Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 08 - The C Language

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How to quickly re

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Attain instantfinancial status.

An Apple III, teamed with theBPI General Accounting Package,can put every basic accountingfunction right atyour fingertips.

Technically,that means

General Ledger, AccountsPayable, Accounts Receivableand Payroll—all in one package.Meaningfully, that means youcan turn numbers into answers.

With BPI, your Apple III cangive you a snapshot of yourcompany's financial condition,an up-to-the- instantbalance sheet. Itcan also generate.. ■ j, instant and

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results will make an importantstatement to everyone you dealwith—including your banker.

More ways Apples pay.

There are more people in moreplaces doing more things with

khlban Fish Supply ConpanyConsolidated intone StatenentCurrent Comparativei Ending Ban 31. 1983 and n> 31. 1982

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Your Apple can generate instant income statements(with expense ratios) or balance sheets, and let youcompare them to last month's or year's, then printthem out to suit your banl<er.

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In business as in life,experience is the bestteacher. And the Apple/BPIsystem can provide you withinstant comparisons ofthis-month-this-year vs.mis-month-last-year, orthis-year-to-date vs.last-year-to-date.So you can quicklyspot changing expenseratios and make decisions with20/20 foresight.

It can ako allow you to take full advantage ofmerchandise discounts. So you'll know whom to pay,when to pay, how much to pay—and save a lot ofclams in the process.

Make a timelystatement.

Add an Apple Dot Matrix orDaisywheel printer to your AppleIII, and you can print out yourentire balance sheet in minutes.

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To avoid fishy transactions, you can instantlydisplay customer's payments, charges and currentbalance. In this case, a few more cans of tunawould put Mr Moser over his $2,000 limit.

Apples than with any otherpersonal computer in the world.

Because for one thing, there'smore software for Apples thanfor any other personal computerin the world. So the same Applethat handles all your accountingneeds can also handle financialspreadsheets, word processingand electronic filing.

You'll also find programs thatare designed specifically for yourkind of business. Be it dentistry,architecture or swine herding.

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Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorued Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding our National Account Program.Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising Department, 20525 Mariani Avenue, Cupertino, CA 95014- © 1983 Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

HH

In The Queue

CITE

Volume 8, Number 8

Page 46

Page 186

V -Jl—""^S?^

Themes

46 The C Language by Bruce Roberts / Designed to make programsportable, fast, and compact, C is the language of choice for many pro-grammers. This month's theme articles survey the reasons why.

48 The C Language and Models for Systems Programming by

Stephen C. Johnson and Brian W. Kernighan / A happy medium be-tween low- and high-level languages, C provides a model for efficientprogramming.

64 A C Language Primer, Part I: Constructs and Conventions

by James Joyce / A guided tour through C's keywords and functions.

82 Comparing C Compilers for CP/M-86 by Jerry Houston, Jim

Brodrick, and Les Kent / A look at which compilers for CP/M-86 systemsare best suited to particular purposes, most cost-effective, and easiest to use.

110 Five C Compilers for CP/M-80 by Christopher O. Kern / How

C compilers for the CP/M-80 operating system stack up.

134 Nine C Compilers for the IBM PC by Ralph A. Phraner / A

discriminating look at the C compilers available for this lucrative softwaremarket.

172 Managing Software Development with C by Jason

Linhart / Choosing a good programming environment can affect program-ming ease and code quality more than you might imagine.

186 The Unix Tutorial, Part 1: An Introduction to Features andFacilities by David Fiedler / An overview of Bell Laboratories' Unixoperating system and its toolbox of utilities.

212 A Survey of C and Unix Resources by Walter Zintz / A guideto materials, courses, and on-line instruction in C.

222 What Is a Software Tool? by Rebecca Thomas / How to use

Unix and C to design programs that in turn will help you to design otherprograms.

243 The Unix C Compiler in a CP/M Environment by Matthew

Halfant / A look at how compatible the standard C compiler is when it'sused under CP/M.

268 Annotated C: A Bibliography of the C Language by TerryA. Ward / Where to find books, articles, and reviews on C.

Features

36 Build a Power-Line Carrier-Current Modem by Steve Gar-cia / Now your computer can communicate over electrical power wiring.

Page 386

BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc.. with offices at 70 Main St. Peterborough NH 03458. phone(603) 924-9281. Office hours: Mon—Thur 8:30 AM — 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM — Noon. Eastern Time. Addresssubscriptions, change of address. USPS Form 3579. and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590,Martinsville NJ 08836. Second class postage paid at Peterborough. N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices.USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISBN 0360-5280). Postage Paid at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Registration number 9321.Subscriptions are S2I for one year. S38 for two years, and S55 for three years in the USA and its possessions.In Canada and Mexico, S23 for one year, S42 for two years, S61 for three years. S53 for one year air delivery

August 1983

ftnTi

286 Chisel Your Code with a Profiler by Dennis Leas and Paul

Wintz / Execute compiler programs at the rate of assembly-language pro-grams, but at a fraction of the effort and cost.

292 A New Shape Subroutine for the Apple by Richard T. Simoni

Jr. / A flicker-free animation scheme for the Apple II.

312 The Debate Goes On. . . by Jerry Pournelle / Jerry looks at pro-gramming languages, from APL to Modula-2.

331 The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor, Part 1: Over-view and Floating-Point Assembly-Language Support by Tim

Field / This software utility makes it easy to add powerful floating-point,integer, and BCD arithmetic operations from assembly language.

386 Curious Coordinates for Computer Graphics by Roger

Millikan / Cartesian coordinates are not always the best choice for all plot-ting tasks.

401 BYTE West Coast: The Future of Software Design by William

Gates / Microsoft's chairman of the board analyzes today's software issuesand predicts the directions software will take tomorrow.

404 The 8086—An Architecture for the Future, Part 3: Instruc-tion Set Continued by Stephen A. Heywood / In the last article of thisseries, the author discusses program transfers, string manipulations, andprocessor-control instructions.

434 User's Column: Epson QX-10, Zenith Z-29, CP/M-68K, and

More by Jerry Pournelle / Our resident user reviews new products andanswers some old mail.

456 Voice Lab, Part 2, Menu-Driven Routines for Digital SpeechSynthesis and Analysis by John E. Hoot / Modular routines are wellsuited to speech synthesis and analysis.

477 Help In Apple III Pascal by Al Evans / Adding on-line instruc-tions that will come to your aid anywhere in application software.

Nucleus

4 Editorial: DEC, IBM, and Athena7 MICROBYTES10 Letters378 Programming Quickie: A Cross-Reference Utility for IBM PC BASIC394 Technical Forum: A Gauss-Jordan

Elimination Method Program430 Book Reviews: CBASIC User Guide;An Assembly Language Course

Cover Painting by Robert Tinney

483 Books Received

484 Ask BYTE

490 Clubs and Newsletters

492 Software Received

495 Event Queue

503 What's New?

572 Unclassified Ads

574 BOMB, BOMB Results

575 Reader Service

to Europe. 17.100 yen for one year surface delivery to Japan. $37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery toselected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S3.50 in the USA and its possesions. S3.95in Canada and Mexico, S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be re-mitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank. Printed in United States of America.

Subscription questions or problems should be addressed to:BYTE Subscriber Service, P.O. Box 328, Hancock, IMH 03449

BoEFin*!

Page 292

Page 36

Page 503

the small systems journal

Editor In Chief: Lawrence J. Curran

Managing Editor: Pamela A. Clark

Senior Technical Editors: Gregg Williams,Richard Malloy

Technical Editors: Richard S. Shuford. Curtis P.Feigel, Arthur A. Little, Stanley Wszola, BruceRoberts, Mark Welch; Anthony J. Lockwood,New Products Editor; Steve Garcia. ConsultingEditor; Alan Easton, Drafting Editor.

West Coast Editors: Philip Lemmons, BureauChief; Barbara Robertson, Technical Editor.McGraw-Hill, 425 Battery Street, 4th Floor, SanFrancisco, CA 94111 |415| 398-7990

Copy Editors: Beverly Cronin, Chief; FaithHanson, Warren Williamson, Hilary Selby Polk,Elizabeth Kepner, Nancy Hayes, Joan VigneauRoy; Margaret Cook, Junior Copy Editor

Assltants: Faith Kluntz, Beverly Jackson, Lisa JoSteiner, Jeanann Waters

Production: David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director;Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon, Michael J. Lonsky;Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; DebiFredericks, Donna Sweeney, Valerie HornAdvertising: Deborah Porter, Supervisor; MarionCarlson, Rob Hannings, Cathy A. R. Drew, LisaWozmak, Jeanne Cilley, Jeanna Reenstierna;Patricia Akerly, Reader Service Coordinator; WaiChiu Li, Advertising/Production Coordinator;Linda J. Sweeney

Advertising Sales: J. Peter Huestis, SalesManager; Sandra Foster, Administrative Assistant

Circulation: Gregory Spitzfaden, Manager;Andrew Jackson, Asst. Manager; Agnes E. Perry,Barbara Varnum, Louise Menegus, Jennifer Price,Mary Emerson; James Bingham, Dealer Sales;Deborah J. Cadwell, Asst.; Carol Aho, LindaTurner

Marketing Communications: Horace T.Howland, Director; Vicki Reynolds, Coordinator;Timothy W. Taussig, Graphics Arts Manager;Michele P. Verville, Research Manager

Business Manager: Daniel Rodrigues

Controller's Office: Kenneth A. King, Asst.Controller, Mary E. Fluhr, Acct. & DIP Mgr.;Karen Burgess, Linda Fluhr, Vicki Bennett, VernRockwell, Lyda Clark, Janet Pritchard, JoAnnWalter, Julie Ferry

Traffic: N. Scott Gagnon, Manager; BrianHiggins, Cynthia Damato

Receptionist: Linda Ryan

Personnel/Office Manager: Cheryl A. Hurd

Publisher: Gene W. Simpson; John E. Hayes,Associate Publisher/Production Director; Doris R.Gamble, Publisher's Assistant

Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street,Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458(603) 924-9281

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company:John G. Wrede, President; Executive Vice President:Paul F. McPherson; Senior Vice President-Editorial:Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson,Business Systems Development, Shel F. Asen,Manufacturing; Harry L Brown, Special Markets;James E. Hackett, Controller; Eric B. Herr, Planningand Development; H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw,Jr., Chairman; Joseph L. Dionne, President and ChiefExecutive Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior VicePresident and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer.

Editorial

DEC, IBM, andAthena

Lawrence J. Curran, Editor in Chief

Forward-looking computer manufacturers are wise enough to understandthat aiding education today can help computer sales tomorrow. IBM andDigital Equipment Corp. are two such companies. In an effort called ProjectAthena—after the Greek goddess of wisdom—DEC and IBM personal com-puters could become the tools of wisdom in the hands of undergraduatestudents at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Both DEC and IBM will contribute goods and services valued at $50 millionover the five-year span of the project, which is aimed at exploring how ad-vanced computers and computer graphics can change the ways in which col-lege students learn. The idea is to create a "coherent" network of computersthat will enable students and faculty to share resources—hardware, softwareand ideas—so that together they can solve problems in creative ways.

MIT officials should be applauded for using the project to seek ways tomake dissimilar computers work with the same languages and operatingsystems. At the same time, the two companies deserve recognition for agree-ing to contribute computers and talent. It's conceivable that the project willtake steps toward standardizing languages and operating systems, andanything that fosters standardization in the computer business is to beencouraged.

DEC will donate more than 300 display terminals, 1600 personal computers,63 minicomputers, and the full-time services of five employees to ProjectAthena. Similarly, IBM will contribute the services of five employees, 500personal computers, 500 single-user work stations, software, maintenance,and research grants.

While DEC and IBM merit recognition for their philanthropy, the fact thattoday's students are tomorrow's computer buyers must have appealed to themarketing departments of both companies, which stand to reap brand-recognition and loyalty benefits from the experiment. Lest we be accusedof complete cynicism, however, it should be pointed out that DEC founderand president Kenneth Olsen is an MIT alumnus who has demonstrated hiscompany's commitment to the community. Project Athena is evidence of this,as is DEC's decision to locate a plant in Boston's heavily black Roxbury district.

DEC and IBM recognize that an investment in education is worthwhilefor its own sake, and certainly won't hurt future sales. Another companywith the same approach is Apple Computer Inc., which recently donated$21 million worth of personal computers to 9250 public and private schoolsin California. We applaud these companies and would like to hear aboutothers. ■

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

How to buy a oomputerby the numbers.

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Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

DIGITAL RESEARCH PLANS ALTERNATIVE TO MICROSOFT HARDWARE STANDARD

The proposed MSX standard announced by Microsoft, Spectravideo, and 14 Japanese computermanufacturers won't be the only attempt to define standard hardware and software parameters in thelow-cost computer market. Digital Research is also backing a proposal to unify software standards andis talking with a number of Japanese manufacturers.

To meet the MSX standard, manufacturers must use a Zilog Z80 microprocessor, a Texas In-struments TMS9918A video processor, a General Instrument AY-8910 sound processor, a NipponElectric Co. (NEC) cassette interface chip, an Atari joystick interface, 64K bytes of RAM, andMicrosoft's 32K-byte ROM-based extended BASIC. Some of the components can be purchased fromother suppliers.

NEC, one of the Japanese companies that Microsoft said supported the MSX format, plans to look atany and all attempts to standardize hardware and software for low-cost game computers and plans toremain neutral until all possibilities are considered.

Both Microsoft and Spectravideo expect the standard to have the greatest impact in Japan, wherethe lack of a standard has held the home computer market back.

In addition to NEC, the following companies were reported by Microsoft and Spectravideo to havesupported the MSX standard: Matsushita (Panasonic), Sony, Sanyo, Hitachi, Canon, Mitsubishi,Toshiba, Fujitsu, Kyocera, General, Yamaha, Pioneer, and JVC.

Specifications for the bus, I/O addresses, and game cartridge were not complete at the time of theannouncement but will be included in the standard. Disk-size and operating-system specifications willnot be included, but any disk system or auxiliary processors can be added onto the bus.

This fall, Spectravideo, which began shipments of its two home computers in early June, will offer a$50 MSX adapter for its computers, one of which retails for $300. Microsoft, Spinnaker, Sierra On-Line, and Sirius have pledged software support for the MSX standard.

COLECO'S ADAM SHAKES UP THE LOW-COST COMPUTER MARKET

Coleco's Adam has stirred up the home computer market in more ways than one. The $600 machinewas the talk of the summer Consumer Electronics Show because of its aggressively low price. Shortlyafterward, however, Logical Business Machines sued Coleco and insisted that LBM owns the Adamname because it sells a much more expensive business computer called Adam. Coleco argues that itbought the trademark rights to the name from a firm that registered the name in 1 976.

Coleco's Adam includes a 10-character-per-second letter-quality daisywheel printer, two ColecoVision game controllers with numeric keypads, a ROM-based word processor, Applesoft-compatibleSmart BASIC, and 80K bytes of RAM, all for less than $600. The Adam will also be available as an ex-pansion unit for the Coleco Vision game system for less than $400. A "digital data pack" drive, whichuses cassette-sized cartridges, is included, but Coleco would not discuss its specifications.

SOFTREND UNVEILS AURA, AN INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGE

Softrend, Wyndham, NH, announced that it will soon offer an integrated software package similar toLotus's 1-2-3. Designed for the IBM PC and XT, Aura is built around a database manager whosevarious components are scheduled for release over the next few months.

Aura, the central database manager, will be released this month for $250. In November, Aura 3,which also includes a Multiplan-like spreadsheet program and a Wang-like word processor, will be avail-able for $395. Aura 4, which has graphics capabilities, will also be introduced in November for $495.Aura 5, which is scheduled for a December release, will add IBM mainframe communications and willsell for $995. Aura will not use a mouse, but Softrend is considering voice input.

SMITH-CORONA UPDATES PRINTER, OFFERS COMPUTER COMPATIBLE TYPEWRITER

Smith-Corona has released an updated version of its TP-1 daisywheel printer. The TP-2, a smaller andquieter printer, includes both serial and parallel ports and has DIP switches to select various print op-tions. The TP-2 will list for $895. The list price of the TP-1, which has been offered by some dealersfor less than $500, will drop from $895 to $695.

Smith-Corona also announced the Memory Correcting 3 Messenger, a computer-compatibledaisywheel typewriter. It will include either a serial or parallel interface for $599. Like the TP-1 andTP-2, the typewriter prints 1 2 characters per second.

Circle 353 On Inquiry Card. August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 7

MICRO BYTES

IBM EMBRACES CONCURRENT CP/M-86 THROUGH DIRECT SALES

IBM's domestic sales force is now selling Digital Research's Concurrent CP/M-86 for the IBM PC andPC-XT. IBM's 9000 sales representatives will also offer Micropro's Wordstar, Ashton-Tate's dBase II,Chang Labs' Microplan financial planner, and Digital Marketing's Microlink communications programand Milestone project planner. The programs can run concurrently and can transfer data through textfiles. IBM's announcement, which may signal a shift in operating systems for the PC in office use,comes amid reports that IBM will emphasize direct sales of the PC at the expense of current retailersand distributors.

APPLE PRESENTS A NEW OPERATING SYSTEM FOR THE APPLE II

Apple Computer has announced ProDOS, a hierarchical, Unix-like operating system for the Apple II thatis compatible with the Apple Ill's Sophisticated Operating System (SOS). ProDOS is now being suppliedto qualified software developers and will be generally available in early 1 984.

COMMODORE ANNOUNCES 70 SOFTWARE PACKAGES, INCLUDING MULT/PLAN AND MAGIC DESK

Commodore Business Machines has announced 70 new software packages for the Commodore 64,including a version of Microsoft's Multiplan spreadsheet for less than $ 100. Magic Desk, an integratedsoftware package priced under $100, is intended to compete with Apple's Lisa and Visicorp's Visi On.Magic Desk is actually a series of cartridges. The first, Type and File, will offer word processing andlimited data management using pictures of a typewriter and file drawers and folders.

GAMELINE OFFERS ONLINE VIDEO GAMES FOR THE ATARI VCS

Gameline, a new telecommunication system for owners of the Atari Video Computer System 2600(VCS), is available from Control Video Corp., Vienna, VA. CVC will offer video games and informationservices to VCS owners who buy a Master Module cartridge, which includes an autodial modem andmemory to store downloaded games or text.

Founded by William von Meister, who created The Source, Gameline will be priced at about $1 pergame, after the initial $50 to $60 charge for the Master Module and a one-time $1 5 membership fee.

NANOBYTES

Jon Shirley, who was vice-president of computer merchandising for Tandy Corp. (Radio Shack), has leftafter 25 years at Tandy to become president of Microsoft Corp. . . . Harris Semiconductor and Inteljointly announced that both will produce a CMOS version of the Intel 8086 microprocessor and relatedsupport peripheral chips. Harris's 80C86 will be the first 1 6-bit CMOS microprocessor when itbecomes available in the fall. Because CMOS chips require less power than regular NMOSmicroprocessors, the 80C86 will probably be used first in portable computers. National Semiconductoris working on a CMOS version of its 1 6-bit 1 6032 processor to be available in 1984. . . . Microsoft isdeveloping Logo for Spectravideo computers. Priced at $49.95, Microsoft Logo for Spectravideo willbe available by the fourth quarter of 1 983 and for the MSX standard by early 1 984. No additionalperipherals are needed to run Logo on the $300 SV-318 or the SV-328. . . . The Atari 1027, a20-character-per-second letter-quality printer for $349.95, will be available this fall. Bundled with theAtari 600XL computer and the Atariwriter word processor, the printer will sell for $599.95. . . . TexasInstruments, which cited the turbulent home computer market as the reason for a projected$100-million second-quarter loss, has cancelled its plans to produce the low-cost 99/2 computer an-nounced in January. Tl said it has shipped more than one million units of its 99/4A home computer andplans to introduce the 99/8, an "advanced home computer," in the fall. . . . Microcom, of Norwood,MA, has announced it will license the protocol used in its hardware and software communications prod-ucts. Visicorp, Apple, and GTE Telenet have agreed to support the protocol as a standard, whichsimplifies file transfers between microcomputers. . . . Softyme Inc. of San Francisco, CA, will test itsSoftyme Express system in an El Cerrito, CA, Computerland store. The system includes a computerwith a database of available programs. When a customer decides what software package to buy, theprogram is transmitted to the machine and copied onto single- or double-sided disks in IBM PC-DOS 1.1or 2.0 format. ... In November, Radio Shack will release a Videotex and Office Information Systembased on its Model 16B multiuser system. As many as 64 terminals at a time can access up to 256databases on the system, priced at $1 2,000 and up. . . . Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) announced aWinchester hard disk for its Professional Computer as well as changes to its operating system. DEC willsoon begin selling its personal computers through its Business Centers.

8 Augutt 1983 © byte Publications inc Circle 311 on inquiry card. —¥■

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Letters

Is Radiation Harmful?

Edward M. Gogol's letter (April, p. 14)presented some excellent thoughts aboutradiation. But I have one correction. Hestates, "Radiation levels decrease as thesquare of the distance from the screen."This is true for a point source of radiation.It is not true for a 12-inch screen.

To illustrate, consider a video screenthe size of a movie theater screen. A per-son standing one foot from the screen thenmoving to a distance of two feet wouldreceive almost identical radiation, notone-quarter the radiation, as the formulafor point sources would indicate.

The radiation, I believe, would be pro-portional to the angular area subtendedby the screen at one distance comparedwith the angular area of the seconddistance. This presumes equal radiationfrom all areas of the screen. As you cansee, it starts to become complex.

Obe O. Doan14710 Parthenia St.Panorama City, CA 91402

Edward Gogol's letter does not belongin a magazine of BYTE's caliber.

1. Contrary to his claims, no variety ofradiation can be eliminated complete-

ly.

2. A properly designed video displaydoes not emit significant X-radiationwhen operated within its design limits.

3. The claim that "with radiation, there isno threshold" is a statement thatnobody can make with certainty.There is evidence pointing in all direc-tions, including evidence that moreradiation extends life (Pearson andShaw, Life Extension. Warner Books,1982, p. 516).

4. The implication that microwave ex-posure below a level that causes signifi-cant heating in the body is harmful is alie that would be funny if so many peo-ple did not believe it. Fear of micro-waves is a much greater health hazardthan microwaves.

5. On most terminals, turning down thebrightness does not reduce the electronbeam acceleration voltage but in-creases the voltage by a small amountdue to the finite resistance of the high-voltage supply and the decrease ofbeam current. (Total high-energyradiation is likely to decrease, as Gogolclaims.)

10 August 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc

6. The claim that a light-emitting diodedisplay emits no radiation is stupid. Itradiates waste heat, it radiates verysmall amounts of "nuclear" radiationfrom impurities in the package, and itradiates light.

7. Gogol's references are highly suspi-cious. The Sierra Club is a well-knownLuddite organization, and Gofman'spublic stance suggests that he is inter-ested in advancing his prejudices ratherthan finding the truth. An earlier Gof-man book was described by PeterBeckman as "grotesquely biased." TheZapping of America is a sensationalis-ts book of no more scientific meritthan The Chariots of the Gods.

Christopher M. MapleChief EngineerIngrid's Computers8377 Capistrano Ave.Canoga Park, CA 91304

I read with interest the letter by EdwardM. Gogol critical of Dr. John Villforth ofthe U.S. Bureau of Radiological Health onhis assurances of the near-zero presentrisk from ionizing radiation from videodisplays. The irony of this attack is amaz-ing: in the more than 10 years that I haveknown Villforth, he has conducted a one-man crusade against the hazards of dentalx-ray machines in particular. In this he issupported by the National Health PhysicsSociety, which consists of 5500 peoplenationwide engaged in protecting man-kind from the effects of ionizing radiation.

The average natural radiation back-ground in the United States is about 100mR per year with a large deviation fromthe mean, which I will discuss later. How-ever, the average black-and-white (in-cludes single colors like green) displaytubes, including TV tubes, have an accel-erating potential of 12 to 16 kilovolts(kV). The 16-kV maximum x-rays pro-duced by this type of tube are virtuallyunmeasurable at the faceplate because ofits thickness of 3/8 to V2 inches of glass,which is necessary to protect the near-flatsurface from the crushing pressure of theair outside. The full-color display, like itsTV counterpart, requires an acceleratingpotential of about 25 kV and is capable ofproducing 25-kV maximum x-rays. Be-cause the glass faceplate is of similiarthickness to that of the single-color tube,there is a greater risk for the escape ofx-rays. Very sensitive devices are required

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to measure these low-energy x-rays for theequivalent of 10 to 12 hours of use per dayfor a full year, at levels a small fraction ofthe 100 mR average annual dose. It is thefunction of the Bureau of RadiologicalHealth to make such measurements andissue warnings if the background level isincreased.

Surprisingly, the ionizing radiationpotential of the video display and itscounterpart, the TV screen, is not from itsx-ray potential but from its efficiency asan electrostatic precipitator. In the air ofall buildings there is a radioactive noblegas called radon. When radon decays, theradioactive daughters formed are posi-tively charged and are attracted to theglass surfaces of the display tube, adher-ing to the glass until the daughter's decay.We have used this phenomenon for someyears to estimate the amount of radon inhomes. When the TV set is turned off andan alpha counter is applied to the screen, arapid count indicates the need for espe-cially careful radon daughter measure-ments. This buildup of radiation on theviewing screen may disturb Gogol, but Ifor one would rather have these radondaughters on the screen than in my lungs.

While the national average background

is about 100 mR/year, there are wide vari-ations. The area south of Chicago haswater wells and radium-bearing soil thatcan increase this average by as much as 10times. Similarly, the New England stateshave areas of granite rock in the groundthat can increase the natural background10 to 50 times. However, epidemiologicalstudies indicate these states to be ashealthy as any in the U.S. When actualmeasurements are substituted for assump-tions, no correlation between radiationand health can be shown (Beck and Kreyin Science, April 1983, pp. 18-24).

Gogol has quoted Dr. John Gofman'sbook Radiation and Human Health as theauthority on ionizing radiation. Gofmanand about 10 others have taken the posi-tion that the radiation dose below 10mR/year is more harmful than the linearmodel will predict. However, most au-thorities have agreed that health effectscannot be scientifically verified below 10mR/year. The linear model was chosen bythe NCRP and the BEIR committees notbecause it could be scientifically verifiedbut because the levels produced were con-sidered safe and allowed dose calculationsto be made relatively easier. This modelextrapolates radiation effects from the 10

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mR area to 0, where no radiation effectsare assumed to be produced. In this no-man's-land below 10 mR, Dr. L. D.Luckey has also written a book calledHormesis with Ionizing Radiation, pub-lished by Chemical Rubber Press (thebook costs $60, so it might be advisable tocheck it out of a library). Hormesis is aneologism that, loosely translated fromthe Greek, means "beneficial effects." Dr.Luckey has listed more than a thousandexperiments with plants and animals thatexhibit beneficial effects in the 10 to 50mR/year region. He would be the first topoint out that there is still no absoluteproof. However, the total biologicalevidence is not helping the case of in-creased health effects/mR in the regionbelow 10 mR/year, the position taken byDr. Gofman and several others.

The second authority Gogol quotes isPaul Brodeur's The Zapping of America.The only review I have seen of this book isa short one in the Health Physics Newslet-ter warning that the book is long onclaims and short on proof. Because thesubject is radio frequency and micro-waves, most readers of BYTE haveenough background to deal with it.

This nation has enough troubles withthe economy and displaced or discardedenergy without taking sides in a scientificdebate about whether or not harm exists.The readers of BYTE will agree with mewhen I say it pays to believe almostnothing that you hear and to be verycritical of what you see.

P.T. Perdue

103 Oak Lane

Oak Ridge, TN 37830

Enhancing Usability

I am writing in response to GreggWilliams' editorial (April, p. 6). Recently Ipurchased a microcomputer and have ob-tained first-hand information aboutusability from the software I've been usingwith it. I have some ideas that could makelife easier for many people complainingabout usability.

First, it is not accurate to say thatnobody knows what makes software easyto use. There is a great amount ofliterature on laboratory studies of the sub-ject. There are even more papers on thesubject—not always so well supported,but by human-factors experts.

One principle of usability is to makeprograms and parts of programs indepen-

12 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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But it can take 3 monthsjust to get comfortable with anew system. That's the honey-moon-period, when you treatyour equipment with the deli-cacy of a safecracker.

CompuStar can network up to 255 intelligentterminals and give each of them access tocommon or restricted databases.

Ah, but now it's 5 monthsdown the road, the honeymoonis over, your equipment hasfinally begun to justify its cost,and that's the afternoon yourprocessor's fan succumbs tofatigue.

Or maybe the malfunctionis more gradual, like a disk-head drifting increasingly outof alignment.

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That's also whywe can offer you flatlysuperior dollar-values.

In single-userdesk tops, for example,our SuperBrain offers~^~" twin Z80s, standard;64 kbytes of dynamic ram,standard; up to 1.5 mbytes ofdisk storage, standard;CP/M2.2*andMBasic|standard.

And compared to conven-tional multi-user systems, ourCompuStar systems can giveyou many more hours ofproductive labor every day—because, instead of dependingon a central processor for datamanipulation, each worksta-tion in a CompuStar networkhas its own processor and itsown 64 kbytes of ram.

As a result, you can haveanywhere from 2 to 255 work-stations working simultaneouslywithout suffering noticeabledeclines in execution-time.

Why Just Expand When\bu Can Up-Grade?

In fact, if you assess yourexpansion alternatives in termsof relative payback potential,

you're very likely to find thatup-grading with Intertec equip-ment from scratch would bemore cost-effective thanburdening your existing instal-lation with add-on's.

Dollar for dollar, the Inter-tec system is apt to be not onlyfaster, more powerful and moreversatile, but more reliable andbetter supported.

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In addition to our one-yearwarranty, and the carry-inservice provided by authorizedIntertec dealers, we also have600 factory-trained techniciansto provide service on-site in 120U. S. cities, often within 4 hours.

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Since we build ourequipment fromscratch, we canafford to do it rightand still hold downour prices.

just call our Customer ServicesDepartment at 803/798-9100.At the same time we'll be happyto give you the name of yournearest Intertec dealer.

Or write on your letterheadto Intertec Data Systems Cor-poration, 2300 Broad RiverRoad, Columbia, SC 29210.

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BYTE August 1983 15

woul'ou want any other compi

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dent. In other words, an editor edits; aword-processing program processes a fileto produce text output. The future doesnot lie along the path of integrating thesetwo functions, as with 1-2-3 or MBA, butin separating the functions.

For example, in my editor, when I wantto end a line, I should be able to pressEnter. There should be no implication to acoupled word processor that Enter signi-fies the end of a paragraph. If I want tosignal the end of a paragraph, I'll signalthat in the file I'm editing, using a word-processor command, as a separate step.

There is no magic in being able to in-clude spreadsheet output into a memo orbook chapter. I should be able to copy itinto the file I'm creating with my editor,or to point to it, in the file, by means ofsome imbedded command.

The structure of the editor output, theword-processor input, and the spread-sheet output should not imply amongthem any native relationships or coupling.I use such uncoupled software in my job;there is no reason that it cannot be devel-oped for microcomputers.

In this light, the new advances maysignal greater sophistication but not nec-essarily greater ease of use. A desktopmanager is only a sophisticated analog forbeing able to copy one file into another.

Robert C. Maegerlein218 Watchung Ave.Upper Montclair, NJ 07043

On Structured Programming

As a professional programmer and astructured-programming maven as well asthe owner of an S-100, 8-inch CP/M per-sonal computer, I have watched the lan-guage diatribes fly back and forth withgreat interest. Although I realize mystatus as a high priest will leave my opin-ions open to suspicion, I wish to make afew points about programming and lan-guages in general.

Despite anything else that may havebeen uttered in haste about structuredprogramming, the primary lessons of astructured approach are to figure outwhat you want your program to do, whattype and form of data it is intended to in-put and output, and how your programwill interact with its user, before youwrite a single line of code.

The software designer usually usessome kind or combination of hierarchicaltree chart, Verner-Orr diagram, and/or

16 August 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

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Before you buy a printerlook at the fine print.

There's a big difference in printers, and the proofis right before your eyes.

This is an actual printout from Digital's Letterprinter 100.As you can see, it's good enough to send out to customers.

But that's not all the Letterprinter 100 can do.Suppose, for instance, you're in a hurry.

Just push a button and you can print out a whole page op draft copyin less than ten seconds.

There are other fine points. You can see how the Letterprinter100 can print multiple typefaces. It can al30 print in BOLD,cLo"U.tol e — vsrici'fc.ri and condensed . And do all these stylesautomatically, without stopping. And with its wide range of graphicscapabilities, you can even draw your own conclusions.

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So now that you've read the fine print, see our fine printers.Call 1-B00-DIGITAL.extension 700. for the distributor near you.Or write Digital Equipment Corporation, Terminals Product Group,2 Mt. Royal Avenue,UP01-5, Marlboro, Ma. 01752.

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« i

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Letters.

flow chart to develop program function,and these very high-level, abstract designsare then translated to pseudocode thatdescribes in detail the operation of theprogram in English, Latin, an arbitrarymixture of C and PascaL or however youdesire. This includes logic, mathematics,and I/O in any form. These steps areiterative—that is, the high-level designsare modified according to the needs dis-covered by the pseudocode, and thepseudocode is redefined by new, moreelegant approaches that become obvious

from the tree/flow charts. So the pseudo-code starts as a simplistic statement offunctions that quickly evolves into adetailed list that will greatly resemble ausable computer language.

From this point, it is easy to translatethe pseudocode to any computer languagethat is appropriate to the functions to beperformed, the speed/memory require-ments of the target computer, and thefluency of the programmer. This ap-proach even allows for structured BASIC.

Is this a lot of work? Yes, but it is plac-

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ing the burden at the front, so much lesstime is necessary to test and debug thefinal result. The structured approach alsoallows for another benefit rarely con-sidered by hackers or even by a lot of myfellow high priests: documentation.

A program for strictly in-house use willbe difficult to use after the coding is nolonger fresh in your mind, and even moredifficult to modify. With structured pro-gramming, when you fix your program,you can be aware of all the ramifications.

As for languages, my preference is forany language that allows me to maintainmy logic structure easily within the code,a natural for all the ALGOL descendants(PL/I, Pascal, C, Ada, etc.). However,due to my work, I find myself quite oftenrunning afoul of these strongly typed lan-guages and have to resort to good oldFORTRAN. At least it runs fast, is goodat math, and has mixed-record I/O. FOR-TRAN 77 allows something of bothworlds, although it doesn't have datastructures.

BASIC also has its place. Although notprone to informational error messages,BASIC is easy for a beginner to learn andget instant gratification from. With theadvent of compilers, BASIC can alsogenerate code that executes at areasonable speed, although I needseparately compiled subroutines.

Compilers that examine all of your codelet you see all of your programming errorsat once, an enormous advantage whendealing with related variables and func-tions that may have been confused some-where along the way (built-in cross-refer-ences are a great help, too).

Curtis W. RendonSyntax Constructs Inc.14522 Hiram ClarkeHouston, TX 77045

Editor's Note: For further discussion oflanguages, see Jerry Pournelle's article,'The Debate Goes On," on page 312.

Mouse: Not So Mighty

In response to Gregg Williams' editorial("The New Generation of Human-Engineered Software," April, p. 6), themouse of Lisa, Visi On, and their pre-decessor, the Xerox Star, is a trulyfascinating hardware device, and on thosefew occasions that I have seen thesedevices in use, I have been impressed. Butthe mouse is not revolutionary, and, as its

18 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

Circle 412 on inquiry card. >

OPEN YOUR APPLE TO AWORLD OF COMMUNICATION

Videx'new PSIO Dual FunctionInterface Card gives you a whole'new world of communication...with a whole new ease

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The PSIO allows you to use aprinter' (parallel output) •dnd a modem (serial l/OHport) simultaneously,through use of just onecard! But best of all, •the PSIO makes com-municating througheither method worldseasier than it's everbeen before.The PSIO lets youchoose from amongan unmatched range ofso ft ware-select ableoptions, including vari-able baud rate selection,form width, form length,auto linefeed, linefeed mask,Xon/Xoff protocol, lowercase "masking, shift wire mod support,duplex mode, parity, data format,video echo mode and a slot echo mode.PSIO can also open up new worlds forgraphics, since it can reproduce your picture onany graphics printer.'Rotate your picture, enlargeit, change it as you wish.

Once you've chosen youroptions, the PSIO's highlysophisticated NOVRAM(non-volatile RAM) willremember and perma-nently save- them. Thatmeans you won't have togive the same config-• urations over and overagain ... your PSIO willdo it for you. And if youwant to change thoseconfigurations, you cando it through software in-stead of through the con-fusing array of switches thatother cards use.7~he PSIO will work with anyprinter/modem you now hap-pen to own., .and it will work withany printer/modem you happen topurchase in the future. Adaptable?Definitely!

7"he PSIO is. completely compatible withBASIC, Pascal and CP/M® systems.

The PSIO from Videx...how in the world"mutJi?!

Letters ______

name suggests, it is really nothing morethan a rodent. Its functional predecessorwas the light pen. Some years ago, lightpens were fashionable devices for select-ing a particular function, and they are stillin use. But displays attaching light penshad to have an appropriate phosphor, andthey were not as easy to program as func-tion keys. About the same time, touch-sensitive screens were introduced, andthey are still used in applications such asonline catalogs in libraries; here, too,however, programming appears to be thechief stumbling block.

If the name of the game is "ease of use,"the industry would be far wiser to developtouch-sensitive displays than mice.Because a display has no moving parts, itis likely to prove more durable than amouse. And a finger placed on a displayscreen does not require additional deskspace, as a mouse does. If an executivewere having an office conference, don'tyou think he might rather touch his screena couple of times than roll a mousearound his desk pressing buttons on it?

There are, obviously, many considera-tions at work in the development of newproducts. My bet, simply stated, is thatthe mouse is not a viable product. At best,it will limp along like bubble memory.

John P. Rash

President

Acorn Data Ltd.

611 W. 111th St., Box 57

New York, NY 10025

The High Cost of Software

I certainly don't pretend to be in favorof the theft of software, but I believe thatsoftware piracy is being fought with thewrong weapons. Perhaps software ven-dors need to reevaluate their marketingstrategies. Simply keeping the price highbecause the market appears willing to sup-port it is both a greedy and naive ap-proach.

Vendors are not solely to blame forhigh prices. I believe that the average con-sumer pays the exorbitant prices de-manded because he simply does not knowthe worth of a piece of software. If some-one tried to sell that same person a text-book for, say, $300, he would laugh. Yetthe textbook may easily represent morehours of labor and may require moreyears of experience on the subject area towrite. In addition, the book may not en-

20 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

joy as large a market as a good piece ofsoftware does.

I don't begrudge companies a fair pro-fit, but I do object to exploitation. I thinkthat if anybody is being "ripped off" inthis industry it is we the consumers, notthe software companies. Perhaps they arethe pirates.

P. J. Lenk2505 David Ave.Pacific Grove, CA 93950

New, Improved Compiler

Jay Freeman's letter (April, p. 20) inregard to Intel's FORTRAN-86 version 1.0points up some known difficulties withthat past version of our compiler. Therelease of the FORTRAN-86 Compiler,version 2.1, that is currently beingshipped to customers corrects bugs foundin the previous version as well as providesnew features.

Kenneth A. PomperDevelopment Systems OperationIntel Corporation3065 Bowers Ave.Santa Clara, CA 95051

Algorithm Amended

I recently read Timothy G. Corrigan's"Add Dimensions to Your BASIC"(March, p. 307). The idea of indexingmultidimensioned arrays with a singledimension index is sound and useful.However, the algorithm introduced is inerror. For instance, for a two-dimensionalarray with a dimension X having a max-imum index of XM, and Y having a max-imum of YM, the formula given for theindex is

I = X X YM + Y

Considering X to be the row dimensionand Y to be the column dimension, youcan see that this formula produces indicesI from 0 to YM associated with the firstrow (X = 0) of the matrix, as it should.However, the next element I that is pro-duced (for the second row, first column,such that X = 1, and Y = 0) is also YM.In every case, the formula repeats the lastindex I for the last row element for the ele-ment that is first in the next row. Ob-

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Depending on the ver-sion of Microbuffer, these buf-fering capacities range from auseful 8K of random accessmemory — big enough for8,000 characters of storage —up to a very large 256K —enough for 256,000 charactersof storage.

22 BYTE August 1983

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BYTE August 1983 23

Letters.

viously the index I must refer to a uniquearray element to be of use. Perhaps aneven simpler way to show that the for-mula is in error is to consider the two-dimensional problem of a 10(X = 0 to 9)by 5(Y = 0 to 4) array, for which Cor-rigan provided a BASIC program. Youcan immediately see that the maximum Iobtainable from the prescribed formulaoccurs when X and Y are maximum and is40, yet there are 50 elements in the array.The corresponding correct formula for thetwo-dimensional case is

I = X X (YM + 1) + Y

The algorithm can be extended to athird dimension, Z, by modifying the pro-cedure described by Corrigan. You mustenclose the two-dimensional expressionfor I in parentheses and multiply by 1 plusthe maximum value of Z, ZM, and add Zas

I = (X X (YM + 1) +(ZM + 1) + Z

Y) X

This same algorithm can be used for anynumber of array dimensions just by re-

peating the process.

In addition, it might be mentioned thatin many applications, especially instatistics, many square two-dimensionalmatrices that are encountered are sym-metric, that is, the same elements are con-tained above and below the diagonal. Anexample is an intercorrelation matrix,which expresses the degrees of relation-ship between all possible pairs ofvariables. Traditional statistical softwarefor mainframes has ignored this fact andstored the whole redundant array inmemory; there was plenty of memory tospare. With matrices of even modest size,this is undesirable with the limited RAMavailable to most microcomputers. An in-dex similar to that introduced above canbe created to index only the nonredun-dant information in such a matrix. Again,assuming X as the row dimension and Y asthe column dimension, the appropriatetwo-dimensional formula is

I = (X X (X + 1)) / 2 + Y

Using this formula, the appropriate in-dices will be created for all the elements ofthe "bottom" nonredundant portion of

such a square symmetric matrix.

John D. Morris, Associate ProfessorBox 8143

Educational Leadership & ResearchGeorgia Southern CollegeStatesboro, GA 30458

"A More Powerful Pencil"

In his letter on "the myth of computerliteracy" (March, p. 16), Dr. E. J.Neiburger hit the nail right on the head.One of the nails, that is. There are severalmore nails to be hit before we hammerdown the lid on this argument.

In one basic sense Dr. Neiburger istotally right. If you want to use a com-puter for certain strictly defined, limitedapplications, you need know nothingmore than how to turn it on, load the pro-grams, and follow the prompts on thescreen. If all you ever intend to use a com-puter for is these predefined applications,then there is no such thing as computerliteracy. To fill out a form you need toknow how to read and write but not how

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BYTE August 1983 25

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to think. Using a computer only for pre-defined applications is similar to fillingout forms.

I think that using a microcomputer thisway misses the whole point of the per-sonal computer "revolution." In consider-ing personal computers, I prefer theanalogy of pencil literacy to telephoneliteracy. Intrinsically the pencil is one ofthe simplest of human artifacts, and yet ittakes great skill and creativity to realizethe full potential of a pencil as a personaltool. With a pencil I can write, draw, cal-culate, communicate, and remember. Thethings I can do with a pencil are limited towhat I can imagine and the skill I have incarrying through my imaginings. A per-sonal computer for me is a more powerfulpencil.

My point is that there is such a thing ascomputer literacy. I don't propose that tobe computer literate all of us need tobecome programmers. I do believe thatwe need to learn to understand the scopeof the tool we are dealing with and how touse it creatively, not by rote. And to "use"means just that, to invest the time and ef-fort to learn the commands and pro-cedures of packages such as database-management systems, spreadsheets, andword processors.

Computer literacy means learning howto use and exploit the tool that a personalcomputer is. If you use your pencil just tocopy over the accounts, you'll be theclerk, not the boss. The same is true witha personal computer.

Douglas F. Yriart

1005 Bay view Overlook

Stafford, VA 22554

Are Computers LikeTelephones?

Dr. Neiburger's contention that com-puter literacy is overrated (Letters col-umn, March, p. 16) is well taken andalmost convincing. Those of us who workwith microcomputers and spend a lot oftime thinking about them do seem to becaught up in an imbroglio of expensivegadgetry and words that have capital let-ters stuck oddly in their middles. Like anynew toy, personal computers have beensubject to an intense media hype thattends to throw the whole issue out ofperspective.

But computers aren't like telephones atall, and to reduce operating a computer tomerely turning it on and following the in-

26 Auguft 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Letters.

structions on the screen is a gross over-simplification. If this were the only trick,there would be no manufacturers' supportservices, no user groups, no manuals toteach us how to read our manuals. Even anovice should have some insight into theworkings of the machine, and that meansgetting a sense of the mathematical andelectrical properties involved and learningthe terms that describe them. A user whoseeks only to snap the disk into the driveand have his or her problems magicallysolved will probably never feel confidentabout the computer or use it creatively.

Many people view computers withskepticism and deny their usefulness—atone time or another we've all receivedsomeone else's bank statement. But whena computer is working properly it canhelp enormously. When it is not workingproperly, it is better if the person punch-ing the keys has a vague idea of how toclean up the mess.

Terry NastaSenior Editor

Computing Physician515 Madison Ave.New York, NY 10022

E. }. Neiburger replies:

Mr. Nasta's comments on my letter arewell taken. It is true that many computersystems and software are not as easy tooperate as a telephone, but that is due topoor design or equipment limitations(lack of memory for help screens, etc.).

The telephone is a complicated instru-ment with many buttons, signal tones,and series of numbers to be dialed (try along-distance number through MCI). Butthe telephone is easy to use because its useis easy to understand. Even 3-year-oldchildren routinely use them. My point isthat a well-designed computer and pro-gram are also easy to use. Take atemplated Visicalc type of program, forexample. Load your disk, turn on yourcomputer, and fill in the requested blankswhen they appear on the screen. There isno problem with this "user friendly" typeof program. You need not be "computerliterate" to use it. Visicalc may requireknowledge of a few commands gleanedfrom reading a manual, but no big effort.

Conversely, many programs may re-quire considerable effort in order to run,but this problem can usually be solvedwith better programming and design.

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Double-sided Recording withPerpendicular Media

"The Promise of PerpendicularMagnetic Recording" by Clark E. JohnsonJr. (March, p. 56) contains serious omis-sions and errors of fact.

Johnson did not mention the fact that"double-sided" recording is meaninglesswith perpendicular recording because therecording magnetic field necessarily passesthrough the medium. Of course, the in-creased density made possible withperpendicular recording makes double-sided recording less advantageous. Never-theless, the disadvantages of double-sidedrecording are still present and may bemagnified.

Most prominent of these presumed dis-advantages is the fact that the read/writehead, instead of being one small compo-nent, must have two parts, on oppositesides of the medium, and that these twoparts must always be accurately aligned.This condition is desirable but not indis-pensable with double-sided longitudinalrecording. Furthermore, the length of themagnetic flux lines, which must alwaysform a closed loop, is vastly greater withperpendicular recording because the linesmust pass around the edge of the mediumrather than remain within the head and itssupporting structure. These long flux linesrequire low magnetic reluctance in the ac-cess mechanism to enable the detectingcircuits to pick up the changes in magneticflux when reading and to enable the drivecircuits to generate appropriate signalswhen writing.

Johnson also mentioned the possibilityof using perpendicular recording of audio■signals and the applicability of data com-pression to such recordings. That may betrue, but his example betrays a gross un-familiarity with musical quality. He asks,"Why record all 800,000 bits of data for asoprano who sustains the same note for anentire second?" The question is, what con-stitutes the "same" note? All vocalists andmany instrumentalists—notably violins

28 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Augurt 1983 29

Letters.

and other stringed instruments—in-troduce tiny changes of pitch and not-so-tiny changes in volume when sustaining anote. These modulations constitute thedifference between a musical note and asteam whistle. Anyone listening to a per-formance by a would-be musician whodoes not use them finds the experiencerather unpleasant. A recording of a per-formance would necessarily include thesemodulations, making the compression ofdata considerably more complicated thanJohnson implies, if not impossible.

Wallace B. Riley

309 Garces Dr.

San Francisco, CA 94132

Clark E. Johnson replies:

Contrary to the opinion Riley expressedin his letter, double-sided recording withperpendicular media is not only fairlystraightforward but easy to implement ina practical configuration. We at Vertimaguse a single-sided, single-pole head shimthat provides the advantages of theIwasaki single-pole, double-sided ap-proach but mounts in a standard floppy-

disk head button configuration. The fluxfrom the record/write thin film travelsthrough the perpendicular storage media,through the permalloy back layer, andreturns through a massive ferrite piecethat connects to the shim. No alignment isrequired other than the normal azimuthrestrictions of high-density recording.

With such a head configuration in a96-turns-per-inch disk drive using 50 turnsat a standard disk-drive speed of 300 rpmand using our own double-layer media,we have a read-back signal of approx-imately 1 millivolt peak-to-peak. Thissignal, at 30,000 bits per inch, exceeds thatfrom particulate media at one-fifth thedensity.

With regard to the application of per-pendicular recording technology to audioapplications, I did not intend to imply theelimination of redundancy, as Riley in-ferred. Because perpendicular recording inits most efficient implementation usessaturation recording, one can obtain ex-traordinarily high signal-to-noise ratiosby pulse with modulation—what is essen-tially a binary digital signal. The quan-tization of the audio signal (equivalent to

the number of bits in a conventionaldigital audio system) is limited only by theatomic columnar structure of the mediaitself. This limitation is equivalent to ap-proximately 400,000 bits per inch.

Information Hiding

First it was hacking, then structuredprogramming, and now informationhiding. As a programmer who has out-grown the need to produce arcane worksof twisted genius, I can appreciate the in-novations that facilitate ease of implemen-tation and maintenance. When I see an ar-ticle like "Information Hiding: A Brief Ex-ample" (April, p. 442) I'm gratified by thethought that such techniques will free pro-grammers to create useful, higher-qualitysoftware. While our early methodologywas justified by slow processors, smallmemories, and inefficient mass-storagedevices, the new machines' capabilitiesmight never be realized if we were to con-tinue so clumsily. I hope BYTE will con-tinue to cater to the growing number of us

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Mass Storage for Apple Writer

An undocumented feature in the newversion of Apple Writer for the Apple Hemakes it possible to use a Corvus mass-storage device. Here are the necessarysteps:

1. Place the Corvus controller card inApple He slot 6.

2. Place the Disk II controller card in slot7.

3. Turn the Apple He on and press the Ckey once while the system is bootingup.

4. A prompt will appear: "ENABLECORVUS IN SLOT 6 (Y/N) :"; press Yand RETURN.

Steps 3 and 4 are carried out each timethe system is turned on. These steps allowApple Writer He to work with a Corvusdrive that has been formatted with DOS3.3 volumes.

Paul Lutus, PresidentWalden Software Inc.2021 Placer Rd.Sunny Valley, OR 97497a

BYTEs Bits

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Connexions, the electronics industry'stwo-way, online help-wanted publication,has expanded its operations from the EastCoast to California's Silicon Valley. Thisservice lets recruiters post job openingsand prescreen applicants while offeringjob hunters a comprehensive list of cur-rent career opportunities that they can re-spond to electronically with a resume anda cover letter. Further details are availablefrom Connexions, 20863 Stevens CreekBlvd., Cupertino, CA 95014, (408) 252-7882. The East Coast headquarters forConnexions is located at 55 Wheeler St.,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617) 492-1690.1

< Circle 380 on inquiry card.

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Circle 481 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 33

256K Memory — _.,Expansion

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Circle 330 on Inquiry card. .

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build a Power-LineCarrier-Current Modem

Communicate using electrical power wiring

"Jiggle the printer cable, Jeanette."

My assistant reached through therat's nest of wires behind the com-puter and grabbed the one connectedto the printer. As she moved it, Iidentified its other end from mycramped vantage point beneath theworkbench and pulled it through aslot to attach it to my latest project.I was glad that what we were doingwould keep us from having to runcables around the Circuit Cellar sooften.

I have long had video terminals,printers, and other data-communicat-ing equipment located at variousplaces in the Circuit Cellar andaround the upper stories of my home(see reference 3). Eventually the painof rerouting cables whenever I moveda peripheral device got to me, soabout a year ago I designed a com-munication system that would savehaving to string new wires everytime. My system revolved around acarrier-current modem, which operatesin much the same manner as thefamiliar telephone modem but sendsits signals over electrical power wir-ing instead of over a telephone line.

After I pressed the carrier-currentmodems into service (with a little

Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Ciarcia.AH rights reserved.

by Steve Ciarcia

help), they served faithfully and Iturned my attention to other projects,some of which have appeared in thiscolumn. But as of late more and moreof my readers have written to me ask-ing for help on how to send datathrough the AC power line. Ap-parently the widespread use of andmedia attention to the BSR X-10Home Control System and similarproducts have given many people theidea of using the generally unex-ploited carrier-current modem forcommunication. Indeed, about fiveyears ago I published a project onbuilding a remote-control system thatcommunicated through the ACpower wiring of a building (seereference 4). It worked very muchlike the BSR X-10 as a carrier-currentremote controller.

I hesitated to present the carrier-current modem as a Circuit Cellarproject until now because I feel thereis more to general-purpose carrier-current communication than meetsthe eye.

Simple on/off remote control is dif-ferent. In most control applications,the communication is generally half-duplex or simplex; the transmissionis limited to an intermittent tone orpulse burst that merely triggers aspecific receiver into a binary controlstate. If the receiver is not activatedproperly by a single transmission

because of interference, it's easy tosend the control burst more thanonce. (Many computer control sys-tems that use the BSR X-10 receiverssend the same control code 10 timesto make sure it is received.) But ingeneral-purpose serial data commu-nication, proper reception of every bitmay be necessary, and errors inreception of the data may negate theusefulness of carrier-currentoperation.

To successfully use a carrier-currentmodem and the AC power wiring fordata communication, we must eithertolerate a dropped bit now and thenor implement an intelligent protocolof error checking, redundant trans-mission, and handshaking. A reallydependable power-line communica-tion system has the physical link (AC-line transmission and reception) asonly one of its components.

I was going to wait until I hadperfected the control and error-checking protocols for use with thecarrier-current modem, but the in-creasing interest indicated by my mailsuggested that many experimentersmight benefit from building a simplecarrier-current modem; at least thephysical part of the connection couldbe set up, even if the protocols andsoftware are not ready.

This month's project, a modem fordata communciation using the AC

36 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

mm

ShHKSw

91

iV

Iv

\y,«

w-^-.ii

• •••«•!

Photo 1: Prototype of the Circuit Cellar CCM-1 carrier-current modem, which transmits serial data over the AC power line at 1200 bitsper second. When in originate mode, the modem transmits mark signals at 90 kHz and space signals at 95 kHz; the answer mode transmitsmarks at 80 kHz and spaces at 85 kHz. The receive unit, shown here, differs from the transmit unit only in the frequency-selecting passivecomponents.

power line, is mostly an analog cir-cuit. Successful operation of themodem, therefore, depends muchmore on tweaking and tuning thecomponents than do digital com-puter-related projects. I am present-ing this two-chip modem chiefly todiscuss the principles involved, withsome emphasis on selecting com-ponents for this application. Becausethe principles are susceptible tobroad application, this knowledgeshould also be useful in understand-ing other modem designs as well.

All Modems Are Not Alike

The modem, named after a con-traction of the words "modulator"and "demodulator," is a fairly com-mon piece of computer equipment.You've probably seen modems builtfor sending data over telephone lines,and you may have read my MarchCircuit Cellar article about a low-cost

modem (see reference 2). A modemallows two pieces of digital equip-ment to communicate with eachother over long distances withouthaving a direct hard-wired connec-tion between them. With a telephonemodem, the telephone lines form thecommunication path.

Modems of the usual type translatethe voltage levels of the digital inputsignal (usually RS-232C levels) totones at two frequencies, one ofwhich signifies a logic 0, the other, alogic 1. The process of shifting thefrequency of the output tone as thelogic levels change is called frequency-shift keying, and the modems arecalled frequency-shift keyed, or FSK,modems.

To allow communication in two dir-ections at once (full-duplex mode),rather than in only one (half-duplex),two pairs of frequencies are used,avoiding conflict when both ends of

the connection talk at the same time.(By convention, one pair of tones iscalled the "originate" set, and theother is called the "answer" set. Thetwo terms merely signify which setof frequencies each unit is using; noimplication is intended regarding thecontent or origin of the data itself.)For compatibility, modems are builtto adhere to certain standards of op-eration; the most common system inNorth America for low-speedmodems was first used in the BellSystem's Model 103 modem, soBell-103-type modems abound.

Carrier-Current Systems

The AC power line is similar insome respects to the telphone line.One similarity is clear: we can senddata through the power line by usingan FSK modem.

Obviously, in addition to the datawe want to transmit, the power lines

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 37

RS-232CJl

1 2

cU

<J~

FSK

MODULATOR

90kHz/95kHz

~7h

FSK

DEMODULATOR

80kHz/85kHz

LINE COUPLER

^

AMP

FSK

DEMODULATOR

90kHz/95kHz

FSK

MODULATOR

80kHz/85kHz

Figure 1: Block diagram of a data-communication system employing carrier-current modems. The AC power wiring of the building is usedto carry the frequency-shift-keyed transmission.

must continue to carry power or wewon't be able to operate the computerequipment. The carrier-current com-munication system superimposes ahigh-frequency signal on the 60-Hzpower-carrying signal. On an oscillo-scope, this is viewed as an additionalsmall voltage carried on or ridingatop the 115-V (volt) alternating cur-rent. At the receiving end, themodem filters out the 60-Hz signaland any other noise components onthe power line, demodulating onlythe transmitted frequency. Unfor-tunately, the power line sometimeshas an impedance less than 2 ohms,along with thousand-volt noisespikes that make it a hazardous en-vironment and a less-than-optimalcommunication medium.

There is a price to be paid for thesimplicity of this communication sys-tem. Unlike the complex digital car-rier-current systems, which transmitaround the zero-crossing interval ofthe power signal, the analog FSKcarrier-current modems are moresensitive to line peculiarities andnoise. However, the digital species ismuch more complex, and after all,my intention was to present a build-it-yourself project. Learning a littleblack art for the sake of simplicitycan't hurt.

Carrier-Current Modem Circuit

Figure 1 is the block diagram of acarrier-current modem, which con-sists of three basic components: mod-ulator/driver, amplifier/demodulator,and AC-line coupler. The simplestusable system consists of two

modems, one attached to each of twopieces of data-communicating equip-ment. One of the two modems is ar-bitrarily designated as the originatingmodem and the other as the answer-ing modem. As in the case of tele-phone communication, two sets ofFSK frequencies are defined, al-though the power-line modemsoperate at much higher frequenciesthan the telephone-line type. Theconnections from the communicatingequipment to the modulator anddemodulator on each modem arethrough an RS-232C DB-25 connec-tor. The driver and amplifier sectionsare in turn connected to the AC linethrough the coupler, the crucialcomponent.

In a direct-connect telephonemodem, the coupler is usually a600-ohm isolation transformer, andthe characteristics of the line are welldefined. But in a carrier-currentmodem, the coupling transformer isvery often a tuned circuit selected toresonate within the passband of theFSK tones to improve the signal-to-noise ratio in this particularly noisyenvironment. While tuned couplersare not aways used, most carrier-current driver circuits do employthem to increase the transmissionrange and receiver selectivity. Formost experimenters, the driver andcoupler are the hardest sections toconstruct because so much dependson selecting, balancing, and ad-justing the components.

Taming the AC Line

Figure 2 shows two typical carrier-

current driver-coupler circuits. Bothconsist of a transformer capacitivelyisolated from the AC line; 0.22-/J(microfarad) 600-V capacitors are rec-ommended. Any 0.1-mH (millihenry)slug-tuned transformer will probablywork, but I have had best successwith standard low-Q (low-resonance)miniature IF (intermediate-fre-quency) transformers used in tran-sistor radios. In practice, the circuitof figure 2b is less sensitive to com-ponent selection and more easilytuned.

If you have any doubts aboutwhether a particular transformer willwork, a few brute-force tests can helpyou tame the AC line and give youthe confidence to build the rest of themodem circuit. Just remember thatworking directly with the AC power lineis dangerous if you aren't careful.

Begin by building two couplers,one driver, and one receiver, usingthe component values and circuitlayout in the schematic diagram offigure 3. (I'll get around to discussingit shortly.) Temporarily apply powerto the driver section and attach it(carefully!) through its coupler to theAC line. The receiver should bepowered and connected through itscoupler across the AC line at someother nearby location.

Use an oscilloscope (connected tothe AC line through an isolationtransformer for safety) to monitor thesignal present across the secondarycoil of the receiver transformer (orfrom the collector of transistor Q2 toground), while you inject a signal fortransmission using a sine-wave func-

38 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

o

Figure 2: Two possible schemes for coupling the modulator/driver portion of the carrier-currentmodem to the AC line. The circuit of figure 2b is the more stable.

tion generator attached to the base ofthe driver transistor, Ql. Sweep thefrequency between 50 kHz and 150kHz until you detect the same fre-quency (at greater than 10 mV [milli-volts]) at the receiver. Take care thatyou are receiving the fundamentalfrequency and not a harmonic. Don'tbe too surprised at the strange elec-trical noise you'll no doubt observe.

You can shift the detection bandsomewhat by adjusting the tuningslug in and out of the transformerwindings or by changing the capaci-tor across the transformer secondary.The objective is to find the frequen-cy band where the signal level at thereceiver is highest. The band shouldbe about 20 kHz wide; the frequen-cy can go as high as 300 kHz (the up-per frequency limit of the demodu-lator) if necessary.

In my case the best results were ob-tained between 80 kHz and 100 kHz,so I arbitrarily set two originate andanswer frequency pairs within thisband. One modem transmits on 90and 95 kHz and receives on 80 and85 kHz; conversely the other modemtransmits on 80 and 85 kHz and re-ceives on 90 and 95 kHz. In a simplesystem, any originate and answer fre-quency pairs that work are acceptablebecause each frequency pair has itsown tuned coupler. I recommendthat the frequency separation be-tween the mark and space tones be5 kHz or less to facilitate easy demod-ulation. I only caution you not to setany frequency that is a multiple (orsubmultiple) of another one used in

the system.

Remember that, in an analog FSKcarrier-current communication sys-tem, success largely depends on yourpeaking the resonance of the coilsand finding the proper transmissionbands. I can't provide a parts list ofcomponents values that will be guar-anteed to work because the behaviorof parts in the list could be other thanthat predicted, due to performanceand tolerance variations. The mostimportant "component" in thecoupler sections is your understand-ing the objective and knowing howto pursue it through testing andadjustment.

Fortunately, component selectionin the FSK modulator and demodu-lator sections is much more straight-forward and follows some basic for-mulas defined by the frequency andapplication. However, because it ispossible that you might choose fre-quency pairs different from those inmy design, I'll discuss the derivationof the component values rather thanjust the results.

Exar XR-2206 Modulator

First, let's consider the modulator.The XR-2206 is a function-generatorintegrated circuit, made by Exar In-tegrated Systems, which can producesine, square, and triangular outputwaveforms at frequencies rangingfrom 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. It is ideallysuited for FSK applications becauseit can be set for two different timebases and digitally switched betweenthem. A functional block diagram of

the XR-2206 and typical FSK circuitis shown in figure 4.

The mark and space frequenciescan be independently set by thechoice of timing resistors R2 and R3and the capacitor between pins 4 and5. The FSK input signal is applied topin 9. A high logic-input signal to pin9 produces the frequency:

1f"* = R2xC

and a low-level input signal producesthe frequency:

f*.

R3xC

where R2 and R3 are in ohms and Cis in farads.

R2 and R3 should be between 10kilohms and 100 kilohms, and thecapacitor should be polycarbonate,polystyrene, or Mylar for tempera-ture stability. I chose to use a O.OOT^Fcapacitor, which produces the follow-ing resistor values for the frequencypairs I chose:

R2: 85 kHz, 11.76 kilohms95 kHz, 10.53 kilohms

R3: 80 kHz, 12.50 kilohms90 kHz, 11.11 kilohms

In the case of R2 and R3, you canuse the nearest 1-percent-toleranceresistor or use a potentiometer incombination with the closest 5 per-cent fixed value.

You must also consider the settingsof resistors Rl and R5, which adjustfor minimum total harmonic distor-tion. In our case, where a few-tenths-percent distortion is irrelevant, pins15 and 16 may be left open and Rl canbe replaced by a fixed 200-ohmresistor. With Rl installed (same ef-fect as closing switch SI), the outputat pin 2 is a sine wave with an out-put impedance of 600 ohms andamplitude set by R4. The remainingcomponents serve to stabilize opera-tion and are the same for all fre-quencies.

XR-2211 Demodulator

The Exar XR-2211 is a phase-locked-loop (PLL) integrated circuit especial-ly designed for data communication

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 39

+ 12V

0.047uF

+ 12V

AC

0.22/iF600V

OUTPUT TO115VAC LINE

0 d-

+ 12V

-)(-

0.22/iF600V

-)h

0. 22/xF600V

■ 47ft,

^

T2

0.22^.F600V

0.01/iF;

^h

+ 5V

Warning: this circuit containsline-voltage potential. Take carewhen experimenting with it.

ORIGINATE ANSWER

R2 R3 R2 R3

VALUE 11.76K 12.5K 10.53K 11.11K

FREQ 85kHz 80kHz 95kHz 90kHz

. 0.1 ^F

ANSWER ORIGINATE

Rl 170K 191K

RO 10K 9.1K

fO 82.5kHz 92.5kHz

+12V

4

;imf

5.1K

m

50KAMPLITUDE

—"?*•—5

i

0.001,uF

AOfiF

T-

/77

R2I W^v-

R3

rn

OUTPUT

VCC

WAVEFORMADJ.

IC1XR-2206

NULL

(MULT. OUT) WF ADJ-

VCOTIMING

VCOTIMING

CUR. SW.TIMING

CUR. SW.TIMING

BYPASS

AM INPUT

+ 5V

Q2 <J8K

2N2222

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/77

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>10K

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^S-232CIC 4. 6 CONNECTOR

MC1489 K

7<=)l

. 0.1/xF

14

•200ii

13

12

ilMF

/77

INPUT VCQ

VCC TIMING

LOCK DETECT

IC2XR-2211

REF LO0P

VOLTAGE ^DET 0UT

* POLYCARBONATE ORMYLAR CAPACITOR

_.--. FSK COMP.

DATA |NpuT

VCO TIMING VCO TIMING

14

CO *0.001/iF

>R1

CI250pF

^

13

Rf100K

Cf0.0022^F

S510K

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of a complete carrier-current modem. The originate-mode modem transmits mark signals at 90 kHz and spacesignals at 95 kHz; the answer modem transmits marks at 80 kHz and spaces at 85 kHz. This diagram shows the circuit for one end of thelink; two such units are needed in the system with the proper component values differing between them. In one unit, the wiring of pins2 and 3 of ]1 should be reversed.

and particularly suited for FSK appli- functional block diagram and typical through a 0.1-jtF capacitor. The inter-cations. It operates over a frequency FSK demodulator circuit are shown nal impedance is 20 kilohms, and therange of 0.01 Hz to 300 kHz and can in figure 5. Frequency-shift-keyed in- minimum recommended inputaccommodate analog input signals put signals fed into pin 2 of the signal is 10 mV.between 2 mV and 3 V. An XR-2211 XR-2211 must be capacitvely coupled The first order of business is to set

40 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

(4a)

(4b)

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

+ 5V55. IK

INPUT LA-

MULT OUT |~T

VcclZ

rE-i f

TIMING L

DR r-

CAPACITOR

TIMINGRESISTORS

m-i

V

XR-2206

MULTIPLIERANDSINESHAPER

TeJ—i

1 SYMMETRY

I , ADJUST

- TFj i

u\—|

1 WAVEFORMADJUST

-0—1

vco

CURRENTSWITCHES

10MF

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SINE /TRIANGLEWAVE OUTPUT

£T

R4

50K

AMPLITUDE

-\p/G—

+ 5V5.1K ♦

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yn sync

/77

€

R2R3

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XR-2206MODULATOR

16

R5

SYMMETRY ADJUST

1

14

Rl

500.il

THD ADJUST

-*qA-

Sl

12

1h

11

10 +

1MF

SQUARE"WAVE OUT

It"

—<CD FSK INPUT

TYPICAL CIRCUIT

Figure 4: A functional block diagram and pin-out specification of the XR-2206 (4a) and typical FSK circuit (4b).

(5a)

(5b)

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

\J

XR-2211

0.1/iF

VCCLL

input[~T

LOCK-DETECT[J"FILTERLI-

GROUND[7"

LOCK-L5-DETECTOUTPUTS

DATAr

outputL

SIGNALPREAMP

QUAD

PHASE-

DET

VCO

ii ii

ill—1

1 ' TIMING

CAPACITOR

TJ3—J

LOOP

PHASE-

DET

iUr"

LOCK-DETECTCOMP

INTERNALREFERENCE

1— \|fsk

INPUT

m

TIMINGESISTOR

YYJLOOP

10

</>-DET OUTREF

VOLTAGE OUT"s~|no CONNECTION

nFSK

1A COMP INPUT

N.C.= NO

CONNECTION

TYPICAL CIRCUIT

Figure 5: An XR-2211 functional block diagram and pin-out specification (5a) and typical FSK demodulator circuit (5b).

the center frequency of the demodu-lator passband at the center of the fre-quency band that we wish to detect.In my case, the passbands are de-fined by the tone pair at 80/85 kHzand the other pair at 90/95 kHz. Thecenter frequencies for the twodemodulators would then be 82.5kHz and 92.5 kHz, respectively. Thecomponent values are computed as

follows:

/o =

ROxCO

where R0 is in ohms and CO is infarads; f0 is the center frequency.

Generally, RO is in a range of 10kilohms to 100 kilohms, but thechoice is arbitrary. Often it is moreconvenient to choose a value for CO

and trim the value of R0 with an ad-jacent potentiometer. Using 0.001-/iFvalue (Mylar, polycarbonate, or poly-styrene) for CO, the computed R0values are 12.12 kilohms (f0 = 82.5kHz) and 10.81 kilohms (f0 = 92.5kHz). With a 5-kilohm trim pot inseries, more convenient resistors of 10and 9.1 kilohms can be used instead.Rl sets the system bandwidth and

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 41

CI sets the loop-filter time constantand damping factor. The value of Rlis determined by the mark/space fre-quency difference:

R0x/0

Rl =

ft-A)

The deviation is 5 kHz by design,and the values for Rl are 170 kilohms(fo = 82.5 kHz) and 191 kilohms(f0 = 92.5 kHz).

While the equation for computingthe loop-damping factor associatedwith CI is complex, there is a conve-nient rule of thumb. The dampingfactor should be approximately Vi,and a value of CI = CO/4 will pro-duce this. With CO equal to 0.001 uF,CI equals 250 pf (picofarads).

Resistor Rb provides positive feed-back across the FSK comparator andfacilitates rapid transition betweenoutput logic states. A value of 510kilohms is used in most applications.

Cf and Rf form a single-pole post-detection filter for the FSK data out-put. Rf is most often set at 100kilohms. Cf smooths the data output;its value is roughly calculated:Cf = (3/data rate in bits per second)where Cf is in microfarads. Becausethis modem is designed for operationat 1200 bps (bits per second), a valueof 0.0022 pF or 0.0033 pF is acceptable.

The final area requiring calculationis the lock-detect section of theXR-2211, which is used here in acarrier-detect function. The open-collector lock-detect output, pin 6, isconnected to the data output, pin 7.This will disable any output createdby noise unless a carrier signal ispresent within the detection pass-band of the PLL. Presuming a paral-lel resistance of 470 kilohms, theminimum value of the lock-detectfilter capacitor, Cd, is 16/(fx - f2)/2.In this case 0.005 jtF is adequate.

Testing the Completed Unit

I built the complete Circuit Cellarcarrier-current modem the wayshown in figure 3, with componentvalues for 80/85 kHz and 90/95 kHztone pairs, but you may substituteother values as previously discussed.In addition to the three functionalsections we have looked at, I haveadded a carrier-detect indicator and

an RS-232C driver (IC3) and receiver(IC4).

To test the completed unit youneed some source of serial data out-put. (I used a full-duplex video ter-minal.) The easiest test is a simpleloop-back circuit. The terminal is con-nected to the originate modem andplugged into the power line. Theanswer modem is plugged in somedistance away, with pins 2 and 3jumpered together on Jl, its RS-232Cconnector. As you type on the ter-minal, the data is transmitted to theanswer modem where it is loopedback through the jumper and retrans-mitted to the originate modem whereit appears on the terminal's screen.

You should be able to place themodems anywhere within yourhome or office, or even an adjacenthome or apartment. The ultimaterange is limited by the power com-pany's step-down transformer andthe cross-coupling between the two115-V legs of a multiphase 230-V dis-tribution system. But you can arrangecommunication between the latter byattaching a fused capacitor betweenthe two 115-V legs.

In Conclusion

Using this modem I was able tosuccessfully communicate at 1200 bpsfor extended periods of time withoutloss of data. I've found FSK car-rier-current communication to be fair-ly reliable; it's best at the lower datarates. Occasionally a few charactershave been lost when my air-condi-tioner compressor or water pumpturned on. These are occasionswhere an intelligent control systemmight be of significant help. I had in-tended that the intelligence necessaryfor error checking and redundanttransmissions be part of this project,but as I explained, such a controlsystem is much more involved thanthe modem itself. Given the excesscomputing power available in mostpersonal computers, it would certain-ly be feasible in most cases for error-checking to be performed by appli-cations software, perhaps usingsomething like the well-knownfile-transfer protocol developed byWard Christensen for use with hisCP/M-based Modem-7 program.

Generally speaking, while I havedetailed the hardware components ofa complete system that works in theCircuit Cellar, it's important to recog-nize that AC line conditions differsignificantly between locations. Com-plete frequency bands may be unus-able due to interference produced bymachinery, digital clocks, micro-computers, and fluorescent lights.For this reason, you should under-stand how the modem componentsand coupler are designed. Your abili-ty to customize a basic modem de-sign to the particular electrical en-vironment of your home or office canmake or break the project.

Next Month:Build a digital video camera. ■

References

1. Applications Data Book. Sunnyvale, CA: ExarIntegrated Systems Inc., 1981.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the ECM-103, anOriginate/Answer Modem." March 1983BYTE, page 26.

3. Ciarcia, Steve, "Come Upstairs and BeRespectable." May 1977 BYTE, page 50.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Tune In and Turn On: AComputerized Wireless AC Control System."Part 1, April 1978 BYTE, page 114. Part 2,May 1978 BYTE, page 97.

5. Edward, Harry J., Jr. Residential ElectricalWiring: A Practical Guide to Electrical WiringPractices in Residences. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Company, 1982.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles as reference material foreach month's current article. Most of thesepast articles are available in reprint books fromBYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company,POB 4:00; Hightstown, N] 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I coversarticles that appeared in BYTE from September1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Cir-cuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles fromDecember 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar, Volume III contains the ar-ticles that were published from July 1980through December 1981.

Steve Ciarcia (POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033)is an electronics engineer and computer consultantwith experience in process control, digital design,nuclear instrumentation, product development, andmarketing. In addition to writing for BYTE, he haspublished several books.

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42 Augu.l 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The C language provides a new standard for portability in a computerworld characterized by a plethora of processors. Designed to make pro-grams portable, fast, and compact, C fills a niche between such high-level languages as BASIC, COBOL, and Pascal and low-level assemblylanguages tied to particular processors. Perhaps most aptly described asa "medium-level" programming language, C is a powerful tool in thehands of professional programmers.

Most major microcomputer manufacturers and software developersuse C for writing systems programs—operating systems, utilities,languages, and applications. Digital Research is writing all of its newproducts in C, including CP/M-68K for the 68000 microprocessor andthe new Personal BASIC. Both Microsoft and Visicorp have used C ex-tensively in products ranging from Multiplan and Xenix to Visiword andVisi On. The computer graphics sequences in Star Trek //were createdusing C, and Lucasfilm Ltd. used C for computer-aided animation in thelatest Star Wars saga, Return of the Jedi.

Why is C so popular? The primary reason is that it allows programmersto easily transport programs from one computer or operating system toanother while taking advantage of the specific features of themicroprocessor in use. And C is at home with systems from 8-bit micro-computers to the Cray-1, the world's fastest computer. As a result, Chas been called a "portable assembly language," but it also includesmany of the advanced structured-programming features found inlanguages like Pascal.

Our theme articles in this issue take a close look at the C language.Stephen Johnson and Brian Kernighan of Bell Laboratories present anoverview of C and compare it with other computer languages in "The CLanguage and Models for Systems Programming." James Joyce offers aguided tour of C's key features, along with programs that illustrate Cprogramming concepts and style, in the first of a two-part series, "A CLanguage Primer."

C is a concise language that has a small kernel of 30 reserved words,and its input/output specifics are gathered into a library of standard func-tions. That means the language can be brought up easily on new micro-processors, resulting in dozens of versions of C. We sampled a few ofthese for the most popular operating systems.

Most applications programs are becoming large and complex in order

46 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

lANG

that new users perceive them as easy to use. Jason Linhart discusseshow to choose a suitable computer language for "Managing SoftwareDevelopment with C."

Not surprisingly, the largest number of C languages, and some of themost advanced, are available for the highly regarded IBM Personal Com-puter. Most of the C compilers for the IBM PC are also available for theMS-DOS operating system, on which the IBM PC-DOS is based. Theseare reviewed by Ralph Phraner in "Nine C Compilers for the IBM PersonalComputer."

The CP/M-86 operating system has a wealth of C compilers as well.Authors Jerry Houston, Jim Brodrick, and Les Kent take a look at thefirst of those available in "Comparing C Compilers for CP/M-86."Christopher Kern reviews "Five C Compilers for CP/M-80." C has beenavailable for CP/M-80 for a while, and as a result a strong C users' groupand several volumes of public-domain software exist.

No discussion of C is complete without mentioning the Unix operatingsystem, which is written in C. Unix and its utilities comprise over300,000 lines of C source code, certainly the most ambitious C projectyet. Developed more than 10 years ago at Bell Laboratories, both Unixand C are now coming into widespread use. To round out our coverageof C, in this issue we begin "The Unix Tutorial," a series of articles onthe Unix operating system. Part 1 is an overview of Unix and its featuresalong with a short history of how C and Unix were developed. Together,C and Unix provide one of the most comfortable working environmentsfor professional programmers. A text box by Walter Zintz describes Unixand C resources.

Both the C language and the Unix operating system are based onmodularity and short, general-purpose routines, a subject RebeccaThomas explores in "What Is a Software Tool?" "The Unix C Compilerin a CP/M Environment" by Matthew Halfant looks at some of the issuesand ambiguities involved in moving C programs between these twopopular operating systems.

An annotated bibliography of C on page 268 lists the books and ar-ticles on C that have been published in the past few years.

C is relatively young for a computer language, but it is appropriatethat, in its 1 Oth anniversary year, C is being recognized as the powerfullanguage for professionals that it is. —Bruce Roberts

UAG©

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 47

The C Language and Modelsfor Systems Programming

A compromise between assemblers and high-level languages, Chelps programmers avoid the idiosyncrasies of particular machines

by Stephen C. Johnson

The C language was created at Bell Laboratories byDennis Ritchie in 1972. One of its first uses was to rewritethe Unix operating system, previously written in PDP-11assembly language. In its early years, C was used to writeother critical systems programs as well: compilers, parsergenerators, document formatters, and editors, to namea few. At the time, using a high-level language for suchapplications was a radical departure from standard prac-tice; everyone knew that these programs had to be writ-ten in assembly language "for efficiency." Yet in manycases the C code, although clearly less efficient in anygiven routine, produced programs that outperformedsimilar programs written in assembly language.

A key to understanding the philosophy behind C isthe notion of a model for the problem to be solved.Rather than try to deal with all of reality in every lineof code, programming languages, explicitly or implicit-ly, construct models of reality and present them to theprogrammer. In assembly language, for example, partof the language model is that the programmer need notbe concerned with the actual memory location of thevariables; they can be referred to by names like start orcount. This simplification makes it far easier to pro-gram in assembly language than to write the binary bitsthat actually control the processor. The assembly-language model does, however, leave the allocation ofregisters and the choice of machine instructions to theuser.

BASIC provides another model, similar to that of avery good programmable calculator. For many purposes,BASIC programmers do not have to worry about thedetails of where variables are stored, how arithmetic is

and Brian W. Kernighan

done, or how to format output. As a result, BASIC ismuch easier to use than an assembly language.

The Smalltalk system supports a very different model.The Smalltalk programmer manipulates objects whosephysical locations are invisible to the user, as are thedetails of the object's creation, manipulation, and inter-nal structure. This model leads to a very different styleof use; for example, rather than calling a routine to printan object, a Smalltalk user sends a message to the ob-ject telling it to print itself.

High-level models like the one supported by Smalltalktend to be easy to use (provided that the model supportswhat we want to do) but are often less efficient than low-level ones. The hardware support for some of thesemodels, especially on microcomputers, is not very good;we may sacrifice efficiency for ease of use. In systemscode, efficiency is often very important, so the use ofhigh-level models may be impractical. On the otherhand, the low-level model presented by assemblylanguage is not ideal either. In an assembly language,the details of the machine being programmed are im-plicit in every line: how many registers it has, how ituses its stack, how the I/O (input/output) is done.Not only is assembly code too firmly attached to a par-ticular computer and system, it is also harder to writebecause the model supplied to us, with its registers andbranches, is too far from the application we are tryingto write.

The C Model

C offers a compromise. It makes available a basicmodel that is very close to the target machine, enabling

48 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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us to write efficient code where necessary. At the sametime it provides powerful mechanisms for building ourown models, so that much of the coding can be doneat a more comfortable level, safely removed from theidiosyncrasies of any particular computer.

Most computers have dozens of different operationcodes; because C tries to get close to the target hardware,it has dozens of operators. This feature makes C slight-ly harder to read (or, more properly, to learn) because,in addition to the usual arithmetic operators, there areoperators for such common instructions as ++ (incre-ment), — (decrement), and « and » (left and rightshift) as well as logical AND, OR, exclusive OR, and one'scomplement (&, |, , and ~). The reward for learningthe operators is that programmers can state their in-tentions clearly and naturally and be assured of a directtranslation into suitable machine instructions.

In C the basic data types include

bytes, short integers, long integers,

and single- and double-precision

floating-point numbers. C also

supports pointers to other data.

For systems programming, it is often vital tomanipulate bits efficiently, for example, to control I/Odevices, displays, and other hardware. Such tasks areeasy in C because of its bit-manipulation operators. Butin BASIC, FORTRAN, or Pascal, the bitwise operatorsdo not exist—they are not part of the model. The onlyrecourse in those languages is a painful emulation or theuse of an efficient function call.

The model of data in C is also very rich. The basic datatypes include bytes, short integers (typically 16 bits), longintegers (typically 32 bits), unsigned versions of these,and single- and double-precision floating-pointnumbers. C also supports the notion of pointers to otherdata; these pointers correspond to machine addresses.Because most hardware instructions deal directly withsuch addresses, the support of pointers encouragesgeneration of extremely efficient code for critical programsegments and the building and manipulation of very ef-ficient data structures.

Pointer Operations

The model of pointers supported in C includes thestandard operations of taking the address of an object(& object) and accessing the object pointed to by a pointer(*p). For example, suppose that x is an integer and p isa pointer to an integer. (There is no such thing as just"a pointer"; it is always a pointer to a particular datatype.) Then

x = 3;p = &x;

/* set x to 3 (what else?) *//* set p to address of x */

The content of p is the address of x; the value pointed

50 Augtut 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1983 51

to by p is written' *p. Thus, in this case, *p is 3. Converse-ly, *p can be used to set the value of x:

*p = 4;

/* x is now 4 */

It is also possible to use the value of the pointer itself:if q is also a pointer to an integer, then the statement

q = p;

/* make q point to whatever p points to */

gives q the same value as p, so q also points to x. Figure1 illustrates this operation.

Beyond this capability, which is more or less whatPascal provides, C includes the ability to manipulatepointers in ways that depend on what they are pointingto. For example, if we have a pointer to a byte, and in-crement it, it points to the next byte; if we have a pointerto a 16-bit integer and increment it, it points to the nextinteger (2 bytes away). Pointers are an excellent way todo array indexing, as shown in figure 2, where x is anarray of integers.

In contrast to the pointer capabilities of C, FORTRANand BASIC have a restricted model that does not includepointers. In Pascal, pointers are dynamic objects that canbe set only by calling the storage allocation function new.Pascal does not allow pointer arithmetic.

Another use of pointers in C is to associate an addresswith a device. Most BASIC programmers are used toPEEK and POKE statements sprinkled liberally throughouttheir programs to access memory locations that controldevices. In C, pointers achieve the same effect withoutthe need to add a new pair of functions. In BASIC, youset a memory location by a sequence such as

100 V = 36828

800 P0KE(V, 15)

In C, the same code might be written as

souncLvol = 36828; /* sound generator volume address */

*sound_vol = 15;

/* set sound generator volume */

With the freedom implicit in C's use of pointers comecertain risks. Much of C's growth over the last decadehas been in ways of detecting erroneous uses of pointerswithout restricting the ability to write efficient codewhen necessary.

Casts

Operating systems have to deal with some veryunusual objects and events: interrupts; memory maps;apparent locations in memory that really representdevices, hardware traps and faults; and I/O controllers.It is unlikely that even a low-level model can adequate-ly support all of these notions or new ones that comealong in the future. So a key idea in C is that thelanguage model be flexible, with escape hatches to allow

Figure 1: If pointer p points to location x, then the statement q=pmakes q point to x also.

p

1

_l

N

ppp

V

x[0]

x[l]

X [2]

•

... y

p-

x [n]

Figure 2: The ability to do pointer arithmetic facilitates array indexing.

the programmer to do the right thing, even if thelanguage designer didn't think of it first.

