .90

74C151 74C154

2.2!

3.2!

74 LSI 1

.30

74LS139

.75

74LS279

.49

LEDs

4011 .30 4511 .90

74C157

1.71

74 LSI 2

.30

74LS145

1.10

74LS280

1.95

4012 .30 4512 .90

74C160

2.01

74LS13

.40

74LS147

2.20

74LS283

.95

Jumbo Red

10/1.00

4013 .45 4514 1.20

74C161

2.01

74 LSI 4

.89

74LS148

1.20

74LS290

1.20

Jumbo Green

6/1.00

4014 .90 4515 2.20

74C162

2.0(

74 LSI 5 74LS20 74LS21 74LS22

.30 .24

.30 .24

74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155

.75

.75

1.75

.89

74LS293 74LS295 74LS298 74LS3 24

1.79 .99 .99

1.75

Jumbo Yellov\

6/1.00

4015 .90 4516 1,50

4016 .45 4518 1.20

4017 1.15 4519 1.20

4018 .90 4520 1.20

4019 .45 4522 1.20

74C163 74C164 74C165 74C173 74C174

2.01 2.01 2 0(

DIP SWITCHES

2i0< 2.2!

74LS26

.30

74LS156

.89

74LS3 5 2

1.49

4 Position

.85

4020 .90 4526 1.20

74C175

2.2!

74LS27

.24

74LS157

.75

74LS3 53

1.49

5 Position

.90

4021 .90 4527 1.90

74C192

2.2!

74LS28

.30

74LS158

.75

74LS363

1.49

6 Position

.90

4022 1.10 4528 1.20

74C193

2.2!

74LS30

.24

74LS160

.95

74LS364

1.95

7 Position

.90

*023 .35 4531 .90

74C195

2.2!

74LS32

.36

74LS161

.95

74LS365

.89

8 Position

.95

4024 .75 4532 1.90

74C200

5.7!

74LS33 74LS3 7

.55 .55

74LS162 74LS163

.95 .95

74LS366 74LS367

.89 .69

4025 .35 4538 1.90

4026 1.60 4539 1.90

74C221 74C373

2.2!

EXAn

2.7!

74LS3 8

.35

74LS164

.95

74LS368

.69

4027 .60 4543 2.70

74C374

2.7!

74LS4 0

.30

74LS165

.95

74LS3 73

.99

XR 2206

3.75

4028 .75 4555 .90

74C901

.8(

74LS4 2

.49

74LS166

1.95

74LS3 74

1.69

XR 2207

3.75

4029 .90 4556 .90

74C902

.8E

74LS47

.75

74LS168

1.69

74LS377

1.40

XR 2208

3.90

4030 .45 4581 1.90

74C903

.8£

74LS48

.75

74LS169

1.69

74LS378

1. 15

XR 2211

5.25

4034 2.90 4582 1.90

74C905

10.95

74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55

.75 .30 .35 .35

74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175

1.69 .75 .89 .89

74LS379 74LS385 74LS386 74LS3 90

1.35

1.89

.59

1.79

XR 2240

3.25

4035 .85 4584 .90

4040 .90 4585 .90

4041 1.20

4042 .75 80C07 .90

4043 .75 80C95 .90

4044 .75 80C96 .90

74C906 74C907 74C908 74C909 74C910

.95

1 OC

RCA

CA3010 .95

2i0C 2.75 9.95

io.oc

74LS63

1.20

74LS181

1.99

74LS393

1.79

CA 3013

1.99

74C911

74LS73

.39

74LS189

9.50

74LS395

1.59

CA 3023

2.75

4046 .90 80C97 90

74C912

io!oc

74LS74

.44

74LS190

.89

74LS399

1.59

CA 3035

2.49

4047 .90 80C98 1.15

74C914

1.95

74LS75

.49

74LS191

.89

74LS4 24

2.89

CA 3039

1.25

4049 .50

74C915

2.00

74LS76

.39

74LS192

.89

74LS447

.75

CA 3046

1.25

4050 50 74C00 .35

74C918

2.75

74LS78

.49

74LSI 93

.89

74LS4 90

1.89

CA 3053

1.45

4051 .90 74C02 .35

74C920

17.95

74LS83

.75

74LS194

.89

74LS668

1.65

CA 3059

2.90

4053 .90 74C04 .35

74C921

15.95

/4LS85

.95

74LS195

.89

74LS669

1.85

CA 3060

2.90

4060 1.39 74C08 .35

74C922

5.59

74LS86

.39

74LS196

.79

74LS6 70

2.10

CA 3065

1.75

4066 .75 74C10 .35

74C923

5.95

74LS90

.65

74LS197

.79

74LS6 74

9.50

CA 3080

1.10

4068 .39 74C14 1.50

74C925

6.75

74LS91

.79

74LS221

1.10

74LS6 82

2.99

CA 3081

1.65

4069 .30 74C20 .35

74C926

7.95

74LS9 2

.65

74LS240

.95

74LS683

2.39

CA 3082

1.65

4070 .35 74C30 .35

74C927

7.95

74LS93

.59

74LS241

.95

74LS6 84

2.39

CA 3083

1.65

4071 .30 74C32 .50

74C928

7.95

74LS95

.79

74LS242

1.79

74LS6 85

2.39

CA 3086

.80

4072 .30 74C42 1.75

74C929

19.95

74LS96

.79

74LS243

1.79

74LS688

2.39

CA 3089

2.90

4073 30 74C48 1.20

74C930

19.95

74LS107

.39

74LS244

.95

74LS6 89

2.39

CA 3130

1.25

4075 .30 74C73 .65

74LS109

.39

74LS245

1.89

CA 3140

1.15

4076 .90 74C74 .85

14409

12.90

74 LSI 12

.39

74LS24 7

.79

81 LS9 5

1.65

CA 3146

1.75

4078 .30 74C76 .80

14410

12.90

74LS1 13

.39

74LS248

1.20

81LS96

1.65

CA 3160

1.15

4081 .30 74C83 1.95

14411

11.90

74 LSI 14 74LS122

.49 .45

74LS249 74LS251

.89 1.25

81LS97 81LS9 8

1.65 1.65

CA 3401 CA 3600

.59 3.45

4082 .30 74C85 1.95 4085 .90 74C86 .95

1441 2 14419

12.90 4.90

DoKau

U\J l\vAU Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050 (800) 538-8800 Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800)848 8008 i408) 988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BANKftMERICARD

'master charge]

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UP Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.0 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6W% Sale Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. W reserve the right to limit quantities and substitut manufacturer. Prices subject to change withou notice. Send SASE for complete l.ist.

584

BYTE December 1982

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

APPLE'II USERS DISK DRIVE!

DoKOtU Computer

Includes metal cabinet

Color matches Apple

35 Tracks/single side

Includes cable

Use with Apple II Controller

279.00

Products,

WITH CONTROLLER CARD - 359.95

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE AND RECEIVE A 5";, DISCOUNT

UPGRADE

4116 -200*. 8/10.00

\

*0

280 Z80 Z80 Z80 Z80 Z80 Z80 Z80 Z80

2.S MHZ CPU

PIO

CTC

DMA

DART

SIO/0

SIO/1

SIO/2

SIO/9

Z80A-CPU Z80A-PIO Z80A-CTC

3.75 4.95 4.95 16.95 14.95 17.95 17.95 17.95 16.95

4.95 4.95 6.95

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-DART

Z80A-SIO/0

Z80A-SIO/1

Z80A-SIO/2

Z80A-SIO/9

6.0 MHZ Z80B-CPU Z80B-PIO Z80B-CTC

ZILOG Z6132 Z8671

25.95 17.95 21.95 21.95 21.95 18.95

16.95 14.95 14.95

Call

Call

3250 KELLER STREET, #9

Diskettes

5X

ATHANA SS SD SOFT.

ATHANA SS DD SOFT

ATHANA

DS DD SOFT

23.95 24.95 31.95

BULK

SS DD SOFT $1.85ea

CLOCK CIRCUITS

MM 5314 4.90 MM 5369 3.90 MM 5375 4.90 MM 58167 8.90 MM 58174 10.95

MSM 5832 6.90

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800) 538-8800

(800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) ALL MERCHANDISE IS 100% GUARANTEED

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

LINEAR

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM31 1

LM31 7T

LM31 7K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

.32

. /'j 1.25

.04 1.65

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.00

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.'19

.9b

LM7-1 1

LM74 7

LM748

LMI J 10

MC1330

MCI 350

MCI 358

LM14 14

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LMI800

LM1889

LM39O0

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.-19

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.95

.95

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

Disc Controllers

1771 1791 1793 1795 1797 1691 UPD 765

16.00 27.95 29.95 49.95 49.95 17.95 34.95

9000 SERIES

)316 )334 )368 )401 )601 )602 36S02

.95 2.39 3.69 8.95

.69 1.39 1.79

MISC.