One such construct, called a cast, is a way of per-suading the compiler that an object of one type shouldbe treated as if it had a different type. If, for example,you write an expression of the form

(type-name) expression

the result is the value of expression as an object of typetype-name. For some combinations, this causes a newrepresentation to be computed, as in

(float) integer expression

but sometimes it simply means that the bits in the ex-pression are to be treated as a different type without achange in representation.

Casts involving pointers are of this kind. Suppose, forexample, that you want to test whether a pointer pointsto an odd or even address. It is not legal to use the bit-wise operators on pointers, but you can do the job by

52 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

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casting a pointer to an integer and then testing the low-order bit with a logical and operator:

if ((int)p & 1)

{ ... pointer is odd }else

{ ... pointer is even }

The cast (int)p changes the interpretation of the pointerp without changing its value.

A very similar example is the mechanism used withthe standard storage allocator. The C library functioncalloc is analogous to the Pascal new function; it returnsa pointer to a block of storage. The pointer returned bycalloc must be cast to the proper type:

pthing = (thing *) calloc(n, sizeof(thing));

This tells the compiler that the pointer returned by callocmay be safely regarded as a pointer to an object of thetype thing.

Higher-Level Models

We need not be stuck with a machine-level model forlong. C provides a number of ways by which we can ex-tend the basic model to support data structures andoperations important to our particular program. The twomajor ways to extend the model are by defining func-tions and making data structures, as a simple exampleillustrates. Suppose you are writing a video game andwant to have a number of pictures moving around thescreen. You could define a data structure that describesthe objects using the struct mechanism of C; such a datastructure might contain the x and y coordinates of thecurrent picture, enough information to draw the pictureon the screen, and other information of importance forthe game (such as orientation, velocity, amount of fuelremaining, etc.). The declaration would look somethinglike this:

struct picture { /* picture for display */

int x, y; /* screen coordinates */

float vel; /* velocity */

float fuel; /* fuel remaining */

dispJist *dl; /* display list to print it */

};

You can then declare variables of this composite typeand build functions that provide basic operations on it.Depending on the game, you might supply functionsto create, change, and destroy pictures, move them fromone place to another, and decide whether two picturescollide. At this point, you will have effectively raised thelevel of the model in which you program from bits andbytes to picture manipulation. You can concentrate onthe rules of the program rather than the implementa-tion. Once you're comfortable with this style of program-ming, the nearly nonexistent model-building facilities ofBASIC, say, become nearly intolerable.

54 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 387 on Inquiry card.

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Efficiency

Higher-level models have their drawbacks; you mustpay for the function calls needed to do many of the basicoperations on your pictures. Most C implementationstry hard to make function calls efficient, but if youhaven't skillfully chosen a model, the inefficiency maybe painful. Especially in the earliest stages of programdevelopment, however, concern with efficiency may bemisplaced. Why optimize a program when you are like-ly to decide tomorrow that it was all wrong and shouldbe rewritten? The models are tailored to a particular pro-gram, so they may be readily adapted to improve effi-ciency without destroying the program's structure.

Although function calls and the use of a compilerlanguage are somewhat inefficient, they have dramaticadvantages. Algorithms and data structures expressedin a high-level language are comprehensible and thusmore likely to be revised when a different good ideacomes along. If they were written in an opaque, incom-prehensible language, changes would be attempted rare-ly and successful even more rarely. Because real pro-grams typically suffer a long series of changes and adap-tations before a user ever sees them, being able to modifythe algorithms and data structures quickly as the jobchanges leads to a better final product.

Another point about efficiency is worth mentioning.Many studies have shown that most programs spend 50percent or more of their time in a very small portion (5percent or so) of their code. This suggests that the 95

percent of the program that is noncritical should be asclear and easy to understand and change as possible.When it comes to the critical 5 percent, C lets the userget very close to the target machine in order to improveefficiency. Furthermore, many C environments containmeasurement tools that enable the programmer to iden-tify these critical sections easily. But the strategy isdefinitely: first make it work, then make it right, and,finally, make it fast.

Using functions to extend the base language alsoprevents C from becoming unwieldy. Many built-infeatures of other languages (notably I/O, string handling,and dynamic storage allocation) are supplied by func-tion calls in C. This means that the model supplied byC itself is very flexible; it adapts to different operatingsystems and environments without suffering from a "onesize fits all" philosophy. For example, the character-stringoperations appropriate for a text editor might be quitedifferent than those for a spelling checker, and those inturn might differ from the operations needed in anoperating system (where you might not need such opera-tions and could not afford to have them loaded bydefault).

Portability

Using functions to extend the base language explainswhy a language that is so low level can be so portable.C compilers have been built for more than 40 differentmachines, from the Z80 to the Cray-1. The Unix system

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has been moved to over a dozen machines, with newentries coming in weekly. All this from a language thatwon't even commit itself to the number of bits in a byte!

C programs are portable to the extent that the modelthey support is portable. A portable I/O library providessimple formatting and file-manipulation facilities. Themodel is so simple that it can be supported on mostoperating systems. If your application uses that modelof I/O and you use the portable I/O library then you willhave no problem with I/O. Similarly, C provides modelsof data that can be supported on many differentmachines; if your program uses only the features of thebasic model, your program is portable. Unfortunately,data restrictions show up as you move from machine tomachine. The most unpleasant are the differences thatare now entrenched in the industry as to the orderingof bytes in a word. The PDP-11 and many descendants,for example, store the bytes from low to high, while theIBM 370, Motorola 68000, and many others store the bytesfrom high to low. The size of an integer may vary from16 bits on most microcomputers to 36 bits or more onsome of the bigger mainframes. Finally, some machinessupport 8-bit bytes, some 7, and some 9. If the modelyou use in your program depends on any of thesefeatures, your program will be portable only to thosemachines with the same feature.

Even when a program is not directly portable, however,the use of appropriate models lets much of the programbe identical in different environments, with the dif-ferences isolated in subroutines or compiled condition-ally. For example, the Unix file system has many pro-perties that are independent of a particular machine: thenaming conventions, hierarchy, protection mechanism,and allocation and deallocation. Machine-dependentfeatures, such as the sizes of sectors on the disk and thenumber of files that may be defined, are hidden in asmall number of machine-dependent functions and datadescriptions. This means that the system is portable inthe sense that it can be moved in much less time thanit requires to rewrite it from scratch. The key to movingthe system is to write the machine-dependent informa-tion that supports the underlying model. If the C codewritten does not fit the basic model (for example, typemismatches between a function definition and its uses),the code may work on one machine but fail on others.

No language is perfect, or even close, and C is no ex-ception. Some of the early design decisions are at bestopen to serious debate. One is the treatment of floating-point quantities; the current C definition requires all in-termediate floating-point expressions to be evaluated indouble precision. This can lead to significant inefficien-cies for floating-point applications. Another problem isthe large number of operators that have side effects; thisbecomes even more serious when you observe that Cmakes no promises about evaluation order in an expres-sion or, in particular, the order in which arguments toa function are evaluated. Consequently, some programscan fail when run on different machines, and it can bevery hard to check for this problem mechanically. As a

58 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 376 on Inquiry card.

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simple illustration, suppose that we have a functioncalled print that prints the value of a variable n and thevalue returned by a function f. There is a natural tenden-cy to believe that the statement

print(n, f());

will print the value of n, then the value returned by f.But if n happens to be a global variable that is changedby f, the results depend on the order in which thearguments of print are processed. This problem is certain-ly not limited to C, by the way—similar issues arise thesame way in most languages.

The C Programmer

Another model implicit in a language environment isthat of the programmer. Much of the C model relies onthe programmer always being right, so the task of thelanguage is to make it easy to say what is necessary. Cencourages telling the truth about strange constructions(e.g., casts for pointer assignments) but does not pro-hibit them. The converse model, which is the basis ofPascal and Ada, is that the programmer is often wrong,so the language should make it hard to say anything in-correct. In Pascal (and presumably Ada) it is harder tosay strange things and therefore perhaps harder to makemistakes.

By now it should be clear that C was intended as alanguage for professional programmers. Early C faced

problems familiar to users of today's microcomputers (foryears, the C compiler had to run in 12K bytes of pro-gram plus data), and many traits of the early years arestill with us. The cryptic error messages in most com-pilers were relatively unimportant for professionals buttough on casual users. Also, C is definitely packaged asa compiler, not a programming environment, so inputmust typically be created with a text editor, placed ina file, and handed to the compiler. On some systems,this is rather painful, and it also makes it harder for thenovice to get started. Finally, the large amount offreedom provided in the language means that you canmake truly spectacular errors, far exceeding the relativelytrivial difficulties you encounter misusing, say, BASIC.One or two such goofs while learning the language canlead a beginner to burn the manual. Despite its prob-lems, however, C continues to be used and developed,a good sign that there is a place for a portable low-levellanguage with powerful model-building facilities. ■

Steve Johnson is head of computer systems research at Bell Laboratories (600Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, NJ 079M) and designs languages for VLSI (very-large-scale integration) integrated-circuit design. He is the author of the Unixportable C Compiler and the YACC parser generator.

Brian Kernighan is head of computing structures research at Bell Laboratoriesand is interested in document preparation, programming languages, and pro-gramming methodology. He is the coauthor of The C ProgrammingLanguage and Software Tools.

History of the Modern, Part 1

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A C Language Primer

Part 1: Constructs and Conventions in C

by James Joyce

Part 1 of this two-part article includes a brief overview of the C language and its history as well as examples of programsthat demonstrate C's features. Because I have assumed that readers are familiar with a programming language, I have not de-fined such common programming concepts as variables, loops, functions, and arguments.

The examples that follow will help you to explore C's features. Each example is a small program that explores a single aspectof the language, placing the focus on the feature instead of on the program or its possible applications. The only drawbackto this approach is that it sometimes sacrifices utility for exposition. For further explanation, I direct you to the definitive referencefor useful C examples, The C Programming Language, by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie.

To reinforce what you learn, 1 recommend that you enter each program into a computer. After the program runs successfully,experiment with omitting or changing parts of it. Introducing deliberate errors will provide a controlled orientation to C's sometimescryptic error messages and will be valuable experience for interpreting compiler diagnostics. As is the case with many program-ming languages, errors in C can have a cascading effect— when many errors are actually the result of one.

This article does not pretend to explain everything you will want to know about C. The idea is to get you started with keyconstructs and conventions in C that you will eventually encounter.

C was developed in Bell Laboratories at Murray Hill,New Jersey, in 1972. Created by Dennis Ritchie, it wasbased on the language B, Ken Thompson's adaptationof BCPL (basic combined programming language).Because the letters B and C are sequential in both thealphabet and in BCPL, some contend the successor toC will be D, and others say it will be P. As with ALGOL68 and PL/I, many insist that C is the programming lan-guage and that it will last forever.

Unix and C have been intimately associated from C'sbeginning. Unix was originally written in assembly lan-guage, and transporting it to other hardware was a grow-ing problem as new utilities and functions were added.With C available, Thompson and Ritchie rewrote Unix,leaving only a few very low-level routines in assemblylanguage. Transporting Unix to another computer ismainly a matter of writing a C compiler for the targetcomputer. Most of the several hundred C programs thatmake up Unix compile without a change in code on the

new hardware, a feature that has helped make Unix andC so popular today.

Because C appears to be so portable, it is tempting totalk about "standard" C. Such a standard exists implicitlyin the Unix program lint, which parses C programs look-ing for machine-dependent code. Though quite intelli-gent for a program, lint can be fooled.

A partner program in C standardization is cb, the Cbeautifier program, which reformats C code accordingto the program's structure. Thus a programming teamcan run its programs through cb to gain an overalluniformity of code format. Uniformity reduces the ef-fort needed to get to know another team member's code,in turn making maintenance easier. The C beautifier canalso be used as a debugging aid because comparing thereformatted version to the original may reveal misplacedor missing code.

Good style in C is important because C programs canbe very hard to read. For example, compound statements

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that in Pascal are grouped by the keywords begin and endare grouped by the easy-to-miss { (leftbrace) and } (right-brace) in C. Add to this the fact that C is free format(without line numbers), and the ill-considered place-ment of a brace can easily introduce a bug.

Another feature of C that can cause difficulty is thatexpression values can be changed in the middle of alogical test. The C instruction

if ((byte = getchar()

'X') count+ + ;

causes the function getchar() to read a character, whichis assigned to the variable byte and tested by == forequality to X, all within the conditional test of an if state-ment. This feature makes for compact code and can con-fuse the unwary.

C Program Structure

This is the smallest possible C program:

/*— small.c The smallest C program — */

main()

{}

/* a comment */

Comments in C are, as in all languages, optional buthighly desirable. C comments are enclosed PL/I-stylewithin the comment delimiters /* and */. A routinecalled main is required for each and every C program.The pair of braces in the subsequent lines are also re-quired, and any executable code for main must appearinside them. Although the example is simple—there isno executable code, so the program does nothing—I en-courage you to enter and run it.To compile this example under Unix the command is

Sec small.c$

C programs under Unix must be in a file whose nameends in .c , or else they will not compile properly. If thecompilation is successful, there will be no messages fromthe compiler: the compile will end, and control willreturn to the shell (Unix's command interpreter), whichuses the $ (dollar sign) to prompt for another command.

The ready-to-run program, which is named a.out, willbe in your current directory. If the C compiler haddetected errors, the errors alone would be printed, alongwith an indication of the line number at which the er-ror had become obvious. You may need to examine otherlines in the vicinity of the reported error to find the realculprit.

This "silent treatment" can be disconcerting if you'renew to C. But as your confidence in writing C programsbuilds, you will grow to prefer its brevity. To learn whatmessages C gives when main, the parentheses, or thebraces are missing, try running the program withoutthem. This is good practice in reading diagnostics.

The cc command causes the compiled code to becomean executable file named a.out. To run the program,simply type a.out. When the program has finished run-ning, control is returned to the shell, which againprompts with a $. You see no output because smalLc doesnothing.

The entire program could have been written as oneline, as shown here:

/*— small2.c The smallest C program, on one line —*/main(){ }

The format of the first version is the style Kernighan andRitchie recommend.

Functional Structure of C Programs

C programs are made up of functions, minimally thefunction main. Our first program can be thought of asa do-nothing function: there are no arguments given tothe function, and no processing is done. Good program-ming style in C encourages you to structure a big pro-gram as a number of small functions. The good C pro-grammer will break large programs into smaller ones andwrite a function for each. If each function can standalone, the programmer eventually develops a "toolbox"of useful programs that can be combined in differentways to solve problems. This is a very important andpowerful concept.

In the example that follows, main calls a function, doit,that doesn't do anything. This is a bare-bones exampleof a main program calling another function.

/*— smallsub.c Smallest C program with a subprogram ---*/

main()

doit();

/*-- doit doesn't do anything —*/doit()

The call to doit is given in main within the bracesbecause functions are executable—even if they don't doanything but return control to the main function, as theydo here.

A function is invoked by stating its name; argumentsto be passed to the function are placed within paren-theses after the name. The semicolon after the call to doitis C's statement terminator (as found in PL/I) rather thansimply a statement separator (as in Pascal or otherALGOL-like languages). In other words, a semicolonmust appear at the end of every legal statement in C.

After the code for main comes the definition of doit. Thedefinition is like that of main, further emphasizing that

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C programs are made up of one or more functions. Func-tion definitions may not be nested in C. That is, thedefinition of doit cannot be inside main. Once you havethis program running successfully, try defining doit in-side main's braces to view the message C gives.

Functions can be defined in any order, although mainis typically the first function in a program. Try movingthe definition of doit in front of main and compile theresult to verify that functions can be defined in any order.

Printing a Message

The library function printf prints output on the stan-dard output device, your terminal, unless redirected toanother destination:

/*-- hello.c Greet the world, introduce output in C ---*/

main()

{

printff'Hello, world! \n");

}

The message printed by this example is, of course,

"Hello, world!"

It is coded as a character string within parentheses inthe printf statement. The printf statement is simply a func-tion call. Notice that the string between the " (double

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quotes) ends with the two characters \n (backslash-n).This combination is C notation for a newline character,which on a computer's video terminal (or printer) willposition the cursor (or print head) at the beginning ofthe next line.

In C, as almost everywhere in Unix, the \ (backslash)is the escape character, signaling that the character thatfollows is to be treated differently than it would be with-out the \. Other common combinations include \b forbackspace, \f for form feed, \r for carriage return (tothe beginning of the current line), \t for tab, \" for dou-ble quotes (rather than simply ", which would signal theend of the character string), and \\ to indicate the back-slash.

All arguments of a function must be on the same linein C. Because printf is a function, the entire string withinprintf must be on the same line. If you have a particular-ly long character string to print, it can be broken up in-to several segments, each printed using a printf:

Print "Hello, world" as stream output —*/

/*-

stream.c Print'

mair

>()

i

printf(" \t");

printffHello");

printf(",");

printf");

printffworld");

printff!");

printf(" \n");

Because only the last line contains a notation for a new-line character, the printf statements print one after anotheron the same line. The output is a stream of characters,one after the other up to and including the newline.

Variables, Assignment, and Output

Variables in C may be any length, though only the first8 characters matter (external variables and functionnames may be restricted to fewer characters, dependingupon the machine being used). Variables must be de-clared explicitly:

/*- var.c Introduce printf to print a variable -■*/

main()

int age;

age = 40;

printf("This year Sam is %d years old. \n", age);

Although int is short for integer, you cannot use the term"integer" to declare a variable. The = (equal sign) in thestatement following the declaration is used for the as-signment of values to variables.

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Notice that the printf statement is slightly different andhas two parts to it; a comma separates the characterstring, enclosed in double quotes, from the variablename age. The character string also has something newin it, %d , telling printf that a decimal integer is to replacethe °/od during output. The °/od corresponds to the vari-able age; the printf function will allocate enough space inthe character string for the width of the value that re-places %d. The value of age will be inserted into the char-acter string to produce the following message:

This year Sam is 40 years old.

The character string is, then, an output control stringfor formatted output, providing guidance to the printffunction.

Sometimes C programmers forget to declare a variable.You can discover C's message about that by deleting theint declaration, then recompiling the program. You canget the program to work again by deleting the assign-ment statement and substituting the constant 40 for agein the printf statement.

There are, of course, other variable types in additionto int, and you will meet them in later examples. C hasseveral powerful control structures you will want to learnfirst, with other variable types introduced in appropriatecircumstances.

Looping with while and Incrementing

We can use essentially the same program to introducean aspect of looping while incrementing:

/*— while.c The while construct —*/

main

int count;

count = 1;

while (count <= 4) {printf("°/od \n", countcount = count + 1;

}

10);

/*A*//*B*/l*C*ll*D*l

The statement with the comment /* A 7 sets the condi-tion, given in parentheses, that count be less than orequal to 4 for execution of the loop to continue. The loopincludes the two statements within braces, beginningwith the end of line A and ending with line D. Thebraces enclose a compound statement in C (i.e., one ormore statements treated as if they were a single state-ment). That the brace in A is on the same line as thewhile is the preferred style in C.

The two statements in the loop print the desirednumber and increment the variable count. What's newhere is that, in line B, we demonstrate that the variablein printf can be an expression—in this instance, count * 10(the asterisk means multiplication). The expression in

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line C, count = count + 1, is not used much in C becausethere is a much shorter notation that we will examinein the next example.

Line D contains the brace that ends the while loop. Itis lined up under the w of while as a matter of style. Asan experiment, you can remove the statement that setscount to 1 to learn how C treats an undefined variable.(Some undefined variables are given an initial value bythe C compiler so that they don't have garbage in them.More on this can be found in section 1.10 of Kernighanand Ritchie's book.) In this instance, the value of countis arbitrary, and you may have a runaway loop (on mostUnix systems, this can be stopped by pressing the Breakkey or the Rubout key).

In the example that follows, the term count++; replacescount = count + 1;.

/*— while2.c The increment-by-one operator ---*/

main(j

}

int count;

count = 1;

while (count <= 4) {

printf("°/od \n", count

count++;}

10);

This illustrates a powerful legal C construct, the incre-ment operator, which is unusual in high-level languages.The + + assures the C compiler that you're telling it youwant to increment count and that you have not mistypedthe statement. The ++ is an operator that means "in-crement by one," and under some circumstances it isfaster than using count = count + 1; (it is certainly easierto type). Although it is not required, putting the incre-ment-by-one operator next to the variable it affects, with-out intervening spaces, helps those who must read thecode later.

Here's a further example of how the increment opera-tor may be used in C:

/*— while3.c Increment-by-one in expressions —*/

main(){

}

int count;

count = 1;

while (count <= 4) {

printf("%d\n", count++ * 10);

}

l*E*l

In line E, the variable count has been rewritten count++so that the increment-by-one operation is done withinthe printf statement. Some feel this and similar practices

make C hard to read, and for the uninitiated that canbe true. You should be aware of this use of ++ , if onlyso that you can read other C programs. With practiceyou may even grow to feel this use is quite natural.

It is instructive to change count+ + to + +count in theabove example and then run it. The ++ operator maybe used as both a suffix and a prefix, to affect the con-tents of a variable before the expression is evaluated orafter. When + + is used as a suffix, count is initially 1, itsvalue is printed, count is incremented, and the loopbegins again. When ++ is a prefix, count is initially 1, butcount is incremented before its value is printed.

There is a corresponding "decrement by one" operator,—, which follows the same rules. If you experimentwith the increment and decrement operators, keep inmind that you may want to change <= (less than orequal) to >= (greater than or equal) to prevent the pro-gram from going into an infinite loop. Try changing countto count++ in the while instruction, leaving simply countin the printf statement.

Looping with for

C's for statement has three parts within its parenthe-ses:

/*--- for.c The for construct --*/

main()

int count;

for (count = 1; count <= 4; count++)printf("°/od \n", count);

AB

The first part initializes the for. The second indicates thecondition allowing the loop to continue. The last partindicates what is to be done at the "bottom" of the loop(in this example, count will be incremented after printfprints).

The body of the for loop is given in line B. You mightwant to add a printf after the for loop to see that the loop-controlling variable, count, retains its value outside theloop. This contrasts with for loops in Pascal and doloops in FORTRAN, in which the loop-controllingvariable is technically "undefined" upon exit from theloop.

The printf can also be included in the third part of thefor loop:

/*- for2.c The for loop with null statement body -*/

main()

int count;

for (count = 1; count <= 4; printf("°/od \n", count+ + )); /* C */

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The lone semicolon in line C is still required by the syn-tax of the for loop, and it ends the null (or empty) state-ment that makes up the body of the loop. There isnothing in the loop; all action takes place in the paren-theses after the keyword for. This practice, which occursoften in C, can result in fast code. The danger in thispractice is that someone reading the code may later missthe null statement and mistakenly think the next con-struct is included in the for loop. To help avoid such mis-reading, the semicolon in line C is lined up under thef in for.

against -1, and so long as they are not equal (the !=means inequality), line C is executed and the loop con-tinues. The call to putchar has byte as. its argument, withthe result that the contents of byte are sent to the stan-dard output.

The C compiler employs a preprocessor that can be quiteuseful in making programs readable:

/*— copy2.c Use preprocessor variable for EOF —*/

#define EOF -1 /* D */

getchar and putchar

Now that you know several basic control structures,you're ready to be introduced to the library functions get-char and putchar. As functions, they are not part of Cproper but are basic extensions necessary for writingmost programs. The function getchar receives one char-acter from standard input (the terminal's keyboard), andputchar sends one character to standard output (the ter-minal's video display).

The following simple program using getchar and putcharwill copy one character at a time from input to outputuntil it finds an end-of-file indicator:

/*— copy.c Copy input to output -*/

main()

}

int byte;

while ((byte = getchar()) I ■■putchar(byte);

/*A*/

/* B *//*C*/

The end-of-file indicator from a terminal is a Control-Dwith Unix, which getchar signals by returning the integer-1; thus, to get out of this program, you need only typea Control-D at the keyboard. CP/M uses Control-Z foran end-of-file marker.

Line A declares byte as an integer, which at first seemsstrange because, as we said, the program copies char-acters; but the getchar function returns other valuesbesides characters (among them the integer -1, whichdoesn't fall within the range of the char type). There isat least one version of C in which byte can be declaredchar and the end-of-file test in B will still work. Trychanging int in A to char and rerun the program to seehow your version of C behaves. If you run the char ver-sion of this program through lint, it will indicate that the"comparison" in line B is "nonportable."

So long as the condition in line B is true, the while loopwill continue. It is a complex-looking expression, but youcan break it into its parts readily if you work from theinside parentheses out: getchar is called and the value itreturns is assigned to byte; the value of byte is then tested

main(){

}

int byte;

while ((byte = getchar())! = EOF)putchar(byte);

/*E*/

The # in line D is an indication that define is an instruc-tion to the preprocessor. (Several other preprocessor in-structions are given by Kernighan and Ritchie.) The ac-tion of the preprocessor can be likened to the expansionof macroinstructions in an assembler—it is not a separateprogram from the C compiler. Before the lines of the pro-gram are compiled, the #define instructs the preprocessorto replace every occurrence of EOF with the constant -1.

With the substitution made, line E in this program willmean the same thing to the C compiler as line B doesin the previous example, and using the preprocessormakes the line more readable. This enables us to givesymbolic names to special numbers (such as -1, whenit signals end-of-file) or array boundaries in declarationsor loops (as we shall see next month). The preprocessorwill then replace the symbols in the program with theproper values before compilation. This approach im-proves both readability and maintenance.

We now know of two functions used for output: printfand putchar. Here is a quick illustration of how printf canbe used in place of putchar in the previous example:

/*— copy3.c Show printf equivalent of putchar --*/

#define EOF -1

main(){

int byte;

while ((byte = getchar())! =printf("%c", byte);

EOF)

l*F1

The format specification %c tells printf that a single char-acter of data is to be printed. Changing °/oc to °/od willnot produce a character, but rather a numeric (integer)interpretation of the value in byte. Normally we want todistinguish between character data and its possible in-

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terpretation as numeric data because dwelling on the in-terrelationship of char and int brings us too close to mat-ters that are machine dependent.

if and else

C's if statement looks like if statements in many pro-gramming languages.

/*— if.c Illustrate the if and else statements —*/

main()

}

int answer;

printff \tDo you like C so far? \n");printff \fiype y for yes, or n for no:");

answer = getchar();if (answer == 'y')

printff' \tGlad to hear it! \n");else

printff' \tHope it changes. \n");

I* A*l

This example asks a question and prints a response de-pending upon the answer. Those used to Pascal or otherALGOL-like languages should note that a semicolon isrequired after the printf, just before the else, as a state-ment terminator. In this example, we also employ thelogical operator == (is equal to). Note that the two printfstatements that give the greeting are separated from theget-the-work-done portion of the program.

The logic of an if statement can become quite complex.Though we will avoid getting too deeply involved here,C allows the nesting of if and else constructs:

/*-- if2.c Illustrate nested if and else statements --*/

main(){

}

int answer;

greet();

answer = getchar();if (answer == 'y')

printff' \tGlad to hear it!\n");else if (answer == 'n') /* B */

printff' \tSorry to hear that. Hope it changes. \ n");else

printf ("I don't understand %c", answer);

greet() /*— greet the user —*/

printff' \tDo you like C so far? \n");printff' \tType y for yes, or n for no:"):

Line B shows that if the answer character is not y, theprogram is to check whether the character was an n. Ifthat test fails as well, an error message is printed.

In C, an else refers to the most recent if that does notalready have a closer else. Kernighan and Ritchie thinkall if and else statements should be lined up under eachother, no matter what the depth of nesting, to preventthe code from drifting off the right-hand side of thescreen or page. But the risk of associating the wrong elsewith an if seems too great without indenting, and theconsequences too hard to detect, so I propose using theapproach illustrated. (This is an instance in which thecb program perhaps should indicate its perception of theprogram structure; instead, it dutifully formats accord-ing to Kernighan and Ritchie's suggestion.)

Good programming style encourages you to structureprograms as a number of small functions. While this isnot a big program and could quite easily be written asa single function, the idea of structuring code is still agood one. There is no need to clutter main with the printfstatements that greet the user. They belong in their ownfunction. If someone wants to modify the greeting later,it can be done more easily with the printf statements suit-ably identified.

It may be helpful to see what this example would looklike as it was compiled and run under Unix:

$ cc if2.c

$ a.out

Do you like C so far?

Type y for yes, or n tor no: y

Glad to hear it!

$

The program typed the question through a call to thefunction greet and then waited for a reply. The usertyped a y and pressed the Return key. The first if wassatisfied and the appropriate message printed. Becausethe if was satisfied, there is no need to consider the elsestatement, and the program ends.

Had the response been n, the first if would have failedand the else statement would have taken effect. The iftest for n would be satisfied and the message of sym-pathy would be printed. Again, satisfying the if condi-tion means the subsequent else is skipped and the pro-gram ends. If the response had been anything other thany or n (even uppercase Y or N), the third else statementwould have taken effect.

Here is a program that plays a simple guessing gamewith its user, testing for the correct response by use ofthe if statement. If the user types the letter e, the pro-gram points to it and announces, "You guessed it!"

/*-- if3.c Illustrate the if and break statements -*/

#define EOF -1

main

76 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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int byte;

greet();

while ((byte = getchar())!= EOF) {if (byte == 'e'){

printff —You guessed it!\n");break;

}

putchar (byte);

}

/* D *//* E*//* F*//*G */

/* H */

greet() /*- Print a greeting to the user -*/

{

printfflf you type a certain letter \n");printf("l'll congratulate you for guessing it. \n");printfflf you get bored, type control-d instead. \n");

The brace at the end of line D indicates that a com-pound statement follows, just as a brace introduced acompound statement in previous examples. The closingbrace for the if is on line G and is directly under the iof the if.

The statements on lines E and F are executed if thecharacter entered was an e. The first not only con-gratulates the user on the correct guess but points to thecorrect letter on the line the user typed. (This extra touchis meant to suggest a level of human interface beingfound in more and more programs and is by no meansstate of the art. For example, if your erase character is# and you erase characters before typing the correct one,the arrow will be meaningless. Try rewriting this exam-ple to get around this problem. Next month, in the sec-tion on character arrays, I will present some ideas thatmay be helpful.)

The break on line F is a powerful statement in C. Itcauses the program to break out of the first enclosingwhile, for, do, or switch (I've omitted discussion of the dostatement here but will present switch in part 2), pass-ing control to the statement following. In this case, thebreak causes the while to release control, with processingresuming just after the brace on line H, so the programnext reaches the closing brace for main and ends.

We have wandered through C programs to learn C pro-gram structure, C functions within programs, basic in-put/output in C, variables and assignment of value, andcontrol constructs such as while, for, if, and else. Withthese five aspects of C you can write useful programsso long as you are processing one character at a time.

Next month in part 2 we will take up the more ad-vanced topics of arrays, pointers, communication be-tween C programs and the host operating system, andthe important concept of tool building. ■

James Joyce is president of International Technical Seminars Inc. (520 WallerSt., San Francisco, CA 94117) and founder of the Unix Bookstore.

78 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Comparing C Compilersfor CP/M-86

Portability, compactness, and speed are crucial

by Jerry Houston, Jim Brodrick, and Les Kent

The very number of C compilersavailable attests to the strong positionC has taken as the shift toward 16-bitmicroprocessors picks up momen-tum. The popularity of Intel's 8086family of microprocessors (in com-bination with Digital Research'sCP/M-86, MP/M-86, and ConcurrentCP/M-86) prompted us to wonder, ofthe C compilers currently availablefor these systems, which are best fora particular purpose, which are mostcost-effective, and which are easiestto use? Portability, compactness, andspeed are crucial, but so are com-pleteness of implementation and theextent to which the compilers makespecial allowances for the architectureof the 8086 processor family and thestructure of CP/M.

Why C?

Long revered in the halls ofacademe, C has recently become asignificant language in professionalcircles. C is fast, efficient, versatile,and, perhaps more than any othersignificant language, portable. C'stendency to reduce projects to a col-lection of discrete functions is wellsuited to joint programming effortsand produces code that is easy tomaintain.

In the rush to migrate to 16-bit pro-cessors, software houses are turningto C in droves (see the text box "The16-Bit Migration," page 84). It hasqualities in addition to its speed thatmake it particularly suited for sys-tems programming (e.g., flexiblepointers and efficient use of regis-ters). Thomas Plum in Learning to Pro-gram in C (Cardiff, NJ: Plum HallInc., 1983) calls it "a portable assem-bler." Yet, C nicely accommodates ap-plications programming by inducing

Our evaluation is

slanted toward

identifying the

suitability of these six

C compilers for use by

a systems house.

its users to practice structured pro-gramming techniques.

One software house newly com-mitted to the C language is DigitalResearch Inc. (DRI), whose CP/Moperating system dominates the 8-bitworld and whose operating systemsare a major force in the 16-bit world.DRI has announced that, in order toachieve source-code portability, all

new CP/M operating systems will bewritten in C.

A great attraction of the DigitalResearch family of operating systemsis that it spans the gap between 8-and 16-bit processors. In other words,a data file that can be read on an 8-bitCP/M system can also be read on a16-bit one. And DRI has announcedthat future versions of CP/M will sup-port National Semiconductor's 16032and Zilog's Z8000 microprocessors.

Evaluation Philosophy

We approached our evaluation ofsix C compilers (Mark WilliamsCC86, Digital Research C, ComputerInnovations C86, Mark DeSmet C,Lattice C, and Supersoft C) with aslant toward identifying their suit-ability for use by a systems housebecause we work for one. (Thatmeans we make operating computersout of a lot of interconnected parts.)We are more interested in using C asa systems language to produce devicehandlers, formatters, diagnostics,and utilities than we are in using itto produce accounting programs anddatabase managers.

In evaluating these compilers, wehave chosen The C Programming Lan-guage by Brian W. Kernighan and

82 Auguit 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The 16-Bit Migration

The microcomputer industry is goingthrough a software cataclysm that has noparallel in the minicomputer world. Threemajor manufacturers—Intel, Motorola,and Zilog—have all produced 16-bit pro-cessors that are incompatible at the object-code level with their popular 8-bit counter-parts. A fourth manufacturer, NationalSemiconductor, with no significant 8-bitfollowing, has produced yet another 16-bitorphan.

In the minicomputer world, this wouldhave been considered a classical, almostcomical, marketing error: an entire genera-tion of processors has been cut off. Hugeuser bases with millions of man-hours ofsoftware development and user traininghave been abandoned during the industry'stransition from 8 to 16 bits.

This situation has sparked a great migra-tion. Masses of software are suddenly be-ing uprooted from their 8-bit homes by arelentlessly advancing technology andforced to resettle in strange and hostile

16-bit lands dominated by the 8086, the68000, the Z8000, and the 16032.

Operating systems, peripheral drivers,languages, and application programs arestruggling to reestablish themselves innew, fiercely competitive environments.The reward for the first products to makea successful transition from 8 to 16 bits willbe what marketing sages call "position-ing'—which translated means popular ac-ceptance, loyal followers, a place in thesun. The penalty for delay is catastrophe.

The migration path must be well chosen.Companies with products written in as-sembly language are finding that their fast,sleek 8-bit code, which took so long to writeand debug, will require a frighteningamount of time to be reproduced in a 16-bitenvironment. The time spent in a majorassembly project costs more than program-mers' salaries. The major cost is in lostopportunity.

Even more dismaying for the assembly-language folks is that their programs will

have to be translated anew for, not just one,but a whole flock of attractive target pro-cessors: the 8086, the 68000, the Z8000,and the 16032. Which one would you beton? Would you bet your company on justone of them?

The great advantage of assembly lan-guage—speed and compactness—is a lux-ury few can afford now that nearly all soft-ware projects are time critical. In thisvirgin market, you don't need fast prod-ucts; you need products fast.

Companies with products written in ex-otic, high-level languages like PL/I, on theother hand, are in a slightly better situa-tion. The development time spent on their8-bit products will carry over to 16-bit ver-sions, which should require no more thana little fine-tuning to become marketable.These companies need only sit back andwait for 16-bit versions of their chosen com-piler to be released. Yep, just sit back andwait, and wait. . . .

Dennis M. Ritchie (Prentice-HallSoftware Service, 1978) as the stan-dard definition of the C language. (Inan attempt to buck convention, wewill try to avoid the use of the word"robust" and will resist all tempta-tions to make puns about C.)

The Procedure

We have tested the six C compilersthat are curently commercially avail-able for the CP/M-86 operating sys-tem (although by the time this arti-cle is published, we expect four moreto become available). To evaluate thespeed of each compiler, we selectedfive benchmarks—each chosen to testa certain range of C language fea-tures. Not all the compilers were ableto run all the benchmarks. Afterspending many hours trying to findsource code that was common to allthe compilers, we finally decided thatdocumenting the inability to compilea legitimate program provides usefulinformation about a compiler.

These benchmarks were performedon a Compupro system with a 10-MHz 8086 and a 4-megabyte semi-conductor disk emulator (Compu-

pro's MDrive/H). The 8087 floating-point benchmarks were run at 5 MHzto allow for the slower speed of the8087 math processor. The operatingsystem used was our own implemen-tation MP/M-86.

The Sieve of

Eratosthenes Is a

mandatory

benchmark—If nothing

else. It tests a

compiler's ability to

perform loops.

The four performance categorieswe measured (see table 1) in thesebenchmarks were (1) compile time ona floppy disk and on a disk emulator(or memory drive), (2) link time ona floppy disk and on a disk emulator,(3) absolute size of executable objectcode produced, and (4) executiontime of compiled code (run on a diskemulator).

For the first three benchmarks, wealso measured the effective size of the

code generated by each compiler. Wederived this value by measuring theabsolute size of the code produced bycompiling a program with only anempty printf function call—the onlyfunction call used in the first threebenchmarks. We then subtracted thisvalue from the size of the absolutecode produced by the benchmark inquestion. The resulting value repre-sents the amount of incremental codegenerated to run the specific bench-mark.

Using the effective code size givesa much more accurate picture of acompiler's code-generation efficiencythan merely looking at the size of theexecutable file created by compilinga given benchmark. The size of thefixed portion of a program may in-dicate only how elaborate the libraryis. As your C programs grow larger,only the amount of incremental codewill increase. (Note in table 1, for ex-ample, that, although the commandfiles produced by the DRI compilerare bigger than the Computer In-novations files, Digital Research hasan edge in effective code size. Thissuggests that the DRI compiler will

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actually produce smaller programsthan Computer Innovations C86 oncethe source program reaches a certainsize.)

Quick Results

The sieve benchmark in listing 1 isa mandatory test (used by Jim and

Gary Gilbreath in "Eratosthenes Re-visited: Once More Through theSieve," in the January 1983 BYTE,page 283); if nothing else, it tests acompiler's ability to perform loops.All C compilers we tested ran thisprogram, even if they ran no other.Lattice C was the undisputed cham-

Program: sieve.c

Execution

Compiler

Compile Time

Link Time

Code Size

Time

Floppy

Memory

Floppy

Memory

absolute

effective

Memory

Lattice

23

4

60

10

9,984

128

3.6

Mark DeSmet

20

3

32

5

4,992

128

4.1

Digital Research

32

8

64

12

13,888

144

4.9

Mark Williams

29

6

67

22

7,744

144

6.2

Computer Innovations

31

7

49

20

11,888

208

9.4

Supersoft

253

142

266

148

5,200

416

12.0

Program: sort.c

Execution

Compiler

Compile Time

Link Time

Code Size

Time

Floppy

Memory

Floppy

Memory

absolute

effective

Memory

Mark Williams

45

12

84

22

8,320

720

50

Mark DeSmet

35

9

49

11

5,376

512

66

Lattice

36

6

82

15

10,496

640

79

Computer Innovations

46

15

71 ■

38

12,416

736

146

Digital Research

43

14

59

12

14,432

688

199

Program: fibo.c

Execution

Compiler

Compile Time

Link Time

Code Size

Time

Floppy

Memory

Floppy

Memory

absolute

effective

Memory

Mark DeSmet

21

3

32

5

4,992

128

14

Lattice

21

4

60

11

9,984

128

15

Mark Williams

32

6

66

15

7,712

112

17

Supersoft

238

141

251

146

4,960

176

19

Computer Innovations

32

7

50

13

11,808

128

22

Digital Research

37

9

55

12

13,856

112

25

Program: float.c

Compiler

Compile Time

Link Time

Code

Execution

Time

Floppy

Memory

Floppy

Memory

Size

w/o 8087

w/8087

Lattice

22

4

65

11

11,136

95

n/a

Mark DeSmet

22

3

34

5

5,248

108

15.5

Digital Research

35

9

60

13

15,824

116

11.8

Mark Williams

34

8

70

25

8,320

167

n/a

Computer Innovations

29

6

48

19

12,080

278

32.6

Program: lofile.c

Compiler

Compile Time

Link Time

File Size

Execution Time

Floppy

Memory

Floppy

Memory

Code

Floppy

Memory

Lattice

31

7

72

14

10,496

218

29

Mark DeSmet

26

4

39

7

9,856

592

37

Mark Williams

43

11

78

20

8,624

654

40

Digital Research

42

13

60

13

16,928

656

64

Computer Innovations

37

11

56

19

13,200

682

76

Table 1: Results of

the benchmark tests.

pion in this classic benchmark, tak-ing just 3.6 seconds to complete 10iterations. Digital Research's C com-piler for the 68000 performed this testin 6.0 seconds on an 8-MHz 68000system, which would put it in fourthplace, 1.1 seconds behind the DigitalResearch 8086 C compiler.

Not all the C compilers that wetested support floating-point opera-tions. Of those that do, not all sup-port the transcendental functions(trigonometric, logarithmic, exponen-tial, etc.). Thus, the philosophybehind the floating-point benchmark(see listing 2) is to keep things simpleand minimize the time spent loop-ing; the only floating-point opera-tions we measured were multiplica-tion and division.

Comparison of the compilers'mathematical ability is complicatedby Intel's phenomenal math pro-cessor, the 8087. While it meets theIEEE's (Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers) 80-bit floating-point standard and is potentially asmuch as 100 times faster than equiv-alent software, the peculiarities of In-tel hardware design require that theprocessor with which the 8087 ispaired run at the same clock speed.The fastest 8087 currently available inproduction quantities runs at 5 MHz,yet 8088s that run at 8 MHz are readi-ly available, as are 10-MHz 8086s.This means that the main processormust be slowed down by as much as50 percent, incurring a correspondingloss in system throughput, in orderto take advantage of the 8087 mathprocessor.

With systems capable of handlinghigh-speed processors, you mustdecide whether going faster whilenumber crunching (between 7 and 10times faster on the compilers tested)is worth sacrificing as much as halfyour speed while doing anythingelse. Lattice C was the "pure-soft-ware" winner, running the float-ing-point benchmark in 95 secondsby itself, but Digital Research's com-piler, with the aid of an 8087, was anorder of magnitude faster than that.(An advantage of the IBM PersonalComputer is that its 8088 pro-cessor runs at about 4.77 MHz, sothat the decision to add an 8087 is

66 AugiHt 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing 1: The Sieve of Eratosthenes benchmark developed by Jim and Gary Gilbreath asa standard for comparing the speed of various computer systems.

/* Eratosthenes Sieve Prime Number Program in C from Byte January 1983 »/

#define true 1♦define false 0♦define size 8190

char flags[size+l];mam ( )

(

int i,prime,k,count,iter;

printf("10 iterations\n");

for( iter = 1; iter <= 10; iter++)

/* do program 10 times */

count =0; /* prime counter */

for (i = 0; i <= size; i++) /* set all flags true */

flags[i] = true;for (i = 0; i <= size; i++)

{

if (flags[ij) /« found a prime */

{

prime =i+i+3; /* twice index + 3 */

printf ("\n%d", prime); »/

for (k=i+prime; k<=size; k+= prime)

flagsfk] = false; /» kill all multiples «/count++; /* primes found */

printf("\n%d primes.

count);/* primes found on 10th pass */

Listing 2: Floating-point benchmark. This simple program tests the speed of floating-pointfunctions in C compiler libraries. Compared to the number of multiplications and divisionsin this program, the time spent executing the looping instructions is insignificant.

/* simple benchmark for testing floating point speed of c librariesdoes repeated multiplications and divisions in a loop that islarge enough to make the looping time insignificant*/

ttdefine

C0NST1

3.141597E0

#define

C0NST2

1.7839032E4

#define

COUNT 10000

main ( )

r

Idouble

a, b

c;

int

i;

a -

CONST1;

b =

CONST2;

for

(i

= 0;

i

<

COUNT; ++i)

Ic =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

c =

a

*

b

c =

c

/

a

)

printf ("Done\n");

88 Auguit 1963 © BYTE Publication! Inc

simply a budgetary one.)

A word about future processorsand the 8087: Intel has announced asolution to this problem in the designof its new 80286 processor, whichruns at a clock speed different fromthat of its 80287 math coprocessor.According to Intel, the 80286, whichcan execute all 8088 and 8086 instruc-tions, can execute those instructionsup to six times faster than the 8086(a conservative figure might be fourtimes faster). Perhaps soon, the firstsignificant digit in our benchmarktimes will be behind a decimal point.

The sort program in listing 3 isdesigned as a general test of compilerefficiency. It uses a random-numbergeneration algorithm to produce anarray of long integers, which are thensorted using a quicksort algorithm.The Mark Williams CC86 compilerwon this benchmark by a significantmargin.

The Fibonacci number generator inlisting 4 is a reasonably good test ofrecursive function calls. This bench-mark, which saw Mark DeSmet Cbarely edge out Lattice C for firstplace, had the tightest performancegrouping of any of the benchmarksrun. The Digital Research 68000 Ccompiler performed this benchmarkin 16.8 seconds, which earned it athird place, 7 seconds ahead of DRI's8086 C compiler.

The efficiency of low-level (unbuf-fered) file I/O (input/output) is testedby the program in listing 5. It almostturned out to be the "unbenchmark."We had to struggle to come up withcode that most of the compilers couldhandle. The Lattice and MarkDeSmet Cs wouldn't run this bench-mark as it was initially written usinghigh-level I/O functions becausethese Cs only support low-level diskI/O. When we changed the bench-mark to low-level operation, MarkWilliams C dropped out because ituses only high-level I/O.

Originally the program wrote 128Kbytes onto the disk, but a bug in our(beta release) DRI compiler wouldnot allow writing of files over 64Kbytes long, so we changed the filesize to just under 64K bytes. TheSupersoft compiler couldn't handlethe long data types—a problem weText continued on page 94Circle 284 on inquiry card. >

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Listing 3: The sorting benchmark. This program creates an array of random long integers,then performs a quicksort on them. In this example, the number of elements in the array isset by MAXNUM, and the number of times the program is performed is set by COUNT.

/* sorting benchmark—calls random the number of times specified by

by MAXNUM to create an array of long integers, then does a quicksorton the array of longs. The program does this for the number of timesspecified by COUNT.

V

♦include "stdio.h"

VtlDt

\2°

CPS'

pJJfrV

♦define MAXNUM 1000

(♦define COUNT 10

#define MODULUS ((long) 0x20000)

♦define c 13849L♦define A 25173L

long seed = 7L;

long random();

long buffer [MAXNUM] =(0);

main ( )

{

int i, j ;

long temp;

printf ("Filling array and sorting %d times\n", COUNT);for (i = 0; i < COUNT; ++i)

(

for (j = 0; j < MAXNUM; ++j)(

temp = random (MODULUS);if (temp < OL)

temp = ( -temp);buffer [j] = temp;}printf ("Buffer full, iteration %d\n", i) ;quick (0, MAXNUM, buffer);)printf ("Done\n");}

quick (lo, hi, base)int lo, hi;long base [J;I

int i, j;long pivot, temp;

if (lo < hi )

{

for (i = lo, j = hi, pivot = base [hi]; i < j; )

(

while (i < j && base [i] < pivot)

++i;while (j > i && base []] > pivot)

—j;if (i < j)

(

temp = base [i];base [i] = base [j];base [j] = temp;

}

}

temp = base [i] ;base [i] = base [hi];base [hi] = temp;quick (lo, i - 1, base);quick (i + 1, hi, base);

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Listing 4: The Fibonacci series benchmark. This program tests the efficiency of a compiler'srecursion by calculating a 16-bit Fibonacci number.

#define NTIMES 10 /* number of times to compute fi±>onacci value */#define NUMBER 24 /» biggest one we can compute within 16 bits «/

main( )

{

int i;

unsigned value, fib( );

printf( "%d iterationst ", NTIMES);

for (i = 1; i <= NTIMES; i++)value = fib(NUMBER);

printf( "fibonacci( %d ) = %u.\n", NUMBER, value);exit( 0 );

unsigned fib( x)int x;(

/* compute Fibonacci number recursively */

if (x > 2 )

return ( fib( x - 1) + f ib( x - 2));else

return ( 1);

t

Listing 5: Disk file I/O benchmark, which sequentially writes a 65,000-byte file on disk. Itthen uses randomly generated long integers (modulo 65,000) as a disk address, from whichit reads, then writes, a random-length string of bytes. This exercises the file I/O functionsof the compiler.

/« file reading and writing benchmark

sequentially writes a 65000 byte file on disk

generates random long integers

uses these modulo 65000 to read and write strings of ODDNUM bytes

with the file handling system of the c package

the random number generator is set to a specific seed,

so that all compilers should generate the same code

V

#define ERROR -1♦define READERR 0

♦define BEG 0♦define CURR 1♦define END 2♦define READ 0♦define WRITE 1♦define UPDATE 2

♦define OKCL0SE 0♦define FILESIZE 65000L♦define COUNT 500

♦define C 13849L♦define A 25173L♦define ODDNUM 23long seed = 7L;

long random ( ), lseek ( );

main ( )

{

int i;

long j, pos;

int fd;

char buffer [ODDNUM

+ l]l

if ( ( fd = creat ("test.dat", WRITE)) == ERROR)

abort ("Can't create data file\n");else printf ("File opened for sequential writing\n"

Listing 5 continued on page 94

92 Augu.t 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

SAGF" TECHNICAL BRIEFING

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u Can't Outrun Memories

No computer can go faster than itsmemory.

Even the lightning-fast 68000 proces-sor can be slowed to a snail's pace by asluggish main memory design.

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Simple Isn't AlwaysEasy.

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' «rft

rt-fcd

'&^0'.

Listing 5 continued:

for (j = O; j < FILESIZE; ++j )

if (write ( fd, "x",l) == ERROR)

abort ("Unexpected EOF in writing data file\n");if (close (fd) 1= OKCLOSE)

abort ("Error closing data file\n");else

printf ("Normal termination writing data file\n");if ((fd = open ("test.dat", UPDATE)) == ERROR)

abort( "Can't open data file for random reading and wnting\n" );else printf ("File opened for random reading and writing\n");for ( i = 0; 1 < COUNT; ++i)

{

j = random (FILESIZE);

if (J < OL)

3 = (-j);

if (FILESIZE - j < ODDNUM)continue;

if ((pos = lseek (fd, j, BEG)) == -1L)

abort ("Error seeking to random offsetW);if (read (fd, buffer, ODDNUM) == READERR)

abort ("Error reading at random offset\n");j = random (FILESIZE);if (j < OL)

j = (-j);

if (FILESIZE - j < ODDNUM)

continue;if ((pos = lseek (fd, j, BEG)) == -1L)

abort ("Error seeking to random offset\n");if (write (fd, buffer, ODDNUM) == READERR)

abort ("Error writing at random offset\n");}if (close (fd) I= OKCLOSE)

abort ("Error closing data file\n");else

printf("Normal termination from random reading and writing\n");}

long random (size)long size;

seed = seed * A + C;return (seed % size);

abort (message)

char "message;

printf (message);exit (ERROR);

Text continued from page 88:

could see no easy way around—so it

sat on the bench.

Because the Mark Williams com-piler does not support low-level I/O,we compiled a special version of theprogram that has the same algorithmbut uses high-level function calls(fread instead of read, fwrite instead ofwrite). We assumed that this would beslow but would at least work. Amaz-ingly, Mark Williams C finishedthird. Scoring a hat trick, Lattice tookthis benchmark as well.

Let's take a closer look at the com-pilers (see also table 2).

Mark Williams CC86

CC86 has the most professional feelof any package we tested. It makes agood attempt at full Kernighan andRitchie and Unix version 7 com-patibility. Of all the compilers, CC86is by far the most efficient at usingbuffered I/O functions such as fopen,fread, and fseek (high-level I/O func-tions). On the other hand, CC86does not support low-level file I/O(i.e., block I/O functions such asopen, read, lseek). This decreases itsportability (we couldn't run our low-level benchmark) but in no wayreduces CC86's ability to function. Infact, CC86's benchmark results inhigh-level I/O compare favorably inexecution time to the results of theother compilers' low-level bench-marks.

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BYTE Auguit 1983 95

Feature

ComputerInnovations

DigitalResearch

Lattice

MarkDeSmet

MarkWilliams

Supersoft

Number ofPasses

3

3

2

2

4

3

Source forLibrary

yes

no

no

no

no

yes

8080 Model

no

no

no

no

yes

yes

Small Model

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

Medium Model

no

yes

no

no

no

no

Compact Model

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

Big Model

no

yes

no

no

no

no

Initialization

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

Bit Fields

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

RegisterVariables

yes

yes

no

yes

yes

no

Floating Point

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

no

8087 Support

yes

yes

no

yes

no

no

OverlayManager

no

yes

yes

no

no

no

ProducesAssembly

no

yes

no

yes

yes

yes

In-LineAssembly

no

no

no

yes

no

no

AssemblerFormat

n/a

DRI

n/a

Intel

own

DRI

RelocatedFormat

own

Intel

Intel

own

own

n/a

Table 2: Comparison of the features of the

six compilers.

CC86, tailored for production pro-gramming, is full of features thatspeed up the programming processand encourage portability. For exam-ple, it includes an extensive library(27K bytes) of header source files thatdefine commonly used structures,operating-system interfaces, andmemory-allocation conventions. Thispromotes consistency and thus por-tability, between C programs withinan operating system. It also savestime because most C programmerswould otherwise be required togenerate their own header library.

The compiler runs four passes thatmay be invoked individually or all atonce. Its executor program is a goodexample of the package's orientationtoward saving development time.Only CC86 and the DRI packageallow you to compile and link a pro-gram in a single command line,without resorting to a submit file. Ofthe two, CC86 is the simpler. All thedefaults are geared toward making an

end product, in this case, executableobject code. To compile and link thesieve benchmark, the user types

cc sieve.c

This will compile the program sieve.c,automatically build a loader directivefile, and link an executable object file,sieve.cmd.

A wealth of options are available,including the ability to compile only(without linking), to produce an as-sembly source, and to use either the8080 model (64K-byte total) or thesmall model (64K-byte code, 64K-bytedata). Options allow control of disk-management directives and compile-time symbol definition, specificationof stack, and dynamic allocation ofmemory-pool size. A wonderfulso-called verbose option causes eachpass to print out special statistics asit executes.

Assembly source files (with the ex-tension .s) can be combined on the

Small Model:

64K-byte code

64K-byte data, stack,

heap

Medium Model:

Unlimited code

64K-byte data, stack,

heap

Compact Model:

64K-byte code

64K-byte data

64K-byte stack

Unlimited heap

Big Model:

Unlimited code

64K-byte data

64K-byte stack

Unlimited heap

Table 3: Memory

allocation for the four

different memory sizes allowed by Digital

Research's C Compiler for CP/M-86.

command line with C source files toproduce a command file. For exam-ple, the line

cc programlc programme program3.s

would compile the two C source files,programl.c and program2.c, into re-locatable object files, invoke the as-sembler to generate a relocatable ob-ject file from the assembly source fileprogramls, and then link them alltogether into a command file. Thepackage also includes a librarian thatallows you to create a library and toadd, delete, and list library objects.All this saves development time.

The linker gives you considerablecontrol over aligning code and datasegments and can be passed argu-ments on the command line, in a file,or interactively. The linker has farmore power than even a systems pro-grammer is ever likely to require.

Our major complaint about theCC86 compiler is that its assembleris not Intel-compatible, which meansfor some applications you must learnyet another assembler. Still, this is ahigh-quality, professional compilerwith good portability, good efficien-cy, and excellent speed.

Digital Research C Compiler

When Digital Research speaks, pro-grammers listen. Digital Research hasbegun speaking in C. DRI's C com-piler has arrived, and it is a biggie.A three-pass compiler with a ton ofoptions, a relocating assembler thatcreates Intel-compatible object code,

96 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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a linker, a big library, support for the8087, support for large amounts ofmemory—this compiler has it all.

This is the only compiler tested thatsupports four memory models,namely, small, medium, compact,and big (see table 3). This is a signifi-cant advance in the state of the art forCP/M-compatible languages because,finally, you are allowed to write real-ly big, RAM-resident programs in ahigh-level language. The differentmodels allow you to select the waymemory is allocated to the code,data, stack, and heap segments ofyour program (the heap is a dynam-ically allocated data area).

Note the assembly code producedby the identical line of C source ascompiled by each of the four memorymodels. The assembly code in listing6 was produced by the following lineof C source code, which was com-piled by the DRI compiler:

printf("** WELCOME TO DIGITALRESEARCH C ** \ n");

The size of the code increased by 75percent going from the small modelto the big model. While the 8088/

Listing 6: Assembly code generated by Digital Research's C compiler for CP/M-86. The dif-ference in code among the pur models is caused by setting the compiler for different memory-allocation schemes.

Small model

Medium Model

Compact Model

Big Model

(8 bytes)

mov ax,0x32push axcall printfpop es

(10 bytes)

mov ax,0x32push ax

calif printfpop es

(12 bytes)

push dsmov ax,0x32push axcall printf

(14 bytes)

push dsmov ax,0x32push ax

calif printf

add word ptr sp,0x4 add word ptr sp,0x4

8086-type processor can address amaximum of 1 megabyte of RAM(random-access read/write memory),not all machines that can runCP/M-86 can hold that much mem-ory. The ubiquitous IBM PC, for ex-ample, cannot. On the other hand,the Compupro 816 could, theoretical-ly at least, run an 832K-byte C pro-gram! (This would require most of adouble-sided, double-density 8-inchfloppy disk to hold the object codealone.)

A count of clock cycles required foreach routine reveals that the codewould run about 36 percent moreslowly on the big model than on thesmall (42 clock cycles versus 57). Thisis what people mean when they say

that the peculiar architecture of the8088/8086 family makes it awkwardto take advantage of its 1-megabyteaddress space. Fortunately, the 8088/8086 family from Intel keeps gettingfaster (especially the 80286), so thissacrifice of execution speed could bequite tolerable.

Our first benchmark can be com-piled and linked with the followingcommand line:

drc sieve -asleve

Twenty-three options and eight sub-options (i.e., options to the options)are available when running the com-piler. You are allowed to specify thememory model desired, use the 8087

At a Glance

Name

Mark Williams CC86 C Compilerversion 1.1.2

Digital Research C Compiler version1.0 (beta version)

Computer Innovations C86 version1.33

Type

C programming language compiler

C programming language compiler

C programming language compiler

Distributor

Control-C Software Inc.6441 SW Canyon CourtPortland. OR 97221(503) 292-8842

Digital Research Inc.POB 579160 Central Ave.Pacific Grove, CA 93950(408) 646-6230

Computer Innovations Inc.10 Mechanic St., Suite JRedbank, NJ 07701(201) 530-0995

Price

$500 for compiler, librarian, andlinker

$600 for compiler, librarian, andlinker

S385 for compiler, librarian, andlinker

Format

5 'A -inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

5 'A -inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

5'/4-inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces object code in its ownrelocatable format

Produces assembly or object code inDRI relocatable format

Produces relocatable object code

Computer Needed

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

Documentation

59-page loose-leaf manual inthree-ring binder

167-page manual

12-page loose-leaf manual inthree-ring binder

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

98 August 1463 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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math coprocessor, generate or sup-press source and assembly listings,invoke the linker, direct disk I/O, andmore and more.

DRI has obviously made an effortto give its compiler Unix compatibili-ty. The library contains functions thathave no place in a CP/M environmentother than to tolerate C code trans-ported from Unix. For example, thefunctions chmod and chown, whichunder Unix change the protectionmode and owner ID of a file, aretreated under CP/M as no-op instruc-tions. This concern about portabilityis a very heartening sign.

Because this is the compiler DRIuses, it would be a force to reckonwith regardless of its intrinsic merits.Fortunately for the industry, the com-piler is not only serviceable but is adramatic software breakthrough. Ithas broken through the memory bar-rier that has caused every previousCP/M-compatible, 16-bit, high-levellanguage to flounder. At last we havejustification for going to 16 bits,namely, space. The new frontier.Scotty start writing code!

Computer Innovations C86

C86 by Computer Innovations is athree-pass compiler with full Ker-nighan and Ritchie compatibility, alarge library of Unix version 7 andspecial machine-dependent functions(the largest library of all the compilerstested), and support for the 8087math coprocessor. The compilerpackage has its own relocatable ob-ject format and linker and includessource code for all library routines.

The sieve benchmark can be com-piled and linked by entering fourlines in succession:

ccl sievecc2 sievecc3 sievecl sieve

C86 has proven to be a reliable pro-duction compiler. We have used it toproduce a number of large commer-cial programs at Gifford ComputerSystems; and, though the bench-marks show that C86 wins no medalsfor speed or compactness, the veryfact that we are still in the black and

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have a reasonably satisfied clientelespeaks favorably for it. We may haverun the other compilers through theirpaces, but we have given C86 the acidtest.

Two important features a compilermust have in order to be commercial-ly useful are portability and reliabili-ty. Neither of these qualities is veryeasily measured in a benchmark. Ofall the compilers tested, only C86 ranall the benchmarks as they were writ-ten, following Kernighan and Ritchiespecifications, which indicates a highdegree of portability.

As for reliability, that is somethingthat can be judged only over time,and so it is not really fair to the othercompilers tested to stress this aspectof C86. We know C86 is reliablebecause we have relied on it. Unfor-tunately, we don't know of any reli-ability benchmark that reports backa bug index or a glitch quotient. Allwe can do is use the compiler as aprofessional tool and see whether ornot it works. We should point outthat all significant programs havebugs. The last bug disappears onlywhen the last user stops running theprogram.

To a large degree, reliability comesdown to support—the willingnessand ability of the producer to providetimely fixes to problems as they arediscovered. In the case of C86, thesupport given by Computer Innova-tions has been little short of heroic.The introduction to the C86 User'sManual states: "If you have any ques-tions, or problems, please write orcall. We really do care and will do ourbest to help you. We are usually avail-able between 9a.m. and 9 p.m. Mon-day through Friday, and sometimesSaturday and Sunday."

Our major complaint with C86 isthat the interface to assembly lan-guage is awkward, due to the lack ofa relocatable assembler. This con-trasts sharply with the DeSmet com-piler, which actually allows in-line as-sembly (a feature we love). Ingeneral, the C86 compiler is a solidproduct with a good track record.Support is excellent, to say the least,and improved versions have been re-leased regularly. It's good now, andit keeps getting better.

100 Augult 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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At a Glance

Name

Type of SoftwarePackage

Distributor

Price

Format

Type of Compiler

Computer Needed

DocumentationAudience

Mark DeSmet C Development Packageversion 1.5

Lattice 8086/8088 C Compilerversion 1.03

Supersoft C Compilerversion 1.1.5

C programming language compiler C programming language compiler C programming language compiler

C Ware

1607 New Brunswick Ave.Sunnyvale, CA 94087(408) 736-6905

S100 for compiler, assembler, linker,and visual editor

5/4 -inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

Produces Intel-compatible relocatableobject code

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

106-page manual withsnap-on binding

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Lifeboat Associates1651 Third Ave.New York, NY 10028(212) 860-0300

$500 for compiler, librarian, and linker;S395 for linker with overlay manager

5/4-inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

Produces Intel-compatible relocatableobject code

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

175-page, stapled manual punchedwith three holes

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

SupersoftPOB 1628

Champaign, IL 61820(217) 359-2112

S250 for compiler; assembler andlinker/loader not included

5/4-inch or 8-inch CP/M-compatiblefloppy disks

Produces DRI-compatibleassembly language

Any computer capable of runningCP/M-86, MP/M-86, orConcurrent CP/M-86

81-page loose-leaf manualin three-ring binder

Students interested in learningabout assembly sourcelibraries for C

Mark DeSmet C88

The C88 compiler by Mark DeSmetoffers a stunning amount of bang forthe buck: the $100 C88 developmentpackage is loaded with excellent fea-tures. The compiler conforms almostfully to Kernighan and Ritchie andhas support for the 8087 math pro-cessor. An additional feature that isa great convenience for system pro-grammers is support for in-line as-sembly-language code, using the#asm control. Also included is anIntel-compatible assembler, a fastlinker, and a rudimentary librarian.And that same $100 also gets you ascreen editor called SEE with acursor-control library.

This compiler does not have thematurity and finesse of the MarkWilliams C, but it is useful, it com-piles faster than any of the others(probably because it has only twopasses), the code it produces is fastand compact, and the package is veryinexpensive. It is an ideal introduc-tion to C programming if you wantto get the feel of a real, full-feature Ccompiler but don't want to have tochoose between C and a trip toEurope. If you're toying with the idea

of taking up C, this is the way to go.

C88 does have some drawbacks:being a two-pass compiler, C88 can-not resolve references to structuresand data types unless they have beenpreviously initialized. Some high-level I/O functions such as fread, fwrite,and fseek are not included. Also, thelibrarian is primitive (it doesn't letyou delete routines, only add them).These are by no means fatal flaws. Wehave completed some major produc-tion work using C88 and have beendelighted with the extent to which itsfast compilations speed up develop-ment time.

The sieve benchmark can be com-piled by typing

C88 sieve

An executable object file is created bytyping:

BIND sieve

Using a submit file on a memorydrive, the sieve program was com-piled, linked, and run in 10 seconds!

This compiler's price tag of $100 isstartling and may, unfortunately, hurt

its sales. It might be difficult to con-vince dealers to carry this compilerbecause the profit on a $100 sale bare-ly pays for one invoice and one sup-port call. Also, a low price is oftenassociated with poor credibility. Weare not recommending that C Wareraise its price, we are recommendingthat people buy the compiler—lookat the benchmark results. The MarkDeSmet C compiler consistently tooksecond place, except when it tookfirst.

Lattice 8086/8088 C Compiler

The Lattice compiler may be theone for you if you need code thatreally flies. Using the Olympic scor-ing system, Lattice was the overallwinner in our benchmark speedtrials (three golds, a silver, and abronze). The powerful two-pass Lat-tice compiler supports full Kernighanand Ritchie (with the exception ofregister variables as of now) and pro-duces Intel-compatible relocatableobject code. This code can then belinked using Plink86, a remarkablyversatile linkage editor from PhoenixSoftware Associates.

102 Auguil 1M3 © BYTE Publicationi Inc

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The Purchasing Agent Philosophy, Part 2:

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104 Au«u.t 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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The library included with the com-piler implements a large subset of theUnix version 7 C library and containsa number of useful non-Unix func-tions as well. Because the librarydoes not include the buffered I/Ofunctions fread or fwrite, we wereunable to run the high-level file I/Obenchmark.

Our sieve program can be compiledby entering

Id sieve

followed by

Ic2 sieve

Linking the sieve program withPlink86 is a little trickier. You type

Plink86n

then, when the => (prompt) ap-pears, you enter the following lines(without waiting for any interveningprompt):

output sieve.cmd

section code group pgroup

file c, sieve

section data max 1000h group dgroup

lib Ic.lib

The Plink86 linker is not the sim-plest linker we have ever seen, but itappears to be able to do everythingexcept write articles. One reason link-ing a C program with Plink86 is socomplex is that unlike, say, the MarkWilliams linker, Plink86 is a general-purpose product and so its defaultsare not designed to make it easy tolink CP/M-86-compatible Cprograms.

A great advantage to using thePlink86 linker is that its extended ver-sion (which costs an additional $395above the price of the standard com-piler/linker package) has a trans-parent overlay manager for creatingprograms with more than 64K bytesof code (the most code possible with-out using overlays). This featureallows you to create programs thatwill load library routines from disk asneeded during program execution.The Digital Research compiler is the

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only other one tested that supportsoverlays.

Though this overlay techniquegenerates programs that will runmore slowly than the RAM-residentcode supported by the Digital Re-search compiler, it does have the ad-vantage of conserving memory use,which can be especially important ina multiuser MP/M-86 system. Eventhis sacrifice in speed can be mini-mized if overlays are restricted to aprogram's seldom-used options, inwhich case, overlays would allow anapplication program lots of conve-nient extras that might otherwisehave been eliminated due to lack ofspace.

We have maintained a polite silenceconcerning the documentation thatcomes with the other compilers. WithLattice, we have to say that the docu-mentation is superb. Only DRI evencomes close.

In general, the Lattice compiler isa sophisticated, high-performancepackage that appears to be wellsuited for development of major ap-plication programs. It is unfortunatethat the CP/M-86 version of Latticewas released only recently, so wehave not been able to use it in pro-duction work. The benchmarks, onthe other hand, speak for them-selves. Lattice is a real performer. An-nounced improvements are a debug-ging facility, support for registervariables and for the 8087 mathcoprocessor, and an additional levelof optimization for speed (this shouldbe interesting, because Lattice al-ready seems to be the fastest).

Supersoft C

The Supersoft C compiler wasunable to run three of our five bench-marks due to its failure to support thelong data type. We were actually re-lieved that Supersoft had this failingbecause the process of producing ex-ecutable code through the Supersoftcompiler is like pulling teeth.

The great problem with the Super-soft C compiler package is that it hasneither a linker nor a library-searchfeature. This means that to compilea program easily, you must includeall library files (either on the compilercommand line or with an #include

statement in the source file). This willensure that all necessary library rou-tines will be compiled with yourcode. It also ensures that all un-necessary library routines will be com-piled with your code, thereby result-ing in an enormous object file.

To create a smaller object file, youmust cull the specific library func-tions required by your program fromthe Supersoft library source files, aswell as extract the library functionscalled by those functions. You thenuse your favorite editor to patch allthese together into a single file andinclude this new file when you com-pile your program.

In the two benchmarks we ran, weused the CRUNT2.C library module intoto and an editor to extract from theFORMATIO.C module the source codefor printf. We then extracted the rou-tines that printf called and includedthem all in a library we called printf.c.We compiled the sieve program withthe following commands:

cc sieve.c crunt2.c printf.c

cod2cod sieve.codc2iB6 sieve.u

This created assembly source code,which we assembled with the DigitalResearch assembler ASM86 using thefollowing command:

asm86 sieve

This produced an object file of type.H86, which we fed to the CP/M-86loader, GENCMD, to produce an exe-cutable file called SIEVE.CMD. We didthis by typing

gencmd sieve data[xfff]

Compared to the other compilerstested, the compilation time of theSupersoft product seems to be for-ever. More precisely, it is 47 timeslonger than the DeSmet compiler. Asaving grace of the Supersoft com-piler is that it gives the completesource for its library—a featureshared only by the Computer Innova-tions compiler.

The Elusive Ideal of Portability

Though portability is one of the

most prized characteristics of C, wewere surprised at how difficult it wasto find code that would run on all sixof the compilers. Most surprising wasthat the five compilers we consideredthe most significant had only 14library functions in common. This isdespite the fact that some of thesecompilers include as many as 100library functions. No two compilershandled direct movement of data thatwas bound for memory in exactly thesame way, and, as might be expected,the compilers had little in commonregarding the handling of functionsdependent on either the processor orthe operating system.

As we stated earlier, our attemptsat writing a routine to test disk I/Owere futile. If program portabilitywithin one operating system was aproblem, transporting C programsfrom another operating system toCP/M promises to be especiallythorny. For example, a severe incom-patibility exists between CP/M andUnix. The exact length of a CP/M fileis known only to within 128 bytes,whereas the length of a Unix file isknown exactly (it has 1-byte "granu-larity"). This means that any C pro-gram written for Unix that relies onthe operating system to provide theexact length of a file will be impossi-ble to transport to a CP/M environ-ment without a significant rewrite.

On a more upbeat note, we werestartled not just by the large quanti-ty, but the extremely high quality ofC compilers already available forCP/M-86. By the time this article ap-pears, four more compilers should beavailable from Aztec, Telecon, White-smiths, and Epsys. Sounds like C ishere to stay.H

Jerry Houston is vice-president of marketing atGifford Computer Systems (1922 Republic Ave.,San Leandro, CA 94577). He was formerly headof the technical departments at Computer MarketingAssociates, Morrow Designs, and Compupro.

Jim Brodrick, who holds a doctorate in bio-chemistry from the University of California atBerkeley, is on the software research and develop-ment staff at Gifford Computer Systems. He has fiveyears of experience asaC programmer and has writ-ten a C compiler for CP/M-86.

Les Kent is manager of research and developmentat Gifford Computer Systems. He was formerly chiefproduction programmer at Morrow Designs and isan authority on the Unix operating system.

106 Augutt IMS © BYTE Publication. Inc

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Compare ease of use. All Multiplan prompts arefull length words or phrases. And Multiplan provides"naming," the ability to assign a plain English name to any

•Based on features in releases VC-202B0-AP2 and VC-156Y0-IBMof VisiCalc on the Apple II and IBM-PC respectively.

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Five C Compilers for CP/M-80

Find out which is fastest, which is standard, and which is easiest

to use

Choosing a C compiler is not atrivial task. That is clear to me afterspending several weeks comparing Ccompilers for 8080-family microcom-puters running under the CP/M-80

by Christopher O. Kern

operating system. I found that thereis considerable variation in the timerequired to compile programs, thespeed with which compiled pro-grams run, and the size of the ex-

Aztec

BDS

C/80

Telecon

Whitesmiths

Kernighan and Ritchie complete

X

[6]

Kernighan and Ritchie standard

library

X

source for library

X

X

X

X

source for run-time routines

X

X

X

X

separately linkable modules

X

X

[4]

X

preprocessor arguments

X

X

X

X

intermediate assembler file

X

X

X

X

in-line assembly language

X

X

[5]

I/O redirection

X

[2]

X

X

X

library manager

X

X

X

debugging aids

X

X

floating-point arithmetic

X

[3]

X

M80-compatible code

[2]

[2]

requires CP/M 2.0

X

system size required (kilobytes)

56

40

48

48

60

disk space required (kilobytes) [1]

134

55

58

81

260

size of manual (pages)

86

185

35

16

>300 [7]

list price

$199

150

49.95

200

700

[1] Minimum for compiling and linking a program

[2] Optional

[3] No native floating point; supplies

ibrary functions to provide long and floating-point arithmetic

[4] With Microsoft M80/L80 relocating macroassembler (not supplied)

[5] Assembly-language source files

can be combined with C source files at

compile time

[6] Follows Unix version 6 rather than version

7 compiler

[7] Includes manual pages for several operating systems

Table 1: Summary of the features of the C

compilen

ecutable machine code that is pro-duced. The compilers I tested wereAztec C version 1.05G, BDS C ver-sion 1.5, C/80 C version 2.0, TeleconC version 2.7, and Whitesmiths C ver-sion 2.1 (see "At a Glance"). I havesummarized the features of thesecompiler packages in table 1, and 111discuss my impressions of them in-dividually in this article.

About C

The C programming language is anatural for 8-bit computers. C is con-siderably more powerful than assem-bler but still permits access to mostof the host computer's basic machineoperations. It is simple enough to becompletely implemented for a com-puter with a limited instruction setand a relatively small main memory.It is potentially quite portablebecause it interfaces to the host com-puter through a standard input-output (I/O) library. And it's easy foramateurs like me to learn.

The Test Programs

I decided at the outset that therewere at least four major tests I wantedto perform on each compiler. The firsttest was for efficiency in accessing

110 Auguil 1M3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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automatic variables, which come intoexistence only when a particularfunction is entered. As soon as thefunction is exited, the variables arediscarded. In other words, automaticvariables exist while the function theybelong to is actually executing. Theyare a problem on an 8-bit computerbecause of its shortage of registersand its limited addressing modes.

A good choice for this test was theSieve of Eratosthenes program forgenerating prime numbers that Jimand Gary Gilbreath used in their ar-ticle "Eratosthenes Revisited: OnceMore Through the Sieve" (see theJanuary 1983 BYTE, page 283). It hasquite a few variables, which are con-stantly being juggled among machineregisters so that arithmetic and logicaloperations can be performed onthem (see listing 1). To make the testas pure as possible would requiremoving the array of flags into thefunction proper, i.e., making the ar-ray an automatic variable instead ofan external one.

The second test I wanted to per-form was to measure the efficiency ofeach compiler in coding function(procedure) calls. Because good Cstyle encourages the use of manysmall functions instead of a few largeones, I wanted to see how muchoverhead was associated with enter-ing and leaving a function.

To do that, I wrote a program tocompute a Fibonacci series recursive-ly. The Fibonacci function, F(x), is de-fined as:

F(x) = 1 for x < 2

F(x) = F(x-1) + F(x-2) iorx>2

(see listing 2). Because only one vari-able is involved and relatively littleprocessing is performed on it, theFibonacci program is a good test offunction overhead.

Many C programs read or write afile one character at a time. Becausemost operating systems won't let youdo that, at least not efficiently, thestandard library supplied with each

Listing 1: The prototype of the primes program, which was written in the version of Cdescribed by Kernighan and Ritchie; it generates primes using the Sieve of Eratosthenes method.The program's purpose is to test the compiler's efficiency in using automatic variables. Thisis the basic version of the program that was tried on all the compilers; some modificationswere necessary to get it to run on each one.

A>

A>type sievel.c

SIEVE1.C?

A>type b:sievel.c•include "stdio.h"

tdefine SIZE•define falsetdefine TRUE

81900

1

/* size of number array */

char

main()

t

flagfSIZE + 1];

/* compute primes using sieve of Eratosthenes */

int i, j, k, count, prime;

printf("10 iterations: ");

for (i - 1; i <= NTIMES; i++) {count » 0;for (j - O; j <- SIZE; j++)

flag[j] = TRUE;for (j - O; j <«= SIZE; j++) {

if (flag[j] ~ TRUE ) (

prime = j + j + 3;

for (k " j + prime; k <« SIZE; k += prime)

flag[k] = FALSE; /» discard multiples"/count++;)})

pnntf ( "%d primes. \n", count);exit(O);

of the C compilers includes severalfunctions to perform buffered I/O (in-put/output).

Here is how it works: a file is readinto a buffer in relatively largechunks. Then it is parceled out to theprogram byte by byte. In writing toa file, the process is reversed: the fileis assembled in the buffer 1 byte ata time. When the buffer becomesfull, it is "flushed'—written out to thedisk in a single, relatively efficientoperation.

My third test program simplycopies its input to its output (see list-ing 3a). I knew that the results of thistest would in large part reflect the sizeof the buffers used by each compiler.As a rule, the larger the buffer, thefaster the program would run; butthe results indicate that other factorsare at work as well.

Finally, I wanted to see how eachcompiler package performed in han-dling strings. Strings in C are just ar-rays of characters, delimited by asingle null or zero byte. Internally,each character is represented by anoffset to a pointer variable. The vari-able points to the starting address ofthe string in the computer's memory.

Pointers are used quite a bit in Cprogramming, much as they are inassembly programming, and in sharpcontrast to languages like BASIC andPascal, which can operate on stringsdirectly. In C, several crucial libraryfunctions perform basic operationson strings, such as measuring orcomparing them.

I used a program to sort lines of textalphabetically to test each compiler'sstring-handling ability. The onlyproblem was how to read the testdata into the program. To eliminateany variation among the packages inperforming file I/O, I decided to havethe program take its input from theconsole (see listing 4 on page 121).

But instead of typing in the lines byhand—which obviously would haveinjected an uncontrollable variableinto the test procedure—I read themfrom a file using Microshell. Micro-shell is a replacement CP/M-80 com-mand interpreter that allows the "re-direction" of console input. In effect,the program thinks it is getting its in-put from the console when in fact it

112 Aufiut 19W © BYTE Publications Inc

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is getting it from a file. (See my re-view, "Microshell and Unica: Unix-style Enhancements for CP/M,"December 1982 BYTE, page 206.) Be-cause Microshell performed the fileI/O, the time required to read the datawas the same in all the tests.

All the prototype test programswere written to conform to the stan-dard set out in The C ProgrammingLanguage, by Brian W. Kernighan andDennis M. Ritchie (Prentice-Hall,1978). This is the "bible" of C pro-gramming and a fine tutorial intro-duction to programming in general.All the compilers tested cite it. As itturned out, only one—Aztec C—really followed it.

The Method

As each compiler arrived, I tried itout on each of the prototype test pro-grams. Usually I had to make somechanges to get the programs to com-pile. Only the Aztec compiler ac-cepted all the prototype code withoutmodification.

The copy program would not workwith the BDS compiler because thefile I/O functions in the BDS libraryare nonstandard (see listing 3b). Boththe copy and sort programs had to bechanged before they could be com-piled with C/80 because the C/80 lib-rary does not include the commonstring comparison and measurementfunctions.

The Telecon compiler surprisedme. It couldn't handle the addition oftwo constants in the subscript of anarray declaration (e.g., array[SIZE + 1])such as that used in the primes pro-gram. And the Whitesmiths compileruntil recently came with its own idio-syncratic "standard" I/O library; as aconsequence, all the programsneeded minor changes (see listing 3cfor an example). [Editor's note: White-smiths has fixed this by offering an addi-tional Unix-compatible I/O library thathas all of the standard C func-tions. . . . B.R.]

These initial tests and conversionsgave me some experience with thecompilers I was not familiar with. Ihad used BDS C and C/80 before, butI wanted a uniform environment forthe actual timing tests. I made up aset of identical floppy disks, whichText continued on page 222

114 Auguit 1983 IS BYTE Publication! Inc

Listing 2: Prototype of the fib program, which uses recursion to compute a Fibonacci series.The recursion tests the compiler's handling of function calls.

♦include "stdio.h"

#define NTIMES 10tdefine NUMBER 24

main( ){

/* number of times to compute Fibonacci value »//* biggest one we can compute within 16 bits »/

/« compute Fibonacci value */

int i;

unsigned value, £ib();

printf("%d iterations] ", NTIMES);

for (i - 1; i <- NTIMES; i++)value - fib(NUMBER);

printf("fibonacci(%d) - %u.\n", NUMBER, value);exit(0);

unsigned fib(x)int x;

/* compute Fibonacci number recursively */

if (x > 2)

return (fib(x - 1) + fib(x - 2));else

return (1);

Listing 3: The copy program. This tests the compiler's buffered I/O capabilities. Listing 3ais the prototype; listing 3b and listing 3c are the BDS and Whitesmiths versions, respectively.Note that the BDS file-input and file-output functions require the programmer explicitly tolook for and end a file with the CP/M-80 end-of-file character (represented by CPMEOF).In the Whitesmiths version, note the differences from the prototype in the cpmstr, fopen, fcreate,putc, and putfmt functions. The constant values in uppercase are all defined in the standardheader file std.h.(3a)

♦include "stdio.h"

main(argc, argv)int argc;char *argv[]j{

/* copy file a byte at a time */

int

FILE

ci

•infile, *outfile;

if (argc < 3)

errexit( "Usagei copy oldfile newfile", NULL);if (strcmp(argv[l], argv[2]) ~ 0)

errexit("File names must be different", NULL);if ((infile - fopen(argv[l], "r")) — NULL)

errexit("Can't open", argv[l]);if ((outfile - fopen(argv[2], "w")) ■» NULL)

errexit("Can't create", argv[2]);

printf("File *s ", argv[l]);

while ((c - getc(infile)) I- EOF)putc(c, outfile);

fclosefinfile);fclose(outfile);

printf("copied to %s.\n", argv[2]);exit(0 );

errexit(sl, s2)char *sl, «s2;{

/« print error message and die •/

printf(s2 — NULL ? "*s\n" i "%s %s\n", si, s2);exit(-l);) Listing 3 continued on page 116

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Listing 3 continued:(3b)

((include "bdscio.h"

main(argc, argv)int argc;char «argv[];

/* copy file a byte ,at a time *//* uses BDS library functions »/

(

char

FILE

infile, outfile;

if (argc < 3)

errexit("Usage: copy oldfile newfile",if (strcmp(argv[1], argv[2]) ==0)

errexit("File names must be different"if (fopen(argv[l], Sinfile) == ERROR)

errexit("Can't open", argv[l]);if (fcreat(argv[2], Soutfile) «= ERROR)

errexit("Can't create", argv[2]);

NULL);

NULL);

printf("File %s

do

argvfl]);

putc(c = getc(Sinfile), Soutfile);) while (c 1= CPMEOF);

fclose(sinfile);fclose(soutfile);

printf("copied to %s.\n", argv[2]);exit(O);

errexit(sl, s2)char «sl, *s2;

/* print error message and die */

printf(s2 ■"■ NULL ? "%s\n" : "%s %s\n", si, s2);exit(-1);

(3c)

tinclude "std.h"

main(argc, argv)int argc;char *argv[];

I

int c

FIO

/« copy a file a byte at a time */

/* uses Whitesmiths library functions */

infile, outfile;

if ( argc < 3)

errexit("Usage; copy oldfile newfile", NULL);if (cmpstr(argv[l], argv[2]) == YES)

errexit( "File names must be different", NULL);if (fopen(sinfile, argv[l], READ) =~ NULL)

errexit( "Can*t open", argv[l]);if (fcreate(Soutfile, argv[2], BWRITE) = NULL)

errexit( "Can't create", argv[2]);

putfmt("File %p ", argv[l]);

while ((c = getc(Sinfile)) 1= EOF)putc(soutfile, c);

fclose(sinfile);f close(soutfile);

putfmt( "copied to %p.\n", argv[2]);exit(O);

errexitfsl, s2)char *sl, *S2;

/* print error message and die */

putfmt(32 ~ NULL ? "%p\n" ; "%p %p\n", si, S2);exit(-1);

116 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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118 BYTE Auguit 1963

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And if you need it, there's always"help!' One of several special functionsassigned to IBM function keys, thisfeature explains prompts, messages,etc. to make communicating extra easy.

With Smartcom II, it is. The programremembers communication parametersfor 26 different remote systems. Justpunch a key, you're all set.

You can treat dial-up and log-onsequences the same way. In fact, Smart-com II comes with codes already set upfor four popular information services.COMPUSERVE®DIALOG'S KNOWLEDGEINDEX™ DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVALSERVICE, and THE SOURCE™ AMERICA'SINFORMATION UTILITY.™ Proceduresfor obtaining an account with each of theservices are included in the Smartcom IImanual. But that's not all.

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120 BYTE Autuit 1983

subscription offer for THE SOURCE.Smartcom II owners who subscribe toTHE SOURCE will receive one freehour of daytime service.

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documentation and full support fromus to your dealer.

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Smartcom II is a trademark of Hayes MicrocomputerProducts, Inc.

•TM American Telephone and Telegraph• 'IBM is a registered trademark of International BusinessMachines. Corp.©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.Sold only in the U.S.A.

COMPUSERVE INFORMATION SERVICE is a registeredtrademark of CompuServe. Incorporated, an H & R BlockCompany.

KNOWLEDGE INDEX is a service mark of DIALOGInformation Services. Inc.

DOW/ONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL is a registered trademark ofDow Jones & Company. Inc.

THE SOURCE and AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITY areservice marks of Source Telecomputing, a subsidiary of TheReader's Digest Association. Inc.

Circle 191 on Inquiry card.

Listing 4: The prototype sort program tests each compiler's handling of pointers.

quick(lo, hi, base)int lo, hi;char «base[];(

int i, j;

char *pivot,

/« quicksort »/

"temp;

if (lo < hi) {

for (i - lo, j - hi, pivot - base[hi]; i < j; ) {

while (i < j ss strcmp(base[i], pivot) <- o)

i++;while (j > i ss strcmp(base[j], pivot) >= O)

3—i

if (i < j) (

temp ■= baser, i] ibasefi] - base[j];basefj] - temp;))

temp - base[i];basefi] - basefhi];basefhi] - temp;quick(lo, i - 1, base);quick(i + 1, hi, base);)

getln(s, n)

/* get a lin

char s[];

int n ;r

int

c, i;

for (i

- 0; n > 0; n—, i++)

if ((c - getchar())

break;

else

s[i] - o

8[i] -

' \0' ;

return

(i);

■\n')

♦include "stdio.h"

♦define MAX 1001 /* maximum number of entries */

#define MAXLINE 135 /" longest line expected »/

#define NTIMES 10 /* number of times to sort entries */

main()

(

intchar

/* sort lines in memory */

i, j, n, length;

buf[MAXLINE], «sort[MAX], *unsorted[MAX], *alloc();

for (n - 0; n < MAX; n++)

if ((length - getln(buf, MAXLINE)) ~ 0) {n—;break;

)

else if ((unsortedfn] - alloc(length + l))

printf("Sort: not enough room\n");

exit(-l);

)else

strcpy(unsortedfn], buf);

NUlL) (

printf("%d iterations:

NTIMES);

for (i - 1; i <- NTIMES; i++) (for (j - 0; j <- n; j++)

sortfj] - unsorted[j];quick(0, n, sort);

printf("%d entries.\n", n + 1);exit(0);

AuguM 1963 © BYTE Publication Inc 121

Text continued from page 114:contained various utilities as well astest data for the copy and sort pro-grams. This minimized variations indisk-access time during testing.

The test file for copy was 1000 linesof text—80K bytes in all. To get testdata for the sort program, I created afile containing the first 1000 words ofan earlier article I had written forBYTE. The words were placed in thefile in the order they appeared in thearticle, each on a separate line. Final-ly, I reserved a disk for each compilerand copied onto it only those pro-grams and files that were necessaryfor compilation of the test programs.

I compiled the test programs usinga CP/M-80 SUBMIT script, which en-abled me to automate the variouscommands that made up each com-pilation. Once again, my goal wasuniformity. By letting the SUBMITfile control compilation, I eliminatedany variation that might have beencaused by changes in the speed oftyping in commands by hand.

All timing measurements weremade with a Hayes serial clock thatwas connected to the computer.The SUBMIT script used to compilethe programs read the clock at thebeginning and end of each compila-tion. Similarly, I used amultiple-command line underMicroshell to read the time justbefore and after each program wasexecuted. I performed each of thetests several times with each of thecompilers. The variation in time—foreither compilation or execution—never exceeded 1 second.

The Telecon compiler partially de-feated my attempts at standardiza-tion. It takes two steps to invoke anyTelecon program, including the com-piler. The extra step is required by theTelecon "shell," a command inter-preter that is made a part of everycompiled program.

When you type the name of a pro-gram compiled under Telecon,CP/M-80 loads the program intomemory, but instead of executing im-mediately, the program waits untilyou enter optional parameters to theshell. Even if the program doesn't re-quire any optional parameters, youstill have to enter an extra carriagereturn before it starts to run.

Program: primes (see listing 1)

Compiler ExecutionFactor

Execution

Time(Seconds)*

CompilationFactor

CompilationTime (Seconds)

Whitesmiths 1.00C/80 1.05Aztec 1.30BDS 1.43Telecon 1.45

6063788687

12.824.184.391.00

12.61

42313814533416

Program: fib (see listing 2)

Compiler ExecutionFactor

ExecutionTime (Seconds)

CompilationFactor

CompilationTime (Seconds

Whitesmiths 1.00Telecon 1.10C/80 1.12BDS 1.32Aztec 1.55

153

168171202237

12.59

12.59

4.16

1.00

4.16

40340313332133

Bytes

157443584916838125443

Bytes

156165245321761598974

Program: copy (see listings 3a-3c)

Compiler Execution Execution Compilation Compilation Bytes

Factor Time (Seconds) Factor Time (Seconds)

BDS

1.00

144

1.00

41

6159

Aztec

1.07

154

4.05

166

11482

C/80

2.47

356

3.56

146

3840

Whitesmiths

2.86

412

11.80

484

18560

Telecon

3.85

554

10.29

422

5574

Table 2: Results of the benchmark tests. The tests were run on a "generic" S-100 systemusing a Z80 processor at 4 MHz, with 484K-byte double-density floppy disks. The relativeexecution speeds provide a valid comparison of the compilers' capabilities.

I used a stopwatch to time the firstpart of the Telecon compilations (thecompiler proper) and my usualmethod with the Hayes serial clockfor the rest (assembly and loading).The execution times for the Teleconprograms were obtained in the sameway as those for the programscreated with the other compilers, butI had to enter the command-linearguments or the extra carriage re-turns by hand. Strictly speaking, theTelecon timings are not directly com-parable to those of the other com-pilers.

The Results

I started this experiment hoping tofind the best of the 8080 C compilers,if not a perfect one. I came away from

it impressed by the necessity of ac-cepting trade-offs. The results of mytests are summarized in table 2. Allthe tests were performed on a HeathH8, using a Heath H47 disk drivewith approximately 1.2-megabytecapacity and a Z80 processor runningat 2 MHz. (Note that most Z80-basedmachines run at twice that speed, sofor the processor-intensive pro-grams—primes, fib, and sort—my teststook roughly twice as long as theywould have on a computer with a4-MHz clock.)

I must emphasize the relativenature of the test results: A programthat takes 1 second on this computersystem does not necessarily require1 second on systems with differentprocessor speeds or those with disk

122 Augult 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Program: sort (see listing 4)

Compiler Execution Execution

Factor Time (Seconds)

CompilationFactor

CompilationTime (Seconds)

Bytes

Aztec 1.00 129Whitesmiths 1.36 175C/80 1.94 250BDS 2.31 298Telecon *•

5.36

14.67

4.28

1.00

209

572

167

39

11796

18304

4259

5631

•» Could not compile program

String-Length Test (see listing 5a)

Compiler Execution ExecutionFactor Time

(Seconds)*

Whitesmiths 1.00 138Aztec 1.25 172BDS 1.43 197Telecon 2.04 282C/80 2.59 357

With Register Variable (see listing 5b)

Compiler Execution Execution

Factor Time (Seconds)

Improvement

Aztec 1.00 72Whitesmiths 1.22 88C/80 2.65 191BDS 2.74 197Telecon 3.92 282

58%36%46%

0

0

drives having different access timesfrom the drives used here. It is moreuseful to compare the compilationfactors or execution factors listed foreach compiler.

These factors are a measure of howeach compiler performed withrespect to the others. The compilerthat produced the fastest time in eachcategory has a factor of 1.00. All theother scores are proportionallyhigher. So if compiler x produced aprogram that took half again as longto run as the leader, its execution fac-tor would be 1.50.

Whitesmiths C produced the fast-est code in two of the four test pro-grams, primes and fib. Aztec C wassubstantially faster than the others inthe sort program. Aztec C and BDS

C, with their 1024-byte buffers, werethe fastest in copying files. An inter-esting result was that C/80, whichuses only a 256-byte buffer—half thesize used by Whitesmiths C—beatWhitesmiths C in the copy test.

You can compile a program withthe BDS compiler much more rapid-ly than with any of the others. It com-piled and linked the test programs inabout one-quarter of the time re-quired by the next-fastest compiler.The C/80 programs were always theshortest. And, as I have noted, Aztecwas the only compiler that acceptedall the test programs without change.In the 8-bit world, at least, the Ker-nighan and Ritchie standard is some-thing less than standard.

While I had to introduce quite a

few minor variations to get the testprograms to work with each of thecompilers, they all turned out to befairly similar to their prototypes.That's what I wanted. It would havebeen possible to speed up some ofthe programs or to squeeze a fewbytes out of them by using program-ming tricks to optimize the code foreach particular compiler; but thenthe basis for comparison would belost.

One "trick" is common to severalof the compilers, however: the use ofregister variables. A register variableis kept in a machine register when-ever possible. That means it can beaccessed or changed somewhat morequickly than other automatic vari-ables.

Of course, only a limited numberof registers are available in any cen-tral processor. That is particularlytrue of the 8-bit processors for whichthese compilers produce their code.Excess register declarations are sim-ply ignored.

I wanted to see how useful registervariables might be with each of thecompilers. To find out, I wrote a pro-gram that repetitively calculated thelength of a string. I tested the string-length function with and without aregister variable (see listings 5a and5b; the results appear in table 2).

Note that the BDS and Teleconcompilers do not appear to supportregister variables in any form. C/80,on the other hand, allows an un-limited number. They are obviouslynot stored in machine registers, butrather in absolute memory locations,presumably where they can be ac-cessed by the 8080's LHLD andSHLD load instructions.

The Aztec C Compiler

The Aztec compiler is a single pro-gram that produces an assembly-lan-guage output file. This is then as-sembled with a supplied relocatingassembler and linked with the stan-dard library routines, along with anyother precompiled modules the usermay have created, using a linkingloader that also comes with the pack-age. A separate library utility is pro-vided to manipulate compiled pro-gram modules, such as the standard

Augutf 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 123

Listing 5: Two versions of this string-measuring program test the speed of the compilers'code with (5a) and without (5b) register variables.

(5a)

#include "stdio.h"

•define NTIMES 25000

#define S "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the parity."

main( )

(

f* repeatedly measure length of string */

int i;

for (i - 1; i <- NTIMES; i++)strlng(S);

exit(O);

strlng(s) /» return length of string-*/char »s;

char *p;

for (p - s;

«s 1-

•\0' ,

! S++)

return (s -

)

p);

(5b)

tinclude "stdio.h"

tdefine NTIMES 25000

•define S "Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the parity.

main( )

(

/* repeatedly measure length of string, register version */

int i ;

for (i = 1; i <= NTIMES; i++)strlng(S);

exit(O);

strlng(s) /* return length of string */

register char *s;

{

char «p;

for (p = s; *s 1= '\0'; s++)

return (s - p);

I/O library. The compiler can alsogenerate code for the Microsoft M80macroassembler and L80 linker. Asecond library of functions in Micro-soft relocatable object format is sup-plied with the package.

A separate compiler produces Z80code. I tried it out on the test pro-grams used for this review. The codeit generated was not significantlyfaster and only slightly tighter thanthat produced by the 8080 compiler.(The test results reflect the standard8080 compiler.)

The Aztec compiler meets the fullKernighan and Ritchie standard. Ac-tually Aztec does not support bitfields—a redundant feature of thelanguage—but it usually should bepossible to move C source code froma Unix system to a CP/M-80 systemand compile it without change.

The Aztec compiler was not thequickest of the lot. I didn't find it par-ticularly easy to use. It did not gen-erate the fastest code, nor the short-est. But then, it did not perform bad-ly in any of these areas either. In

other words, it is a solid, professionalpiece of software that—not incident-ally—can compile standard C sourcefiles.

One of the few features that didbother me was a dynamic storage-allocation function in the library thatis nonstandard. A standard one is in-cluded with the package, but I hadto add it to the library myself.

I found the library manager, by theway, to be serviceable but rather awk-ward. It allows the replacement onlyof separately compiled "modules,"rather than individual functions,which would be more flexible. Andthe manual section on the librarianis written in complex, breathlessprose that I found difficult to follow.

The link phase of the Aztec com-pilation process is the only one thatI found annoyingly slow. The com-piler and supplied assembler movealong quite nicely, and then thewhole process turns sluggish at linktime. It is necessary to look up errordiagnostics in a table. That's anuisance. It would be much easier ifthe diagnostics were written directlyto the console.

I found one minor bug. The com-piler would not accept an initializa-tion in the form:

char *p = "literal string"

which is a common C idiom.

The Aztec manual is quite usable,but it lacks, and needs, an index.

The BDS C Compiler

The BDS C compiler is composedof two programs. One handles thestandard C preprocessor functionsand parses the source code. The sec-ond program generates machinecode in a relocatable format. Duringcompilation, the first program in-vokes the second automatically with-out creating any intermediate objectfiles, which is one reason why theBDS compiler works so quickly.

Another reason is that the compilerreads the entire source program intothe computer's main memory insteadof passing it through a "window," orsmall block of memory. (This doesnot impose a limit on final programsize because various modules can be

124 August 19S3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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BYTE August 1983 125

At a Glance

i

Name

Aztec C Compiler

BDS C Compiler

C/80 C Compiler

Type

C compiler and utilities forCP/M-80

C compiler and utilities forCP/M-80

C compiler and utilities forCP/M-80

Version

1.05G

1.5

2.0

Manufacturer

Manx Software Systems

POB 55

Shrewsbury, NJ 07701

B. D. Software

POB 9

Brighton. MA 02135

The Software Toolworks14478 Glorietta Dr.Sherman Oaks, CA 91423

Price

$199

S150

$49.95

Computer needed

8080-family microcomputer withfloppy- or hard-disk mass storageand at least 56K bytes of main

8080-family microcomputer withfloppy- or hard-disk mass storageand at least 40K bytes of main

8080-family microcomputer withfloppy- or hard-disk mass storageand at least 48K bytes of main

memory

memory

memory

Documentation

86-page loose-leaf manual

185-page loose-leaf manual

35-page loose-leaf manual

Audience

Systems and application softwaredevelopers

Systems and application softwaredevelopers, hobbyists

Systems and application softwaredevelopers, hobbyists

compiled separately and linkedtogether.) Still another reason for theremarkable speed of the BDS com-piler is that there is no assembly-lan-guage phase: the code produced bythe compiler is ready to be linkedwith the BDS linker.

A library utility is supplied tomanipulate the relocatable objectmodules produced by the compiler.These are not compatible with thecommonly used Microsoft relocatableformat, and the BDS compilerdoesn't have an option for generatingMicrosoft-format code. A symbolicdebugging program is included withthe BDS package sold by some dis-tributors. If it is not included, it isavailable from a users group at a lowcost.

The BDS compiler makes no claimto accepting Kernighan and Ritchiestandard code. There are a numberof variations from the standard thatare well documented in the manual.These are mostly restrictions of onekind or another. So BDS code, per se,should normally compile underUnix.

Unfortunately, the buffered file I/Ofunctions supplied with the BDS lib-rary are not standard. In some cases,they appear to be designed forgreater efficiency or ease of im-plementation under CP/M-80. Inother cases, the changes serve no ap-

parent purpose except to limit port-ability between standard C code andBDSC.

The code generated by the BDScompiler was somewhat slower thanaverage, although the object pro-grams were relatively compact. BDSC programs can often be speeded upconsiderably by intelligent use of thepreprocessor and by recoding someof the library functions into assem-bler. I know of at least one packageof BDS C assembly-language func-tions that is available from a numberof CP/M computerized bulletin-boardsystems around the country.

A considerable amount of otherBDS C source code exists in the pub-lic domain—everything from gamesto quite sophisticated system utili-ties—and there is a national usersgroup to help distribute it. This stock-pile of public-domain software existsbecause BDS C was the first C com-piler to become available forCP/M-80.

What distinguishes the BDS com-piler, aside from the fact that it hasbeen on the market longer than theothers, is its ease of use. The entirepackage is a programmer's delight.It's not just their speed that sets theprograms in this package apart. Theyare clean and comfortable and in-tuitive. The source code for the lib-rary and run-time routines is com-

plete and well documented. A larger-than-average number of utilities andsample programs is included withthe package. The BDS manual islucidly written and includes a gooddeal of technical information aboutthe generated code.

The C/80 C Compiler

The C/80 compiler is a single pro-gram that produces assembly-lan-guage code. The compiler output isnot compatible with CP/M-80's ASMassembler; but an absolute assemblerthat produces executable machinecode (not relocatable) comes with thepackage. Standard library routinesare supplied in assembly languageand are automatically included inevery C/80 assembly. C/80 has an op-tion to generate assembly-languagecode in Microsoft format, and a sec-ond library is supplied as a Microsoft-compatible, relocatable object file.

The C/80 compiler was born as a re-vision of the public-domain C com-piler that was published by Ron Cainin Dr. Dobb's Journal back in May 1980("A Small C Compiler for the SOSCs").C/80 has grown far beyond its public-domain origins, however, and nowsupports a sizable subset of the Ker-nighan and Ritchie language. Likethe BDS C compiler, C/80 is not acomplete implementation. The I/Olibrary in particular leaves something

126 Auftnt 1W3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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At a Glance

Name

Telecon C Compiler

Whitesmiths C Compiler

Type

C compiler and utilities forCP/M-80

C compiler and utilities forCP/M-80

Version

2.7

2.1

Manufacturer

Telecon Systems

1155 Meridian Ave., Suite 218

San Jose. CA 95125

Whitesmiths Ltd.97 Lowell Rd.Concord. MA 01742

Price

S200

S750

Computer needed

8080-family microcomputer withfloppy- or hard-disk massstorage and at least 48K bytesof main memory

8080-family microcomputerwith floppy- or hard-disk massstorage and at least 60K bytesof main memory

Documentation

16-page loose-leaf manual

loose-leaf manual of more than300 pages

Audience

Hobbyists

Systems and application soft-ware developers

to be desired. But given the $50 salesprice, you would have to be crazy tocomplain.

Its limitations notwithstanding,C/80 is not a toy compiler. The codeit generated for the test programs wasreasonably fast and the most compactproduced by any of the compilersthat I tested. C/80 is obviouslycapable of doing serious productionwork. Walt Bilofsky's Software Tool-works, which sells C/80, also marketsseveral products that were compiledwith it.

C/80 writes object files in 256-bytechunks, so there was sometimes adiscrepancy between the size of theobject code as reported by the com-piler and the number of 128-byteCP/M-80 sectors that were actuallywritten to disk. (My statistics reflectthe latter.)

The C/80 package includes a veryvaluable development tool: a profiler,a program to measure which parts ofthe code a program spends the mosttime executing. Unfortunately, it is oflimited utility to those withoutHeath/Zenith computers because ituses a clock counter maintained bythe Heath system software. A traceprogram is also included. It providesa list of each function call and returnin the executing object program. The

C/80 manual is short but wellorganized and well written.

The Telecon C Compiler

The Telecon C compiler, also asingle program, produces code forthe standard CP/M-80 absolute as-sembler, ASM. Library routines areincorporated into the compiler out-put from an assembly-language filethat is supplied with the package.The manual states that the compileris capable of producing code for a re-locating assembler but gives no hintabout the format or what additionalprograms are required to assemble it.The compiler produced serviceablecode that ran a bit slower thanaverage but was relatively short.

The Telecon library is nonstandardand incomplete. There is no dynamicstorage-allocation function, for exam-ple, so I could not compile the sortprogram. As noted earlier, I foundone bug: the compiler won't acceptarray subscripts that involve the addi-tion of constants.

The Telecon shell, a command in-terpreter that is included in everycompiled program, makes this com-piler rather different from the rest.Telecon programs do not execute inthe normal manner. After you invokethem, you are required to type in op-

128 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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tional arguments that would normal-ly be placed on the CP/M-80 com-mand line. Even if the programdoesn't require any arguments, it stillneeds a carriage return before it startsto run.

It is possible to work around thisto some extent by using the CP/M-80XSUB facility or a Microshell com-mand file. But the compiler would bemuch more useful, in my opinion, ifthe shell feature were optional orwere left out altogether. The Teleconmanual is poorly written, badlyorganized, and incomplete.

Whitesmiths C Compiler

The Whitesmiths C compiler issupplied as three separate pro-grams—a preprocessor, a parser, anda code generator—each of which pro-duces intermediate files. The outputof the code generator is assembly-lan-guage code for Whitesmiths propri-etary A-Natural assembler, an inter-esting program in itself, which per-mits assembly-language program-ming in a notation that is somewhat

more intuitive and high level thanstandard assembly-language mne-monics and syntax.

A linker is supplied to combine theoutput of the assembler with thestandard library. The relocatable out-put of the Whitesmiths assembler isnot Microsoft-compatible. A separateprogram is included for library ma-nipulation.

The Whitesmiths compiler gener-ated code that was fast but long. Themanual describes some tricks to re-duce the size somewhat. For exam-ple, the run-time support for redirec-tion of input and output can be re-moved. But even so, the Whitesmithsprograms would be relatively big.

It takes five separate programs tocompile, assemble, and link a White-smiths source file: the preprocessor,the two-compiler stages, the A-Natural assembler, and the linker.That is a slow process. My four testprograms took from 4% to 6%minutes to compile and link—rough-ly 12 times as long as with BDS C, thefastest compiler.

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While Whitesmiths C is a completeC implementation, it does not meetthe Kernighan and Ritchie standard.The assignment operators follow theUnix version 6 compiler. That is, toincrease n by 2, you use:

instead of

n =+ 2

n += 2

which is what Kernighan and Ritchieand the current Unix compilers callfor.

The Whitesmiths I/O library iscomplete, but it is idiosyncratic.Many of the differences aretrivial—different names for the stringfunctions, for example, or for thearguments to the formatted printingfunction, printf—but there are somefunctional differences as well. All inall, Unix code will generally not com-pile under Whitesmiths C, version2.1.

Whitesmiths C does give every im-pression, however, of being an excep-tionally solid and professional prod-uct. While I did not attempt anythingthat even resembled a full validationtest, I got the feeling when workingwith the Whitesmiths compiler thatit will perform exactly as thedocumentation states. The documen-tation is a bit hard to use—one of thefeatures that was modeled quiteliterally after Unix—but it is detailedand complete. Alas, it has no index.

The Envelope, Please

I had hoped to find one C compilerthat was clearly the best of the lot. Ididn't, but I know now what I amlooking for. It should adhere to theKernighan and Ritchie standard asclosely as Aztec C, perform compila-tions as rapidly and have as clean animplementation as BDS C, be as de-pendable as Whitesmiths C, and bepriced like C/80. Any takers?^

Chris Kern (Apartment 839, 201 1 St., SW,Washington, DC 20024) is a journalist and com-puter hobbyist. He wrote BYTE's first review of aC language translator, "A User's Look at tiny-c,"which appeared in the December 1979 issue, page196.

130 Auguit 19(3 © BYTE Publication. Inc

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BYTE August 1983 133

Nine C Compilersfor the IBM PC

Several versions of C are available for the IBM PC and the MS-DOS operating system—one of the most lucrative software markets

for applications written in C

The IBM Personal Computer, apopular software-development vehi-cle for Intel's 8086 family of pro-cessors, is blessed with a profusionof peripherals. This environment hasencouraged a dozen C language com-pilers so far, and several more willsoon be added to the list.

After first outlining some generaldifferences in compiler implementa-tion, we'll take a look at nine com-pilers: c-systems C, Caprock small-c,Computer Innovations C86, DeSmetC, Intellect Associates C88, Lattice C(Microsoft C), Quantum C, SupersoftC, and Telecon C. One comes bun-dled with its own operating system,four run only under PC-DOS (theIBM PC version of Microsoft's MS-DOS), and the four remaining areavailable for either PC-DOS or theCP/M-86 operating system.

About C

Why all this interest in a low-levelsystems-programming language? Thepresident of a commercial systemssoftware house recently said that Chas only two real advantages overother worthy programming lan-guages: it is the only one he could getcompetent assembly-language pro-grammers to use without significantbacksliding in effort and enthusiasmand the only one that does not need

by Ralph A. Phraner

to be extended to be useful. The lat-ter point explains why, while subsetsabound, there are virtually no non-standard C supersets (a weakness inPascal and FORTH) and thus no in-tentionally variant implementations.C is a language of concise, consis-tent, pragmatic structure; its specifi-cation is widely available in a bookthat, in addition to providing a for-mal definition for the language, alsoincludes many small teaching pro-grams. Implementers are more like-ly to adhere to the standard becauseadherence is easy to verify. This con-tributes to the portability of programswritten in C. Even the compilerwriter can transport his tools andprograms from an old machine to thenew one with a minimum of effort.

Benchmarking

For the record, the evaluation andtesting was done on an IBM PCequipped with Intel's 8087 numericscoprocessor, two single-sided 160K-byte disk drives, and PC-DOS 1.1.The machine's 832K bytes of memorywere partitioned under PC-DOS toallot 192K bytes for the operatingsystem; the remaining 640K-byte seg-ment was used as a semiconductordisk emulator addressable as any ofthree logical drives, A:, B:, or C:.

Until performance profiling and ex-

ecution tracing by function becomestandard microcomputer softwareworkbench features, the soft spots insoftware and compiler design remainobscure. In an effort to uncover someof these differences, I included a setof small, simple functions in theevaluation process. These were de-signed to test separate facets of thecompilers' construction and functionto show how they vary in incremen-tal code size and execution speed.

The integer math and elementalpointer benchmarks (listings 1 and 2on page 142) illustrate the simple ap-proach used. The outer-loop count iskept the same in all functions, so itsinfluence is effectively factored out ofthe results. The integer-math codespends roughly equal processor timein each of the four operators and, byscaling, allows the evaluation to in-clude byte-byte, byte-word, andword-word sized operand pairs.Boundary conditions are intention-ally avoided. The pointer function, sosimple as to be self-explanatory, isone way to measure efficiency inpointer use for array access.

The benchmark sieve.c is identical(no register variables, no moving thearray inside the function body) to thebenchmark code published in Jimand Gary Gilbreath's article,"Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More

134 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

At a Glance

Name

c-systems C compiler version 1.14

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

c-systemsPOB 3253

Fullerton, CA 92634[714) 637-5362

Price

Compiler: S195Debugger: S195

Format

5'A-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS format floppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces assembly language

Computer Needed

IBM-PC running PC-DOS with two single-sided disk drives and a minimum of 128Kbytes of RAM: IBM Macro Assembler re-quired for use

Documentation

46-page loose leaf manual

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Name

Small c: PC 1.1 PC-DOS version N

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

Caprock Systems Inc.POB 13814Arlington. TX 76013(817) 261-4493

Price

S35

Format

5 'A -inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS format floppy disk

Type of Compiler

Produces assembly language

Computer Needed

IBM PC running PC-DOS with two single-sided disk drives and a minimum of 64Kbytes of RAM: IBM Macro Assembler re-quired for use

Documentation

17-page staple-bound manual

Audience

Experimenters, students, and hobbyistswho want to learn more about C

Name

CI-C86 C compiler version 1.33b

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

Computer Innovations Inc.10 Mechanic St.Red Bank, NJ 07701(201) 530-0995

Price

S395

Format

5'/4-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS or CP/M-86 formatfloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces object code

Computer Needed

IBM PC running PC-DOS or CP/M-86 withtwo single-sided disk drives and minimumof 96K bytes of RAM

Documentation

143-page loose-leaf manual in vinyl ringbinder

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

through the Sieve" (January 1983, p.284) and allows general comparisonwith benchmark figures in that arti-cle and in other compiler reviews inthis issue. Float.c was used to allowcomparison between 8087 use on thePC and other systems that use the8087 at its full speed, as well as toshow the relative performance of thecompilers reviewed here. (Refer to"Comparing C Compilers forCP/M-86," on page 82 of this issue fordetails about this benchmark. Youwill also find information aboutbenchmarks in Christopher O. Kern's"Five C Compilers for CP/M-80" onpage 110.)

The compiler group as a wholeshowed the least execution timevariance in efficiency of function call-ing (which may explain the closegrouping of results from the fibo.cbenchmark used in the two articlesmentioned above). See tables 1 and2 for the results of the benchmarks.The greatest variance was for func-

tions measuring performance in ad-dress arithmetic. Function-callingmeasures (with and without argu-ment passing) showed that thosecompilers that implement registervariables always incur a penalty incode size and execution speed,whether this feature is actually usedor not. Test results are dramatic andslow some of the top-rated codegenerators to the crawl of the poorestperformers. Quantum C and c-systems suffered heavily from savingthe 8088's SI and DI registers on eachand every function call, regardless ofwhether they are actually used, andrestoring them both on every return.

Implementation Differences

Peculiarities and variations in howa compiler is written point up somecriteria to consider.

Does it use the linker supplied with thenative operating system or one of its ownunique format? By using the standardlinker supplied with the operating

system, the compiler's usefulnessand flexibility are greatest becauseassembly language interface issimplified.

Does it generate object code or assemblylanguage? Object-code generationoften results in faster compile timesand more efficient compiler-code op-timization. If assembly language isproduced, the effective compiler pricemust be increased by the $100 priceof the IBM Macro Assembler (as inthe case of PC-DOS), unless you al-ready own one or (as in the case ofthe DeSmet compiler) one is pro-vided. Perhaps more important is thetime penalty that an assembler ex-tracts from the programmer. On theother hand, assembly-language gen-eration might be necessary if muchlow-level hardware or operat-ing-system interfacing is needed or ifany time- or space-critical code is tobe written. If the compiler's outputis assembly language, code optimiza-tion for speed or compactness offers

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 135

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RAM execute time in secondsIncremental file size in bytesCompiler Manufacturer loops.c control2.c funcalh.c intmath3.c pointerl.c

c-systems

35.8128

26.2512

15.5256

12.3640

75.0128

Caprock Systems (1,2)

133.0

no goto:or case:

25.0

50.7

228.3

256

384

1920

256

Computer Innovations

31.4

19.7

17.1

13.8

75.2

84

388

212

612

100

DeSmet

19.9

13.4

10.9

11.6

41.7

0

0

0

512

0

Intellect Associates (2)

56.8

no goto:

12.2

21.6

♦ 98.3

128

256

371

128

Lattice

19. .9

10.7

11.0

7.5

38.2

0

256

128

256

0

Quantum

20.074

14.0

29.0

12.0

42.0

295

263

510

88

Supersoft

47.0

26.0

12.2

26.3

108.3

128

640

384

1792

256

Telecon

failedcompilation

27.6

11.6

20.0

88.5

512

256

1024

128

(1) 'puts' substituted for 'printf'

(2) 'while' loops in place of for' loops

Table 1: Code generation and execution times of the standard BYTE Sieve of Eratosthenesbenchmark sieve.Cand a floating-point benchmark (float.c) for those C compilers that sup-port floating-point operations. Times are given in seconds for both the floppy disk andmemory disk emulation modes.

faster development than coding fromscratch in assembly language.

Are libraries standard and Unix com-patible? Libraries of nonstandardfunctions may perform as well as orbetter than the standard functions onsome specific machine, but when itcomes time to move the code toanother processor, the lack of stan-dardization can prove expensive.Subtle differences in microprocessorlibraries center around what a systemcall, in Unix, would directly or in-directly accomplish. Popular micro-processor operating systems requirethat subroutines simulate these calls.

In particular, the areas of file andbyte-stream I/O (especially open andfopen) are subject to small variationsin implementation to make up for thelack of capability in the surroundingoperating system. (Table 3 on page166 lists a full complement of stan-dard, single-user functions.)

The c-systems compiler, which im-plements a nonfloating-point subsetof C, does not yet allow cast operatorsor typedef declarations (although thedevelopers expect to offer a fully stan-dard implementation of C, includingthese abilities and floating point, by

136 Augmt 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

sieve.c

Compiler

Manufacturer

CompilFloppy

3 TimeMemory

Link TimeFloppy Memory

Code SizeFile Incre-mental

Executin RAN

c-systems (3)

55

28.0

45

21

26368

15360

19.8

Caprock (1,2,3)

44

27.7

14.2

3.7

12800

8704

69.3

ComputerInnovations

51

11.8

45

18.5

12864

234

17.4

DeSmet

41

3.8

40

4.6

6144

0

12.1

Intellect (1)

19

3.3

13

4.0

8704

8576

31.3

Lattice

33

7.2

40

10.5

19328

8320

11.3

Quantum (3)

39

8.0

42

14

11513

8384

12.6

Supersoft (3)

88

53.0

40.5

11.2

24960

8704

31.3

Telecon (3)

51

28.9

29

10.7

16256

8448

25.0

float.c

Compiler

Manufacturer

CompilFloppy

3 TimeMemory

Link TimeFloppy Memory

FileSize

RAM ExecutionLibrary 8087

Computer

Innovations

47.1

9.9

35

19.2

13052

805

45.3

DeSmet

41

4.7

39

4.9

6656

296

22.0

Lattice

34

5.2

41

10.3

12288

286

—

Quantum (3)

38

8

44

17

3367

—

13.0

(1) 'puts' substituted for 'printf

(2) 'while' loops in place of for' loops

(3) compilation time includes assembly

Table 2: Incremental file sizes (factoring out the size of the library overhead) and execu-tion times of some single benchmark functions.

August). The 60 library routines andmacroinstructions supplied includeuseful, PC-specific, BIOS (basic in-put/output system) interface andvideo-display utilities, and the run-time package supports I/O redirec-tion. As this article was written, thec-systems compiler and DigitalResearch C (for CP/M-86) were theonly ones available that implementedmultiple memory models, althoughothers were imminent. The c-systemscompiler, in addition to the usualsmall model, includes a command-line option and library for themedium model as well. Figure 1 il-

lustrates the variety of modelsavailable.

While not an outstanding per-former in terms of code size, compiletime, or execution time relative toothers reviewed, the c-systems com-piler's unique and innovative optionsmake it a useful tool. Integer mathand local-variable access benchmarksproduced relatively efficient code, butperformance lagged somewhat incontrol-mechanism efficiency testing.Function calling was burdened withthe register variable mechanism, sav-ing and restoring SI and DI registerson each call and return. Code-

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 137

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138 August 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1983 139

Memory Models

A thorough understanding of the modelsemployed to structure memory usagebeyond the familiar 8-bit processor, 64K-byte domain is necessary. The revolu-tionary innovations in software design willnot come from using this newly availablememory resource for more spreadsheet ar-rays or a bigger memory disk emulator.Real innovation and creative design canonly progress when the tools are availablefor concrete realizations.

Two compiler manufacturers (c-systemsand Digital Research) are already support-ing larger memory usage, one has two ad-ditional memory models in test sites (Lat-tice), and at least two others (MarkWilliams and Mark DeSmet) have defniteplans for supporting larger models in thenear future. The tools are here; we needto know how they work.

Although the Intel 8088 microprocessorused by the IBM Personal Computer candirectly address over one million bytes ofsemiconductor memory, the manner inwhich this space is accessed leads to com-promises in both hardware and software ar-chitectures. For the processor to retain a16-bit internal datapath (assuring relative

ease in software migration from earlier Intelproducts), a segmented architecture waschosen.

To generate the 20-bit physical addressneeded to reach any location in the memoryspace, the bus-interface unit of the pro-cessor automatically shifts the 16-bit con-tents of one of the four segment registersleft by four binary bits (filling the spacescreated on the right with binary zeros) andinternally adds this result to a 16-bitregister containing an offset address.Therefore, to reach any memory with aphysical address outside a 64K-byte span,the appropriate segment register must beadjusted. The processor takes fewer clockcycles to operate within a 64K-byte logicaladdress space and requires additional cyclesfor any memory transactions outside thatlimit. The compiler designer wishing toenable access to code or data spaces beyond64K bytes faces a confusing thicket oftradeoffs as a result of this complex process.

To deal with this complexity, C compilerwriters for Intel's 16-bit architecture arechoosing to adapt the four memory modelsexpressed in the Intel PL/M-86 object for-mat (see figure 1). The most widely used

model, and the default model for most com-pilers, is the small memory model, whichdefines separate code and data areas, witha maximum size of 64K bytes each for atotal program memory access to 128Kbytes. All code must fit within the codegroup; the 8088 CS register is used asrelative origin. All data and the stack mustfit within another 64K-byte area with theDS, ES, and SS registers all pointing toits origin and defining the lowest accessi-ble address. Within this data area the stackgrows downward from the highestavailable data memory, and the dynamical-ly allocated heap area, generally based onthe 8088's ES register, grows upward fromthe top of whatever memory the compilerhas allocated as a fixed area for globallyavailable variables and data.

The medium model still restricts its pro-grams to a maximum of64K bytes of data,apportioned identically to the small model,but code is allowed to expand to the limitof maximum available memory. The com-piler and linker normally manage the CSsegment register to generate the optimallyappropriate form of call and return. A thirdmodel, the compact model, limits code and

production times were impeded bythe use of the snail-like PC assembler.Sieve execution performance im-proved by 22 percent when registervariables were used for the loopindexes.

The company's c-window symbolicdebugging package, available for$195, is a unique and valuable optionworth noting. When the user sets acompiler command-line option (thedebugger works only with the c-systems compiler), provision is madeto link a separate library containinga program-execution supervisor.When the compiled program is run,high-level debugging using single-step, trace, or breakpoint is sup-ported with breaks conditional oncount, function name, and source-line number or by nonzero evaluationof arbitrarily complex user-definedexpressions. Extensive user-specifiedautomatic commands allow the set-ting or display of evaluated expres-sions, variables, and data with radicesand formats precisely predetermined.

Another interesting command-line

option allows the user to set a PL/M-and Pascal-compatible argument-passing convention. Compared to C,arguments are placed on, and re-moved from, the stack in inverseorder. Because C allows a variablenumber of arguments to be passedinto a function, all arguments mustbe explicitly declared when the func-tion is declared, enabling the com-piler to generate proper stack cleanupon function returns. This option canbe used to compile C functionmodules callable from Pascal or PL/Mprograms and, when combined withthe medium memory model, to gen-erate code for popular real-timeoperating systems such as Intel'sRMX-86 or Industrial Programming'sMTOS-86.

The documentation explains thesecomplex options and contains a fulltreatment of the assembly-languageinterface to c-systems code. However,while the 46-page manual is accurate,complete, and useful, it includesneither an index nor error messageexplanations. An alphabetic reference

list of the library functions would bea welcome addition.

Caprock small-c is a result of RonCain's generosity (i.e., it is a transla-tion of source code intended for the8080, originally published in Dr.Dobbs' Journal #45 and placed in thepublic domain by Cain at that time).Program run-time memory usage isorganized by assigning all code to a64K-byte code segment shared, afterlinkage, with the run-time library.The stack, which manages all dataitems, has a separate 64K-byte seg-ment. The PC-DOS linker assigns thecode segment to low memory, withthe stack segment immediatelyabove.

Assembly language provides forany desired departures from theabove arrangement, as long as youassume responsibility for juggling thesegments. In contrast to the originalsmall-c, the compiler can producemultiple output files and supportstrue extern linkage, so the entire run-time library source is not required as

140 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

external variables to 64K bytes each andallots a full 64K bytes for stack data, withthe CS, DS, and SS registers adjusted ac-cordingly. The heap data area employs theES register, growing upward, and can oc-cupy up to all of the remaining memory.The amount of memory allotted to heap useis generally specified at link time.

The final model, the big model, is adeviation from the PL/M-86 convention'slarge model plan. In the PL/M-86 model,each code segment allocation should be ableto access its own 64K-byte data segment.C compiler writers have settled on a lessambitious scheme, where a program islimited to a single 64K-byte data space forglobal data, a single 64K-byte stack area,but allowing code and heap allocations todivide up the remaining memory with theheap left to manage whatever is not usedby the program code.

In the words of its progenitors, "C is nota 'very high-level' language." A program-mer can get close to and manipulate thedetails of individual machines. Therefore,a few ramifications to all of the above existthat govern C compiler design and shouldinfluence the C programmer's choices and

coding practices. Under the small model,the natural integer size and natural pointersize for C are both 16 bits, a fact that allowsmaximum efficiency in using the 8088 pro-cessor and a minimum of confusion for theprogrammer. In the big model, the naturalsize for C int and pointer types is 32bits, and while the processor takeslonger to juggle 32 bits than 16, thisconcerns the programmer solely froma code size and performance stand-point.

With the compact and mediummodels, care must be exercised. In thecompact model all function calls areshort (16 bits), but the dynamic datamust be managed in C using 32-bitdata pointers, loads, and stores. Thuschar pointer and natural integers arenot all the same size, and care shouldbe exercised in the use of casts and typeconversions. The medium model,which allows long calls but restricts allstack and data to 64K bytes, reversesthe implications of the previousanomaly if you want to use pointersto functions or manipulate code addressesdirectly.

compiler input along with the user'sprogram. The assembly-language in-terface is adequately documentedand is aided by the directives #asmand #endasm for including in-lineassembly statements in the C sourcefile.

While quite inexpensive, theCaprock small-c lacks many of thefeatures that make C the powerfulsystems tool it is. For instance, thecontrol structures while, for, switch, andgoto are missing. This subset does notsupport the storage classes auto, static,and register; typedef declarations; floator long int data types; conditionalcompilation (#ifdef, etc.); argumentsfor #define preprocessor statements,initializers on declaration or casts;and multidimensional arrays, struc-tures, and unions are not allowed.Functions may only return int,pointers may only point to char or int,and no complex assignments are per-mitted. Caprock small-c does notsupport conditional expressions,comma, logical negation, and one'scomplement.

In performance, small-c came inlast in every test of execution speedand behind most of the others incode size and compile time. The in-teractive nature of the commandmode is inoffensive, but assemblydurations require patience.

Why, then, is such software useful?First, as the least expensive C com-piler available for the PC, it can givethe programmer a taste of the lan-guage without a large cash invest-ment. Beginners at programmingshould know, however, that usingsmall-c as a means to learn program-ming or to learn C can be extremelyfrustrating at best because so muchof the language is absent. Most pro-grams from books or magazines willsimply not compile or run withoutsignificant alteration. Such changesare best left to the experienced.

Caprock small-c could also be usedas a learning aid for the C program-mer. The source code for the entirecompiler and run-time library is in-cluded on the disk; it is a unique aidfor anyone interested in studying and

tinkering with the mechanics of com-piler construction. And because thedisk includes a translation, into Csource, of the text-formatting pro-gram from Kernighan and Flauger'sclassic text, Software Tools, it is avaluable resource for the studentlearning how to translate into C fromanother language (RATFOR prepro-cessed FORTRAN or Pascal, depend-ing on which version of the book youuse). As a bonus, the executable ver-sion provides some useful word-processing capabilities when com-bined with a trusty text editor.

Computer Innovations C86: In addi-tion to the three-pass compiler andcomplete source-code files for theassembly language and C libraryfunctions, this package includes anobject-code librarian, object libraries,a linker, and a source-code library-maintenance program that allowsmany small code files to be stored inone archive, eliminating disk-file clut-ter and freeing disk-directory entries.

The CI-C86 compiler accepts thestandard C language and producesobject code in a format exclusive tothe system linker. Register variabledeclarations are converted to auto(storage class), and true registervariables are slated for a futurerelease. A command-line optionallows 31 character identifiers, a fea-ture that increases the self-document-ing qualities of the resulting code butmakes it more difficult to transport.Other compiler options enable com-ments to nest and permit the entryof command-line #defines. Errormessages are accompanied by theline number the compiler was work-ing on when the error was detected.An interim solution to interfacingassembly-language to a nonstandardobject-module environment is pro-vided by a program that converts anassembler's output to a form accept-able to the CI-C86 linker.

Although only the small memorymodel is implemented, the packageincludes a software foundation forusing overlays. Library routinesenable program I/O redirection. The8087 math coprocessor is supportedby calls to library functions, and in-line code capability is scheduled forText continued on page 146

Augurt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 141

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Listing 1: The math benchmark.

/* intmath3.c */

#define COUNT 10000

main( )

{

int i, j, k;printf("Starting\n");for(i = 0; i < COUNT; ++i) {j = 240; k = 15;

/* test byte-byte combinations */j = (k * ( j / k ));j = (k * ( j / k ));

j = ( k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k );k = (j -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k );

/* test byte-word combinations */

j = (j << 4); k = (k << 4);

j = (k * ( j / k ));

j = (k * ( j / k ));

j = ( k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k );

k = (j -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k );

/* test word-word combinations */

j = (j << 4); k = (k << 4);

j = (k * ( j / k ));

j = (k * ( j / k ));

j = ( k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k+ k+k+k+k );

k = (j -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k-k -k-k-k );

}

printf("Finished\n");

}/*

intmath3.c

end

V

Listing 2: The pointer benchmark./* pointerl.c

#define COUNT 10000#define ALLOTTED 12 8

main(){

char workarea[ALLOTTED], *ptr;int i;

printf("Starting\n");for(i=0; i < COUNT; ++i) {ptr = workarea;

while(ptr < (workarea + ALLOTTED)) {*ptr = ' ';++ptr;

}}printf("FinishedSn");

}/*

pointerl.c

end

V

142 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

\v

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While new printers with impressive specifications are introduced on an almost daily basis, onlytime will tell the true quality of the product. Over the past 2 years our customers have continuedto buy the DS180 printer, not only because of its impressive performance and competitive price,but also because of our outstanding track record for product reliability and customer support.

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261477BYTE August 1983 145

VICTORY

The Z-80 C Cross-CompilerFleet has arrived.

Is your Z-80 C object code larger rhon ir needs ro be?Perrearing ro assembler because C isn'r fulfilling irs promise?

Your ship has come in. Vandara introduces rhe Z-80 C Cross-Compiler. Starring wirh rhe finest "pure" C-ro-8080 cross-compileravailable (Whiresmirhs), we've added 8-bir expressions, a righrcalling convention, opeephole optimizer and full use of rhe Z-80insrrucrion set ro reduce your code size by up ro 36%.

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146 Auguie 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

ANDATA

THE UPPER HANDIN COMPUTERSOFTWARE.

Text continued from page 141:

future release.

More than 100 library subroutinesinclude several utilities for math,memory management, and stringmanipulation. Two important libraryfunctions behave differently with re-spect to the standard, so migrantcode may need adjustment: the CI-C86 I/O subroutine fopen employs a12-choice mode argument, ratherthan the usual 3-choice mode, to ac-commodate CP/M end-of-file conven-tions and to differentiate betweenbinary and ASCII files. The CI-C86open system-call simulation requiresa 6-choice mode for similar reasons.The formatted I/O functions includethe nonstandard, but welcome, ex-tension of capability in the inclusionof a binary radix.

The manual's coverage of this par-ticular implementation of C is a bitthin. The individual programs in-cluded are documented in clearlystructured style, but error messagesare neither listed nor explained, andthe descriptions of the programs androutines are often terse. The alpha-betic listing and clear one-to-a-pageformat of library-routine documenta-tion, however, make for easy refer-ence.

This widely used compiler hasbeen the subject of continual workand improvement since its introduc-tion, and it will probably continue toimprove. C86 was relatively ineffi-cient at function calling, a drawbackunrelated to overhead of registervariables because the register type isconverted to auto. Code generated forinteger math and local-variable accesswas relatively efficient compared toothers.

In use, C86 is simple and straight-forward and complicated only by theneed to manage the nonstandardlinker's syntax. Error messages can beconfusing if they don't offer addi-tional documentation, but a provi-sion to print a source listing after thepreprocessing pass can be a usefuldebugging tool. By including sourcecode for the run-time subroutinelibrary, Computer Innovations givesthe user greater control over thestructure of the final executable codemodule. While I found no real basisfor complaint about this product,

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1=

i !

Name

DeSmet C Development Package version1.5

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

C Ware

1607 New Brunswick Ave.Sunnyvale, CA 94087|408| 736-6905

Price

S100

Format

5!/i-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS or CP/M-86 formatfloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces object code or assemblylanguage

Computer Needed

IBM PC running PC-DOS or CP/M-86 withtwo single-sided disk drives and aminimum of 64K bytes of RAM

Documentation

105-page loose-leaf manual

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

neither its features nor its perfor-mance were relatively outstanding.

Mark DeSmet has recently releaseda full suite of 8088 systems-develop-ment software accompanied by morethan 100 pages of documentation.Available from C-Ware for the lowprice of $100, the package includes atwo-pass compiler, screen editor,assembler, linker loader, cross-reference and list utility, object-codelibrarian, and two valuable system-utility programs in both source codeand executable form. The run-timelibrary is supplied in two versions;one provides 8087 coprocessor float-ing-point support, and the other pro-vides software floating-point subrou-tines.

The extent and quality of these pro-grams are amazing. The DeSmet con-piler was usually fastest in compila-tion and linkage times, regularly pro-duced tight code and small incre-mental program size, and alwaysranked at the top in terms of execu-

Name

C88 version 2.01

Type of Softwarefjpackage

C programming larjjjuage compiler

Manufacturer

Intellect Associates |piPOB 365

Holbrook, NY 1174|5I6) 472-4449

Price

SI50

Format

5'A-inch double-depsity single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-&OS format floppy disks

Type of Compiler j

Produces object cof

Computer Needec

IBM PC running Pqsided disk drives arjbytes of RAM

DOS with two single-1 a minimum of 64K

Documentation

60-page staple-bound manual

Audience

System and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

tion speed. Because it is relativelyyoung, the product is bound to havesome rough edges. For instance, thepreprocessor section of version 1.5failed to properly handle tests of in-tricate #define expansion, producingspurious code with no compile-timeerror indication. In all other tests run,no further fault was found with com-piler accuracy.

This system produced consistentoptimization in both code size andexecution speed and generated codethat consistently outperformed allbut the Lattice compiler. In the shorthistory of this product, C-ware seemscommitted to continuously improv-ing it and has already added substan-tially to the library. The DeSmetpackage is an unsurpassed vehicle forprogrammers in other languages(particularly assembler) to use inlearning C. Examples of C andassembly-language source files thatare included deftly illustrate therange of capabilities available.

Although it does not support Unix

Name

Lattice C version 1.04

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

Lattice Inc.

POB 648

Hoffman Estates, IL 60195

(312) 843-2405

Price

S500

Format

5/4 -inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS or CP/M-86 formatfloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces object code

Computer Needed:

IBM PC running PC-DOS or CP/M-86 withtwo single-sided disk drives and aminimum of I28K bytes of RAM

Documentation

162-page staple-bound loose-leaf manual

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

version 7 extensions, in most otherrespects the DeSmet compiler acceptsthe entire standard C syntax, in-cluding all widely used data typesand operators. For example, the onlypre-Unix version 7 data type miss-ing is short, which may be added byemploying typedef. Extensions aremade to support 31-character variablenames (for more readable code) andto include assembly language in linevia the #asm preprocessor directive.Console I/O is not provided withredirection in the current release,and only the small memory model ispresently supported.

A full-facility programmer's tool,the screen editor has an elegantlysimple command syntax. Theassembler includes all 8087coprocessor mnemonics and uses asyntax that differs only slightly fromthat of Intel's ASM-86 standard. Bind,the system's linking loader, is used toproduce executable files from the ob-ject output of both the assembler andthe compiler. It produces a full sorted

148 Auguit 1M3 © BYTE Publication. Inc

BM AUGUSTPRICE WAR!

These sale prices good through August 31,1983.

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□ Prices may change.

BYTE August 1983 149

list of public symbols with corres-ponding segment locations and off-sets. A utility program, clist, pro-duces paginated source listings withline numbers, fully formatted forprinting, and includes a cross-referenced listing of all functions andall line numbers where they werefound. Object libraries included canbe called from either C or assemblylanguage, and both options are clear-ly explained.

The object library supplied consistsof 59 subroutines. An additional 16routines for IBM PC screen andkeyboard handling are included ina separate assembly-language sourcefile that may be assembled and linkedwith C or assembly-language objectmodules. A C implementation of thegame of Life, invented by Englishmathematician John H. Conway, isincluded in both executable andsource-code forms to illustrate theuse of this comprehensive assembly-language PC screen handler.

Two other source files accompanythis package. A core-style file-dump

utility illustrates the use of file andscreen I/O routines. An assembly-language source file for an operating-system utility patch, which extendsthe keyboard input buffer from itscurrent 15 to a full 128 characters, il-lustrates use of the system assembler.Both are included in executable formand are valuable as programs and asexamples.

Although brief, the documentationdevotes just enough attention to eachfeature in this extensive package tosupply the user necessary informa-tion. The lack of an index seems lessnoticeable here than in some otherdocumentation due to the clear struc-tural organization and the inclusionof a functionally subdivided listing oflibrary routines in the table of con-tents. All programs include extensiveerror messages, which are fully doc-umented.

Intellect Associates C88 is a one-pass, nonoptimizing, integer-onlysubset compiler that seems to be con-structed on a foundation of the public-

domain small-c source but incorpor-ates many enhancements. Memoryusage is limited to the 64K-byte 8080.COM file format, with the origin ofa user's program set at the address100 hexadecimal. The somewhat non-standard subset of C this compilersupports is limited, but fortunatelythe documentation clearly outlineswhat is missing. A function libraryconsisting of 44 individual object filesrequires the supplied linker to forman executable file. No run-time I/Oredirection for the user's programs issupported. Modules may be com-piled without a main,so they can beused as subroutines in addition tothe object files supplied.

The two allowable data types are intand char, and pointers may pointonly to these. Structures, unions,compound assignments, goto, thestorage classes auto, static, extern, andregister and typedef declarations are notallowed. Multidimensional arrays arenot permitted, and subscriptingeither an integer array or a pointer toan integer—in contrast to standard

PROGRAMMERS"C" the extras we offer

More than just a compiler ... we addressthe total programming environment

C Compiler —

• Complete non-float implementation (floatavail 3Q) per Kernighan and Ritchie.

• Small and medium models supported. Mediummodel allows greater than 64k of code andgreater than 64k of data.

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„Z Source level debugger'C-WindoW cvmb0Uc debugging.

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Ask for a demonstration package -you'll immediately "C" the difference!

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c-window tm c-systems; IBM tm IBM Corp.; MSDOS tm

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a database, plus high level database

manipulation tools.

PHACT-dbrm

supports: data dictionary; 5 datatypes; variable

length records; full database security; database

locking, data portability; ".h" file creation and

much much more!

PHACT-dbrm

runs on: all UNIX systems • IDRIS and UNIX look-alikes • MSDOS •CP/M

PHACT-rql ( Relational Query Language I PHACT-rg[ Report Generator ) and PHACT-ng [Relational Screen Generator )under development.

PHACT-dbrm

is priced between $250-5950, (Source available)

PHHCT

ASSOCIATES UMITED

To get all the PHACT's call DAVID GRAHAM at

PHACT ASSOCIATES Ltd • 212 • 420-1512

231 EAST II STREET • NEW YORK • NY 10003

150 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

THE ONE AND ONLY

CRAMBO

You've got a problem. Go to yourfavorite computer store. Ask to see theirCombo Cards. Then ask about their RAMCards. See the problem? Just too many topick from. Mow, ask to see the CRAMBO™.Mo problem. There's only one. Ours. Exceptyou don't know what a CRAMBO is. You'veprobably guessed it's a Combo Card piggybacked to a RAM Card. So it only takes upone slot in your IBM/PC. That's right. Buthere are the details.

THE COMBO II CARD:

For $189 you'll get a Clock Calendar,Async Communications, Parallel Printer anda Game Adapter.

THE 512K RAM CARD:

It too, is only $189 with 64K of RAMinstalled. And when you need more RAM,64K increments are available for $64 each.And, SDRIVE, the electronic disk emulator,is available at no cost with the RAM Card.

',»_-. ,mmm <;>m w— !\nmm'flinumft—i.a-* ,-amm ,'mmm jimtmTf/mm'tiwmaikmm

d-mm'wm'mm-

lf\

You can buy either of our boardsseparately for use in the XT or PC expansionchassis. But only our boards can be piggybacked to give you the one and onlyCRAMBO. And for only $359.

Go check out the CRAMBO at the samestore carrying all those Combo Cards andRAM Cards. If they don't have the CRAMBOhave them call us. 800/525-7674. Or write:Apparat, Inc. 4401 South Tamarac Parkway,Denver, Colorado 80237, 303/741-1778.

IBM PC is a registered trademark of International Business Machine Corp.

Apparat, Inc.

Circle 25 on Inquiry card.

Eye-Guard...

the only anti-glare shield*

made with lead to

cut eye fatigue caused

by glare, X-rays,

UV radiation & microwavesfrom computer terminals.

The new Eye-Guard anti-glarescreen shield is made ofstrong, impact-resistant,lead-impregnated acrylic.

It is identical to thematerial used as windowsby nuclear power plants andhospital x-ray facilitiesto block radiation and protectpersonnel. And, even thoughEye-Guard screen shieldscontain 3055 lead (by weight),they are completelytransparent.

Whether your eye-fatigue iscaused by glare, radiation,or both, from your computerterminal, Eye-Guard willgive your eyes relief.

Eye-Guard is the onlyanti-glare shield on themarket made with lead. It'sthe only product that canmake that claim.

It is so effective atreducing eye-fatigue and

"Attaches to computer terminal with convenient Velcro tabs.

FOR CREDIT CARD ORDERS.

CALL(800)

eliminating the possibilityof damage to your eyes fromcomputer generated radiationthat it's sold with a 100%money-back guaranteeof satisfaction.

If your eye-fatigue isn'tabsolutely eliminated in thefirst 30 days, we'll buy backthe Eye-Guard Leaded ScreenShield for the full purchaseprice.

Order your Eye-Guard LeadedAcrylic Anti-Glare RadiationShield today. 9V4" x 11Wor 10" x 13, complete withvelcro fasteners for easyattachment to most monitorscreens, $129.95.

Eye-Guard Leaded AcrylicRadiation Shields (withoutanti-glare filter), $119.95.

Dealer inquiries invited.

221-7070

IN NEW YORK STATE,CALL [212] 989-6876

Mail to:Langley-SL Clair Instrumentation Systems, Inc.132W.24thSt.,NewYork,NY 10011

Please ship the following Eye-Guard LeadedAcrylic Radiation Shields:

9WxlUf and/or 10"xl3" with

anti-glare filter© $129.95 $

9W xl 1W and/or 10" xl3" without

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Total number ordered

Ship Regular GPS □ GPS Blue Label □Parcel Post □ Overseas D

Add 54.00 each for shipping and handling.Add $10.00 for shipping overseas, parcelpost or UPS Blue Label.Add sales tax where applicable.

Charge to my MasterCard □ Visa □

Mo Expires

My check for $ _costs enclosed.

Ship to:

including shipping

ADDRESS

CITY

•:•:•

LcinglCy-St.Gclir Instrumentation Systems, Inc.

132 W. 24th St., New York, NY 10011

Circle 234 on Inquiry card.

syntax—will double the subscriptevaluation. Arguments to #defines arenot permitted, and includes may notnest.

All constant expressions areevaluated at run-time (rather than atcompile time, which would be fast-er), and function arguments must bedefined in the order in which theyappear in the function declaration.The compiler considers all unde-clared but referenced functions orvariables to be external functions andsends necessary external referencesto the object file. The user must ex-amine the list of external identifiersprinted at the end of compilation forincorrect entries such as misspelledvariable names.

Function calls have a decidedlynonstandard but potentially in-teresting feature for the absolute-address adventurer. Almost anythingyou can imagine immediately fol-lowed by ( (the open parenthesis) iscompiled as a function call. Thus1000() would call absolute memorylocation 1000 decimal and array[i]( )would call the location whose ad-dress is found in the ith member ofthe array. Arguments to such func-tions are pushed onto the stack in theorder in which they appear withinthe parentheses.

Most of the object files that con-stitute the library have nonstandardnames, syntax, and functions and donot include routines for heap man-agement or string handling. Severaluseful PC console interface, BIOS in-terface, special-purpose disk I/O, andmemory-utility functions are also onthe disk. The 60 pages of documen-tation are neither well structured nororiented to the novice. After con-siderable groping about, however, Ifound most of the information Ineeded.

C88 was fast at compiling its lim-ited subset of the C language, and itgenerated some of the smallest ex-ecutable files. The supplied interac-tive linker was equally rapid and on-ly required input of files actually usedby the final program. I felt a certainfrugal satisfaction at seeing this soft-ware produce an executable utilityprogram to clear the PC's displayscreen that occupied only 128 bytes

Microsoft languages

connect your software to

more 16-bit systems.

The largest market for 16-bit software. Over95% of all 16-bit microcomputers run Microsoft-operating systems, languages, or both.That meansyour programs written in Microsoft languages findtheir market in the largest installed base of 16-bitsystems.The IBM■ PC, and systems from Wang,Zenith, DEC, Victor, Altos, Texas Instrumentsand Radio Shack, to name just a few. And, if you'reworking with Microsoft operating systems andlanguages, you'll find that it's far easier to trans-port software between systems.A full range of languages. The versatile MS-BASIC interpreter and the fast MS-BASIC compiler,Microsoft Business BASIC and MS-COBOL forbusiness use. MS-FORTRAN for scientific and engi-neering applications. Microsoft C, a complete C,that provides a productive alternative to assemblylanguage. And MS-Pascal, a high-level languagecompiler specifically designed for microprocessorsystem software implementation. All these lan-guages are compatible with ANSI or ISO standards.A total programming environment. Compatiblelanguages. Operating systems. Utilities. Pluscomplete support. All the tools you need ^-to write software that sells. ,^^ ^^^^ ^3f&Leadership in microsMicrosoft wrote thefirst BASICfor the

first production microcomputer. Since then, we'veadded a full range of 8-bit and 16-bit languages,plus the MStm-DOS and XENIX™ operating systems.What's more, we are constantly enhancing bothlanguages and operating systems. And we makethose enhancements available to our customers.That means Microsoft programming languages arestate-of-the-art programming tools. Tools thatallow your applications programs to reach moresystems. More effectively.More information? See your Microsoft dealerfor complete information on Microsoft's 16-bit lan-guages and operating systems. Or, write for ourbooklet/The Microsoft Language Family." A familyof tools that give your programs access to thelargest installed base of 16-bit systems.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

MICROSOFT

MICROSOFT CORPORATION

10700 NORTHUP WAY

BELLEVUE. WASHINGTON 98004

■o.

■o.

^

Microsoft is a registered trademark,and MS, XENIX and the Microsoft logo aretrademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Need to Measure YourCorporate Communications?

Want to define your company's image? Measurecompetitive strengths? Determine the acceptance of yourcompany publications? Gauge reactions to your annualreport? Determine the effectiveness of your corporateadvertising? Monitor the impact of important trends anddevelopments on your company's business?

Call McGraw-HillResearch

Backed by 30 years of researchexperience covering scores ofmarkets and fields, McGraw-HillResearch professionals designcustom projects that can make abig difference in the success ofyour corporate communicationsefforts. The Corporate Commu-nications Research Center willmeet your research needspromptly, at a reasonable price.

Put McGraw-Hill Research to workfor you.

For a quote or proposal, callJoan Bullen, Director-CorporateCommunications ResearchCenter at (212) 997-3517 orEleanor Nicoletti, Project Director,at (212) 997-3095. Or, write Corpo-rate Communications ResearchCenter, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY 10020

M

If it's a communications problem, weprobably pioneered the solution.

INTRODUCES: PC-VSAM

TM

TM

• one of the most comprehensive and versatile I/O programs available withpower and performance to match that of the IBM-PC.®

• uses sophisticated and easy command language that allows flexible andefficient storage of information.

• meets the challenge of today's complex system and application needs whilesaving time and money in development.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: IBM-PC™ , DOS, 64K RAM, ONE DISKDRIVE-5V4", 80 COLUMN DISPLAY, OPTIONAL PRINTER

INTRODUCTORY PRICE: $155.00

(Offer good through Sept. 7, 2983)In order to enable us to market the most economically prices software we usefunctionally-inexpensive packaging™ . Thus, passing the savings on to you.

PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SPECIALISTS,™ INC.

P.O. Box 026005

Miami, Florida 33102-6005

Call Collect (305) 545-7077

For Information and Specifications.

Method of Payment: Check, Money Order.

Terms: All Handling and Shipping are included in Software price. Allow 2-4 weeks delivery.Trademark: IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines, Corp.PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SPECIALISTS, FUNCTIONALLY-INEXPENSIVE PACKAGING, PC-VSAM, PBS are Trademarks Pending of PROFESSIONAL BUSINESS SPECIALISTS, INC.

154 Auguil 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

on the disk. Other compilers imposea minimum overhead of 6 to 10Kbytes on executable files by includingmandatory I/O redirection, even forthose programs where this is un-used and totally inappropriate.However, the performance of thecode generated, especially in suchcritical areas as looping and local-variable access, is inadequate for anyserious production work, particular-ly when compared to the price/per-formance ratio of other availablesoftware.

Lattice C, in addition to the two-passcompiler, includes a standard libraryin object form, an object moduledisassembler, three header files, asource function-extraction utility, andsample C source files. A run-timepackage supports full I/O redirection.The 150-page manual includes adetailed table of contents and a com-prehensive index. With the additionof an object-code librarian, this com-piler is marketed as the Microsoft Ccompiler.

The Lattice C compiler producesremarkable code. In integer andfloating-point math evaluation,pointer and array handling, local-variable access, and function calling,performance was outstanding interms of both execution speed andcode compactness. Most measuresapplied to the compiler group echoedthis superiority. Not only was thecode fast and compact, but the Lat-tice compiler was consistently secondonly to the DeSmet compiler in com-piling and linking speed in bothmemory-disk emulator and floppy-disk environments.

Rapid compilation and high-perfor-mance code are crucial in a product-production environment where theyfacilitate an interactive "successiveapproximation" style of coding. Thiscompiler encourages the program-mer to code in small units, testingeach as he goes, rather than builduntested monoliths that requirelaborious debugging.

In extensive use over an 8-monthperiod, the Lattice compiler has per-formed reliably and predictably, evenwhen facing intentionally nasty trapsand errors. The preprocessor handlesText continued on page 158.

COMPETITIVE EDGE

WELCOME TO THE GREAT LAKES EXPANSION CELEBRATION

SLUDER HAS EXPANDED AND RELOCATED AND IS NOW READY TO SERVE YOU EVENBETTER THAN BEFORE. WE ARE CELEBRATING AND TO HELP YOU JOIN US WE AREFEATURING THIS MONTH SOME BRAND NEW ITEMS AND HAVE CUT EVERYDAY SALEPRICES EVEN FURTHER.

COMPUPRO" FROM GODBOUT ELECTRONICS LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS INC.

FULLY INTEGRATED

816-A A&T816-B A&T816-CA&T816-D A&T

816-08 A&T816-16 A&T816-68K AT

$ 3995.$ 5095.$ 6566.$10216.$ 6566.$10216.$ 6566.

CSC $ 4449CSC $ 5690CSC $ 7335CSC $11676CSC $ 7335CSC $1 1676CSC $ 7335

20 MEGABYTE SUB-SYS W/DISK 2 3495 CSC $ 3595

COMPETITIVE EDGE INTEGRATED BUDGET SYSTEMS

$3095.

2995.3895.5495.9995.3895,4495.

507.1268.

621.

595.

85/88, 64K, I/O-I, 10 SLOT, CP/M, (2) 8" DSDD6MHZ CPU Z, 64K, I/O-I, 10 SLOT, CPM, (2) 8"10MHZ 8086, 128K, I/O, 10 SLOT, CPM, 2-8"10MHZ 8086, 256K, 1/0-3, 10 SLOT, MPM, 2-8"10MHZ 8086, 512K. 1/0-3, 10 SLOT, MPM, 20MB10MHZ 68K, 128K, I/O-I, 10 SLOT, CPM, 2-8"CPU 80286, 128K, I/O-I, 10 SLOT, CPM, 2-8"OISK 1 & CPM-2.2 $ 445. DISK 2 A&T

CPU 80286 A&T $1164. CPU 80286 CSC

CPU 68000 A&T 499. CPU 68000 CSC

M-DRIVE-HA&T 1383, ENCLOSURE 2 DESK

SEATTLE COMPUTER PRODUCTS

GAZELLE, 128K, LIST $5995. SALE $4695.

15 MEGABYTE HARD DISK FOR GAZELLE 1895.

INCLUDES CONTROLLER & SOFTWARESEPARATE CABINET & 15 MB HI)

2095.

COMPETITIVE EDGE BUDGET SYSTEM

SEATTLE 86 CPU SET, 128K, (2) 8", MSDOS 2.0,10 SLOT CAB, POWER SUPPLY, READY TO RUNPOWER SUPPLY, READY TO RUNCE INTEGRATED SYSTEM W/ 1-8" DR, 15 MEGA-BYTE HARD DISK, 8086 SET, MSDOS 2.0, 128KOF FAST SEATTLE STATIC RAM.

8086 CPU SET, MSDOS $595. 64K STATIC RAMSCI' DISKMASTER 319. SCP 2 PORT SERIALSCP 4 PORT SERIAL 210. 8087 PACKAGE

SEATTLE RAM+ & RAM+ 3 FOR IBM PC

RAM+ 64K $199. 128K 249. 192K 299. 256KRAM + :i 64K 269. 128K 319. 192K 369. 256K

8087 PACKAGE W/8087 & BASCOM. LIB

3395.

4995.

475.175.263.

350.420.263.

HARD DISK SUB SYSTEMS FOR ANY Z80 CPM COMPUTER

in MECABYTE INCUDES SOFTWARE CAB. & CONTROLLER $1795.

'22 MEGABYTE INTU'DES SOFTWARE CAB. & CONTROLLER $2295.

II MEGABYTE INCUDES SOFTWARE CAB. & CONTROLLER $3995.

ABOVE FOR Cl'/M OH TELETEK Tt'RBODOS DEALER BRICKS AVAIL.

8MHZ 8086, LDP72, HAZITALL, 256K DRAM4 BOARD SET FROM LOMAS

AUGUST

SALE

$1399-

LOMAS S100 PC 2-5" DRS.8MHZ 8088 $2499.128K RAM, LDP72, HAZITALL, MSDOS, 15 SLOTS

COMPETITIVE EDGE INTEGRATED SYSTEMS

8MHZ 8086, 128K DRAM, 2.4 MB2-8" DRS, 10 SLOT 2995.

10MHZ 8086, 128K STATIC, 2-4 MB, 10 SLOT 3795.

LOMAS 286, 128K, 2.4 MB 2-8" DRS, 10 SLOT 4995.

2 USER MPM 86, 86/89, 256K, 10 SLOT, 2-8" 3895.

5USERMPM86,86/89,512K, 10 SLOT, 1-8"8MBHD 6595.

5USERMPM86,86/89,512K, 10SLOT, 1-8"32MBHD 8095.

4 BOARD SET AUGUST ONLY, 86, LDP72, HAZ, 256K 1399.

8MHZ 8086 $420., LDP72 $220., HAZITALL $260.

10MHZ 8086 $520. 128K STATIC $875. 256K DRAM 636.

TELETEK

TELETEK OFFERS FINE SINGLE & MULTI-USERCOMPONENTS IN THE 4 & 6MHZ Z80 SERIES

Z80A, 64K, 2-5" .6 MEGABYTE FLOPPY $1795.SYSTEM W/2 SERIAL, 2 PARALLEL PORTSAND CP/M 2.2 OPERATING SYSTEM

10 MEGABYTE HARD DISK FOR ABOVE22 MEGABYTE HARD DISK FOR ABOVE

Z80A, 64K, 2-8" 2.(1 MEGABYTE FLOPPYSYSTEM W/2 SER. 2 PAR PORTS, CP/MAND 10 SLOTS-100 CABINET

Z80A, 64K, 1-8" DR, 1-10MB HD, TWOZ80A SLAVES, TURBODOS NETWORK O/S10 SLOT CABINET, EXPAND TO 9 USERSBY ADDING MORE SLAVES. 22MB AVAIL.MANY CONFIGURATIONS UP TO 16 USERS

TELETEK SYSTEMASTER $671. Z80A SLAVE $649.Z80B SLAVE 756. TURBODOS 750.

TELETEK HD/CTC 596. CP/M 2.2 165.

1795.2295.

2495.

DEALER CORNER

DEALER PRICES AVAILABLE ON SYSTEMS.HARD DISK SUB SYSTEMS & BARE DRIVESTELETEK COMPONENTS AT SPECIAL DEALERPRICES. WE DISTRIBUTE SPELLBINDERFOR IBM PC AND ALL CP/M COMPUTERS

MANY TERMINALS (QUME 102 $535.), PRINTERS, & ALL CP/M & IBM PC SOFTWARE AVAILABLE

COMPETITIVE EDGE • P.O. BOX 556 • PLYMOUTH, MI 48170

800 ORDER LINE 1-800-336-1410 LOCAL & INFORMATION LINE 1-313-451-0665

VISA & MASTERCARD ACCEPTED NO SURCHARGE

CP/M. & MP/M ARE TRADEMARKS OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. TURDOBOS IS A TRADEMARK OFSOFTWARE 2001) INC.. COMPUPRO'- IS A TRADEMARK OF GODBOUT ELECTRONICS

Circle 358 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 155

Apple DOS

Applied SoftwareTechnology LIST

Versatorm 389

Versaform-Pascal.. 245Versaform/CorvusHrdDisk 495

ARTSCI

Magic Mailer 70

Magic Pack Combo 225

MagicWindow 100

Magic Window II ... 150Magic Words 70

Avant GardeUltra Plol/DIF/Datagraph 99

Beagle BrothersApple Mechanic ... 30

BeagleBag 30

DOSBoss 24

DoubleTake 35

FlexText 30

ProntoDOS 30

UtilityCity 30

BPIGL.AR.AP,Payroll, JobCost,Inventory (ea) 395

Broderbund SoftwareBank Street Writer . 70General Ledger

w/AP 495

Payroll 395

Computer StationCombined

Enhanced Graphics 55Station Master 175

ComshareImage Maker .^^^^5_

Continental SolkfncPA#i,r

(all 4)

CPA#1-GL 1^250

CPA#2l

CPA#3-TM

CPA#4-Payro1l .

CPA #5-8iOperlT

Manage,

FCM(Bj

MailJ^H WT 75

HomeAcccHf 52

Crane

Menu Generator,Creative Currlcj

Speed Reai

CoursewarlDakln5 M

Business Bol ftk

keeping Systflfll !99

Budget Planner"^ 150

Depreciatiq^^^^^^l

Planner JM 299

Datamost fl| ^^

Reap(RealR^BI^^ 90

TaxBeater 130 90

SALE

269180

360

49156

75109

49

22231727232322

320

53

305275

40

136

#5-mppertr^M |lagement 49 352

le AccomtnlJI^^/b 52

Write On

130

qq

Datasolt

BASIC Compiler..

. 100

75

Lisp Interpreter ..

. 125

94

Micropainter

35

2b

(800)222-8811

Inside California:(415)324-3730

Decision Software

Accountant 129

Accountant with

DBCalc 149

DBCalc 0

Delta SoltwareBookkeeper Check

Writer 40

Bookkeeper Master 90

Denver

Financial Partner... 250Pascal Programmer

296

PascalTutor 125

Eduware

Algebral 40

Algebra2 40

Algebra3 40

Algebra4 40

Algebra5 & 6 50

Compu-Math/

Arithmetic Ski 50

Compu-Read 30

Compu-Spell/

Data Disk 4-8 (ea) . 20

Compu-Spell/

System 30

Counting Bee 30

Decimals 49

Fractions 49

Metri-Vert 16

Perception 25

PSAT Word Attack . 49

Rendezvous 40

SAT Word Attack ... 49Spell Bee w7

Reading Primer .... 40

Statistics 30

GL, AR, AP,

Payroll. JobCos^i^^^

qral

iewrlter/MultlOColum IIewriter landard■ Idemll ||

w/Term Pom 409

■IPmnaTPrograrn . 100Highlands

CRAE 40

EZLedger 60

MCAT 2/

HowardCreative1983 .RealjWiB^wzer ■Tax Preparer"IUS

V.. 150eHUWisk. 300

Mover 100

Development

m 140

Tellstar Level 1 40

Tellstar Level 2 80

Insoft

ALD System II 75

Electric Duet 30

Graforthll 75

Transform II 125

ISM

Graphmagic 90

Mathemagic 90

KensingtonFormatll 150

Your APPLE Source

PROGRAMMING

nnMiEE5i&

Lightning

97 MasterType 40 30

Link Systems

112 DataFax 199 149

20 Data Link 100 75

LinkDisk 70 51

Linklndex 195 149

29 Link Sampler 1 60 45

68 LinkVideo 55 42

LJK Enterprises

188 DataPerfect 100 78

Edit6502 100 78

223 Lettr Pefct w/

97 Mail Merge 150 112

Lotus

30 Executive Briefing

30 System 199 149

30 Micro Lab

30 AssetManager 200 144

38 DataFactory 300 216

English SAT #1 .^^&m 2237 Invoicejactory. JB ^K 14422 ^H^bmSysteni.. 150 10850 37A/erfl Lm.39i

oil Manager . |1fl

22 Tax Manager . 180 12922 I II37 Tutor .... 30 22

37 Virlhlend ...,: 50 3712 ^■slfactory I. H 5419 WallStreeter I 3^^^E37 I Kit ^^30 ^kwPlsoft™ Compiler'"37 (TASC)~ 175 119

Multiplan'" 275 198

30 ^Math/jiSimp'" ^^

22 (ADI0S) .^^X 19

Tirr^gnager"

Typing Tutoill ..... 25 1JMuse II

Address I IIDataplot IIElementary mathhlri Form Letter Module

I ■ H!^^D0 75

^btupefflxTHome

^ Office

289 Supertext

75 Professional ^^^^74

TheVoice ^^^^.

ocksmith .100 75

d System Software. Inc.peedRearBus... IW

JJersM B9

146 Penguin ■ l^'^^

IKdditionan^"^^^

CharSet 20 15

Comp Graphics/

216 Apple Tablet 120 86

75 Complete Graphics

System 70 50

101 Graphics Magician. 60 45

30 Special Effects 40 30

58 Special Effects

Apple Tablet 70 50

56 Phoenix

23 Zoom Graphics 50 38

56 Program Design

94 New Step-By-Step . 80 58

StepbyStepll 90 70

65 Quality Software

65 BagofTricks 40 30

GBS—DBAppi

113 DevProgram 650 488

Sensible

Applesoft +

Struc. BASIC 40

Best 40

Bug,The 50

Build Using 30

DiskOrganizer 30

Disk Recovery 30

DOSPIus 25

EditSoft 40

Image Printer

Epson 40

Image Printer

LetterQual 40

Image Prtr NEC/

DotMatrix 40

Multi Disk Catalog . 25

Quadrant6112 30

Quickloader 25

SensibleSpeller.... 125Sensible Speller

SuperOiSierra On Lil

Dictionary

tPFIV ■■ral Manager II 23I

.ISA T. 80

^nfrofucational

System 120

Screenwriterll 130

ScreenwriterProfessionalSill

8385

Applied Soltware

Technology LIST SALE

Versaform 495 371

Datamost

WriteOn 130 99

Denver Soltware

EASY 750 562

Insolt

ALDSystemlll 75 56

Transform III 125 94

Link Systems

DataFax 249 187

Linklndex 195 149

Link Sampler I 60 45

LinkVideo 55 42

Soltware Publishers

PFS:File 175 129

PFS:Graph 175 129

PFS: Report 125 94

Vlsicorpusiness

■pi. 100 78

300 234

400 312

300 234

9490 68

■WorfgJ 1J5,

i^Executive Secret a^^p]

■

Executive SpellerH 56

SoftechBASIC Compiler IRuntime |5| 225

UCSD p-System

Set [51 625 161

Xenotile. II I m

Apple He

Easlslde LIST SALE

Wildcard 130 109

Hayes

Micromodemll (51 379 259Kensington ^g|

■i .. 90 69Krall

■ ^pTT.... 65 49

IT

^Ke CharGen M 25

Apple II products also run onthe lie (callfordetails). Productsbelow are specially designed for the

Software Dimensions LIST SALE

Accounting + He

AP 395 289

•AR 395 289

•GL 395 289

•Inventor 395 289

•Payroll 395 289

•POE 395 289

■POS 395 289

•SOE 395 289

Software Publishers

PFSlFile 125 94

PFS:Graph 125 94

PFS: Report 125 94

Vislcorp

Visicalc 250 189

Applicafd6 MH2

Products

Joystick

Selectaport

Trackball

Versa Computing

Versawriter

Graphics Tablet ...Vldex

Enhancerll

Function Strip

InverseCharacter

Set

Lower Case Chip ..

Lower Case Chip

(RevO-6)

Micromodem

Firmware

Soft Video Switch

Videoterm

Switchplate

Videoterm with

Softswitch

606065

14979

2929

299 249

11965

29

29

24

35

29

19

16

375

239

TM = Manufacturer's trademark

156 BYTE Auguit 1983

CP/M-80

8" standard SSSD and Apple 5W.Please call to confirm price &availability for other formats, availableas special orders.

Mark of The Unicorn LIST SALE

FinalWord 300 223

Mince 175 139

Adventure International

Adventures

1-12(ReqZ80) 129 97

ATI

Power for CP/M .... 75 54Anderson-Bell

ABSTAT 359

Artificial Intelligence

Denial (PAS-3) 995 749

Medical(PAS-3) ... 995 749Ashton-Tate

Bottom Line

Strategist 400 279

dBASEII [5] 700 398

dBASE II w/User's

Guide [5] 729 419

Aspen Software

Grammatik 75 56

Proofreader 50 38

Balcones

BOSS Fin. Acctg

System 2495 1496

Byrom Software

BSTAM

BSTMS A

Caxton J

Cardbox ■ ^177

Comm soil ^M ^fek.

Roots/M ....^BComputer Control^1**!

FABS-BTree 5^^_^M

Access.... MM

UltrasortljJ| . 195 146Computer development

Image ^^T95 356

Comshare ^^^^^^

PlannerCalc '^^ugj

Target Application!

Guide JU 50 38

ComboPak...B ^^<)<rCondor ^^

Condorl 295

Condor3 650 398

Designer SoltwaraW^

Palantir ;.,..., 425 319

Dictronlcs JM

Random House

Thesaurus ,7^^t^^^t13

Digital Research

Access Manager ... 300 225

CB80 500 395

CBasic 150 94

CISCobol 800 595

Despool 50 38

Display Manager... 400 295

Your CP/M & HARDWARE Source

MAC

9U

1 J

PascalMT+

350

262

Pascal MT+ with

SPP

500

395

PL/180

500

375

SID

75

63

SPP

200

150

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BYTE August 1983 157

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most complex constructions withouterror or complaint. The company hasshown steady progress in upgradingthe product and adding preplannedenhancements. The documentationsets such a high standard of com-prehensive excellence that othersdon't even come close. Only the func-tion library is slightly lacking, andadditional functions for sorting, ran-domizing, and ASCII/numerical con-version would be icing on the cake.

A full implementation of the Clanguage, the Lattice compiler pro-duces code only for the smallmemory model, although versionsfor the compact and big models arein use at test sites. A command-lineoption allows inline generation of8087 floating-point code, but in thereview compiler, library floating-point routines in 8087 format weresubstituted. Another command-lineoption enables you to intersperse Csource code in the object module dis-assembler output, a step toward aplanned high-level symbolic debug-ging package.

The few extensions to and vari-ances from the C standard are worthnoting. Only one copy of identicallywritten string constants is generatedby this compiler, although Kernighanand Ritchie state that all strings aredistinct even when identical. Multi-ple character constants are allowed.Comments nest by default. Identicalnames may be used for members indifferent structures because thespecific structure being referenceddetermines which member name(and corresponding offset and at-tributes) is intended.

The Lattice manual is logicallyorganized and complete in itsdocumentation of compiler librariesand assembly-language interface.The in-depth treatment of the rela-tionship between the Lattice im-plementation and the C standard isespecially welcome to the serioususer. It lists variances and clarifica-tions in order, with numerical refer-ence to the corresponding section ofthe standard. The compiler's 90 errormessages are fully and helpfullyexplained.

The object library includes addi-tional functions for low-level memory

158 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 253 on Inquiry card.

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Name

Quantum C compiler

Type of Software Package

C programming language compilerbundled with multitasking operatingsystem

Manufacturer

Quantum Software Systems Inc.

7219 Shea Ct.

San Jose, CA 95139

[408) 629-9402

Price

S650 including operating system andutilities

Format

5'A-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible QNX format floppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces assembly language

Computer Needed

IBM PC running QNX with two single-sided disk drives and a minimum of I28Kbytes of RAM; 8087 coprocessor requiredfor floating point

Documentation

186-page loose-leaf manual plus operatingsystem documentation in two clothbinders

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Name

Supersoft C compiler version 1.1.3

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

Supersoft Inc.POB 1628

Champaign, IL 61820|217) 359-2112

Price

S500

Format

5'/4-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS or CP/M-86 formatfloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces assembly language

Computer Needed

IBM PC running PC-DOS or CP/M-86 withtwo single-sided disk drives and aminimum of 64K bytes of RAM; IBMMacro Assembler required for use

Documentation

80-page loose-leaf manual in vinyl binder

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

Name

Telecon Systems C version 2.6

Type of Software Package

C programming language compiler

Manufacturer

Telecon Systems1155 Meridian Ave., Suite 218San Jose, CA 95125[408) 275-1659

Price

S 200—compiler without floating point

Format

5'/t-inch double-density single-sided IBMPC-compatible PC-DOS or CP/M-86 formatfloppy disks

Type of Compiler

Produces assembly language

Computer Needed

IBM PC running PC-DOS or CP/M-86 withtwo single-sided disk drives and aminimum of 96K bytes of RAM; IBMMacro Assembler required for use

Documentation

21-page loose-leaf manual

Audience

Systems and applications softwaredevelopers, C programmers

management, direct console I/O, andsophisticated string handling by pat-tern matching, parsing and symboland token extraction are provided.An optional $150 library, whimsical-ly named "C Food Smorgasbord,"provides a complete fixed andfloating-point BCD (binary-codeddecimal) arithmetic package with 16significant-digit accuracy, an exten-sive series of direct device I/Oroutines, and a terminal-indepen-dence package providing the pro-grammer with access to a variety ofpredefined existing terminals usingANSI X3.64 standard conventions.Built-in facilities let you add newterminals.