11 C 90 3242 MC 3470 MC 3480 ULN 2003 CA 3146 2513-001 up 2513-002 low

12.95 6.95 7.95 8.95 5.95 1.75 9.69 9.69

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T 7808T 7B12T 7815T 7824T

7805K 7812K 7815K 7824K

7905T

.75 .75 .75 .75 .85

1.29 1.29 1.29 1.29 .85

7908T 7912T 7915T 7924T

.85 .85 .85 .95

7905K 1.39

7912K 1.39

7915K 1.39

7924K 1.39

T = TO-220 K = TO-3

CONNECTORS

RS232 Male

RS232 Female

RS232 Female Right Angle

RS232 Hood

30 pin Edge

44 pin Edge

50 pin Edge

86 pin Edge

100 pin ST

100 pin W/W

3.00 3.50 4.95 1.20 2.49 2.49 2.69 3.90 3.90 4.90

DoKau

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHZ

10 MHZ

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

5.0

5.068B

1.90 4.50 4.50 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90

5.185

5.7143

6.5536

8.0

10.0

14.31818

18.0

18.432

20.0

22.1184

32.0

3.90 3.90 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.90 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.90

8000

8035

8039

8080A

8085A

8088

8155

8156

8185

8741

8748

8755

8202

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8238

6.95

7.59

3.90

7.95

34.95

7.75

8.75

29.00

39.00

14.95

29.95

27.95

3.45

1.80

3.75

1.75

2.45

1.80

4.50

19.00

4 75

8239

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8259

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

4.75

4.75

14.90

4.50

8.75

9.75

4.50

5.20

8.50

6.85

39.00

29.00

9.25

9.95

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.00

IC Sockets

8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN

ST

.10 .12 .15 .20 .25 .25 .25 .35 .40

W/W

.49

.50

.57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

ST = Soldertail W/W = Wirewrap

6800

1 MHz

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809 E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

2 r

68BO0

68B02

68B09

68B09 f

68B10

68B21

68B45

68B50

8 MHz

68000 95.95

4.75

8.65

8.45

11.95

17.95

2.90

3.50

3.50

14.90

7.95

32.95

32.95

16.90

11.95

3.20

3.50

10.90

11.90

6.90

1.80

22.95

10.00 21.95 28.95 29.90 7.90 12.00 34.00 12.00

Power Supplies

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

±12 VOLT 1 AMP

34.95

U\J IXVAVJ Computer Products, Inc.

3250 Keller Street, #9

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(300) 848 8008 (408) 988 0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-6:00 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard 1

r^^

VISA

[ master charge

_l

^^ ^ ■

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6%% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 181 on Inquiry card.

BYTE December 1982

585

Disk Drive for Apple $289.95

Modems

CP/M 3.0 Upgrade \ Single Board Computer

SIGNALMAN - Anchor

Direct-connect automatic answer/originate selection, 300 Baud lull duplex, Bell 103, includes RS-232 cable IOM-5600A Signalman $89.95

SMARTMODEM - Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing, RS-232C interlace, programmable

IOM-5400A Smartmodem $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem II $328.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program lor MMII $89.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem WO $368.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 Baud, direct connect, autoanswer/auto-dial, touch & pulse dialing, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for printer IOM-5232A Save $50.00 $324.95

1200 BAUD SMARTMODEM - Hayes

1200 and 300 baud, all the features of the standard

Smartmodem plus 1200 baud, 212 compatible, full or hall

duplex.

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $599.95

1200 BAUD AUTO CAT - Novation

212 Auto Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, autodial/answer/disconnect, LED readout displays mode, analog/digital loop-back self tests, usable with multi-line phones. IOM-5231A 212 Auto Cat $649.95

Video Monitors

HI-RES 12" GREEN - Zenith

15 MHz bandwith 700 tines/inch, P31 green phosphor, switchable 40 or 80 columns, small, light-weight & portable. VDM-201201 List price $189.95 $129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN - NEC

20 MHz bandwidth, P31 phosphor ultra-high resolution video monitor with audio.

VDM-651200 Deluxe model $199.95

VDM-651260 Economy model $149.95

12" COLOR MONITOR - NEC

High resolution color monitor with audio.

VDC-651212 Color monitor $389.95

NEC-1202D RGB color monitor $999.95

13" COLOR MONITORS - BMC

18 MHz RGB & composite video color monitors.

VDC-421320 13" RGB Color $369.95

VDC-421310 13" Composite video $329.95

VDX-420090 RGB card for Apple $149.95

COLOR MONITORS - Amdek

Reasonably priced color video monitors.

VDC-80130 13" Color I $379.95

VDC-801320 13" Color It $894.95

IOV-2300A DVM board lor Apple $199.95

AMBER or GREEN MONITORS - Jade

High resolution 18 MHz compact video monitors.

VDM-751210 12" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-751220 12" Green phosphor $139.95

VDM-750910 9" Amber phosphor $149.95

VDM-750920 9" Green phosphor $139.95

EPROM Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.50

XME-3200A Economy model $39.95

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail

NEW CP/M 3.0 - Digital Research

CP/M 3.0 is Digital Research's latest version of the industry standard disk operating system. It features many performance improvements such as intelligent record buffering, improved directory handling, "HELP" facility, time/date stamping of files and many more improvements. AND A TREMENDOUS INCREASE IN SPEED .'/.', it is fully CP/M 2.2 compatible and requires no changes to your existing application software. Available only to Versafloppy If owners with SBC-200 CPU's

SFC-55009057F CP/M 3.0 8" with manuals $200.00

SFC-55009057D CP/M 3.0 manual set $30.00

Apple II Accessories

APPLE DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS 3.3, half-track capability - reads ail Apple software, plugs right in to Apple controller as second drive, DOS 3.3, 3.2.1, Pascal, S. CP/M compatible.

MSM-123200 40 Track addon Apple drive $289.95 MSM-123200 Controller with free DOS 3.3 $99.95

16K RAM CARD - for Apple II

Expand your Apple II to 64K, use as language card, lull 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00 ?

MEX-16700A Save over $100.00 $69.95

Z-80 CPU CARD - for Apple II

Two computers in one, Z-80 & 6502, more than doubles the power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card CP/M and complete manual set. CPX-62800A A 8, T with software $249.95

APPLE-CAT - Novation

Software selectable 1200 or 300 baud, direct connect, autoanswer/auto-dial, auxiliary 3-wire RS232C serial port for printer. IOM-5232A Save $50.00!!! $325.95

8" DISK CONTROLLER - Vista

New from Vista Computer, single or double sided, single or double density, compatible with DOS 3.2/3.3, Pascal, 8, CP/M 2.2. Shugarl & Qume compatible IOD-2700A A & T $499.95

2 MEGABYTES for Apple II

Complete package includes: Two 8" double-density disk

drives, Vista double-density 8" disk controller, cabinet,

power supply, & cables, DOS 3.2/3.3. CP/M 2.2, & Pascal

compatible.

1 MegaByte Package Kit $1495.00

1 MegaByte Package AS. T $1695.00

2 MegaByte Package Kit $1795.00

2 MegaByte Package A & T $1995.95

VISION 80 - Vista Computer

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II, 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case, 9x10 dot matrix with 3 dot descenders, standard data media terminal control codes, CP/M Pascal S, Fortran compatible, 50/60 Hz IOV-2400A Vista Vision 80 $299.95

CPS MULTICARD - Mtn. Computer

Three cards in one! Real time clock/calendar, serial interface, & parallel interface - all on one card. IOX-2300A A & T $179.95

Power Strips

ISOBAR - GSC

Isolates & protects your valuable equipment from high voltage spikes & AC line noise, inductive isolated ground, 15 amp circuit breaker, U.L. listed

EME-115103 3 socket $39.50

EME-115105 4 socket $49.50

EME-115100 8 socket $54.50

EME-115110 9 socket rackmount $74.50

locations. Please call the store nearest

SUPERQUAD - Adv. Micro Digital

Single board, standard size S-100 computer system, 4 MHz Z-80 A, single or double density disk controller for 5y4" or 8" drives, 64K RAM, extended addressing, up to4K of EPROM, 2 serial & 2 parallel I/O ports, real lime interrupt clock. CP/M compatible.

CPC-30800A A & T $724.95

IOX-4232A Serial I/O adapter $29.95

Z-80 STARTER KIT - SD Systems

Complete Z-80 microcomputer with RAM, ROM, I/O, keyboard, display, kludge area, manual, & workbook.

CPS-30100K Kit with workbook $299.95

CPS-30100A A & T with workbook $469.95

AIM-65 - Rockwell International

Complete 6502 microcomputer with alphanumeric display, printer, keyboard, & instruction manual.

CPK-50165A 1K AIM-65 $424.95

CPK-50465A 4K AIM-65 $474.95

SFK-74600008E 8K Basic ROM $64.95

SFK-64600004E 4K assembler ROM $43.95

SFK-74600020E PL/65 ROM $84.95

SFK-74600010E Forth ROM $64.95

SFK-74600030E Instant Pascal $99.95

PSX-030A Power supply $64.95

ENX-000002 Enclosure $54.95

SPECIAL PACKAGE

4K AIM-65. 8K Basic, power supply. & enclosure Special Package Price $649.95

S-100 EPROM Boards

PROM-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716, 2732 EPROM programmer with software.

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

PB-1 - SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer.

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A & T with manual $219.95

EPROM BOARD - Jade

16K or 32K uses 2708 or 2716 EPROMs, IK boundary.

MEM-16230K Kit w/o EPROMs $79.95

MEM-16230A A & T w/o EPROMs $119.95

S-100 Video Boards

SPECTRUM COLOR - CompuPro

Full-function color graphics board, up to 8 colors, 256 x 192 graphics, parallel I/O port, 8K RAM.