Quantum C, nearly a full Unix ver-sion 7 standard compiler, is an in-tegral part of a complete multitaskingoperating system that supports up to16 users and 250 simultaneous tasksand includes a large number of Unix-

like features such as hierarchical filestructure with multilevel file securi-ty, device-independent I/O withmountable disk-resident drivers, anda complete shell command structureincluding inter-task pipes.

Quantum C has far too manyspecial features and programs to ex-plain in this article. One highly in-novative feature worth mentioning,however, is that it shares the lastthree stages of code generation andassembly with optional FORTRAN77, PC-compatible BASIC, and ex-tended Pascal compilers, allowingseparate compilation and cross-link-ing of modules from any of these dif-ferent languages into one executablefile. The four languages share a singleextensive series of subroutinelibraries; all require the 8087coprocessor for floating-point calcula-tions and all employ the sameassembler (which may be used sep-arately) and linking loader. Full exter-

nal communications and PC-DOStwo-way file transfer are supported.The libraries, with over 150 sub-routines to interface to all capabilitiesof the operating system, also includemath support for exponential andlogarithmic functions and trigono-metries, including hyperbolics andinverses.

The C compiler supports enumer-ated data types and allows in-lineassembly language insertion via the#asm directive. It does not currentlysupport initialization of autovariables, bit fields, or expressionsfollowing #if. Structures are initial-ized as if they were int arrays, andbraces may not be nested in initializa-tions. All of these features will besupported in the next major release.

All Quantum parsers support 64significant characters in variablenames. I/O redirection is supplied bythe underlying operating system andthus is available to all programs in all

160 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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languages. Kernel interface is possi-ble on two levels, by software inter-rupts or message passing. Memoryallocation is according to a system-specific model, with an initial con-figuration, similar to the small model,defaulting to a low-memory code seg-ment with the remaining two allocat-able segments concatenated im-mediately above. Direct segment-register usage manipulation by theprogrammer is allowed. In addition,the C parser recognizes the @ sym-bol as a pointer reference in the samemanner as * pointers but as areference off the base value of the ESsegment register rather than the DSregister used in normal C pointerreference.

This compiler produces fast, com-pact code for its host operatingsystem and supports some highly in-novative features. If it were availablefor more widely used systems, itcould be generally recommended,but because it is bundled with an ex-tensive discrete software environ-ment, a decision on its merits or use

must be based on the entire operat-ing system, not just the compileralone. While I like the Quantumdevelopment environment—especial-ly on a hard disk where commandfile access is reasonably short—fullevaluation of this system is impossi-ble here. It is worth noting that, whilethe system contains many powerfulcommands, programs, and utilities,the user pays a considerable price, interms of performance, for themultitasking and multiusercapabilities. Potential users shouldanticipate some actual need for thesecapabilities.

The operating system and C com-piler are accompanied by twomanuals. Their structure provides forfunctional coverage of all aspects ofthe system, but their style assumesthe user has considerable knowledgeof the kind of programs provided.The libraries are given comprehen-sive alphabetized coverage, but only16 small pages are devoted to thedetails of the compiler, and thedocumentation unfortunately con-

tains no indexes.

Supersoft C is one of a related seriesof products said to be available forany host-target combination from8080, Z80, 8086, and Z8000 micropro-cessor families. Current operatingsystems supported are said to includethe versions of CP/M and MP/M forboth the 8080 and 8086 processors,MS-DOS, Unix, Xenix, and CentralData's ZMOS. The subroutine libraryis supplied in both source and objectforms, and the package contains fivesample programs.

In relation to the standard, theSupersoft implementation lacks long,double, and float data types, static andtypedef storage class specifiers, bit-fields, and initializers on declaration.No parameters are allowed to #definemacroinstructions, and the prepro-cessor does not support any condi-tionals, but #asm and #endasm are in-cluded to allow in-line assemblylanguage.

The Supersoft documentation, aconfusing pastiche of fragmentsrelating to different processors and

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operating systems, was a factor inmaking the Supersoft compiler themost difficult of the nine to use. Filesthat do not exist on the supplieddisks are allocated whole chapters,and the files that do exist are men-tioned only in passing, if at all. In thePC-DOS version I examined, the op-erating-system-related documenta-tion was mainly concerned withCP/M, and its instructions were quitemisleading. Run-time memory struc-ture was only one of many usefulitems the manual neglected to cover,although an examination of the com-piler's output shows the default to bethe small model.

This software consistently took thelongest time to compile the largest ex-ecutable files of any compiler evalu-ated. In spite of the size of the ex-ecutable file, facilities for run-timeI/O redirection were not included.The run-time package did, however,produce a copyright message eachtime the user's program executed. Ex-ecution times for the code producedwere consistently in the bottom third

of the nine compilers, with particu-larly poor results in pointer intensiveand integer math operations. In lightof the poor documentation and poorperformance in terms of compiletime, code size, and execution times,the software and documentation Ireceived do not warrant considera-tion for serious use.

The Telecon 8086/88 C compiler, aproduct of Telecon Systems, will beobtainable for any combination ofthese host and target environments:6809 (Flex, Uniflex, OS-9), PDP-11(RT-11, RSX-11), 8080/Z80 (CP/M),8086/88 (PC-DOS, CP/M-86). Pricedat $200, the package includes, inaddition to the compiler, the stan-dard I/O library in both source andobject form, the stdio.h header file,and 21 pages of loose-leaf documen-tation. A floating-point library (notyet available) for the 8088 will costabout $150.

The compiler accepts the full C lan-guage, and while the manual claimsfull Unix version 7 compatibility,

potential users should note the lackof support for enumerated data typ-ing and structure assignment. Regis-ter declarations are treated as if theyare automatic. Compiler I/O can beredirected, and C source code may beoptionally interspersed with theassembly-language output as com-ments. Other command-line switch-es allow the generation of absoluteaddressed output (the default isrelocatable), preprocessor macroin-struction expansion only, or run-to-locate errors only. The compiler's 36error messages are cryptic.

Documentation is sparse, and, inrelation to the other compilers, in-complete. The description of interfac-ing methods to external routines, inan attempt to cover all supported pro-cessors, is too general. No mentionis made of how the compiler allocatesmemory or manipulates the segmen-tation of the 8088 processor, althoughcode examination reveals that thecompiler supports the small memorymodel as default. Custom-segmenta-tion schemes can be implemented

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164 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! hit

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The new COMPAQ Portable Computer.IBM compatibility to go.

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Carry the COMPAQ Comput-er from office to office. Carry ithome on the weekend. Or take iton business trips.

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you'd probably need to buy anadditional display screen becausethe built-in screen is too small forcertain tasks, like word process-ing. The COMPAQ Computer'sdisplay screen is nine inches diag-onally, big enough for any job, andit shows a full 80 characters across.And the built-in display offershigh-resolution graphics and textcharacters on the same screen.

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In the standard configuration,the COMPAQ Computer has threeopen slots for functional expan-sion electronics as your needsand applications grow. It acceptsstandard network and commu-nications interfaces includingETHERNET™ and OMNINET™.

If you're considering a per-sonal computer, there's a newquestion you need to ask your-self. Why buy a com-

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STANDARD UNIX SYSTEM CALLS REPLACED BY C LIBRARY SUBROUTNES

c-systems

Caprock

CI-C86

DeSmet

Intellect Lattice

Quantum

Supersoft

Telecon

brk

X

close

X

X

X

X

X

creat

X

X

X

X

X

__exit

X

X

exit

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Iseek

X

X

X

X

open

X

X

X

X

X

read

X

X

X

X

X

sbrk

X

X

X

X

tell

X

X

unlink

X

X

X

X

X

write

X

X

X

X

X

STANDARD C LIBRARY SUBROUTINES

c-systems

Caprock

CI-C86

DeSmet

Intellect Lattice

Quantum

Supersoft

Telecon

abort

X

X

abs

X

X

X

atof

X

X

atoi

X

X

X

X

atol

X

calloc

X

X

X

X

free

X

X

X

X

longjmp

malloc

X

X

X

X

qsort

X

rand

X

X

X

realloc

X

X

X

setjmp

srand

X

X

STANDARD C LIBRARY STRING FUNCTION SUBROUTINES

c-systems

Caprock

CI-C86

DeSmet

Intellect Lattice

Quantum

Supersoft

Telecon

strcat

X

X

X

X

X

X

strcmp

X

X

X

X

X

X

strcpy

X

X

X

X X

X

strlen

X

X

X

X

X

strncat

X

X

strncmp

X

strncpy

X

X

index

X

X

rindex

X

X

Table 3: Standard library functions included with each

of the comp

lers. In the table, an X indicates the fi

nction is available, an ! (ex-

clamation

point) means the function varies

significantly from the standard, and a blank means the functior

is not included. Most com-

pilers also include additional, nonstandard

functions.

using assembly language.

The entire Telecon object library isentered to the linker in line with theuser's program, rather than as alibrary to be searched through for on-ly the appropriate code. Althoughthis strategy ensures a consistentmethod across the range of proces-sors supported, these files mean anadditional 6K bytes at the least to anyprogram. Fortunately, the sourcecode is included, so the experienced

programmer can separate what willbe used from the remainder and re-compile for minimum program size.Unfortunately, the library containsonly a bare minimum of subroutines.The Telecon compiler is simple andstraightforward to use. Compile andlink times in both memory disk emu-lator and floppy-disk environmentswere somewhat longer than the me-dian, and incremental code size andexecution speed were only average.

For some reason, this compilercrashed when attempting to compilea function consisting solely of anempty for loop, used to factor outlooping times from measures of othercompiler performance facets, forcingthe system to be reloaded. TheTelecon compiler is relatively efficientat function calling, but it rankedbehind the others in integer math,local-variable access, and pointeroperations. I haven't seen or used the

166 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

STANDARD C LIBRARY CTYPE CHARACTER MACROS

c-systems

Caprock

CI-C86

DeSmet

Intellect

Lattice

Quantum

Supersoft

Telecon

isalnum

X

X

X

X

isalpha

X

X

X

X

X

X

isascii

X

X

X

iscntrl

X

X

X

isdigit

X

X

X

X

X

X

islower

X

X

X

X

X

X

isprint

X

X

X

ispunct

X

X

X

isspace

X

X

X

X

X

X

isupper

X

X

X

X

X

X

*tolower

X

X

X

X

X

X

"toupper

X

X

X

X

X

X

'Conversion functions

STANDARD C LIBRARY stdio SUBROUTINES

c-systems

Caprock

CI-C86

DeSmet

Intellect

Lattice

Quantum

Supersoft

Telecon

(flush

X

X

X

X

X

fclose

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

feof

X

X

terror

X

X

clearerr

X

X

fileno

X

fopen

X

X

X

X

IX

X

X

X

X

freopen

X

X

fread

X

fwrite

X

fseek

X

X

X

X

ftell

X

X

X

rewind

X

X

getc

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

getchar

X

IX

X

X

IX

X

X

X

fgetc

X

X

V

getw

X

X

X

X

gets

X

!X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fgets

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

printf

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fprintf

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

sprintf

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

putc

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

putchar

X

IX

X

X

IX

X

X

X

fputc

X

X

putw

X

X

X

puts

X

IX

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

fputs

X

X

X

IX

X

X

X

X

scant

X

X

X

X

X

X

fscanf

X

X

X

X

X

X

sscanf

X

X

X

X

X

X

ungetc

X

X

X

X

X

other code generators or compilers inthis series, but I think the mainreason for choosing this softwarewould be its cross-compilationfacilities. Because the output isassembly language, small applica-tions could always be hand opti-mized for speed and compaction.

Conclusions

Evaluating the nine compilers inseveral broad categories may shed

light on their main strengths andweaknesses. Software floating pointis supported by Computer Innova-tions, DeSmet, Lattice, and Quan-tum. Compilers that use the 8087 areComputer Innovations, DeSmet, andQuantum, with the Quantum com-piling in-line code and others mak-ing function calls to librarysubroutines. C-systems allows use ofmore than 128K bytes of memory,although versions of several others

that do so are imminent. Run-timelibrary source code is included insystems from Caprock, Computer In-novations, Supersoft, and Telecon.Under PC-DOS, the c-systems,Caprock, Supersoft, and Teleconcompilers require ownership of theIBM Macro Assembler. The compilersfrom Caprock, Intellect Associates,and Supersoft were unable to com-pile several programs in the testgroup. C-systems, Caprock, DeSmet,

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 167

Unix Version 7 Extensions to the C Language

The two significant Unix version 7 ex-tensions to the C language—enumerateddata types and structures as functionarguments—need further elucidationbecause no readily available source of in-formation about them exists. Because Ker-nighan and Ritchie's standard text madeprovisions for both of them, they are like-ly to be more widely used in the future.

Enumerated Data Types

77ns powerful extension, shared with theother ALGOL-derived languages—Pascal(as enumerated scalars), Ada, andModula-2—allows the user to specifynamed, ordered, and sequential data sets.By default, each newly created set memberis assigned, in sequence, an integer value,ascending from 0 in increments of 1. Thekeyword enum is used to define the newdata type, declare the set members,and initialize those members to specificvalues. For example, to specify a se-quential set of constants that may ap-pear anywhere an integer constant isallowed,

enum direction { north, east, south, west};enum opcode { clc, stc, cli, sti, eld, std };enum workday { monday, tuesday,Wednesday, thursday, friday };

Constant integral values may beassigned, at declaration or later, to any

of the set elements as:

enum direction { north = 'N', east = 90,south = 180, west = 270 };

If any set member is assigned a value,the remaining members progress fromthere. In the 8088 instruction set, forexample:

enum opcode { clc = '0xf8', stc, cli, sti, eld,std };

Having previously defined thedata type workday, it can then be usedin a declaration such as:

enum workday today; / * today can have one

of five possible values */today = tuesday; /* assigns a set

element to the new variable*/

An example of illegal assignment:

today = south; /* south is not one of thefive valid choices */

The possible applications of thistechnique are extensive and can leadto dramatic improvement in the clari-ty and readability of C programs.

Structures as Function Arguments

Function calling with a structure as anargument causes a copy of the entire struc-

ture to be passed to the function. Similar-ly, with functions returning structures, acopy of the entire structure is passed backto the caller. This extension allows normal-ly global data to assume a temporarily localnature, thus optionally isolating the ac-tions of a function or series of functions ona structure.

For example, if structl has beendeclared a structure, then &struct1 is apointer to it. Calling a function witha pointer to a structure has been theusual way of passing this data type asa parameter. It looks like this:

function(&struct1);

In compilers that implement the newversion 7 extensions, to actually passthe entire data structure, rather thanpass a pointer to the structure's loca-tion in memory, simply omit the &:

function(structl);

Some compilers accept the structurename without & while still passingonly a pointer, and they may or maynot give a warning message tellingwhat's going on. Obviously this canlead to trouble if you then transportthat code into a true Unix version 7environment.

Quantum, and Supersoft providesupport for mixing in-line assemblylanguage with C code. The ComputerInnovations and Lattice compilersprovide command-line options toease translation from 8080 C sourcecode written for the ubiquitous BDSC compiler, in which all variables areextern or auto.

Three broad classes emerged inperformance, price, and user inter-face. At the top, "superior quality, butexpensive and unsuited to the begin-ner" are the Lattice and Quantumcompilers. Just below this category issoftware that offers particular in-dividual values and features. Thesemight be called "good-quality." In thiscategory I would include the c-systems, Computer Innovations,DeSmet, and Telecon software. Thelast category, "other," includes

Caprock, Intellect Associates, andSupersoft.

My personal preferences are LatticeC in the top category for its quickcompile and execution times, smallincremental code, best documenta-tion and consistent reliability;DeSmet in the good category for itscombination of fast compiling and ex-ecuting code, good documentation,extraordinary price/performance ratioand many included utilities; andCaprock in the third category becauseit's a good learning tool for areasonable price. C-systems, in the"good" group, is also attractive for itsinnovative debugger, PL/M com-patibility mode, and memory-usageextensions. The company has beenworking hard to improve its productsince it was released, and I would ex-pect performance upgrading follow-

ing the completion of their im-plementation. The DeSmet compilerwould be rated at the top except forpreprocessor problems and thenewness of the producer, making theextent of future support and im-provements unpredictable.

These nine C compilers are part ofthe largest array of compilation toolsavailable for any single programminglanguage on the IBM PC.B

Ralph A. Phraner (516 Shmder St., San Fran-cisco, CA 94117) is an independent microcomputerproduct-development consultant currrently workingwith the C and FORTH programming languages.

Acknowledgments

I'd like to thank the compiler manufacturers whomade their products available for my evaluation andthose compiler authors who freely shared their in-sights and experience with me.

168 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Managing SoftwareDevelopment with C

Selecting a program-development environmentthat meets its users' needs

Designing software for the rapidlychanging personal computer market-place is a complex task. But bycarefully selecting a program-development environment, you canease the job considerably. Choosingthe development environment's ma-jor component, the programminglanguage, from the many languagesavailable today is difficult, but com-ing to grips with this problem earlyin the design cycle hastens thedevelopment of efficient, competitiveprograms.

The rapidly growing market forpersonal computer software is drivenby constantly improving hardwaretechnology that in turn raises users'expectations of software perfor-mance. As a result, developing soft-ware for this market requires carefulunderstanding of users' needs andthe ability to rapidly develop pro-grams that meet these expectations.

This article will focus on how toselect a program-development en-vironment and choose a program-ming language that allows the mostefficient use of program-developmenttime. Note that the environment in-cludes all the hardware and software

by Jason Linhart

tools used in the process of develop-ing programs: the programminglanguage, the compiler, the texteditor you use to compose programs,and the machine you use fordevelopment. The development en-vironment also includes such factorsas programming style and theavailability of consultants.

Choosing an Environment

A good programming environmentcan affect programming ease andcode quality more than you mightimagine. An often quoted maximabout end-user applications appliesequally to programmers' tools: if asystem is comfortable and easy touse, you will use it more frequentlyand produce better work with it.

A programming environmentshould make programs easy to write;it should include a large assortmentof useful tools and techniques to helpease the programming process atevery step. And the tools shouldnever be obstacles to the develop-ment process—error messages aimedat experienced programmers, for ex-ample, should be clear and concise.

A poor programming-environment

selection can limit marketing possi-bilities for the program. For example,licensing restrictions on the use of thedevelopment compiler's run-timelibrary can prevent programs frombeing competitive with similar pro-grams written on different systems.In general, environments aimed atproducing programs for sale mustnot impose such disadvantages.

When you choose your program-ming environment, keep in mindthat the development softwareshould run on a variety of microcom-puters. That way, you can use com-mon, inexpensive developmentsystems while developing your pro-gram on the target machine and atthe same time keep in touch with thetarget machine's limitations and capa-bilities. Development software thatruns on a variety of machines makeswriting transportable applicationsprograms easier. Indeed, to increasemarket potential, such programsshould be transportable to many dif-ferent microcomputers. The micro-computer industry changes quickly,and designing programs to be trans-portable increases their chances ofrunning on the new hardware that

172 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A development environmentshould also be suitable for writingprograms that are large, at least bymicrocomputer standards. Most sys-tems won't constantly be used to gen-erate programs with thousands ortens of thousands of lines, but an en-vironment suited to such tasks isalmost always adequate for writingsmall programs.

Choosing a Language

Selecting a programming languageis the most fundamental step in theimplementation of a programmingenvironment. It is far simpler tochange compilers, machines, texteditors, or any of the other factors inthe environment than it is to changethe language in which a library ofprograms is written. The substantialinvestment in any code already writ-ten is lost if it must be translated in-to another language.

The first step in language selectionis to choose between assembly lan-

guage and high-level languages.Assembly language can be thought ofas a more readable version of thebinary machine code that tells theprocessor what to do. High-level lan-guages let you program for an ab-stract or theoretical computer thatdoes not necessarily correspond toany particular physical computer.

Assembly language tells themachine what to do for each programstep. A program written in assemblylanguage can therefore run as fast asthe machine is theoretically capableof operating. In contrast, a programwritten in a high-level language mustbe translated into machine code,typically by a compiler. The result ofthis compilation is never as tailoredto the machine as it would be if anexperienced assembly-language pro-grammer had written the code. Pro-gramming in assembly languagealways results in faster programs,given sufficient programming effort.

The size of the finished program isunder the direct control of theassembly-language programmer. A

compiler, on the other hand, trans-lates a given program into a sequenceof instructions that is not always theshortest possible route to the desiredresult. Because the programmer hasno control over the compiler's transla-tion operation, an assembly-languageprogram can always be made smallerthan a compiled program for a giventask.

One major disadvantage of assem-bly-language programming is thelarge size of the source program. As-sembly-language programs are 10 ormore times larger in source-codeform than their equivalent high-levellanguage programs. High-level lan-guages usually specify severalmachine instructions with a singlestatement, while an assembly-lan-guage statement specifies only oneinstruction.

Another drawback to program-ming in assembly language is that itgenerally introduces an additionallevel of complexity into the program-ming process. Assembly-languagestatements can often serve more than

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one purpose, depending on the con-text. The original author of a programmust select the proper assembly-language instructions to performeach task, and the person reading theprogram must understand how thesequence of instructions performsthat task. It is usually advisable to in-clude comments on each assemblystatement to describe the purpose ofthe instruction. High-level languageprograms perform the same task witha single statement that is often self-documenting to some extent, so theygenerally require fewer comments.Overall program size and the finedetail required in assembly-languageprogramming on most machineshave an important effect on program-ming effort. Some statistics collectedby Frederick Brooks indicate that thetime it takes to develop a program isproportional to the size of the sourcecode and relatively independent ofthe level (high or low) of the languagein which the program is written.Read Brooks' book, The MythicalMan-Month: Essays on Software

Engineering (Addison-Wesley, 1975),for some fascinating, surprising, andstill relevant facts, figures, and warstories.

The final problem with assemblylanguage is that it is inherently notportable. Assembly code specifies in-structions for a processor and is rare-ly, if ever, applicable to another pro-cessor. You can compile high-levellanguages for a variety of machineswith a minimum of machine depen-dencies if you take care in choosingyour compiler.

Structured Programming

"Structured programming" refersto a practice of combining severalprogramming techniques. Any lan-guage selected should be suitable foruse with structured-programmingmethods. Many modern languageshave been designed specifically tosupport this method, and using oneof them substantially eases theprocess.

The most basic structured-pro-gramming technique involves the use

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of control structure (program flow)built out of code blocks that eachhave a single entry and a single exit.These blocks can be built up of if-then-else-endif, while-do-endwhile, and do-until-end-do structures and others likethem. In languages that contain onlygoto and conditional goto constructs,simulating these control structures ispossible but generally requires morework than does using languages thatdirectly provide the structures asbasic language constructs.

The other fundamental structuringtechnique is the use of procedures orsubroutines. These enable you toreuse common blocks of code, and,more important, they move the detailof complex operations away fromlocal program flow, where such detailmight be more confusing than help-ful.

Along these lines, another impor-tant development-environment fea-ture is separate compilation. Separatecompilation allows a program to bemade up of several source files com-piled at different times and thenlinked together to create the final pro-gram. This technique enables you tosplit up the program into logicalblocks developed at different times orby different people. Because each ofthese blocks can stand by itself, eachmay be tested separately, and alibrary of tested blocks of code can bedeveloped.

Another helpful programming fea-ture is support of data abstrac-tions—groups of routines that definethe structure and operations of user-defined data types by allowing themto be easily integrated into thelanguage. Most languages inherent-ly allow the manipulation of char-acters, integers, and floating-pointnumbers, but users often want todefine new (at least to the language)abstractions—such as imaginarynumbers, lists of items, and poly-nomials—preferably by adapting theprogram facilities that define thestandard data types.

What Languages Are Available?

Thousands of programming lan-guages have been invented, but onlya few are widely available. Picking alanguage requires finding one that is

176 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The most popular languages onmicrocomputers have been BASICand Pascal. FORTRAN, COBOL, andPL/I have been more popular onmainframes but are only just becom-ing available for microcomputers.Other languages such as C, LISP,APL, and FORTH have not yet orhave only recently begun enjoyinggeneral popularity, having been usedfor the most part only by small, oftenspecialized, groups.

From these languages, program-mers must select the ones that are go-ing to be predictably available formost or all existing machines andpossible future machines. BASIC andPascal, with their widespreadpopularity, can be expected to beavailable for some time. FORTRAN,COBOL, and PL/I are more complexlanguages that take longer to adaptto a microcomputer. Only recentlyhave complete implementations ofthese languages existed for micro-computers, and some microcom-

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puters are still not supported. LISPand APL are interesting languagesthat few people understand as yet.Both are very complex in their im-plementations and very powerful forprogramming, but unfortunatelythere is no reasonably complete im-plementation of either for any micro-computer. FORTH is a relativelyyoung language that has manydialects. There does not appear to bea single standard implementationthat interacts well with host operat-ing systems (because FORTH is oftenthought of as an operating system initself). C has gained a lot of populari-ty recently, and compilers for it haveappeared for many microcomputers.

It is important to check for com-patibility not only within a languagebut between machines and com-pilers. A standard for Pascal exists,but it is generally considered in-complete. Thus each compiler im-plementer adds additional features inincompatible ways. Because pro-gramming in the standard portion ofPascal is very hard, use of nonstan-dard extensions proliferates and cancause portability problems.

Despite its long life and populari-ty, there is no recognized standard forBASIC, although one is under devel-opment. Different implementationsvary wildly from one another. Onepossible standard is MicrosoftBASIC; unfortunately there is no sec-ond source for Microsoft-compatibleBASICs, and depending on a solesupplier seems unwise.

The standard for C is contained inKernighan and Ritchie's book The CProgramming Language (Prentice-Hall,1978) and in the Unix C compiler.Both of these standards are completeand reasonably accurate descriptionsof the language that compiler writersmust adhere to with some care. Un-fortunately, the C I/O (input/output)library is not standardized. Theresulting problem is surmountable,however: because the I/O library con-tains nothing but C functions, a dif-ferent I/O library can be substitutedwhile maintaining portability.

BASIC, Pascal, or C?

The languages that appear to beconsistently available on most micro-

178 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc

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computers are BASIC, Pascal, and C.Other languages may be added tothis list, but none of them is solidlyavailable now. PL/I and FORTH,however, seem to be the most likelycandidates for future support.

The speed and size of a compiledprogram are closely related. In almostall current compilers, smaller sourcecode translates to fewer instructionsand so takes less time to execute. Oc-casional exceptions to this rule exist,but for the most part small programsare fast. When you're writing pro-grams for resale, size and speed areperhaps the most important qualifi-cations of a compiler. For personaluse a certain amount of waiting maybe tolerable, but speed is often an im-portant factor in program sales. Thesize of the code affects not only thesize of the program as perceived bythe user but the number of capabili-ties that can fit into the program.

Interpreted versions of any givenlanguage are slower than compiledcode. Because of the importance ofspeed in influencing user impres-sions of a program, in the followingsummary we will consider only thecompiled versions of each. A quicklook at available compilers for eachlanguage shows that BASIC is notice-ably slower than the others and thatC usually is slightly faster thanPascal. C's performance is due to thefact that it was designed to be veryeasy to compile. The basic operatorsin C correspond to basic machineoperations on many machines. ThusC can be compiled more closely to aspecific machine than Pascal orBASIC, given the same amount ofcomplexity in each compiler.

As mentioned, separate compila-tion is an important feature in the de-velopment environment. NeitherBASIC nor Pascal offers separatecompilation as a standard feature, al-though some implementations offerthis capability. Note, however, thatusing separate compilation featuresthat vary from one system to anothercauses portability problems. Separatecompilation, a standard feature of C,is available in all implementations.

It's difficult to judge portability ac-curately. At present, no acceptedstandard for BASIC exists, and the

standard for Pascal is considered verylimiting and is almost always extend-ed. The standardization process forPascal is farther along than that forBASIC, but in neither case do theavailable compilers adhere closely tothe standards. C has a well-definedstandard, the version 7 Unix C com-piler, which is also well documentedin Kernighan and Ritchie's book.Almost all existing compilers adhereto the standard or provide a propersubset of it with no loss of languagegenerality. Thus the portability of Cprograms is much higher than thosewritten in BASIC or Pascal.

BASIC is the weakest language forstructured programming. MostBASIC systems do not have namedsubroutines, local variables, do-until-enddo, while-do-endwhile, or record struc-tures, to name a few limitations.Some of these features are being add-ed to recent BASIC systems, but ex-tensions are not being done consis-tently from one system to another.Pascal is much better because it pro-vides almost all of the commonstructured-programming constructs.C also provides a full set of struc-tured-programming features, and ithas greater flexibility as well.

BASIC does not provide any facili-ties to support the use of data ab-stractions. It has a fixed set of datatypes and no facilities to define more.Pascal provides structures and point-ers, both of which can be used to im-plement data abstractions but presentlimitations.

In Pascal, to define a data objectand several procedures that act on itso that they can be used anywherein the program, you must define alldata and functions at the top level ofthe program. This means, first, thatthe structure of the source is forcedon the programmer. Second, itmeans that the entire representationof the data is accessible to the entireprogram, making name conflicts andinvalid data access very likely. Final-ly, the lack of separate compilationmeans that all of the code associatedwith a data abstraction must be in-serted into the source for a particularprogram that uses it.

C is better suited to data abstrac-tions. A data abstraction can be a

180 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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single compilation unit in which onlythe desired function names are visi-ble to the rest of the program. Thedata representation can be complete-ly hidden within the single sourcefile. Various modules can be main-tained separately and linked togetherto form the final program. C does notprovide type checking on these user-defined types—a limitation that isalternately a blessing and a curse.You can use a programming toolsuch as lint (so named because it"picks nits" in your programs) onUnix for type checking.

Another advantage of C over Pas-cal is its flexibility in terms of howyou can program. There are alwaysseveral different ways to code a givenconstruct, and you can choose an ap-propriate one depending on the levelof readability, speed, or program-ming style you want. You are notforced into a programming style bythe language; you are free to explorethe style suggested by the task athand. This ability is most apparentwhen a particular section of the code

must run very fast. C provides con-structs such as pointers and registervariables that can be used to locallyimprove the speed of a particularspot of code instead of depending onthe overall quality of the compiler.

Picking a Compiler

Having picked a language, C inthis case, we still have to pick a com-piler. Several C compilers are avail-able for each microprocessor, so wecan pick the one that comes closestto meeting other design goals.

The first thing to check on a com-piler is the accuracy and complete-ness of its implementation of stan-dard C. It is not actually necessarythat it implement the full language.The C programs should run on alarge variety of compilers, so it is bestto stay away from features that mightbe missing on some compilers. C hasvery few such features; most have todo with features added in Unix sincethe C book was written. Still, thecompiler must implement most ofthe language accurately.

It is also important to check howlong it takes the compiler to compilea large program. Because the com-piler will run many times," long com-pilation times can be a problem. Thedifference in compiling time amongthe available compilers is incredible.I have observed compiling times forcompilers working on the samemedium-sized program vary from 40seconds to 15 minutes.

The size and speed of the resultingcode will affect every program youwrite for it every time it is run.People might be willing to waitaround for the compiler, but it ishard to get them to buy a slow pro-gram. The size of the compiled codeusually varies by a factor of up to 2between compilers. Remember, acode-size improvement of just 1 per-cent in a medium-to-large programcan make room for another feature.Fine differences are worth watch-ing. ■

Jason Linhart is president of Mark of the UnicornInc. (222 Third St., Cambridge, MA 02242).

C LANGUAGE TRAINING FROM PLUM HALL

• C Programming Workshop: Comprehensive, hands-on C course for programmers.

• Advanced C Topics Seminar: Includes Efficiency and Portability; for lead programmers.

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• Each is a 5-day course: available in-house or at public sessions.

Learning toProgram in

Thomas Plum

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Learning to Program In C, by Thomas Plum, teaches C language from theground up. With or without previous programming experience, anyoneacquainted with computers will find a clear description of how C works.

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182 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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The Unix Tutorial

Part 1: An Introduction to Features and Facilities

A look at some of the programming tools available to a Unix user

C. Unix. In the acronym-happyworld of computers, these collectionsof letters stand out. The C language,it is whispered, can replace every-thing from assembly language toPascal, and is only understandable bythose willing to deal with a 5-year-oldtext and lots of squiggly characters;Unix, the legendary operating systemfrom Bell Laboratories, is now beingoffered to the public under a half-dozen names and by four dozencomputer manufacturers. Why are Cand Unix always spoken of in thesame breath, and why are so manypeople talking about them at all?

This three-part series will attemptto answer this and other questionsabout Unix and C. This month I'llpresent a tutorial overview of theUnix operating system and its toolboxof utilities, with explanations of its in-ternal structure as well as its userinterface.

In part 2 I'll discuss a few moreUnix utilities and the variety of ap-plications that have been written inor adapted to the Unix environment.

Unix is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.

by David Fiedler

Part 3 will focus on Unix implemen-tation by different software vendorsfor several computers and how Unixcompares to its competitors—Unixwork-alikes, look-alikes, and theother 16- and 32-bit operatingsystems.

Unix was specifically

designed to make

software development

easier.

The popularity of Unix is easily ex-plained. It was the first complete pro-gramming environment designed byprogrammers to make it easier towrite programs. (See the text box"The History of Unix.") Like the Clanguage, it has both elegance andsimplicity, and like most greatdiscoveries, its virtues seem so ob-vious that you may wonder why noone thought of them before. (Seefigure 1 for a schematic breakdownof Unix's features.)

The File System

On some operating systems, you

must specify what kind of disk fileyou intend to work with before youcan gain access to it, and then youcan use the file only in predefinedways. The actual storage of the filemay be different for a sequential file,a random-access file, and a databasefile. When writing a program to reada file, you may have to include testsfor the physical end of the file, thelogical end of the file, the end-of-filemarker, reading past the last record,or all of the above. On Unix, all filesare alike. Each file is simply a se-quence of bytes, whether it containstext, program source code, executableobject code, or the disk directory. Ifyou wish to read one byte, you can.If you wish to read the 768th bytefrom the end of the file, you can dothat too, provided the file has at least768 bytes. You need follow no prede-fined structure of files to work withthem. Naturally, some of the systemprograms expect a certain structure irvtheir data files, but such constraintsare not forced by the system itself.The way you deal with files at theuser level is particularly interesting.On many large timesharing com-puter systems and most home or

186 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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In the late 1960s, a project was under-way at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology (MIT) to improve the state-of-the-art in timesharing software. Alongwith MIT, Bell Laboratories and GeneralElectric (GE was once a mainframe com-puter manufacturer) were collaborators inthe venture. But Multics, as the systemwas christened, was too big and slow—anoverdesigned behemoth of the softwareworld. So Bell Labs pulled their people outof the project, which left MIT and GE todevelop the system further on their own.(They did, and Honeywell, who laterbought GE's computer operation, still sellsMultics.) Unfortunately, that left KenThompson, a computer scientist at BellLabs, without any hardware to run hisvideo game.

Thompson had written a simulation ofthe solar system, called Space Travel,which ran on the Multics system on atimesharing terminal. The loss of Multicswas the impetus he needed to find hard-ware he could use exclusively. He gainedaccess to a Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC) PDP-7, complete with a videodisplay that would enhance Space Traveltremendously. While Thompson wasrewriting Space Travel for the PDP-7, hebegan experimenting with some ideas hehad for a new type of file system. Workingin PDP7 assembly language, he soon hadhis file system running with some utilityprograms and a central core (or kernel) thattogether made a rudimentary operatingsystem. Here was a system designed by oneman for the sole purpose of making his ownsoftware-development work easier. Unixwas thought to be a good name for it—theUni (one) was a word play on the Multi(many) of Multics.

Unix came to the attention of others atBell Labs, including Dennis Ritchie,another systems software designer.Together, Ritchie and Thompson enhancedUnix, adding some word-processingfacilities in response to hints that anotherdepartment needed a word-processor. Thisearned the designers enough funding fora PDP-11 minicomputer, a more modernand reliable machine than the PDP-7.Eventually, other departments boughtPDP-lls and chose to use Unix for the soft-ware base rather than DEC's ownoperating systems.

The History of Unix

But Thompson, dissatisfied as he waswith other operating systems, also felt thatprogramming languages could be im-proved. FORTRAN was tried and discard-ed. He then worked for a while on BCPL(Basic Combined Programming Language),which was a simplification of CPL, itselfa simplification of the Algol 60 language(today, we would call Algol 60 a Pascal-like language). Thompson condensedBCPL down to its most basic features. Theinterpreted language that resulted henamed simply B. Ritchie then took the bestparts of B, reworked them until he had alanguage that was simple and elegant, add-ed data structures, and called it C. Ritchieand Thompson both felt this was alanguage suitable for systems program-ming—one that allowed a programmer toexpress concepts clearly without being tiedto one machine's architecture, and yet wasefficient enough so that assembly languagewould not be needed for speed.

Getting a Handle on Portability

Unix was rewritten in C in 1973,whereupon Ritchie and Thompson realizedthat because C was a relatively high-levellanguage, compilers could be written onother computers to give them C capabilitytoo. And because Unix was written in C,theoretically Unix could then be moved tothese other machines. The experiment wastried in 1977 with an Interdata 8/32, a32-bit minicomputer that was as unlike thePDP-11 as possible. All code specific to thePDP-11 was taken out of the kernel andrewritten to make it easy to transport Unix.After the Interdata test, they moved Unixto an IBM/370 mainframe. With each trialthey learned more about C, Unix, and por-tability in general.

Until Unix, operating systems werewritten exclusively in assembly language.This long, error-prone process seemed theonly one appropriate to an industry thatconsidered machine efficiency to be moreessential than human efficiency becausecomputers were more expensive in dollarsand cents than human labor. Compared toother languages, assembly language allowsthe fastest execution of instructions andtakes up the least memory space; therefore,programs as important as operatingsystems could only be written in assemblylanguage. Who cared if a programmer or

two went crazy trying to understand it?What was the difference if it took a longtime to write and three times as long todebug?

Ritchie and Thompson saw that a soft-ware designer's environment was more im-portant, in the long run, than that of thecomputer; computer hardware tends to getcheaper and faster, while the cost of laborin both economical and emotional termstends to go up. This last is especially truewhen the software tools at hand are notappropriate for the job. Unix forever brokethe notion that a system had to be writtenin assembly language and therefore tied toa specific computer design, word size, orarchitecture. For the first time, an entireprogramming environment, including filesystem, kernel, applications packages, utili-ty programs, and user interface, could bemoved to an entirely different type ofmachine.

Think about that for a moment. Look atthe CP/M 2.2 operating system. CP/M hasgained immense popularity; it runs oncomputers made by literally hundreds ofdifferent manufacturers and supports manydifferent languages and applicationspackages. Why is it so popular with com-puter makers? CP/M is portable to manydifferent hardware configurations. Thecatch is that the systems must use amicroprocessor than runs 8080 assemblycode.

In comparison, you can now run Unixor Unix-compatible systems on computersbased on any of these processors: 8080,Z80, 8086, 8088, Z8000, 68000, 16032,LSI-11, PDP-11, VAX, HP-9000, Perkin-Elmer, Gould S.E.L., BBN C-Machine,IBM Series/1, and IBM/370. Typical hard-ware configurations range from $5000 toconsiderably more. A program correctlywritten in C for any of these machines willrun on any other one, needing only to bephysically moved and recompiled. Nodoubt you can see why so many softwarehouses have suddenly discovered Unix. Byusing C and Unix, they can expand theirpotential customer base tremendously withlittle trouble—one user manual, onecustomer support group, one version ofsource code. The net result can benefiteveryone with better, more widely usedsoftware at lower prices.

188 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

USER PROGRAMABLE MULTIFUNCTION INSTRUMENT

by RC ELECTRONICS INC.

THE FIRST MULTIFUNCTION INSTRUMENT BASED ON A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Why pay for several different companies to design microprocessors into their instruments when we haveupgraded a general-purpose microcomputer to accomplish the same tasks. R.C. Electronics has developedspecial hardware to give the COMPUTERSCOPE performance matching that of dedicated instruments with allthe flexibility of a general-purpose computer. The COMPUTERSCOPE is hardware- and software-compatiblewith the Apple II, but with bonus features like a heavy-duty power supply and a 10-key pad for data entry.

For further information on the COMPUTERSCOPE's capabilities,contact R.C. Electronics for the name of your local representative.

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>\ TEXT FORMATTERS

TYPESETTING

r \ LINE AND SCREEN EDITORS

\ SPELLING CHECKER MEMO MACROS

'file and \

/ LANGUAGES \ ./C AND FORTRAN 77 \ ^^"^

/STRING \

~"*s5Ks>»^ /MANIPULATION \

^%?P™*V. SORT AND SELECT- \

/ COMMON OBJECT CODE y^

FILES AND STRINGS \

/ FILE FORMAT // ICOFF) X PIPES AND

§Sk HIERARCHICAL \

/ \ FILTERS

FOREGROUND \AND \Ss-g

MBS. FILE SYSTEM \

BACKGROUND \

\ DATABASE \

EXECUTION Yg|

'.;." \ BUILDING \\ BLOCKS \

/ CONFIGURABLE \^

1 ENVIRONMENT /

1 THE

THE \

/ KERNE

L 1

SHELL 1

ADDITIONAL \UTILITIES '

/ PROGRAMMER'Sj WORKBENCH

1 DEVICE DRIVERS

V GAMES«. GRAPHICS«k CALENDAR

\ FLEXIBLE \^

\ COMMAND 7—_^_^_—***\ 1\ LANGUAGE / \ /

>v / I/O REDIRECTION \ /N,. / COMMAND CHAINING \ /:*

/ SC FILE TIME AND // DATE STAMPING 1

/SOURCE CODE U

./CONTROL SYSTEM /]

W ISCCS) //

VIA. LEARN /'"""""^'ZV::X 1 CAI SYSTEM ) / ^"*

^<"|NCREASE PROGRAMMER'S /»|/

/ COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKING \

/ UUCP

MAIL

S^ NETWORKING STANDARDS

plsSS*.^. TERMINAL DRIVERS

Figure 1: A model of the Unix operating system and its components. The inner facilities aregeneral purpose; the outer ones concern specific applications. (Figure courtesy of AT & T.)

business computer systems, you getused to looking at your single direc-tory (a collection of files). If you have,say, 142 files in your directory, youhave to watch pretty fast as they scrollup the screen. To avoid this longscroll you might split up your files tohave all the BASIC programs on onedisk and all the text files on another,but then what do you do with yoursystem utilities? Then, too, if youhave all your files on a 20-megabytehard disk, you might have to scrollthrough as many as 1375 files beforeyou find the one you want. Moretroubles arise when you have twofiles with the same name and don'tknow which is the latest version.Now imagine 20 people using thesystem at once with all theseproblems.

Relax, you've got Unix. As a Unixuser, you begin with a single direc-tory, called your home directory.When you want to create a newgrouping of files that belong together,

you simply issue the command tocreate a new file directory and movethose files into it. The new directorylooks to you almost like another filein your home directory, except thatany time you want to, you can usethose files you put into it (see listing1, a sample session on a Unixsystem). Or you can "move down" tothat directory: move, because the newdirectory becomes your new vantagepoint for examining files, and down,because the new directory can bethought of as being below your homedirectory (see figure 2).

You can repeat this process any rea-sonable number of times by creatingnew subdirectories one level belowyour home directory or at deeper anddeeper levels, or by branching out inboth directions at once. The tree-likestructure of files and directories onUnix enables you to group files asyou please, so one directory neverhas to have too many files. Becauseeach "branch" or new directory is

logically distinct from all others, twofiles in different directories may havethe same name without confusion.

Technically, the inverted tree struc-ture is also called a hierarchical filesystem (it resembles a hierarchy ororganization chart), and the direc-tories don't actually contain any files,but rather contain pointers or links tothe files by which the system canlocate them. In fact, a directory is justanother file that contains this link in-formation, called the i-node. Thehighest directory shown in figure 2is called the root directory, and it nor-mally contains the executable kernelof Unix in binary form, as well aslinks to several important systemdirectories, the names of which arealmost always the same on all Unixsystems. These usually include /tmp,a place where anyone may createtemporary files as needed; Wev, thedevice directory (to be discussedlater); /usr, in which files belonging toall the users of the system are kept;/etc, where special programs and datafiles for adminstration are located;and /bin, where most executable pro-grams and system utilities reside.

The slash (/) character in front ofeach directory name signifies that itwill be found under the root direc-tory, which has the simple name of/. Each level you descend in the filesystem is denoted by another slash,so the home directory of someonenamed Rick might be /usr/rick (twolevels down from the root), and oneof his files might be called/usr/rick/test.c. Putting all the slashes inthe file name identifies the uniquepath followed down from the rootand thus uniquely identifies the fileitself; this is known as specifying thefull path name. If Rick logs onto thesystem, he finds himself in his homedirectory /usr/rick, from which the filetest.c could be accessed simply astest.c, without having to specify thefull path name.

Another interesting feature of theUnix file system design is its exten-sibility. It stands to reason that the/usr directory, under which all userskeep their files, needs to have morestorage space reserved for it thandoes the /tmp directory, which onlyholds files for a short period of time.

190 August 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

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For a small business system that's beer-budget priced, there's no better buy todaythan the MIC 500 from Multitech.

It's got the same sparkling performance features as other popular micros: Z80A pro-cessor, 64K RAM, CP/M 3.0 operating system, and a full complement of business software,including Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc and Perfect Filer.

Beyond that, the MIC 500 is definitely not ordinaire. With its 400K bytes of low-profile disk storage, it's in a class by itself. And unlike comparably priced micros, theMIC 500 is easy to expand via two RS-232C ports and a parallel printer port. Or to programwith languages like CBASIC, COBOL and Pascal.

The corker, though, is price: $1,395 without terminal, or $1,995 with. Of course,OEMs and dealers can expect discounts when you buy them by the case. For full details,write Multitech Electronics, 195 W. El Camino Real, Sunnyvale, CA 94086. Or phone(800) 538-1542: in California, (408) 773-8400.

MULTITECHELECTRONICS

Perfect Writer. Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc and Perfect Filer are trademarks ot Perfect Software. Inc.

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192 Augutt 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Listing 1: A sample session on a Unix System with comments added. The $ is the Unixprompt.

login: davg

Password:

Login incorrect

login: dave

Password:

Last login: Wed Mar 30 18:46:57 on seriall

(typing error)

(login name not recognized)

see /usr/news/READ_ME.

$ Isbin

5 whodave

mbox

sieve.c src

seriall Mar 30 IB:46

5 df

/usr (/dev/usr

/ (/dev/root

5 time cc sieve.c

12045 blocks8071 blocks

realusersys

36.06.26.9

$ time a.out

1899 primesreal 8.0user 7 .4sys 0.4

$ pwd/usr/dave

$ cd ..;pwd/usr

$ Is

adm demo

bill diet

bin dave

S cd;ls

a.out bin

$ Is -altotal 113drwxr-xr-x 5 davedrwxr-xr-x23 root-rw-r—r— 1 dave

drwx 2 dave

-rw-r—r— 1 dave

-rw-r 1 dave

-rwxr-xr-x 1 dave

drwx 2 dave

-rw-r 1 root

-rw-r 1 dave

drwx 2 dave

-rw-r 1 dave

(system message of the day to all users)

(what files are in my home directory?)testl.c

(see what users are logged on the system)

(see how much space is left on disk)8109 i-nodes6666 i-nodes

(time the compilation of a benchmark)

( actual elapsed time)

(time spent executing the cc command)

(time spent in system getting files, etc.)

(execute benchmark and«time it too)

(this is small since the benchmarkprogram is CPU-intensive: no files to get)

(what directory am I currently working in?)

(go up one branch and tell me where I am)

(what files or directories are here?)ega include man preserve tmpgames lib mbsi spoolgarp lost+found news src

mbox

(go back to home directory and list files)sieve.c src testl.c

(show in long format with hidden files)

224544

0

2 40

183

42170

8696

32

576

904

32

79

MarMarFebNovFebMarMarOctOct

Oct

Oct

Oct

30 18:7 11:

11 22:13 14;27 03:

5 23:

30 18:

4 17:

12 21:21 15:

4 17:21 15:

5 cat .profile

PATH=:5{HOME)/binSPATH:/usr/games

SHELL=/bin/Sh

ED=/bin/vi

export PATH SHELL ED

umask 027

stty -tabs

.news_time.personal.profile.rogue.save

53 a.out

02 bin

33 mbox

46 sieve.c

02 src

46 testl.c

(look at Shell program executed at login)

(here some Shell variables are set)

(set default command search path)

(tells which Shell I'm using)

(and which editor)

(lets these variables be used later)

(sets default protection)

(and my desired terminal settings)

3 stty

speed 1200 baud

erase = ~H; kill = @; intr = "?; quit = "\

start = "Q; stop = "S; eof = "Df brk <undef>

even odd -raw -nl echo -lease -tabs -cbreak

(look at current terminal settings)

5 mail root

(complain to the super-user that mybackspace key doesn't work correctly)

Listing 1 continued on page 194

Looking Good!

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16830 South Avalon Blvd.Carson, CA 90746Telex: 664258 BMC GDNAPhone: 213-515-6005

NEW YORK

450 Barell AvenueCarlstadt, NJ 07072Phone: 201-939-7079/7061

USA

Setting the standard in price and performance.

Dealer inquiries circle #51. End users circle #53.

Circle 139 on Inquiry card.

MmCOMPETITIVE PRICES!!!! I

FROM DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

FOR THE IBM P.C.

FULL AST LINE

CALL

NEC Spin writer 3S50..33CPS

$1,990

NEC8023A

$415

Quadram Quadboard w 64K

$320

Quadram Quadboard W/128K

$380

Quadram Quadboard W/192K

$430

Quadram Quadboard W/256K

.... $490

OKIDATA

ML-80 $317 ML-82A

$395

ML-82A $639 ML-83A

$639

ML-84S $1,083

ML-92..80 COL.,

160 CPS PARALLEL

$509

ML-93..136COL,

160 CPS PARALLEL

$832

THE GORILLA

SEIKOSHA DOT MATRIX, PARALLEL

50 CPS PLUS GRAPHICS

$241

INFO RUNNER RITEMAN

120 CPS, EPSON COMPATIBLE FRICTION

& PIN FEED, PARALLEL

$390

IDS

PRISM 80..3.4K & 200 Sprint

$1,036

Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics

$1,429

PRISM 132..3.4K & 200 Sprint

$1,195

Inc. sheet feed, color & graphics

$1,591

MICROPRISM 480

$569

DIABLO

Diablo 620

$1,015

Diablo 630

$1,915

C. ITOH

Prowriler..80Col.. 120 CPS, Parallel

$396

Prowriter 2..80 Col.. 120 CPS, Parallel

$696

Starwriter F-10..40 CPS

$1,425

11 59S

MODEMS

Hayes 300 Baud

Smart Modem

$219

Hayes 1200 Baud

Smart Modem

$515

Hayes Integrated Modem

for the IBM PC

$499

DATEC 212A-300/1200 bps

$445

212A-300/1200 bps

Inc. Auto Calling Unit....

$515

RIXON PC-212A Modem Card

For the IBM PC

CALL

MONITORS

Taxan

RGB 1 - Med. res. color

$309

RGB III - High res. for the

IBM and Apple III

$509

$159

$169

Amdek

Color 1

$309

Color II

$609

DIGITAL DIMENSIONS

190 Chapel Rd., Manchester, CT 06040

Info & Orders Call 203-649-3611

Orders Only 1-800-243-5222

COD Welcome Allow ? -3 Weeks For Checks MC

VISA OK

All Prices Include UPS Ground Frngm In U

S

CT Residents Add 7xtjf0 Sales T,u

. Prices Sutnert To Change Wiihnut NntlCt

J

Listing 1 continued:

is there a problem with stty accepting ~H as erase? my sttyis set that way but the system doesn't seem to see them.

5 is -1 /

total 823

drwxr-xr-x

drwxr-xr-x

drwxr-xr-x

drwxr-xr-x

drwxr-xr-x

drwxr-xr-x

-rw-rw-rw-

drwxrwxrwx

drwxr-xr-x

-rwx

drwxr-xr-x23

rootrootrootrootrootrootrootrootrootrootroot

S Is -Id /etcdrwxr-xr-x 2 root

(look at files under the root directory)

32 Feb 10 14:49 bck2880 Mar 23 22:35 bin3552 Mar 11 20:57 dev320 Feb 12 02:26 etc576 Feb 18 20:18 lib32 Jan 5 23:38 lost+found3862 Mar 16 08:08 rst011966544 Mar 30 18:55 tmp80 Feb 18 21:02 unify67487 Jan 19 08:26 unix544 Mar 7 11:05 usr

(look at protections on /etc directory)320 Feb 12 02:26 /etc

(look at system password file)

5 cat /etc/passwd

root:/uwAMrSGHnJIw:0:0::/:/bin/sh

daemon:x:1:1::/:

sync: : 1:1: sync command: /tmp: /bin/sync

bin:x:3:3::/bin:

uucp:not-now:4:4::/usr/spool/uucppublic:/usr/lib/uucp/uucico

dave:RMuFz3n/yNaPo:10:2:Dave Fiedler (InfoPro Systems):/usr/dave:/bin/sh

demo::100:100:guest account:/usr/demo:/bin/sh

S fortune (fortune "cookie" selected at random)

As the trials of life continue to take their toll, remember that thereis always a future in Computer Maintenance.

(typed control-d and ended input to Shell)

login:

printer junk

file.l file.2 lile.3

Figure 2: Part of a simple Unix file system. The hierarchical file structure organizes files andallows the use of the same file name within different directories. The directory files are sym-bolized with a block outline.

When the person administrating theUnix system initially sets it up, he orshe can allocate more space to the/usr directory (and therefore the filesunder it) by setting up /usr as alogically separate file system. Whilethis separate file system can physical-

ly reside on a distinct section of a disk(usually a Winchester disk orremovable disk pack), it can also beon a totally different disk than therest of the system; it can even take upan entire disk if needed. Not only canthis allocation be changed later, it can

194 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

CALL FOR OTHER SOFTWARE

& HARDWARE PRICES FORIBM-PC & APPLE COMPUTERS

^MC-P APPLICATIONS N

s INTRODUCES SOFTWARE & HARDWARE N

AT UNBEATABLE PRICES"WHY PAY MORE - COMPARE THESE PRICES'

LOTUS1-2-3$325

WORDSTAR$267

VISICALC$165

MULTIPLAN$168

dBase II

$395

HOME

ACCOUNTANT

$49

LIST OUR

Account Receivable LIST OUR

LIST OUR

APPLIED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY

VersaForm $38!

APPLE 400 237IBM 600 355

MPC PERIPHERALS (APPLE)

VersaForm (hard disk)

495 323

Peach Pack 595 300

Parallel Interface Card (w/cable)

90 63

ASHTON TATE

SOFTWARE PUBLISHING

NOVATION

dBase II

700 395

Pfs:File

Apple-Cat II

389 260

Financial Planner

700 452

APPLE 125 81

IBM 140 91

Pfs:Report 125 81

212 Auto Cat

695 561

BRODERBUND

J-Cat

149 105

Bank Street Writer

70 46

Smart-Cat 103/121

595 416

CONTINENTAL

Home AccountantAPPLE

75 49

SORCIM

SuperCalc 195 130Super Writer 295 195

Smart-Cat 103 249 174PERSONAL COMPUTER PRODUCTS

IBM

150 96

SYNAPSE

Appli-Card: 6MHz

375 265

Property Management

495 320

File Manager 150 97

Applipac: 4 MHz Applicard &

HOWARDSOFT

VISICORP

Max 8 Cat. Card

620 334

Real Estate Analyzer II

Visicalc 250 165

KRAFT Joystick

APPLE

195 126

VisiFile

IBM

70 46

IBM

250 162

APPLE 250 165

APPLE

65 42

Creative Financing

IBM 300 198

Paddle

50 33

APPLE

195 126

VisiTrend/Plot 300 198

IBM

250 162

VisiSchedule 300 198

T G PRODUCT Joystick

LOTUS 1-2-3

495 325

VisiWord 375

IBM

65 42

LIFETREE Volkswriter

195 129

DeskTop Plan I 300 210

APPLE

60 39

MICROPRO

Word Star

HARDWARE

ELECTRONIC PROTECTION DEVICES

APPLE

495 267

Lemon

60 39

IBM

495 295

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Peach

98 63

Spell Star

Hayes Stack Chronograph (RS-232) 249 182

AST RESEARCH

Megaplus 64K

APPLEIBM

250 149250 162

Hayes Stack Smart Modem(RS-232) 289 214

395 330

Mail Merge

Smart Modem 1200 (RS-232) 699 511

QUADRAM

APPLEIBM

250 135250 162

ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS (APPLE II)

Quadboard 64KQuad S12 + 64K

395 285325 240

Data Star

295 176

Z-Card 169 110

Super Sort

250 149

PrinterMate (Parallel) 99 49

TANDON

Calc Star

145 86

CP/M Card (with CP/M 3.0) 399 300

TM 100-2 Drive

395 235

Into Star

495 320

PRINTERS

Report Star

MICROSOFT

Multi Plan

APPLE

IBMFlight Simulator

350 221

275 178

275 168

50 33

MICROSOFT

Softcard (APPLE) 345 242Ram Card (APPLE) 100 7064-K Ram Card (IBM) 350 245

Mennesman Tally MT 160L

NEC 8023A

Okidata 82A

Okidata 84

Okidata 92

Okidata 93

798 645

3954101019499875

TERMS: All prices subject to change.

PBL CORPORATION

Personal Investor

145 94

Cashier's check / MO / Bank Transfer.Allow time for company or personal

Gemini 10Panasonic KPX1090

.399 305550 435

PEACHTREE

General LedgerAPPLE

checks to clear. Prices reflect cashprepaid discount. VISA / MASTER

MONITORS

Amdek 12" 310A

230 169

400 237

CARD / COD / PO's + 3%. California

Amdek 12" 300A

199 155

I'-!-

600 355

residents add sales tax.

Amdek Color I

399 291

Account Payable

SHIPPING: $2 per item for UPS

Amdek Color II RGB Hi-Res

529 425

APPLEIBM

400 237600 355

surface ($6 for Blue Label) within con-

Panasonic TR120 Green

220 165

tinental USA. Circle 251 on Inquiry card.

Panasonic CT 160 Color

399 305

MC-P APPLICATIONS, 111 W. St. John Street, Suite 230G, San Jose, CA 95113

HOURS:

8 a.m. to 5:30 p.m Monday thru Saturday Telephone (408) 293-3360

SAVETHIS AD

IT IS YOURCATALOG

AtC CHANGES MONTH. V

fe —r

Computer Exchange — The Supply Center for the IBM-PC or XT

SOFTWARE

BUSINESS

for theIBM-PC or J

NEW

NEWNEW

NEW!

NEWNEW

NEWNEW

\E'.V:

ASHTONTATE DBase il requires CP M 86 S128K;.:■ dBasell requiresPC-DOS&l28K

TheFinanaalPiannei

dBase II User s Gudeby Software Banc

Everyman sDB Primer it3ook)

EndavAPPUEDSOFTWARETECHNOLOGY VersafotmCONTINENTAL The Home Accountant Plus

FCMiFnrng Cataiog.ng Mailing!

Property ManagementOATAMOST Rea Estate InveslmentProgram

Wme-On iWord Processor Program)DOW JONES DoAjones Market ManagerEAGLE SOFTWARE Money DecisionsHAYOEN IBMPieWnterHOWARDSOFT Rea Estate Ana'yzetllINFORMATION UNLIMITED EasyWnier il iWord Processor]EasySpeierllt88K Words)EasyFnenaDBMStINNOVATIVE SOFTWARE TIV III ra DBMS!

* INSOFT DataOesgniapciverfueasytocseDBMS:

Data Base Mace Easy'Book:ISM MatneMagic

* LOTUS '-2-3MICROCRAFT VerdictiLega iin Bi 'keeper, eachiCP M86)

* MICRO LAB. The Ta» ManagerMICROPRO. WordStar' p us Iree WordStar Training Manual

MaifMerge*iCaiion2Pak 3PakandomersiSpeliStaf

WordStar Protessiona 4Pak 3aDove - SiarindexiSpeciai); Statlndex •InloSlar"Report Star'"

* MICROSOFT. Muuiplan

:'l Muitnooiword

MunitooiWorowiinMouseMumtooi Financial:. Murtitoor BudgetmuLrsp muStarmuWath muSimpBusiness BASIC Compiler:: Pascal CompneiC CompilerBASICCpmpiierFortranCOBOL

BASIC InterpreterNORTH AMERICAN BUS SYSTEM The AnswerOSBORNECOMX iBpokSOrsk Business. Statistics S Math Progt,Some Common Basic Programs 170 programs)P'actica Bas':P'ogramsi40morepfog(amsiPBL CORPORATION Personal investorPEACHTREESOFTWARE Peach Pali4IGL ARS AP]PERFECT SOFTWARE PertectWnter'

Pertect Spe:!er * ot Perfect Caic'". eachPerfect Frier'SELECT INFO. SeecttaWPSlSOFTWARE PUBLISHING PFSWe

PFS ReoortSORCIMISASuperCacll■ SuoerWnieiSpequardSTC Tie CreatorSYNAPSE Fie ManagerSYNERGISTIC. Daia Repone'

* VISICORP VisiCax-256K

VisiDexor V'SiScnedu'e. each: VisiTrend P'OtVisiFie or Desktop Pan l each

PRICE

PRICE

S 700

$439

S 700

5439

S 700

S439

S 30

$20

S 15

S 12

S295

$199

S389

$21)5

S 150

$112

S 125

$85

S 495

$329

S 130

$89

S 130

$ 89

S 300

$239

S 150

$129

S 200

$135

S 250

$189

S 350

$259

S 225

$149

S 400

$299

S 495

S329

S 225

$189

S 17

S 12

5 90

$69

S 495

$329

5 995

$469

5 250

$189

S 495

$269

5 250

$129

5 250

$129

MSOOSMSDOSMSDOSMSOOSMSDOS

MSDOSMSOOSMSDOSMSDOSMSDOSMSDOSMSDOS

NEW

NEW-NEWNEWNEWNEWNEWNEWNEWNEWNEW!NEWNEWNEW

NEWNEW

S 895S 195S495S 350S 275S375S 475S 100S 150S 250S 300S 600S 350S 500S 395S 350S 750S 350S 250ams)S 100S 100S 145S 595S 389S 295S 5955 5955 140S 125S 295S 395S 195S 300S 150S 250S 250S 250S 300S 300

$269$1995199$275$350S 75$115$165$225$450$260$375$295$259$559$259$169

S 69S 69

$99$365$219$129$259$339S 95S 85$199$269$129$195$99$169$179$199$219$239

IBM is a trademark of IBM Corporation

IBM-PC

System IncludesTwo 320K Disk Drives by CDC

90 Day Warranty By Us ■.

Call For Details AndConfigurations

for ihe :

IBM-PC or XT

HARDWARE

LISTPRICE

OURPRICE

UCIIADV PUID 1/ ITC Add-on to your memorycards OfXT mothernnCIVIUnl V/nlr Mia board. 100°.lesled.Wlh90<jaytvananty.

64KKit.200NS 9crnps.4l64 S 150 $49

'.6KKil200NS9chips.4116tlorPC-!molherboanf] $ 30; $ 16

Combo Pius 64Kwasyncpata4cioDkcalAbove Combo Pius 128K.SPCAboveComocPlus 256K.SPC

S 395S 495S 695

S 279S 375

$ 525

' COITlX 256K RAM Card w Fastrak' RAM disk emulator\_,vmii/\ and punier spooet software. 2 Year Warranty S 750

CURTIS. PC Pedestal' to Display on PC

9Fool Cable fry IBM Keyboaid!e«ends3'lo9'l

Key Tronic KB5150 Slardaro Typewriter key locations NEW! S 269;

" ' " S 350

256KRAMCardwParity S 875

64K System Card. 4 Function 5 395

256K System Card. 4 Function S 625

Jttf*-D£%Cf\ET 64KRAMCardwParity

$ 179$ 250$625S 295

$465

Monte Car o 6JK Five Function Ito 1000K)

MBI

\l/y. J BigBiue ?B0 CP U plus five (unctions S 595 * 449

QUADF^rl CORPORATION

* Ouadlrnk. IBM 10 Apple H Unk S 680 S 580

Quadboatd64Kexpar!dab«to256K.4func1ionboard S 395 $ 285

ik- Ouadboafd256K.fourfunciionboafd S 595 $ 425

0uad512- 64K plus sen* port s 325 S 275

Quad 512- 256K plus Sena! port S 550 $440

Ouad5t2- 512Kpussenaiport S 895 $675

Ouadcolorl S 295 $ 235

Mwolajer.wCopy ParPar.8KnMPBwPowe'Supply 5 169 $139

Mictpfarerw Copy. Pat Par 64K.»MP64w Power Supply S 319 $235

Micmlajet.wCopy ParPar. 128K #MP128 w Power Supply S 465 $345

MCTtaer Snap-on 8K Par Par. Epson #ME6 w Power Supply S 179 $ 145

Microtaer. Snap-on 64K Par Par. Epson #ME64wPwr Supply S 319 $235AH MfCtofazets are expandable lw copy to 512K) (Snap-on fo 64K}

TG PRODUCTS Joystick S 65 $ 49

DRIVES

Control Data or landon

DISKORIVES Ooubre Sided 360K 320K.Sameasnowsuppliedwilh IBM-PC & XT. Tested bumedm Withinstallationinstfucfions.

90daywatrantybyus

1 each S 529 $ 239

2 or more S 529

S 395 $ 199

5-6MB $1995 $1195

10-12MB S2395

UTILITY

* CENTRALPOINT CopyllPC Backup and Utility

NEW

5 40

S 35

* COMX Fastrak' RAM Disk emulator and pnnier spooler

otogram

Works

in any PC DOS version or RAM Card Menu Dnven

NEW

S 100

$ 59

DIGITALRESEARCH ConcurrentCP M-86'

S350

$235

CBA5IC86-

S 200

$135

CPM86

S 60

S 40

HAYES Smartcom It

S 119

$ 89

MICROCOM Microlemtna;

S 100

S 65

MICROSTUF Crossta*

S 195

$129

NAGY SYSTEMS Copy PC Back ano Utflies

S 35

S 25

NORELLDATA SyslemBack

S 50

$39

NORTON Norton Utilities 14powertu-programs 3disks

S 80

$65

Hail Height 360K or 320K Drives same as atwver^AVWlKl/l INTERNAL HatdDisk.UMarXJi^fKa (For PC-1.includesLIMITED SPECIAL PowetSuppiySConlioller 15-19MB S2795

MAYNARO FloppyDrrveConito'Board.lorupto4dtives. : S 195 $ 165;

samewilh Serial Port S 325 $235

same with Parallel Pott S 275 $ 205

$1495$1895

HOME & EDUCATIONAL

EPYX Automated Simulations Temple oi Apshai

S 40

S 29

Oil Batons

NEWi

S 100

$ 75

ARMONK £*ecu!iveSuite

S 40

S 27

BPI SYSTEMS Persona-Accounting

S 195

$139

BRODERBUND Apple Panic

S 30

S 22

CONTINENTAL Ihe HomeAccounlanl Plus

S 150

$112

* OATAMOST. Pig Penor Space Strike, each

S 30

$ 22

DAVIDSON. The Speed Readefll

S 75

S 55

INFOCOM Deadline

S 50

S 39

Zork (or Zork 1] or Zork III. each

S 40

$29

* INSOFT Word True or Ouolrui Of Mystfix. each

NEW

S 35

$ 29

MICROSOFT Flighi Simulator (by Sub-Logic)

NEW!

S 50

S 35

SIERRA ON-LINE.UlyssesSTheGoldenFleece

$ 35

$ 25

PBL CORP.. Personal Investor

S 145

S 99

SIRtUS Conquosf.orCaiitoAfms.each

S 30

$23

SIR-TECH Wizardry. Sceneno #1

S 60

$ 40

SPINNAKER Snooper Troops fl lor #2 each

S 45

S 35

Slory Machine or Face Maker each

S 35

S 25

STRATEGIC ItieWatofactor

S 40

S 30

PRINTERS AND ACCESSORIES

EPSON MX or FX PRINTERS

LEADING EDGE Gorilla BananaPRACTICAL PERIPHERALS. MicroOulfer In-Lme 64KParallel Universal BurlerMicrobulterln-Line64K SerialUniversal Buffer■ STAR MICRONICS 9x9 DolMatrix lOOcps, 2 3K. Gemini 10'9x9DolMalnx, lOOcps,2.3K.Gemini 15IBM-PC 10 Epson or Slar Mrcronrcs CableApple Interface and Cable lor Epson or GeminiGrappler - by Orange Micro, specify primerApple Graphics Dump Program by EpsonLETTER QUALITY-DAISY WHEEL PRINTERSCOMREX,ComnterCR-1.IF,200wpm

Comnler Tractor Feed for CR-1SMITH-CORONA. TPI Printer specify serial or parallel l)FTPITractorFeed

CALLNEW S 250

S 349S 499

Limited Special $1199

$ 118

Special S 899

S 149

CALL

S 209

$ 259$ 349$ 469$ 35S 59$ 119S 9

$ 645$ 99$ 499$ 129

SUPPLIES: Tractor Feed Paper Hibbons, Heads. Qume Daisy Wheels and Ribbons

8"CP/M-80

ASHTON-TATE, dBase II

INFOCOM, Zotk I or Zotk II o: Zork III or Slatctoss. eachMICROCRAFT. Verdicl (Legal) or Billkeepet (Professional), eachMICROPRO, WordStar' plus Iree WordSlar Training Manual

MailMerge- (Call on 2 Pak, 3 Pak and others)

SpellSlat-

WordSlar Professional, 4 Pak, 3 above i Slarlndex

InloSlarReportSlar

BUSINESS 8 SYSTEM SOFTWARE -PARTIAL LIST, CALL

LISTPRICE$ 700S 50$ 995S 495S 250S 250$

MICROSOFT W-

Fortran 80

BASIC Compiler

COBOL-80

BASIC-BOInlerpretet

muLisp'muSlar-80

M-Sorl-80

Edil-80

Macro-80

NEW! $ 495NEW" $ 350$ 275$ 500S 395S 750$ 350S 200$ 195$ 120$ 200

OURPRICE$ 439$

$ 469$

S 129$ 129$ 429$ 269$ 199$ 199S 325$ 295$ 545$ 275S 145S 145S 60S 145

MONITORS

AMDEK. 12" Green, #300G12" Amber. #300A+13" Color I. Composite■*-13' Color II, RGB, Hi Res (Ap. II. Ill & IBM-PC)* 13 Color III. RGB. Commercial (Ap. II. Ill)DVM, Color Nor III 10Apple II InterfaceNEC.12" Green, ModelJB1201M

12" Color, Composite. ModelJC12l2MPRINCETON. RGB Hi ResQUADRAM.Quadchtome 12 RGBColorSANYO, 9" Green, Model DM5109

12"Green, Model DM8112CX13" Color, Composite. Model DM6013TAXAN, RGB Vision I 380 LinesZENITH.12"Green,ModelZVM12l

AND

ACCESSORIES

S 200S 210S 379$ 529$ 479S 199$ 249$450S 795S 795$ 200S 260S 470$ 399S 150

S 159S 159$ 299$4595 399$ 175$ 159$ 349S 539S 565$ 139S 199$ 349$ 339$ 99

MODEMS

AND

_ ACCESSORIES

AXLON.Dalahnk lOOOHandHeldCommumcalionsTeiminal S

HAYES, Micromodem II (tor Ihe Apple II) S

Apple Terminal Program for Micromodem II s

IBM-PC Smartcom II s

Slock Chronograph (RS-232I $

Smar1modem300IRS-232| $

Smartmodeml200|RS-232) s

MiciomodemlOO(S-lOObus) s

IBM-PCloModemCable $

MICROCOM. Micro Courier for Apple II S

Micro Telegram for Apple II S

NOVATION. Applecal II Modem.300 BAUD S

212 AppleCal. 1200 BAUD $

SIGNALMAN. Modem MKI(RS-232) S

SSM.Transcend 1 for Apple II Data Comm s

ModemCard for Ihe Apple II s

$ 299S 275S 65S 89$ 189$ 225$ 535S 275S 29S 125$ 125$ 269S 599$ 79S 59S 259

fr\J3\JI IC 6 Meg Hard Disk, wo Interlace

V<\yi\VVIO 11 Meg Hard Disk, wo Interface

20 Meg Hard Disk, w'o Interface

IBM-PC Interface (IBM DOS), Manual 8 Cable Kit

Mirror built in lor easy backup

Apple Interface. Manual & Cable Kit

Other Interfaces, Omni-Net. Constellalion. Mirror .All in Stock

S2395 $1895

S3195 $2695

S4195 $3495

$ 300 S 239

S 790 $ 595

S 300 S 239

ra

H'P75CPoria0leComputei.48K,loadlol68K $995 $695

HP41CCalculalor S 195 $ 149

H'P41CVCalculatormlh 2 2K Memory S 275 S 219

Full line of H/P 75C and HP41 accessories & software Call

DISKETTES

CONTROL DATA CORPORATION Certified Top of the Line Diskettes.

CDC,IO0each,5-1i4,wilhnng,SS,DD,48T(ApplelBM,elc) $ 5

10eacti.5-1'4.w!thnng,SS,DD.48T (Apple,IBM,elc) $

10each,5-1'4.wittiring,DS, DD,48T(IBM.HP. etc) $

DYSAN, lOeach, 5-1/4, SS, SD. (Apple, elc) $

IOeach.5-l'4,DS,DD.48T(IBM,HP,elc) S

MAXELL, 10 each. S-1.4. MD-1. SS, SD or SS. DD S

GENERIK" DISKETTES

100 each SS. SD, 35 Track (Apple, Alari, etc)

■ 1000eachSS.SD.35 Track (Apple, Alan, etc)

100 each DS,DD.40Tiack(IBM,H;P.elc.)

1000 each DS.DD,40Track(IBM.H.P,elc.)

S 415S3200S 626

$ 130

S 995$ 160

$4550 $1200

With jackets, no labels, produced by a lop of the line manulacturer 90 day warranty by us

• Means a BEST buy

#976

CASH SCARRY OUTLETS:

Over-the-counter sales only. Open Monday through Saturday 10:00 until 5:00.PORTLAND, OREGON, 11507-DS.W. Pacific Hwy, Terrace Shopping Center,Tigarc) On 99W between 217 and 1-5. Call 245-1020.SEATTLE, WASH., Grand Opening Soon, Caii lor tocalion.

Anncnuir> nirAniiJiTiAii Akin xrnno All Mail: P.O. Box 23068, Portland, OR 97223, Include telephone number. AD #976UnUbHINu INhUKMAMUN ANU I tHMOAilitems usually in slock. We immediately honor Cashiers Checks. Money Orders. Fortune 1000 Checks andGovernment Checks. Personal or Company Checks allow 20days to clear. No. COD. Add 3% for VISA or MC. For U.S. Mainland, add 3% for shipping, insurance and handling (SI&H) byU PS with S5 minimum for SI&H, U PS ground is standard so add 3% more for UPS Blue with $ 10 minimum for SI&H. Add 12% total lor SI&H for US Postal, APO or FPO with S15 minimum

for SI&H. For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada, UPS is in some areas only, all olhers are Postal so call, write, or specify Postal. Foreign orders except Canada lor S.I&H add 18% or $25minimum for SI&H except for monilois add 30% or $50 minimum for SI&H. Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to verify. All goods are new, include warranty and are guaran-teed to work. Due to our low pnees, ALL SALES ARE FINAL. Call before returning goods for repair or replacement. Orders received with insufficient SJ&H chaiges will be refunded.ORDER DESK HOURS B to 6 PST. Monday through Friday and 10 to4 Saturday. 1 P.M. here is 4 P.M. in New York.

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console

—the system console terminal

fdO

—floppy disk 0

Ml

—floppy disk 1

hdO

—hard disk 0

Ml

—hard disk 1

kmem

—kernel memory

IP

—line printer

mem

—user memory

null

—null device (bit bucket)

phone

—telephone dialer (sometimes called acu)

rfdO

—'raw" access to floppy disk 0

rfdl

—'raw" access to floppy disk 1

rhdO

—'raw" access to hard disk 0

rhdl

—'raw" access to hard disk 1

ttyO

—teletype" 0—a user terminal or modem

ttyl

—teletype" 1—a user terminal or modem

tty2

—teletype" 2—a user terminal or modem

tty3

—teletype" 3—a user terminal or modem

Table 1: A typical listing of the files

in the /dev (device) directory with descriptions of

each device.

Listing 2: A typical directory listing for a user on a Unix system employing the list directory(Is) command with the -I (long form) option.

$ Is -1-rwxr-xr-x 1drwxr-xr-x 2

-rw-rw 1

-rw-r—r— 1

drwx 2

-rw-r—r— 1drwxrwxrwx 2-rwxr—r— 1$

davedavedavedavedavedavedavedave

6696 Mar 26

80 Oct 4

576 Oct 12

904 Oct 21

149 Oct 4

7 9 Oct 21

48 Mar 26

3508 Nov 23

18:53 a.out

17:02 bin

21:33 mbox

15:46 sieve.c

17:02 src

15:46 testl.c

18:55 tmp

13:11 update

also be done at any level of the filesystem. This means that one of yourlowest-level subdirectories can bereassigned to reside on anotherdevice, expanding theoretical storagespace almost ad infinitum (each filecan contain almost 230 bytes, andthousands of files are possible on asystem).

I/O Independence

The I/O (input/output) system onUnix is easy to understand. Everyphysical device supported by thesystem appears, like a file, as an en-try in the /dev (device) directory.Users and programs running on Unixhandle the devices as if they actuallywere files. A typical listing of the filesin the /dev directory might looksimilar to the left-hand column of

table 1 (descriptions of each deviceare on the right).

Notice that every physical resourceon the system is accessed as if it werea regular file, even memory itself. Tosend characters to the line printer,you just issue a system write com-mand to the file /dev/lp. If you want todebug a new disk device driver youcan read, say, the file /dev/rhd1, whichwill show you exactly what's on aparticular hard disk in "raw" form(i.e., not under control of the filesystem). Changing one byte inmemory would involve writing thebyte to /dev/mem.

While users can treat devices likefiles, to the Unix system programmerthey are still devices, which musthave device-driver programs writtenfor them so they can communicate

with the system. The device driversare loaded into /unix, the executablecode that is the actual operatingsystem, before you receive your Unix-equipped computer. Because theoperating system must access devicesthrough these driver programs, thedevices are also known as special files.Depending on how information ispassed to or from the device, theseare either character special files orblock special files. Generally, devicessuch as modems, terminals, andprinters are considered character-by-character devices, while disks andtape drives are usually treated asblock-by-block devices because theytransfer data in larger blocks of 512 or1024 bytes for efficiency.

File Security

Naturally, some control must beexercised over devices and files.Several people trying to write to theprinter at once would result in con-fused program listings, and lettingjust anyone write to random spots inmemory would soon crash the sys-tem. In addition, you wouldn't wantother people to be able to read orerase your personal files. Unix pro-vides this control in a simple but ef-fective way. Each file has anassociated group of protection bits(also known as mode bits), which theowner of the file can controlindividually.

The values of these bits may beseen for any file on Unix by executingthe Is list directory command withthe -I (long form) option. Listing 2shows a typical directory listing. If abit is set (turned on, or enabled) itsvalue is visible; otherwise, you sim-ply see a hyphen.

The 10 bits shown for each file in-clude a directory bit (d—not actuallya protection bit), 3 "user" protectionbits (rwx, for read, write, and ex-ecute), 3 "group" protection bits(rwx), and 3 "other" protection bits(rwx). An enabled directory bit meansthat the file in question is a directory.The three sets of protection bits tellhow the user (owner of the file), hisor her working group (a collection ofother people wishing to share file ac-cess for a project), or all other systemusers can access the file. When the

198 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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read or write bit is enabled for oneof these groups of bits, a user belong-ing to that group is permitted read orwrite access. When the read bit, butnot the write bit, is set, you cannotadd to, change, or destroy the file.This kind of protection is usuallyused for data files accessible to all,such as the system header files anyC programmer might need. If thewrite bit, but not the read bit, is set,you have a "write-only" file. This ishandy for creating system accountinglog files where information aboutwhat people do on the system iskept. It may not be desirable to allowsuch information to be available to allusers. When the execute bit is en-abled, it means that the file may beexecuted as a program because it'seither object code or a Shell program(I'll explain more about this later).

The significance of these bits isslightly altered when applied todirectories. If the write bit is enabledfor a directory, it means that files maybe created or deleted in the directory.When the execute bit is turned on,you may then search through thefiles in the directory and read, write,and execute these files if permitted bythe protection bits on the filesthemselves. If only the read bit isenabled, you may simply read thedirectory as a file, and you havelimited access to the names of thefiles and their pointer information.The system administrator or super-

user can bypass all file protections.Because only an owner of a file orthe super-user may change thevalues of these bits with the chmodcommand, the security on Unix is asgood as users wish it to be. Theumask command allows you to set thedefault protection for all files youcreate, from rw-— for the suspiciousto rw-rw-rw- for the trusting.

Redirection and Pipes

Most people who regularly runprograms on computer systems don'tconcern themselves with where theprogram input comes from—usuallyit comes from their terminal, anotherpredefined device such as a tapedrive, or a dedicated data file.

File security in Unix

is almost entirely up

to each user.

Similarly, the output of a program isgenerally expected to end up on theirterminal, in a new data file, or on thesystem printer. On Unix, you caneasily arrange for your programs toget their input from any file or deviceyou have access to (and it's equallyeasy to redirect output). Let's look athow Unix handles this procedureand you'll wonder why otheroperating systems weren't set up to

do it this way.

Remember that devices are treatedas files, and so to send a directorylisting to the printer, you just type thefollowing:

$ Is > /dev/lp

The "greater than" (>) charactersends the output of the Is command(which would normally print a list offiles on your terminal) to the systemprinter. The dollar sign ($) is the Unixprompt character (some versions ofUnix use the percent sign (°/o) for thesame purpose).

Input to a program can be con-trolled in a similar way. For example,if a file on the disk called textfile con-tains a list Of words, we can find thespelling errors in the file and havethem appear on the terminal with thecommand

$ spell < textfile

The "less than" (<) characterredirects the input of the spell com-mand to come from the disk file(notice the mnemonic nature of thecharacters used: each one points inthe direction of data transfer).

Where would input normally comefrom? The typical Unix program hasone source of input and only onetype of output. Such a program isknown as a filter if it simply accepts

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The Microtext module is a program pack containing notonly firmware but a second serial port so that both you rprinter and modem can be connected at the same time.Microtext can be configured for any serial printer thatwill work with the Color Computer, even if it requiresline feeds! But even if you don't have a printer, you cankeep a permanent copy of your data by storing tocassette tape. Also, any Radio Shack/Centronics-compatible parallel printer may be used by adding theMicro Works' P180C parallel interface.

For those of you with special terminal applications,Microtext has selectable parity; it sends odd, even,mark or space. With mark parity (which is default) youcan send to computers requiring either seven or eightbits. All 128 ASCII codes can be sent. Exchangeprograms with other Color Computer users! Basic pro-grams may be downloaded from other computers ortimesharing systems.

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200 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Augurt 1983 201

its input, performs some function onit, and emits the processed data asoutput. The system causes the de-fault, or standard, input and output"files" to be the user's terminal unlessotherwise redirected. So, for exam-ple, you can redirect the output of Isto a file in the following manner:

$ Is > temp

Now if you look at the file temp,you'll see the names of the files inyour directory. The all-purpose pro-gram cat (short for concatenate) canbe used to collect several files and putthem all together. In the following ex-ample we'll simply use cat to showthe contents of temp without format-ting, using the directory from listing2:

$ cat temp

a.out

bin

mbox

sieve.c

src

temp

testlc

tmp

update

Notice the file temp you justredirected input to is listed as beingin the directory. Redirecting input toa file creates the file if it didn't existor erases it and creates it anew if itdid exist. This is done before runningthe program that is having its inputredirected; so when Is executed, it

picked up the temp file from thedirectory. Using the operator twice(») signals that you wish to add tothe end of the file if it exists; this isuseful for collecting data. If you nowwant to print out all the C sourcefiles, start each on a separate page,include page numbers, the date eachfile was last modified, and the nameof each file, then the pr program willdo this:

$ pr *.c

Oct 21 15:46 1982 sieve.c Page 1

/* Eratosthenes Sieve

Prime Number Program in C */

#define true 1

#define false 0

#define size

(interrupted)

$

Note that the almost universalwild-card character, the asterisk (*),is used to represent all files with a .cextension. But the pr program, likemost others, sends its output to theterminal, and you wanted the printer.So for a printed listing, you have toredirect the output of pr to the printer(/dev/lp). However, on most Unixsystems, users are not permitted towrite directly to the printer (check theprotection bits on your system), butmust use something called the lineprinter spooler program. This pro-gram (called Ipr on most systems) ac-cepts as input whatever you want toprint, writes it to a temporary file,and begins printing. This way, youcan start a print job that might takean hour to finish, but the Ipr programwill return to you as soon as it's

finished copying your files, so youcan continue working. Now if yousay

$ Ipr *.c$

you get your prompt back almost im-mediately, and meanwhile the filesare being printed. But when you lookat them, you find both files areprinted one after the other, with nopage numbers or even expansion oftab characters. You really wanted prto format them, so you can do this:

$ pr *.c > tempi$ Ipr tempi

Now we formatted the output pro-perly, sent it to a file, then printed thefile. We are also starting to leave filesaround to mess up our directory. Be-sides, this is a lot of typing. A betterway would be to pass the output ofpr directly to the input of Ipr. So that'sexactly what we do:

$pr

$

,c | Ipr

The vertical bar (|) looks somewhatlike a pipe, and is called a pipebecause the connection between pro-grams is very much like a plumbingconnection. At first it would seemthat the pipe is simply an elegantnotation for sending the output of prto a temporary file, redirecting the in-put of Ipr from that file, then erasingthe file. In Unix, all programs in apipeline actually run simultaneously

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Multitasking

Unix, of course, is a timesharingsystem, which means that more thanone person can share the resourcesof a single computer and its set ofstorage devices and peripherals.Aside from being a multiuser system,Unix is also multitasking, splittingthe available processor time amongthe various programs run by theusers on the system. Even in thesmallest Unix environments, whereonly one person at a time can use thesystem, this multitasking facility canspeed up your work quite a bit.