IOV-1870A AST $348.95

IOV-1870C CSC $39B.95

MICROANGELO - Scion

Ultra-high-resolution 512 x 480. 256 color or black & whiteS

100 video board

IOV-1500A A & T $799.95

S-100 MotherBoards

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple, and on sale - a better motherboard 6 Slot f5%" x S%")

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061 A A & T $69.95

12 Slot (9W x 8%")

MBS-121B Bare board $34.95

MBS-121K Kit $69.95

MBS-121A A & T $109.95

18 Slot (14y2" x 8%")

MBS-181B Bare board $54.95

MBS-181K Kit $99.95

MBS-181A A & T $149.95

ACTIVE TERMINATOR - CompuPro

A true mother's helper. TSX-100A A & T $59.45

Circle 253 on inquiry card. you for local price and availability.

64K Static RAM *299.95

S-100 CPU Boards

S-100 Memory Boards

S-100 I/O Boards

8086/8087 - CompuPro

16 Si/. S or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with provisions lor 8087 & 80130

CPU-70520A 8 MHz 8086 A 8 T S624.95

CPU-70520C 8 MHz 8086 CSC S764.95

CPU-70530A with 8087 A S T $1224.95

CPU-70530C with 8087 CSC $1455.95

8085/8088 - CompuPro

Both 8 & t6 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz. accesses 16 Megabytes ol memory.

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A & T $398.95

CPU-20510C C 8 MHz CSC $497.95

CPU-Z - CompuPro

2 4 MHz ZBOA CPU. 24 bit addressing.

CPU-30500A 2 4 MHz A & T $279.95

CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC $374.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial 8 parallel I O. IK RAM. 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included

CPC-30200A AS. T $399.95

THE BIG Z - Jade

2 or 4 MHz switchable Z-80 CPU board with serial I O. accomodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud rales from 76 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board w/manual S35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with manual $149.95

CPU-30210A AST with manual $199.95

CB-2 - SSM Microcomputer

2 or 4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with provision lor up to 8K ol ROM or 4K ol RAM on board, extended addressing, IEEE S100. Iron! panel compatible

CPU-30300K Kit with manual $229.95

CPU-303O0A A S T with manual $274.95

2810 Z-80 CPU -CCS.

2 or 4 MHZ Z-80 CPU with senal I O port S on-board monitor

PROM, front panel compatible

CPU-30400A A S T with PROM 5289.95

2820 Z-80 DMA CPU - CCS.

4 MHz Z-80 CPU board with 2 serial I O ports S Centronics parallel I O port, separate data & status potts. DMA daisy chain compatible. CPU-30420A A S T with manual $569.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

DISK 1 - CompuPro

8" or 5%" DMA disk controller, single or double density, single or double sided. 10 MHz.

IOD-1810A A & T $449.95

IOD-1810C CSC $554.95

SFC-52506580F 8" CP/M 2.2 lor Z-80 $174.95

SFC-52506586F 8" CP/M 2.2 lor 8086 $299.95

SFO-54158000F Oasis single user $499.95

SFO-54158002F Oasis multi-user 5849.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination ol 5%" and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop data separator, vectored interrupts. CP M 2.2 S Oasis compatible, controlidiagnostic soltware PROM included

IOD-1160A A & T with PROM $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP M 2.2 with VF II 599.95

2242 DISK CONTROLLER - CCS.

5' j" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot

loader ROM. tree CP M 2.2 S manual set.

IOD-1300A A & T with CP M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D -Jade

High reliabttly double density disk controller with on-board Z-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100. can function in multi-user interrupt driven bus.

IOD-1200B Bare board 8, hdwr man S59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w.'hdwr & sltwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T wlhdwr S sltwr man $325.95

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

256K RAMDISK - SD Systems

ExpandoRAM III expandable from 64K to 256K using64Kx1 RAM chips, compatible with CP M. MPM. Oasis. Cromemco. & most other Z-80 based systems, functions as ultra-high speed disk drive when used with optional RAMDISK soltware.

MEM-65064A 64K A 8. T $474.95

MEM-65128A 128K A & T $574.95

MEM-65192A 192K A S T $674.95

MEM-65256A 2S6K A & T S774.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK sltwr CPM 2.2 $44.95

SFC-55009000F RAMDISK with EXRAM 111 $24.95

128K RAM 21 - CompuPro

128K x 8 bit or 64K x 16 bit static RAM board. 12 MHz. 24 bit addressing.

MEM-12810A A & T $1609.95

MEM-12810C CSC $1794.95

64K RAM 17 - CompuPro

64K CMOS static RAM board. 10 MHz. low power less than 4 waits. DMA compatible. 24 bit addressing

MEM-64180A 64K A & T $549.95

MEM-64180C 64K CSC $698.95

64K RAM 16 - CompuPro

32K x 16 bit oi 64K x 8 bit low power static RAM board. 10 MHz. 24 bil addressing.

MEM-32180A RAM 16 A 8, T $598.95

MEM-32180C RAM 16 CSC $698.95

64K STATIC RAM - SSM

IEEE696 S-100standard.upto6MHz BBil. 12MHz 16Bit,24 Bit extended addressing, disahle-able in 2K increments MEM-64300A A & T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

64K static S-100 RAM card. 4 to 16K banks up to 8 MHz. MEM-64400A 64K A & T $499.95

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit extended addressing. 200ns RAMs. lower 32K or entire board phantomable. 2716 EPROMs may be subbed lor RAMs. any 2K segment ol upper 8K may be disabled, low power typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kil less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32K kil $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add $56.00

2066 64K RAM - CCS.

64K RAM board with bank and block select switching functions for Cromemeco Cromix & Alpha Micro. MEM-64566A 64K A & T $424.95

64K EXPANDORAM II - SD Systems

Expandable RAM board from 16K to 64K using 4116 RAM chips.

MEM-16630A 16K A & T $344.95

MEM-32631A 32K A & T $364.95

MEM-4B632A 48K A 8 T $384.95

MEM-64633A 64K A 8 T $399.95

MEMORY BANK -Jade

4 MHz S-100 bank selectable expandable to 64K.

MEM-99730B Bare board w manual $49.95

MEM-99730K Kit with no RAM $179.95

MEM-32731K 32K kit $199.95

MEM-64733K 64K kit $249.95

Assembled & Tested add $50.00

16K STATIC RAM - Mem Merchant

4MHz lo-power static RAM board. IEEE S-100. bank selectable, addiessable in 4K blocks, disable-able in 1K segments extended addressing. MEM-16171A 16K A & T $149.95

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 - CompuPro

Real time clock, three 16 bit interval timers, dual inteirupl controllers! 15 levels), up to 4K EPROM RAM. RS-232C serial channel, provision lor 9511A 9512 math chip.

IOX-1850A SS! A & T $359.95

IOX-1850C SSI CSC $459.95

IOX-1855A with 9511 A & T $554.95

IOX-1855C with 9511 CSC 5654.95

IOX-1860A with 9512 A & T $554.95

IOX-1860C with 9512 CSC 5654.95

INTERFACER 1 - CompuPro

2 senal I O ports 50-19 2K baud

IOI-1810A A & J $218.95

IOI-1810C CSC 5288.95

INTERFACER 2 - CompuPro

3 parallel. 1 serial. & interrupt timer

IOI-1820A A a T 5218.95

IOI-1820C CSC $288.95

INTERFACER 3 - CompuPro

5 or 8 channel serial I O board lor interrupt driven multi-user systems up to 250K baud.

IOI-1835A 5 port A 8 T 5558.95

IOI-1835C 5 port CSC 5628.95

I0I-1838A 8 port A & T 5628.95

IOI-1838C 8 port CSC $749.95

INTERFACER 4 - CompuPro

3 senal. 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel.

IOI-1840A A & T 5314.95

IOI-1840C CSC 5414.95

MPX - CompuPro

Multi-user I O multiplexer 8 interrupt controller with onboard 8085A-2 CPU & 4K or 16K ol RAM.

IOI-1875A 4K MPX A & T 5444.95

I0I-1875C 4K MPX CSC $534.95

IOI-1880A 16K MPX A & T 5584.95

IOI-1880C 16K MPX CSC 5674.95

I/0-8 - SSM Microcomputer

Eight software programmable serial I O ports. 110 -19.2K

Baud, ideal lor multi-user systems

IOI-1018A AST $469.95

I/0-5 - SSM Microcomputer

Two serial S 3 parallel I O ports. 110-19.2K Baud IOI-1015A AS T $289.95

MPC-4 - SD Systems

Intelligent 4-port serrat I O card, on-board Z-80A. 2K RAM. 4K PROM area, on-board firmware, fully buffered, vectored interrupts, four CTC channels, add to SD Board set lor powerlul multi-user system IOI-1504A AST wsoftware $495.00

I/0-4 - SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I O ports plus 2 parallel I O ports.

IOI-1010B Bare board w,manual $35.00

IOI-10T0K Kil with manual $179.95

IOI-1010A AST with manual $249.95

2830 6 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Six asynchronous RS-232C serial 10 ports with

programmable baud rates.

IOI-1040A AST with manual $529.95

2710 4 PORT SERIAL - CCS.

Four RS-232C serial I/O ports with lull handshaking. IOI-1060A AST with manual $319.95

2719 2 SER & 2 PAR - CCS.

Two RS-232C serial I O ports plus two 8 bil parallel I O ports. IOI-1080A AST with manual $349.95

See page 588 for Ordering Information

Double-Density Disk Drive s249

Save $500.00 Dual 8" Disk Drive Sub-System Kit - $695.00 Assembled & Tested - $795.00

Printers on Sale

NEW EPSONS with GRAFTRAX-plus

C33

MX-80 MX-80FT MX-100

Available only from your local Jade Retail Store

Dallas, Woodland Hills, Santa Ana, San Diego, Sunnyvale, Los Angeles

Call the store near you tor price or Information.

INDUSTRIAL QUALITY PRINTERS - Okidata

We Can Beat Any Price... Call Us!!!

Mlcrollne 82A 80/132 column. 120 CPS, 9x9dotmatrix, friction feed, pin feed, adjustable tractor feed (optional), handles 4 part forms up to 9.5" wide, rear & bottom feed, paper tear bar. 100% duty cycle/200,000,000 character print head, bi-directional/logic seeking, both serial & parallel Interfaces Included, front panel switch & program control of 10 different form lengths, uses inexpensive spool type ribbons, double width & condensed characters, true lower case descenders & graphics PRM-43082 Friction 4 pin teed Call

Mlcrollne 83A 132/232 column, 120 CPS, forms up lo 15" wide, removable tractor, plus all the features ol the 82A. PRM-43083 with FREE tractor Call

Mlcrollne 84 132/232 column, Hi-speed 200 CPS, full dot graphics built in, plus all the features of the 83A.

PRM-43084 Centronics parallel Call

PRM-43085 Serial with 2K buffer Call

PRA-27081 Apple card $39.95

PRA-27082 Apple cable $19.95

PRA-27087 TflS-80 cable $24.95

PRA-43081 2K hi speed serial card $99.95

PRA-43082 Hi-res graphics ROMs B2A $49.95

PRA-43083 Hi-graphics ROMs 83A $49.95

PRA-43088 Tractor option lor 82A $49.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons pkg. of 2 $9.95

8023 DOT MATRIX - NEC

100 CPS, proportional spacing, hi-resoiution graphics, correspondence quality printing, bi-directional tractor & friction feed.

NEC-8023A 8023 parallel $499.95

NEC-8023-01 8023 ribbon $11.95

TP-1 LETTER QUALITY - SCM

12 CPS daisy wheel printer from Smith Corona.

PRD-45101 Centronics parallel $648.95

PRD-45102 RS-232C serial $648.95

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER - Jade

Uses standard daisy wheels and ribbon cartridges, 16 CPS bi-directional printing, semi-automatic paper loader (single sheet or Ian fold), 10/12/15 pitch, up lo 16" paper, built-in noise suppression cover,

PRD-11001 Centronics parallel $899.95

PRD-11002 RS-232C serial model $969.95

PRA-11000 Tractor Option $169.95

KSR DAISY WHEEL - Anderson-Jacobson

Letter quality communications terminal/printer with full typewriter keyboard, 30 CPS Diablo print mechanism, RS232 interface, includes free printer stand with deluxe casters, print wheel, ribbon, friction feed standard (tractor feed optional), factory refurbished with 30 day warranty, shipped freight collect.

PRD-99100 AJ KSR printer $995.00

PRA-99200 Tractor option $150.00

PRINTER PALS - F.M.J. Inc.

Desk top printer stand and continuous form paper holder. PRA-99080 tor MX-80, MX-80FT, Oki 82A, NEC .. $29.95

PRA-99100 tor MX-100, Oki 83A & 84 $34.95

PRA-99700 for letter quality printers $49.95

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

5y4" Disk Drives

Tandon TM100-1 single-sided double-density 48 TPI MSM-551001 $219 95 ea 2 lor $199.95 ea

Shugart SA400L single-sided double-density 40 track MSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 tor $224.95 ea

Shugart SA455 halt-size double-sided 48 TPI MSM-104550 $349.95 ea 2 lor $329.95 ea

Shugart SA465 halt-size doule-sided 96 TPI MSM-104650 $399.95 ea 2 for $379.95 ea

Tandon TM100-2 double-sided double-density 48 TPI MSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Shugart SA4S0 double-sided double-density 35 track MSM-104500 $349.95 ea 2 for $329.95 ea

Tandon TM100-3 single-sided double-density 96 TPI MSM-551003 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

Tandon TM100-4 double-sided double-density 96 TPI MSM-551004 $394.95 ea 2 for $374.95 ea

MPI B-51 single-sided double-density 40 track MSM-155100 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

MPI B-52 double-sided double-density 40 track MSM-155200 $344.95 ea 2 for $334.95 ea

MPI B-91 singie-sided double-density 77 track MSM-155300 $369.95 ea 2 for $359.95 ea

MPI B-92 double-sided double-density 77 track MSM-155400 $469.95 ea 2 for $459.95 ea

5%" Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply $94.95

8" Disk Drives

Shugart SA810 half-size single-sided double-density MSF-108100 $424.95 ea 2 for $394.95 ea

Shugart SA860 halt-size double-sided double-density MSF-108600 $574.95 ea 2 for $549.95 ea

Shugart SA801R single-sided double-density MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA851R double-sided double-density MSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM848-1 single-sided double-den thin-line MSF-558481 $379.95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM848-2 double-sided double-den thin-line MSF-558482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

Qume DT-8 double-sided double-density MSF-750080 $524.95 ea 2 for $498.95 ea

Mitsubishi M2894-63 double-sided double-density MSF-289463 $494.95 ea 2 for $474.95 ea

Siemens FDD 100-8 single-sided double-density MSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.00 ea

Dual Disk Sub-Systems

Disk Sub-Systems - Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air

flow system, rugged dual drive power supply, power cable

kit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, never- H mar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk ^g drives, power supply, and fan, does not include signal cable, m

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinef $59.95 ■

END-000421 Cabinet kit $225.00 |

END-000431 A & T $359.95 ■

8" Sub-Systems ■ Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 FD100-8DS $695.00 ■

END-000424 A & T w/2 FD100-8DS $795.00 |

END-000433 Kit w/2 SA-801RS $999.95 ■

END-000434 A & T w/2 SA-801 Rs $1195.00 I

8" Sub-Systems - Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 DT-Ss $1224.95 I

END-000427 A & T w/2 DT-8S $1424.95 ■

END-000436 Kit w/2 SA-851RS $1274.95 |

END-000437 A S, T w/2 SA-851RS $1474.95 •

Prices may be slightly higher at our retail locations. Please ^ contact the store In your area lor exact pricing.

IBM PC Accessories

512K PC/RAM STACK - Hammond

A high quality, high density memory expansion board for your PC, cool-quiel-reliable operation, lull parity checking, unique stacking sockets, expandable from 256K to 512K, MDRIVE high speed RAMdisk software only $25.00 with 256K or 512K board purchase.

MEX-25600A 256K assembled & tested $795.00

MEX-51200A 512K assembled & tested $999.95

MEX-25600S MDRIVE disk emulator $25.00

256K PC/RAM - Hammond Engineering

* User expandable from 64K to 256K. same high quality standards as the RAM Stack above, designed for medium memory expansion requirements.

* MEX-64000A 64K assembled & tested $299.95

MEX-128000A 128K assembled & tested $399.95

MEX-192O00A )92K assembled & tested $499.95

MEX-256000A 256K assembled & tested $569.95

PC/SASI RAM - Hammond Engineering

Three boards in one. 256K ol RAM. RS-232 asynchronous serial interface, and a SASI (Shugart Assoc Standard Interlace) hard disk interlace. IOX-6000A PC/SASI RAM $1095.00

PC EXTENDER CARD - Computet

High quality extender card with free connectors for IBM PC

bus.

TSX-300A A & T with connectors $42.95

WIRE WRAP BOARD - Computet

Highest quality, extremely versatile proto typing board with

gold plated card edge for IBM PC.

TSX-310A Proto board $59.95

Jade Bus Probe

THE BUS PROBE - Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

So your computer is down. And you don't have an oscilloscope. And you don't have a front panel... You're not alone - most computers have their occasional bad days. But without diagnostic equipment such as an oscilloscope (expensive!) or a front panel (expensive!), it can be very difficult to pinpoint the problem. Even if you have an extender board with a superfast logic probe, you can't see more than one signal at a time. You're stuck, right?

Not anymore; Jade is proud to offer our cost-effective solution to the problems mentioned above: THE BUS PROBE.

Whether you're a hobbyist with a cantankerous kluge or a field technician with an anxious computer owner breathing down your neck, you'll find THE BUS PROBE speeds your repair time remarkably. Just plug in THE BUS PROBE and you'll be able to see all the IEEE S-100 signals in action. THE BUS PROBE allows you to see inputs, outputs, memory reads and writes, instruction fetches. DMA channels, vectored interrupts, 8 or 16 bil wide data transfers, plus the three bus supply voltages.

An on-board pulse generator can provide repetitive resets, interrupts, or wait states, for trouble shooting.

TSX-200B Bare board $59.95

TSX-200K Kit $119.95

TSX-200A A&T $149.95

Place Orders Toll Free\

Continental U.S. Inside California

800-421-5500 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

Computer Products

4901 W. Rosecrans, Hawthorne, CA 90250

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders ' from qualified firms & institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15 I California residents add 6y;%tax. Export customersoutsidethe I US or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Price* and avalllbtllty I subject to change without notice. Shipping & handling charges I via UPS Ground 50C/lb. UPS Air $1 00/lb minimumcharge$3.00 ■

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Seven 100-megabyte Calcomp Trident hard-disk drives; asking S10 per megabyte. Also, two 1600 BPI 125 IPS tape drives with auto load. All IBM-compatible, includes cables and manuals. Excellent for the industrious hobbyist. Call Alex at (305) 392-4128 or 940-3338.