Suppose you are writing a C pro-gram and its documentation. Youwrite the latest changes of your pro-gram to disk, request a Unix com-mand line while remaining in theeditor, then type the following:

$ (cc test2.c 2 > errors ; echo check errors) &5179

$

This illustrates several features atonce. First, note the parenthesesaround most of the command line.

This treats the enclosed commandsas a unit. There are actually two com-mands on this line, separated by asemicolon, which signifies that theyare to be run sequentially. The cccommand calls for the C programtest2.c to be compiled, while thenumber 2 before the output redirec-tion symbol means that only thestandard error output (alwaysreferred to by the number 2) is to beredirected to a file called errors. Whenthis compile is done, the echo pro-gram is run, which simply sends itsarguments to the standard output.Because no redirection is called for,the message will appear at your ter-minal when the compilation is done.But you don't have to sit therewaiting for it because the ampersand(&) at the end of the command linemeans that both commands (remem-ber the parentheses) will run in the"background" as one. The promptcomes back instantly, preceded by anidentification number for thebackground process. Very simply,this means that your job is running,and you don't have to wait for it to

finish before continuing your work.

Meanwhile, you've gone back toediting your documentation file.When the message check errors ap-pears on your screen, you write yourtext out to a file (possibly also begin-ning to print it in background), readin the errors file, note the linenumbers of any errors, and fix themby editing test2.c. You can, of course,switch between any two or moretasks. It's much easier to sit downand do this than to read about it; it'sa very natural way to work, and fasteven on small Unix machines.

Every separate program runningon Unix is called a process. Each pro-cess has a unique process identifica-tion number (PID). It's this PID thatis displayed when you start up abackground process, so that if youfind the process has gotten stuck oris running too long, you can stop itby typing kill PID, where PID is thatprocess identification number. Youcan also check its progress with theps (process status) command, whichwill tell you how much processortime each of your programs has used. Text continued on page 210

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The Shell

Many of the features I've described,while physically implemented in thelow-level guts of the system, are con-trolled by the program you interactwith most on Unix—the Shell. TheShell program is run each time youactually log onto the system. Becauseit is just another program, it can bechanged or replaced if you don't likeits function.

The Shell is responsible for theuser interface to the system. It causesyour prompt to be displayed, acceptsyour commands and causes them tobe executed, expands wild-card sym-bols to provide a complete list of filenames to pass to the programs, inter-prets and processes all the metachar-acters (such as &, >, <, |, (,), and ;),and allows you to write fairly com-plex procedures in its own structuredlanguage. Further, it allows you tosave a series of personal commandsand use them as any other commandon Unix.

When sending C files to the printerwith pipes, suppose you don't wantto type pr *.c | Ipr all the time, especial-

ly after you find out that the defaultwidth of a pr listing is only 72 col-umns and you have a 132-columnprinter. Instead, try writing a simplecommand line with the cat com-mand, taking input from the terminaland directing it into a file:

$ cat > Ip(pr -w132 $**D

Ipr) &

The * D (control-d) is taken to bethe end of input by many programson Unix, among them cat, mail, andthe Shell. Now the file Ip has thatsingle line you typed: it's set up per-manently to provide pr with132-column output if necessary, andthe entire pipeline is put in thebackground for even faster response.But what's that $* and how do youexecute this as a command?

The explanation is rather involved.Any list of valid commands that canbe entered to the Shell may be storedin a file and presented to the Shell forexecution. One simple way is by

redirection:

$ sh < command_list

. . . execution of commands. . .

$

Because you're already runningunder the Shell, the effect of this isto start up a new Shell as a process,which then executes your com-mands, ends, and returns to you. Infact, this is the way all commands areexecuted from the Shell; the currentlyrunning Shell makes a fork systemcall, effectively reproducing itself,then waiting for the "child" Shell tofinish. You can also use the chmodcommand described before to makethe file of commands executable;after that, only the name of the fileneeds to be typed. When the Shellreads a command file that has beenthus marked executable, it will ex-ecute each command in the file. Soyou would type:

$ chmod +x command_list

$ command_list

. . . execution of commands . . .

$

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BYTE Augu* 1983 211

A Survey of Unixand C Resources

by Walter Zintz

Unix and C users have many sourcesthey can turn to for general help andmoral support. Much of this help isfree or available at minimal cost—inmost cases, you'll find that the cult-likehistory of Unix has created an atmos-phere of camaraderie rather thanexclusivity.

At least three Unix user groups areactive in the United States. The oldest,Usenix (POB 7, El Cerrito, CA94530-0007, (415) 528-8649) is orientedtoward university users; it offers anewsletter, conferences, and softwaredistributions for source-licenseholders. Another organization,/usr/group (POB 8570, Stanford, CA94035-0221) was founded by systemvendors, although membership isopen to users. The group publishes anewsletter and an annual Unix pro-duct directory, has committees active-ly working on Unix standardizationand licensing, holds conferences, andoffers sponsorship to local usergroups. Uni-Ops (POB 5182, WalnutCreek, CA 94596-1182, (415) 945-0448)began with a nucleus of newer Unixend users who wanted to share infor-mation. Uni-Ops holds conferences,tutorials and local meetings,coproduces a newsletter and an onlinesoftware index/exchange, sponsors aBerkeley Unix SIG (special interestgroup), and maintains a mailing list ofUnix and C users. The C Users Group(POB 287, Yates Center, KS 66783, (316)625-3554) was originally for users of aC language subset that runs underCP/M, but it now supports the generalC community. The group has a news-letter and distributes software. Unixuser associations are also active inCanada, Europe, Australia, and Japan.

Usenix holds the largest con-ferences, which are a common meet-ing ground for everyone involved inUnix, although the papers presentedare often a bit esoteric; /usr/group con-ferences offer the best exposure toavailable products. Uni-Ops slants itsconferences toward newcomers toUnix who want to know how to getstarted.

Other sources for newsletters in-clude Southwater Corporation (30

Mowry St., Mount Carmel, CT 06518,(203) 288-0283), which publishes WorldUnix & C, a nontechnical newsletter ina newspaper format. Infopro Systems(POB 33, East Hanover, NT 07936, (201)625-2925) publishes Unique, a mixtureof technical and product information.Urban Software Corporation (330 West42nd St., New York, NY 10036, (212)736-4030) publishes a somewhat eclec-tic newsletter called the Urban SoftwareNewsletter.

Local user meetings are starting totake hold. Established, regular meet-ings are held in the Washington, DC,and Silicon Valley areas. For meetingschedules and agendas in either ofthose areas, contact Gary Donnelly(RLG Corp., Suite 508, 1760 RestonAve., Reston, VA 22090) and Uni-Ops,respectively. Regular meetings arefirming up in the Boston area, andseveral metropolitan areas in theSunbelt are trying to get meetingsstarted.

On Line

Electronic meetings using Unix'suucp utility are popular, too. By far thelargest network is Usenet, in whichsystems poll each other over phonelines. Usenet allows intersystem mailat minimal cost, and Netnews as abonus. To have your system formallyadmitted to Usenet, contact StephenDaniel (Dept. of Computer Science,Room 201, North Building, DukeUniversity, Durham, NC 27706, (919)684-3048). Many new Usenet sitessimply find a nearby installation thatis already on Usenet and arrange topoll or be polled. A system that joinsthe net this way is not known to theUsenet software; it appears to Usenetas an individual user on the parent in-stallation. I've seen Usenet addresseswith as many as eight intermediatesystems in them, but this delaysmessages and runs up phone bills toboot. Also, users on "hung-on" (poll-ing or polled) systems do not havedirect access to Netnews.

If you find that the polling equip-ment needed to access Usenet isbeyond your budget, consider The CLine, a fledgling free service out ofNew Jersey. It's a message drop,bulletin board, and free software ex-change for C language users. A newuser need merely dial up the central

computer, log on to the system, andbegin browsing around. The C Lineruns on a CP/M system, but it has twopackages of Unix-like utilities to helpUnix users feel at home. To access theC line, call (201) 625-1797 (with yourmodem set anywhere from 110 to 710bits per second), hit a few carriagereturns, then follow the system'sprompts. The C Line is available at allhours except from 9:00 A.M. to 8:00P.M. on weekdays; that's when thesystem's owners are using it for theirown work.

Books

The serious Unix user also needsdetailed information in printed form.Bell Laboratories is a good source tostart with. It offers a flock of manualson various aspects of System V andsmaller but still substantial manualsets for earlier versions of Unix. Theseare thorough and rigorous (but noteasy to read), and they're nowavailable to anyone, with or withouta Unix license. Bell Labs also hasreprinted the Bell System Technical Jour-nal special issue on Unix (July-August1978), a wellspring on the philosophyand history of Unix. In conjunctionwith Holt, Rinehart and Winston, BellLabs has brought out two volumes ofthe UNIX Programmer's Manual (NewYork: Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1983).

The runaway best-seller amongbooks on Unix, and deservedly so, isA User Guide to the UNIX System byRebecca Thomas and Jean Yates(Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill,1982). Its technical chapters cover themost used Unix commands in clearstyle suited even to computing begin-ners, the resources sections are stilluseful as an elementary guide to soft-ware and services available, and theappendix has the complete officialdescription of version 7 Unix as re-leased by Bell Labs. Now, though,several newly published books aremaking strong bids for space on yourbookshelf. Introducing the UNIX Systemby Henry McGilton and RachelMorgan (New York: McGraw-Hill,1983) has an ocean of information onwhat to do at a terminal or console.The UNIX System by Steve Bourne(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1983)is good on theory as well as practice,

212 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

and strong on the Bourne shell. UnixPrimer Plus by Mitchell Waite, DonaldMartin, and Steve Prata (Indianapolis,IN: Howard W. Sams and Co., 1983)will emphasize Berkeley Unix and bestrong on logically organized referencetables and illustrative graphics.

There are worthwhile new books onC programming, too. Beginners,though probably not raw beginners,should consult Learning to Program inCby Thomas Plum (Cardiff, NJ: PlumHall; 1983), which is rather completefor an introductory book and is notUnix-dependent. Plum also wrote CProgramming Standards and Guidelines(Cardiff, NJ: Plum Hall, 1982). The CPrimer by Les Hancock and MorrisKrieger (New York: McGraw-Hill,1982) is a good introduction to thelanguage. People with some C ex-perience can have fun while advanc-ing their skills with The C Puzzle Bookby Alan R. Feuer (Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), which is ex-actly what its name suggests. Wemustn't overlook the standard refer-ence work The C Programming Languageby Brian Kernighan and Dennis Rit-chie (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978) and C Notes by C. T. Zahn(New York: Yourdon Press, 1979).

With Unix's blooming popularity oflate, your computer store or technicalbook shop may have the manuals andbooks you want. If not, three mail-order book servies specialize in Unixand C. All three have lists of the booksand manuals they offer and theirprices. Cucumber Bookshop Inc.,(5611 Kraft Dr., Rockville, MD 20852,(301) 881-2722) is the oldest. The UnixBookstore (47 Potomac Street, SanFrancisco, CA 94117, (415) 621-6415) isrun by a veteran Unix and C instruc-tor. Southwater Corp. (30 Mowry St.,Mount Carmel, CT 06518, (203)288-0283) also carries general program-ming books.

Courses

A flood of tutorial sources hasemerged in the last year or so. Someorganizations offer courses at your site,others schedule classes in major citiesaround the country, still others holdall their training at their own offices.Many have hands-on training, withone to three students per terminal,others teach through lectures and

audiovisual materials.

Of the many tutorial firms thesedays, I can list only the most activeones. California firms include theCenter for Advanced Professional Edu-cation Inc. (11928 North Earlham,Orange, CA 92669, (714) 633-9280), In-ternational Technical Seminars (47Potomac St., San Francisco, CA 94117,(415) 621-6415), and The WollongongGroup (1135A San Antonio Rd., PaloAlto, CA 94303, (415) 962-9224).

In the Midwest, contact Uniq Com-puter Corp, (28 South Water St.,Batavia, IL 60510, (312) 879-1566), theComputer Technology Group, (Tele-media Inc., 310 South Michigan Ave.,Chicago IL 60604, (312) 987-4000), UnirCorp. (Suite 106, 5987 East 71st St., In-dianapolis, IN 46220, (317) 842-7014),and, in Canada, Human ComputingResources Corp. (Suite 401, 10 SaintMary St., Toronto, Ontario M4Y 1P9,Canada, (416) 922-1937).

On the East Coast, you can try RLGCorp. (Suite 508, 1760 Reston Ave.,Reston, VA 22090, (703) 471-6860),Plum Hall Inc. (1 Spruce Ave., Cardiff,NJ 08232, (609) 927-3770), StructuredMethods Inc. (7 West 18th St., NewYork, NY 10011, (212) 741-7720), DJR As-sociates Inc. (303 South Broadway, Tar-rytown, NY 10591, (914) 631-6766),Training Services Group (BunkerRamo Information Systems, TrumbullIndustrial Park, Trumbull, CT 06609,(203) 386-2600), and the Institute forAdvanced Professional Studies (55Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138,(617) 497-2075).

In the computer age it's practical toteach Unix and C without face-to-facemeetings, and two organizations havesoftware to do just that. User TrainingCorp. (POB 970, Soquel, CA 95073),(408) 354-6433) uses audio cassettesand a black box the firm manufacturesto let you listen through earphones toan instructor's explanations while youwatch an example displayed on yourterminal screen. Uni-Ops (mentionedearlier) offers computer-managed-instruction interactive tutorials that canbe run on any Unix system.

Walter Zintz is affiliated with Uni-Ops (POB5182, Walnut Creek, CA 94596).

The dollar sign in $* is the Shell'snotation for a parameter whose valueyou may change. If a digit followedthe dollar sign, then the argumentcorresponding to that number issubstituted ($0 would represent thecommand file name itself). The $*simply means to expand allarguments following the commandfile name and substitute them for the$*.

In the case of our new commandIp above, now you need only type Ip*.c to have all your C source filesprinted and nicely paged in thebackground. Even better than this isthe programming language built intothe Shell. Here's a quick example:

rm /tmp/cprinterfor i in *.cdo

cc$i 2>$i.err

cb $i | pr > > /tmp/cprinter

pr $i.err > > /tmp/cprinterdone

Ipr /tmp/cprinterrm /tmp/cprinter

First, any temporary file with thegiven name (in this case, /tmp/cprinter)is removed. Then the program loopsthrough each occurrence of a C sourcefile by replacing the $i with the pro-per name, compiles it (sending theerror output to a similarly named file;e.g., test.c would have an error file;test.c.err), runs the C beautifier (cb)program (which indents structuresand loops), sends the result throughpr to be paged and dated, and ap-pends this to the temporary file.Then the error file is paged and ap-pended. When all C files have beenthrough this procedure, the tem-porary file is printed and removed.

Why go through all this? If the Ccompiler sees a list of files, it assumesthey are all to be compiled and load-ed together, and this is not always thecase. And if all the output was notdirected to the temporary file, wemight have had 45 or so separateprintouts from all the source anderror files. This type of short programdoesn't even have to be saved in afile; it could be typed directly into theShell and interpreted on the spot.And much more elaborate programs

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 213

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Development Toolsand Languages

The most important aspect of soft-ware development is whether thetools needed for development areavailable. Unix not only has a full setof interpreters and compilers forvarious languages, but also includesprograms that can be invaluable increating your own language proces-sors.

A typical Unix system will comewith a C compiler (cc), assembler(as), syntax and portability checker(lint), a loader (Id) for the processorthe system runs on, an interpreter fora BASIC-like language (bs), and theC beautifier (cb) mentioned before. Aset of programs, together calledSCCS (Source Code Control Sys-tem), allows all changes made tosource files to be stored, so that aprevious level of revision can bereconstructed at any time—a life-saver for people who tend to losetrack of their latest changes. Asophisticated file comparator (diff)shows the exact differences betweentwo text files and, optionally, can tellthe text editing program how to con-vert one to the other. A full FOR-TRAN 77 compiler (f77) and a struc-tured Ratfor-to-FORTRAN filter(ratfor) are included, as are numerousprograms used to plot graphical out-put on a variety of devices. You alsoget a general-purpose macro pro-cessor (M4), a SNOBOL interpreter(sno), a program that will let yougenerate programs to perform lexicalanalysis (lex), a string-processinglanguage (awk), and a compilergenerator (yacc), not to mention thetypesetting program (troff) and itsword-processing companion (nroff).

You can expect all of the above withstandard Unix. Also available arecross-compilers for almost every typeof microprocessor available, COBOLcompilers, FORTH interpreters,various versions of Pascal and Ada,translators from several languages toC, and LISP. Each month I receivedozens of press releases about newsoftware products for Unix systems,such as full-screen editors, word-pro-cessing packages, applications pro-

grams, and even a few CP/M emula-tors. Almost everything you couldever need to develop and use soft-ware on Unix is on the market; youjust have to find it.

Communications

Unix was invented at BellLaboratories, so it's not surprisingthat the system makes it easy for youto use the telephone network forcomputer-to-computer communica-tions. Interpersonal communicationis natural and uncomplicated onUnix. The command most peoplefirst discover is the impromptu writefacility, which lets you exchangemessages with another person cur-rently logged into the system. Eachof you can write a message, then waitfor the other's answer; in this way, aslow conversation can take place.

If the party you wish to reach is notlogged on, the write command will tellyou so. In this case you can send elec-tronic mail with the mail commandand the recipient will be notified ofits existence when he or she next logson. Mail is postmarked with the dateand time sent and who sent it. Youcan type outgoing mail directly fromthe terminal or use an editor and textformatter to make it a bit fancier. Mailcan even be forwarded to otherpeople, and you can send the sameitem to several people at once. Themail facility proves to be quite usefulin an organizational setting becausepeople can log on at any time andsend a message they know will bereceived eventually. Mail to yourselfis equally useful as a reminder, andall incoming mail can be saved forfuture use.

Mail can also be sent to remotesystems semi-automatically. If yourUnix system is capable of dialing thephone by an automatic calling unit orintelligent modem, it may alreadyhave been set up to use the uucpfacility to access other Unix systems.The name uucp is an acronym for"Unix-to-Unix copy"; essentially ituses an error-checking protocol toallow files to be transferred betweenmachines. The important thing aboutuucp is that, once set up, it is easy tooperate. You need only specify thepublicly known name of the reci-

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pient's machine and his or her username, as in infoproldave or decvaxlaps.Then instead of sending to Ann bytyping mail ann, you can just type mailharpolann if harpo is the name of Ann'smachine, and this will automaticallysend the remote mail via uucp. If yourcomputer is part of the informal uucp-net, you can specify a series ofmachine names through which themessages will be passed until thefinal destination is reached, as in dec-vaxlharpolfloyd!infoproldave. The advan-tage of this is that each machine inthe chain only has to make a local orshort-distance call, saving ultimatelyin telephone charges. Other similarnetworks exist, and in some themessage will be automatically passedby the shortest available route.Regular program, text, and data filescan also be sent and received usinguucp, which is set up to dial in themiddle of the night when phonerates are cheapest.

Transfer of data can also be in-itiated manually with the CU (callUnix) command. This lets you sim-ply specify a phone number to bedialed, after which you can log ontothe other machine, run programs,and send files back and forth. Thecombination of all these facilitiesallows Unix users all over the coun-try to interact almost as if they wereon one large machine. In addition, afew electronic news services enablepeople to conduct ongoing discus-sions, announce products, andspread rumors.

Unix Compared toOther Operating Systems

It's hard for some diehard buffs toremember that Unix isn't the only op-erating system around and that itstill lacks a few important features.

Most inconvenient for businessusers is the lack of either file or recordlocking at the user program level.These facilities would allow severalusers to access the same database atonce without fear that informationwould be inaccurate, as it can bewhen several different people writethe same record simultaneously.While several commercially availabledatabase systems (such as MDBS III,Informix, and Mistress) handle this

problem internally, Unix softwaredesigners are hampered without astandard set of system calls to de-pend on.

Real-time facilities that could guar-antee a maximum known responsetime for selected programs wouldbenefit not only laboratory research-ers (for whom such facilities are ab-solutely essential) but also wouldallow acceptance of Unix in othermarkets where speed is necessary. Asimple order-entry program can bebrought to its knees by an nroff pro-gram run at the wrong momentwhen the system as a whole is notcarefully tuned and monitored.

Each time a person logs onto Unixa new process is created. When at-tempting to put large numbers ofusers on a single computer systemsimultaneously, Unix system ad-ministrators find that the largenumber of processes thus created isitself a drain on the system. Unixspends a good deal of time in switch-ing context between processes; so thenet result of too many processes is asystem that spends most of its timedoing no productive work. Thisprevents Unix from replacing otheroperating systems in traditional datacenters where one mainframe com-puter might serve hundreds of ter-minals. While it is likely that net-works of small Unix-based worksta-tions will tend to make such tradi-tional configurations obsolete, certainapplications may be restricted fromusing Unix for this reason.

Virtual memory is not yet sup-ported, even on machine configura-tions where this is possible. Whilethis feature and record/file lockingare expected to be added in futureBell releases of Unix, it has so far re-mained the province of the Univer-sity of California at Berkeley to sup-port virtual memory with its releaseof Unix, known as 4.2 BSD. However,this version is not widely available onthe commercial market.

It was once commonly acceptedthat a Unix guru had to be on call atall times to reconstruct the file systemafter the almost inevitable systemfailure, This is no longer true; utilitiesexist on Unix to fix the file systemautomatically after a crash, and

crashes themselves are less frequenton newer releases due to improvedordering of disk writes and other fac-tors. Nevertheless, while on manycompeting commercial systems allrunning programs will resumewithout error after a crash, that sortof improvement is not expected soonon Unix.

As previously mentioned, securityof individual files tends to be left tothe users themselves or the systemadministrator. While an almostfoolproof data-encryption algorithmused on Unix for passwords may beinvoked by users to encode any filethey wish, several known methodscan be used to compromise both userpasswords and the super-userpassword. The result of this com-promise could be destruction of im-portant data files and the possibledilution of the encryption algorithm.Therefore, we advise would-bekeepers of sensitive information toadminister Unix with care.

System resources, in terms of ex-clusive use of physical devices andprocessor and memory facilities, arenot adequately protected. This meansthat a naive user's first C programcould crash the system. Also, if a pro-gram needs a tape drive and it is notavailable, the program will simply failrather than wait for the tape.

However, these failings must beweighed against some more facts:First, Unix uses much less memorythan other large operating systems,needing 64K to 160K bytes of mainmemory for the executable kernel.Large systems may require amegabyte of memory to run, or evenmore. Of greater importance is thesize of the source code. Written in ahigh-level language, Unix ismanageable by one person, whileassembly-language operating sys-tems tend to need teams of program-mers just to install the fixes issuedeach month by the supplier.

The one-time cost of Unix, to anend user, is measured in the hun-dreds of dollars; compare this to themultiple thousands required -permonth to license and maintain amainframe operating system. In fact,the cost of Unix in binary form ap-proaches that of a single-user CP/M

216 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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license!

Unix is portable, requiring from 1to 12 months for a experiencedsystems programmer to move it to adifferent hardware configuration.

Comparing Unix to even smallersystems like CP/M is pointlessbecause no single-user, single-taskingsystem is comparable to Unix on afeatures basis. However, importantmarket considerations abound,which will be taken up in part 3 ofthis series.

Moving On

The features I've described explainwhy an expanding segment of thecomputer industry feels that Unixhas reached its goal of being a pleas-ant environment in which to writeand use programs.

Next month, I'll discuss what ap-plications programs are availableunder Unix and some specific waysyou can create a personalized en-vironment on Unix. The last articleof this three-part series will addressUnix implementations on several dif-ferent microprocessors and look atUnix in the marketplace of thefuture—where AT&T is likely to gowith it, how it will stack up againstother operating systems, and whatyour first Unix-based computer islikely to be.H

References

1. Gilbreath, Jim. "A High-Level LanguageBenchmark," BYTE, September 1981, p. 180.

2. Greenberg, Robert B. "The UNIX OperatingSystem and the XENIX Standard OperatingEnvironment." BYTE, June 1981, p. 248,

3. Hancock, Les and Morris Krieger. The CPrimer. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.

4. McGilton, H. and R. Morgan. Introducing theUNIX System. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

5. Meyer, E. C. "MULTICS Alumnus Sets theRecord Straight on UNIX." Infoworld, May 10,1982, p. 30.

6. Ritchie, D, M. "UNIX Time-Sharing System:A Retrospective." The Bell System TechnicalJournal, July-August 1978, p. 1905.

7. Rosenblatt, A. 'The 1982 Award for Achieve-ment." Electronics, October 20, 1982, p. 108.

David Fiedler (Infopro Systems, FOB 33, EastHanover, NJ 07936) is the editor of the monthlynewsletter Unique: Your Independent UNIXand C Advisor and the magazine UNIX Review.He is also an analyst for the Perchwell Corporation,a consulting firm assisting management of com-panies using Unix.

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What Is a Software Tool?

Develop your own problem-solving programming tools.

by Rebecca Thomas

The dictionary describes a tool as anything employedin performing an operation. A software tool is a programthat is used to perform the operation of solving adata-processing problem. But this definition is toogeneral for the purposes of this article because mostcommercial software packages would be considered soft-ware tools by this definition.

The type of software tools I'll describe here are pro-grams that specifically aid the programmer in thedevelopment of other programs. These programs aredesigned to work well together.

Large programs such as operating systems andlanguage compilers are technically software tools. In par-ticular, the most important software tool is a good struc-tured programming language. I'll describe how to usethe Unix system and C programming language todevelop software tools.

The Unix Environment and Productivity

The C programming language, the Unix operatingsystem, and the numerous utility programs (softwaretools) together provide a very productive programmingenvironment. These elements constitute the Unixdevelopment system, which promotes productivity byproviding a friendly environment and quality tools forsophisticated software problem solving. The Unix systemis one, and perhaps the only, operating system that ac-tually assists in solving problems rather than presentingitself as a problem to overcome.

© 1983 Yates Ventures. Excerpted from a forthcoming book A Program-mer's Guide to the Unix System by Jean Yates, Lawrence Rogers, andRebecca Thomas to be published by Addison-Wesley.

Build Tools and Use Them

The most widely used Unix tools are the programs formanipulation of text. Line and screen-oriented editorscreate and change text, a stream editor and other utilitiestransform text, several programs analyze text filesstatistically, and powerful formatting programs producehigh-quality hard copy suitable for publication.

Your first step in understanding and using softwaretools is to master the rich set of tools that comes withthe Unix system. Then don't hesitate to build new toolsas your skill increases to help with your daily program-ming tasks. It is often tempting to use unskilled labor(yourself included in this context) to manually performa task instead of stopping to build a tool that automatical-ly performs the same task. If a tool of some general utilitycan be built, this tool then becomes a useful additionto your ever-growing software toolbox.

The Unix Shell

A brief discussion of the Unix shell should make clearhow this command interpreter can be used tomanipulate the software tool utilities. The Unix shell isactually a program itself that interprets user commands,calls programs into memory, and executes them one ata time or in series.

The Unix shell can be employed interactively as a com-mand language to provide an efficient interface to thefacilities of the operating system. In addition, it can beused in a "batch mode" to execute files of commands.In the latter context, the shell functions as a program-ming language that provides control-flow primitives (in-cluding while-do, if-then-else, for-do, and a case statement),string-valued variables, and parameter passing from thecommand line. I'll restrict my discussion to the interac-tive command language of this powerful command in-

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terpreter. In some cases the algorithms proposed for aC language software tool can be tested by using the shellto execute a file of Unix commands to simulate thebehavior, of the algorithms. After debugging, you cancode the algorithms in C.

The Unix software tools have a common invocationstructure, which is based on how the shell invokes andexecutes programs. Simple shell commands are writtenas a series of "words" separated by white space (blanksor tabs):

(command name) (flags or options) (arguments)

These are three basic command-line elements for invok-ing a software tool. The command name is always re-quired and represents the name of an executable binaryprogram or perhaps a file of shell commands. The flagsor options are specified next and generally cause somemodifying action of the basic command. Usually theabsence of an option indicates that the default action forthe command is desired. Not all commands take modi-fying options. Finally, arguments might be required onthe command line to specify, say, the identity of inputor output files or devices.

Simple Unix commands such as date (print date andtime) and who (who is currently logged on the system)require only that you type their name followed by a car-riage return:

$ date$ who

(Note: I will use $ as the shell command prompt for theUnix system.) Other command lines call utilities that cantake options, such as du (summarize disk usage), Is (listcontents of directory), ps (process status), and stty (setterminal options). For example, some command linesand their options are

$ du -s (summary option)

$ Is -Id (long listing as directory)

$ ps -alx (long listing of all processes)

$ ps -I (long listing of owners' processes)

$ stty erase ' *h' (set erase character to backspace)

Finally consider the following commands, which mayrequire specification of file arguments: cat (catenate anddisplay file), cp (file copy), rriv (move or rename files),rm (remove file), and wc (word count). With filearguments, simple command lines are

$ cat filel file2

$ cp srcfile destfile

$ mv oldname newname

$ wc -I textfile

$ rm -i oldfile

(display contents of filel fol-lowed by that of file2)(copy contents of srcfile todestfile)

(rename file oldname tonewname)

(count lines in textfile)(interactively delete oldfilewith query)

Design Tools as Filters

111 design a filter program as the first example of a soft-ware tool. In a filter program, the input data comes fromthe standard input file (the keyboard, by default) andoutput data is directed to the standard output file (ter-minal screen, by default). The filter program performssome suitable transformation of the data passingthrough. In this way, the output of any one utility pro-gram may become the input to a different program. TheUnix shell will establish the necessary connection (datapaths, or pipeline) between the programs. In fact, theutility program may never be aware of where its data isactually coming from or going to. Rather, the tool con-siders the input and output (I/O) to be associated withthe standard I/O files.

You can see the command line for accomplishing thetask and an example of some actual results in this sam-ple display of a terminal screen:

$ who

root

ttyOO

Mar 29 10:30

avante

ttyh5

Mar 29 10:03

vance

ttyhc

Mar 29 10:39

avante

ttyi3

Mar 29 10:27

becca

ttyi4

Mar 29 11:01

consult

tlyl9

Mar 29 11:08

$ who sort

avante

ttyhS

Mar 29 10:03

avante

ttyi3

Mar 29 10:27

becca

ttyi4

Mar 29 11:01

consult

ttyi

Mar 29 11:08

root

ttyOO

Mar 29 10:30

vance$

ttyhc

Mar 29 10:39

The first example, with just the who command, has theoutput sorted according to the second field (terminaldesignation). By using the sort command, you can havethe second example reorder the file by the first field (thelog-in name).

This use of filter tools necessitates restriction of pro-gram output to a bare minimum. For example, the whocommand produces one line of output for each userlogged in to the Unix system. Thus, to obtain just thenumber of users, pass the output of who into the inputof wc, the word count program employing the option tojust count lines of input:

$ who6

$

wc -I

If the who command output included a header contain-ing the date and time, column headings, etc., more in-formation would be at hand. However, then the numberof output lines would no longer directly reflect thenumber of users. Instead it is best to use other utilities

224 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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such as date to obtain additional information in-dependently of the who program.

A Software Tool Performs One Job Well

You should design each software tool to perform aspecific task as well as possible. If a different task is tobe performed then a different tool (program) should bedeveloped. This approach helps to avoid the messy"Band-Aid" program, which may be the result of addingtoo many new features to an existing software tool. Forexample, the Unix C compiler doesn't have any outputlisting. Instead, you would use other programs (tools)to generate symbol tables, etc.

It may not always be obvious how to best interpret the"one-task-well" guideline. For instance, programmers fre-quently require a source-code listing containing a linenumber at the beginning of each line. Here, the ques-tion might be raised, should another option be addedto an existing tool such as cat to produce line number-ing or should a dedicated line-numbering filter bedeveloped? The best answer may depend in part on thetools that already exist and the best method of incor-porating the line-numbering utility into the system.

Design for Early Testing

Design the software tool, no matter how complicated,so that some or all of it can be tested early in the design

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cycle. It would be advantageous if this first testing phasecould begin within a few weeks of starting a project. Inthis way, you will spot algorithms that do not work asexpected early so that they can be changed or evendiscarded. It is often prudent to discard awkward codeand start over with a fresh approach based on the designexperience to date.

Coding Guidelines

The tool program should be broken down intomodules of code, which help simplify a programdevelopment task by controlling its complexity. Somecoding guidelines are as follows:

•Use the logical control structures that the C languageprovides instead of the goto statement.•A function should be moderate in size (say, less than100 lines long and preferably smaller). This is so that thefunction can be easily comprehended as a whole.•The functions that make up the module should beclosely related, and the resulting module should repre-sent one functional unit of the program.•Both the functions and modules should be as indepen-dent of each other as possible. In this way, a change inone function or module of code will have minimal ef-fect on other functions or modules. If it is necessary toshare, for example, data structures between modules,then the interface to these structures should be clearlyvisible and well defined. In this way, the program willbe easier to change at a later date.•All the programs should be designed to work togetherso that a complicated task can be solved by suitably com-bining existing programs. In this context each programappears as a module, which interfaces with other pro-grams via a simple well-defined interface.

Write code that is as clear and simple as possible andstill does the job. The C language code, especially, maybe written in a very obtuse, terse manner, which makesit almost incomprehensible. Such an algorithm couldprobably be expressed simply. Obviously, the simple ap-proach is more desirable because other programmers (oryou) may be called upon to maintain or modify yourprograms.

Build the program in steps that are manageable.Develop the central theme first, leaving the embellish-ments for later. In this way, the portion that is con-structed first can be tested and even used in a produc-tion sense as soon as possible.

Don't reinvent the wheel. That is, if possible, start withexisting modules or programs, modifying them asdesired.

Portable Tools

You should design the software tools to be portable.To help achieve this end, the interface to the operatingsystem should be clearly defined and localized within

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Listing 1: The file copy filter program, copy. Written in the Clanguage, the program uses Unix I/O routines to transfer data acharacter at a time from the keyboard to the terminal screen.

% Cat COPY.C

ttinclude <stdio.h>

ma i n( )

C

i n t c;

while ((c

}

■ setchv<) >putchar(c);

!= EOF)

the code. For example, if you use input and outputroutines from the Unix standard I/O library, then por-tability between Unix systems is virtually guaranteed.Even if the software tool is to be written for a non-Unixenvironment, you should restrict all code that interactswith the operating system to a minimum number ofmodular functions.

Primitives

For the purposes of this article a primitive is code thatdeals with the interface between the software tool andthe operating system environment. You may useprimitives to enhance portability of the software-tool pro-gram by restricting all system-dependent code to a fewmodules. In this way, only the system-dependentprimitives need to be rewritten when moving the toolprogram to a foreign programming environment.

File Copy Filter

The trivial-looking example in listing 1 provides thebasis for the tool programs I'll discuss. (For this and theexamples that follow, I'll use the standard I/O libraryfrom the Unix environment. If you are working in a dif-ferent environment, use the equivalent basic primitivesfor I/O.) Basically, the copy program transfers data acharacter at a time from a standard input file (thekeyboard, by default) to a standard output file (the ter-minal screen, by default). I am employing two primitivesfrom the Unix standard I/O library: getchar(), which readsthe next input character, and putchar(c), which outputsa single character. In listing 1, the line ^include <stdio.h>directs the C compiler preprocessor to add the standardI/O library definitions directly to the source file beforeactual compilation begins.

Note that c is declared as an integer. This is necessaryin order to have an end-of-input code, E0F=-1 in thiscase, which is distinct from any valid character value.Also note that the standard library routine getchar( ) ac-tually returns an integer value.

I/O Redirection

The Unix shell maintains three open files for each pro-gram it invokes: the standard input file, the standard out-put file, and a standard error file. Recall that this basicfile-copy program reads characters from the standard in-put file and writes them to the standard output file. TheUnix shell can be easily instructed to redirect input

228 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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and/or output for the copy program. This redirectioncapability of the shell greatly enhances the utility of aprogram even as simple as copy.

The shell redirects input or output by closing theoriginal standard input and/or output file and openingthe other files specified on the command line in its place.In this way the program that the shell invokes is com-pletely unaware of the redirected input or output.

For example, assume you want to quickly put a fewlines in a disk file named message. The invocation com-mand line would be

$ copy > message

Characters entered from the keyboard (standard input)would be written to the disk file message. When text en-try was complete, the operator would give the end-of-file code (a Control-D in Unix), and the copy programwould exit. Input could also be redirected. In fact, youcould check the contents of the file you just created byrechanneling input from the disk file message instead ofthe keyboard. Here the command line would be

$ copy < message

The contents of the disk file are read by copy and sentto the terminal screen (standard output file).The shell can redirect both input and output

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The page Program

The copy program can serve as a model for construct-ing more complicated tools. Here again my philosophyis to use primitives that can read from an arbitrary in-put and can write to an arbitrary output destination. Inthis way, the tools are most flexible and work besttogether.

For the next example, let's create the page program (seelisting 2) by adding the more() function, which countsthe characters sent to the output. When a screenful haspassed, the output is suspended, and the function com-mand() is called, instructing the program to awaitoperator intervention. If the operator presses the spacebar, another screenful will be displayed, or if the returnkey is pressed, only one additional line will be shown.Obviously, this simple program lacks manyembellishments required for a production version;however, it does serve to illustrate the evolution of a morecomplex tool from a simple one.

The page program requires an additional I/O channel(open file) to be attached to the keyboard. Thus thestatement

20 fd = open("/dev/tty", 0);

returns a file descriptor for reading the terminal (/dev/tty).If the standard input channel is used for all input (in-cluding the operator response to the query for "more?"),then the display would never stop after one screen orline because the answer to the query would be suppliedby the file passing through the filter.

The function command() reads characters from thealternate keyboard input shown opened in line 20 oflisting 2 as depicted by the statement

4849

while (read(fd,&c,1) && c

&&c!= '\n' &&c!= EOF)

This statement causes a character to be read into the loca-tion pointed to by &c. If the character is not a space (' '),a newline (' \ n') or EOF (the end-of-file code, -1), thenit will remain in the while loop. A space character causesthe line counter to be reset so that another entire screen-ful will be displayed, as follows:

230 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

Circle 32 on Inquiry card.

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Listing 2: The page program counts the characters sent to the output so that the operator can control the amount of information shownon the terminal screen.

* cat -n pase.c

1 #include <stdio.h>

2 ttdefine LINESIZE 80

3 tfdefine SCRNSIZE 23

4

5 /*

6 * Global variables:

7 ♦/8

9 int c; /# The character »/

10 int colcnt, linecnt; /# The counters #/

11 int fdS /* The descriptor for the alternate key board input */12

13 mai n (ar s c > a'rsv)

14 int arse"

15 char ##apgv5

16 £

17

colcnt - 1;

18

19

linecnt - 0'

20

21

fd - open("/dev/ttv", 0)5

while ((c - setchar-O) f« EOF) C

23

putchar (c>'l

2125

more();)

26

}

27

23

more

()

29

C

30

if (c — -\n -) C

31

• 1 inecnt++;

3233

colcnt - 1;}

34

else C

35

colcnt++5

36

if (colcnt »■■« LINESIZE) C

37

3839

1inecnt++;colcnt -- 1;3

40

}

11

if (linecnt =- SCRNSIZE)

4243

)

command();

44

45

cc

i mm;

in>

d( )

46

c

17

AS

while (read(fd,?.:c, 1 ) && c !■= ' " && c ! =

49

"

50

51

if (c »« '■ - )

52

linecnt ~ 0" /# reset counter #/

53

else if (c -- ■'\n'')

54

1inecnt—;

55

else

56

•xit<);

57

}

$ CH

\rr' && c ! - EOF)

Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 235

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Text continued from page 230:

51 if (c

52

linecnt = 0; /* reset counter */

Actually, because Unix usually requires you to type theline terminator before the keyboard is "read," a spacefollowed by a carriage return must be typed to get thenext screenful.

A newline is the Unix line terminator and is more orless equivalent to the CP/M's carriage return/linefeedpair. When the response to the "more?" query is anewline (entered by typing the return key), one ad-ditonal line will be displayed because the line counteris decremented by one:

5354

else if (c == '\n')linecnt—;

The remaining possibility has to be the EOF code,which causes the page to exit:

55 else

56 exit();

The concat Program

For the last example, I will introduce a few moreprimitives and illustrate how to transform the copy pro-gram into a more general utility, called the concat pro-gram, which can be employed to combine files specifiedon the command line and send them to the standardoutput (see listing 3).

In this example, I have added the function getarg(),which returns a pointer to the desired command-line ar-gument. This approach is necessary so that functionsbesides main() can access the command-line variableswithout having to pass these same variables as addi-tional arguments to functions outside of main(). Note thatyou need the function allocarg() to allocate space for thecommand-line argument(s). The actual copy operationis performed by filecopy(), which will copy the contentsof the files (if specified) to the standard output file. Ifno files are designated on the command line when con-cat is invoked, then concat acts like the copy programintroduced earlier.

Line 19 of listing 3 declares the variable fp to be apointer to type FILE and fopen() to be a function thatreturns a pointer to a FILE. Now just what is FILE? First

consider the definition of the array of iobuf structures

as defined in the include file <stdio.h>, which is actual-ly located in /usr/include/stdio.h:

extern struct _iobuf {

char *_ptr; /* next character position */

int _cnt; /* number of characters left */

char *_base; /* location of buffer */

char _flag; /* mode of file access */

char _fd; /* file descriptor */} _iob[_NFILE];

236 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 283 on Inquiry card.

Listing 3: The concat program. Building upon the original copy program, this expanded utility program can combine files and send theresults to the standard output, in this case the terminal screen.

$ cat -n concat.c

1 # i n c 1 u do- <s td i o. h>■~>

3 /*

4 # Command line arguments must he

5 # external to all functions:

6 */7

8 int narss; /# number of arguments #/

9 char **ar3str! /# pointer to argument string #/10

11 extern char *setars()512

13 main(arsci arsv)

14 int arse?

15 char »#arsv?

16 C

17 int i;

IS char *string"

19 FILE #fr. tffopenO;

20

21 ailocars(arse. arsv)'

22

23 if (narss -- 1)

24 filacoPY(stdin);

25 else

26 for (i = 1; i < narss; i++) i

27 string = setarg(i)"

23 fp - fopen(strinsv " r " ) ;

29 filecopy(fp);

30 f c 1 o se(f p>;

31 )

32 }33

34 al1ocars(arse, arsv)

35 int arse!

36 char **arsv"

37 C

38 int i;

39 char #calloc(), *malloc(), #strcPY<)540

41 narss = arse*

42 arsstr - (char**) cal1oc((unsigned> arse, sizeof(char*))43

44 for (i - O; i -Carsc; i++) C

45 arsstrCiJ - mallocC (unsigned) strlen(arsvCi])+l)

46 strefy(arsstr t i U , arsvCiJ);

47 )

48 )49

50 char *setars(n)

51 int n!

52 C

53 i f (n > narss)

54 return<(char *)-1);

55 ret ur n(arss t r C n1)5

56 }57

58 fi1ecoFY(filein)

59 FILE *filein"

60 C

61 resist er i nt c"62

63 while C(c - setc ( f i 1 e i n ) > ! *■ EOF)

64 putc(c, stdout);

65 }

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire 237

The include file further defines FILE to be an instanceof this structure:

#define FILE struct _iobuf

Observe that the structure iobuf contains information

important to performing buffered I/O (also known asstream I/O). For instance, information such as the buf-fer location, the current character position in the buffer,the mode o£ file access (read/write), and the actual (low-level) file descriptor (which was used in the page pro-gram) is contained in this important structure.

Note that all names in the include file stdio.h intendedfor internal use begin with an underscore (_) to mini-mize the chance of conflict with user-defined names.Some of the important names intended to be used ex-ternally are

stdin (&_iob[0]) the standard input file (fd = 0)

stdout (&_iob[1J) the standard output file (fd = 1)

stderr (&_iob[2]) the standard error file (fd = 2)

EOF (-1) end-of-file value

NULL (0) the null pointer

BUFSIZ (512) recommended I/O buffer size

FILE is a convenient shorthand for declaring pointers tostreams. Streams represent buffered I/O with outputflushing where necessary.

The main processing loop for the concat program isreproduced here:

262728293031

for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)string = getarg(i);fp = fopen(string, "r"filecopy(fp);fclose(fp);

For each command-line argument, (for i = 1; i< nargs;i+ + ), a pointer to that argument, string = getarg(i), is ob-tained. The string argument represents (you hope) a filethat is opened for reading (fp = fopen(string, "r"). The func-

tion filecopy() actually performs the copying from thedesignated file to the standard output (see lines 63 and64 in listing 3).

The allocarg() function is required to allocate storage forthe external variables nargs and argstr. The Unix libraryroutine calloc() allocates memory for an array of argcelements of size size of{char*). The malloc() routine returnsa pointer to a block of at least strlen(argv[i]) + 1 bytes begin-ning on a word boundary. The strcpy() function actuallymakes the copy of the argument to the external variableargstr.

This last example nicely illustrates how the additionof a few primitive functions can transform the basic copyprogram into a very useful general-purpose tool withmany of the same properties as the Unix cat utilityprogram.

Summary

The software tools I've used as examples are very sim-ple, but their design typifies the ease of use of the Unixenvironment. By carefully developing your softwaretools and adhering to good programming practice, youcan design your own problem-solving tools. With thesetools, you, the programmer, become the hammer ratherthan the anvil.■

Dr. Rebecca Thomas (1839 10th Ave., San Francisco, CA 94122) is coauthorof the popular Unix guide for beginners, A User Guide to the Unix System(Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1982). She is also coauthoring additional Unix titlesto be available in 1983, including both a business user's and an applicationprogrammer's guide to both the Unix and Xenix systems, to be published byAddison-Wesley.

References

1. "The Bell System Technical Journal" Bell Laboratories, July 1978.

2. Brooks, PP. The Mythical Man-Month. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley,1974.

3. Kernighan, B.W., and RJ. Plauger. The Elements of Programming Style.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.

4. Kernighan, B.W., and P.J. Plauger. Software Tools in Pascal. Reading,MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981.

5. Kernighan, B.W., and D.M. Ritchie. The C Programming Language.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978.

6. "The Unix Programmer's Manual," Bell Laboratories, 1978.

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The Unix C Compiler in aCP/M Environment

What subset of Unix version 7's compiler makes sense for CP/M?

How much of the C programminglanguage, as it exists under Bell Labs'version 7 Unix, can be made availableunder CP/M? To begin with, we mustsay what distinguishes Unix C fromother implementations that followthe formal language definition. Thisis largely a matter of the "standardI/O library," though I maintain belowthat other groups of support func-tions must be considered as well. Anexamination of three C compilers for

the CP/M environment (small-c, BDSC, and Aztec C) will give an idea howclose the compilers actually come toversion 7's C.

The Formal Side of C

For those without access to a Unixsystem, the principal source of infor-mation on C is the remarkable bookThe C Programming Language by Ker-nighan and Ritchie, referred to here-after as simply K&R (see the refer-ences). I assume the reader to befamiliar with this work. Appendix Aof this book contains a formal defini-tion of C, which is the place to turnfor precise specifications of syntax,scope of identifiers, and other legalmatters. This is not, however, theplace to resolve a question on, say,the procedure for opening a file.

C does not specify the system in-terface: there are no built-in connec-tions with terminals, printers, or files.These functions are supplied aslibrary routines rather than innateparts of the compiler. Presumably,this simplifies the task of writing thecompiler and allows flexibility in con-structing the I/O (input/output) inter-

by Matthew Halfant

face. But it creates a potentiallyawkward situation: programs will notbe portable between systems withwidely divergent support libraries.

For this reason, Unix supplies thestandard I/O library that is, accord-ing to chapter 7 of K&R, "... a setof functions designed to provide astandard I/O system for C programs. . . the routines are meant to be 'por-table' in the sense that they will existin compatible form on any systemwhere C exists, and that programsthat confine their system interactionsto facilities provided by the standardlibrary can be moved from one sys-tem to another essentially withoutchange."

Adoption of this library is notobligatory; we have the example ofWhitesmiths' C compiler, in whichmost of the standard functions havebeen renamed or redefined. The dif-ficulty observed in moving a White-smiths program to a Unix systemargues for formalizing the standardI/O library along with many other ofthe common functions described inK&R. (Editor's note: Whitesmiths re-cently released a new version of itscompiler that will be more compati-ble with Unix version 7.) Such a pro-ject is the responsibility of the ANSI(American National Standards Insti-tute) committee that was recentlyformed. I am not attempting to definea language standard here but merelydescribing the dialect of C that isspoken on Unix systems and devot-ing special attention to the subsetthat can be implemented underCP/M.

In the remarks of Kernighan andRitchie quoted above, the terms"standard library" and "standard I/Olibrary" are used interchangeably,whereas I would prefer "standardlibrary" to designate the entire collec-tion of support functions, of whichthe I/O library is a specific subset.Other members include the string-handling functions (strcat(), etc.), themath library (sqrt(), etc.), and anumber of system calls. Some suchcollection of functions must be stan-dardized if convenient portability isto be secured.

The Standard Library as Part ofthe C Language

To illustrate the importance of stan-dardization, compare the treatmentof character strings in C versus thosein PL/I. The latter admits strings asa data type that may be assigned,transmitted as an argument, or re-turned by a function. In C, strings areimplemented as null-terminatedcharacter arrays. Suppose I want towrite a utility function to removeblanks from a string. I want to turn"this is a string" into "thisisastring".One strategy (I don't claim it to be op-timal) is to operate in what might becalled a "while there's still a blank inthe string" loop in pseudocode. Theloop body locates the leftmost blank,breaks the string into the part beforethe blank and the part after, and con-catenates the two parts. In PL/I, Imight write

do while(index(string,' ')>0);

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i = index(string,' ');

string = substr(string,l,i-T) |

substr (string,i + T);end;

The concatenation operator 11 is partof the PL/I language, as are the "built-in" functions index( ) and substr( ).In C I would use a similar methodbut would use the standard libraryfunctions index() (modeled on theabove) and strcat():

while( (p=index(string," ")) != NULL) {*p++ = "\0";strcat(string,p);

Concatenation is achieved with afunction call; assignment, when re-quired, is done the same way (usingstrcpy()). As a C programmer, I cometo regard functions like index() andstrcat() as parts of the language, as isthe case with their PL/I counterparts.Of course, they are not really parts ofC as defined in Appendix A, but theydo belong to Unix C, and I would ex-pect to find them accompanying anyC compiler advertised as Unix ver-sion 7 compatible.

What Is Meant by "Unix C"?

My intention is to use the phrase"Unix C" suggestively, rather thandefinitively, to encompass those fea-tures commonly used by C program-mers in the Unix environment. Tome, the Unix environment involvesmore than the union of C and theUnix standard library; it also includescertain system interface conventions,such as I/O redirection and the han-dling of command-line arguments.Such conventions become as indis-pensable as the standard libraryitself; thus, we begin our programswith

main(argcargv)int argc;char *argv[ ];{

and take advantage of getchar() andputchar() when writing filters that canbe tested at the terminal before beingapplied to files or embedded in apipe.

244 Au«u>t 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 410 on Inquiry card.

Where Is the Standard LibraryDefined?

K&R explicitly decline to describethe standard library in its entirety;moreover, several of the functions il-lustrated in the text differ in minorways from those currently used. Forexample, the memory allocationfunction alloc() is named malloc() inversion 7 Unix. A less trivial depar-ture concerns the function index(): asshown on page 67 of K&R, it returnsthe integer index of the located sub-string (or -1 if none is found); underUnix version 7, index() returns apointer to the located substring (orNULL if none is found). There areother inconsistencies of this kind.

The authoritative source for stan-dard library definitions is Volume 1of The Unix Programmer's Manual,which has recently been published inbook form (see the references). Thisvolume is divided into several sec-tions, of which the ones on systemcalls (section 2) and subroutines (sec-tion 3) are relevant here. They enu-merate the functions that may be in-voked from within a C program, andthus comprise what I would speak ofas the "standard library."

The special set of subroutines nor-mally known as the "standard I/Olibrary" consists of those items in sec-tion 3 denoted by the letter S, as inSCANF(3S). A separate description ofthe standard I/O library can be foundin Volume 2 of The Unix Programmer'sManual, a companion volume to theone mentioned above. Chapter 17, onUnix programming, is a tutorial alongthe lines of chapter 8 of K&R, but itcovers additional ground. An appen-dix to that chapter, titled "The Stan-dard I/O Library," contains a list thatdiffers slightly from the conventionsof Volume 1. For example, the listedfunction system() is not consideredpart of the I/O library in Volume 1.The same is true for the memory-allocation functions (see MALL0C(3));what's more, the Appendix uses thename cfree() in place of free().

Sections 2 and 3 Seen as OneCollection

Any operating system defines theinterface that programmers must use

in accessing system resources. ForUnix, these are the system calls ofsection 2; they are analogous to theBDOS (basic disk operating system)calls of CP/M. The subroutines of sec-tion 3 provide a higher level of ser-vice to applications programs and areconsidered distinct from the systemcalls (by the systems programmers, atleast). But this distinction, howeverrelevant in the Unix domain, com-pletely evaporates when we considertransporting the functions to CP/M,

for they must there be implementedas subroutines based on CP/M's ownsystem interface.

Consider an especially importantexample: the low-level I/O interface.CP/M's view of reading and writingfiles is based on 128-byte logical sec-tors. Unix supports a more flexibleapproach: there are system calls toseek to an arbitrary byte boundary,and there to read or write an arbitrarynumber of bytes. These functions—lseek(), read(), and write()—can indeed

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 245

be replicated under CP/M, but therethey are higher-level functions on anequal footing with any member of thestandard library.

What Portions of the StandardLibrary Make Sense for CP/M?

Browsing through the availablefunctions can help us to assemble awish-list for CP/M. Naturally we canomit functions that deal with processmanagement, such as fork() and wait()(described in chapter 17 of Volume 2).We can also dispense with func-tions—such as mknod(), for makingnew directories—that address incom-patible aspects of the file systems. Atthe other extreme are functionswhose suitability is clear, and we takethese up before proceeding to thegray area between.

The I/O library: The standard I/Olibrary is first on the list of things toinclude. (An exception, P0PEN(3S),pertains to process communicationand is therefore inapplicable.) Alongwith these subroutines, I am in favorof including the low-level functions

open(), creat(), lseek(), read(), write(),close(), and unlink(). This set is moreconvenient to use for byte-randomaccess to binary files than are the buf-fered functions fread(), fwrite(), andfseek(); and, fopen(), unlike open(),does not provide access for bothreading and writing at one time. Be-sides, unlink() is needed in any case.The mathematics library: Themathematics library can, of course,be included. This consists of double-precision trigonometric, logarithmic,exponential, and hyperbolic func-tions as well as the less familiarBessel functions. The function pow(x,y)is equivalent to exp(y*log(x)) and com-pensates for C's lack of the exponen-tiation operator that in FORTRANallows writing simply x**y. Somelower-level functions are also conve-nient to have, such as frexp() andldexp(), which provide separate accessto the significand and exponent ofdoubles.

String and Character Handling

Many programmers who could live

without the mathematics librarywould not accept omission of thestring functions, strcat(), strncat( ),index(), rindex(), and so on (seeSTRING(3)). Note that, as already in-dicated, some of the definitions donot agree with those given in K&R.The character-classification macros—isalpha(), isupper(), and so on—arenormally provided in the include file<ctype.h> (the angle brackets specifya standard directory in which includefiles are normally found). I find nomention of toupper() and tolower() inVolume 1, although they are includedin the cited appendix of chapter 17,Volume 2 (and are, indeed, presentin ctype.h). Actually, these functionsare somewhat troublesome becausetheir original formulation is, takingthe first for illustration,

#define toupper(c) ((c) + 'A'-'a')

which mutilates nonletters and mustnormally be preceded by the test

if (isalpha(c))...

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A common, though questionable,practice is to alter the definition to in-corporate the test:

#define toupper(c) ((c) >='a' && (c)< ='z' ?(c) + 'A'-'a': (c))

Of what I've seen, only the CodeWorks QIC version 2.0 compiler re-tained the original toupper() andtolower() and added new functionschupper() and chlower(), which do theright thing.

Memory allocation, program exit:The memory-allocation functions—malloc(), free(), sbrk(), etc—appear tobe as natural under CP/M as underUnix. Most of the implementationsI've seen are based on the oneworked out at the end of K&R,chapter 8; they adopt the namesalloc() and free() given there. Anothereasy transplant is the function exit(),along with its companion _exit(),which neglects to close all open files.

Program chaining: Several Unixsystem calls support program chain-ing; of these, execl() and execv() are

appropriate for CP/M. The format forexecl() is

execl(name, argO, argl argn, 0)

char *name, *arg0, *arg1 *argn;

Here name is the complete path nameof an executable module; argO is arepetition of name as it would betyped from the default directory, andargl through argn are command-linearguments to be supplied to name. Toquote a charming illustration (fromchapter 17 of Volume 2),

execl("/brn/date", "date", NULL);execl(7usr/bin/date", "date", NULL);fprintf(stderr, "Someone stole 'date' \n");

If you don't know the number ofcommand-line arguments in ad-vance, the form

execv(name, argv)char *name, *argv[ ];

may be used. (This is similar to theconvention by which the function

main(argc, argv) is itself called.) Hereargv is a null-terminated array of char-acter strings; argv[0], argv[1],... is thesame as argO, argl,... above.

The function execl() is adopted byBDS C and Supersoft C, but in an in-compatible form. The term argO (ad-mittedly superfluous under CP/M)is omitted, and the list begins withargl immediately following name. Analternative would be to replace thename execl() with another; for exam-ple, chain().

The Unix "system" function: Im-plementing the Unix library routinesystem(string), which causes the systemto respond as if string were typed atthe command level, is a real chal-lenge. The difficulty is in making theprogram resume after the call com-pletes. The effect is similar to that ob-tained using overlays, but the flex-ibility is greater because no specialpreparation is required for the calledprogram. Supposing you can achievethis much, will addressing stringdirectly to CP/M's Console Com-mand Processor be satisfactory, or

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248 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

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This powerful small business computer passes higher-priced competitors with ease. Its dualprocessors — for CP/M® and Apple II*compatibility — open up the largestlibrary of microcomputer softwareand plug-in peripherals available today.This unique combination also providescompatibility with other popular languages, includingPascal™ and LOGO.™

The detached keyboard is a work of art and practicality.Lightweight and low profile, it features a full one-meter cordfor comfortable operation on your desk— or your lap. There'sa full 128-key ASCII character set. Fifteen user-definablefunction keys that can provide access to 60 distinct functions.A nine-key cursor control block. And a convenient eighteen-key numeric pad. For special applications, you can alsocustom map the keyboard with a simple exchange of ROMs.

And there's more. RGB and composite NTSC or PALvideo. Keyboard-selectable 80-or 40-column display.

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Circle 44 on Inquiry card.

would an intervening interpreterwith sophistication approaching thatof the Unix shell be preferable?

Some powerful utilities: There aresome Unix utilities that are worthy ofreproduction. The generic sorterqsort() and the random-integergenerator rand() are examples thatbelong in this category and will befamiliar to BDS C users. More am-bitious efforts are required to dupli-cate the routines supportingarbitrary-precision integer arithmetic(see MP(3X)), database management(DBM(3X)), or encryption (CRYPT(3)).They'd certainly be nice to have.

It is useful to have a

uniform and portable

means for reading a

real-time clock.

System clock: Many CP/M usersemploy a real-time clock (not, alas,for time-stamping files). It would beuseful to have a uniform and portablemeans of reading such a device; theUnix approach provides a reasonablemodel. There are the system callsstime() and time() for setting andreading the clock; time(O) returns along int equal to the elapsed secondssince 00:00:00 GMT (GreenwichMean Time) January 1, 1970. Unixalso provides a set of library routinesfor converting this to more familiarformats; for example, if t is the valuereturned by time(O), then gmtime(&t)returns a pointer to a structure thatlooks like this:

struct tm {int tm_sec;int tm_min;int tm_hour;int tm_mday;int tm_mon;int tm_year;

/* 24-hour clock */

/* day of month, 1 to 31 *//* month of year, 0 to 11 *//* year ■ 1900, e.g. 83 for1983 */int tm_wday; /* day of week, Sun=0,

Mon=1,... */int tm_yday; /* day of year, 0 to 365 */

int tm isdst; /* if !=0, daylight savings

time in effect */

}

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 251

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Ircle 49 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 253

localtime(&t) returns a pointer to astructure of the same kind, but withlocal time instead of GMT. Finally,the function asctime() accepts apointer to a tm structure and returnsa string of the form

Wed Apr 13 21:13:30 1983 \ n \ 0

It would also be nice to have availablethe date command (described in sec-tion 1 of Volume 1), which elicits astring in this format; or which, iftyped with an argument, is used toset the system clock, as in

date 8304132113.30

which sets the date shown above.Users who do not already own a real-time clock may find time() and stime()convenient primitives, for a count ofseconds can be maintained usingsimple hardware (or no new hard-ware at all, if interrupts are available).Owners of real-time clocks mightprefer that localtime() had been theprimitive function because it seemssilly to have to implement time() byreading a date that is then convertedto seconds since 1/1/1970, only tohand this back to localtime() to get thedate again. However, the conversionto seconds is no big deal, and thetransformation is a useful one tomake in any case. Many interestingproblems, from appointment sched-

uling to keeping track of the planets,involve computing the duration be-tween two points in time; this is a farmore natural operation when thosepoints are represented as elapsedseconds from a common epoch thanwhen they are encoded in theasctime() type format that is admitted-ly more suitable for display.

Difficulties Acknowledged

Functions like sin() or strcat() areclearly indifferent to the operatingsystem under which they are in-voked; translation from Unix toCP/M will be an issue only for func-tions that call on the Unix system in-terface. As I stated earlier, systemcalls that deal with concurrent pro-cesses, or that depend too intimate-ly on the structure of the file system,will be inappropriate for CP/M. Thedifficult ground occurs with Unixfunctions for which an analogous,but not identical, service makes sensefor CP/M. For example, chdir()changes the default directory underUnix and could be used under CP/Mto log a different drive or user num-ber. Likewise, the Unix system callsaccess() and stat() retrieve informationabout a named file and could bemapped into CP/M lookalikes. Theappropriateness of doing this is part-ly a subjective matter; you may feelcomfortable with the identification,or the analogy may seem strained by

the attempt to ignore the underlyingdifferences of the file systems. It iseasy to state criteria for translation—the meaning of the function is pre-served, and the result works well inthe new environment. The hard partis judging that these conditions aremet in specific cases.

An example of a bad translationmight be instructive. The system callunlink(), which deletes a file from adirectory, is entirely at home underCP/M, and I adopted it withouthesitation. Suppose I want to do thesame with its companion call link(oldname, newname), which creates adirectory entry "newname" as asynonym for the already existing file"oldname". CP/M does not allow twonames for the same file, but if I getrid of the old one, then I will havemerely renamed the file. Should Icoerce link() into performing therename() function under CP/M? Clear-ly, no. The essential idea of linkinghas been destroyed along with theoriginal file name. Common practiceis to coin the new function rename(),as in BDS, Supersoft, or Aztec C.

Other Inheritances

Beyond the standard library, mostof the CP/M C compilers support I/Oredirection and the argc, argv conven-tion for command-line arguments.The redirection itself is quite easy toachieve, but pipes are more trouble-

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some to implement, and only BDS Cdoes it, so far as I'm aware. It's easiestto have each program run to comple-tion and deposit its entire output ina temporary file, to be used as inputby its successor. But a more foolproofway is to limit the output of in-dividual programs—to avoid fillingthe disk—even though this adds theburden of round-robin management.Command-line arguments are alsoeasy to provide, except for the minordetail that CP/M refuses to let you doit! There's no legal way to capture, inargv[0], the name by which a programis invoked; thus, phrases like

if(argc==1) {

printff'usage: %s filename \n"

exit();}

argv[0]);

cannot be used with CP/M. Muchmore annoying is CP/M's insistenceon mapping its command line to up-percase; this makes it impossible torun a Unix C program in which thecommand-line switch -a has onemeaning while -A has another.

Devices as files: One of the out-standing features of Unix is itsuniform syntactical manner of ad-dressing files and devices. Some ofthe C compilers, including Aztec C,support this to a limited extent: thenames con:, 1st:, rdr:, and pun: cor-respond to the logical CP/M devicesso named. It is legal to open thelisting device for output:

FILE *lst, *fopen();

if((lst = fopen("lst:","w")) == NULL) {fprintf(stderr,"cannot open 1st: device \n");exit();

Then you can send formatted outputto the printer:

fprintfflst, "The square of %d isQ/od \n", i, \*\);

What is really wanted is the abilityto incorporate arbitrary new devicesinto the file system; by writing a setof drivers and associating them witha name, I should be able to "open"the named device, read from it, andwrite to it using standard libraryfunctions. Further, writing the

256 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 352 on Inquiry card.

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drivers should be sufficient; I shouldnot be required to recompile the stan-dard library.

This could be achieved in thefollowing way: a standard source file,devices.c, could be used to house alldevice drivers, these being, for eachdevice, the appropriate "flavor" ofopen(), close(), read(), write(), andlseek(). The compiled form, devices.o,would be available on the disk forlinking.

We might find, in devices.c, a struc-ture such as the following:

struct dev {

char *name;

/* device name */

int (*open)();

/* open function */

int (*close)();

/* close function */

int (*read)();

/* read function */

int (*write)();

/* write function */

long (*lseek)();

/* Iseek function */

} dev[] = {

{"plotter",pl open,noper,pl read,

pLwrite.noper},

{NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL,NULL}

/* mandatory last entry */

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The function names pLopen,. . .would be declared ahead of the struc-ture definition. A null function,noper(), simply returns 0 when called.

The standard library functionopen() must be written so that a givenname that is neither a file name nora CP/M device name (e.g., con:) canbe associated with an external device.If the name corresponds to entry nin the device array dev[ ], the filedescriptor returned by open() isn+MAXFD, where MAXFD is thenumber of file descriptors reservedfor files and the CP/M devices. Thesearch loop might appear:

for (i=0; dev[ i j.name != NULL; i++)if (strcmp(name, dev[ i ].name) ==0)return (i+MAXFD);return (-1);

The other standard library func-tions, such as read(), must know howto use this file descriptor:

read(fd, buf, n)int fd, n;char *buf;{

if (fd > = MAXFD)return (*dev[fd - MAXFD].read)(fd, buf, n);

}

Restrictions Inherent in CP/M

Beyond CP/M's mapping of com-mand-line arguments to uppercaseand its refusal to turn over the pro-gram name to argv[0], some otherproblems are hard to get around.Perhaps the most vexing of these isthat CP/M denotes the end of a lineof text by a carriage return followedby a linefeed. Unix employs just thelinefeed. The problem has its originin the teletypewriter code: the car-riage return and the linefeed cor-responded to physical actions on theteletypewriter; a separate newlinecode should denote the beginning ofa new line. As it stands, both CP/Mand Unix behave reasonably.

I suspect that implementers mustagonize over how to handle this sit-uation. For simplicity, consider out-put only: we might want to arrangefor putc() to write a carriage-

258 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

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BYTE August 1983 259

return/linefeed pair when given thenewline argument (LF). But thenputc() behaves improperly when weuse it to write a binary file. Aztec Cprovides two versions of putc(); thesecond version expands newlinecharacters to carriage-return/linefeedpairs, while the first does not. InC/80, a file is opened in either text orbinary mode; this determineswhether newlines are given specialtreatment on output.

My own inclination is to avoid allspecial handling of the newline char-acter: when writing ' \n' to a file ordevice, simply write the lone charac-ter as it stands. You can always passtext files through a trivial filter thatexpands the newlines to carriage-return/linefeed pairs. In the case ofcertain devices, such as the console,the lack of expansion is a nuisance,and it would seem that you shouldallow drivers for particular devices toprescribe special treatment of par-ticular characters. This is what Aztec

C does for the CP/M devices con: and1st:. Alas, that interfered with my at-tempt to perform even low-level I/Oto the 1st: device (an Epson printer)for graphics control.

Actually, I like the idea of havingthe device drivers rather than the for-matting function printf() (or worse yet,write()) perform the expansion them-selves. What is needed to resolve mygraphics problem is simply anotherdevice name for the printer—one thatexercises the same communicationports, but with a binary protocol.

A related problem occurs withdetection of the EOF (end of file) con-dition. Under Unix, a file may con-tain any integer number of bytes, andit is possible to read a file down to theend using a loop such as:

while (read(fd, &c, 1)) {

'}"

Because read() returns the number ofbytes actually read, a returned valueof 0 signifies EOF. Under CP/M, fileshave physical lengths equal to someintegral number of 128-byte sectors.A text file might not end on such aboundary; the CPMEOF (Control-Z)character is used to delimit the end

260 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

of the file. In the unlikely event thatone were reading a text file a byte ata time using read(), it would benecessary to modify the loop shownabove:

while (read(fd, &c, 1) && c != CPMEOF) {

Some Actual CP/M C Compilers

There are quite a few C compilersaround, three of which I've used toa significant degree: small-c, BDS C,and Aztec C. Each is remarkable inits own way. They will serve as illu-strations of how C has been imple-mented for microcomputers.

The small-c codegenerator producesassembly mnemonicsfor the 8080 but canbe made to producemnemonics for otherprocessors as well.

small-c: small-c is a subset of theC language and was created by RonCain, who simply wanted a compilerfor his home computer. It is de-scribed in his article "A Small C Com-piler for the 8080s" (see Dr. Dobb'sJournal, Number 45). The small-ccompiler is written in small-c and isfully compatible with Unix C. It hadto be; the first working version wascompiled on a Unix system.

Small-c has char and int data typesand pointers to each of these; thereare no floats, longs, multiply-dimen-sioned arrays, or structures. Controlstatements include if, else, and while;there is no for, do, or switch. Only asubset of the operators is supported,not including &&, ||, or the assign-ment operators + = , *=, etc. None-theless, the language is clearly useful:it served to write its own compiler.

Although it was not originally in-tended for CP/M, a CP/M version ofsmall-c is available from the CodeWorks of Santa Barbara, CA. This in-cludes full source code for the com-piler, which is in the public domain,and a run-time support library, whichis copyrighted. Many extensions ofthis compiler have appeared, includ-

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ing C/80 by the Software Toolworksof Sherman Oaks, CA, which imple-ments a more complete subset andproduces more efficient code.

Besides providing the student anextraordinary opportunity to probecompiler internals, small-c has theadvantage of being easily transportedto other machines. The code genera-tor, as written, produces assemblymnemonics for the 8080; it is a sim-ple matter to arrange for it to producemnemonics for other processors aswell. This has been done a numberof times; I did it for Texas In-struments' 9900, and my article"Small-C for the 9900" (see Dr. Dobb'sjournal, Number 69) gives somepointers on what's involved.

BD Software C: BDS C was one ofthe early entries in the CP/M worldand was the first (so far as I know)to adopt K&R as its guiding docu-ment. Despite this, it is not entirelycompatible with either the languagedefinition of Appendix A or the con-ventions of the standard I/O library.For example, BDS C assigns the oper-ators && and || equal precedence,whereas the much-photocopied page49 of K&R shows higher precedencefor &&; thus, an expression such as

a<b || c==0 &&d>2

will be evaluated differently by BDSC and regulation C. A declaration ofthe form

char (*bitmap)[R0WSIZ];

is useful for preparing bitmap tobehave like a two-dimensional arraywithout reserving storage space inadvance; but according to the man-ual, BDS C will treat the declarationas equivalent to

char *bitmap[R0WSIZ];

which is totally different. There isalso the business of standard libraryfunctions like fopen() and read() be-having differently than their identi-cally named K&R counterparts.

These incompatibilities, while un-fortunate, are not severe; withmodest effort, a BDS C program canbe converted to run under Unix.

262 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Conversion in the opposite directionwill, in general, be far more difficult,owing to BDS's lack of long ints,doubles, floats, static variables, andinitializers.

On the positive side, the BDS Ccompiler is exceptionally well suitedto the CP/M environment. Its libraryis equipped with the special func-tions you really need to use themachine: inp() and outp() for doingport I/O, bdos() and bios() for commu-nicating with the operating system,and convenience functions like kbhit()for testing console status.

More important, the compiler iswritten in assembly language andoptimized to give acceptable perfor-mance even on a relatively slow 8080-based microcomputer. (I've neverseen another compiler under CP/M-80 that could match its speed of com-piling and linking; debugging ses-sions can be quite lively, which isnormally only true with interpretedlanguages).

Aztec C: There are two compilersI use nearly every day: one runsunder Unix version 7 on my com-pany's own 68000-based microcom-puter, and the other is the Aztec Ccompiler that runs on my home Z80system under CP/M. I routinely movecode between the two machines andfind that, except for allowable arraysizes and execution speed, thebehavior in each environment is thesame. We have more than upwardcompatibility here: in the domain ofapplications programs, we are closeto functional equivalence.

Aztec C supports all language fea-tures defined in K&R Appendix A ex-cept bit fields. A healthy subset of thestandard library is supplied, alongwith source code. Even the mathe-matical function library, except for theBessel functions, is provided. Thatworks out well for me, because manyof the applications programs I writeinvolve FORTRAN-style numbercrunching.

Actually, the treatment of thescientific-function library has beendone especially well and deserveselaboration. You might suppose thatwriting routines for sine and cosineis not such a difficult task, but thereare many pitfalls for the unwary The

Unix C implementers took this prob-lem seriously and based their codeupon the mathematical treatise"Computer Approximations" by Hartet al. The implementers of Aztec Clikewise turned to expert authorityfor guidance, employing the more re-cent work Software Manual for theElementary Functions by Cody andWaite.

This book contains a series ofrecipes for writing the standard FOR-TRAN scientific functions. It also pro-vides a testing program for each ofthe functions, whereby the final ac-curacy may be assessed. Out ofcuriosity, I applied these tests toMicrosoft FORTRAN and obtained asurprising result: nearly every func-tion, in both single and double preci-sion forms, shows excessive loss ofaccuracy over at least some intervalof its domain. Aztec C, havingpassed these tests (in translatedform), may be considered reliable foraccurate scientific computation.

Aztec C is somewhat weaker thanBDS C in its CP/M interface. Thefunction getchar(), for example, buf-fers input until a carriage return isdetected; it would be more conve-nient, as in BDS C, to have getchar()return its value upon receipt of asingle character. The buffering actionis also performed under Unix, by theway; there, you get around it by turn-ing on a flag called CBREAK thatforces keystroke response. It can becircumvented in Aztec C as well, byredefining getcharf) or creating a newfunction, such as

#define getkey() bdos(1)

or else

#define getkey() bdos(6,0xff)

depending on the effect you desire.

Further C Compilers: Guidelinesfor Implementors

Several new C compilers have re-cently appeared, and more may beexpected to follow. In what wayscould these improve on what hasalready been achieved? Of coursethey must be complete implementa-tions; if Aztec C can do this, what ex-

cuse is there for providing any less?

Portability has to be a main con-sideration, especially given theemergence of progressively morepowerful microprocessors. A formalstandard is clearly needed; until it ar-rives, common sense suggests to methe following simple rule: do not re-define any of the functions appear-ing in sections 2 and 3 of The UnixProgrammer's Manual, Volume 1.

The temptation to alter a functiondefinition must occasionally be verygreat, as in the case of omitting argOfrom execl() or making the n in read(fd,buf, n) stand for a number of sectorsrather than bytes (both offenses areseen in BDS C). In the latter case, analternative would be to coin a dif-ferent name—say, secrd() instead ofread()—or, following the example ofWalt Bilofsky, the implementer ofC/80, retain the meaning of read(fd, buf,n) but restrict n to be a multiple of thesector size. A little discipline is allthat's required.

The discussion of the precedingsections reveals the Unix standardlibrary as a rich source of ideas forattractive features. Can system() bedone in a tasteful way? Can anythinguseful be done with interrupts(SIGNAL(2)) or communications(PK0N(2), PK0PEN(3))?

Bear in mind the role of C as a"high-level assembler." It is intendedto allow efficient access to thefeatures of the underlying machine,to provide the capabilities of an as-sembler with the advantages of an ex-pressive syntax. BDS C has set a fineexample with rapid compilation,modest object-code size, and appro-priate library enhancements such asinp() and outp(), bios() and bdos().More can be done.

The ability to open devices as fileshas already been discussed. This pro-vides a uniform interface to thedevice, which can be used freely inC programs. The drivers are easier towrite and maintain in C than theywould be in assembly language. An-other area that suggests itself is sup-port for ROM-based applications.Many compilers allow specification ofaddresses for code and data areas,but that is only part of what's re-quired. There should be convenient

264 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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mechanisms for excluding unneededparts of the run-time environment, inorder to minimize the size of thecompiled object.

I/O redirection is obviously worth-while, but it imposes a definite over-head, and there should be a meansof disabling it when it cannot beused. This is always the case for userswho run under a CP/M front end likeMicroshell, which handles the re-direction at a higher level.

The need for judgment to discernfeatures from bugs is illustrated bythe recent tendency to have the Ccompiler produce assembler outputtargeted for Microsoft's M80 assem-bler, despite the fact that L80 is nota suitable linker for a language allow-ing identifiers with 8 significant char-acters of mixed case (with theM80/L80 pair, you are limited to 6characters, and the case distinction islost). Aztec C supports M80-compat-ible output but also provides its ownassembler and linker that do the rightthing, and this is what I use eventhough the assembler lacks themacro capability of M80. After all,with C, one doesn't make heavy useof assembly-language routines;when, on occasion, they are re-quired, any working assembler willdo.B

Matthew Halfant is a mathematician who, assenior scientist at Bedford Computer Corp. (TirrellHill Rd., Bedford, NH 03102), is currently involvedwith the analytic representation of typographic fonts.He has taught numerous courses in subjects rang-ing from programming languages to microprocessor-based instrument design.

References

1. Kernighan, Brian W. and Dennis M. Ritchie.The C Programming Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978.

2. Unix Programmer's Manual, Volume 1, Re-vised and Expanded Version. Holt, Rinehartand Winston, 1983.

3. Unix Programmer's Manual, Volume 2.Seventh Edition, Holt, Rinehart and Winston,1983.

4. Cain, Ron. 'A Small C Compiler for the8080s," Dr. Dobb's Journal, Number 45.

5. Halfant, Matthew. "Small-C for the 9900," Dr.Dobb's Journal, Number 69.

6. Hartetal. Computer Approximations. RobertE. Krieger Publishing Company Inc., 1978.

7. Cody, William J. and William Waite. SoftwareManual for the Elementary Functions.Prentice-Hall, 1980.

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 267

Annotated C

A Bibliography of the C Language

You have probably read a great dealabout the C language, but just wherecan you find the books, articles, andreviews that will make this less-than-well-known language part of yourrepertoire?

While struggling to find reviews ofa C compiler that I was interested inpurchasing, I thought that othermicrocomputer users might be hav-ing the same problem locating infor-mation. This bibliography of 100items is my attempt to provide someguidance to the literature pertainingto the C programming language.

The material is listed alphabetical-ly by author in both book and peri-odical sections, and I have also pro-vided an index to the bibliography bysubject matter and type of C used(where applicable).

Finally, these are my own opinionsand do not reflect the views of BYTE.For me, C is the language for micros.To paraphrase a popular book, "Realmicrocomputers don't use BASIC!"

Books

01 Bell Telephone LaboratoriesInc. Unix Programmer's Manual:Volume 1 and Volume 2 (NewYork: Holt, Rinehart andWinston, 1983).

These two volumes contain a wealth

by Terry A. Ward

of information on C and particularlyits use with Unix. Volume 1 containsthe system calls and subroutines inthe standard C libraries and their call-ing sequence. Volume 2 has a reprintof the C programming language ref-erence manual, an article on lint (theC program checker), and technicaltours through the Unix C compilerand the portable C compiler by theirrespective authors.

02 Feuer, Alan F. The C PuzzleBook: Puzzles for the C Program-ming Language (EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982).

In this unique book, Feuer presentsfragments and sections of C code andasks, "What does this code do?" Usedin conjunction with a working Ccompiler and Kernighan and Ritchie'sbook, it provides an excellent way totackle the nitty-gritty of the languagein an enjoyable fashion. Caution: asthe author states, "Some of the codeis atrocious!' Style should be learnedfrom Kernighan and Ritchie. Feuerprovides interesting puzzles to helplearn the language. Heartily recom-mended.

03 Hancock, Les and MorrisKrieger. The C Primer (NewYork: McGraw-Hill, 1982).

This introductory book is paced slow-ly for beginners, with numerous

short examples that depict isolatedfeatures of the language. There aremore illustrations in this tutorial thanin any other C book to help clarifysome of C's unusual points.

04 Kernighan, Brian W. and Den-nis M. Ritchie. The C Program-ming Language (EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1978).

This is the definitive work on the Clanguage. Don't read any further un-til you have this book! Topics such aspointers are obscure, but the book asa whole is excellent.

05 Plum, Thomas. Learning to Pro-gram in C. (Cardiff, NJ: PlumHall, 1983).

The newest addition to the all toomeager C book literature. Designedto teach programming in C, with em-phasis placed upon the program-ming of portable C applications.

06 Purdum, Jack. C ProgrammingGuide (Indianapolis, IN: QueCorporation, 1983).

This is another introductory book onC, oriented toward using C on micro-computers. Most of the programs inthe first half of the book will workwith inexpensive subsets of the Clanguage, and often the equivalentprogram in BASIC is shown.

07 Zahn, C. T. C Notes: A Guide tothe C Programming Language

268 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Augusl 1983 269

(New York: Yourdon Press,

1979).A reference manual and tutorial forC focusing primarily on the portablefeatures of the language. All majortopics are covered and the book is anexcellent supplement to Kernighanand Ritchie (see above). Each chapterconcludes with a concise syntacticsummary chart. Recommended forany C library.

Periodicals

08 Anderson, Bruce. "Type Syn-tax in the Language 'C : AnObject Lesson in Syntactic In-novation," ACM SIGPLANNotices 15(3): 21-27 (March1980).

A technical and critical look at Cdirected especially at the "infelicities"of the typing of variables in C.Anderson considers the syntax of Cto be messy and irregular.

09 Anonymous. "Bell Labs' 32-BitC/UNIX Micro," Pipes andFilters 1(1): 4 (June 1981).

A brief report on Bell Labs' MAC-32microprocessor chip. The chip itselfis optimized for data manipulationusing C.

10 Anonymous. "BDS C Com-piler Version 1.45," Lifelines 2(9):39-41 (February 1982).

A notification and evaluation of anew version of BDS C compiler.

11 Anonymous. "The C Program-ming Language," Mini-MicroSoftware 6 : n.p. (1981).

A description and brief history of theC language, including a review ofKernighan and Ritchie's book.

12 Ashcraft, Steven E. "Ultra LowLevel Programming Using aHigh Level Language," inMicrocomputer Research & Appli-cations: Proceedings of the FirstConference of the HP/1000 Inter-national Users Group, Helen K.Brown, ed.; pp. 168-184(Elmsford, NY: Pergamon,1981).

This paper describes the use of C inthe implementation of a driver foruse with terminal type devices on aHewlett-Packard HP1000 minicom-puter. Includes a discussion of theadvantages and disadvantages of sys-tems programming in a higher-level

language. The C code for the driveris also shown.

13 Bailes, P. A. C. "A CoroutinePackage for C," Australian Com-puter Science Communications1(4): 306-309 (December 1979).

Description of a coroutine packagefor C. An interesting example of theextensibility of C.

14 Barach, David R. and David H.Taenzer. "A Technique forFinding Storage Allocation Er-rors in C-Language Programs,"ACM SIGPLAN Notices 17(5):16-23 (May 1982).

Technical description of a tool for thediagnosis of allocation errors in Cprograms. Consists of a traced re-placement for the standard memoryallocator, plus a program to analyzetraces. This technique is said to makelarge programs more robust.

15 Barach, David R. and David H.Taenzer. "A Technique forFinding Storage Allocation Er-rors in C-Language Programs,"ACM SIGPLAN Notices 17(7):32-38 (July 1982).

Same article as Barach and Taenzer(May 1982).

16 Birman, H. K„ L. N. Rolnitzky,and J. R. Biggee. "A ShapeOriented System for HolterECG Analysis," in Computers inCardiology, 1978.

Use of C in an application where as-sembly language would be usedtraditionally for speed considera-tions—medical signal processing.

17 Bolton, Bill. "Some Useful CTime Functions," Dr. Dobb'sJournal 6(8): 16-21 (August1981).

Nine time and date functions and ademonstration program for an S-100hardware clock board are presented.

18 Brooker, R. A. "A 'Datebase'Subsystem for BCPL," Com-puter Journal 25(4): 448-464.

Describes how one would organize adatabase structure in a language suchas BCPL. Contains a useful discus-sion of structural considerations. Theauthor notes that these ideas shouldbe transferable into a C environment.