FOR SALE: [MSA! 8080 22-slot. S-100 bus system, including front panel, processor board, disk drive with controller. 32K static RAM, video board, full ASCII keyboard with interface, portable black-and-white TV as display. Mullen extender board with logic probe. BASIC. DOS. and monitor; S2I50. Also. Equipment rack with 19- by 72-inch panel area, including rear door, outlet strip, and cooling fan. Make an offer. Ronald Roybal, 856-105 Minnesota Ave.. San Jose, CA 95125. (408) 297-7096 evenings.

WANTED: CDC Hawk 10-megabyte hard-disk drive or Shugart SA-I004 Winchester drive. Must be reasonable. Steve Waechter. POB 3597, Fullerton. CA 92634. (714) 674-3071 evenings. 871-2863 days.

FOR SALE: BYTE from issue #1 through June 1980. Mint condition with shelf box holders. Best written offer within 30 days of this ad. Include name, address, and phone number. C. A. Reece. 1915 White Rose. Carrollton. TX 75007.

FOR SALE: Burroughs 14000 computer complete with tape punch and punched tape reader in working condition. You must provide shipping. Will fit in the back of a one-half ton pickup truck. Best offer. Russell Tiffany. R.R. 1, Box 28. Hallstead. PA 18822.

FOR SALE: OSI C3-SI computer with 48K static RAM. dual 8-inch disk drives. 6502/680O/Z8O processor, all manuals, two operating systems. BASIC, and much software. New: S4400: sell: $3100. A. Babudro, POB 5758. San Diego, CA 92105. |7I4J 284-9646.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 complete system with 48K RAM. 4-port serial I/O. CP/M-capable with H-17 dual floppy disk. CP/M and miscellaneous software included, plus more than 40 minidisks with light use. System carefully assembled, in excellent condition, with all manuals. S2675 value in last catalog, will sell ali for S1750 including shipping. Or, will sell separately. Also, old H-9 terminal, video needs work, keyboard and video display okay, make an offer. Gary Hammond, POB 54. Weirs Beach. NH 03246. (603) 497-3521 evenings.

FOR SALE: First-class system. Godbout Big 16 plus drives, analog I/O. smart terminal, cables. CP/M-80. CP/M-86. PascalMT+. Pascal/M-86, VEDIT, and more. Excellent condition. Hard to beat at S3995. Karl Sipfle, 3400 Lloyds Lane E-S, Mobile, AL 36609, (205) 343-2820 evenings.

NOTICE: Inmate working with Burroughs 1800 series in FORTRAN. COBOL and BASIC. Also. TRS-80 Model I Level II. Would like to correspond and exchange ideas, programs, and advanced concepts with computer enthusiasts. Will execute individual's programs, as long as they are contributing to educational benefits. Also, would like hard copies of TRS-80 software: games and educational. David Bensmger, #RI06-475. POB 56. Lebanon, OH 45036.

FOR SALE: Compucolor II with I6K RAM. 32K ROM. disk. 15 MHz color display. 71-key keyboard. RS-232C port. 24-hour clock, graphics and DOS in ROM. all manuals, and documentation for hardware and software included. Also, software includes Statistics, word processing, Data Base Management, assembler, editor, chess. Star Trek and eight other game disks. Cost S2280. will sell for SI 100. C. Lovejoy. 49 South St.. Natick. MA 01760. (617) 655-8851 7-9 p.m.

FOR SALE: Srnctly Commodore back issues; almost one-half of each issue consists of practical, useful, and entertaining programs for PET. VIC-20. CBM. and Super PET computers; $2 each. Also have several exciting arcade-type games; S15 each. R. Olanson, 47 Coachwood PI. N.W.. Calgary. Alberta. T3H IEI Canada.

FOR SALE: Apple II Plus computer with I6K RAM and Leedex Video 100 black-and-white 12-inch monitor; both I year old. Total price S1100. Certified check. I pay shipping. Dr. Alan J. Grant. 530 44th St.. Brooklyn, NY 11220. (212) 436-1714.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 16K Level II with Scott Adams' Adventure I through 3 and Starfighter; Big Five's Galaxy Invasion; Radio Shack's Dancing Demon. Raaka-Tu. Space Warp, and Dumb Terminal with cable; Soft Sector Marketing's Alien Defense; Med System's Labyrinth. I upgraded to an Osborne I. Also, I want information on converting the POKE statements in Avalon Hill's Tanktics into something I can use on the Osborne I. Robert Bauer. 4059-L Donald, Eugene, OR 97405. (503) 344-4592.

FOR SALE: Apple II system including 48K memory, Applesoft in ROM. disk drive. Z80 Softcard. RS-232C interface card, plus a library of over 100 programs; $2200. R. S. Steele, 103 West Melbourne, Oak Ridge, TN 37g30. (615) 482-5633.

FOR SALE: Tl 99/4A computer that has been barely used. S300 with video modulator and one command module. T. N. Gautier. 4758 South Appletree Ave.. Tucson, AZ 85730. (602) 790-4533.

WANTED: Apple computer programs to swap, including Mountain Computer Music System disks. Jerry Bolin, 831 Poplar St.. Missoula. MT 59802.

WANTED: Information on software with medical applications for a reference source on medical computing. I am interested in programs related to medical diagnosis, decision making, record keeping, office management, clinical research, or medical education. A listing of available programs and their sources will be included in the final publication. Jeffrey D. Horbar, M.D., Computer Section. Pediatrics. University of Vermont, College of Medicine. Given Building. Burlington, VT 05405.

FOR SALE: Microfiche retrieval and reading system, automated, computer-controlled. Also, used Image Systems Model 201 with computer interface, holds 720 fiche. Asking S9500. R. Klein. 2929 East 6th St.. Tucson. AZ 85716. (602) 327-2636 or 626-4 I 19.

FOR SALE: IBM Correcting Selectnc typewriter/printer; SIO00. Conversion was done by Micro Computer Devices of California. The unit includes a black box and accepts RS-232C

serial interface from terminal or microcomputer. Extra features include sound reduction, dead-key disconnect (for foreignlanguage work), and a set of 24 typing elements. Also HP82143A thermal printer for HP-41C programmable calculator at one-half of the list price. M. Barret, 2 Tudor City, 1-C North. New York. NY 10017. (212) 949-CO09.

FOR SALE: BYTE #1 through 12/79 in excellent condition. S150 or best offer. Also have Interface Age. Kilobaud Microcomputing. 80-US, TRS-80 Monthly, and Creative Computing Gary S. Fix. 5505 Diablo Dr.. Sacramento. CA 95842.

FOR SALE: Processor Technology SOL-20 terminal computer has I6K memory plug-in with several program-cassettes. BASIC. Electric Pencil by Shrayer. etc. Electrohome 14-inch black-and-white TV monitor. Anderson-Jacobson (IBM) AJ841 Selectronic terminal printer that gives letter-copy printout in uppercase and lowercase. Complete setup for S1600. Also, Tektronix Model 5403 mainframe dual-trace oscilloscope with display readout. In excellent condition: S1600. Bob Goodman, POB 452. Alexandria. LA 71301. (318) 445-0262 or 640-1466 after 6 p.m.

FOR SALE: LA-36 DEC writer, including RS-232C interface, shelf, casters, cover, manual, etc. Perfect condition; S900 (plus shipping) or trade for video terminal. Also selling Tally Model 420 high-speed paper-tape punch and Model 424 reader; S50 each. Printec 100 cps printer; SfOO. Paper tape; S25/case (28 roils). Peter Smart. POB 150, Silver Lake. NH 03875. (603) 367-8004.

LEGAL NOTICE

U.S. POSTAL SERVICE

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP,

MANAGEMENT

AND CIRCULATION

(Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)

1. Title of publication: BYTE.

2. Date of filing: September 24, 1982.

3. Frequency of issue: monthly.

3A. Number of issues published annually: 12. 3B. Annual Subscription Price: $19.00. A. Complete mailing address of known office of publication: 70 Main Street, Peterborough. NH 03458.

5. Complete mailing address of the headquarters or general business offices of the publishers: 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020.

6. Full names and complete mailing address of publisher, editor, and managing editor: Publisher, Virginia Londoner, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458; Editor, Christopher P. Morgan, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458; Managing Editor, Mark Haas, 70 Main Street, Peterborough, NH 03458.

7. Owner: The owner is McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Stockholders holding 1 percent or more of stock are: Donald C. McGraw, Jr.; Harold W. McGraw, Jr.; John L McGraw; William H. McGraw; June M. McBroom; Elizabeth McGraw Webster; all of 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020; Public Retirement Board of Ohio, 277 East Town Street, Columbus, OH 43215; College Retirement Equities Fund, 730 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017; E. I. du Pont De Nemours & Company, Inc. c/o Wilmington Trust Company, Box 146, 1 Rodney Square, Wilmington, DE 19899; Cede & Co. c/o Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036.

8. Known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: None.

9. Not applicable.

10. Extent and nature of circulation:

Actual

Average No. Copies

No. Copies of Single Each Issue Issue

During Published

Preceding Nearest to

12 Months Filing Date

A. Total No. Copies 302,000 330,000

B. Paid Circulation

1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and

counter sales 70,476 94,430

2. Mail Subscription 211,421 228,085

C. Total Paid Circulation 281,897 322,515

D. Free distribution by mall, carrier or other means samples, complimentary, and

other free copies 3,089 2,173

E. Total distribution 284,986 324,688

F. Copies not distributed

1. Office use, left over, unaccounted,

spoiled after printing 6,945 5.312

2. Return from news

agents 10,069 None to date

G. Total 302,000 330,000 11. I certify that the statements made by me

above are correct and complete. BYTE Virginia Londoner, Publisher

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, or trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

589

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Motorola Exorset 30 computer: 48K expandable to 56K. with supplied board. With MEX6850 ACIA card. MEX68I6 I6K RAM card, and MEX68PPI EPROM programmer. Software includes: XDOS. MBASIC compiler. 6800.05.09 macro assemblers, editor. Exorbug monitor, and more. All for S3000 Bob. |3)2) 547-0611 evenings.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: Vogue 400C Line Printer. Heavy |500 lbs) duty, large, fast (600 Ipm) printer, available in exchange for STU or Multibus cards, cash, and/or antique, classic, or bestseller computer literature (pre-79 BYTE, Knuth. Scott Kim. etc.). Bill Hall. 3 Scott Rd.. West Townsend. MA 01474. 1617) 597-6247 or 658-5125.

FOR SALE: SYM-1 single-board computer and 32K memory board Both for S250 or best offer. Charles Hembree. POB 942. El Cerrito, CA 94530. (415) 527-6677.

FOR SALE: Back issues of computer magazines. 9 titles. 124 issues. 1977 to 1982. Send SASE for list. David H. Simmons. POB 7000-140, Redondo Beach, CA 90277.

WANTED: Back issues of the following magazines: Compute, Creative Computing. Personal Computing, 80 Microcomputing, Kilobaud Mtcfixomputing, and BYTE If you have any'of these magazines in excellent condition for sale, send magazine titles, years, volumes, numbers, and your asking price. Anthony Ayiomamitis. POB 512, Station P. Toronto, Ontario. M5S2T1 Canada.

FOR SALE: Used Apple II Plus with 48K. modem, and integer card for S 1100. In excellent working condition, David Albert. 330 East 71st St.. New York. NY 10021. (212) 988-7436.

WANTED: OSI C2 OEM: advise on age. condition, and price. M. Hirsch. POB 209, Old Westbury, NY 11568. [516) 626-1265

FOR SALE: Various back issues of Kilobaud Micnxoinputirig. S3 includes postage. 101 BASIC Computer Games by Ahl. S4. Programs l:or Beginners by Blechmann, S5 includes postage. Problem Solving Principles by Lewis, S5 includes postage. Musical Applications of Microprocessors by Chamberlain. SI2 includes postage. Excess postage will be refunded. Douglas Stewart, 15 Mountain View Rd„ Cape Elizabeth. ME 04107. {207} 767-2351.

FOR SALE: 48 issues of BriE from November 1977 to June 1982. Also. 12 recent issues of Creative Computing and various copies of onComputing Compuier. Best of Byte, volume I, and IEEE Microprocessors & Microcomputers, second edition. Subjects range from computer art to voice synthesis. Many articles on hardware construction. Magazines include hundreds of super games for TRS-80. Apple, PET, and IBM, All for S80. David Luneau, RFD 9 Box H8A. Concord. NH 03301. (603) 225-4743.

WANTED: Computer terminal with modem. I am just beginning to use a computer and have access to a DEC-10 system. I am looking for a quality terminal with modem in good working condition at a very reasonable price. B. Lieberman, 627 Beverly Rd.. Pittsburgh, PA 15243. (412) 343-2508 or 624-3763.

BOMB

■"■ /_

Ongoing Monitor Box

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

I

42

Build the Circuit Cellar MPX-16 Computer

System, Part 2

Garcia

2

84

The Coinless Arcade—Rediscovered

Clark, Williams

3

92

The Vectrex Arcade System

Clark

4

94

Board to Death

Swanson

5

96

Design Techniques and Ideals

for Computer Games

Crawford

6

112

Charge!

Ray

7

124

Cosmic Conquest

Sartori-Angus

8

142

Ricochet

Williams

9

150

Action Games for the VIC-20

Kavanagh

10

160

Deadline

Morgan

11

162

Penetrator

Wszola

12

167

Character Editor for the Atari

Kilby

13

206

Microshell and Unica, Unix-Style

Enhancements for CP/M

Kern

14

222

User's Column: A Slew of Languages, a Slap

at Documentation, and a Curse at Keyboards

Pournelle

15

250

Autocontrol's AC-85, a CP/M System

on One Board

Benedict

16

260

The Soundchaser Computer Music Systems

Moog

17

278

A Brief Introduction to Electronic

Music Synthesizers

Moog

18

288

The 8051 One-Chip Microcomputer: A Most

Powerful Microcontroller

Boyet, Katz

19

314

Problem-Oriented Language, Part 1: A New

Method of Input

Finger

20

372

Practical Dynamic-Memory System Design

Belies

21

392

Multidos—A New TRS-80 Disk

Operating System

Archer

22

404

Condor Series 20 DBMS

Abbott

23

414

Test Your Memory Using the

Barber-Pole Algorithm

Pinnick

24

486

A Versatile Low-Cost Microprocessor

Controller Module

Craig

WANTED: IMSAI VDP-80 64K RAM with 8-inch disk drives, in good condition. A. M. Agapos. 147 Bradley Dr.. SNdell. LA 70458, |504) 286-6896 or 643-0791.

WANTED: Help for Mexican computer hackers. They need spare parts, modules, diagrams, software, etc. for a TI-960A computer. Also would experiment with other computers. If you give away any hardware, software, documentation, etc.. please send to James Moran, 9873 Lily St.. El Paso. TX 79927

FOR SALE: Commodore VIC-20 in good condition Includes radio frequency Modulator, cassette player, joystick, game paddles, several issues of VIC users magazine, and software including VIXEL I) and 17. S400 or best offer. Brian Hibbert. Apt 804. 1501 East Gardner Lane. Peoria Heights, IL 61614, (309) 6863689 evenings.

Answers to "Board to Death" quiz on pages 94-95.

Photo 1: Panasonic Link (handheld computer) Photo 2: Commodore VIC-20 Photo 3: Colonial Data Systems SB-80

Photo 4: California Computer Systems 2200A Photo 5: Corvus Concept Photo 6: Apple II Plus, revision D Photo 7: l6K-byte TRS-80 Color Computer

Photo 8: Western Digital Pascal Microengine Photo 9: Atari 400 Photo 10: Sinclair ZX80 Photo 11: Autocontrol AC-85 Photo 12: IBM Personal Computer

Speech Synthesizer

Speaks Up

for Number One

BYTE readers again have put Steve Garcia in the top spot. His article "Build the Microvox Text-toSpeech Synthesizer, Part I: Hardware" has earned him first place in the September BOMB contest. He'll receive the S100 prize. Second place goes to Senior Technical Editor Gregg Williams for his product description of "The Epson QX-10 Valdocs System." As a staff member he is not eligible for the S50 second-place award. And Robin Moore earned third place for his review, "The Apple III and Its New Profile."

590 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 47th STREET COMPUTER 553

■ 6502 PROGRAM EXCHANGE 489

2 800 SOFTWARE 199

3 A SYSTEMS CORP. 174

4 A.S.T.RESEARCH 45

5 AB COMPUTERS 542

6 ABACUS DATA INC. 80, 81

7 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 156 545 ACCESS UNLIMITED 467

8 ACKERMAN DIGITAL SYS. 517

9 ADA-VISION 409

10 ADDMASTER CORP. 552

11 ADISA CORP. 494

12 ADV. MICRO TECHNIQUES 362

13 ADV.COMP.PROD. 582, 583

• ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 265

14 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 564

15 ADV.DIGITAL PROD. 566 544 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 431

17 ADV.SYS. CONCEPTS 544

18 AEGIS SYSTEMS 496

19 AEON ELECTRONICS 554

20 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG. 558

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 276

21 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 364

23 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 58, 59

24 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 306

25 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 346

26 ALPHA SOFTWARE 21

27 ALSPACOMP.SYS. 75

28 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 232, 233

29 AMDEK CORP. 319

30 AMER.SMALL BUSN.COMP. 219

31 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 173

33 ANACAPA RESEARCH ASSOC. 552

34 ANGELS COMP.PROD. 564

35 APPARAT INC. 27

36 APPLE COMPUTER 140, 141 514 APPLE COMPUTER 257

37 APPLEWARE, INC. 353

38 APPLIED BUSN.CONCEPTS 164

• APPLIED CREATIVE TECH. 501

39 APPLIED SOFTWARE TECH. 195

40 ARBA 136 389 ARCHIVE 325

547 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 334

43 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 164 169 ASAP 373

520 ASAP 471

44 ASC ASSOCIATES 354

45 ASHTON-TATE 72, 73

• ASPEN SFTW.CO. 32

46 ATARI 121

47 ATHENA COMP & ELECTR SYS. 9

48 ATSUKO COMPUTING INT'L. 554

49 AUTOCONTROL INC. 544

50 AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 230

51 AVOCET 240

52 A.V.T. ELECTRONICS 33

53 B&B ELECTR. 548

54 B&B ELECTR, 554

55 B&B ELECTR. 564

58 BASF 17

59 BASIS, INC. 490

60 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 35

61 BAUSCH & LOMB INSTR.SYS. 35

62 BAY TECH NICAL ASSOC. 444

• BELL, JOHN ENGR. 563

63 BHRT165

64 BIBLIOGRAPHIC RETRIEVAL 57

65 BINARY CORP. 550

66 BISON PROD INC. 370, 371

67 BISON PROD INC. 370, 371

68 BISON PROD INC. 370, 371

69 BISON PROD INC. 370, 371

70 BISON PROD INC. 370, 371 554 BISON PROD INC. 540

71 BOTTOM LINE, THE 291

72 BPI SYSTEMS 215

73 BRIDGE COMPUTER 236

74 BRIDGE COMPUTER 544 ' BYTE BACK ISSUES 108

• BYTE PUBL. INC. 405

75 BYTEK COMP. SYS. 473

76 BYTEWRITER28

77 CAB-TEK, INC. 340

78 CAB-TEK, INC. 556

79 CAB-TEK, INC. 562

80 CALIF. DATA CORP. 548

• CALIF. DIGITAL 580, 581

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 481

82 CDR SYSTEMS 564

83 CENTENNIAL SOFTWARE 262

Inquiry No.