19 Burkowski, F. J., W. F Mackeyand M. H. Hamza. "Micro-C:A Universal High Level Lan-guage for Microcomputers," in

Proceedings of the IEEE Interna-tional Symposium on Mini andMicro Computers (Canada/USA), 1977/1978.

A description of a subset of C for

small-computer use.

20 Cain, Ron. "A Small-C Com-piler for the 8080's," Dr. Dobb'sJournal #45: 5-46 (May 1980).

This is the original source for thesmall-c compiler. Complete sourcecode is included. The language isoften used by software experimenterswith this as the basis for modifica-tion. Small-c does not support float-ing-point, structures or unions, ormultiple-dimension arrays.

21 Cain, Ron. "Runtime Libraryfor the Small-C Compiler," Dr.Dobb's Journal #48: 4-15(September 1980).

Source code and description of theruntime library for the small-c com-piler (see Cain, May 1980). Thelibrary consists of arithmetic, logicalroutines as well as the I/O functionsfor small-c.

22 Christensen, Ward. "FullScreen Program Editors forCP/M-80: Ed Ream's Editor inC," Lifelines 3(5): 43-45(October 1982).

A review of Ed Ream's public-domaineditor. A unique feature of the editoris the inclusion of source code (allow-ing modification and customizationby the user). Versions are availablefrom the C Users Group or from EdReam. Available in both BDS C andsmall-c verisons.

23 Christensen, Ward. "FullScreen Program Editors:MINCE," Lifelines 2(11): 7-11(April 1982)!

A review of the MINCE editor (fromMark of the Unicorn). MINCE iswritten in BDS C and includes notesfor customization. MINCE featuresexcellent documentation, multipleedit capability, split-screen editing,and other EMACS-type features.

24 Christensen, Ward. "MINCERevisited," Lifelines 3(5): 45(October 1982).

Update of earlier review of MINCE(see Christensen, April 1982). High-lights MINCE's capability for split-screen multiple-file-editing capability.

25 Christensen, Ward. "The

270 AugUJt 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1983 271

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BYTE August 1983 273

CP/M Users Group Volume 48:Catalogue and Abstracts,"Lifelines 1(10): 15-16 (March1981).A description and abstract of the BDSC "sampler" disk available from theCP/M Users group. Programs includeLIFE, the AWARI game, and a pro-gram to "tabify" source code.

26 Cotton, G. "A Master DiskDirectory," Interface Age 6(11):104-105, 162-167 (November1981).

Describes a small-c program for amaster disk directory for CP/M sys-tems. Features include wild-cardcharacters and enhanced human-interface characteristics. Source codeis given.

27 Datapro. "An Introduction tothe 'C Language," Applica-tions Softivare Directory (Delran,NJ: Datapro Research, 1980).

A reprint and adaptation from CNotes: A Guide to the C ProgrammingLanguage by C. T. Zahn (Yourdon,1979). Contains a description of Cwith emphasis on the language's por-tability. Features examined includesyntax, declarations, initializers andstatements, machine dependencies.

28 Dobyns, Barry A. "MINCE:Not Just Another Editor," Dr.Dobb's Journal 6(4): 48-52 (April1981).

A review of MINCE, an advancedfull-screen editor written in C. Thesource code for MINCE can be pur-chased as well.

29 Elliott, Conal. "A Very GeneralProblem-Oriented CAI Sys-tem," Behavior Research Methodsand Instrumentation 14(2):165-169 (April 1982).

A description of a psychology CAIsystem written in C.

30 Feuer, Alan R. and Narain H.Gehani. "A Comparison of theProgramming Languages Cand Pascal," ACM ComputingSurveys 14(1): 73-92 (March1982).

The authors examine two popularlanguages—C and Pascal—in terms oftheir design philosophies, their han-dling of data types, the programmingfacilities they provide, and the impactthese facilities have on the qualityand reliability of programs. Finally,

the authors consider the varioustypes of tasks in which these lan-guages can be applied. C is favoredfor operating systems and utilitiesprogramming. Neither language isdeemed suitable for business pro-gramming. Pascal is favored in scien-tific programming because of itsgreater safety.

31 Fiedler, David, ed. UNIQUE(formerly The UNIX* SoftwareList) (Info Pro Systems, POB33, East Hanover, NJ 07936).

A monthly newsletter devoted tonews, announcements and analysisof the Unix-C marketplace. Expensive($20/year), but it includes news andinformation not otherwise available.Useful for keeping track of thisvolatile topic.

32 Fitzhorn, Patrick A. andGearold R. Johnson, "C:Toward a Concise SyntacticDefinition," ACM SIGPLANNotices 16(12): 14-21 (December1981).

The paradox of C as a systems im-plementation language vis-a-vis its"vague (and sometimes incorrect)"grammar description is discussed.The authors present a definition of Cthat incorporates into the syntaxmany of the semantics currently de-scribing the language. Advantages tothis approach include easier compilerimplementation and faster compila-tion.

33 Fitzhorn, Patrick A. "C:Toward a Concise SyntacticDescription: Appendix," ACMSIGPLAN Notices 17(8): 89-95(August 1982).

BNF (Backus-Naur-Form) descriptionof the C language in a more readableform than Fitzhorn and Johnson(December 1981).

34 Garrett, Roger C. "StructuredEnglish for the 'C Program-mer," Interface Age 6(10): 30-34(October 1981).

Describes an extension to C thatallows the expression of algorithms inEnglish-like phrases. Called C.plus,it is useful for the specification ofalgorithms. Global data references,local data definitions, and structuresare all discussed.

35 Garrett, Roger C. "More on 'CProgramming," Interface Age

6(11): 26-28, 158 (November

1981).A continuation of Garrett's descrip-tion of C.plus (October 1981) dealingwith executable statements, unaryoperators, and shift and increment/decrement operations. Source codeincluded.

36 Garrett, Roger C. "C.Pius(Conclusion)," Interface Age6(12): 34-38, 142-143(December 1981).

Garrett's concluding article on exten-sions to C (C.plus), including deci-sion and looping structures. Sourcecode included.

37 Gewirtz, David A. "An Intro-duction to the C ProgrammingLanguage," Microsystems 2(6):20-38 (November/December1981).

An introductory tutorial on C andevaluation of several popular C com-pilers (BD Software C, small-c, tiny-C Two, and Whitesmiths C). Dif-ferences in implementation arenoted.

38 Gewirtz, David A. "An Intro-duction to the C ProgrammingLanguage (Part II)," Microsys-tems 3(1): 50-58 (January/February 1982).

A tabular comparison of C compilerimplementations (see Gewirtz,November/December 1981) and pro-gram benchmark tests. Source codefor benchmark programs is included.Price-performance leader is BDS Ccompiler, while Whitesmiths C is theonly complete implementation of thelanguage.

39 Gewirtz, David A. "Reply toLarry Hamelin," Microsystems3(4): 12 (July/August 1982).

Gewirtz agrees with Hamelin con-cerning pointer clarification.

40 Gibson, T. A. and S. B.Guthery. "Structured Pro-gramming, C and tiny-C," Dr.Dobb's Journal 5(5): 30-33 (May1980).

Summary of structured program-ming concepts illustrated with tiny-C. Comparison of tiny-C with stan-dard C.

41 Gilbreath, Jim. "A High-LevelLanguage Benchmark," BYTE6(9): 180-198 (September 1981).

An examination of high-level lan-

274 August 1983 © BYTE Publication, Inc

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BYTE August 1983 275

guage performance using the Sieve ofEratosthenes algorithm on bothmicro- and mini-based systems.Source code is included for all lan-guages. PL/I-80 rates highest in ex-ecution speed, surpassing White-smiths C by approximately 10%.Other Cs evaluated include BD Soft-ware C and tiny-C. Note that versionsof BDS C include a modified Sieveprogram that would place it justbelow PL/I-80 in speed.

42 Gilbreath, Jim and GaryGilbreath. "Eratosthenes Re-visited: Once More Throughthe Sieve," BYTE 8(1): 283-326(January 1983).

An excellent update and revision ofthe earlier Gilbreath article (BYTE,September 1981) on the EratosthenesSieve program as a benchmark forseveral languages. After presentingnormal timing data, the authors alsoshow the effect optimizing can haveon benchmark speed. A secondbenchmark is presented that exer-cises the computer's operating sys-tem—language interface. The authorsmake two very interesting observa-tions concerning C: first, that "thedegree of compatibility among the Ccompilers is remarkable" (as theynote, no C standard exists); second,that "programming in C is fun, likedriving a small car." All in all, this isan excellent article on this specificbenchmark and the whole bench-mark approach. Source code forbenchmarks is included.

43 Hamelin, Larry. "Intro to the CProgramming Language,"Microsystems 3(4): 12 (July/August 1982).

Note to the editor concerning am-biguity in the description of pointersin the Gewirtz series (see DavidGewirtz's articles).

44 Hancock, Les. "Growing,Pruning and Climbing BinaryTrees with tiny-C," Dr. Dobb'sJournal 4(5): 37-41, 54 (May1979).

The use of tiny-C in implementing acomplex data structure (here, binarytrees) is shown. Extensive use anddiscussion of pointers. Source codeis included.

45 Hancock, L. "Implementing aTiny Interpreter with a CP/M-

flavored C," Dr. Dobb's Journal5(1): 20-28 (January 1980).Presents the implementation of asimple interpretive language onCP/M using the BDS C compiler.Useful discussion of the parts of aninterpreter. Source code is included.

46 Hendrix, J. E. "Small-C Ex-pression Analyzer," Dr. Dobb'sJournal 6(12): 40-43 (December1981).

Patches for three problems with theaddress arithmetic in the small-c ex-pression analyzer are given.

47 Hendrix, J. E. "Small-C Com-piler, v. 2," Dr. Dobb's Journal 74:16-52 (December 1982).

Improved version of the classic small-c compiler (see Ron Cain's articles fordetails of the original). Improvementsinclude code optimization, data in-itialization, compiler directives, andnumerous others. (Hendrix lists 18new features.) An excellent startingpoint for any C software hacker. Fullsource code is included. This seriesis destined to the same fame ac-corded the original small-c.

48 Hendrix, J. E. "Small-C Com-piler, v.2 Continued," Dr.Dobb's Journal 75: 48-64(January 1983).

Continuation of the source codelisting for a new, improved small-c.Details of the compiler can be foundin Hendrix's December 1982 article.

49 Hogan, W. L. "An Evaluationof a Raster Scan Display forUse in an Aircraft InformationHandling System" (Master'sthesis, Naval PostgraduateSchool, Monterey, CA, 1977).

Information system written in C.

50 Howard, J. E. "An Implemen-tation of a Codasyl Based DataBase Management SystemUnder the UNIX OperatingSystem" (Master's thesis,Naval Postgraduate School,Monterey, CA, 1978).

Data handling features of the systemare written in C.

51 Hughes, Phil. "BASIC, Pascalor Tiny-C? A Simple Bench-marking Comparison," BYTE6(10): 372-375 (October 1981).

The author uses a simple "card-shuf-fling" benchmark program to testthree popular microcomputer lan-

guages. Tiny-c fares poorly, but seeBYTE, September 1981 (pp. 180-198)for benchmarks of other compilers(BDS, Whitesmiths, tiny-C II).

52 Jackson, T. R. "Letter to theEditor," Microsystems 3(5):22-23 (September/October,1982).

This letter notes several problems inDavid Gewirtz's article series on Ccompilers.

53 Johannson, Jan-Henrik. 'Argcand Argv for Small-C," Dr.Dobb's Journal 74: 62-64(December 1982).

An enhancement to the Code Worksversion of small-c to implementcommand-line arguments and I/Oredirection.

54 Johnson, S. C. "A PortableCompiler: Theory and Prac-tice," in Proceedings 5th ACMConference on Principles of Pro-gramming Languages (1978).

A technical discussion of the designconsiderations in the first C compiler.

55 Johnson, S. C. and D. M Rit-chie. "Portability of C Pro-grams and the UNIX System,"Bell System Technical Journal 57(6; pt. 2): 2021-2048 (July/August 1978).

Discusses the theory behind the Cfeatures that enhance program por-tability. Case study presented withtransfer of programs from DEC to In-terdata systems. (See Gilbreath andGilbreath, January 1983, for examplesof portability on microprocessor Csystems.)

56 Joyce, J. "Review of The C Puz-zle Book," ACM ComputingReviews (June 1982): 286.

Contains a brief renew of The C Puz-zle Book (see Alan Feuer, 1982) sug-gesting that it can be useful in explor-ing interdialect differences in C im-plementations.

57 Kern, Chrit i uher. "A User'sLook at Tiny-C;' BYTE 4(12):196-206 (December 1979).

Includes extensive favorable analysisand review of the tiny-C interpreter.Highlights the program preparationsystem (written in tiny-C itself), aswell as the differences between C a n dtiny-C. Commends ' T ^ ^L,rsuperior documentation. Includestiny-C program sample with explana-

276 August 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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58 Kern, Christopher. "Printf forthe C Function Library," BYTE6(5): 430-434 (May 1981).

An enhancement to early versions ofBDS C that allows the very usefulprintf to be used in output process-ing. Allows printing of numericaldata in octal as well as variable preci-sion. Souce code and sample pro-gram using the function are in-cluded.

59 Kern, Christopher. "The BDSC Compiler," BYTE 6(6):356-362 (June 1981).

A product review of the BDS C Com-piler that notes the power and con-ciseness of C vis-a-vis Pascal. In-cludes a comparison of C and Pascalaimed at those "not ideologicallycommitted to the proposition thatPascal is the most congenial program-ming language." The only complaintsare with lack of floating-point (avail-able in library functions) and redirec-tion of I/O (also included in later ver-sions as library functions).

60 Kern, Christopher. "MINCE: AText Editor," BYTE 6(9): 150-160(September 1981).

A product review of the MINCE(MINCE Is Not Complete EMACS)editor, which is written in BDS C.Useful features noted include multi-file capabilities as well as the abilityto modify the editor to one's ownneeds. MINCE is a good example ofthe power of BDS C. One major com-plaint is that MINCE is slow. Kerncommends MINCE for excellent doc-umentation.

61 Kern, Christopher. "Microshelland Unica: Unix-style En-hancements for CP/M," BYTE7(12): 206-219 (December1982).

A product review of two Unix-styleoperating shells for CP/M. BothMicroshell and Unica are consideredto be useful enhancements to CP/Mby increasing the system's flexibilityand user friendliness. Note is alsomade that MARC is a complete oper-ating system, not simply a CP/Menhancement.

62 Kern, Christopher O. "TheScribble Text Processor," BYTE8(2): 302-309 (February 1983).

A product review of the Scribble text

processor. The companion processorto the MINCE text editor, SCRIBBLEmay be described as a high-level lan-guage for text manipulation. As withother Mark of the Unicorn products,documentation is superb (100-pageuser manual and a comprehensiveprogram logic manual). Kern notesthat SCRIBBLE is best when process-ing large, complex documents.

63 King, B. "The Flexibility of C,"CP/M Review 1(2): 22-23, 75(January/February 1983).

Brief and accurate discussion of C'sfeaures by an author "who refuses towork at a company that doesn't useC."

64 Krieger, M. S. and P. J. Plauger."C Language's Grip on Hard-ware Makes Sense for SmallComputers," Electronics (May 8,1980).

The authors (both of Whitesmithsand one of Software Tools fame) de-scribe C and its use in small-com-puter environments where portabili-ty between processors is important.Useful presentation of pointer arith-metic is included, as well as a de-scription of Whitesmiths A-Naturalcode (a narrative type of assemblercode). As the authors conclude, "Itis ironic that the ability to write verymachine-dependent code with C hasencouraged its portability. By fillingthe gap between assembly languageand traditional high-level languages,C has succeeded in wooing numer-ous converts from both camps."

65 Libes, Don. "Reply to T. R.Jackson," Microsystems 3(5):23-26 (September/October1982).

A reply to Jackson's letter notingtypographical and other errors inDavid Gewirtz's series of articles onC compilers (see T. R. Jackson,September/October 1982).

66 Madden, J. Gregory. "C: ALanguage for Microproces-sors?" BYTE 2(10): 130-138(October 1977).

An early (dark ages of 1977) article ex-tolling the virtues of C with a tutorialpresentation of its primary features.Notes I/O capabilities and controlstructures. Written before any micro-computer Cs existed, the article con-cludes with a hopeful "wait and C."

Today, one need simply "look and C"

67 Mark of the Unicorn, MINCEText Editor Documentation (Markof the Unicorn, 1981).

While it might seem unusual to in-clude a user manual for a specific texteditor in a bibliography on the C lan-guage, my reasons are many. First,MINCE is written in C, specificallyBDS C, and includes details on howto customize the editor using the Clanguage. Second, this manual is thefinest technical manual I have everseen. It even includes a section (ofsome 50 pages) that discusses theconsideration involved in implement-ing any text editor. Mark of theUnicorn is to be commended forusing C and providing means forsoftware modification. MINCE ishighly recommended as an excellentexample of a complete system. (SeeChristopher Kern's articles forreviews of the entire Mark of theUnicorn's text system—MINCE/SCRIBBLE.)

68 Mateti, Prabhaker. "Pascal Ver-sus C: A Subjective Com-parison," in Proceedings of theSymposium on Language Designand Programming Methodology(Sydney, September 10-11,1979); pp. 37-69.

Discusses Pascal and C, noting thatboth possess comparable data andcontrol structures. The programstructure of C is considered superior,although the power and ambiguity ofC also pose dangers to the program-mer. C's powerful features arecounterbalanced by its tendency forobscure code. As Mateti notes, "Ex-cellent programs can be written ineither language. ... I am concernedthat it is all too easy to write incom-prehensible programs in C."

69 McSkimin, J. R. "REDAS-ARelational Data Access Systemfor Real-Time Applications," inProceedings of COMPSAC 1978(Computer Software and Ap-plications Conference, 1978).

Interpretive database retrieval systemwritten in C.

70 Meissner, Michael. "Letter tothe Editor," ACM SIGPLANNotices 17(8): 84-88 (August1982).

Contains an extensive commentary

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on the Fitzhorn and Johnson article(December 1981). Clarification of thecomma (,) operator in C, as well assuch features of C as sizeof, arith-metic if, and types are included.Should be read in conjunction withFitzhorn and Johnson.

71 Mohler, Lorin S. "A Disk Align-ment Routine," Microsystems2(6): 70 (November/December1981).

A disk-alignment routine for Tarbellsingle-density drives written in BDSC. Source code is included.

72 Ness, David and A. Krigman."MINCE Editor from Mark ofthe Unicorn," lnfoworld (May11, 1981).

A favorable review of MINCE withspecial emphasis on its capacity forlarge file manipulation tasks and userextensibility and modification. Atypically thorough lnfoworld review.

73 Norris, Bill. "C-Bits (All AboutBDS C version 1.45)," Lifelines2(9): 37-38 (February 1982).

A note briefly describing the bugfixes, new features, the new linker,and the file sieve.doc (benchmarkingprogram).

74 Pipes and Filters (publication ofUni-Ops, POB 582, WalnutCreek, CA 94596-1182).

A newsletter/journal for Unix, C, andSoftware Tools news and trends. Auseful guide to the expanding Cfield. (See David Fiedler for a similar-ly useful newsletter.)

75 Plauger, P. J. "Review of The CProgramming Language," ACMComputing Reviews (January1979): 2-4.

Plauger considers C to be "one of theimportant contributions of thedecade to the practice of computerprogramming" and notes that Ker-nighan and Ritchie's book is thedefinitive treatise on the subject.Although the reviewer is concernedover consistency of presentation, thisis, all in all, a very favorable recom-mendation of the "C bible."

76 Pournelle, Jerry. "User's Col-umn . . . MINCE Is Not Com-plete EMACS," BYTE 7(7): 294,298, 300 (July 1982).

Pournelle reviews MINCE un-favorably, although he admits hisown prejudice. He notes the good

features of MINCE, but specificallyalso dislikes MINCE's habit of tellingthe user "things I don't want toknow." Concludes by saying thatothers like MINCE.

77 Pournelle, Jerry. "User's Col-umn . . . There's a New C Acomin'/' BYTE 7(12): 230, 235,236 (December 1982).

Includes a brief mention of the ma-jor C compilers available. The soft-ware developers' addresses are givenalong with brief evaluations.

78 Pugh, T. J. "MCALL-C: ACommunications Protocol forPersonal Comuters," Dr. Dobb'sJournal 5(2): 16-20 (June/July1980).

Communications software written inC.

79 Pugh, Tim. "BDS C, A FullCompiler from Lifeboat Asso-ciates," lnfoworld (March 31,1980).

Contains a review of the BDS C com-piler with comparisons to White-smiths full C compiler. Concludesthat BDS C could use improved error-handling capabilities but that interms of price-performance ratio,BDS C is an excellent product.

80 Reed, Adam. "An UnderlineFilter for Matrix Printers,"BYTE 7(3): 300-306 (March1982).

The author presents a program in Cthat sets the half-line spacing optionfor DECwriter printers, thus allowingfast, legible underlining of text. Thisis a useful example of the power ofC in system utility writing. Sourcecode is included.

81 Reid, Larry and Andrew P.McKinlay. "Whitesmiths CCompiler," BYTE 8(1): 330-344(January 1983).

An excellent discussion of the"cadillac" of C compilers, White-smiths C, which features full Unixversion 7 compatibility. The inclusionof I/O redirection and command-linearguments makes the user interfacefor Whitesmiths C programs muchmore friendly. With Unix 7 com-patibility, Whitesmiths C programsare extremely portable (however, notethe Gilbreaths' comments on the easeof portability in all Cs). Whitesmiths'documentation is excellent and the

system is heartily recommended bythe authors in spite of its high cost(about $550).

82 Reitz, Randy. "Small-VOS andSmall-Tools," Microsystems 4(1):66-69 (January 1983).

This article describes the use of small-c to implement 14 of the text-process-ing programs inspired by the bookSoftware Tools by Kernighan andPlauger. A short section is also de-voted to a discussion of small-c itself.

83 Ritchie, D. M., S. C. Johnson,M. E. Lesk, and B. W. Ker-nighan. "The C ProgrammingLanguage," Dr. Dobb's Journal5(5): 20-29 (May 1980).

The authors present an overview ofthe semantics and syntax of C. Thestrengths and weaknesses of the lan-guage are discussed, with theauthors concluding that C is likely toremain a high-level assembly-lan-guage replacement into the far future.Useful discussions of the C pre-processor, pointers, and derivedtypes are included. A highly recom-mended article (reprinted from BellSystems Technical Journal; see below).

84 Ritchie, D. M, S. C. Johnson,M. E. Lesk, and B. W. Ker-nighan. "UNIX Time-SharingSystem: The C ProgrammingLanguage," Bell Systems Tech-nical Journal 57(6): 1991-2019(July/August 1978).

An article from the source of C itselfdescribing the language, its power,and its problems. Note that there aresome discrepancies between this ar-ticle and The C Programming Language,Appendix A. Only the latter shouldbe considered the definitive descrip-tion of the language. This article hasbeen reprinted in Dr. Dobb's Journal "CIssue" (May 1980) and is highly re-commended.

85 Robertson, M. D. "An Ex-tended BASIC Compiler withGraphics Interface for thePDP-11/50 Computer" (Master'sthesis, Naval PostgraduateCollege, Monterey, CA, 1977).

BASIC compiler written in C to rununder the Unix system.

86 Rovegno, H. D. "Using C Lan-guage for Microprocessors," inElectro/77 Conference Record(1977).

280 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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A description of C with particularemphasis upon good documentationpractice.

87 Rovegno, H. D. "A Support En-vironment for MAC-8 Sys-tems/' Bell Systems TechnicalJournal 57(6; pt. 2): 2251-2264(July/August 1978).

A description of the support pack-ages available for the Bell System'sMAC 8 microprocessor system that isoptimized for C.

88 Runyon, John. "Review of CNotes: A Guide to the C Program-ming Language/' DEC Profes-sional (November 1982): 22-26.

Runyon considers the book C Notesby C. T. Zahn to be an excellent ref-erence manual to use as a supple-ment to Kernighan and Ritchie. Heestimates C to be a more "universal"language than either COBOL orFORTRAN.

89 Saloman, F. A. "SoftwareDevelopment for Micropro-cessors—A Case Study" Pro-ceedings of COMPSAC 1978(Computer Software and Ap-plications Conference, 1978).

A case study of the use of C in atraditional assembly-language appli-cation, a communications switchingnetwork.

90 Sethi, Ravi. "A Case Study inSpecifying the Semantics of aProgramming Language" inProceedings 7th Annual ACMSymposium on Principles of Pro-gramming Languages (Las Vegas,NV, January 28-30, 1980); pp.117-130 (ACM, 1980).

A very technical study of C usingdenotational semantics.

91 Skjellum, A. "Argnum—A 'CCommand Line Processor," Dr.Dobb's Journal 70: 10-31 (August1982).

An enhancement package to BDS Cto simplify the process of commandline argument interpretation. Com-plete source code is included and itappears to be easily modifiable andportable.

92 Skjellum, A. "Using C Insteadof Assembly Language," Micro-systems (5): 33-36 (September/October 1982).

Skjellum argues that C can be a re-placement language for the tradi-

tional assembly-language systemsprogramming tasks. Features are pre-sented (e.g., pointers, program struc-ture, local variables) that make C apowerful language for systems work.

93 Springer, Allen. "A Com-parison of Language C andPascal," Technical ReportG320-2128 (IBM CambridgeScientific Center; Cambridge,MA, 1979).

Another general comparison of Cand Pascal.

94 Stankowski, J. B. "The Designand Implementation of aGeneral Purpose InteractiveGraphics Subroutine Library"(Master's thesis, Naval Post-graduate College, Monterey,CA, 1976).

A subroutine library in C for useunder Unix in graphics processing.

95 Stroustrup, Bjarne. "Classes:An Abstract Data Type Facili-ty for the C Language," ACMS1GPLAN Notices 7(1): 42-51(January 1982).

A technical article that describes theconstruction of a new data type facili-ty in C, the class. This construct canbe used to restrict access to a datastructure or to a specific set of func-tions associated with it. Class is de-fined in the standard C language andsource listings are provided. Difficultreading, but an interesting exampleof C's extensibility.

96 Taylor, Jeff. "LIST-A Source-Listing Program for the C Lan-guage," BYTE 6(6): 234-246(June 1981).

A system utility written in White-smiths C that provides source listingoutputs for compiler error listingsand which uses RT-11 system-specificdate routine for heading. Sourcelisting included and should be adapt-able (without DAIE) to other pro-cessors and Cs.

97 tiny-C Associates. "BDS Soft-ware C Compiler" (tiny-C As-sociates pamphlet, n.d.).

Description of BDS C compiler.

98 Ward, Robert, ed. C UsersGroup Neivsletter (formerly, BDSC Users Group Newsletter). (CUsers Group, POB 287, YatesCenter, KS 66783).

An occasional publication directed to

all users of the C language in anvform. Emphases include notes of CUsers Group disks of public-domainC programs, as well as technical in-formation of interest to users of anyversion of C. Essential for all C users.

99 Whitesmiths C Programmers'Manual (Whitesmiths Ltd., 97Lowell Rd., Concord, MA01742).

A four-part manual describing theWhitesmiths C implementation withsections on run-time library portabili-ty issues.

100 Whitesmiths The C Letter(Whitesmiths; three issues peryear).

Publication by Whitesmiths for usersof its C language implementation.

Index

I. General and Introductory C Materials:01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 11, 27, 37,38, 40, 43, 52, 63, 64, 65, 66, 77, 83,84, 88, 92, 97

II. Reviews

A. C compilers:

1. BD Software C (BDS C), 10, 37, 38,

59, 73, 77, 79, 97, 98

2. C.plus, 34, 35, 36

3. Small-c, 20, 21, 37, 38, 47, 48, 82

4. tiny-C, 37, 38, 40, 44, 51, 57, 77

5. Other C versions 45, 77, 81, 99,100

B. C-based editors and text processors:

1. Ed Ream editor, 22

2. MINCE/SCRIBBLE, 17, 23, 24,

60, 62, 67, 72, 76

III. Benchmarks and Comparisons

A. Benchmarks:41, 42, 51

B. Comparisons of C with Pascal:30, 41, 42, 51, 68, 93

IV. Applications/Techniques

using C (hobbyist), 17, 20, 21, 26,34, 35, 36, 44, 46, 47, 48, 53, 58, 71,78, 80, 91, 92, 96

V. Applications/Techniques using C(advanced), 08, 09, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,18, 19, 29, 32, 33, 49, 50, 54, 55, 68,69, 70, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94,95 ■

Terry A. Ward is a programmer/analyst forAcademic Computing Services, University ofNorthern Iowa, Cedar Falls, IA 50614.

Augujt 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 283

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BYTE August 7983 285

Chisel Your Codewith a Profiler

This software tool can help you speed up compiled programs

The time and effort required toconstruct a software program for amicrocomputer application dependon the tools available. Without soft-ware tools it may not be feasible; withan assembler it may take months;with a compiler an application pro-gram can be written in only weeks.

A compiler is a tool that reducesthe amount of toil required to design,code, debug, and document a pro-gram by about a factor of 10. Unfor-tunately, this 10 to 1 advantage is off-set by at least a 2 to 1 size disadvan-tage. That is, a compiled program'sobject code is typically at least twotimes longer than it would be if theprogram had originally been writtenin assembly language by a competentprogrammer.

The amount of code generated isnot usually a problem. Each addi-tional 2000 bytes of code above asystem's limit require another

Editor's Note: The profiler program discussedhere, written in a combination of C and assemblylanguage, was developed on a Wintek Sprint 68microcomputer, a 6800-based software developmentsystem. However, this programming technique issufficiently flexible for you to implement it on mostmicrocomputers. . . S. J. W.

by Dennis Leas and Paul Wintz

EPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory) or ROM chip.Unless you plan to set up 1000 ormore identical systems running theprogram, the extra ROM per systemis preferable to the time and expenseit would take to write the program inassembly language.

On the other hand, some applica-tions are significantly hampered by

A profiler isolates a

section of the code so

that you can optimize

it for fastest

execution time.

the time required by the processor toexecute compiled code. If the com-piler produces twice as much code,the processor will take twice as longto execute the code. If the additionalexecution time cannot be tolerated,you must either rewrite the programin assembly language or find someway to make the compiler-generatedcode execute faster.

Enter the Profiler

A profiler is a computer programthat allows you to modify the com-

piled program in order to reduce theexecution time to nearly what itwould be if the program had beenwritten in assembly language, but atonly a fraction of the effort and cost.

Why It Works

If you analyze a microprocessorsystem that is executing compiledcode, you almost always find that theprocessor spends 90 percent of itstime executing 10 percent of the code.In other words, the processor spendsmost of its time executing a particularsubroutine or a small section of thecode. The idea is to locate this par-ticular section and then modify it toexecute faster. Clearly, finding thissection and rewriting it in assemblylanguage is preferable to rewritingthe entire program in assemblylanguage.

A profiler isolates a section of thecode so that you can optimize it forfaster execution time. If the executionspeed of this section of the code canbe increased by a factor of 2, the ex-ecution speed of the total programwill be increased by nearly the samefactor. The final product is a com-piled program that remains twice aslarge as the equivalent assembly code

286 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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but executes at about the same speedas if it had been written entirely inassembly language.

The profiler monitors an applica-tion program while it executes andthen computes and displays ahistogram of the length of time theapplication program spends ex-ecuting different subsections of itscode.

Our version of a profiler is an in-teractive program that first asks youto specify the section of code to beprofiled by stating a start address and

a stop address. The section of codeto be analyzed could, of course, bethe entire program. The profiler thendivides this section of code into 16subsections called "bins." As the ap-plications program executes, themicroprocessor interrupts every 1/6second and the profiler examines theprogram counter. If the value in theprogram counter (the instruction ad-dress) falls within the section to beprofiled, the profiler scores a hit andrecords which of the 16 bins containsthe hit. This process continues until

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the program finishes or one of thebins fills with a maximum of 255 hits.At this point you can elect to displaya histogram of the bin hits in a bargraph on a standard video-displayterminal or line printer.

Details of the Profiler

Our profiler's parameters werechosen mainly to facilitate writing theprofiler program. The number ofbins—16—is convenient for arithmeticoperations and as a number of barsto display in horizontal bar graph for-mat on a conventional video displayterminal. Six interrupts per secondappear to be sufficient and posed nodesign problems for our profilerbecause 8-inch floppy-disk drivesspin the disk at a rate of 6 revolutionsper second and generate an indexpulse once per revolution. (On theWintek Sprint 68 microcomputer theonly additional hardware requiredfor the profiler is a jumper on thefloppy controller module to feed theindex signal to an unused PIA con-trol line to generate the interrupts.)

Our profiler consists of an interac-tive part and a kernel. The interactivepart handles the user interface. Itprompts you to enter the FWA (first-word address) and the LWA (last-word address) of the section of codeto be analyzed. It then divides thisrange (LWA to FWA) into 16 equalbins and displays the bin size on thevideo screen. If the range is not amultiple of 16, it increases the LWAuntil it is, and so informs you. Theinteractive part of our version of theprogram was written in the Clanguage and compiled into 6800 ob-ject code on a Wintek Sprint 68microcomputer.

The kernel part of the profiler is aninterrupt-handler subroutine. As aprogram executes in the normal wayan interrupt occurs every 1/6 second.The kernel subroutine reads thevalue of the program counter fromthe stack and determines if it fallswithin the profile range. If so, itscores a hit, increments the ap-propriate bin counter, and ends witha return from interrupt. When a binis full (255 hits) interrupts are dis-abled and the program executes tocompletion. Our version of the kernel

288 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Inquiry card.

byte Aur»t iw 289

is a 20-line 6800 assembly-languageprogram.

At this point you can direct the in-teractive part to display a histogramon the video screen or line printer.The histogram is displayed as ahorizontal bar graph with the lengthof each of the 16 bars proportional tothe number of hits in the correspond-ing bin. The profiler scales the barsso that the longest bar is equal to 80(the number of characters per line ontypical video-display terminals).

A Case History

Wintek started the development ofa resident 6800 C compiler in 1979 bywriting it in C, using the C compilerto compile itself, and writing a 6800code generator. When first broughtup on Wintek's Sprint 68 microcom-puter, the C compiler ran too slow-ly; a test program required 10minutes and 45 seconds to compile.

We ran the profiler on the compileras it compiled the test program andobtained the histogram presented inlisting 1. Note that the processorspent about half of the 10 minutesand 45 seconds executing the code inthe range of 7898 to 8098 (hexa-decimal memory addresses). Wedecided to take a closer look at thissection by running the profile overthe range 7898 to 8098. This higher-resolution view, shown in listing 2,shows that the code between 7C18and 7D18 offered the best prospectfor improvement. Consequently, wecarefully rewrote these routines inassembly language to obtain amodified C compiler. Next, themodified C compiler was used tocompile the test program. The perfor-mance of the improved C compiler ispresented in listing 3. When compar-ing listings 1 and 3, keep in mind thatour profiler scales the histogram sothat the largest bin count is 80. Theresults show that we removed thebottleneck and reduced the executiontime from 10 minutes and 45 secondsto 6 minutes and 35 seconds.

Summary

The use of a profiler can greatlyspeed the development of compiledprograms. Because 90 percent of pro-gram execution time is required by 10

Listing 1: Output of our profiler from the examination of the C compiler as it compiled atest program. The histogram shows the relative number of times that the processor was inter-rupted while executing code within each of the 16 different memory locations or bins. Thelisting shows that code within the memory area of 7898 hexadecimal took the most processingtime to execute.

oi s

64

4898

5098

5898

6098

6098

7090

7898

8098

8898

9098

9898

A090

AG96

B09S

B398

CO 98

yo:

hit

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

**

*

**

**

*

**

**

PROFILE HISTOGRAMreco rded

*

**

*********************

*********************************************************************

*****************

***

**

*************

Listing 2: Modified examination of the C compiler as it compiled the test program. By redefiningthe area of memory recorded by the profiler, we gained a more detailed histogram showingthat the code within memory area 7C18 through 7C98 hexadecimal took most of the process-ing time.

0151707979

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!PROFILE HISTOGRAMts recorded

*************************************************************** *******

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Listing 3: Histogram for the revised C compiler. With the processing bottleneck removed,the listing shows a relatively even amount of time required for all sections of the compilercode. The execution time improved from 10 minutes 45 seconds for the original version to6 minutes 35 seconds for the revised version.

oi s

100148984C78509854?858985098409864 9868986C987093749878937C98809S8498

!PROFILE HISTOGRAMits recorded

*

***

***********************************

*********************

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**********************************************************************

*******

* * * * * ******* * * * * * * t. * i; * * * *

******* **^* :;•**:(■.» Y !',"** it ****************************

************************

percent of the code, modifying theslow 10 percent of the code will be amore efficient use of your time thanwriting the entire program inassembly language. By developingyour own profiler program you cansignificantly reduce the toil and timerequired for program development.■

Dennis Leas is a software engineer for Wintek Cor-poration (1801 South St., Lafayette, IN47904). Heholds a degree in electrical engineering from Pur-due University.

At the time the article was written, Paul Wintzwas president of Wintek Corporation. He has sinceretired from the company and is living in NewZealand.

290 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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A New Shape Subroutine for

the Apple

Athletes pole-vault, race cars spin,and fighter planes fire at enemy air-craft. Is this the real world? No, I'mtalking about fast, smooth animationon the Apple II high-resolutiongraphics screen. In the past year,dozens of new Apple II programshave achieved such awesome anima-tion capabilities that several years agomost Apple programmers wouldscarcely have believed them possible.After trying unsuccessfully to matchthe quality of the commercially pro-duced animation in my own assem-bly-language programs, I realizedthat the problem stemmed from thestandard Apple shape subroutinethat I was using to display the shapesI wanted to animate.

Standard Hi-Res Package

The hi-res (high-resolution)graphics package I was using is thestandard package supplied by AppleComputer. It once was supplied withall Apple II computers sold, and itcan now be found on the volume 3disk of the Apple Software BankContributed Programs, available fromApple dealers. Indeed, this packagewas eventually incorporated into theApplesoft language to add hi-rescommands. Written in machinelanguage, the package includessubroutines to clear the screen, plota point, draw a line, and draw ashape on the hi-res screen. Althoughthe clear, plot, and line subroutineswork well in animation, the shape

by Richard T. Simoni Jr.

subroutine is much too slow to allowshapes to move across the screenquickly, smoothly, and withoutflickering.

The speed of the shape subroutineis the most important factor in anima-tion for two main reasons. First, thespeed with which the subroutine canplot the shape, erase it, and plot itagain in its next position limits howfast any shape can move across thescreen. Second, in a typical anima-tion scheme, a shape moves from oneposition to the next in four phases,which correspond to the time re-quired to plot the shape, the time theshape remains on the screen, thetime required to erase the shape, andthe time that the shape is not on thescreen at all. These four phasesrepeat each time a shape moves to anew position. The time spent duringeach phase of the process determineshow fast the shape moves and howsmooth and flicker-free the animationlooks. To maximize the smoothness,the time used in plotting the shape,erasing the shape, and leaving theshape off the screen must beminimized, for the human eyeperceives these phases as con-tributing to the flicker of the image.On the other hand, if the amount oftime the eye sees the image whole onthe screen is significantly greaterthan the time required for the otherphases, the image appears to movesmoothly across the screen. Minimiz-ing the time the image is totally off

the screen is not difficult, for allcalculations for the next plot can bedone while the image is on thescreen; when the image is erased, itcan then be immediately plotted inthe new position. The times requiredto plot and erase the shape, however,are directly determined by the speedof the image subroutine. If the sub-routine is slow, the plot and erasetimes are long, and the image ap-pears to flicker as it moves across thescreen.

Representing Shapes

To understand why the standardApple shape subroutine is too slowfor most animation purposes, youmust know how the subroutineworks and especially how it expectsa shape to be represented in memory.A shape is represented by a series ofvectors in memory, with each vectorspecifying if a given pixel should beturned on. It also specifies which ofthe four adjacent pixels should be ad-dressed by the next vector. Thisscheme best suits the representationof simple, single-line shapes such asthose in figure 1. Unfortunately, if ashape must be filled in or if the shapehas any detail drawn within its boun-daries, as in figure 2, the shape'srepresentation is awkward and inef-ficient at best. In these cases it isoften necessary to overplot pointsand use many vectors that specifymotion without plotting. Moreover,if the shape is large, the sheer size of

292 Auguil 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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led in memoryon the hi-res

by a series of vectors,graphics screen.

these s

imple singl

'.-line closed

shapes are suitable for display

the vector table becomes unwieldy.When the time comes to plot theseshapes, the subroutine steps throughthe table, and each vector takes up acertain amount of time. If the vectortable represents the shape inefficient-ly, the end result is wasted time in theplotting of the shape.

Similarly contributing to the slowspeed of the shape subroutine is theinclusion of scaling and rotation fac-tors. In order to plot a shape, a call-ing routine must specify a scaling fac-tor that determines the plottedshape's size (actual size, double size,triple size, etc.) and a rotation factorthat determines the angle throughwhich the shape is rotated before

plotting. Although these factors areuseful in some applications, usingthem with shape animation rarelyproduces satisfying results, and thesecalculations slow the subroutineconsiderably.

A New Shape Subroutine

After realizing that the speed bot-tleneck in my programs was causedby the shape subroutine, I wentabout designing my own subroutinewith two criteria in mind. First, thesubroutine had to be high speed tominimize image flicker, and second,the method of representing a shapein memory had to allow complicatedimages to be plotted as quickly as

simple single-line shapes of the sameoverall size. One way to meet thesecriteria is to use a bit picture to repre-sent the shape in memory. In otherwords, the shape is represented inmain memory in the same form inwhich it is ultimately represented inthe hi-res screen memory when theshape is plotted on the hi-res screen.Plotting the shape is then simple andfast: the bytes representing the shapein main memory need only betransferred to the hi-res screenmemory. I used this technique inwriting a fast shape subroutinesuitable for animation.

The table of bytes that make up thebit picture is called the shape table.

(2a)

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Figure 2: The detail within these shapes makes their representation as vectors in memory inefficient; therefore, the standard Apple shapesubroutine is neither well suited nor easy to use for the display of these shapes on the hi-res screen.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 293

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Figure 3: To form a shape table, start by draw-ing the desired shape on graph paper, usingIs and Os to represent "on" and "off" pixels(3a). Next, split each line of bits into 7-bitgroups, padding the last group of each linewith Os if necessary (3b). Then, reverse theorder of the binary digits in each 7-bit group(3c) and convert to hexadecimal (3d). Lateryou must add height and width bytes asdescribed in the text.

A shape table is most easily formedthrough the use of the shape-editorprogram presented later in this arti-cle. To form a shape table manually,start by drawing the shape on a pieceof graph paper with one pixel persquare, as in figure 3a. Use Is torepresent on pixels and Os to repre-sent off pixels. Draw the smallestpossible rectangle that still encloses

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Listing 1: A fast shape subroutine that plots high-resolution shapes on the Apple II.

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ASSEMBLY LOCATION

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********* ****************************************** ******

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* SHAPE

SUBROUTINE WRITTEN BY RICHARD T. SIMONI, JR. *

1B00:

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STA

ADDRADD

ADDRADD = X-COORD/7

1819:

CB

46

INY

REMAINDER FOLLOWS IN TABLE

1B1A:

Bl

ED

47

LDA

(ADDRL),Y

LOAD REMAINDER FROM TABLE

1B1C:

35

F9

48

STA

SHFTNUM

SHFTNUM = REMAINDER

1B1E:

49

*

1B1E:

50

* INITIALIZE LOCATIONS ENDLN AND

WIDTH. ENDLN CONTAINS

181E:

51

* THE Y-

COORD OE

THE LAST LINE +

1. WIDTH CONTAINS THE

1B1E:

52

* WIDTH

(IN BYTES) OF EACH LINE.

1B1E:

53

*

1B1E:

A5

E3

54

LDA

YCOORD

1B20:

AO

00

55

LDY

»$00

1B22:

18

56

CLC

1B23:

71

EB

57

ADC

(START),Y

1B25:

85

FD

58

STA

ENDLN

ENDLN = Y-COORD+LENGTH

1B27:

C8

59

INY

1B28:

Bl

EB

60

LDA

(START),Y

1B2A:

85

FB

61

STA

WIDTH

GET & STORE WIDTH

182C:

C8

62

INY

182D:

34

FC

63

STY

INDEX

;INDEX=2

1B2F:

64

*

132F:

65

* L0OP1

IS THE

..OOP THAT IS CYC-

ED THROUGH ONCE FOR EACH

1B2F:

66

* LINE ON THE HI-RES SCP.EEN

132F:

67

*

132F:

A6

FB

68

LOOP1

LDX

WIDTH

;X-P.EG=0 (COUNTER)

1B31:

A4

FC

69

LDY

INDEX

1B33:

70

*

1B33:

71

* MOVE BYTES FOR LINE YCOORD FRO

>1 USER TABLE TO ZERO PAGE

1B33:

72

*

1333:

Bl

EB

73

LOOP2

LDA

(START),Y

;3ET XTH BYTE OF LINE

1B35:

95

19

74

STA

STARTZ,X

;STORE IN STAPTZ+X

1B37:

C8

75

INY

1B38:

CA

76

DEX

;MOVED ALL BYTES YET?

1B39:

DO

F8

77

BNE

LOOP2

;NO, LOOP

133B:

86

19

73

STX

STARTZ

;STARTZ=0

1B3D:

84

FC

79

STY

INDEX

1B3F-

80

*

1B3F

81

* SHIFT

THE BIT

PATTERN SHFTNUM

TIMES

183F

82

*

183F

A4

F9

83

LDY

SHFTNUM

;IS SHFTNJM=0?

1B41

FO

16

84

BEQ

SKIP

;YES, SKIP THE SHIFTING

1B43

18

85

LOOP3

CLC

;NO, START SHIFTING

1344

A6

FB

86

LDX

WIDTH

1346

08

87

PHP

;KEEP STACK IN ORDER

1B47

28

88

LOOP4

PLP

;RESTORE CARRY

1B48

B5

19

89

LDA

STARTZ,X

;LOAD ORIGINAL PATTERN

1B4A

2A

90

ROL

A

Listing 1 continued on page 300

the entire figure. Then split each lineof binary digits enclosed by the rec-tangle into 7-bit groups. If, as infigure 3b, the last group doesn't havea full 7 bits, add enough Os to the endof each line to bring the total up to7 bits. Due to limitations to thesubroutine, no more than seven 7-bitgroups per line are allowed. Reversethe order of the bits in each group,as shown in figure 3c. Convert eachnew 7-bit group into its hexadecimalor decimal equivalent, whichever ispreferred (figure 3d shows the hex-adecimal equivalent) and, readingacross each line left to right from thetop to the bottom line, recopy the listof numbers in table (linear) form. Thetable is now complete except for twobytes that belong at the top of thetable. The first of these bytesrepresents the height of the shape-in other words, the number of linesof digits in figure 3b; the second byterepresents the width of the shape in7-bit groups—that is, the number of7-bit groups used in each line infigure 3b. As previously mentioned,this width should be no more thanseven groups. The complete table inhexadecimal form for the sampleshape used in figure 3 is as follows:

05 02 78 07 14 04 12 0211 01 7F 00

The shape subroutine itself isshown in listing 1, and the lookuptables used by the subroutine areshown in listing 2. Before calling thesubroutine, several registers andmemory locations must be set upwith certain parameters, includingthe hi-res screen coordinates of thepixel where the upper left corner ofthe bit picture should be positioned.The low-order byte of the x-coordinate should be placed in the Xregister, and the corresponding high-order byte of the x-coordinate (either1 or 0) goes in the Y register. The in-coordinate goes in the A register (ac-cumulator). The low- and high-orderbytes of the shape-table starting ad-dress should be stored in hexadeci-mal memory locations EB and EC,respectively. The subroutine can thenbe called with the usual JSR instruc-ted continued on page 303

298 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Listing I continued:

1B4B:

2A

91

ROL

A

/ROTATE LEFT TWICE

1B4C:

08

92

PHP

;SAVE CARRY

1B4D:

4A

93

LSR

A

;SHIFT RIGHT ONCE

1B4E:

95

19

94

STA

STARTZ,X

,-STORE SHIFTED PATTERN

1B50:

CA

95

DEX

1B51:

EO

FF

96

CPX

»$FF

;ROTATED EACH BYTE?

1B53:

DO

F2

97

BNE

LOOP4

;NO, LOOP

1B5S:

28

98

PLP

;KEEP STACK IN ORDER

1B56:

88

99

DEX

1B57:

DO

EA

100

BNE

LOOP3

/LOOP IF YO0

1B59:

101

*

1B59:

102

*

CALCULATE HI-RES SCREEN

ADDRESS FOR FIRST BYTE TO

1B59:

103

*

BE USED

IN LINE YCOORD

1B59:

104

*

1859:

A4

E3

105

SKIF

LDY

YCOORD

1B5B:

B9

83 ID

106

LDA

LOSTRT,Y

1B5E:

18

107

CLC

1B5F:

65

EF

108

ADC

ADDRADD

1361:

85

ED

109

STA

ADDRL

1B63:

B9

73 IE

110

LDA

HISTRT,Y

1B66:

69

00

111

ADC

»$oo

1B68:

85

EE

112

STA

ADDRH

;GET ADDP. FOR 1ST BYTE

1B6A:

113

*

1B6A:

114

*

MOVE

SHIFTED BYTES FROM

ZERO

PAGE TO HI-RES SCREEN

1B6A:

115

*

MEMORY.

FOR NON-EXCLUSIVE-OR

PLOTTING, CHANGE

1B6A:

116

*

'EOR

(ADDRL) ,V TO 'ORA

(ADDRL),Y' (OPCODE $11).

1B6A:

117

*

1B6A:

A0

00

118

LDY

»$00

1B6C:

A6

FB

119

LDX

WIDTH

1B6E:

B5

19

120

LO0P5

LDA

STARTZ.X

1B70:

51

ED

121

EOR

(ADDRL),Y

1872:

91

ED

122

STA

(ADDRL),Y

,-PLOT BYTE ON SCREEN

1B74:

C8

123

INY

1B75:

CA

124

DEX

1B76:

E0

FF

125

CPX

»$FF

/THROUGH PLOTTING LINE?

1B78:

DO

F4

126

BNE

LOOP5

;NO, LOOP

1B7A:

E6

E3

127

INC

YCOORD

;YES, GO TO NEXT LINE

1B7C:

A5

E3

128

LDA

YCOORD

1B7E:

C5

FD

129

CMP

ENDLN

;MORE LINES?

1B80:

DO

AD

130

BNE

LOOP1

;YES, LOOP

1B82:

60

131

RTS

;NO, RETURN

1B83:

132

QUOTBL

EQU

*

1B83:

133

LOSTRT

EQU

* + 560

1B83:

134

HISTRT

ECU

* + 752

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

Listing 2: Lookup tables used by the listing 1 subroutine.

1B83-

00

00

00

01

00

02

00

03

00

04

00

05

00

1B90-

06

01

00

01

01

01

02

01

03

01

04

01

05

01

06

02

1BA0-

00

02

01

02

02

02

03

02

04

02

05

02

06

03

00

03

1BB0-

01

03

02

03

03

03

04

03

05

03

06

04

00

04

01

04

1BC0-

02

04

03

04

04

04

05

04

06

05

00

05

01

05

02

05

1BD0-

03

05

04

05

05

05

06

06

00

06

01

06

02

06

03

06

1BE0-

04

06

05

06

06

07

00

07

01

07

02

07

03

07

04

07

1BF0-

05

07

06

08

00

08

01

08

02

08

03

08

04

08

05

08

1C00-

06

09

00

09

01

09

02

09

03

09

04

09

05

09

06

OA

1C10-

00

OA

01

OA

02

OA

03

OA

04

OA

05

OA

06

OB

00

OB

1C20-

01

OB

02

OB

03

OB

04

OB

05

OB

06

OC

00

OC

01

OC

1C30-

02

OC

03

OC

04

OC

05

OC

06

OD

00

OD

01

OD

02

OD

1C40-

03

OD

04

OD

05

OD

06

OE

00

OE

01

OE

02

OE

03

OE

1C50-

04

OB

05

OE

06

OF

00

OF

01

OF

02

OF

03

OF

04

OF

1C60-

05

OF

06

10

00

10

01

10

02

10

03

10

04

10

05

10

1C70-

06

11

00

11

01

11

02

11

03

11

04

11

05

11

06

12

1C80-

00

12

01

12

02

12

03

12

04

12

05

12

06

13

00

13

1C90-

01

13

02

13

03

13

04

13

05

13

06

14

00

14

01

14

1CA0-

02

14

03

14

04

14

05

14

06

15

00

15

01

15

02

15

1CB0-

03

15

04

15

05

15

06

16

00

16

01

16

02

16

03

16

1CC0-

04

16

05

16

06

17

00

17

01

17

02

17

03

17

04

17

1CD0-

05

17

06

18

00

18

01

18

02

IB

03

18

04

18

05

18

1CE0-

06

19

00

19

01

19

02

19

03

19

04

19

05

19

06

1A

1CF0-

00

1A

01

1A

02

1A

03

1A

04

1A

05

1A

06

IB

00

IB

1D00-

01

IB

02

IB

03

IB

04

IB

05

IB

06

1C

00

1C

01

1C

1D10-

02

1C

03

1C

04

1C

05

1C

06

ID

00

ID

01

ID

02

ID

1D20-

03

ID

04

ID

05

ID

06

IE

00

IE

01

IE

02

IE

03

IE

1D30-

04

IE

05

IE

06

IP

00

IF

01

IP

02

IF

03

IF

04

IF

1D40-

05

IF

06

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

1D50-

06

21

00

21

01

21

02

21

03

21

04

21

05

21

06

22

1D60-

00

22

01

22

02

22

03

22

04

22

05

22

06

23

00

23

1D70-

01

23

02

23

03

23

0 4

23

05

23

06

24

00

24

01

24

1D80-

02

24

03

24

04

24

05

24

06

25

00

25

01

25

02

25

1D90-

03

25

04

25

05

25

06

26

00

26

01

26

02

26

03

26

1DA0-

04

26

05

26

06

27

00

27

01

27

02

27

03

27

04

27

1DB0-

05

27

06

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

80

80

80

80

80

1DC0-

80

80

80

00

00

00

0 0

00

00

00

00

80

80

80

80

SO

1DD0-

80

80

80

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

80

80

80

80

80

1DE0-

80

80

80

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

00

80

80

80

80

80

1DF0-

80

80

80

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

A8

A8

A8

A8

A8

1E00-

AS

A8

A8

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

A8

A8

A8

A8

A8

1E10-

A8

A8

A8

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

A8

A8

A8

A8

A8

1E20-

A8

A8

A8

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

28

A8

A8

A8

AS

A8

1E30-

A8

A8

A8

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

DO

DO

DO

DO

DO

1E40-

DO

DO

DO

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

DO

DO

DO

DO

DO

Listing 2 continued on page 303

300 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

SuperSof t FORTRAN

Now for CP/M-86, MS DOS, and IBM PC DOS

SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer tothe growing need for a high quality FORTRANcompiler running under CP/M-86 and IBMPC DOS. It has major advantages over otherFORTRAN compilers for the 8086. Forexample, consider the benchmark programused to test the IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld.p. 44, Oct. 25, 1982. (While the differentiallisted will not be the same for all benchmarkprograms, we feel it is a good indication of thequality of our compiler.) Results are as follows:IBM FORTRAN: 38.0 Seconds

SuperSoft FORTRAN: 2.8 SecondsIn its first release SuperSoft FORTRANoffers the following outstanding features:

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(la)

Coordinate

6502 Register

x low-order bytex high-order byte

y

XYA

(lb)

Address Byte

Memory Location

low-order bytehigh-order byte

EBEC

Table 1: Summary of parameters thatmust be set up prior to calling the shapesubroutine: coordinates of upper left cor-ner of bit picture (la) and starting address(hexadecimal) of shape table (lb).

Listing 2 continued:

Text continued from page 298:

tion. A summary of the parametersetup is given in table 1.

The subroutine works by taking theexclusive-OR of each affected bit inpage-1 hi-res screen memory with thecorresponding bit of the bit picture.This exclusive-OR plotting hasseveral advantages. First, a color neednot be specified; the shape is drawnby calling the subroutine once and iserased by simply calling it again withthe same screen coordinates. Second,any shape drawn using exclusive-ORplotting is nondestructive; that is,whatever the shape happens to plotover is restored when the shape iserased. This property can be used toform interesting backgrounds thatneed not be redrawn after shapes areplotted and moved on top of them.Cross-hair cursors are also free tomove around without destroying thescreen's previous contents.

Several details about the subrou-tine need to be explained. Zero page(hexadecimal locations 00 throughFF) of memory is used for temporarystorage; the particular locations usedwere chosen to avoid destruction oflocations used by the Apple Monitor,Applesoft, Integer Basic, and theDOS (disk operating system). Thesubroutine does not operate correct-ly without the tables shown in listing2. These tables may be stored any-where in memory, but are bestlocated immediately after the sub-routine in memory. Three pertinentText continued on page 306

1E50-

D0

DO

DO

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

SO

DO

DO

DO

DO

DO

1E60-

DO

DO

DO

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

DO

DO

DO

DO

DO

1E70-

DO

DO

DO

20

24

28

2C

30

34

38

3C

20

24

28

2C

30

1E80-

34

38

3C

21

25

29

2D

31

35

39

3D

21

25

29

2D

31

1E90-

35

39

3D

22

26

2A

26

32

36

3A

3E

22

26

2A

2E

32

1EA0-

36

3A

3E

23

27

2B

2F

33

37

3B

3F

23

27

2B

2F

33

1EB0-

37

3B

3F

20

24

28

2C

30

34

38

3C

20

24

28

2C

30

1EC0-

34

38

3C

21

25

29

2D

31

35

39

3D

21

25

29

2D

31

1ED0-

35

39

3D

22

26

2A

2E

32

36

3A

3E

22

26

2A

2E

32

1EE0-

36

3A

3E

23

27

2B

2F

33

37

3B

3F

23

27

2B

2F

33

1EF0-

37

3B

3F

20

24

28

2C

30

34

38

3C

20

24

28

2C

30

1F00-

34

38

3C

21

25

29

2D

31

35

39

3D

21

25

29

2D

31

1F10-

35

39

3D

22

26

2A

2E

32

36

3A

3E

22

26

2A

2E

32

1F20-

36

3A

3E

23

27

2B

2F

33

37

3B

3F

23

27

2B

2F

33

1F30-

37

3B

3F

Listing 3: This shape-editor program forms a shape table directly from a high-resolution screenimage.

100 TEXT : HOME : POKE - 16298,0: POKE - 16300,0

110 RESTORE : FOR I = 768 TO 774: READ J: POKE I,J: NEXT I:

3,3: DATA 1,0,3,0,45,5,0120 DIM S%(105),T%(212)

130 XMAX = 42:VMAX = 35:ML = 101:MT = 10140 H5 = "0123456789ABCDEF"150 DS = CHRS (4)

160 GOSUB 3100: GOSUB 3300: GOSUB 3400400 REM SHOW CURSOR POSITION ON GRID410 XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3420 REM WAIT FOR KEYBOARD COMMAND430 Q = PEEK ( - 16384): IF Q < 128 THEN 430440 POKE - 16368,0:Q = Q - 128

REM

REM CURSOR MOVEMENT COMMANDS

REM

IF Q < > ASC ("I") THEN 550

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

IF V > 1 THEN Y = Y - 1:CT = CT - 4

GOTO 410

IF Q < >

POKE 232,0: POKE 23

500501502510520530540550560570580590600610620630640650660700701702710

ASC ("M") THEN 590

1:CT

- 1:CL = CL - 4

THEN 700

+ 3

X + 1:CL = CL

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT +

IF Y < YMAX THEN Y = Y

GOTO 410

IF Q < > ASC ("J") THEN 630

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

IF X > 1 THEN X = X

GOTO 410

IF 0 < > ASC ("K")

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT

IF X < XMAX THEN X =

GOTO 410

REM

REM PLOT COMMAND

REM

IF Q < > ASC ("P") THEN 810720 ELE = INT ((X - 1) / 14) + 3 * (Y -730 BIT = (X - 1) - INT ((X - 1) / 14)740 A = INT (S%(ELE) / 2 " BIT)750 IF A / 2 < > INT (A / 2) THEN 810760 S%(ELE) = S%(ELE) + 2 " BIT

CT + 4

+ 4

1)14

770780790800801802810

FOR I = 2 TO 4: XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + I: NEXT I

HCOLOR= 7: HPLOT 29

GOTO 430

REM

REM ERASE COMMAND

REM

IF Q

+ X,62 + Y

(Y

1)

< > ASC ("E") THEN 900820 ELE a INT ((X - 1) / 14) + 3830 BIT = (X - 1) - INT ((X - 1) / 14) * 14840 A ■ INT (S*(ELE) / 2 " BIT)850 IF A / 2 = INT (A / 2) THEN 900860 S%(ELE) - S%(ELE) - 2 " BIT870 FOR I = 2 TO 4: XDRAW 1 AT CL880 HCOLOR= 0: HPLOT 29 + X,62 + Y890 GOTO 430

1,CT + I: NEXT I

900

REM

901

REM CLEAR SCREEN COMMAND

902

REM

910

IF Q < > ASC ("C") THEN 1030

920

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

930

VTAfl 23: PPINT "SURF YOU WANT TO ERASE THE SCREEN?"

940

GOSUB 3500

950

VTAB 22: CALL - 953: IF a < > ASC ("Y") THFN 410

960

FOR I - 0 TO 105:S%(I) = 0: NEXT t

970

GOSUB 3300: GOSUd 3400: GOTO 410

1000

REM

1010

REM TABLE COMMAND

1020

REM

1030

IF Q < > ASC ("T") THEN 1520

1040

VTAB 23: PRINT "SET CURSOR TO TOP LEFT CORNER OF":

AND HIT RETURN"1050 L5 « 1

Listing 3 continued on page 304

Augu»t 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 303

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Listing 3 continued:

106010701080

1090110011101120

11301140

115011601170

118011901200121012201230124012501260127012801290

130013101320133013401350

136013701380139014001410142014301440145014601470

148014901500151015201530160016011602161016201630164016501660167016801690170017101720173017401750176017701800180118021810182018301840185018601870188018901900191019201930194019501960197019801990

GOTO 430PL = X:PT = V

VTAB 22: CALL - 958: PRINT : PRINT "SET CURSOR TO BOTTOM RIGHT CORNER OF": PRINT "DESIRED BIT MAP AND HIT RETURN";L5 = 2

GOTO 4 30PR = X:P8 = V:L5 = 0

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

VTAB 22: CALL - 958

IF PL > PR OR PT > PB THEN VTAB 23: HTAB 1: POKE 50,63: PRINT "ILLEGAL BI

POKE 50,255: FOR I

PRINT "NOW FORMING SHAPE TABLE"

0 TO 212:T%(I)PT + 1:W ■ (PR

0: NEXT I

PL + 1) / 7: IF W <

T MAP CORNERS8: GOTO 410

VTAB 23: HTAB

FOR I

L = PB

t 1T%(0) ■ L:T%(1) = W:N =

FOR Y = PT TO PB

FOR X = PL TO PL + W *

IF X > PR THEN BN = 0: GOTO 1250ELE = INT ((X - 1) / 14) + 3 * (YBIT = (X - 1) - INT ((X - 1) / 14BN « 0:A = INT (S%(ELE) / 2 " BIT): IF

IF BN = 1 THEN T%(N) = T%(N) + 2 " Q

1 TO 2000: NEXT I: VTAB 22: CALL

95

INT (W) THEN W = INT (W)

2:Q

1

1)

14

INT (A / 2) < > A / 2 THEN BN

Q=Q+l: IF Q=7 THEN Q = 0:N = N

NEXT X: NEXT Y

HOME : POKE - 16303,0

VTAB 2: PRINT "DO V0U WANT TO SEE THE TABLE IN HEX": PRINTAL?": PRINT : PRINT

GOSUB 3500

IF Q < > ASC ("D") AND Q <Z ■ 0: FOR I = 0 TO L * W + 1Z » Z + 1

IF Q = ASC ("D") THEN PRINT

PRINT TAB( Z * 3); MIDS (H$,16 + 1,1);0: PRINT

1

ASC ("H") THEN 1280

OR IN DECIM

< 21 THEN POKE 34, PEEK (37)

ON DISK?

' ;N$

;N$

HTAB 1

TAB( Z * 4);T%([);: GOTO 1360INT (T%(I) / 16) + 1,1); MIDS (H$,T'*(I)NT (T%(I) / 16) *

IF Z = 8 THEN Z

NEXT I

PRINT : PRINT : IF PEEK (37)

PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO SAVE THE OBJECT TABLE": PRINT

GOSUB 3500

IF Q < > ASC ("Y") THEN 1470

PRINT : PRINT "WHAT DO YOU WANT TO NAME": INPUT " THE FILE?

FOR I=0TOL*W+l: POKE 16384 + I,T%(I): NEXT I

PRINT D$;"BSAVE";N$;",A$4000,L";L * W + 2

PRINT "FILE SAVED USING NAME ";N$

PRINT : PRINT : GOTO 1390

POKE 34,0: HOME : VTAB 2: PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO RETURN TO THE": PRINTSCREEN EDIT MODE?"

GOSUB 3500

IF Q < > ASC ("Y") THEN 2260

GOSUB 3100: POKE - 16304,0: GOSUB 3310: GOTO 410

REM 'RETURN' PSEUDO-COMMAND

IF Q < > 13 THEN 1600

ON L5 + 1 GOTO 430,1070,1110

REM

REM SAVE TABLE COMMAND

REM

IF Q < > ASC ("S") THEN 1800

XDRAW lATCL+l,CT+3

VTAB 23: INPUT "FILE NAME FOR SAVE?

VTAB 24: PRINT "NOW SCANNING IMAGE";Zl = 0

IF S%(Z1) = 0 AND Zl < 105 THEN Zl = Zl + 1: GOTO 1660Z2 = 105

IF S%(Z2) = 0 AND Z2 > 0 THEN Z2 = Z2 - 1: GOTO 1680

IF Zl > Z2 THEN Zl = 0:Z2 = 1

VTAB 24: PRINT "NOW SAVING IMAGE TO DISK";: VTAB 23: PRINT

PRINT DS;"OPEN";N$: PRINT D$;"WRITE";N$

PRINT Zl: PRINT Z2

FOR I = Zl TO Z2

PRINT S%(I)

NEXT I

PRINT D$;"CLOSE";N$

VTAB 22: CALL - 958: GOTO 410

REM

REM LOAD TABLE COMMAND

REM

IF Q < > ASC ("G") THEN 2100

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

VTAB 23: PRINT "SURE YOU WANT TO LOAD?"

GOSUB 3500

VTAB 22: CALL - 958: IF Q < > ASC ("Y") THEN 410

VTAB 23: INPUT "FILE NAME FOR LOAD? ";N$

PRINT D$;"OPEN";N$: PRINT D$;"READ";N$

INPUT Zl: INPUT Z2

FOR I ■ 0 TO Z1:S%(I) = 0: NEXT I: FOR I = Z2 TO 105:S%(I) = 0: NEXT I

FOR I = Zl TO Z2

INPUT S%(I)

NEXT I

PRINT D$;"CLOSE";N$

GOSUB 3300: GOSUB 3400

VTAB 22: CALL - 958: VTAB 23: PRINTELE = Z1:BIT « 0:CL = ML + 4 * ((ELE -CT = MT + 4 * INT (ELE / 3)A a INT (S%(ELE) / 2 " BIT): IF INT (A / 2) = A / 2 THEN 2000

FOR I = 2 TO 4: XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + I: NEXT I: HPLOT 30 + (CL - ML) / 4,63 + (CT - MT) / 4

Listing 3 continued on page 306Circle 231 on inquiry card. >

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Listing 3 continued:

2000201020202030204021002101210221102120213021402150

21602200220122022210222022302240225022602270300030103020310031103120

3130

CL = CL + 4:BIT = BIT + 1: -IF BIT < > 14 THEN 1980

IF ELE > = Z2 THEN GOSUB 3310: GOTO 410BIT ■ 0:ELE « ELE + 1

IF ELE / 3 = INT (ELE / 3) THEN CL = ML:CT = CT + 4

GOTO 1980

REM

REM

REM

IF Q

VTAB

HELP COMMAND

("H")- 958;

AND QPOKE

> ASC (16303,0

/") AND Q < > ASC ("?") THEN 2200

958: HTAB 2: PRINT "ACTUAL SIZE";: HTAB 21: PRINT

< > ASC21: CALL

GOSUB 3170

POKE - 16304,0

VTAB 20: PRINT : CALL

"VIEWING WINDOW"

GOTO 430

REM

REM QUIT COMMAND

REM

IF Q < > ASC ("Q") THEN 430

XDRAW 1 AT CL + 1,CT + 3

VTAB 23: PRINT "SURE VOU WANT TO QUIT?"

GOSUB 3500

IF Q < > ASC ("Y") THEN VTAB 22: CALL

HOME : POKE - 16303,0: POKE - 16298,0:

GOTO 9999

REM

REM SUBROUTINES

REM

HOME

HTAB 15: PRINT "COMMAND MENU": HTAB 15: PRINT " —

VTAB 4: PRINT "I,J,K,M"; TAB( 9);"CURSOR MOVEMENT": PRINT( 9);"PLOT POINT AT CURSOR POSITION": PRINT

PRINT "E"; TAB( 9);"ERASE POINT AT CURSOR POSITION":B( 9);"CLEAR SCREEN": PRINT

PRINT "T"; TAB( 9);"MAKE SHAPE TABLE": PRINT : PRINTAPE SOURCE FILE TO DISK": PRINT

PRINT "G"; TAB( 9),-"GET SHAPE SOURCE FILE FROM DISK"?"; TA8( 9),-"HELP (RETURN TO THIS MENU)"

- 958: GOTO 410VTAB 24

PRINT "P"; TABPRINT : PRINT "C"; TA"S"; TAB( 9) .-"SAVE SHPRINT "H OR

PRINT

3160

PRINT : PRINT "Q"; TAB(

9);"QUIT PROGRAM EXECUTION"

3170

VTAB 24: HTAB 10: PRINT

"HIT SPACE TO

EXIT MENU";

3180

GOSUB 3500: IF Q < > ASC (" ") THEN

3180

3190

VTAB 21: CALL - 958

3200

RETURN

3300

POKE 230,32: CALL 62450

: HGR : SCALE=

1: ROT= 0

3310

PT = YMAX + 1:PB = 0:PL ■

- XMAX + 1:PR =

0

3320

VTAB 21: HTAB 2: PRINT 'ALL - 958: PRINT

'ACTUAL SIZE";:

HTAB 21: PR I

3330

X = INT (XMAX / 2):Y =

INT (YMAX / 2)

3340

MR = ML + XMAX * 4:MB = MT + YMAX * 4

3350

CL = ML + (X - 1) * 4:CT

= MT + (Y - 1)

* 4

3360

RETURN

3400

HCOLOR= 7

3410

FOR I = ML TO MR STEP 4

: HPLOT I,MT TO

I,MB: NEXT I

3420

FOR I = MT TO MB STEP 4

i HPLOT ML,I TO

MR,I: NEXT I

3430

RETURN

3500

Q = PEEK ( - 16384): IF

Q < 128 THEN 3500

3510

POKE - 16368,0:Q = Q -

128

3520

RETURN

9999

END

"VIEWING WINDOW";: C

Text continued from page 303:tables are named QUOTBL, LOSTRT,and HISTRT. QUOTBL is a lookuptable used internally by thesubroutine to divide the x-coordinateby 7. LOSTRT and HISTRT are each192 bytes long, and they contain thelow- and high-order bytes of theaddress of the leftmost byte of eachy-coordinate in page 1 of hi-res screenmemory. For plotting on page 2 of thehi-res memory, a hexadecimal 20should be added to each byte in thetable HISTRT. Although I wanted thesubroutine to be fully relocatable, Icompromised this requirement infavor of additional speed. However,as I have written it, relocating thesubroutine requires changing onlythe two locations referencingQUOTBL in lines 38 and 41 of listing1.

A Note on Color

One of the most difficult aspects ofusing the Apple high-resolutiongraphics mode is trying to control thecolor of objects displayed on thescreen. This difficulty arises becausea color cannot be individually as-signed to each pixel on the screen;the color depends instead on suchfactors as whether an object is drawnwith pixels horizontally alternatingbetween on and off and whether theon pixels have even or odd x-coordi-nates. Through careful programmingand shape-table composition, youcan control colors in this mannerusing the shape subroutinepresented in this article. In newerApples, however, two more colors areadded to the hi-res screen by defin-ing the previously unused high-orderbit in each word in hi-res screen

memory. Unfortunately, these colorscannot be easily displayed using theshape subroutine because the sub-routine forces the extra bit in the hi-res screen to 0. For a completedescription of color in the Apple hi-res screen, see page 19 of the AppleII Reference Manual (Cupertino: AppleComputer Inc., 1979).

The Shape-Editor Program

Although it is not difficult to formthe shape table for a given shape, itis often time consuming. When writ-ing a program that uses shapes, yourarely know in advance the exact pix-el pattern that makes up the shape.Even if you know the pattern, you'reprobably not sure whether the shapewill look good on the hi-res screen.It might take you hours to develop asuitable shape if you have to writeout each trial on graph paper, formthe shape table, and use thesubroutine to display the shapebefore you can tell if it is satisfactory.This time-consuming method canbring the creative process to a halt.A more desirable situation would beone in which you could easily experi-ment with different shapes on the hi-res screen until you were satisfiedwith the results and then form theshape table directly from the screenimage. I had this concept in mindwhen writing the shape-editor pro-gram shown in listing 3. The programfeatures complete hi-res editing, bothactual size and a blown-up view ofthe shape being drawn, disk storageof the current shape (the source file)for future editing, and assembly of ashape table from any portion of thecurrent screen.

The editor program requires anApple II with 32K bytes of memory,a disk drive, and Applesoft in ROM(read-only memory). When you runthe program, the list of commandsshown in photo 1 comes up on thescreen. After you press the space bar,the left area of the screen becomesblank, and a grid appears on theright. The blank area is the "slate" onwhich you can draw different shapesactual size. Anything drawn also ap-pears enlarged on the grid, makingit easier to see details of the shape.Once the grid has been drawn, a

306 Augujt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

INC

LMC's 32-Bit VirtualMemory MegaMicro AchievesNew Price/Performance

Breakthrough

LMC's MegaMicros are among the most powerfuland expandable microcomputers ever offered. They provide main-frame or super-minicomputer performance at prices competitive withtoday's far less powerful 8- and 16-bit microcomputers. And, they areavailable for delivery now. A typical multiuser MegaMicro system whichincludes a half meg of RAM and 20 megs of fast (30 ms. average accesstime) Winchester disk storage as well as UNIX* C and FORTRAN costsonly $15,000 (and even less with OEM or quantity discounts). Theseare true multiuser systems allowing one to thirty-two users simulta-neously to address 16 megabytes of virtual storage per user processeven with very little true RAM.

LMC Mega-series computers incorporate: theNS16032 central processing unit which has true 32-bit internal logicand internal data path configured on the multibus (IEEE 796) 16-bitinterface (making hundreds of peripheral boards and products avail-able); demand-paged virtual memory implemented in hardware; andhardware 64-bit double-precision floating point arithmetic. These fea-tures give the MegaMicro remarkable performance.

In addition, the NS16032 instruction set architectureis symmetrical making the processor ideally suited to high-level lan-guages such as FORTRAN, C, and PASCAL and to structured modularprogramming. Consequently, LMC's MegaMicros make efficient use oflarge operating systems and are supplied with an implementation ofUNIX that includes the Berkeley 4.1 enhancements to take advantageof demand-paged virtual memory. Also included are C and FORTRAN77; PASCAL, PL/I, ADA and other high-level languages will be avail-able soon as options.

OEMs who wish to run C or FORTRAN benchmarksare invited to send evaluation code to LMC. Full technical specifica-tions and prices of LMC's MegaMicros are available on request.

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Circle 240 on inquiry card. BYTE August is*3 307

CQMH^NO NEHU

j,K,H CURSOR rtOUErlEHT

PLOT POINT AT CURSOR POSITION

ERftSE POINT AT CURSOR POSITION

CLEAR SCREEN

HAKE SHAPE TABLE

SAWE SHAPE SOURCE FILE TO DISK

GET SHAPE SOURCE FILE FROH OISKOR 1 HELP <RETURN TO THIS HENU>

QUIT PROGRAM EXECUTION

HIT SPACE TO EXtT nENU

Photo 1: The command menu that appears at the beginning of theshape-editor program (listing 3). This menu also appears wheneverthe Help key is pressed.

Photo 2: A view of the screen-edit mode of the shape-editor program.The figure on the grid is an enlarged view of the actual-size shapeon the left side of the screen. The cursor is the small horizontal linein a square above the lower left corner of the displayed shape.

small horizontal line appears in oneof the small squares in the grid. Thisis the cursor, which always shows thecurrent drawing position of theprogram.

Once the cursor appears on thescreen, you can execute any of thecommands listed in the menu (photo1) by pressing the corresponding let-ter on the keyboard. The letters I, J,K, and M are used for moving thegraphics cursor up, left, right, anddown, respectively. The Plot com-mand plots a point at the current cur-sor position, and the Erase commanderases the point at the current cursorposition. Neither the Plot nor theErase command causes any harm ifthe command has already been usedat the cursor position (e.g., if the Plot

command is used at a position wherea point already exists). The Clearcommand clears the screen afterprompting you to verify that thescreen should indeed be cleared. Byusing the cursor-movement, Plot,Erase, and Clear commands, you candraw the desired shape on the screenand modify it as many times asnecessary. A shape being drawn inthis screen-edit mode is shown inphoto 2.

With the Table command, you canmake a shape table from any segmentof the screen where you have drawna shape. After choosing the Tablecommand by pressing the T key, youmust choose the smallest rectanglethat encloses the shape; this is thesame rectangle chosen when forming

the shape table manually as pre-viously described. You specify theboundaries of this rectangle by mov-ing the cursor to the upper left posi-tion of the rectangle and pressing theReturn key and then doing the samefor the lower right corner of the rec-tangle. The corners are inclusive; thatis, the rows and columns that containthe corners become the outermostedges included in the shape table. Aportion of the rectangle selection pro-cess is shown in photo 3. After youselect the desired rectangle, the pro-gram will form the shape table. Thetime this takes (typically 15 to 30seconds) depends on the size of theshape. The completed shape table isdisplayed on the screen in eitherdecimal or hexadecimal form, de-

GRAPHIC SOFTWARE-

A self-teaching guide of 61 BASIC programs that willshow you how to write your own 2D and 3Dgraphics software: create 2D and 3D shapes,translate, rotate, scale, stretch, clip, remove hiddenlines, shade, perspective views, surface intersec-tions, animation, applications to science, business,engineering. Named 'The best book available formicro graphics' by Creative Computing. SpecialIBMpc version also covers separating text from gar-phics, hardware requirements and more.DBook 'Graphic Soltwire lor Mlcroi'-$21.95 D 'IBMpc Graphics'- $24□ Apple Disk $19.95 DIBMpc Disk $21,95

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18 programs to process and display business andscientific data: Pie, bar, stock market charts,histograms, 3D views of surfaces, log plots, semi-logplots, curve fitting, regression, statistical analysis.Data management programs create disk data files,recall, update, list, refile. Special features- text overgraphics, auto-scaling, auto-replot when datachanges. All programs in BASIC, modular, menudriven, fully explained. Use as-is or modify and com-bine for custom applications.

DBook 'DM Plotting Softwara lor Mlcroi'-$28.50DApple Disk $19.95 DIBMpc Disk $19.95

SOFTKITSJU: Our publications are called SOFTKITS. They contain ready-town programs written In BASIC listed alongside theory,equations and sample problems. This format allows you to learn how such programs are written, modify and combine them for customapplications, or use them as-is. Disks (Apple and IBMpc) contain the same programs In Applesoft BASIC or IBMpc BASICA..

308 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 229 on Inquiry card.

Photo 3: A view of the first step in forming a shape table. The desiredshape is selected by defining a rectangle enclosing the shape. Here,the user has positioned the cursor to the correct position to definethe upper left corner of the rectangle.

DO YOU HAHT TO SEE THE TABLE IM HEXOR IN DECIMAL?

78 67 84 83 12 12I 79 27 f1 28 7F 3F4 88 84 88 84 8E 1C

1 HAHT TO SAYE THE OBJECT TABLEDISK?

f*i°F

lav

HAHT TO MAME

Photo 4: A view of the screen after the shape-editor program hasformed the shape table for the shape shown in photo 3.

pending on how you answer aprompt. The program will then savethis object-file shape table on disk asa standard binary file if you so desire.You are then asked whether to returnto the screen-edit mode or end theprogram. Photo 4 shows the finalshape table formed from the sampleshape used in photo 3.

The Save and Get commands letyou store on disk and later retrieveany picture drawn in the screen-editmode. The Save command promptsyou for a file name and then saves todisk a representation of the shapedrawn on the grid. The Get com-mand can then be used to retrieveand display the picture as long as thesaved file remains on disk. Becausethe Get command erases any draw-

ing previously on the screen, you arefirst asked to confirm that a file is tobe loaded. Once the picture is re-trieved, it can be modified orassembled into a shape table just asif the picture had been entered usingthe keyboard commands.

The Help command (executed bypressing the H or ? key) returns youfrom the screen-edit mode to themenu shown at the beginning of theprogram for a quick command-lettercheck. Pressing the space bar returnsyou to screen-edit mode with thecontents of the screen unaltered. TheQuit command ends the program.Because any drawing on the screenis lost once the program is ended,you are asked to confirm the Quitdirective.

Summing Up

Using the techniques and pro-grams described in this article, youcan implement professional-lookinganimation on the Apple without hav-ing to work around the limitations ofthe standard Apple shape subrou-tine. Although I wrote my shape sub-routine with animation in mind, thesubroutine is useful in any graphicsapplications where detailed shapesmust be drawn. Using the graphicseditor as a development tool, virtual-ly any shape can be easily displayedon the hi-res screen. ■

Richard T. Simoni jr. (29 Farnham Park Dr.,Houston, TX 77024) is currently enrolled as a seniorelectrical engineering/computer science/math sciencemajor at Rice University in Houston, Texas.

MAIL LIST SOFTWARE-

a series of ready-to-use mail list programs arrangedin a tutorial sequence that show how to write mail listsoftware: Create random access data files, store ondisk, recall, update, sort by zip code, sort inalphabetical order, list, print mail labels. Programsprogress step-by-step from elementary file handlingconcepts and build to ready-to-use mail list software.Perfect for small businesses who want to customizetheir own software. Programs listed in the book inIBMpc BASICA; disks available for Apple and IBMpc.

□Book 'Mill Ult Software lor Mlcros'-$32.50DApple Disk $19.95 I IIBMpc Disk $19.95

STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE-

11 programs combining structural analysis withgraphics: Create a 3D mesh interactively, rotate in 3dimensions, store on disk. Then recall, do linear andnon-linear 3D truss analysis, linear 3D frame analysisusing the 'direct stiffness' method. Also do combinedstress analysis, calculate geometric properties ofbeam cross-sections. Truss programs graphicallydisplay deformed shape of structure. All programs inBASIC fully documented with theory, equations, sam-ple problems.

DBook 'Structural Analysis Software for Mlcros'-$42.50DApple Disk $42.50 [.IIBMpc Disk $42.50

TO ORDER: Send check on US bank, money order in US funds, VISA/MASTERCARD no with exp date to KERN PUBLICATIONS, POBox 1029BJ, Duxbury. MA 02332. Ad $2 per book 4th cl mail in US and Canada; $4 1st cl or UPS in US; $4.50 1 at cl Canada; $12 air Europeand Central America; $18 elsewhere. For faster delivery call (617)934-0445.

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A

The Debate Goes On . . .

A discussion of the future of microcomputer languages

I've written several large computerprograms. The two largest, an ac-counting package and my minimumdatabase do-all program, wereoriginally written in BASIC. Anotherlarge program, my interstellar tradergame, was written in Pascal. Recent-ly I've had to make extensive revi-sions in all three—with interestingresults.

First, I find it impossible to workwith BASIC programs. My account-ing package, although originally inBASIC, was long ago translated toCBASIC and from that to CB-80 (alsocalled Compiled CBASIC). Thetranslations make it possible to main-tain the programs. If that hadn'tbeen done, I wouldn't even try.

Example: my accounting programdoesn't do depreciation, becausealmost all my accounting is done tosatisfy the IRS, and the IRS wantsdepreciation handled in a ratherspecial way. When I first began usingmicrocomputers to keep my books,I wrote what I thought was a simpleBASIC program to keep track ofdepreciation. It didn't have to do

by Jerry Pournelle

much: simply list the item, when itwas bought, the useful life, purchaseprice, amount claimed this year, andcumulative amount claimed over thelife of the item. Each year I add newitems at the end of the list, then runthe program to figure and list outdepreciated items.

The program has some checking todo, of course; the last year's claimedamount can't make the cumulativeamount claimed be larger than thepurchase price. Also, if the item waspurchased this year, you can't claima full year's depreciation, and haveto prorate it by the number ofmonths you've used the equipment.Even so, it's a simple program.

It's simple, but this year it took meabout as long to update that simple-minded little BASIC program as itdid to add major new features to theaccounting package. When I get achance, I'm going to scrap mydepreciation program and write itover, probably in CB-80 because ithas to handle files, and I've still gotsome problems doing file handlingwith CP/M Pascal.

What I'm not going to do is put upwith normal BASIC programs, withtheir line numbers, cramped printoutformat, and the primitive text-editingcapabilities.

With CB-80 it's possible to writestructured programs. Moreover, thecompiler can be used to catch a lotof bugs. Example: my minimumdatabase has a procedure to checkthe size of any entry. This is useful,because entries that are too longcan't be printed properly (especiallyif they're to be printed on a mailinglabel). The original program got itsinput by calling a subroutine thatboth input the data and checked theinput length.

Alas, that's silly. If you forget tospecify the input length before call-ing the input subroutine, then the in-put length is checked against whatthe program was last told the inputlength should be; and that can causereally boffo problems. I know,because I did forget, not once butseveral times.

The remedy was simple: use afunction to get input and check

312 Augusl 1»83 © BYTE Publications Inc

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length. Define the function so thatyou must give it a maximum inputlength as a parameter when you callit. Now if you forget to do that, thecompiler will complain.

When I did this, it came to me withblazing clarity that I'd hit on a majorsecret of good programming practice:let the compiler do much of the workfor you. CB-80 is well designed to letyou write structured code with gooderror checking.

However: it doesn't force you towrite good code. You can still dothings the wrong way if you want to.Pascal doesn't force you to writegood code either, but it tries harderthan CB-80. Marvin Minsky (co-founder of the MIT Artificial In-telligence Laboratory) once said thatPascal was a voluntarily worn strait-jacket. In some ways he's right: oneuses Pascal precisely because it won'tlet you do certain things. This can beannoying when you're writing theprogram, but it's surely a blessingwhen, later on, you haul it out andtry to remember what you did.

With that for background, let'sspeculate on the future of computerlanguages.

Viable Languages

I used to worry about conductinglanguage discussions, because prob-ably half my readers don't write pro-grams. However, the mail indicatesthat even those who don't write pro-grams find the subject interesting. Itis, after all, a matter of some impor-tance: what languages will prevail inthe microcomputer field?

No one knows. I have some in-formed guesses, and I get a lot offeedback from both amateur and ex-pert readers; but I've lost the opera-tor's manual to my crystal ball, so mypredictions aren't 100 percentreliable. For all that, the subject is tooimportant to ignore, and every nowand then it's valuable to review justwhere things are in the field.

Let's set a ground rule. It's obviousthat microcomputers will continue togrow in capability even as theirprices fall. The distinction betweenmicrocomputer and minicomputer isalready blurred. In the next fewyears, memory will continue to drop

in price while system speeds in-crease; within two years, one will beable to buy the equivalent of a VAX—the top-of-the-line minicomputerfrom Digital Equipment Corpora-tion—for $6000 or so, what peoplenow pay for a good microcomputer.This future "microcomputer" willrun at 12 to 15 MHz and have a half-million to a million bytes of memory;in other words, the microcomputerwill in effect have the power ofmachines that people now pay$75,000 and up for.

What languages will programs forthe new generation of "microcom-puters" be written in?

The first thing to note is that "effi-ciency" of the language isn't veryimportant. There's enough comput-ing power and memory to make up.True, languages that are really slow,or waste great gobs of memory,aren't likely to become popular; butcheeseparing benchmark compari-sons won't matter a lot.

Given that, let's look at the can-didate languages.

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316 BYTE August 1983

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APL

APL, for those who don't know, isan interpreted language (like LISP orBASIC). It makes use of manycurious symbols, such as squashedsquares and bent arrows. It is verypowerful. You can multiply matriceswith a single command, invert themwith another, and do transforma-tions of the results with two morecommands. A single line of APLcode can do complex arithmetic,logs, trigonometry, and fairly com-plicated logical operations. Alas,APL has been described, with goodreason, as a "write only" language:you're just not likely to understandyour program an hour after you'vewritten it. Used interactively,though, it's hard to beat.

I foresee a place for APL in themicrocomputer future: it will turnsmall computers, especially porta-bles, into very powerful desk calcu-lators. It will already run on anOsborne 1,1 understand that they'reworking on a version for the Otrona,and I expect that trend to continue.If someone will write a good in-

troductory text, and APL imple-menters will do good tutorials withlots of examples, it's possible thatAPL will become quite popular forquick-and-dirty problem solving. Itwon't ever be as popular as BASICfor calculator-like computation, butit will contend with it.

FORTH and LISP

I expect LISP to absorb FORTH.Not completely, of course, becausenothing ever wins completely; but Iknow of nothing you can do withFORTH that you can't do with LISP,while LISP lets you do a lot thatFORTH can't even approach.

FORTH is sometimes used to writeoperating systems, and was for sometime the only powerful languageavailable to Atari programmers. LikeLISP, FORTH boasts a number offanatic adherents. My mad friendused to say that FORTH was a kindof assembly language that used theprogrammer as a preprocessor.

LISP (LISt Processing language)was one of the earliest "higher level"computer languages. It was written

by John McCarthy in the 50s and hasdominated the artificial intelligencefield ever since. It's a very strangelanguage, using peculiar notationand lots of parentheses; but it's verypowerful.

The main problems with LISP are(1) it's hard to learn from books,although not so hard to learn ifyou've access to people who alreadyuse it, and (2) it uses memory likemad, so that there haven't been goodLISPs for microcomputers.

FORTH has some similarities toLISP but doesn't use as muchmemory. People I respect have con-vinced me that LISP is much morepowerful than FORTH. Having halflearned both LISP and FORTH, it'smy opinion that they're equally dif-ficult to master; both require a goodbit of concentration, and you have towork until something clicks—whatthe Gestalt psychologists call "theAha! experience." They're alsorather easy to forget if you don't usethem regularly.

Incidentally, those who'd like "aLISP experience" without much in-

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vestment should get Daniel P. Fried-man's The Little LISPer. This ratherodd book "is a programmed textbased on lecture notes from a two-week 'quickie' introduction to LISPfor students with no previous pro-gramming experience and an ad-mitted dislike for anything quantita-tive." It has to be experienced to beappreciated; I found myself alter-nately fascinated and throwing thebook across the room. It certainlyshows—not tells, but shows—you alot about LISP.

As memory gets cheaper, smallcomputers get more powerful, andcommunications get simpler, I expectmany publishers will offer betterLISP interpreters (and compilers;LISP is a hybrid, with the possibilityof both interactive-interpretive modeand compiled mode), as well as moreonline tutorials, so that LISP will beeasier to learn. FORTH and LISPusers both tend to be fanatics. I'mneither, so it's only an informedguess, but I suspect that as LISPs getmore common, LISP will get the bulkof the recruits who would otherwisehave gone to FORTH.

COBOL and FORTRAN

Every time I say anything negativeabout COBOL, I get half a dozen let-ters reminding me that there aremany billions of dollars' worth ofCOBOL programs. Surely thosewon't go away?

I think they will. Not instantly, andI doubt that COBOL will vanish en-tirely, but I do not see a large placefor COBOL in the microcomputerworld. If it were going to catch on,it would have by now; and it justhasn't. That, in my judgment, is justas well. COBOL is a language whosetime has passed. It doesn't forcereadable code, it takes experts tomaintain large COBOL programs,and it doesn't have most of the fea-tures required for structured pro-gramming.

It does do certain things well.COBOL has built-in commands forsorts and merges and other fairlycomplex operations. On the otherhand, it's not hard to translate well-written COBOL programs into someother language, such as Pascal, while

320 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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322 BYTE August 1983

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those programs not easily translatedare generally almost impossible tomaintain. For that matter, you cancall some of those splendiferousspecial routines, such as Sort, frominside languages like Modula-2 . . .

FORTRAN is another languagethat won't go away entirely, but will,I think, fade into the background.For a while it looked as if FORTRAN,augmented by the RATFOR (RA-Tional FORtran) preprocessor, mightstake out a large place in microcom-puterland, but that didn't happen.

FORTRAN, which is very usefulfor crunching lots of numbers, is notall that well designed for anythingelse. You can write complex text-oriented programs in FORTRAN; theoriginal Crowther and Wood Adven-ture of the Colossal Cave was writ-ten in FORTRAN. It wasn't designedfor that, though, and FORTRAN pro-grammers usually must resort totricks to make it handle text well.

Because so very many COBOL andFORTRAN programs are in ex-istence, neither language will die;but as time goes on, most of those

programs will be translated intoother languages with better struc-tural features, while fewer and fewerprogrammers will use either lan-guage for writing new programs formicrocomputers.

PL/I

The PL/I programming language isvery popular among mainframe andlarge minicomputer programmers. Itwas one of the earliest of the "higherlevel" languages and one of the firstdesigned to allow formal structuring.It has good string handling, relative-ly good portability, and better in-put/output and file handling thanPascal.

In fact, considered a feature at atime, PL/I sounds nearly ideal. Mylate mad friend found it so attractivethat he wrote nearly all his programsin it.

There is a good implementation ofPL/I for CP/M microcomputers;what's more, it's not likely to goaway. Dr. Gary Kildall, president ofDigital Research and author ofCP/M, is a PL/I enthusiast. Much of

the original CP/M was written in asubset of PL/I. Kildall has committedDigital Research to provide PL/I forall CP/M upgrades; this presumablyincludes new systems based on the68000 and 8086 chips.

Despite these advantages, PL/Ihasn't caught on in the microcom-puter world. Joan K. Hughes wroteone of the standard PL/I textbooks(PL/7 Structured Programming) butwrote all the programs for her micro-computer consulting firm in CBASICbecause PL/I was not then availablefor CP/M microcomputer systems;later, she found that she had toomuch invested in CBASIC programsto change over.

Then, too, many computer users-including myself—do not find PL/Iprograms readable, nor is the lan-guage easily learned. "Easily" is, ofcourse, a relative term; PL/I is notmuch harder to learn than, say, FOR-TRAN. It has many more statementsthan Pascal, but PL/I programmersfind that a desirable feature.

Like CB-80, PL/I requires separatecompile and link operations, but

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both are relatively straightforward.When PL/I first came out, the onlymanuals were written in the earlyDigital Research style of high densi-ty and low readability, whileCBASIC had remarkably clear docu-mentation. This may have contrib-uted to CBASIC's early ascendancy.The newest Digital Research PL/Imanuals have been completely re-written. They are clear, readable, andfilled with examples. A lot of mini-computer programmers are quitefamiliar with PL/I. Therefore, nowthat the distinction between microand mini is becoming blurred, it'spossible that PL/I, despite its relative-ly late start, will experience rapidnew gains in popularity. The lan-guage certainly can't be counted out.

The C Programming Language

The "C" language was developedat Bell Laboratories. Until recently itsfate was intimately dependent on thefuture of the Unix operating system.In the past couple of years, though,CP/M versions of C have appeared.One, Leor Zolman's BDS C Com-piler, almost single-handedly madeC a formidable contender becausemany useful programs were writtenin it.

BDS C had severe limits; now lotsof C compilers without those limitsare available. In addition, CP/M-68K,the CP/M operating system for ma-chines using the 16-bit 68000 pro-cessor chip, comes with a limited Ccompiler. This will undoubtedlystimulate new users to learn some-thing of the C language.

C is popular, and both C and theUnix operating system have fanaticalsupporters. The language is power-ful and is certainly easier to learnthan assembly language.

The drawback is readability. C pro-grams are not self-documenting; onecould argue that there ought to be atleast one comment for each line ofcode. Alas, the programs are almostreadable, and while one is writing Cprograms the purpose of each line isquite clear, so that further commentsseem silly and are often omitted. Sixweeks later the program is nearly in-comprehensible.

A second problem with C—at least

with the compilers I have been ableto work with—is that it generates verylarge programs. For example:

/* A Very Simple Program. */main (){ printf("This is a very simple

program. \ n");}

is a program that merely prints thequoted message. (The \ n specifiesa "newline," i.e., carriage return andlinefeed.)

We compiled it with Lattice C,which is a well-regarded C compiler.The program itself is 384 bytes long.It compiles into 178 bytes of objectcode. It must be linked to turn it in-to a command file before it can berun. That produces a program 11,008bytes long. This seems excessive.

When we installed our M-Drive (a"silicon disk" program that deludesthe computer into believing that ex-tra memory is a very fast disk drive),we required a program to format the"memory disk." The program fur-nished us by Compupro was writtenin Whitesmiths C and was 16K byteslong. Tony Pietsch found this absurdand wrote a format program in as-sembly language: it was only 487bytes long.

There are good reasons for thisobesity. The C language wasoriginally intended for use with theUnix operating system, and much ofthe seemingly excessive code thatmust be packed into programs com-piled in C is there to compensate forthe missing Unix. We may under-stand this and still be unhappy at thecode size. There may be implemen-tations that don't generate superfatcode, but we haven't come acrossone.

C has become increasingly popu-lar—with fanatic supporters. It willcertainly survive. However, I don'texpect it ever to become a highlypopular language, and if I had to beton its future, I'd say that it will takea respectable niche, after which itsgrowth will be quite slow in com-parison to the microcomputer worldin general.

Until recently, those interested inlearning more about the C language

pretty well had to read The C Pro-gramming Language by Brian Ker-nighan and Dennis Ritchie. Thisbook is better written than manycomputer texts, but it isn't easyreading, and it was never intendedfor microcomputer users.

I have recently received C Program-ming Guide by Jack Purdum. I foundthis much clearer than Kernighanand Ritchie. Purdum's book hasplenty of illustrative examples andeven compares C programs withsimilar programs in BASIC. Itrecognizes that many readers will beusing CP/M systems and explainssome of the problems they may en-counter. There's a very good discus-sion of pointers; this is especiallywelcome because C makes extensiveuse of pointers. I recommend thisbook to anyone interested in learn-ing more about the C language. Readit before trying to tackle Kernighanand Ritchie.

I have a large number of C com-pilers and hope to do an extensivecomparison of them for a futureissue.

Pascal and Modula-2

Pascal has been the real successstory in microcomputing. Last yearmore books were published aboutPascal than about BASIC. (By books,I mean titles; there were probablymore copies sold of BASIC booksthan Pascal books.)

The Pascal language was devisedby Prof. Niklaus Wirth of Zurich. Itwas originally intended as a teachinglanguage that would force studentsto write readable, structured pro-grams, and thus train them to thinkabout programming in a logical way.It generated a number of enthusiasticconverts who developed Pascal intoa practical language. The structuredfeatures caused many program bugsto be caught by the compiler, so thatonce a program written in Pascal ismade to run, it often runs properlywithout much debugging.

Pascal is now taught in manyuniversities. Some even requirePascal proficiency for graduation inany science. Pascal courses are foundin high schools, and that practice isalso spreading. Thus the language

324 Auguil 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE August 1983 325

M

"THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD"OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

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64K RAM

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available to the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

Running at 2.5 MHZ. Handles all 4116 RAM relresh and supports Mode 2INTERUPTS. Fully buffered and runs 8080 software.

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

With a crisp, dicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors. Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case.

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80 SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communication. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price for all parts and connectors: $39.95

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Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for Input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

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BLANK PC BOARD — $119The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with fulldocumentation (including schematics), the character ROM,the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the sourceof our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

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Through special arrangement with CDL we offer a powerful package of TDL Z-80software that has a suggested retail of almost $600. Includes: Extended DiskBusiness Basic, ZEDIT text editor, MACRO II Macro Assembler, LINKER,DEBUG I and DEBUG II. Supplied on 8 in. diskette with extensive manual.

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Circle 145 on inquiry card.

has a secure place and is probablysecond only to BASIC in popularityamong microcomputer users.

Pascal does have some very severedrawbacks, particularly as imple-mented for small computers. Theoriginal language had primitive (andnot well-designed) input/outputstructures, so that most I/O has to bedone through extensions to the lan-guage. The extensions have not beenstandardized, which compromisesportability. (Portability refers to theease of getting programs that run onone kind of machine to run on anyother.) The language also has inter-nal limits. Many of them have beendiscussed at length in previouscolumns.

Most of Pascal's deficiencies havebeen corrected in Niklaus Wirth'snewest language, called Modula-2.As I write this, we don't have manyimplementations of Modula-2; butthe two potential U.S. publishers ofModula-2 for microcomputers, Voli-tion Systems of San Diego and Logi-tech of Palo Alto, promise new com-pilers Real Soon Now. Fortunately,the two companies are in communi-cation and seem willing to agree onstandard ways of extending Modula-2. They may set a de facto standardthat newer publishers will have tomeet, and thus avoid the cacophonyof dialects that afflicts Pascal.

My experience has been that Pascalprogrammers tend to becomeModula-2 enthusiasts. Much of theexcitement and popularity of Pascalmay thus be transferred to Modula-2.There are good reasons for this.Modula-2 is more powerful thanPascal and a lot easier to use. It is alsovery easy to translate Pascal pro-grams into Modula-2; 90 percent ormore of the work can be done by atranslator program written inModula-2. Add that Modula-2 is suit-able for writing systems programs—I've seen a very powerful operatingsystem written in Modula-2—and it'snot hard to predict that Modula-2will become increasingly morepopular as it becomes available.

My own prediction is thatModula-2 will swallow a good chunkof both Pascal and C. So far notmany experts join me in that fore-

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Circle 150 on inquiry card.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 327

Items Cited

Augusta

Computer Linguistics

POB 390145

Mountain View, CA 94039

CB-80

Pascal MT+ with Speed Programming Package

Digital ResearchPOB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950(408) 649-3896

Janus Compiler

R&R SoftwarePOB 1512Madison, WI 53701(608) 244-6436

Lattice C

Lifeboat Associates1651 Third Ave.New York, NY 10028(212) 860-0300

Books Cited

C Programming Guide

Jack Purdum. Indianapolis: Que Corporation, 1983, 250 pages, software.

Not available

$500$500

8080/8085 $3008088/8086 $400

$500

$17.95

The Little LISPer $3.95

Daniel P. Friedman. Palo Alto, CA: Science Research Associates, 1974, 64 pages, softcover.

cast, but I've seen nothing to makeme change my views on the matter.

Ada

The Department of Defense esti-mated that if all DOD programs werewritten in a single language, theresulting savings would run tobillions of dollars. After long con-sideration by a number of middle-and high-level committees, Ada wascreated to be the DOD programminglanguage.

Ada will certainly have a largeplace in the computer world; anylanguage supported by the Depart-ment of Defense would have to. AsI've said before, learning to programin Ada is surefire job insurance.

Ada was designed by a committee,and it shows: it has tons of bells,whistles, features, and gimmicks.This tends to complicate the lan-guage, and some computer scienceexperts have professed concern:given the complexity of Ada, howcan you verify the language? That is:

can you be sure the compiler is do-ing all—and only—what you think itwill, or can there be mysteriousunintended side effects? If one sideeffect is to launch a missile withoutpermission, all the savings resultingfrom Ada's creation could literally goup in smoke.

It's very hard to estimate Ada'sfuture in the microcomputer world.No full Ada compilers for microcom-puters are yet available, and thissituation isn't likely to change for awhile. I think Ada's future in micro-computerland depends in large parton just how quickly we get an Adacompiler we can use.

Incidentally, I have just receivedAugusta, a program that compiles asubset of Ada on the Z80. It has on-ly just come, so I have been unableto compare it with Janus (the otherAda-subset compiler for microcom-puter systems). Augusta seems torun, and the manual is written inclear English with numerous ex-amples. It does not support pack-

ages, multitasking, real numbers,enumerated types, user-definedtypes and records, or exception errorhandling. I find the Janus documen-tation more complete and betterorganized, but this is impressionistic,not based on detailed objectivecomparison.

Bottom Line

If I had to pick a single languagefor future microcomputers, it wouldbe Modula-2. That, however, isbased on certain expectations aboutfuture Modula-2 implementations;just now (May Day 1983) I have noModula-2 for CP/M systems.

If I were going to buy and learnone single language of those avail-able today, I'd be hard put to choose.The two I'd consider would be CB-80and Pascal MT+ with the Speed Pro-gramming Package. Both PascalMT+ and CB-80 are expensive; theterm "overpriced" is a value judg-ment I find myself tempted to use.Even so, I like Pascal MT+ some-what better than I do the other Pascalimplementations I have.

Deciding between Pascal andCB-80 isn't easy. Pascal, which alsoserves as a good introduction toModula-2, is probably the more valu-able to have learned over the longhaul; but I find just now that I useCB-80 (and CB-86) more than I usePascal.

It may be, of course, that I'vemissed the real contender; that Logo,Smalltalk, or some such will sweepthe field. I don't think that will hap-pen, but it isn't impossible.

The language debate will con-tinue. ■

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' com-ments and opinions. Send a self-addressedenvelope to Jerry Pournelle, c/o BYTEPublications, POB 372, Hancock, NH03449. Please put your address on the let-ter as well as on the envelope. Due to thehigh volume of letters, Jerry cannotguarantee a personal reply.

Jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer andcurrent science-fiction ivn'tpi who loves to play withcomputers.

328 Augu«t 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Advanced Digital has found theperfect match to its powerful,high-speed SUPER SIX singleboard computer. It's DigitalResearch's new CP/M 3.0.Because of SUPER SIX's 128KB of RAM. it is the onlyS-100 board to support CP/M3.0 in the banked mode; or runCP/M 2.2 with 64 KB of extrabuffer.

SUPER SIX & TurboDOS™ANOTHER PERFECT MATCH

When you combine theTurboDOS multi-user operatingsystem with the 6 MHz SUPERSIX, you'll find your systemrunning 1-1/2 times faster than

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

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The IBM PC and the Intel8087 Coprocessor

Part 1: Overview and Floating-PointAssembly-Language Support

Addition of the 8087 chip to the IBM PC provides instant access

to powerful floating-point, integer, and BCD arithmetic

operations from assembly language

by Tim

The Intel 8087 Numeric Data Processor (NDP) is acoprocessor chip that greatly extends the calculationabilities of the Intel 8088 CPU (and Intel CPUs like the8086, 80186, and 80286). The 8087, when attached to the8088, performs a useful range of operations on a varietyof data types much faster, more accurately, and with lesstrouble.

[Editor's Note: The acronym CPU, which stands forcentral processing unit, is one that we usually do notuse in BYTE because, for most material in the magazine,the word is more accurately replaced by the word "micro-processor, " In this situation, however, the 8088 micro-processor is the central processing unit in relation to the8087 Numeric Data Processor. Because of this, we willuse the acronym CPU to refer to the 8088 and NDPto refer to the 8087. . . G. W.]

The IBM Personal Computer uses an Intel 8088 CPUand has an empty 40-pin socket just waiting for an 8087.With the 8087 NDP in place, you can immediately accessit with software that explicitly issues the proper instruc-tions to the 8087.

A great deal of confusion abounds concerning the levelof support that IBM software currently provides for the

Field

8087-enhanced PC. At one meeting of an IBM users club,a user said he had purchased an 8087, plugged it into thesocket, and could not tell any difference in the executionspeed of his BASIC programs. He was quite confusedwhy the PC did not take immediate advantage of the newresource.

Unfortunately, things just are not that easy. As I writethis article, the only high-level support of the 8087 in IBMsoftware is in the new APL package. Pascal, BASIC, andthe other IBM languages will not automatically executeusing the 8087. IBM designed the hardware into the IBMPC and the IBM PC XT, but it is only beginning to sup-port it officially.

For the moment, we must create our own softwareutility to make use of the 8087 in the IBM PC. Thismonth, we will look at a piece of software called M8087that makes it easy for the assembly-language program-mer to add 8087 instructions to programs. Next month,we will use this assembly-language support to providehigher-level software support for the IBM Pascal Com-piler.

While this article specifically discusses the 8087 inter-face with the IBM Personal Computer, the topics under

August 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 331

Processor Control Instructions

Integer

FINIT/FNINIT Initialize processor

FILD

Integer load

FDISI/FNDISI Disable interrupts

FIST

Integer store

FENI/FNENI Enable interrupts

FISTP

Integer store and pop

FLDCW Load control word

FSTCW/FNSTCW Store control word

Packed Decimal Transfers

FSTSW/FNSTSW Store status word

FCLEX/FNCLEX Clear exceptions

FBLD

Packed decimal (BCD) load

FSTENV/FNSTENV Store environment

FBSTP

Packed decimal (BCD) store and pop

FLDENV Load environmentFSAVE/FNSAVE Save state

FRSTOR Restore state

Arithmetic Instructions

FINCSTP Increment stack pointer

Addition

FDECSTP Decrement stack pointer

FFREE Free register

FADD

Add real

FNOP No operation

FADDP

Add real and pop

FWAIT CPU wait

FIADDSubtraction

Integer add

Constant Load Instructions

FLDZ Load +0.0FLD1 Load +1.0FLDPI Load itFLDL2T Loadlog;10FLDL2E Load log:eFLDLG2 Load log102

FSUB

FSUBP

FISUB

FSUBR

FSUBRP

FISUBR

Subtract realSubtract real and popInteger subtractSubtract real reversedSubtract real reversed and popInteger subtract reversed

FLDLN2 Load loge2

MultiplicationFMUL

Multiply real

Transcendental Instructions

FMULP

Multiply real and pop

FPTAN Partial tangent

FIMUL

Integer multiply

FPATAN Partial arctangent

F2XM1 2*-1

Division

FYL2X Y-log2X

FYL2XP1 Y-log2(X+1)

FDIV

Divide real

FDIVP

Divide real and pop

FIDIV

Integer divide

Comparison Instructions

FDIVR

Divide real reversed

FDIVRP

Divide real reversed and pop

FCOM Compare real

FIDIVR

Integer divide reversed

FCOMP Compare real and pop

FCOMPP Compare real and pop twice

Other Operations

FICOM Integer compare

FICOMP Integer compare and pop

FSQRT

Square root

FTST Test

FSCALE

Scale

FXAM Examine

FPREM

Partial remainder

FRNDINTFXTRACT

Round to integer

Extract exponent and significand

Data Transfer Instructions

FABS

Absolute value

Real Transfers

FCHS

Change sign

FLD Load real

FST Store real

FSTP Store real and pop

FXCH Exchange registers

Table 1: The 8087 instruction set grouped by class.

consideration should apply fully to almost any 8088- or8086-based system that has the 40-pin 8087 socket on thesystem board. If the system runs PC-DOS (or, equiva-lently, MS-DOS), then the software support presented inthis article should be applicable to any user of Microsoft'sMacro Assembler for the 8088/8086 systems.

M8087.MAC

The 8087 watches for ESC (escape) instructions aspotential operations for it to work on, while the 8088

332 AuguM 1983 © BYTE Publicatiom Inc

CPU ignores them. Therefore it is possible for theassembly-language programmer to use the 8087 by look-ing up the proper escape-code sequence for each 8087 in-struction in a table and inserting the ESC instruction inthe program. (For example, an FDIV instructiontranslates to the hexadecimal sequence "DC Fl", whichtranslates to "ESC 26H,CX".) Obviously this tedious anderror-prone task is the same as assembling the instruc-tions into machine code by hand.

To avoid those errors and save time, we'll let the user

Text continued on page 350

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334 Auguit 19«3 © BYTE Publications Inc

HANG ON

TO YOUR HAT.CHARIIE...

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le Corona PC's, desktop and portable, give3U everything you've ever wanted in an IBM-:ompatib!e PC and more. For a great deal less.

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338 BYTE August 1983

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

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342 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

AND SOFTWAREDEVELOPME

ADVANCEDWORKSTATION

PLANNING ANDDEVELOPMENT

REACH OUT AND TOUCH TOMORROW

f

Bell Laboratories is moving in new directions todevelop sophisticated UNIX™ applications formicrocomputers. Here, at the home of UNIX, weare applying advanced technology to every facetof information systems.

One of our newest developments is ARIEL, aninteractive information retrieval system, the first tobring audio, text and video together in a centrallycontrolled network. ARIEL is inviting visitors atDisney's EPCOT Center to 'reach out and touchme' to see and hear about attractions in the park,make reservations for dinner and even speak toguides over a two-way video system.

And ARIEL is just the beginning...

The microcomputer is going everywhere and weare going everywhere with it.

To assist us in developing unique applications fortomorrow's microcomputers, we need talented soft-ware and computer engineers who are in closetouch with one or more of the expertises displayedabove and who have an MS or PhD degree or aBS degree with at least five or more years of highlyrelevant experience.

Successful candidates will have the opportunity towork creatively to:

• Develop software for UNIX-basedmicroprocessors

• Develop software for advanced display systems

• Develop voice and text applications for intelligentworkstations in the UNIX environment

• Identify and develop management decision sup-port software for various vertical applications

• Plan and develop videodisc-based informationretrieval systems

• Develop knowledge-based, expert systems usingartificial intelligence techniques.

At Bell Labs, you will have a wide spectrum of tech-nical resources readily available to you. Processor,software and communications capabilities will be atyour finger tips. You will work with some of the bestminds in your field in an atmosphere that fostersfree exchange of ideas.

Openings are located at our Laboratories inNew Jersey.

If you have the required credentials and areinterested in joining us in shaping the futureof microcomputers, please send your resumedetailing education and experience to:Director, Technical Employment,Bell Laboratories, Dept. 303/45 31/83,150 John F. Kennedy Parkway,Short Hills, New Jersey 07078.

An equal opportunity employer.

Bell Laboratories

Get every thin

I'm a pretty smart guy.

I've been Office Manager for onlysix weeks and I've already scored animpressive coup:

I talked the old man into investing insome office help that's already paid for itself.

And now we're getting everythingdone by Friday! Every single day of the week.

That may sound confusing but it reallyisn't. Because Friday! is the revolutionary newelectronic file handling system from Ashton-Tate, the people who invented dBASE II™

Friday! runs on your microcomputerand it's made for people like you and me, peoplewho know their jobs but who don't knowmuch about computers.

I won't go into great technical detailabout Friday! because there isn't any. I justfollow the English-language instructions on thescreen, push a few buttons and —Zap! —I get thejob done. With incredible speed because we'veturned our paper files into much more efficient"electronic files'.'

So whatever I need to know, I can findit in seconds.

Sales byproduct, salesman and territorysince the first of the year.

Time billing for work in progresslast month.

A quick report on our accounts payable.

Or a custom report that the old mancan take to a Board of Directors' meeting.(Friday! and I whipped one out last week and

344 BYTE August 1983

he said it was the best he'd seen since thecompany opened its doors.)

Very simply—and with blazing speed-Friday! handles just about everything thatneeds handling around the office.

It's terrific for inventory and invoicesand paychecks and input screens and plain orfancy reports. It works with dBASE II and1-2-3] and Wordstar2 files.

And wait until you see the way it han-dles mailing lists and labels —it's worth the$295 price for that alone!

do

ne

Frida

Well, with Friday! on board, every-thing's running so smoothly these days, I nowhave time to contemplate my next move up thecorporate ladder.

If, that is, Dad has cleared off the nextrung for me.

For the name and location of the Friday!dealer nearest you, contact Ashton-Tate,10150 W. Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90230.(213) 204-5570.

Or better yet, just call today and startgetting everything done by Friday!

Circle 36 on inquiry card.

ASHTON -TATE

CAshton-Tate 1983.

Friday! runs under CP/M^-SO, CP/M-86, PC-DOS^ and MS-DOS?

Friday! and dBASE II are trademarks of Ashton-Tate.

1-TM Lotus Corp. 2-TM Micropro. 3-TM Digital Research.

4-TM IBM Corp. 5-TM Microsoft.

BYTE August 1983 345

#

nis

The Micromint MPX-16 Microcomputer System.

As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine, November 1982.

Also featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, November, December 1982 & January 1983.

These are all the tools you'll need

to build the world's most powerful

single board microcomputer.

The Micromint MPX4i6. Put one together tonight.

Once assembled, the most useful tool will be your ownimagination. The possibilities are limitless. Micromint willhelp you tailor the MPX-16 system to your particular needsand budget. Purchase the MPX-16 as a bare pc board, asa semi-kit with all the IC sockets, I/O connectors anddiscreet components wave soldered to the pc board,or as an assembled and tested unit.

• Directly boots CP/M-86 or MS-DOS*

• Runs all CP/M-86 or MS-DOS * applicationsprograms.

On board features.

• IBM PC bus compatible with 9 expansion slots.

• Intel 808816-bit microprocessor.

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor.

• 256K bytes on board memory.

• Up to one megabyte of system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM.

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports.

• Three parallel I/O ports.

• Floppy disk controller for 51/4" or 8" single ordouble density disk drives.

• Four independent DMA channels.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts.

•Available Soon.

Circle 483 on inquiry card.

Micromint

The System with the Winning Combination.

IBM PC is a trademark ol International Business Machines, Inc., CP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

M

To get the MPX-16 up and running only requires one diskdrive, power supply and serial terminal.

Jb • MPX-16 single board computer assembled, testedand burned in with 64K bytes of RAM, CP/M-86

W or MS-DOS operating system * $1,895.00

I • MPX-16 with 256K bytes of RAM $2,135.00

' • MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered pc board) less IC's $595.00

• Complete kit of IC's burned in and tested with 64K

bytes Of RAM $595.00

With 256K bytes of RAM $800.00

• MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board, silk screened

and solder masked $300.00

• CP/M-86 Operating System on 51/4" or 8" diskette.. $200.00• MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including

oower supply harness $300.00

•' MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual $50.00Call for current pricing on serial terminals, floppy diskdrives, metal enclosures, hard disk systems, etc.

To Order: Call Toll Free1-800-645-3479: hi N.Y. 1-516-374-6793

MICROMINT INC.

561 Willow AvenueCedarhurst, NY 11516

"?^

MPX-16

*

MS-DOS is a trademark ol Microsolt Corp

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348 Augujt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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Text continued from page 332:

freely intermix standard 8088 CPU and 8087 mnemonicsin assembly-language programs and then let the macroassembler take care of correctly converting the 8087 in-structions into the proper escape codes.

The support package, named M8087.MAC (referred tothroughout this article as M8087), uses Intel's mnemonicnames for the 8087 instruction set listed in table 1.Because only 8087 instructions begin with the letter "F," itis easy to skim through an assembly-language listing andpick out the appropriate instructions.

The software support package M8087 requires the useof MASM, part of the IBM Macro Assembler package,and at least 96K bytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory). This file of 83 macros presented inlisting 1 allows full and easy access to the entire 8087 in-struction set at a level equivalent to assembly-languageprogramming.

M8087 is intended to be placed in a separate file (Inamed mine M8087.MAC and placed it on the disk thatcontains the macro assembler). The complete packagecan then be used simply by placing the statement "IN-CLUDE M8087.MAC" (or some variation such as "IN-CLUDE A:M8087.MAC", etc.) in the assembly-languageprogram somewhere near its start. This instruction causesthe assembler to go to the appropriate disk drive, locatethe file M8087.MAC, and read it into the program.

Once M8087 resides on the MASM disk, the single IN-CLUDE statement provides access to these 8087mnemonics from any number of programs. Any valid8087 mnemonic instruction will automatically be expand-ed into the correct escape sequence at assembly time.

If you look through listing 1, you will notice five long

and involved macros at the start (ESC REG,

CHECK_ST, CHIC_CONC, CHOOSE_4, and INT_SIZE) followed by 77 short macros, one for each Intel8087 instruction mnemonic. The first five macros are allnested macros (defined and/or invoked within othermacros) called by some of the 77 instruction macros. Infact, ESC_REG, CHECK_ST, and CHK_CONC arenested two levels down because they are invoked by theCHOOSE_4 and INT_SIZE nested macros.

Let's first look at the 77 instruction macros. A carefulanalysis of the 8087 instruction set and its machine-language op codes leads to a division of the instructionsinto four types that I call "directly translated," "non-waiting," "integer operations," and "variety."

Directly Translated Instructions

These instructions have only one form of call and in-clude all instructions without operands or with only onetype of operand. For example, the FINIT instruction hasonly a single form translatable into only one validmachine-language sequence, namely "DB E3" (hexa-decimal). (For a full list of all the 8087 op codes, see ap-pendix A of Intel's Numerics Supplement to the 8086Family User's Guide.)

The macro for a directly translated instruction can im-mediately issue the appropriate ESC sequence for themacro invocation because the form is known in advance.

350 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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This instruction type accounts for half of the 8087 in-struction set or a total of 38 macros.

Nonwaiting Instructions

The nonwaiting instructions are a set of eight mnemon-ics that Intel defined to help prevent deadlocking the 8087under special conditions. Notice from listing 1 that, inmost of the 77 instruction macros, the first line of themacro definition is a WAIT mnemonic. This is inter-preted by the assembler as the normal 8088 WAIT in-struction and is assembled as such. This causes the 8088CPU to wait on the 8087 to finish any current task beforebeginning the next operation. (When an 8087 and an 8088are correctly interconnected, the BUSY pin of the 8087NDP is tied to the WAIT pin of the 8088 CPU. The 8088WAIT instruction, when executed, waits for the signal onthe TEST pin to go low. Because the 8087 holds the BUSYline high while it is executing an instruction, a WAIT in-struction executed immediately before an 8087 instruc-tion ensures that the program will not give the 8087 an in-struction before it is ready to execute it.)

The WAITs are automatically inserted before alloperations except the eight nonwaiting instructionsFNCLEX, FNDISI, FNENI, FNINIT, FNSAVE,FNSTCW, FNSTENV, and FNSTSW. For each of these,Intel also specifies a waiting form (FCLEX, FDISI, FENI,FINIT, FSAVE, FSTCW, FSTENV, and FSTSW). An in-depth look at why these instructions are special is beyond

the scope of this article and will not be necessary for mostapplications of the 8087 on the IBM PC. (For more infor-mation, see Intel's Numerics Supplement book mentionedearlier.) Suffice it to say that the nonwaiting instructionsare handled in the same manner as the directly translatedtypes without preceding the escape sequence with aWAIT command.

Integer Operation Instructions

These instructions deal with integer operations, whichon the 8087 always use an integer operand from memoryas a source. The three types of integer operands are word-integer (16 bits), short-integer (32 bits), and long-integer(64 bits).

The integer operation instruction is implemented as a

macro by use of the INT SIZE nested macro. All macro

invocations of an integer instruction must specify thetype of operand followed by the memory address atwhich that integer operand is to be found. For example:

FIADD WORD CURRENT_SPEED; where CURRENT_SPEED is a; label to a memory location

or

FIMUL SHORT [BP],SEQUENCE; where register BP is index; offset by value in SEQUENCE

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354 BYTE August 1983

Circle 260 on inquiry card.

Circle 378 on Inquiry card.

The integer macros receive two parameters, Pi and P2,from the user's program. Pi specifies the type of operand("WORD" and "SHORT" from the examples above). P2contains the memory address and can be any valid ad-dressing scheme permitted by the assembler ("CUR-RENT_SPEED" and "[BP].SEQUENCE" from the ex-amples above).

The integer macros then turn and call the INT SIZE

macro, passing to it the two parameters as well as up tothree other parameters (XXX_S, X)OC_W, and XXX_

L—see the definition of INT SIZE in listing 1). These are

individual values that form part of the escape sequencedepending on whether the type parameter is WORD(XXX_W), SHORT (XXX_S), or LONG (XXX_L).

The INT SIZE macro uses the conditional assembly-language pseudo-ops to compare the type strings and de-termine which escape sequence to use. If the operand typeis none of the valid or expected types, then an "ERROR inmacro" message is inserted instead of an escape sequence,causing an assembly-language error to occur later.

Variety Instructions

The last type of instruction macro is variety and in-cludes the 19 remaining instructions. Basically, these in-structions are similar in that the source operand can bespecified in a variety of ways, including the classicalstack, register, and real-memory forms.

The variety macro type uses the CHOOSE 4 nested

macro to issue the proper escape sequence. The instruc-tion macro passes to CHOOSE 4 any parameters it

received in its invocation (from the user program) as well

as some instruction-specific parameters. CHOOSE 4

then examines its parameters (as many as six) and deter-mines what the escape sequence should be.

The classical stack and register variations of the varietytype include four types of operands: none, "ST(0" (forsingle-operand instructions), "ST,ST(0", and "ST(i),ST".CHOOSE 4 receives the operands as dummy param-eters Pi and P2. In place of the i will be the user-specifiedregister number (0 to 7) used to determine the escape se-quence.

The variety instruction type includes all the real-number instructions (such as FADD, FSUB, FDIV, etc.).These real-number instructions can be of the classicalstack or register type just mentioned or of the real-memory type. The real-memory operand type specifiesthat the source operand is found somewhere in the 8088memory space. The operands of this type can be ofvarious lengths ("SHORT", "LONG", and "TEMP"). Ex-amples of the variety instructions are

FLD ST(4)

; Push stack once and move contents of reg 4

; to top of stackFADD SHORT DISTANCE

; Add "short" real-memory operand found

; at memory address "DISTANCE" to top

; value on stack, leave result on TOSFDIVP ST(4),ST Text continuect on page 358

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August 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc 355

J\ASt rewards of t&k'in-j a^ fried c^r^d fruit p«uH

WordStar runs on the IBM PCApple Computer with CP M* card and all Ctf M*-based computers. IBM, Apple and CP MareregfsterApple Computer Inc. and Digital Research Inc., respectively

:) trademarks of IBM Corp.,

For the name of'the dealer nearest you, phone (800)227-2400, e.\(. !14H: in California, (800) 773-J2666, ext. !)48. For more information

356 BYTE August 1983

WordStar" is used by more people,

more often, to do more things than any

other word processing software.

And you'll find it'll do more for you.

The only surprise you'll getwith WordStar is how much you cando with it.

Ask Arthur C. Clarke. He usedWordStar to write his best sellingnovel, 2010: Odyssey Two.

Ask Osborne-McGraw Hill.Where the editors use it to produce allthe books.

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WordStar has more work-saving features to take the time anddrudgery out of revising and retypingthan any other word processing soft-ware. For instance, there are produc-tion typing features to let you movecolumns around and merge para-graphs from differentdocuments at the touchof a key Along with printfeatures like boldfacingand centering to makeany late-night typistlook like a pro.

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Circle 271 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 357

Text continued from page 355:

; Divide top of stack into reg 4; in 8087 reg set and leave result in; reg 4, pop top-of-stack after done

The CHOOSE 4 macro uses two submacros:

CHEOC_ST and ESC_REG. CHECK_ST is called

with a parameter that CHOOSE 4 thinks is in the range

"ST(0)" to "ST(7)" (from ST(i')). If it is in this range,

CHECK ST returns a value "REG" equal to i, which is

then used in the escape sequence. If the parameter stringis not in this range, then REG is set equal to —1 and isreturned.

Once the CHOOSE 4 macro determines that the in-struction is using the "ST(i')" form and determines i, it in-vokes ESC REG to determine the final escape sequence

for the instruction. If the instruction is a real-memorytype, CHOOSE 4 itself issues the escape-sequence in-struction for the assembler.

Each of the 77 instruction macros in listing 1 is fullycommented to specify the legal operands and types forthat instruction. When specifying an operand frommemory for either the integer or real operations, the userprogram must specify the type of operand to be used. Theinstruction form should be < operation-name operand-type operand-address >. Valid types for integers areWORD, SHORT, and LONG. Valid types for reals in-clude SHORT, LONG, and TEMP. Only the FILD andFISTP (integer load, integer store and pop) instructions

use long integers. Likewise, only the FLD and FSTP (real-number load, real-number store and pop) instructions usetemporary reals. Here are two 8087 instructions that useoperands from memory:

FIADD

WORD

INT_^\DDR

adds WORD-integer (16 bits) found at

INT ADDR to top value on 8087 stack.

Result is left on top of stack.

FADD

LONG

[BX].TIME_VAL

adds LONG-real (64 bits) found by indexingoff of 8088 CPU internal register BX plusoffset TIME_VAL to top value on 8087 stack

Because M8087 is designed to be as efficient as possi-ble, it does not contain much error-checking capability.Therefore, you may discover invalid operand types in8087 instructions that M8087 will happily translate intosome incorrect escape sequence. The results of any suchoccurrence are undefined.

For example, if you try to assemble the invalid com-mand "FADD TEMP VARIABLE" (invalid becauseFADD can use only short and long real-memoryvariables, not temporary reals), M8087 will not spot thisas an error. The valid operand types for all 8087 instruc-

IBMPC-8087SUPPORTFROMMICROWARE

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358 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! lnc

Circle 275 on Inquiry card.

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BYTE August 1983 359

(Jircie at) on inquiry cara.

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tions are documented in the comments of each instructionmacro shown in listing 1. They are also documented inIntel's Numerics Supplement guide.

In order to get a feeling for how the 8087 code is puttogether, let's look at a simple example. Suppose we havethree variables x, y, and z previously defined (where x, y,and z are actually memory addresses to numbers storedin memory). Let ibea short-real value, y a word-integer,and z a long-real. Suppose that we wish to calculate thefollowing:

_ U2 + y1)

+ y

+ J(T=W

One solution is

FLD

LONGz

FISUB

WORD y

FSQRT

FLD

SHORT x

FMUL

ST,ST(0)

FILD

WORDy

FMUL

ST,ST(0)

FADD

FLD

SHORT x

FIADD

WORDy

FDIV

FADD

FST

SHORT x

Load z into 8087 stack (TOS)Subtract integer y from z, leave

TOSTake square root of x — yLoad short-real x

Multiply by itself to get ^-squaredLoad word-integer yGet y-squaredAdd x-squared to y-squaredLoad short-real x againAdd word-integer y to xDivide {x + y) into (x2 + y2)Add result to yj(z — y)Store result back as short-real x

It is important to stress at this point that this series ofinstructions is now available at the assembly-languagelevel because of the M8087 package. What has happenedis that many high-level functions usually reserved forlanguages such as BASIC or Pascal are now available foreasy use by the lowly assembly-language program.

8087 Synchronization

The final topic that we must look at relates to the

CHK CONC macro in listing 1. This macro lets the user

turn concurrency checking off to allow highly parallelcomputations to be performed when desired or turn it onto safeguard the user from unsynchronized datareferences.

Because the 8087 NDP is a separate processor, it andthe 8088 CPU can run in a true parallel processing en-vironment. The user program can issue a task for the8087 to process and then proceed to do some other(unrelated) work until the 8087 is finished. But this veryfreedom results in some dangerous computational situa-tions.

You must be very careful when allowing the 8087 andthe CPU to run simultaneously not to allow the CPUcode to interfere with the 8087 working on its task. Thebig problem comes when both the 8087 and the CPU wishto update the same variable. Access to that variable mustbe controlled so that one processor at a time has exclusiverights to it, and the desired sequence of accessing thatvariable is achieved.

To aid the novice user of the 8087, I have included the

360 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 294 on Inquiry card.'

OF ALL THE THINGSYOU BUY,

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Interchanging Real-Value Formats

Real numbers are generally stored in a three-field binaryformat similar to exponential or scientific notation. One fieldis a sign bit (signifying whether the number stored is positiveor negative). The second field is the significand field (alsocalled the mantissa), which stores the number's significantdigits. The third field is the exponent field, which containsthe value of the exponent of the real number. The sizes of thesignificand and exponent fields vary as the number of bitsused to store the value in varies.

Unfortunately, while the 8087 NDP hardware and the IBMPC software both use the same basic approach to storing realnumbers as described above, they do not use identical for-mats. This means that a real number entered from IBMBASIC or Pascal cannot be directly moved into the 8087 andused for computational purposes Numbers must betransformed from IBM to 8087 format and then, after allcomputations are finished, converted back from 8087 to IBMformat.

The differences between the two formats are in the waythat the three fields of the real number are stored and thetreatment that the binary exponent receives. For a 32-bitshort-real number (the size used by BASIC and Pascal), both8087 and IBM formats designate 1 bit for the sign, 8 bits forthe exponent, and 23 bits for the significand. The IBM formatplaces the 8-bit exponent in the first byte by itself, the sign bitin the first bit of the second byte, and the 23-bit significand inthe remaining bits. This scheme makes manipulation of theexponent byte easy to do in software.

The 8087, concerned with maximizing the processing ofthese numbers in hardware, places the sign bit in the upperbit of the first byte, the exponent gets the remaining 7 bits inthat byte and the upper bit in the second byte, with thesignificand getting the remaining 23 bits.

/Editor's Note: Both real and integer numbers in Intel for-mat are read from the byte with the highest address to thebyte with the lowest address. Thus, given a 32-bit realnumber in bytes n through n+3, the "first" byte talked aboutin these paragraphs is byte n + 3, the "second" byte is n+2,and so on. . . .G. W.j

Thus, to move a number from IBM format to 8087 format,we must save the sign bit of the number (from bit 7 of the sec-ond byte), shift the first byte right one bit with the lowest bitbeing placed into the upper bit of the second byte, and thenplacing the sign bit into bit 7 of the first byte. Convertingfrom 8087 to IBM reverses the operation.

Finally, converting between the IBM and 8087 formats re-quires changing the exponent field in a way called biasing.The two formats are slightly different in their requirements.The differences lie once again in the fact that the IBM-formatreal numbers are set up to allow easy use from software and8087-format numbers are optimized for hardware manipula-tion.

The 8087 format biases the exponent by adding a biasvalue to the true exponent. The size of the bias exponentdepends on the type of real number being used: a short-realnumber adds a bias value of 127 (decimal), a long-realnumber uses 1023, and a temporary-real number uses 16,383.

The IBM format uses a different biasing scheme, the endresult of which is that the IBM format exponent is 2 greaterthan the 8087 format. To convert from the IBM to the 8087format, subtract 2 from the exponent. Add 2 to the exponentto go from 8087 to IBM format. There is one exception to theconversion processes. The real number 0.0 is stored as allzeros in both formats.

Listing 2 contains two assembly-language routines thatconvert short-real numbers from IBM to 8087 format(C_JBM_8087) and vice versa (C_J087_JBM). These effi-cient conversion routines require less than 20 microsecondsto convert a short-real number. Similar routines are easilyimplemented for long-real-number conversions (however,IBM's Pascal does not use double-precision real numbers).

In any user-application program, it is the user's respon-sibility to keep track of the current format of any number.Usually, the numbers need be converted only when they areinput from the user and then again when they are output tothe user. Most intermediate steps can leave the numbers in8087 format.

CHK CONC macro in M8087. Basically, this macro is

called from CHOOSE 4 and INT SIZE whenever any

external variable reference is made by an 8087 operation.It includes a user-settable flag (named AUTOSYNC) that

determines whether CHK CONC will do anything or

not.

If the AUTOSYNC flag is set (i.e., has a nonzero

value), then any call to CHK CONC will result in a

WAIT instruction being inserted immediately after the8087 instruction that accesses the external variable. Thisforces the 8088 to wait until the 8087 instruction is fin-ished, thus ensuring exclusive access to the variable bythe 8087. The AUTOSYNC flag is set by default and mustbe explicitly cleared (simply by inserting the line "AUTO-SYNC = 0" anywhere in the assembly-language sourcecode) to disable the forced concurrency.

If the user knows that no problem will exist betweenthe 8088 CPU and the 8087, then the AUTOSYNC flagshould be cleared. This saves both memory space (aWAIT instruction takes up a byte) and execution time

362 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

and allows exploitation of the parallel processingcapabilities of the 8088/8087 system.

Performance of M8087

So how well does M8087 work? Well, it works verywell from every point of view except assembly time.After a little practice, the 8087 mnemonics become sec-ond nature (much as the standard 8088 assembly-language mnemonics). However, the lengthy macros thatM8087 uses can significantly increase the time it takes toassemble an assembly-language file that uses 8087mnemonics. But let me reiterate that this is a one-timecost that occurs only when you create the executableobject-code file (which runs extremely fast).

I created several short utility programs needed to usethe 8087 in the IBM PC. The first, explained in the textbox "Interchanging Real-Value Formats" and given inlisting 2, converts real-value numbers between the slight-ly different formats used by IBM software and the 8087.

Text continued on page 372Listing on page 366

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BYTE August 1983 363

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TERMS All prices relied a 2.9% cash discount All goods acknowledged faulty on receipt by the customer will be repaired or replaced at our discretion. Customers must call for an RfylA number befdre returning any gddds This tMHMM fout quick attendance to faulty goods We reserve the right to repair or return to the manufacturer tor repair all geods becoming faulty within the specified warranty period Any goods (hardware dr software} returned for restocking are subject10 a 15°.- restocking fee at our discretion The charge for cancellation of orders is 20D° at our discretion No returns on software We accept no responsibility for any false claims made by manufacturers Prices quoted for stock on hand and

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Microprism Printer, Priam Printer and Maiseyare registered trademark* of Integral Data Systems,Milford, MH.

BYTE August 1983 367

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BYTE August 1983 371

8087 Status-Word Utilities

The 8087 comparison operations look at the top stack ele-ment within the 8087 and compare it with some otheroperand or test it (i.e., implicitly compare the top-of-stackwith 0.0). The 8087 has an internal status word that can beaccessed (via the FSTSW "store status word" instruction) bythe 8088 CPU to determine the results of the comparisonoperations. The 8087 status word reflects the overall condi-tion of the chip.

It should be made clear at this point that the 8087 NDP and

8088 CPU do not share registers. You cannot move the con-tents of an 8088 register directly to the 8087 stack or vice ver-sa. To move a value from an internal 8088 register (perhapscontaining a 16-bit word-integer), you must move that valueinto some temporary location in memory and then load it in-to the 8087. To examine the internal status of the 8087, youmust store the status word into memory using the FSTSWoperation, then move it into the 8088 CPU internal registersfor testing.

The main use of the status word is for conditional branch-ing (i.e., to test a register or registers and branch to a certaincode depending on the value of the register or the com-parison of two registers). Table 2 shows the different inter-

pretations of the 8087 condition-code bits of the status wordfor the three comparison instructions; NAN means "not a(valid) number." Condition-code bits CO through C3 are bits8, 9, 10, and 14 of the status word.

Listing 3 contains four subroutines that provide access tothe 8087 status word and return to the user some indicationof the internal state of the 8087. These routines are a greathelp in debugging programs during software developmentbecause they provide a "peek" into the 8087.

The first of the four routines, CHK87, is designed to be ex-ecuted immediately after an 8087 test or comparison opera-tion is executed (see FTST and the FCOM variations of in-structions in table 1). This routine will return an indication ofwhether the comparison/test returned "equal to," "greaterthan," "less than," or "no order." The condition-code bits COand C3 from the 8087 status word are used as defined intables 2a and 2b to determine these results.

The EXAM87 routine executes the 8087 FXAM instruction,which examines the top stack element. The 4 condition-codebits (CO to C3) in the status word are set according to therules set out in table 2c. EXAM87 returns the value (0 to 15)under this interpretation of the condition codes.

(2a)

(2c)

Condition Code

C3

CO

Result

C3

C2

C1

CO

Interpretation

(Bit 14)

(Bit 8)

(Bit 14)

(Bit 10)

(Bit 9)

(Bit 8)

0

0

ST is positive and nonzero

0

0

0

0

+ Unnormal

0

1

ST is negative and nonzero

0

0

0

1

+ NAN

1

0

ST is zero (+ or -)

0

0

1

0

-Unnormal

1

1

ST is not comparable (i.e., it is a

NAN or

0

0

1

1

-NAN

projective oo)

0

1

0

0

+ Normal

0

1

0

1

+ oo

(2b)

0

1

1

0

- Normal

C3

CO

Order

0

1

1

1

— 00

(Bit 14)

(Bit 8)

00

00

0

1

+ 0Empty

0

0

ST> source

0

1

0

-0

0

1

ST< source

0

1

1

Empty

1

0

ST=source

1

0

0

+ Denormal

1

■ 1

ST?source

111

0

11

1

0

1

Empty

- Denormal

Empty

Table 2:

The 8087 condition codes and their interpretations

Each bit is

described

in terms of its position within the 8087

status word.

Text continued from page 362:

The rest, explained in the text box "8087 Status-WordUtilities" and given in listing 3, give four needed utilityroutines that let the 8088 CPU interact with the 8087status register.

Some things can be done to M8087 to speed up its use.First, avoid entering all the comments found in listing 1into the M8087.MAC file. This saves both disk space anda great deal of assembly time (comment lines slow downthe assembler). I have included fairly detailed commentsin listing 1 for the reader's sake. The version I actually usehas had all the comments removed for maximum perfor-mance.

Another way to speed up M8087 is to remove the

lowercase support features included in the CHECK ST,

CHOOSE 4, and INT SIZE macros. For every

operand memory type and "ST" use, these macros checkfor lowercase and uppercase versions of the same string.This is a nice feature, but it does cost in assembly time.

Implementing the above suggestions cuts the disk filesize of M8087 from around 20K bytes to 6K bytes. Thespeedup of the reduced file is dependent on the percent-age of instructions in the program that are 8087 opera-tions, but the above modifications can cut assembly timeby as much as half.

The IBM Macro Assembler recognizes the "real" con-stant type. It lets you include a value in decimal scientific

372 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

TALMIS IiifoWocld

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More on the 8087

For more information on the 8087 and how it works, seethe text boxes in this article, the article "The Intel 8087Numerics Processor Extension" (April 1983 BYTE, page154—in particular, see the text box on 8087 binary arithmeticon pages 174 and 175), and Intel Corporation's NumericsSupplement to the 8086 Family User's Guide. For more infor-mation, contact the source below..

M8087 on Disk

A disk containing both commented and uncommentedversions of the M8087 macro file is available on a standardIBM single-density format 5Vt-inch floppy disk. For more in-formation, contact

Field Computer Products909 North San Antonio Rd.Los Altos, CA 94022(415) 949-3457

notation such as "27.24E—2" in your program. Itassembles this into a 32-bit IBM-format binary realnumber. This is a handy feature and, when used with theconversion routines from listing 1, can be used in8087-based computations.

The main task remaining for an assembly-languageprogrammer wishing to use the 8087 is to write a coupleof routines that will convert real numbers into their

ASCII (American National Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) equivalents (and vice versa). This willlet you enter and display real variables from an assembly-language program. An Intel application note (#AP-113,"Getting Started With the Numeric Data Processor") hasassembly-language routines to do these and other tasks.

Final Notes

The bottom line to M8087 is "Is it worth the cost inassembly time7" For myself the answer is a hearty yes. Ifusing it increased the running time of a program, myanswer would be different. But a slowdown in assemblytime is a small price to pay for not having to hand-assemble each 8087 instruction into its escape sequence.

We have seen what the Intel 8087 NDP is, what it cando, how it fits into the IBM Personal Computer, and howwe can provide software support for the assembly-language programmer using the 8087 in the IBM PC.Next month, we will see how to provide higher-level sup-port so that Pascal users can access the 8087. ■

Acknowledgment

/ would like to thank Brian Van Herp of Intel in Indianapolis for hisassistance.

Tim Field (909 North San Antonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 94022) has amaster's degree in computer science from Purdue University. His ex-perience includes several years' work at Digital Equipment Corp.

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Programming Quickies

Cross-Reference Utility forIBM PC BASIC Programs

by James A. Folts

After struggling to debug a BASIC program, I finallydiscovered that my problem was a misspelled variablename in one line. To BASIC, CLRCSR and CLRSCR areas different as black and white. To me, after staring ata monitor screen for over three hours, the differencewasn't so obvious. A cross-reference listing that organizesall labels (variable names) with their corresponding loca-tions (line numbers) would provide a handy clue to spell-ing errors.

In the cross-reference listing, the misspelled variablebecomes obvious because in most cases the correct namecorresponds to several line numbers while the mis-spelled version has only a single reference. Although itis possible to define a variable and never use it again,the chances of that are slight enough to make this pro-cedure a useful way to discover spelling errors.

The cross-reference listing also lets you change variablenames systematically, check for conflicting or matchingvariable names before you merge two programs, andlocate all the program lines that call a certain subroutine.With all of these applications, a cross-reference listingbecomes a valuable tool for program development, de-bugging, and documentation.

The Program

To produce a cross-reference listing for BASIC pro-grams running on the IBM Personal Computer, I wrotea program (see listing 1) that scans a BASIC program fileand builds a list of variable names and the locationswhere they occur. The program then sorts that list andwrites it to a file. Listing 2 shows a sample run, whichis a cross-reference listing for the program itself.

378 Auguit 19*3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

The program expects a standard BASIC program file,that is, one saved without the special A (ASCII-American National Standard Code for Information In-terchange) or P (protect) options. The standard save pro-cedure stores the program in a tokenized format in whichall reserved BASIC words are represented by tokens, 1-or 2-byte codes. For instance, the RANDOMIZE state-ment is represented by a single ASCII value of 185. Thistokenized format saves space because multiple-charac-ter reserved words are represented by only one or twocharacters.

All tokenized characters have a value of 128 or greater,outside the range of ASCII values legal in variablenames. Only capital letters, numerals, and the periodare legal in variable names, and these have values be-tween 46 and 90. (Variables can be entered in lowercase,but BASIC converts them to capitals.) The restrictionson legal variable names simplify the work of the cross-reference program because it can usually just skip tokensin its search for valid variable names. Two exceptions arethe tokens for a remark (ASCII 143) or data statement(ASCII 132). In both these cases the program skips tothe end of the line so as not to confuse words in remarks,or literals in data statements, with valid variable names.

All numbers used in a program—constants, initialvalues, line-number references, and so on—are also en-coded. For instance, an ASCII 28 code indicates that aninteger value follows in the next 2 bytes in the file. AnASCII 29 indicates a single-precision number in the next4 bytes. Other prefixes indicate various types of double-precision numbers, octal numbers, or hexadecimal

numbers.

Text continued on page 384

The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

Before Johann Sebastian Bach developeda new method of tuning, you had tochange instruments practically every timeyou wanted to change keys.Very difficult.

Before Avocet introduced its family ofcross-assemblers, developing micro-pro-cessor software was much the same. Youneeded a separate development systemfor practically every type of processor.Very difficult and very expensive.

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Development Tools That Work

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliableand user-proven in over 3 years of actualuse. Ask NASA, IBM, XEROX or the hun-dreds of other organizations that use them.Every time you see a new microprocessor-based product, there's a good chance itwas developed with Avocet cross-assemblers.

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Programming Quickies.

Listing 1: Source code for cross-reference utility, written in IBM PCBASIC.

MrllllHIIllllllllltltllltlllltlllMIIlirtltlHinilllMtDlttllllltliKtII

REM* *

CROSS-REFERENCE LISTING UTILITY FOR BASIC PROGRAMS *

FOR THE IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER *

by James A. Folts >

REM*

REM*

REM*

REM*

REM* This program reads a tokenized BASIC program file, finds and sortsall variable names and line references, and lists them on a diskfile. Each name and line reference is cross-referenced to theline where it appears.

IBM PC BASIC

JUNE 26, 19B2

540550560570580590600610

620

640650660

690700

REM*9 REM*ID REM*1 1 REM*

12 REM*

13 REM*

14 REM*********************** ************************************** ***********

15 REM

100 REM************ INITIALIZATION AND DEFINITIONS *****************t**»»*•***t

110 DIM LABEL*(500), LINE.REFX(500), C*(12B)

120 LABEL.NUMBER = O : FALSE=0 : TRUE=NOT FALSE : P0INTER=129

130 REM

200 REM************ GET FILE NAME OF BASIC PROGRAM ****************************

210 CLS : KEY OFF : PRINT "BASIC CROSS REFERENCE GENERATOR" : PRINT

220 INPUT "ENTER FILE NAME: ", FILENAME* : PRINT

230 OPEN FILENAME* AS #1 LEN=128

240 REM

300 REM******************* INITIALIZE INPUT FILE ******************************

310 FOR 1=1 TO 12B 'set up file buffer as an array

320 FIELD HI, (1-1) AS X*. 1 AS C*(I) 'of 12B single characters

330 NEXT 1

340 REM

400 REM****** READ FIRST THREE CHARACTERS OF BASIC PROGRAM FILE ***************

420 GOSUB 7000 : IF C02SS THEN PRINT "NOT A TOKENIZED PROGRAM FILE" : END

430 GOSUB 4000 'subroutine to get value for BASIC'S offset address

440 REM

500 REM******* CONTINUE READING THE FILE: FILL ARRAYS LABEL* AND LINE*/. ********

510 REM************** WITH VARIABLE NAMES AND LINE NUMBERS ********************

520 WHILE ADROO 'ADR=0 indicates end of program file

REM****** GET LINE NUMBER (A TWO-BYTE INTEGER VALUE) ************

GOSUB 7000 : LOW.BYTE = C

GOSUB 7000 : HIGH.BYTE = C

LINE.NOV. = (HIGH.BYTE * 256) + LOW.BYTE

LOCATE 10,1 : PRINT "PROCESSING LINE NUMBER"; LINE.ND7.;

GOSUB 7000 'get first character after line number

REM****** NOW READ REST OF LINE *********************************

WHILE COO *C=0 indicates end of line

IF C=143 OR C=132 THEN WHILE COO : GOSUB 7000 : WEND : GOTO 720

'remark or data statement—sV:ip to end of lineIF C=209 THEN LABEL.NUMBER=LABEL.NUMBER+1 i LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER)=

"FN" : GOSUB 5030 : GOTO 720 'get usei—def function nameIF C>127 GOTO 710 'skip any other tokens

IF (C>64 AND C<91) THEN GOSUB 5000 : GOTO 720 'get variable nameIF C=14 THEN GOSUB 6000 : GOTO 720 'get line number referenceIF C=34 THEN GOSUB 7000 : WHILE C< >34 AND COO : GOSUB 7OO0 :

WEND : IF C=0 GOTO 720 : GOTO 710 'skip string constantIF C=15 THEN GOSUB 7000 : GOTO 710 'skip one-byte numberIF tCMO AND C<14) OR C=2B THEN GOSUB 7000 : GOSUB 7000 : GOTO 710

'skip two—byte number that foilowsIF C=29 THEN FOR 1=1 TO 4 : GOSUB 7000 : NEXT I : GOTO 710

'skip foui—byte numberIF C=31 THEN FOR 1=1 TO 8 : GOSUB 7000 : NEXT I : GOTD 710'skip 8-byte number710 GOSUB 7000

720 WEND

730 GOSUB 4000 'begin new line; get next value for offset address740 WEND750 REM

800 REM*********** SORT LABELS AND LINE NUMBERS (a**)**)************t*****•*)**BIO LOCATE 12,1 : PRINT "PROCESSING COMPLETE . . . "820 PASS=0830 G7.=LABEL. NUMBER840 PASSES=INT(LOG(GX)/L0G(2))B50 WHILE G7.>1B60 PASS=PAS5+1

B70 LOCATE 14,llPRINT "SORTING: PASS ";PASS;880 SORTED=FALSEB90 GX=GX\2900 WHILE NOT SORTED910 SORTED=TRUE

920 FOR I7.= l TO LABEL. NUMBER-G7.

930 IG7.= IX+G7.

940 IF LABEL*< I7.KLABEL* (IG7.) GOTO 1030

950 IF LABEL*(IX)=LABEL*(IGX) GOTO 1000

960 SWAP LABEL*(I7.) ,LABEL*(IGX)

970 SWAP LINE.REFX(IX).LINE.REFX(IGX)

9B0 SORTED=FALSE

990 GOTO 1030

1000 IF LINE.REF7.<r/.)=<LINE.REF7.(lGX> GOTO 1030

1010 SWAP LINE. REFX(17.) , LINE. REFX (IG7.)

1020 SORTED=FALSE

1030 NEXT IX1040 WEND1050 WEND

1060 LOCATE 16,1 : PRINT "SORT COMPLETE1070 REM

2000 REM************ CREATE FILE NAME FOR LISTING *****************************2010 PERPOS - IN5TR(FILENAME*.".") 'find position of period in filename

2020 IF PERPOS=0 THEN PERPOS=LEN(FILENAME*)+1 'if no period, pretend there IS2030 LISTFILE* = LEFT* IF ILENAME*, PERPOS- 1 >■*". CRF" 'create filename (or listing2O40 OPEN LISTFILE* FOR OUTPUT AS »2 "open sequential file for listing

2050 PRINT 1*2, "CROSS REFERENCE LISTING FOR PROGRAM FILE: ";FILENAME*2060 PRINT #2,"CREATED AT "j TIME*; " ON "; DATE*2070 REM

3000 REM*********** WRITE CROSS REFERENCE TABLE TO FILE ***********************3010 1 = 1: PRINT tt2, '* NOTE FOR LINE 3070:

3020 WHILE 1 =< LABEL.NUMBER '* N>3 gives 40 col

3030 PRINT #2, : PRINT #2, LABEL*(I); TAB(18>; '* N>8 gives BO col3040 CURRENT.LABEL* - LABEL*(I) : N= 1 '« N>16 gives 132 col

3050 WHILE LABEL*(I> = CURRENT.LABEL* '•***•***•t***********»

3060 PRINT K2, USING "(ttttKttl "; LINE. REFX < I ) :

3070 1 = 1 + 1 : N=N+1 : IF N>B THEN PRINT H2, : PRINT H2, TAB(IB); : N= 1

3080 WEND

3090 PRINT H2, 'begin new line3100 WEND

31 lO PRINT *2. : KEY ON : BEEP : END3120 REM

4000 REM******* SUBROUTINE TO OBTAIN BASIC'S OFFSET ADDRESS FOR THIS LINE******4010 GOSUB 700O : LOW.BYTE » C4020 GOSUB 7000 : HIGH.BYTE = C

4030 ADR = HIGH. BYTE + LOW. BYTE 'not really correct, but address it. only of4040 RETURN 'interest when zero, so this will do

4050 REM

500Q REM********* SUBROUTINE TO GET VARIABLE NAME *l***** I tit*•)•*•*•(*)*•»****5010 LABEL.NUMBER <*■ LABEL.NUMBER + 1

;PASSES;" PASSES";

WRITING FILE" : PRINT

Listing 1 continued on page 382

380 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Programming Quickies.

Listing 1 continued:

5020 LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER) = CHR*IC> 'put first character in label5030 GQSUB 7DOO 'get second character

5040 WHILE tC>47 AND C<58> OR <C>64 AND C<91) DR C=46 'add legal characters:

capital letters, numerals and the period5050 LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER) = LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER) + CHR*(C>5060 60SUB 70005070 WEND5O80 IF (C>34 AND C<3B) OR C=33 THEN LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER)=LABEL*<LABEL.NUMBER)+

+CHR*(C) : GDSUB 7000 'get variable type symbol if any5090 WHILE C=32 : GOSUB 70OO : WEND 'skip over any blanks

5100 IF C=40 THEN LABEL*<LABEL.NUMBER)=LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER)+"(SUB)": GDSUB 7000

'identify as a subscripted variable if it is5UO LINE.REF7.(LABEL.NUMBER) = LINE.NOV- 'store current line number where this

label appears5120 RETURN5130 REM

£.000 Rl MMHimtl SUBROUTINE TO GET LINE NUMBER REFERENCE ********************6010 LABEL.NUMBER = LABEL.NUMBER + 16020 LINE.REF*/.(LABEL.NUMBER) = LINE.N07.6030 GOSUB 7000 : LOW.BYTE - C6040 GQSUB 7000 : HIGH. BYTE ■= C6050 LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER) = SPACE*<5>

6060 RSET LABEL*(LABEL.NUMBER) = STR*UHIGH.BYTE»256)+L0W.BYTE)607O GDSUB 70006080 RETURN6H9U REM

7000 REHttH SUBROUTINE TO GET ASCII VALUE FOR NEXT CHARACTER (C) *************7010 IF POINTER -. 128 GDTD 70407020 GET HI "refill buffer7030 POINTERS 'and reset pointer7O40 POINTER = POINTER + 1

7050 C = ASC(C*1P0INTER)) 'get next character ASCII value7060 RETURN

Listing 2: Sample output from the cross-reference program.

710

630

660

670

6B0

690

700

720

610

620

640

650

660

100O

950

1030

940

990

1000

4000

430

730

5000

640

503O

620

6000

650

7000

420

540

550

580

610

660

660

670

6B0

6B0

690

700

710

4010

4020

5030

5060

50B0

5090

5100

6030

6040

6070

7040

7010

ADR

520

4030

AS

230

320

320

2040

C

420

540

550

600

610

610

610

620

630

640

640

650

660

660

660

660

670

680

680

6B0

690

700

4010

4020

5020

5O40

5040

5040

5040

5040

5050

5080

50B0

5060

5080

5090

5100

6030

6040

7050

C*(5UB>

no

320

7050

CURRENT.LABEL*

3040

3050

FALSE

120

120

8B0

980

1020

FILENAME*

220

230

2010

2020

2030

2050

BV.

830

840

B50

890

890

920

930

HIGH.BYTE

550

560

4020

4030

6040

6060

I

310

320

320

330

690

690

700

700

3010

3020

3030

3040

3050

3060

3070

3070

17.

9201030

930

940

950

960

970

1O00

1010

IG7.

930

940

950

960

970

1000

1010

LABEL*(SUB)

1 10

620

940

940

950

950

960

960

3030

3040

3050

5020

5050

5050

5080

5OB0

5100

5100

6050

6060

LABEL.NUMBER

120

620

620

620

B30

920

3020

5010

5010

5020

5050

5050

50B0

5080

51OO

5100

5110

6010

6010

6020

6050

6060

LINE.N07.

560

570

51 10

6020

LINE.REF7.(SUB)

HO5110

9706020

970

1000

1000

1010

101O

3060

LISTFILE*

2030

2040

LOW.BYTE

540

560

4010

4030

6030

6060

N

3040

3070

3070

3070

3070

OUTPUT

2040

PASS

B20

B60

B60

B70

PASSES

840

870

PERPOS

2010

2020

2020

203O

POINTER

120

7010

7030

7040

7040

7050

SORTED

BBO

900

910

9BO

1020

TRUE

120

910

X*

320

382 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 424 on Inquiry card.

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Programming Quickies.

ASCII VALUE(DECIMAL)

SIGNIFICANCE

ENDLINE

OFFSET LINE TOKEN

NUMBER

-END PREVIOUS LINE

TOKEN

Figure 1: Tokenized format for line number 7010: 7010 IF POINTER < 128 GOTO 7040.

TOKEN

-SINGLE-BYTENUMBERFOLLOWS

7040

I

ENDLINE

-STATEMENTNUMBER INNEXT TWOBYTES

Text continued from page 378:

The program skips over all coded numbers exceptthose prefixed by an ASCII 14. This code signifies a2-byte number that is a program line-number reference,following a GOTO or GOSUB, for instance. The cross-reference listing program treats line-number referencesas labels and lists all lines referenced by other lines. Thiscan help you find all the places in a program that calla certain subroutine.

How It Works

The format of the lines in a tokenized program file isshown in figure 1. The first 2 bytes are the BASIC offsetaddress to the next program line. Our only interest init is when it is 0 because a 0 offset signifies the end ofthe program. The next 2 bytes contain the line number,with the least significant byte first. These are followedby a series of bytes, including tokens, coded numbers,and variable names, up to the end of the line, indicatedby an ASCII value of 0.

The approach of the cross-reference utility, then, isvery simple. It makes a note of the line number beingscanned at the moment, then skips over tokens and en-coded numbers, looking for variable names and ref-erences to other program lines. When it finds the begin-ning of a variable name, it builds the name, characterby character, until it comes to an ASCII code that can'tbe part of a variable name. If the variable has been ex-plicitly typed (marked by a $, #, !, %), that character isadded to the end of the name. If the variable issubscripted, then "(SUB)" is added. Once complete, thevariable name is stored in an array; the line numberwhere it appears is stored in a parallel array of linenumbers.

Once the entire program file has been scanned, thelabel and line-number arrays are sorted using a Shellsort. Then they are written to a disk file.

The only real problem is that all the scanning and sort-ing takes time. The program took nearly 7 minutes toprocess and sort labels for its own 145 lines and 245 labelreferences. For a smaller program (123 references and 133labels), it required 3 minutes 45 seconds. You can geta modest increase in speed of about 5 to 10 percent byeliminating comments and consolidating statements in-to one line where possible. This will have the greatesteffect in the WHILE loop beginning at line 600 and thesort routine beginning at line 800.

Be Wary

In order not to slow the program down further, I keptit as simple as possible. Because of this, a few bogusvariables may creep into your listing. These are wordsused as part of BASIC statements that are not tokenized.They include the following: ALL in a CHAIN statement,BASE in an OPTION BASE statement, B or BF in a LINEstatement, R in a LOAD statement, AS in a FIELD orNAME statement, and AS, APPEND, or OUTPUT in anOPEN statement. None of these is a reserved word, andthey are therefore not tokenized. Thus, if you use themin a program, the cross-reference utility will treat themas variable names. Note that both AS and OUTPUT ap-pear in listing 2.

The cross-reference listing is written to a sequentialdisk file, which may be read later. The file name for thelisting is the file name of the program file with an ex-tension of CRF. If the original program file wereMYPROG.BAS, the listing would appear on fileMYPROGCRF. To display the listing on your monitor,you first need access to the DOS (disk operatingsystem)-execute SYSTEM from BASIC. When in DOS,execute TYPE MYPROGCRF. If you want a hard copy,press the Ctrl and PrtSc keys simultaneously prior to ex-ecuting the TYPE command; the listing on the monitorwill then be output to the printer.

Modifications

The output is formatted for an 80-column screen orprinter as the program appears in listing 1. To formatfor a 40-column screen, change N>8 in line 3070 toN > 3. To format for a 132-column printer width, changeit to N > 16. You may also want to redimension the ar-rays in statement 110. They are large enough for modestprograms, but larger programs with more references willneed more space. ■

James A. Folts is an assistant professor of journalism at Oregon State Univer-sity, Corvallis, OR 97331.

Author's Note: The slowness of this utility is primarily due to the slownessof the BASIC interpreter. The author has an object-code (compiled C) versionof this algorithm that runs about 10 times faster than the BASIC version.Both copies are available on disk for $15. Contact James A. Folts, 755 SW 55th,Corvallis, OR 97333.

384 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE August 1983 385

Curious Coordinates forComputer Graphics

An elliptical coordinate scheme makes it easy to represent figures

Plotters and dot-matrix printersthat can handle graphics usually usex,y coordinate systems, or Cartesiancoordinates. Yet universal and usefulas those systems are, they are notalways the best choice for all plottingtasks. Some figures can be muchmore easily specified in other coor-dinate systems.

The roses in figure 1—one withthree and the other with sevenpetals—are a good example. Theequations that describe them aremuch more simply written in polarcoordinates than in x,y coordinates.

by Roger C. Millikan

Perhaps more important is that,when polar coordinates are used torepresent the roses, the integermultiplying T in the equation cor-responds to an obvious feature of theresulting curve: the number of petals.The role that coordinate systemsplay in graphics is analogous to therole that languages play in program-ming. Although a computer has amachine instruction set, the instruc-tions are inconvenient for generaluse; therefore, high-level languagesare set up to ease the task of specify-ing solutions to problems. Similarly,

Figure 1: Three- and seven-leaf roses. In Cartesian coordinates, the equation for the three-leaf rose is x4 -3x2y+2x2y2 -y3 +y4=0. In polar coordinates, the equation becomes r=sin(3T).Can you guess the seven-leaf rose equation?

a plotter's x,y coordinate system isseldom convenient to use unless it'sscaled to match a particular problem.You must therefore define a new andmore appropriate coordinate systemto match the problem at hand. Andjust as a compiler maps a high-levelsource language into a computer's in-struction set, you can use a sub-routine to map a coordinate systeminto a plotter's coordinates.

Conversion Becomes Easy

The idea of using a subroutine toconvert to x,y coordinates is simple,yet it gives you a lot of freedom. Polarcoordinates may have seemed dif-ficult to work with when you were inschool, but programs running on cal-culators or computers have eased theconversion between polar and x,ysystems. Given this ease, why stopwith polar coordinates? Perhaps youcan generalize them in interestingways. Or maybe you'll discover sys-tems that will make it easy to pro-duce interesting graphics. All youneed is the appropriate conversionsubroutine for any set of coordinates.

Not surprisingly, symmetries inany coordinate system are reflected inthe kind of curves that are easy todraw or specify. An Etch-a-Sketch,

386 August 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

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BYTE August 1983 387

for example, is great for drawing rec-tangular buildings, but did you evertry to draw a circle on one? Usingpolar coordinates, on the other hand,makes it especially easy to representcircular figures. You can, in fact, tailorthe type of coordinates to suit anygiven purpose. If you want to drawelliptical figures, why not use anelliptical coordinate system?

Coordinate Systems withParameters

Polar coordinates are based on thecircle, the limiting form of an ellipse,where the distance between the twofoci becomes zero. This fact suggestsa natural generalization of polar coor-dinates: a system, which could becalled elliptical polar coordinates ofscale C, based on confocal ellipses inwhich each focus is a distance C fromthe origin. The variable C, a param-eter of the coordinate system, isspecified by the user. If possible, thesystem should be set up so that itbecomes the standard polar-coordinate system when C = 0. Thenthe conversion subroutine can pro-vide conversions for a range of coor-dinate systems, including familiarones.

Such a system is shown in figure2b. The coordinates of a given pointare R and T. In polar coordinates(figure 2a), R represents the radialdistance from the pole to the point.The corresponding quantity in theelliptical system (figure 2b) is half thesum of the distances from the pointto the two foci. The elliptical system'sangle T is analogous to the polar

angle T This is best seen in the plot-ting of constant coordinate lines asshown in figure 2. In figure 2b, whereC = 400 (i.e., each focus is 400 unitsfrom the origin along the x-axis), theellipses are obtained for differentconstant values of R, while T goesfrom 0 to 2ir radians. The lines thatappear as hyperbolas result from set-ting the angle T to different constantvalues and, for each value of T, in-crementing R from its lowest possi-ble value (R = C) to higher ones. Theconversion subroutine maps the gridof lines produced onto the normalrectangular grid of x,y lines that plot-ters use.

An Etch-a-Sketch is great

for drawing rectangular

buildings, but did you

ever try to draw a circle

on one?

This coordinate system depends onthe parameter C. But what happensif you let that parameter become zeroor, on the other hand, very large? TheC = 0 case is shown in figure 2a,where, as expected, the resultingcoordinate grid is that of standardpolar coordinates. Polar coordinates,then, are a special case of our moregeneral coordinates. Perhaps moresurprising is the case where Cbecomes large. Figure 2c depicts thegrid that results when C = 10,000. Ina small region near the origin, thegrid appears rectangular. It is linearin the x direction as T increases but

nonlinear in the y direction as R in-creases. Thus the elliptical system cansmoothly transform rectangular-typecoordinates to polar types.

By choosing a particular value forthe parameter C, a particular instanceof elliptical coordinates is selected. YetC can also be treated as a variable ina computer-graphics program, andyou can use this modulation of thecoordinate system to produce specialeffects. For example, consider the rosewith five petals that has the polarequation R = 1000cos(5T). In the ellip-tical polar system of scale 400, the rosebecomes a stylized stick man. And byredrawing him for C = 300, 200, and100 (figure 3), we take him throughhis exercises.

The BASIC program in listing 1provides the conversion subroutinefrom these elliptical polar coordinatesof scale C to Cartesian coordinates.A simple conversion, it needs littleexplanation. In it, the variable R can-not be less than C. In the polar case,this requirement corresponds to thatof the radial distance from any pointto the origin being positive. Mathe-matically, this restriction prevents thesquare root in the conversion frombecoming imaginary. Should you callthe subroutine with R<C, theminimum possible value, R = C, isused to generate the x,y coordinates.Handling an error condition this waypermits the plot to proceed withoutbeing hampered by error messages.And to avoid corrupting further com-putations, the original value of R ismaintained upon exiting the subrou-tine.

nSQ\\\ " / //vsC-V"

| | | | | | | | | |-|^Jr

(2a) (2b) (2c)

Figure 2: Elliptical polar coordinate grids for different values of the scale parameter C. In (2a), C=0, in (2b), C=400, and in (2c), C=10,000.

388 Augutl 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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EXPENSES y^^lisT^^ INVOICES

PRL?STCT TIMELOG

field compnnion

Software For Portable And Desktop Computing

iTi

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Ju

mp i ng jacks

Figure 3: The result of changing the coor-dinate system parameter.

Listing 1: This BASIC program serves as the subroutine for converting elliptical polar coor-dinates of scale C to Cartesian types.

1000 REM

1002 REM

1004 REM

1006 REM

1008 REM

1010 REM

1012 REM

1014 REM

1016 REM

1018 Q = R

1020 IF R >

1022 Q = C

1024 X = Q*C0S(T)

1026 Y = SQR(Q*Q-C*C)*SIN(T)

1028 RETURN

SUBROUTINE CONVERTS ELLIPTICAL POLAR COORDOF SCALE 'C TO CARTESIAN X, Y COORDINATES.'C IS DISTANCE FROM ORIGIN TO EACH FOCUS.FDR C=0, COORD. BECOME STD POLAR COORD.POINT IS P<R,T) WHERE 'R' IS RADIAL DISTANCE'T' IS POLAR ANGLE IN RADIANS. IF R<C, THECONVERSION USES R=C (IN THE POLAR CASE THISMEANS THE RADIUS MUST BE POSITIVE).

C GOTO 1024

Additional 2-D and 3-DCoordinates

The elliptical polar system dis-cussed here is just one example of acoordinate system that serves aspecific purpose. Many other two-dimensional curves could serve as abasis for coordinate systems. The in-tersecting sets of logarithmic spiralsin the seed arrangement of sun-flowers is one interesting possibility

that would differ completely frompolar or rectangular systems. Onceyou've developed a conversion sub-routine, you can try old plotting pro-grams using the new coordinate sys-tem—often with surprising results.Three-dimensional space offerseven more freedom for coordinate ex-plorations. Helical systems andtoroidal systems are possible. Ofcourse, you'd need a way to depict

the results on a two-dimensionalplotter . . . But that's just anothersubroutine. ■

Roger C. Millikan (5475 Toltec Dr., Santa Bar-bara, CA 93111) is a professor of chemistry at theUniversity of California, Santa Barbara. His interestin computing dates back to a $1 million machine—the GE225 running Dartmouth BASIC—one aboutas powerful as the Z80 microcomputers of today.

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 391

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Technical Forum

A Gauss-JordanElimination Method Program

A flexible routine solves simultaneous linear equations

by Patrick E. McGuire

You can often represent a technical problem as asystem of simultaneous linear equations, forming thefamiliar set of n equations and n unknowns. One com-mon approach for solving these equations is the Gauss-Jordan elimination method, which is rigidly systematicand straightforward for computer applications. Todemonstrate, I'll describe a versatile program, whichdoes the following, using the Gauss-Jordan eliminationmethod:

1. Given a matrix of coefficients from any arbitrary-sizesystem of equations, the program solves for theunknowns.

2. When used in its entirety, the program functions ina calculator mode, i.e., coefficients are entered inresponse to program prompts. The unknowns arethen solved. Also, the determinant of the matrix isgenerated as well as the inverse. The latter is apreliminary step for matrix division. The input isechoed to a line printer, and, of course, the resultsare printed.