Page No.

84 CHECK-MATE 210

85 CHECKS-TO-GO 227

86 CHIPS & DALE 512

88 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 243

279 CLEVELAND CONS.COMP.&

COMPONENTS 545

283 CMA 194

90 CMC.INT'L. 286

91 COGITATE 554

92 COLLINS INTL.TRADING CO. 327

93 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 309

94 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 37

95 COMMODORE BUSN.MACH. 79

96 COMMUNICAL, INC. 397

97 COMMUNICATION RESEARCH 421

98 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 237

99 COMP.&ELECTR. SUPPLY SVC. 433

41 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 363 505 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 489

101 COMPUADD357 550 COMPUCART 107

102 COMPULINK CORP. 22

103 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 117

104 COMPUPRO/GODBOUT 158, 159 383 COMPUSHACK 456, 457

106 COMPUTER AGE 198

107 COMPUTER APPARATUS 497

108 COMPUTER CHANNEL 365

109 COMPUTER COMPONENTS UNLTD. 479

110 COMPUTER DISC. OF AM. 275

111 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 549 517 COMPENTREPRENEUR PUB.CO. 483

112 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 110, 111

113 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 110, 111

114 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 110, 111 516 COMPUTER FUTURES 410

117 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 475

118 COMP. LEARNING TREE 496

119 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 204, 205

120 COMPUTER PLUS 144

121 COMPUTER SHOPPER 511

122 COMPUTER SHOPPER 550

123 COMPUTER SOLUTIONS 294

124 COMPUTER SPCLTIES. 188, 189

125 COMPUTER STOP, THE 443

• COMPUTER TOOLBOX, INC. 550

• COMPUTER WRHSE. 322

126 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 166

127 COMPUTERWORLD INTL 358, 359

128 COMPUTING 339

130 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 67

131 CONCURRENT CORP. 332

132 CONDOR COMP.CORP 388

133 CONSUMER COMP. 212

134 CONSUMER COMP. 213

135 CONTROL CORP. 552

151 CONTROL DATA 192, 193

152 COSMIC COMP.UNLTD. 556

153 COST PLUS COMP. 560

154 CPU SHOP, THE 559

155 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 550

156 CROMEMCO CM, 1

157 CROMEMCO 2

159 CSCS356 539 CSD566

160 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 378 541 CUESTA SYS. 504

• CYBERNETICS INC. 71

42 D. ARMSTRONG CO. INC. 477 537 D/PUNCH 566

162 DAMAN 357

' DATA ACCESS CORP. 429

163 DATA BASE SOLUTIONS 172

165 DATA EXCHANGE 548 239 DATA MAIL 453

166 DATA SOURCE SYS.CORP. 251 168 DATA-LINE 548

170 DATASMITH 487

171 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 68

172 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 155

174 DECISION RESOURCES 145

175 DENNISON KYBE CORP. 43

176 DESIGNWARE INC. 560

177 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 315

• DIGfTAL EQUPMNT.CORP. 258, 259

178 DIGITAL MARKETING 6

• DIGITAL RESRCH. COMP. 561

179 DIP INC. 349

180 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 211

• DISK SUPPLY CO. 36

181 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 584, 585 ' DOW JONES SOFTWARE 223

Inquiry No.

Page No.

182 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 66

183 DUAL SYS.CONTROL CORP. 70

184 DYSAN CORP. 328, 329

186 E/Z ASSOC. 416

264 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 491

187 ECONOMY PERIPHERALS 564

188 ECOSOFT 507

189 EDGE MICROSYSTEMS 548

190 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 566

192 ELCOMP PUBLISHING INC. 342

193 ELECTRONIC SYS.FURN. 323

194 ELECTROSONICS 558

195 ELLIS COMPUTING 10

196 EMERGING TECH.CONSLT. 491

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH. GRP. 34

197 ENERCOMP544

198 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 554 548 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 334 507 EPSON 280, 281

199 ESSEX PUBLISHING 477

200 EVOLUTIONARY ELECTR.INC. 475

201 EXECUTIVE PERIPHERAL SYS. 491

202 EXPOTEK 228

203 FIBERFAB, INC. 302

• FORD MOTOR CO. 351

204 FORMULA INT'L. 253

205 FOX & GELLER INC. 330

206 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 217

542 FROBCO 504

207 G-H COMPUTER SYS. 554

208 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 562

209 GENERAL SOFTWARE 487 534 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 147

210 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 148, 149

211 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 352

212 GILTRONIXJNC. 164

213 GILTRONIXJNC. 556

214 GLOUCESTER COMP. 354

215 GTEK INC. 210

216 H&E COMPUTRONICS221

218 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 103

219 HAZELTINE CORP. 419

220 HEATH COMPANY 129

223 HOLLISTER MICROSYSTEMS 558

224 HONOR SYS.SOFTWARE 552

225 I.B.C. 19

226 IBM 200, 201

509 IBM INSTRUMENTS INC. 440, 441

227 IDE CORPORATION 411

228 IMS INTERNATIONAL 125 16 INDIGO DATA SYS. INC. 113

231 INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 494

232 INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE 178

233 INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE 355

234 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 562

543 INT'L. MICRO SYS. INC. 504

235 INT'L. PUBLISHING & SFTW. 311

236 INTL. TRADE CONSULTANTS 560

• INT'L SFTW. ALLIANCE 396

237 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 279

238 INTEGRAND 264 164 INTEK 564

240 INTELLIGENT ARTEFACTS 453

241 INTERACTIVE MICROWARE 154

242 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 177

243 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 320

245 INTERGRAPHICS558

246 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 29

248 INTEX SYSTEMS 146

249 IOTC 552

250 IPEX INT'L. 544

251 ISA CO.LTD. 307

252 J.C.SYSTEMS 20

253 JADE COMP.PROD. 586, 587

254 JADE COMP.PROD. 588

255 JAMECO ELECTR. 568, 569

256 JDR MICRODEVICES 572, 573

257 JDR MICORDEVICES 574, 575 518 JIM-PAK567

258 JRT SYSTEMS 11

259 KADAK PRODUCTS 423

260 KERN PUBLISHING 179

261 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 548

262 LANIER BUSN.PROD. 321

263 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll 266 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 554

268 LIFEBOAT ASSOC. 424, 425

269 LNW RESEARCH 101

270 LOBO DRIVES INT'L. 551

271 LOGICAL DEVICES 493

272 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 381

273 LOW COST PERIPHERALS 560

274 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 356

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. "Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

275 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 552

276 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 558

277 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 560

278 LYCO COMPUTER 495

280 MACROTECH INT'L. 38

281 MAGNETIC INFORMATION 556

282 MAILCOMP INC. 341

284 MARCEY.INC. 446

285 MARCEY.INC. 446

286 MARCEY.INC. 447

287 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 439

288 MASTER ELECTR.INC. 479 515 MATCO DATA PROD. 389 191 MBI 562

289 MCNEILL 497

290 MCGRAW-HILL COLLDIV. 455

291 MCP COMP.PROD. 564

292 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 368

293 MEMORY MERCHANT 287

294 METAVAN INC. 164

295 MFJ ENTERPRISES INC. 347

296 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 285

298 MICRO COMP. CO. INC. 552

299 MICRO CONTROL SYS. 412, 413 32 MICRO DISCOUNTS 564

300 MICRO MAGAZINE 552

301 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 437

302 MICRO MINT 427 532 MICRO MINT 513

535 MICRO PRO. INT'L. 464, 465

305 MICRO SCI 263

306 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 560

307 MICRO TECHNOLOGY 566

308 MICRO WEST 442

309 MICRO WORKS, THE 176

310 MICROCOMP.BUSN.IND. 127 369 MICROCOMP. BUSN. IND. 229 312 MICRODYNAMICS 550

314 MICROHOUSE 208, 209

315 MICRON TECHNOLOGY 367

316 MICROPERIPH.CORP, THE 558

317 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 560

318 MICROSOFT 304, 305

319 MICROSTUFF, INC. 119

320 MICROTECH EXPORTS 308

321 MICROWARE 544

322 MIKOS 60

323 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 366

• MIND SYSTEMS CORP. 170

324 MINI MICRO MART 316, 317

325 MINI MICRO MART 570, 571

326 MONARCHY ENG.INC. 548

327 MONITOR DYNAMICS 544

328 MORROW DESIGNS 434, 435

329 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 417

330 MPC PERIPHERALS 69

331 MPI 15

332 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 224

333 MUSYS 152

334 N.W.S. INC. 560

335 NABU COMMERCIAL TERMINALS 377

• NCC/AFIPS 451

337 NEBS 473

338 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 295

339 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 115 519 NEC INFORMATION SYS. 185

• NETRONICS301, 555

340 NETWORK CONSULTING CORP. 18

341 NEW GENERATION SYS. 220 536 NEW GENERATION SYS. 566

342 NEW VISION 416

343 NORSOFT CONSULT. 164

344 NORTH HILLS CORP. 164

345 NORTH HILLS CORP. 550 304 NORTHWEST INST.SYS.INC.

336, 337

528 NOVATION 484

529 NOVATION 485

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR. DIV. 449

348 OASIS SYSTEMS 261 551 ODESTA 99

349 OFFICE AUTOMATION CONF. 445

350 OMEGA SALES 268, 269

351 OMNI RESOURCES 245

352 ORANGE MICRO 267

353 ORANGE MICRO 267

354 ORANGE MICRO 171

355 ORANGE MICRO 197 57 OREAD TECH 558

356 ORGAN IZTL. MGMT. SYS. 364

357 ORGANIZTL. MGMT. SYS. 560

358 ORYX SOFTWARE 361

• OWENS ASSOC. 384, 385, 503

359 P.R.I.C.E. 556

360 PACIFIC COMPUTERS 246

361 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 354, 494, 548, 556, 562

366 PALOMAR COMP.EQUIP. 468, 469

367 PAN AMERICAN ELEC. INC. 487

368 PANASONIC 122, 123

370 PC 498

371 PC MAGAZINE 225

372 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 40, 41

• PERCOM DATA 7

• PERFECT SOFTWARE 12, 13

December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc 591

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

373 PERIPHERALS UNLTD. 338

374 PERSONAL COMP.SYS. 300

375 PERSONAL SYS.TECHN. 63

376 PICKLES & TROUT 235 116 PION INC. 254

377 POLYGON ASSOCIATES 513

378 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 24, 25

379 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 183

380 PRIORITY ONE 576, 577

381 PRIORITY ONE 578, 579

382 PRO MICRO SYS. 564

384 PROFESSIONAL DATA SYS. 459

385 PROGRAMMERS SOFT. EX. 154

386 PROTOSYS 64

387 PURCHASING AGENT.THE 277 552 QT/GOLDEN WEST 187

388 QUADRAM CORP. 272, 273 89 QUADRAM CORP. 282

390 QUANTECKNA 190

391 QUANTUM DATA 473

392 QUARK ENGINEERING 157

393 QUASAR DATA PROD.INC. 153 501 QUBIE DISTRIBUTORS 266

394 QUEST ELECTR. 565

395 QUEST RESEARCH INC. 562

396 QUICK TAX 56

399 RACET COMPUTES 186

400 RADIO SHACK CIV

401 RANA SYSTEMS 30, 31

402 RCE415

403 RCS INC. 218

404 RED BARON COMP.PROD. 180,181

405 RED GATE PUBLCO. 386, 387

406 RENAISSANCE TECHN. 238 538 RICKERDATA 566

407 RIXON226

408 RKS INDUSTRIES, INC. 481

409 SC DIGITAL 298

Inquiry No.

Page No.

410 S&W COMPUTER SUPPLY 353

411 S-100INC. 493

434 S.D.SYSTEMS 248, 249

412 S.S.I. 556 222 SAFETEK 562

413 SAGE COMP. TECH. 231

414 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 239

415 SAVVY MARKTG.INT'L. 47

510 SCION CORP 5

511 SCION CORP 5

512 SCION CORP 5

• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 369

417 SEATTLE COMP. PRODS. 292, 293

418 SEIKOSHA CORP. 105 173 SERVICES SQUARED 357

419 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 39

420 SIGMATEK550

421 SINGLE SOURCE SOLUTIONS 196

422 SLUDER 479

423 SOFT IMAGES 109

424 SOFTECH MICROSYS. 77

425 SOFTQUEST477

426 SOFTWARE BANC 51

427 SOFTWARE CONSLTG.SERV. 550

428 SOFTWARE DISTR. 82

429 SOFTWARE MODELS 172

430 SOFTWARE PUBLISHERS 562

431 SOFTWARE STORE 548

432 SOFTWARE TECHNIQUE 556

• SOLID STATE SALES 310

435 SONICS MICROSYS. 344,345

436 SOUTHCOAST COMP.SYS. 544

437 SOUTHERN COMP.SYS. 326

438 STAR MICRONICS 333

439 STREET ELECTR. CORP. 126

440 STROBE 23

442 STRUCTURED DESIGN 558

443 SUNNY INT'L. 545

Inquiry No.

Page No.

444 SUNTRONICS 350

445 SUNWEST SOFTWARE 556

446 SUPERSOFT 131

447 SUPERSOFT 133

448 SUPERSOFT 135

449 SYNCOM SYSTEMS 26 540 SYSTEMED CORP. 566

450 TARBELL ELECTR. 495 546 TATUM LABS 334

451 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 544

468 T.D.I. 284

452 TECH-DATA CORP. 416

453 TECH-DATA CORP. 566

• TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 343 455 TECMAR INC. 61

• TEKTRONIX INC. 137

457 TELECON SYSTEMS 161

458 TELETEK55

459 TELEVIDEO INC. 312, 313

460 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 8

523 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 379

524 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 379

525 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 379

526 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 379

527 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 379

462 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 289

463 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 241

464 THINK SOFTWARE 364

465 THINKER'S SOFT INC. 492

• THORN EMI 296, 297 467 TIC-TOC SYSTEM 558

• TINNEY ROBT. GRAPHICS 531 506 TMP/UNITED SOFT. CO. 151

469 TRANSNET CORP. 340

470 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 348

471 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 169

473 U.S. MICRO SALES 546

474 U.S. MICRO SALES 547

Inquiry No.

Page No.

475 U.S. ROBOTICS 138

476 U.S. EXCHANGE 554

477 U.S. EXCHANGE 562

478 ULTRA MAGNETICS TECHN. 139

479 UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYS. 554

480 VERBATIM CORP. 175 508 VECTRIX 234

481 VEYTEC INC. 475

533 VICTOR BUSN.MACH. 255

482 VIDEX 271

483 VISIBLE COMP.SUPPLY 495

• VISICORP INC. 247

485 VISTA COMPUTER CO. 65

486 VOTRAX375

487 VOTRAX 493

• VR DATA 481

488 VYNET CORP. 489

489 WALL STREET JOURNAL 461

• WARNER ROBINS AFB 218

490 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 144

491 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 557

493 WEST STAR MICRO 324 ' WESTICO INC. 203

• WHITESMITHS LTD. 335

56 WHOLESALE SUPPLIERS 353

494 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 407

495 WIN/MILL RESEARCH INC. 356

496 WINCHENDON GRP.JHE 550

497 WINTEK CORP. 552

498 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. 497 500 WORDTECH SYSTEMS 492

492 W.S.T. 499 502 X COMP 303

'Correspond directly with company.

National Advertising Sales Representatives:

Northeast (617) 444-3946

ME, NH, VT, MA, CT, Rl, DE, MD, VA, WV, OK, TX, Upstate NY, Eastern Canada

Hajar Associates 280 Hillside Ave. Needham Heights, MA 02194

Mid Atlantic (201) 741-7744

NY, NYC, NJ, PA

Hajar Associates

321 Broad St.

Red Bank, NJ 07701

Southeast (305) 628-3525 NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, TN, KY, LA

Hajar Associates Diplomat Bldg. 5400 Diplomat Circle Suite 205 Orlando, FL 32810

Midwest (312) 966-0160 MN, Wl, Ml, IA, IL, IN, OH, MO, NE, KS, ND, SD, AR

Hajar Associates 5225 Old Orchard Rd. Suite 50 Skokle, IL 60076

Northwest (415) 964-0706

AK, HI, WA, OR, ID, MT, WY, Northern California, Nevada Except Las Vegas, Western Canada

Hajar Associates

lOOOEIwellCt.

Suite 124

Palo Alto, CA 94303

Southwest (714) 540-3554

UT, CO, AZ, NM, Las Vegas, Southern California

Hajar Associates 3303 Harbor Blvd. Suite H-4A Costa Mesa, CA 92626

European Advertising

Sales Representatives:

Mrs. Maria Sarmlento

Mr. Fritz Krusebecker

Mr. Ello Gonzaga

Pedro Telxelra 8, Off. 320

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Iberia Mart 1

Lleblgstrasse 27C

Via Baracchinl 1

Madrid 4, Spain

D-6000 Frankfurt/Main 1

20123 Milan, Italy

45 52 891

West Germany 72 01 81

86 90 617

Mr. Andrew Karnlg

Andrew Karnlg & Associates

Far East/Pacific

Kungsholmsgatan 10

Mr. Michael Sales

Seavex Ltd.

712 27 Stockholm, Sweden

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

08 51 68 70

17 rue Georges Bizet

05-49/50 Tanglln Shopping Center

Mr. Hans Csokor

F 75116 Paris France

19 Tanglln Rd. Singapore 1024

Publlmedla

720 33 42

Republic of Singapore

Relsnerstrasse 61

A-1037 Vienna, Austria

Mr. Simon Smith

Mrs. Gurlt Gepner

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

Seavex,Ltd.

McGraw-Hill Publishing Co.

34 Dover St.

Room 102, Yu Yuet Lai Bldg.

115 Yosephtal St. Bat Yam, Israel

London W1X3RA England

43-55 Wyndham St. Central

866 561 321 39

01 493 1451

Hong Kong

592 December 1982 © BYTE Publications Inc

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