3. When modified slightly, the program performs as aconcise subroutine for use in a larger program. In thiscase, the input takes the form of an array suppliedby the calling program. Output from the subroutineis then made available in an extended form of thesame array.

The program given in listing 1 is written in Level II(Microsoft) BASIC as implemented on the TRS-80Model I microcomputer. You should have few, if any,problems adapting the program to other machines.

I'll briefly review the steps involved in the Gauss-

394 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Jordan elimination method to clarify how you can uselisting 1.

The Method

Any system of simultaneous equations can be repre-sented in general form as shown in figure la. A squarearray formed by the coefficients of x, from figure laestablishes the coefficient matrix. You append the valuesfrom the right-hand side of the equations to the arrayto form the augmented matrix, as shown in figure lb.

You can represent the Gauss-Jordan eliminationmethod operating on this augmented matrix in pseudo-code as shown in figure 2. When you read this pro-cedure, note that the array is continually altered as thevarious loops progress. Any term labeled "a" in the pro-cess is the matrix element that remains after all previousoperations have been completed. After these nestedloops are performed, the solutions appear in the right-hand column of the augmented matrix as shown:

Xl = «!,„♦!X2 ~ a2,n+\

X3 — a3,»n

»,»+!

The primes indicate the values derived from thenumerous divisions, multiplications, and subtractionsperformed in the loops.

Text continued on page 398Listing on page 396

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Listing 1: This version of the program stands alone and can be used in a calculator mode (as defined in the text) to solve linear systems.

1Q@ ■' Program module for solution of arbitrary =.izellQ ■' systems, of linear equations. Solution method is120 " Gauss-Jordan Elimination. In addition to the130 ■' solution vector the matrix inverse is also derived.

140 '

150 ' Patrick McGuire

160 ' Lafayette, Lfl 1980

170 '

180 '

190 ' The first section is a small utility for use in testins

200 ' the module usind Keyboard array entry. It may also be used

210 ' "as is" to solve linear- systems.

220 CLS

230 INPUT"ENTER MATRIX SIZE* (N X N>, tNrfcK N"JN

240 DIM FKN,N*2+1>

250 FOR X=l TO N

260 FOR V=l TO N+l

270 PRINT" EHTER ELEMENT ";XJY

280 INPUT fl<X,V>

290 NEXT V

306 NEXT X

310 ' End utility section

320 '

330 ' Extend matrix array for inverse feneration

340 V»N+1

350 FOR X= 1 TO N

360 V=V+1

370 fi<x,v:> = i

380 NEXT X

390 ' End extension section

400 '

410 ' This section prints iriFut and extended array

420 LPRINT TFIEK15>;"GFIUSS-JORDAN ELIMINATION"

430 LPRINT THBa5>J"lnPUt Data and Array Setup"

440 FLAG=1: " Suppress determinant printing

450 GOSUB 370

460 FLRG=0- ' Reactivate determinant printing

470 LPRINT: LPRINT

480 ' End input printing section

490 '

500 '

510 ' Beain actual solution

520 '

530 ' Pivot row normalization section: divides by the diagonal540 DET=1: ''Initialize the determinant

550 FOR R=l TO N560 J=2*N+I

570 DIU=A<R,R)

580 :>ET=PET*DIV: - Update determinant

590 FOR H=l TO J

600 FKR,l-0=r-KR,H:>.'DIU

610 NEXT H

620 ' End row normalization section

630 '

640 ' Non-Pivot rou reduction section

650 FOR S=l TO N

660 Q=H<S,R>

670 IF S=R GOTO 710

680 FOR T=l TO J

690 R':s,T:>=fi':s,T'>-A<R,T>*a

700 NEXT T710 NEXT S720 ' End row reduction section

730 '

740 NEXT R

750 '

760 ' End of solution sections

770 '

780 '

790 '' Print heading for solution output

300 LPRINT TAB':i5J;"Gauss-Jordan Elimination Results"

810 GOSUB 370

320 FOR P=l TO 6: LPRINT: NEXT P

330 END

840 '

350 '

860 ' Line printer output subroutine

870 FOR X=l TO N

380 FOR V=l TO 2*H+1

390 LPRINT USING "###. #(Mt";R<X, W;

900 LPRINT " ";

910 NEXT V

920 LPRINT

930 NEXT X

940 LPRINT

950 IF FLHG=1 GOTO 970

960 LPRINT "DETERMINANT = "JDET

970 RETURN

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396 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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Circle 290 on inquiry card. BYTE August 1983 397

(la)

aiiXi + a12x2 + a13x3+ a1nx„

a21x, + a22x2 + a2„x„

a31x, + a3„x„

ai,«-tia2,„+i

33,-1*1

ai,„.ia2,„+i

a3,»*i

a„ix.

(lb)

an a^ ai3 au

a2i a22 a2„

a3i a2„

a„i a„„

Figure 1: A general representation of any set of simultaneous equa-tions is shown in figure la. The coefficient array from the systemof equations in la sets up the solution for xx, x2, x3, etc., when youform the augmented matrix shown in lb by appending the values fromthe right-hand side of the equation to the array.

for k= 1 to nfor / = 1 to nfor / = 1 to (n+1)a(i = ajakk, when i=k

orah■ = au - {akJlakk){a,k), when i*knext Jnext /next kend

Text continued from page 394:

The inverse of the coefficient matrix can also be gen-erated simultaneously during this routine. To do this,the original array (see figure lb) is extended to includean identity matrix of size n, as shown in figure 3. Then,the inner loop of the pseudocode is extended to

for / = 1 to (In + 1)

After the program is run, the matrix inverse is the resultof the operations performed on the identity matrix.

The coefficient-matrix determinant can also be concur-rently derived by taking the product of each term a**,as it is encountered, while the loops proceed. Calledpivot elements, these terms lie along the diagonal of thematrix.

For additional information on linear systems analysisand matrix manipulation in general, see ComputationalMatrix Algebra by David Steinberg (McGraw-Hill, 1974).

Using the Program

Use of the program in listing 1 is straightforward. Asa problem-solving tool or teaching aid, the entire listingas given should be employed.

Operating as a stand-alone program, the routine firstasks for the matrix size n of the n x n coefficient array.Then, the user is prompted to enter the augmented ar-ray, element by element. The first entry is element 1,1and the last is n, n+1.

After the last data entry, the program adds the arrayextension for generating the inverse, prints the input data(with extension), and proceeds with the solution. Thesolution sequence performed next is similar to thepreceding pseudocode. Finally, the program prints thesolution array along with the determinant.

Figure 4 shows a sample run based on the followingset of equations:

2xt - 4x2 + 5x3 = 67x-i + 4x2 + 5x3 = 62xj - 3x2 + 6x3 = 5

Figure 2: The Gauss-Jordan elimination method, shown here inpseudocode, can be used to solve most simultaneous systems ofequations.

an ai2 a-13 ai,«-»i

a2i a22 a2,„ti

a3i a32 a3t„+i

a„i a„,„,i

1 0 00 1 00 0 1

0 0

Figure 3: Appending the array of Is and Os prior to performing theelimination procedure automatically yields the matrix inverse.

Note that the solutions

Xj = 1.443, x2 = -0.902, and x3 = -0.098

appear in the n+1 column of the resulting array. In thiscase, the solution vector lies in the fourth column, andthe determinant of the coefficient matrix given in theoriginal first three (n) columns is 61.

You should use the version in listing 2 when you wantthe program to be a subroutine in a larger program. Thecalling program must have previously filled the array Awith data and specified the value of N, where N equalsn of an n x n system. After the equation is solved, themain program can extract the solution vector and/or theinverse from the extended array. The determinant is alsoavailable as the variable DET The calling program mustinclude a dimension statement allotting enough spacefor the largest array (n by In + 1) to be solved.

398 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE Auguit 1983 399

(4a) ENTER MATRIX SIZE, (NxN), ENTER W? 3

ENTER ELEMENT 1 1? 2

ENTER ELEMENT 1 2? -4

ENTER ELEMENT 1 3? 5

ENTER ELEMENT 1 4? 6

ENTER ELEMENT 2 1? 7

ENTER ELEMENT 2 2? 4

ENTER ELEMENT 2 3? 5

ENTER ELEMENT 2 4? 6

ENTER ELEMENT 3 1? 2

ENTER ELEMENT 3 2? -3

ENTER ELEMENT 3 3? 6

ENTER ELEMENT 3 4? 5

Listing 2: TTir's is an abbreviated form of listing 1, which is intendedfor use as a subroutine in a larger program.

(4b)

Gauss-Jordan EliminationInput Data and Array Setup

2.000 -4.000 5.000 6.000 1.000 0.000 0.0007.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 0.000 1.000 0.0002.000 -3.000 6.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 1.000

(4c)

Gauss-Jordan Elimination Results

1.000 0.000 0.000 1.443 0.639 0.148 -0.656

0.000 1.000 0.000 -0.902 -0.525 0.033 0.410

0.000 0.000 1.000 -0.098 -0.475 -0.033 0.590

50000

50010500205003050040500505006B50S70500S05009050100501105012050130501405015050160501705018050190502B050210502205023050240502505O2605027050280502905G30G5B3105032O5B33050340503505036050370503805039050400504 1B5042050430504405045050460504705048050490

Subroutine to perform Gauss-Jordan solutionof simultaneous linear equations. The matrixinuerse and determinant are also derived.

Patrick McGuireLafayette, LH 1980

'' Extend matrix arr-a-j for inverse feneration

V=N+1

FOR X=l TO N

V=V+1

1=1-1+2: J=2*N+1

FOR K=I TO J

FKX,K>=0

IF K=S' THEH flOi,K)=l

NEXT K

next ;>:

End extension section

■' Ee^in actual solution

Pivot row normalization section: divides by the diagonalDET=1: 'Initialize the determinantFOR R=l TO MJ=2*N+1DIU=HfR..R>

DET=DET*DIU: ' Update determinantFOR H=l TO JFKR,H:>=rKR,H;'.'PIUNEXT H

End row normalization section

Mori-Pivot row reduction sectionFOP S=l TO N0=R':S,R>

IF S=R GOTO 50410FOR T=l TO JFKS,T>=fKS,T:>-fKR.T>*aNEXT THEXT S

End row reduction section

NEXT R

■' End of solution sections

Determinant = 61

Figure 4: The example system of equations given in the text is solvedhere using the program in listing 1. Figure 4a is an illustration ofthe data-entry process as it appears on screen. Figure 4b is theaugmented matrix with appended Is and 0s formed from the inputdata. Figure 4c shows the solved matrix; values of the unknowns X],x2, and x3 are in the fourth column in this case.

Summary

The version of the Gauss-Jordan elimination methoddescribed here includes some compromises. For exam-ple, if any of the diagonal elements (an, a22, a33, etc.) are

or become equal to 0, the solution fails. Ways exist toovercome this deficiency but the inverse generation anddeterminant features are destroyed if you use simplermethods. There is another method, called the MaximumPivot method, which overcomes the zero-diagonal prob-lem and retains the other features. However, this pro-cedure is significantly more complicated and time-consuming. Fortunately, most physical problems do notexhibit the zero-diagonal difficulty. ■

Patrick E. McGuire (102 Duncan Circle, Lafayette, LA 70503) is a registeredprofessional petroleum engineer and assistant district manager of a major oilcompany.

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400 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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BYTE West Coast

The Future of Software

Design

Industry looks to software as the source of the next waveof innovation in microcomputers

Software, after years of taking abackseat to hardware, has finallycome into its own. Today there isgeneral acknowledgment of soft-ware's importance. It is the bridgebetween the machine and the user—the tool that brings the power of thecomputer to the user. And softwareis defining today's crucial informationissues.

Instead of the emphasis of pastyears on building better and morepowerful machines, the emphasisnow is on how to harness the fullpower of the existing hardwarethrough improved software design.The promise is that the existingmachines could do the job muchbetter—more easily, more efficient-ly—if software were better designed.

And this promise, in turn, leadsstraight into several key issues thatare facing software developers today.What, exactly, constitutes a betterdesign? Of the various approachesthat software design can take, whichwill be most effective in helping usersaccess the full potential of theirmachines?

Currently software developers facefive major issues. None has easy

This month the BYTE West Coast editorsrelinquish their forum to Bill Gates. As chair-man of the board of Microsoft Corporation, Gatesdirects the efforts of one of the microcomputerindustry's major software houses and has somedefinite opinions about the arrival of the softrevolution.

by William Gates

answers. The stand that each of themajor players in the field chooses totake on these issues—and the degreeto which the ultimate judge, the usermarketplace, accepts each stand—willdetermine the direction of softwaredesign.

A great deal of money will be in-vested in these choices. The cost ofdeveloping a fully integrated familyof applications is enormous. Appletalks of investing $50 million todevelop a complete applicationsfamily; Xerox views the job in termsof hundreds of man-years. Therefore,each software developer is going tohave to take a good hard look at eachof these issues and make its choicewith great care. A wrong choice willbe costly at best; at worst, it couldspell financial disaster.

In this article, I'll examine today'scentral software issues, analyze thepros and cons of the possible choiceswithin each issue, and hazard someguesses as to which directions willprove to hold the key to the softwarepackages of the future.

Integration

Integration has been a byword inthe software industry for some time.But the issue here is not superficialintegration. I am not talking abouttaking various products and callingthem by similar names. I am not eventalking about moving the data backand forth between the productsthrough some sort of low-level

numeric description, where specialcommands must be given each timethe user wants to move data from oneapplication to another.

Such an approach, although betterthan no integration at all, presentsthe user with two major problems.First, special commands take con-siderable time and effort, both in theinitial learning and in their applica-tion each time the data is to bemoved. Worse yet, with this type ofintegration, important informationabout the data is lost. Take sales data,for example. In a particular applica-tion, Users may have described salesby time period (daily, weekly, ormonthly), by sales unit (sales rep,product line, or division), and by theform in which they want to print it.With today's level of integration, ifthey try to move this data from oneapplication to another, they general-ly will lose some of these importantdescriptors. The data will be devoidof its full structure.

The two key features of real integra-tion, then, are that it must capture alldata descriptors and it must be auto-matic. That is, to get two applicationsto work together, there should be noneed to continually move the databack and forth manually. If, for ex-ample, users need to combine datafrom their balance sheets and theirincome statements to do monthlyreports, they should be able tospecify what data they want thereports to include and in what format

August 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 401

it should be printed. The rest shouldbe automatic—graphs, charts, andall—without any need to go back inand reinput or redescribe the data.

This is how fully integrated soft-ware will work. But the big questionis, how do you get there? Basically,two possible approaches exist: eitherbuild one single application that doeseverything or else find better ways ofmoving data between separate appli-cations.

The first approach has a definiteappeal, in view of the fact that no onehas yet developed a way of movingdata between applications in a high-level form. But there are three signifi-cant drawbacks to the idea of build-ing a single applications package thatdoes it all.

First, there is the problem ofspecialized expertise. Even if onesoftware developer had the expertiseto build a complete set of genericapplications—time scheduling, proj-ect scheduling, database develop-ment, electronic spreadsheets, andthe like—it would be impossible tofind a single vendor who had the ex-pertise to build all the necessary ver-tical applications. And verticalpackages specific to different profes-sions or companies are going to be amajor segment of the softwaremarket. This need, then, points tothe importance of developing an ap-proach to integration that lets dif-ferent parties with specialized typesof expertise come in and providespecific vertical applications of thevarious packages.

A second problem with the ap-proach of developing a single ap-plication that does it all is that it re-quires the selection of a single datastructure. Because a data structurethat is ideal for one application maybe clumsy and inefficient for another,the net effect of this approach is thatit compromises individual applica-tions. For example, an in-memorydata structure that is well suited to aspreadsheet application may be poor-ly suited for a database package. Infact, it may be totally unusable. Ifusers want to develop graphs fromthe data stored in all the separate cellsof a spreadsheet, for example, andthey have to move the cells around

and give a special set of commandseach time they need graphs drawn(or, alternatively, find a macro stringthat will accomplish the same end),they are not going to be likely to usethe application very frequently.Clearly, different applications requiredifferent data structures to makethem easy to use.

The third difficulty with the single-application approach is that the com-mand structure could easily becomeoverstrained. The number of differentcommands and decision trees couldbecome a significant problem.

For all of the above reasons, Appleand Microsoft are in agreement thatthe best solution is to have multipleproducts that can easily pass databack and forth. This doesn't meanthat the products cannot be priced asa single package, or that they can't allbe on the screen at one time. But itdoes mean that they will be based ondifferent data structures and will usedifferent command structures.

User Interface

A second crucial decision area fac-ing software developers today in-volves the development of standardsfor user interfaces. Developers are ingeneral agreement on some of theseissues. For example, it is generally ac-cepted that packages should includeonline "help" files so that users canimmediately call up a piece of helptext that is designed for the specificcontext in which they findthemselves. Similarly, menus writtenin standard English and full-sentenceprompts are generally accepted.Visicorp, for example, is moving awayfrom the use of coded commands (/)and toward the use of English words.

The big issue today in the area ofuser interfaces is the introduction ofgraphics. To many people, graphicsimplies the drawing of bar charts,isometric charts, etc. But the graphicsissue is, in reality, far broader thanthat.

The question is how to present dataon the screen. So far, companies havebeen fairly confined in how they usethe screen to present data. For a longtime, they could only put characters(and monospaced ones, at that) inspecific positions on the screen. This

may not seem like a problem at firstglance. But stop and think for aminute: if every time you went to usea piece of paper or a chalkboard youhad to take little letters and placethem where you wanted them,wouldn't you find this approach to berestricting? You might find yourselfusing the paper or chalkboard a greatdeal less than you now do, when youhave the freedom to put arbitrary im-ages there in any form.

The new graphic technology, withits use of pixels and bit-mapping, isbringing this same richness to thecomputer screen. The ability to viewthe screen as a piece of paper and toput arbitrary images on it means thatgraphics are going to be used for agreat deal more than just drawinggraphs. Icons, for example, tell theuser what is happening in a muchmore compact and compelling waythan words. Cursor displays to showusers their positions are another formof visual feedback. For example,when users are deleting something,the screen could show scissors mov-ing around the material beingdeleted. Even graphs and diagramswill be revolutionized by the newgraphics technology because the timeand effort required to produce themwill be significantly reduced. In fact,what the new graphics technologyrepresents is a revolution in userinterfaces.

The bottom line is that graphics aregoing to be a standard part of all com-puters. No machine that costs morethan $1000 will be without a built-inbit-map graphics screen. And thesoftware analog of that hardwarestatement is that, one year from to-day, no decent application softwarefamily, no decent language family,and no decent operating system willbe without extremely high level sup-port for this type of graphics capabili-ty. It will be no small task for the soft-ware developers to achieve thisgraphics integration, but it is anecessary task. Furthermore, thegraphics capability is not going to bein the form of add-on packages thatusers go out and buy after they havebought their computers: it will bepart of the definition of the machinesthemselves. As such, it will require

402 Auguit 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc

very high level primitives to allow theuser to easily access the graphics cap-abilities.

As the above observations indicate,software developers are going to haveto agree on some user-interface stan-dards to allow the full power of thisgraphics revolution to be felt. First,they will need to develop some stan-dards for incorporating the graphicscapability into the machine. Apple isalready moving in this direction withits development of a strong operatingsystem as a foundation for such built-in features. Second, they will need toagree on some high-level operatingsystem commands to make thegraphics capabilities readily accessi-ble to the user.

Data-Storage Metaphors

Selection of the most appropriatedata-storage metaphor is one of thetoughest issues facing the softwareindustry today. Basically, this termrefers to the way the user perceivesthe storage of data within the system.Take Apple's Lisa system, for exam-ple, which is supposed to be capableof being learned in 20 minutes.Learning the spreadsheet applicationis going to be easy only for peoplewho are used to working withformulas—people who like formulas,who understand them, and whounderstand how they can worktogether in an interdependentfashion. A data-storage metaphorthat is based on placing formulas incells of a spreadsheet is never goingto be easy for most people to iearn,regardless of how the system isdressed up with easy-to-remembericons, simple English commands,and so forth.

Xerox, on the other hand, uses alinear, document-oriented metaphor.It includes different types of frames(text, graphics, and so forth), but theorientation is still that of a document,which is scrolled through in linearfashion.

The direction that Microsoft is tak-ing is toward a database metaphor.We undertook a study within our ownoffices to look at the ways people askabout and record data. Our findingsshowed that the data itself is the key;people generally take a database ap-

proach in recording and accessing in-formation. Someone wanting salesfigures for the previous year, for ex-ample, would not create a spread-sheet with empty cells and then sendit to the accounting department tohave the cells filled in. Rather, theperson would start with the data thathe had and request the additionaldata needed to complete the picture.You can see that the metaphorquestion is entirely separate fromconcepts such as graphic icons orwindows. It is also a much more dif-ficult issue to deal with. The effort,however, will definitely be worth ourwhile: it is in this area, more than anyother, that we can make the break-throughs that will allow the ordinaryuser to view the computer as simple.A software approach built around theright metaphor will allow users towalk up to the machine, immediate-ly see the data that they have put intothe system, and then easily choosethe applications that will allow themto view that data in the formats theyneed—all without having to refer tofiles, spreadsheet cells, formulas, orany other complex constructs.

Tying Personal Computersto Mainframes

A fourth major concern that soft-ware developers need to address isthe growing interest in tying personalcomputers into mainframes. Becauseof the significant differences amongmainframes, this is no simple matter.Mainframes—even those made bythe same vendor—have different filehandlers, different communicationssoftware, and different operatingsystems. The IBM 370 alone has atleast six major operating en-vironments and, within each ofthose, multiple databases. Creatingthe software that will allow a per-sonal computer to tie into such amachine will not be a trivial task.

The problem is not simply tyingtwo machines together. That hasalready been done: software existsthat will turn the personal computerinto a terminal, ignoring its localintelligence.

The difficulty is to create a methodof tying the two together that willallow automatic database querying.

Users should not, for example, haveto know JCL (job-control language) toaccess data from the mainframe. Norshould they need to learn a complexset of command structures. Ratherthey should be able to query the com-puter for data anywhere in thesystem and have the system itself useits intelligence to retrieve that data.In fact, the way the data was initiallydescribed in the dictionary shouldtell the system where to go to get it—whether to go, for example, to themainframe, CompuServe, or DowJones. Resolving this software prob-lem will not be easy, but it must beaccomplished; the increasing use ofpersonal computers in large organiza-tions makes this a central concerntoday.

Expanded Definitionof an Operating System

An important development thatyou will be seeing in the near futureis a greatly expanded definition of anoperating system. Microsoft, for ex-ample, as the vendor of one of to-day's most popular operatingsystems, MS-DOS, is planning to in-corporate an increasingly highernumber of functions into that system.Graphics capabilities, user-interfacecapabilities, networking—all will beincorporated into the operatingsystem. Instead of these functions be-ing considered add-on products, theywill automatically be a part of everymachine. This means that applica-tions writers will be able to assumethat these functions are there anddesign their packages accordingly.

The Soft World Is Here

As the above observations indicate,the innovation taking place in theworld of computers today originateswith software. No longer do youneed to go out and build better, morepowerful hardware to achieve pro-ductivity improvements: you simplydevelop a new software package, andpeople can put it to use immediatelyin their existing machines. The revo-lution is here—and it is soft.H

William Gates is chairman of the board of theMicrosoft Corporation (10700 Northup Way,Bellevue, WA 98004).

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 403

The 8086—An Architecturefor the Future

Part 3: Instruction Set Continued

Program transfers, string manipulations, and processor-control

instructions are covered

In the previous two articles, I in-troduced the 8086 instruction set anddemonstrated how it began to fulfillprogrammers' needs. Memoryvariables can be designated as thedestination of most operations, andthe addressing modes support theneeds of compilers. In this final part,I look at 8086 program transfers,string manipulations, and processor-control instructions.

Program Transfers

Instructions are fetched frommemory using the CS register as thesegment register and the IP registeras the offset. The program-transferinstructions (see table 1) can changethe contents of the CS and IPregisters or just the IP register.

For example, the JMP (jump) in-struction does an unconditionaltransfer to the target location. Thetwo major forms of JMP are directand indirect.

The direct JMP instructions havethree forms: short, near, or far. Theshort and near JMP instructions add

by Stephen A. Heywood

a displacement contained in the in-struction to the IP register. Using adisplacement instead of a direct ad-dress for these jumps helps the codebecome position-independent. Thiscode can be located anywhere inmemory because these jumps are adisplacement from the current in-struction instead of an absolute ad-dress. The short form contains a1-byte displacement that adds to theIP register in order to jump +127 or—128 bytes from the next instruction.

The near form contains a 2-bytedisplacement that adds to the IPregister for jumps within a 32K-byterange. It can also be used to jumpanywhere within the current pro-gram segment.

As noted earlier, a segment can beas long as 64K bytes. This is due tothe offset being given by a 16-bitregister. This addressing methodmakes the segments appear circular,as opposed to linear for earliermicroprocessors. For example, if a

Mnemonic

Description of Operation

JMP target

Jump to target location

Jcond target

See table 2

LOOP target

Loop

LOOPE/LOOPZ target

Loop while equal/loop while zero

LOOPNE/LOOPNZ target

Loop while not equal/loop while not zero

JCXZ target

Jump if CX = 0

CALL target

Call procedure

RET optional-value

Return from procedure

INT type

Interrupt

INTO

Interrupt if overflow

IRET

Interrupt return

Table 1: The 8086 program-transfer instructions are used to modify the values in the CS

and IP registers or the IP register

alone.

404 Auguie 19S3 © BYTE Publication. Inc

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IP

64K BYTESOFFSET

JMP START

JMP START

START:

HIGHMEMORY

— 3

LOWMEMORY

Figure 1: A near JMP, which is greater than 32K bytes from the target location, uses a for-ward JMP with a positive displacement; if less than 32K bytes from the target, it uses a backwardJMP with a negative displacement.

displacement of +5 is added to thecontents of IP, which contains a hexa-decimal FFFE, then the IP registerwould contain a hexadecimal 0003after the operation. Figure 1graphically demonstrates this circularconcept. Notice that a jump from theend to the beginning of the code areaactually jumps forward instead ofbackward. Because the JMP instruc-tion is more than 32K bytes from thebeginning, the shortest distance isforward.

The far JMP replaces both the CSand IP registers with the 5 bytes con-tained in the instructions. This allowsa jump to the beginning of a new seg-ment. Modular programming takesadvantage of this capability. Recallthat modular programming splits upthe programming task among severalprogrammers and puts the final proj-ect together using a linker. To transfercontrol from one module to another,you would employ a far JMP.

Another use for the far JMP is aftera reset. Delivering a reset to the 8086causes the following: IP, DS, SS, ES,and the flags are cleared; the CSregister reads hexadecimal FFFF; andthe remaining registers are left alone.With CS equal to FFFF and IP equalto 0, the first instruction will be

fetched from FFFF0. You would puta far JMP to the beginning of the pro-gram at this location.

Indirect-near JMP instructionstransfer the contents of a generalregister or the contents of a memorylocation, using the addressing

TABLE

modes, to the IP register. This letsyou use jump tables according to thevalues calculated. Figure 2 illustratesthe use of an indirect jump on a valuethat has been input from a port tojump to a proper routine.

The far-indirect JMP uses the con-tents of a double-word memory loca-tion, using the addressing modes, toload the CS and IP registers. The firstword transfers to the IP and the sec-ond word to the CS.

Conditional-jump instructionsjump on the status of the 8086 flagsat the time the instruction is ex-ecuted. The tested flag conditions areshown in table 2. If the condition isTRUE, then the jump takes place; ifthe condition is FALSE, then the nextinstruction is executed. All condi-tional jumps are short jumps. There-fore, the target must be within -128or +127 bytes of the next instruction.If you want to jump to a farthertarget, you would use the oppositecondition to jump around a near JMPto the target location.

Conditional transfers can be divid-ed into three categories: signed, un-signed, or either. Signed-conditionaljumps look at the Overflow and Signflags; the unsigned versions look atthe Carry flag. Most of these instruc-

DW

ERROR

This sets up a table of offsets to

DW

ROUTINE1

;the printer routine

DW

ROUTINE2

;DW means to define as a word

DW

ROUTINE3

DW

ROUTINE4

DW

ROUTINE5

This will input from a keyboard at port 0 a value from 1-5;in ASCII and jump to the routine for that key. If the key;is anything else it will go to an error routine.

Figure

START:

IN

AL,0

Get value from keyboard at port 0

SUB

AL.30

Subtract hexadecimal 30 to change from ASCIIto a value

CMP

AL,5

See if value is anything but 0-5

JBE

INRANGE

If 0-5 then pointing correctly

XOR

AL.AL

If not 1-5 then make it zero to goto error routine

INRANGE:

XOR

AH.AH

Clear high byte to make word

MOV

SI.AX

Place in index register to address

SAL

Sl,1

Double value for word indexing

JMP

TABLEfSI]

Jump to the routine whose offsetis TABLE plus SI

ERROR:

Routines would go here

ROUTINE1:

ROUTINE2

ROUTINE3

ROUTINE4

ROUTINE5

! 2: Using

a JMP

table.

406 Augtut 1963 © BYTE Publication. Inc

&

HITACHI

£<U.t j 9 e.iG

15MHz PRICE

-i i

■SPECIFICATIONS

• Vertical DeflectionSensitivity

Bandwidth

Rise TimeSignal Delay Line

Max. Input VoltageInput CouplingInput ImpedanceOperating Modes 'X-Y OperationSensitivity

• Horizontal DeflectionTrigger ModesTrigger SourceTrigger CouplingTV Sync

Internal

ExternalTrigger Sensitivity

AUTO Low Bandwidth

Trigger Slope . 1.. L

External Trigger Input :

5mV/div to 5V/div ±5%. 10 calibrated steps

ImV/div to IV/dtv +6%

(When using x5 amplifier}

Uncalibrated continuous control between

;stepsjT: <L 2.5 (provide with click-positioning

[function)! J

DC-to 30MHz, -3dB (at A div)

DC to7MHz, -3dB (at 4 div)

(When using x5 amplifier)

12ns, (for x5) 70ns typ

Permits viewing leading edge of displayed

; waveform

600Vp-p or 300V (DC + AC peak, at 1 kHz)

ACGND.-DC

Direct 1M ohm:', approx. 30pF

CHlj CH2, DUAL, ADD, D1HE } L—

CHI: X axis, CH2: Y axis

5mV/div to 5V/div (when using x5 amplifier:

ImV/div)

Sweep Time

AUTO, NORM, TV |+),TV (-}CH1.CH2, LINE. EXTAC

:TV sync-separation circuit1 div or more IV sync-signal)1 Vp-p or more (V sync-signal)

Frequency

Internal

External

20Hz to 5MHz

0.5div

200mV

5 to 30MHz

I.Sdiv

800mV

Sweep Time MagnifierMax. Sweep Time

• Power Requirements

* Dimensions

■Wiight

30H2

Input impedance: approx. 1M ohm,

30pF or lass '

Max;; input voltage: 100V

(DC +AC peak at 1kHz)

0.2jis/div to 0.2s/div. ±5%

19 calibrated steps

Uncalibrated continuous control between

steps 1: < 2.5 (provided with click positioning

function)

10 times (±7%)

lOOns/div (20ns/div and 50ns/div. not

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100/120/220/240V 110%50 to 60Hz. approx. 40W

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Approx. 8.5kg

TTQUANTITIESTfflEXIMITED

V-302F 30MHz

RES

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1 mV/div high sensitivity design. Effective formeasurement of weak signals.

• Employs TV sync separator circuitry with onetouch synchronization of both TV horizontal andvertical signals.

• Built-in signal delay line enables front observationof fast rising waves.

• X-Y operation convenient for measuremenphase difference between two signals.

• Delayed sweep function with one touch control__i-10X magnification,-!—

• Trace rotation system for easily adjusting trace in-clination caused by terrestrial magnetism.

e Fine adjusting click positioning function enhancesmeasuring efficiency.

• Signal output: CHI output terminal to FrequencyCounter, etc.

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Price does not include probes.

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ADVAELECTRONIC

THE TEST EQUIPMENT SPECIALISTS

Mnemonic

Jump if

Condition Tested

Signed

JG/JNLE target

greater/not less nor equal

((SF XOR OF) OR ZF) = 0

JGE/JNL target

greater or equal/not less

(SFXOR OF) = 0

JL/JNGE target

less/not greater nor equal

(SF XOR OF) = 1

JLE/JNG target

less or equal/not greater

((SF XOR OF) OR ZF) = 1

JO target

overflow

OF = 1

JS target

sign

SF = 1

JNO target

not overflow

OF = 0

JNS target

not sign

SF = 0

Unsigned

JA/JNBE target

above/not below nor equal

(CFORZF) = 0

JAE/JNB target

above or equal/not below

CF = 0

JB/JNAE target

below/not above nor equal

CF=1

JBE/JNA target

below or equal/not above

(CFORZF) = 1

Either

JC target

carry

CF=1

JE/JZ target

equal/zero

ZF = 1

JP/JPE target

parity/parity even

PF = 1

JNC target

not carry

CF = 0

JNE/JNZ target

not equal/not zero

ZF = 0

JNP/JPO target

not parity/parity odd

PF = 0

Table 2: The conditional

transfers jump on the status

of certain flags and can only be

short jumps.

tions have more than one mnemonic.Again, this is to aid documentationpurposes.

The conditions of greater and lessrefer to signed values; the conditionsof above and below refer to unsignedvalues. These conditions should beused after you have done a CMP ora SUB instruction to ensure that youhave the right flag conditions. Youcan see the difference between thesetwo conditions by an example. If youcompare the following hexadecimalbytes, FF to 00, and treat them assigned numbers, you are comparinga -1 to a 0 and determining that FFis less than 0. But if you comparethese same numbers and treat themas unsigned numbers, you wouldfind that 255 is above 0. This meansthat the conditional jump that youwould use depends on how you treatthe numbers.

Most programs use some type ofsoftware loop to perform such tasksas adding a value to a group of loca-tions or a delay. Included in the 8086instruction set are three instructionsto make looping easier. These LOOPinstructions use the CX register as acounter. They decrement the CXregister and transfer to the targetlocation if CX is not equal to zero.Otherwise, control transfers to thenext instruction. Basically, this in-

struction replaces the following twoinstructions:

DCR CXJNZ target

Except for one difference, no flags areaffected by the LOOP instructions.Like the conditional transfers, LOOPinstructions are only short transfers.Assembly-language programmersplease note the following. If you liketo use LOOP as a label in your pro-grams, you might get an error fromthe assembler if you try it with the8086.

The two conditional LOOP instruc-tions are LOOPE (loop whileequal)/LOOPZ (loop while zero) andLOOPNE (loop while not equal)/LOOPNZ (loop while not zero).These two instructions have an alter-nate way of falling out of the loop.They decrement the CX register andtransfer control to the target if CX isnot equal to zero and the Zero flag isset for LOOPE or is cleared forLOOPNE.

The program will fall out of theloop if the CX register is zero, orprematurely fall out if the Zero flagis cleared for LOOP while equal/zeroor if the Zero flag is set for the LOOPwhile not equal/not zero. Because theLOOP part of the instruction does

The 80186—

The 8086 is a popular microprocessor be-ing used by hardware designers in manydifferent systems. In fact, in varied applica-tions system designers employ the samecomponents. For example, an interruptcontroller supplies the external interrupttype number for multiple interrupts. Aclock generator furnishes the 8086 andsystem clocks as well as buffering the resetand ready input signals. Chip-select logicchooses different memory blocks and in-put/output devices. Often, these devicesrun at different speeds. Therefore, wait-state generators insert wait states in themicroprocessor for accessing the slowerdevices. Timers and counters handle thetiming and counting of events and tasks.To transfer data quickly between input/out-put devices and/or memory devices, DMA(direct memory access) controllers findwidespread use. Chips supply controlsignals and give added drive to the databus. However, all these components takeup board space, and their interconnectionsmake for a complex design and possiblefuture problems. Consequently, Inteldesigned and manufactured an improvedversion of the 8086 microprocessor, calledthe 80186.

The 80186 contains the following hard-ware on one 68-pin chip:

•8-MHz enhanced 8086 microprocessor•programmable multilevel interrupt con-troller for as many as five external andthree internal sources•clock generator for internal and externalclocks

•programmable memory and input/out-put chip selects for as many as six indepen-dent memory blocks and as many as sevenperipherals

• three 16-bit programmable timer/counters, two external and one internal

• two independent programmable DMAchannels pr transfers up to 2 megabytes/secper channel

•data-bus transceiver pr added drive•local bus controller for control signals

These 80186 devices can be addressed inthe input/output space or in the memoryspace pr programming purposes. The con-trol registers pr the interrupt controller,the timers, the DMA channels, and thechip-select logic are grouped together in a256-byte block. The 80186 has one addi-tional register, the relocation register. It

408 Auguil 19*3 © BYTE Publication* Inc

A Lot of Hardware in One Package

locates this block in the input/output ormemory space, contains the most signifi-cant 16 bits of the address where this blockis located, determines the condition of theinterrupt controller, and determineswhether to interrupt if an ESC instructioncomes in.

The 80186's microprocessor has beenenhanced for added performance over the8086. For example, the 8086 calculates ad-dresses (segment + base + index + dis-placement) in an internal microcoderoutine. The 80186 uses a dedicated hard-ware adder to speed up address calcula-tions. Also included in the 80186 is thehardware for 16-bit integer multiply anddivide to speed up these instructions morethan three times faster than the 8-MHz8086. Furthermore, string manipulationshave been streamlined by doing the stringoverhead of decrementing CX and check-ing flags in parallel so they execute as fastas the memory can handle them (up to 2megabytes/sec). Multibit shifts and rota-tions execute each shift or rotation at a1-bit/clock cycle.

The 80186 has the same instruction setas the 8086; therefore, code written for the8086 can run on the 80186. Ten additionalinstructions are also included in the 80186,as listed in table 1.

For example, you can push an immediate16-bit value or a sign-extended 8-bit valueon the stack. This instruction speeds upthe previous 8086 method of moving animmediate value to a register and thenpushing that register on the stack to passan immediate value as a parameter to aprocedure.

If you want to save all the generalregisters (AX, BX, CX, DX, BP, SP, SI,and DI) at the beginning of an interruptroutine to use them in the routine, the80186 has an instruction called PUSHA(PUSH all) to do all this storage in one in-struction. Instruction POPA (POP all)does the reverse and is used at the end ofthe routine.

If you want to multiply by an immediatevalue in the 8086, you move it into aregister or a memory location first and thenmultiply. In the 80186, instruction IMUL(integer multiply immediate) can multiplyany 16-bit general register or memory loca-tion as the source with an immediate 16-bitinteger (or a sign-extended 8-bit integer)and place the 16-bit product in any 16-bitgeneml register as the destination.

For multibit shifts/rotations, you can

shift or rotate by the count held in the CLregister for both the 8086 and the 80186.However, the 80186 also lets you specifythe count by an immediate value in the in-struction (e.g., SAL BX,5).

String instructions let you manipulateblocks of memory. The 80186 has two addedstring instructions (INS and OUTS) forinput/output devices. Instruction INS (in-put string) stores in memory, pointed toby the ES segment register with Dl offset,the block of bytes or words input from thedevice whose port address is in the DXregister. Instruction OUTS (output string)outputs to the device, whose port addressis in the DX register, the block of bytes orwords in memory pointed to by the DS seg-ment register with SI offset. You can usethese instructions with or without a REPprefix, and Dl and SI are updated the sameway as string instructions.

Block-structured high-level languages(such as Pascal) create a stack frame forlocal variables at each procedure level andcopy pointers to access a previous level'svariables. The 80186 instruction ENTERis used by a compiler to set this up. Thefirst operand says how much room (inbytes) to set aside on the stack for localvariable space. The second operand equalsthe level to determine how many pointersto copy to this procedure's stack area. In-struction ENTER also follows the conven-tion of pushing BP and loading BP withSP. The LEAVE instruction does the op-posite and has no operands.

The BOUND instruction checks thearray-index register specified in the in-struction against a boundary to determinewhether it is within limits. The array-

index register is compared with a two-wordmemory block whose offset is in the in-struction. The first word contains the lowerlimit that the index register can contain,and the second word contains the upperlimit. If this register is out of the bound-ary, an automatic interrupt type 5 isgenerated. Any general register can bespecified, but you would usually use BX,BP, SI or DI because they are in theaddressing modes.

Notice that a new interrupt type is de-fined by the 80186. Other interrupts arealso used by the 80186 that were previouslyreserved for future use by the 8086. If the80186 encounters an undefined op code, anautomatic type 6 interrupt is generated. Ifan ESC instruction comes in and the 80186is not connected to a coprocessor, the in-struction is normally ignored. But if youwant to emulate the instruction in soft-ware, you would set the bit mentionedearlier in the relocation register. Then,every time an ESC instruction comes in,an automatic type 7 interrupt is generated,and the return address will point to theESC instruction that caused it. Theroutine would then emulate the ESC in-struction in software by using this infor-mation. The timers, DMA channels, andexternal interrupts have interrupt typesassociated with them as well.

Building on 8086 experience, enhancedhardware functions make the 80186 a muchimproved microprocessor for hardwaredesigners because of its reduced componentcount and interconnections. These ad-vanced features help speed up the execu-tion of software. The added instructionsprovide additional programming benefits.

Mnemonic

Description of Operation

PUSH immediate

PUSH immediate data

PUSHA

PUSH all general registers

POPA

POP all general registers

IMUL dest, source, immediate

Integer multiply immediate

Shift/rotate dest, immediate

Shift/rotate destination by immediate count value

INS

Input string using DX for port

OUTS

Output string using DX for port

ENTER stack-frame, level

Enter procedure

LEAVE

Leave procedure

BOUND reg,boundary

Check array against boundary

The 80186 has 10 additional instructions added to its 8086-based instruction set for

added software capabilities.

Augurt 19(3 © BYTE Publications Inc 409

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not affect the Zero flag, you couldprecede these conditions with a CMPand make it a condition to fall out ofthe loop prematurely.

Because LOOP decrements CX firstand then checks to determinewhether it is zero, you could en-counter problems if you enter theloop with CX equal to zero. If youdon't check CX for zero before theloop, you would execute the loop65,536 times. To prevent this prob-lem, you employ the JCXZ (jump onCX zero) instruction. It jumps if CXis equal to zero; you could use thisto jump around the loop if CX isequal to zero and you don't want toexecute the loop so many times.

Procedures

Procedures, a name given tosubroutines by high-level languages,are used for often repeated parts ofa program. The CALL instruction isused to jump to a procedure, and theRET (return) instruction returns youback to the program. The CALL in-struction is like a jump except that itsaves the return address, the addressof the next instruction following theCALL, on the stack; there is no shortform of this instruction. The CALLinstruction can be indirect or directas well as near or far. The near-formCALL instruction places the contentsof the IP register on the stack andthen adds the displacement in the in-struction to the IP register. The far-form CALL instruction pushes bothCS and IP on the stack beforereloading these registers. This meansthat the RET instruction must beeither far or near. Once a procedurehas a far return at its end, you mustuse a far CALL to the procedure tomake sure that the right informationis on the stack for the RET instruc-tion.

Often, you need to pass informa-tion, called parameters, to pro-cedures. These parameters can bepassed in different ways. One way isto pass the parameter in a register,and the procedure would use thatregister's contents. Another way is tosave the parameter in a memory loca-tion common to the procedure. Athird way is to pass the parameterson the stack and have the procedure

get them and clean up the stack afterit is done. To pass parameters on thestack, you can push register contentsor the contents of memory locations;this is the most common methodused by high-level languages.

Reentrant procedures are thosethat call themselves, that call anotherprocedure and then that procedurecalls it back, or that can be inter-rupted and the interrupt calls theprocedure. Each time the procedureis called, it might require differentparameters to work with. If you usethe stack to pass these parameters,then each time the procedure iscalled it has a new stack frame towork with, an area in the stack setaside for a procedure to work in.

Figure 3 shows an example of a call-ing program that pushes the param-eters on the stack and the procedurethat utilizes these parameters. Thestack frame is also shown as it wouldlook after the BP register is pushedon the stack in the procedure.

Remember from part 1 that thephysical address consists of a seg-ment and an offset. The 8086 ad-dressing modes can use the contentsof the BX, SI, DI, or BP registers togenerate the offset to get data. TheBX, SI, and DI registers default to theDS, but the BP register defaults to theSS register as its normal segmentregister. BP can then be used as thebase register to access parameters onthe stack. All procedures that haveparameters on the stack then employthe BP register as shown in figure 3.

In the sample procedure, you firstuse PUSH to put BP on the stack tosave it and thus not ruin it foranother procedure that is using it.Following that, you direct BP to pointto the same location as SP with theMOV BP,SP instruction. In this way,you have the BP and SP registerspointing to the same area, namely,the top of the stack. Now you canuse the BP register to access theparameters off the stack frame in-stead of changing the contents of theSP register. Because the SP registeris used to point to the top of thestack, and interrupts as well as pro-cedures employ the stack to save thereturn address, you don't want tomess around with this register.

410 Auguit 19SJ © BYTE Publication! Inc

1-2-5 FROM LOTUS.

IT'LL HAVE TOUR IBM/PC

JUMPING THROUGH HOOPS.

Meet 1-2-3 - the remarkable newsoftware package that puts more rawpower at your ringer tips than anythingyet created for the IBM PC. 1-2-3 actuallycombines information management,spreadsheet, and graphing in one pro-gram that can perform all three functionsinterchangeably and instantly at thetouch of a key That's power.

To explain: sinceT2-3's information

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that's a new kind of power - power that'sgreater than the sum of its programs.The spreadsheet function.

If 1-2-3 were just a spreadsheet,you'd want it because it has the largestworkspace on the market (2048 rows by256 columns). To give you a quick idea of1-2-3's spreadsheet capabilities: VisiCalc'sspreadsheet for the IBM PC offers 15arithmetic, logical and relational opera-tors, 28 functions and 32 spreadsheet-related commands. 1-2-3 has 15 operators,

41 functions and 66 commands. And ifyou include data base and graphing com-mands, it actually has 110!

In addition, 1-2-3 is up to 50 times asfast as established spreadsheets. With allthe features you've ever seen on spread-sheets. 1-2-3 also gives you the capabilityto develop customized applications (with26 macro keys) and lets you perform^> „x-^ repetitive tasks automat-ically with one key-stroke. If 1-2-3 werejust a spreadsheet, itwould be a very' pow-erful tool. But its much,much more.The information manage-ment function.

Add to 1-2-3's spread-sheet a selective informationmanagement function, andthe power curve rises at anawesome rate. Particularlysince 1-2-3's information■> management capabilityreads files from otherprograms such as Word-Star, VisiCalc and dBase II. So you canaccumulate information on a limitlessvariety of topics and extract all or piecesof it for instant spreadsheet analysis.Unheard of before. Specific 1-2-3 infor-mation management features includesorting with primary and secondarykeys. Retrieval using up to 32 criteria.1-2-3 performs statistical functions suchas mean, count, standard deviation andvariance. It can produce histograms onpart or all of the data base. 1-2-3 also

allows for the maintenance of multipledata bases and multiple criteria.The graphing function.

1-2-3 enables you to create graphsof up to six variables using informationalready on the spreadsheet. And have iton screen in less than two seconds! Onceyou've made a graph, three keystrokeswill display it in a different form. If dataon the spreadsheet changes, you can dis-play a revised graph with one keystroke.This instant relationship of one format toanother opens up a whole new applica-tion area. For the first time graphics canbe used as a "what if" thinking tool!

For a full demonstration of 1-2-3'sremarkable power, visit your nearby 1-2-3dealer. For the name ana address, call1-800-343-5414 (in Mass. call 617-492-7171).

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1-2-3 and Lotus are trademarks of LotusDevelopment Corporation All rights reserved.WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro Inc.VisiCalc is a registered trademark ofVisiCorp.dBase II is a registered trademark ofAshton-Tate.

BYTE August 1983 411

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FLIP It

OLD TOPOF STACK

ADDRESS OF ARRAY

LENGTH OF ARRAY

VALUE TO ADD

RETURN ADDRESS

OLD BP

t* r.

HIGH MEMORY

( BP + 8)( BP + 6)( BP + 4)( BP + 2)BP

LOW MEMORY

;Calling programLEAPUSHMOVPUSHMOVPUSHCALL

;SAMPLE procedurePUSHMOVMOVMOVMOVJCXZ

AGAIN: ADD

STOP:

ADDLOOPPOPRET

AX.ARRAY

AX

AX.10

AX

AX,5

AX

SAMPLE

BP

BP.SPAX,(BP + 4]CX,[BP + 6]SI,[BP + 8]STOP[SI],AX

SI,2AGAINBP6

;offset to beginning of array

;length of array is 16 words (10 hexadecimal)

lvalue to be added

Save BP for protection

Point BP at top of stack

Get value to be added

Get length of array

Get offset of array

Skip loop if CX = O

Otherwise add value in AX to array

whose offset is in SI

Have SI point to next word

Do this CX times

Restore BP

Return and add 6 to SP to point at

old top of stack

Figure 3: Using the BP register to access parameters.

To access the parameters, you usethe BP register plus a displacement.As shown in figure 3, the return ad-dress is at BP + 2 and the parametersare at BP+4, BP + 6, and BP + 8. Thissatisfies the first requirement to ac-cess parameters on the stack.Another benefit of using the stack isthat you can subtract a value from theSP register after having BP point toit. Then, if you use a negativedisplacement with BP, you can accessthis area as a workspace for your pro-cedure's local variables.

The procedure then moves theseparameters into the proper registers.Next, you check the CX register forzero so that you don't do the loop65,536 times. In the loop, you add thecontents of the location pointed to bySI with the value in AX, and place

the result back in memory. Then SIis made to point to the next word byadding 2 to it. You repeat this processCX number of times.

Now, you have to clean up thestack. If you simply pop the BPregister and return, the SP registerwould be pointing at the firstparameter, which is not where it issupposed to point. If you just didthis, you would have to make it partof the calling program to pop theparameters off the stack. Because aprocedure can be called several times,this would involve a large amount ofoverhead. To clean up the stack, theRET instruction can have a value thatis added to the SP register after thereturn address is placed back in theIP register. In the sample program,the value added to the SP register is

412 Auguot 1983 © BYTE Publications inc

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6, which is where the old top of stackwas before the parameters werepushed on the stack by the callingprogram.

Interrupts

The 8086 has several sources for in-terrupts. An interrupt can come fromexternal devices, software instruc-tions, or within the 8086 itself. Theexternal sources for interrupts comefrom two pins called INTR (interruptrequest) and NMI (nonmaskable in-terrupt). The INTR pin is maskableby the IE (interrupt enable) flag in the8086 flag register. If the IE flag is set,INTR can interrupt the 8086; if the IEflag is cleared, then INTR can't inter-rupt. NMI cannot be masked and isused mostly to report catastrophicevents such as memory-parity errorsor an imminent power failure.

As listed in table 1, the software in-terrupts are INT (interrupt), followedby the interrupt type and INTO (in-terrupt on overflow). The interruptsfrom the 8086 itself are divide errorand single-step. Divide error iscaused by a division having a quo-tient larger than the destinationregister, such as division by zero ordividing a large number by 1. Single-stepping is actually an interrupt afterevery instruction that is caused by theTF (Trap flag) in the flag register be-ing set.

When you receive one of these in-terrupts, certain events occur. If it isan external interrupt, the current in-struction has to finish execution (ex-cept if it is a MOV or a POP to a seg-ment register, then it is the instruc-tion following the current instruc-tion). All the interrupt types thenpush the contents of the flag registeron the stack. After this is done, the8086 clears the IF and TF flags. Thisis to prevent any INTR inputs frominterrupting the processor and to pre-vent single-stepping through the in-terrupt routine. Because the flags aresaved, whatever they were prior tothe interrupt will be restored after theroutine is finished. Next, the 8086pushes the contents of the CS and IPregisters on the stack to save thereturn address in the same way a farCALL does. Finally, CS and IP areloaded from an interrupt-pointer

table, depending on the type of in-terrupt. The interrupt-pointer table isa reserved area of memory that oc-cupies the first IK bytes of memoryspace, as shown in figure 4.

Notice that certain interrupts havereserved pointers for them and cangenerate those types automaticallywhen they occur. Divide error is type0, single-step is type 1, nonmaskableinterrupt is type 2, breakpoint is type3, and overflow is type 4. In addition,types 5 through 31 are reserved by In-tel for future use and should not beused at this time. The others areavailable for use by the INTR or INTinstructions. For INTR, an externaldevice supplies the type, and the INTinstruction supplies the type in theinstruction. The 8086 takes the typeof interrupt, multiplies it by 4 to getto the correct table entry, and thenloads it into the CS and IP registers.These table entries must be filled byyou with the starting segment andoffset of your particular interruptroutine. In other words, if you planto include any divide instructions inyour programs and you don't checkthe operands, you should fill thepointers at addresses 0 through 3with the CS and IP values of aroutine to handle a divide error.

The interrupt routine should saveany register used by it because youdon't know when the interrupt oc-curred for an external interrupt, andyou wouldn't want to destroyanything that you might have inthese registers. An IRET instructionshould reside at the end of the inter-rupt. This instruction performsalmost the same operation as a far-RET instruction, but it also pops theflags back.

The INT instruction can check outinterrupt-service routines by havingthe INT instruction followed by thetype number of the one to be checkedor used. For example, the divide-error routine might be the same as aroutine needed in your program. TheINT instruction can also be used forcalls to another program to serviceparticular devices. Because the codecan be located anywhere in memory,but the interrupt-pointer table is at afixed location, this makes it conve-nient to use for this purpose.

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Figure 4: The interrupt-pointer table reserves the first IK bytes of memory space. Each typeof interrupt contains two words, which point to the segment and the offset of the interruptroutine that handles that type.

The INTO instruction is a condi-tional interrupt on the Overflow flag.This instruction generates a type 4 in-terrupt if the Overflow flag is set.Otherwise, control is passed to thenext instruction. You could use thisinstruction after an arithmetic or logicinstruction as a conditional CALL onthe Overflow flag.

If you're like me, your programsoften have bugs in them, and youwould like to debug them easily. Twooperations are provided to make thisjob easier. One is the INT 3 instruc-tion, a special 1-byte form of the INTinstruction. You can substitute thisinstruction for the op code of the in-struction that you want to set a break-point for. Your interrupt routinewould then interrogate registers, bypushing them on the stack, or certainmemory locations. An INT 3 instruc-tion could also be a way of insertingnew instructions in a program to testnew ideas without reassembling orrecompiling.

The other operation provided toaid debugging involves setting theTrap flag in the flag register. Whenthe Trap flag is set, the 8086 does anautomatic type 1 interrupt after eachinstruction, except on a MOV or POPto a segment register. The procedureyou write can then look at certainthings, display them, or do whateveryou want. There is no instruction toset the Trap flag; how often wouldyou use it in normal programming?A simple program to set the Trap flagmight look like this:

PUSHF

POP AX ;Bring the flags

;into AXOR AX,0100 ;Set bit 8 of the

;flag registerPUSH AXPOPF ;Place it back in

;the flag register

To clear the Trap flag, you couldreplace the OR instruction with an

416 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Circle 279 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 417

Mnemonic

Description of Operation

MOVSB/MOVSW

Move byte or word string

CMPSB/CMPSW

Compare byte or word string

SCASB/SCASW

Scan byte or word string

LODSB/LODSW

Load byte or word string

STOSB/STOSW

Store byte or word string

REP

Repeat

REPE/REPZ

Repeat while equal/repeat while zero

REPNE/REPNZ

Repeat while not equal/repeat while not zero

Table 3: The string instructions let

you work with blocks of data using 1-byte instructions.

Register

or Flag

How Contents Are Used

SI

Index (offset) for source string

Dl

Index (offset) for destination string

ES

Segment of destination string

CX

Repetition counter

AL/AX

Scan valueDestination for LODSSource for STOS

DF

0 = auto-increment SI.DI

1 = auto-decrement SI.DI

ZF

Scan/compare terminator

Table 4: The string instructions use dedicated registers to generate fewer instructions, and

they are shorter (1 byte) in

length.

AND AX,FEFE

String Instructions

At times, you need to manipulatelarge blocks of data in memory, suchas moving them from one location toanother, searching for a particularvalue, etc. You could accomplish thiswith the instructions shown in figure5's first program. In program 1, youload the SI register with the offset ofthe block you wish to move, the DIregister with the offset of where youwish to move it to, and the CXregister with the number of bytes youwish to move. The actual move re-quires loading the word using SI andsaving the word using DI. Then youmove the pointers to the next wordand loop back and repeat it. This ac-complishes the tasks you set out todo but requires several instructionsand extra time to perform them.

Instead, string instructions, asshown in table 3, could be used tosolve this problem. They can do byteor word operations and are actuallyshort (1-byte) instructions. They usededicated registers, as shown in table

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418 Augu«t 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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Program #1

'This program will move a block beginning at BLOCK1 to a blockbeginning at BLOCK2. The DS register is pointing at the;segment that contains these blocks. Each block is 80 words;long (50 hexadecimal)

AGAIN:

LEALEAMOVMOVMOVADDADDLOOP

SI.BLOCK1

DI.BLOCK2

CX.0050

AX, [SI]

[DI],AX

Sl,2

Dl,2

AGAIN

Get the blocks offsets in

the index registers

Number of words to move (80 decimal)

Bring in from BLOCK1

Save this word to BLOCK2

Move pointers to next word

;Using CX as a counter to do 80 times

Program #2

This program is the same as the first except the stringinstruction MOVSW is used and AX is not destroyed

REP

PUSH

POP

LEA

LEA

MOV

CLD

MOVSW

DS

ES

SI.BLOCK1

DI.BLOCK2

CX.0050

;Make ES point to the same segment;as DS to use as destination

;Set up auto-increment of SI and Dl;Same as AGAIN loop except AX is;not affected

Figure 5: Using the string instructions to move a block of data.

4. Registers DS and SI are the sourcepointers (DS can be overridden as thesegment register to be CS, ES, or SS),and ES and DI are the destinationpointers. The SI and/or DI registersare automatically incremented ordecremented by 1 for a byte operationor by 2 for a word operation. The DF(Direction flag) in the flag registerdecides whether SI and/or DI are in-cremented or decremented. If DF isset, then you decrement or proceedto lower addresses; if DF is cleared,then you increment. The DF can beset by the STD (set direction) instruc-tion and cleared by the CLD (cleardirection) instruction.

String primitives perform singlebyte or word operations. Suchprimitives as MOVSB (move stringbyte) and MOVSW (move stringword) transfer the contents of thelocation pointed to by SI to the loca-tion pointed to by DI with SI and DIadjusted. Primitives CMPSB (com-pare string byte) and CMPSW (com-pare string word) compare the con-tents of the location pointed to by SIwith the contents of the locationpointed to by DI with SI and DI ad-justed, which affect the flags thesame as a CMP instruction. PrimitiveSCASB (scan string byte) comparesthe contents of the AL register to the

contents of the location pointed to byDI; SCASW (scan string word) doesthe same with AX. Only the DIregister is adjusted with this instruc-tion. Primitive LODSB (load stringbyte) transfers the contents of thelocation pointed to by SI to the ALregister; LODSW (load string word),to the AX with SI adjusted. PrimitiveSTOSB (store string byte) transfersAL to the location pointed to by DI;STOSW (store string word) transfersAX with DI adjusted.

To do block operations, you canplace a 1-byte prefix in front of astring primitive called a REP (repeat)prefix. You would use REP in front ofthe MOVS, STOS, or LODSprimitives to repeat that operationthe same as a LOOP instructionwould. CX contains the number ofMOVS, STOS, or LODS operationsyou want to do with a REP prefix. Asshown in figure 5, MOVSW with aREP prefix accomplishes in program2 the same task done in program 1.Notice that the ES register is initial-ized and the Direction flag is clearedfor auto increment. Using REP beforea STOS instruction lets you initializea block of memory with a certainvalue, such as a zero to clear a blockof memory. However, REP wouldprobably not be used before a LODS

420 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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instruction.

For the CMPS and SCAS instruc-tions, you have the conditional REPprefixes of REPZ/REPE for repeatwhile zero/repeat while equal andREPNZ/REPNE for the opposite con-dition. These are similar to the con-ditional LOOP instructions. For ex-ample, if you use the REPNE in frontof the SCASB instruction, you willstop repeating if CX equals zero or ifa match is found between the ALregister and the location pointed toby the DI register. You could use theREPNE instruction and check the CXregister for zero. If it is zero and ZFis not set, then no match is found. IfCX is not zero or ZF is set, then theDI register is pointing to the locationfollowing or before the matchingcharacter, because it is auto-decremented/incremented on eachrepetition by the SCAS instruction.A program demonstrating this setupis shown in figure 6.

With a repeat prefix, CX is checkedfor zero before the operation, whichis different from the LOOP instruc-tion. This means that you don't haveto precede the repeated string opera-tion with a JCXZ to prevent doing it65,536 times. Another interestingpoint is that an interrupt can berecognized during a repeated stringoperation at each repetition. Theseare the only instructions that allowinterrupts during execution becauseusing a REP might tie up the 8086 fora long period of time.

Primitives also permit you to buildyqur own string operations. For ex-ample, you could translate an entireblock of memory from one code toanother after the registers are set upcorrectly:

AGAIN: LODSBXLATSTOSBLOOP AGAIN

Processor-Control Instructions

Processor-control instructions letprograms control various 8086 func-tions, as shown in table 5. The STC(set carry), CLC (clear carry), andCMC (complement carry) instruc-tions affect the Carry flag. Instruc-tions STD and CLD are explained in

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This procedure scans a buffer for a particular byte

character and replaces it with another character. The

parameters are passed in this order:

The segment of the buffer

The offset of the buffer

The number of bytes to scan for

A word whose low byte is the character to search for and

whose high byte is the character to replace with

PUSH

MOV

LES

MOVMOV

OLDSEARCH: REPNEJEJMPSWAP: MOV

JCXZ

DONE:

BP

BRSP .DI,[BP + 8]

CX,[BP + 6]AX,[BP + 4]

SCASBSWAPDoneES:(DI-1],AH

DONE

;Get segment in ES and offset in

;DI using a double word in the

;stack (may have to tell assembler

;by LES Dl,DWORD PTR[BP + 8] )

; Length to search for

;AL contains character to search

;for and AH has character to

; replace with

;Auto-increment

;Scan buffer until AL matches

;|f a match swap the characters

otherwise stop

;Using Dl with a -1 displacement

: because SCAS does an increment of

;DI, transfer the new character

;making sure to use ES (and not

;DS) as the segment register

;ln case the last match was also

;at the end of the buffer

JMP

SEARCH

POP

BP

RET

8

Figure 6: Scanning a buffer for a particular byte and replacing it with another character.

Mnemonic

Description of Operation

STC

Set Carry flag

CLC

Clear Carry flag

CMC

Complement Carry flag

STD

Set Direction flag

CLD

Clear Direction flag

STI

Set Interrupt-Enable flag

CLI

Clear Interrupt-Enable flag

HLT

Halt until interrupted or reset

WAIT

Wait for TEST pin active

ESC

Escape to external processor

LOCK

Lock bus during next instruction

NOP

No operation

Table 5: Processor-control instructions direct various 8086 functions.

the section on string instructions.

The CLI (clear interrupt) instruc-tion disables the INTR signal from in-terrupting the 8086 by clearing the In-terrupt flag. The STI (set interrupt)lets you recognize the INTR signalafter the instruction following STI hasbeen executed.

The HIT (halt) instruction stops the8086 until either a reset or an exter-nal interrupt on NMI or INTR occurs.When an interrupt routine returns,the 8086 resumes execution with theinstruction following HLT.

Systems often use multiple micro-

processors. Using more than onemicroprocessor results in increasedsystem performance. The 8086 isdesigned to cooperate with othermicroprocessors via its hardware andsoftware structures.

A special type of microprocessor,called a coprocessor, might share aprogram with the 8086, executing on-ly the instructions pertaining to it andignoring the 8086 instructions. For ex-ample, the 8087 coprocessor, anumerics data processor, performsfloating-point and trigonometricfunctions. However, the 8086 must

August 1983 © BYTE Publication! lnc 425

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know that an instruction coming inis for the coprocessor and not foritself. Therefore, coprocessor instruc-tions are contained in an ESC(escape) instruction, which the 8086will ignore. The coprocessor moni-tors the bus and, when an ESCcomes in, captures its op code fromthe ESC instruction. If an operandfrom memory is involved, the 8086fetches that operand (calculating theaddress) and discards it. Thecoprocessor can capture the operandor the address at this time from thebus as well; the 8086 then goes on tothe next instruction while thecoprocessor is executing this instruc-tion.

Because a coprocessor might takea different time period to execute itsinstruction, there should be somecoordination between the two pro-cessors. Before another coprocessorinstruction comes in, the coprocessorshould finish its current one. A pinon the 8086, called TEST, ac-complishes this mission. The WAITinstruction looks at this pin and, ifthe pin is LOW, the 8086 will go onto the next instruction. But if the pinis HIGH, the 8086 will enter a waitcondition. Therefore, the coprocessorcan pull this pin HIGH until it isfinished with its instruction. MostESC instructions, and any 8086 in-struction that looks at a coprocessor'sresults, should be preceded with aWAIT instruction.

Although multiprocessors canshare memory and input/outputdevices, they must have their ownprograms. Often, they utilize thesame buses to access commondevices and take turns using this bus.Sharing, then, might involve somecommunication between multipro-cessors. For example, microprocessor#1 could be filling a block of memorywith new data while microprocessor#2 is reading that same block ofmemory. Without some notification,microprocessor #2 might get part ofsome old data and part of some newdata.

The most common method of shar-ing a block of memory is to set upone location as a flag to let each pro-cessor know that this block is in use.Therefore, each microprocessor

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BYTE August 1983 427

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agrees that if this location contains ahexadecimal 01, the block is in use.The microprocessor must then set itto 1 if it is using that block when theflag is clear. A simple method is tomove a 1 into the AL register and ex-change the AL register with this flaglocation. If after this exchange AL isstill a 1, then you know that the blockis being used by another processor.But if AL is zero, then the micropro-cessor can use this block, and the flaglocation is already set to 1 by theXCHG instruction.

However, there is one problemwith this setup. The microprocessormust use the bus twice to do theXCHG instruction; once to read thememory contents and once to writethe contents of the AL register in thislocation. However, in between theseoperations another processor mightget in there and do the same thing,and you once again have the sameproblem. The 8086 has provided aprefix called LOCK in its instructionset. Any instruction preceded by theLOCK prefix gains total control of thebus for the entire instruction; noother processor can gain bus use un-til that instruction is done. This in-struction affects one 8086 pin, calledLOCK, which causes the hardware tolock the bus.

Conclusion

You have perceived the many ad-vantages that the 8086 offers pro-grammers. Its addressing lets you ac-cess many types of operands for yourinstructions and accommodates dif-ferent types of program develop-ment. The instruction set is versatile,and added operations make the pro-gramming task easier. The 8086 sup-ports high-level languages withmemory-based variables and pro-duces compact code.

I hope that this series of three ar-ticles will help you when you workwith the 8086, whether you are pro-gramming it or debugging itslistings. ■

Stephen Heywood is an instructor with IntelCustomer Training and is involved with prepara-tion of the 8086 course. He can be contacted at In-tel Corporation, 27 Industrial Ave., Chelmsford,MA 01824.

for a complete selection of microcomputer hardware, software and accessories.

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BYTE Aiujuit 1983 429

Book Reviews

CBASIC UserGuide

Adam Osborne, GordonEubanks Jr., and MartinMcNiff

Osborne/McGraw-Hill1981; 214 pagessoftcover, $16.95

Reviewed by

Dr. Bruce R. Evans

"The CBASIC languagemay be the most advancedversion of BASIC yetcreated."

Adam Osborne never waswishy-washy I Don't, how-ever, let this outrageousquotation from the cover ofCBASIC User Guide put youoff. CBASIC is a super lan-guage, with lots of businesssoftware written in it. If youare going to modify any ofthese programs or write yourown, you need this book.

Much of the book's infor-mation is included in thedocumentation that comeswith CBASIC, but theCBASIC manual is poorlywritten, edited, and printed.Not so with the CBASIC UserGuide. As an example, sixpages of error messages, theircauses, and program re-sponses to them tell morethan the reference manual'sten pages. For this reasonalone, any CBASIC program-mer needs this book close by.

This book is more than areference. Rather than doleout a single line demonstrat-ing each command, theauthors illustrate commandsin the context of entire sub-routines. Their discussion ofthe differences between anduses of WHILE. . .WENDand FOR. . .NEXT loopsopened my eyes. In yourBASIC, does a dimensionedvariable start with thesubscript 0 or 17 My manualdoesn't mention this, but theCBASIC User Guide not onlydoes but further explains how

this can affect memory size.CBASIC supports compoundIF statements, but I wouldn'thave known this from themanual—score another plusfor this book, which tells meabout this.

This book is filled withmeticulously written shortprograms that you shouldenter and run. By doing this,you can feel the language, getused to good programmingstyle, and learn useful con-cepts without realizing it.

A few programs are not soshort: the authors go into agreat deal of detail about thevideo display input and out-put of programs. Here is anarea in which many ex-perienced computer usershave a blind spot. Theauthors reminded me that,not only do most businessusers of personal computersnot know the things pro-grammers take for grantedabout the use of personalcomputers—how to signalthe end of input by hitting theReturn key, how to formattheir response to an INPUTstatement—they are actuallyafraid of the machines. Thismakes programs that arefault-tolerant and easy to usea necessity. They also remindus that CBASIC programsshould be made to run cor-rectly on terminals that usedifferent commands to ma-nipulate the video display.

By itself, chapter 11 on filestructure makes the book in-valuable. What files areabout, how they are ar-ranged, and how we affectthem are all fully discussedhere. The chapter also talksabout the dangers of leavingfiles unclosed, how this canaccidentally happen (such asby inputting Control-Z), andhow to program around theseproblems. Seven sample pro-grams give a feel for handlingsequential and random-accessfiles. If you are not comfort-able with files after reading

this chapter, you never willbe. Again, the basic informa-tion is available in theCBASIC manual, but it's notwell explained there.

Does this book have anyfailings? Yes, it does have afew. The title is misleading. Itshould be CBASIC Version 2User Guide. Because of sig-nificant differences betweenversion CBASIC 2.x andearlier versions, you shouldnot use this book if you havean earlier version.

A strong point of CBASICis that it allows 31-letter vari-ables; a weak point of thisbook is that the authors tendto use all 31 letters in their ex-amples. To the uninitiated, itis confusing to see examplesthat use such variables asTHIRTY.DAY.MONTH %

li

or a line su

ch ,

MTD.PAY=MTD.PAY +FN.NEAREST.CENT(NETPAY)

Although long variable

names are invaluable indocumenting a program, theyare needless complexitieswhen illustrating the pro-gramming language itself.Finally, was it really neces-sary to include six pages ofhexadecimal-decimal conver-sion charts at the end7 Thisleaves the reader wonderingif the writer is paid by thepage!

The CBASIC User Guide isproduced in the tradition ofall Osborne books. It is wellwritten, well printed, andhigh priced. I think the firsttwo features justify the third.I recommend this book toanyone using CBASIC andeven more to anyone whoisn't using it yet.B

Bruce Evans is a family physi-cian with a hobby interest inelectronic computing who prac-tices in Toronto. He can bereached at 16 Marwin Rd.,Pickering, Ontario, L1V 2N7Canada.

BYTE's Bugs

• *"C>GND

Bad Resolution InPower Supply

A drafting error marred theSystem Notes article "AHigh-Resolution Analog-to-Digital Converter for theTRS-80" by James Cameron(February 1983 BYTE, page378). The schematic diagramof the suggested power sup-ply, shown in figure 2 onpage 384, contained a re-versed set of pin numbers forthe 7905 voltage regulator.

Furthermore, the capacitorswere not properly specifiedand some of their polaritieswere reversed.

For the benefit of ourreaders who may want tobuild that power supply, thecorrected circuit is shownhere above. Our apologies tothose of you who were in-convenienced.

Our thanks to Michael H.Butler of Beltsville, Mary-land, and others for pointingout the problems. ■

430 Augu.t 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Book Reviews

An AssemblyLanguage Course

Mark FohlPetrocelli1982; 169 pageshardcover, $17.50

Reviewed byTim Kilby

Remember sweet Miss Fen-wick, your eighth-grade mathteacher7 When you left herclass you really felt you hadlearned something. She knewjust how to explain all thedetails. You weren't forced tomemorize; you learned toreason out solutions to prob-lems. And she offered fun ex-tras that helped you get thebroad picture of what mathwas all about. Looking back,you remember that youdidn't feel pressured in herclass; eighth-grade mathwasn't really heavy stuff tolearn when it was explainedproperly. You were buildinga foundation for everythingthat was to come in all the ad-vanced mathematics classes.

That's the way you willfeel about An Assembly Lan-guage Course: unpressuredand easygoing—a sturdyfooting for future study. Notat all a bad way to be in-troduced to assembly lan-guage.

Let's face it. Only the Mar-quis de Sade could enjoy pro-gramming in assembly lan-guage. Even if it had a fancyFrench name it wouldn't bemore palatable. But therecomes a time when resistancemust be replaced with thespirit of challenge and thepromise of efficient, fastcode. At that time, AnAssembly Language Courseshould be on the top of yourreading list.

Author Mark Fohl shouldbe commended for providinga "generic" approach toassembly language. Hischoice of the Motorola

MC6800 microprocessor andits instruction set should notalienate users of other micro-processors. In fact, those ofyou with other computers(myself included; I have the6502) will benefit greatly byhis instruction. Because I wasnot expecting to be a full-fledged assembly program-mer by the last chapter, I wasable to concentrate on prin-ciples, logic, and operations.

There is a laconic discus-sion of the 6800 architectureand instruction set, whichyou will find valuable instudying your micropro-cessor's structure. While notconfusing the reader with in-struction sets of other pro-cessors, Fohl does suggestsimilarities to look for. Hisfirst-class explanation of thebinary number system, as it isused in assembly language, isexcellent reading for novicestrying to understand howcomputers work. And a shortsource-code listing of a radix-converter routine (binary,octal, decimal, or hexadeci-mal) is not only useful as alearning tool, but it would bea great utility program tohave on file.

Don't expect to write a newAlien Invaders game afterreading An Assembly Lan-guage Course, however.You'll need a good referencebook for your specific micro-processor and a lot of ex-perience writing simpleroutines in assembly beforeyou tackle any big jobs.

Perhaps the most impor-tant topic discussed in thetext is the assembler pro-grams themselves: what theyare, how they work, and howthey differ. (Even assemblylanguage, as close as it is tothe computer's own lan-guage, must be converted in-to machine-readable code.)

Other questions answeredinclude the following. Whatis an assembler, exactly? Andhow does the two-pass as-

sembler affect the readabilityof source code? When arecross-assemblers and macroassemblers preferred? Whywould you want an assemblercapable of conditional orrelocatable assemblies? Allthese issues are discussed forthe reader's complete under-standing of the assembly-lan-guage process.

I can by no means be con-sidered an experiencedassembly-language program-mer. I've learned by necessityto write subroutines that willspeed my BASIC programs ordo tricks otherwise unattain-able. By spending manyhours poring through refer-ence books, by reading whatassembly source code I couldget my hands on, and by an-noying knowledgeablefriends, I have learned what Ineed.

I would have had it mucheasier if I had just possessedAn Assembly LanguageCourse. Then those pseudo-ops and addressing modes,and the LDAs, CLCs, BNEs,and JMPs, would not havebeen so confusing. And Iwould not have had to stareblankly so often at the persontelling me about the latest

such-and-such macro assem-bler.

Assembly language neednot be as punishing as all thatfor you. Many of you maytake to assembly codingquicker than a dog takes to itsbark. Fohl's book may evenbe too light for a few of you.For almost everyone, though,it should prove to be a tastyfirst course in a promisingfeast.

Miss Fenwick knew themost efficient way to get youthinking for yourself. Shemade sure you had the solidbackground you needed.Ever since that class you'vebeen glad for having her asyour teacher. Think of AnAssembly Language Coursethat way. It's not the com-plete picture of assembly lan-guage—no book is, norshould be. It just sets thestage with efficient and con-cise explanations. Miss Fen-wick would approve. ■

Tim Kilby is a microcomputerprogrammer and computer con-sultant. His article "CharacterEditor for the Atari" appeared inthe December 1982 BYTE. Hecan be reached at RR 1, Box288-B, Sperryville, VA 22740.

BYTE's Bugs

Faulty Philosophy

In trying out the 32-bitmultiply program in ThomasStarnes's article "DesignPhilosophy Behind Moto-rola's MC68000," RobertDelaney found a bug. (Seethe May 1983 BYTE, p. 342.)

In listing 1, the instructionADDQ #4, A7, which appearsas the second to last instruc-tion on page 358, should bedeleted. It causes an incorrectresult and does not allow re-storation of the stack pointerto its entry value upon com-pletion of the last instruction.

BreakoutBox Broken

Two circuits using theLM324 op amp in Steve Ciar-cia's "Build an RS-232CBreakout Box" will not workproperly in their present con-figuration. (See figure 3, page38, and figure 4b, page 41, inthe April 1983 BYTE.) Re-versing the input connectionswill correct this drafting er-ror.

Our thanks to HaroldBalyoz in Flagstaff, Arizona,for spotting this mistake. ■

432 Auguit 1903 © BYTE Publications Inc

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Nearly 400 language rules are contained in the ECHO'stext-to-speech algorithm. These rules enable the computer topronounce most correctly spelled words. When in the text-to-speech mode the user can select any of 63 different pitchlevels, and have words spoken either monotonically or withintonation by using simple control character sequences. Therate of speech can be fast or slow; words can be spoken intheir entirety or spelled letter by letter. The ECHOs alsopronounce punctuation and numbers. Words can be encodedusing phonemes and diphthongs when the text-to-speech orfixed vocabulary is not required.

Applications are unlimited, ranging from phone answering,educational and training programs, to games and aiding thesight and speech impaired. The ECHO is a complete standalone unit which is compatible with most any computer; it sellsfor $299.95. The ECHOI, which plugs into the AppleH, ispriced at $149.95.

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BYTE Auguit 1983 433

User's Column

Epson QX-10, Zenith Z-29,CP/M-68K, and More

Significant subjects are surveyed by our sagacious savant

They say April is the crudestmonth. It certainly was for me. Aprilbegan with a trip to Houston for theL-5 Society Space Development Con-vention. I went directly fromHouston to Ithaca, New York, whereI delivered the C. P. Snow MemorialLecture; from there to New York Cityto see agents and editors; direct (well,it was supposed to be direct untilUnited Airlines managed some in-teresting routing) from NYC to San-ta Cruz for a conference of an-thropologists and science-fictionwriters; back home in time to do mytaxes; and north for a week inWashington state, where severalscenes from our next book are set.Somewhere along the way I threwmy back out.

Withal I managed to play aboutwith the Epson QX-10 computer; wehave CP/M-68K for the Sage; andthere's a nifty new terminal fromHeath/Zenith. I even managed toanswer some mail, although, alas, notall I would like to have dealt with.

The Epson QX-10

The Epson QX-10 is now available,and I'm told it's selling well. It comesin two models: with a fairly standardkeyboard that has a number ofspecial-function keys marked in theusual manner and with the HASCIkeyboard designed by ChrisRutkowski of Rising Star Industries.

by Jerry Pournelle

The "standard" keyboard modelcomes with CP/M software; theHASCI model comes with RisingStar's Valdocs software package.You're also supposed to get a diskwith the CP/M operating system. Idon't have that yet. By the time youread this, however, it will surely beincluded with any package you couldbuy.

First the machine itself: I love it.The Epson QX-10 is compact andhandsome enough that my wife willeven allow it in the living room. Thekeyboard is very nice. It's missingsome keys, such as tilde and curly

braces { }, but there are ways to

make it produce them.

The keyboard is very typewriter-like; it even preserves some annoy-ing typewriter features. For example,the Shift Lock is not an "alpha lock"but a true shift lock: it puts thenumbers and punctuation marks inuppercase. Also, it falls out of ShiftLock when you hit the Shift key.These are features, not bugs, accord-ing to Epson: it wants the machineto be so much like a typewriter thatanyone familiar with one will be ableto use the QX-10 without anyadjustments.

The QX-10 has many nifty features.Little lights on certain keys, such asInsert and Shift Lock, tell you whatmode you're in. When you firstpower up the Epson, it goes through

a series of internal checks (notdescribed in the manuals I have, soI can't say precisely what) that flashall the lights in sequence.

The screen is pretty. The characterset is nice, and a single keystroke letsyou put in boldface and italic text thatactually look like boldface and italicon screen. In other words, there's justa lot to like about the Epson QX-10.

Alas, there are also things todislike. Not about the hardware; ifthe Epson has any hardware prob-lems, I'm not aware of them. I'venever had a hardware problem withthe machine, and I'm very fond of itslittle half-height 5 % -inch double-sided double-density disks.

The problems are in the Valdocssoftware.

Valdocs is an enhanced text editorintended for the absolute novice user.You can do just about anything youlike from within the editor; it's like anoperating system. For example,there's a full four-function calculatorwith memory; the results can be putinto your document. You can also usethe Calculator mode to sum up col-umns of numbers; I used it toprepare my expense accounts for myApril trips. Like Wordstar, there's pro-vision for running specific outsideprograms: I presume that one ofthese days therell be things like spell-ing checkers, footnotes, and the like.

The Valdocs system is very easy to

434 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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Remarkably, the new $599 Tran;**.;"plug and go" compatible with the best-sel-ling word processing programs. Just pjug the120 into your personal computer and watchthis precision printer purr along at 14 cpsShannon text speed producing superscript,subscript, underlining and a true boldface.Even using letterhead is now a breeze withthe 120's automatic single sheet loading!

Don't worry about durability; it'sa toughlittle machine. It joins the highly reliable fam-ily of Transtar printers with a failure ratethat's the envy of the industry: less than 1%.Should your 120 ever need repair, a nation-wide network of authorized service centersstands ready for speedy repair on your six-month end-user warranty.

Just think of it: everything you want in aletter-quality printer...anywhere you want it.Only $599.

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learn. You don't have to open a singledocument. You just start using it, andsoon you can type letters and suchlike. Online help is available at alltimes, and a big Undo key will pret-ty well cancel anything you just didand don't like.

There are a number of otherhelpful features. There's a com-munications system that's supposedto work with an optional modem; Idon't have that, so I can't say howwell it works, but from the descrip-tion it sounds pretty good. The mail

management system also includes a"card file" system that lets you keepnames, addresses, and telephonenumbers, and get at them from in-side the text editor.

The Valdocs system creates a kindof database with multiple index en-tries for each file you've saved, so thatit can display your file directory in anumber of ways: sequential, alpha-betical, or, because you can havemultiple-word file names, as a cross-indexed directory listing.

The system has a Schedule func-

Tune up your LA36

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The Datasouth DS120 gives your DEC writer® II the high speed printingand versatile performance features of the DECwriter® III at only a frac-tion of the cost. The DS120 is a plug compatible replacement for yourLA36 logic board which can be installed in minutes. Standard featuresinclude:

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Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging fromthe Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous instal-lations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advan-tage of today's higher speed datacommunications services. LSImicroprocessor electronicsand strict quality control en-sure dependable performancefor years to come. When ser-vice is required, we willrespond promptly and effec-tively. Best of all, we can de-liver immediately throughour nationwide network ofdistributors. Just give us acall for all the details.

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tion that keeps track of dates and ap-pointments in an electronic date-book. That too is accessible fromwithin the text editor.

In other words, Valdocs is reallysplendid in conception, being a lot ofwhat I've always wanted. The trou-ble is, you pay a high price for allthese features.

The first problem is obvious fromthe other side of the room. TheValdocs system is slow. It seems totake forever to do disk operations.There's a reason, of course: whenValdocs saves a file, it makes entriesin a whole series of indexes. This isall to the good, but it can bemaddening.

I've been taught that when you docreative writing on a computer, thefirst rule is "Save Early And Often."There could be a power failure. Somefiend could pull the power cord. Thecomputer could ingest a moth.Anything can happen, and unlessyou've saved that text from memoryto disk, when something does hap-pen, that text is gone.

The obvious way to save a file inValdocs is to use the Store key, butthat takes forever, after which you'rein an empty buffer. You have toreload your file in order to continueworking on it. It took me much morethan a minute to save a one-pagememo, then retrieve it to continueworking. When you consider that I'mlikely to save a long article such asthis one 10 times an hour, and thatit would take more than 2 minutes foreach save, you can see I just can't dothat.

There's another way to save yourwork: press the Copy Disk key, waitabout 15 seconds, and press the Un-do key. This stores your work in atemporary workfile that willautomatically be accessed the nexttime you turn the machine on—aneat feature, and certainly a guardagainst power failures.

The trouble is that it hasn't madeany backup file. If you want a backupfile, you have to use the Store system.You'd also have to use a different filename.

When you do a save with Wordstar,WRITE, Magic Wand, and most othereditors I'm familiar with, certain safe-

436 Augutt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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ty measures happen. Assume yousave your text as FOOFILE.TXT. Ifyou've previously saved that file, thedisk will contain a file namedFOOFILE.BAK (or .BAC). Now yousave again. The system saves your fileas FOOFILE.$$$ (or some other tem-porary name), and only after a suc-cessful save and verify does it eraseFOOFILE.BAK, rename the old TXTfile to .BAK, and name the new fileTXT. If there's some disaster (powerfailure, really screwed-up sector onthe disk, whatever) during the save,you've still got copies of your work.

Valdocs doesn't do that. If you usethe Copy-Undo save, or if you Storeand don't give the file a new name,it writes over your only previous copyof the file: in other words, it bets allthat it will be successful.

I'm not that confident. Alas,though, in order to have backupcopies, I'd have to use Store, andthat's just too slow to tolerate.

Joyce Lynn, the very friendly voiceof Epson's hot line, tells me RisingStar is working on the problem and

should have some new and fastersoftware by next fall. Indeed, everytime I pointed out problems in theValdocs software, I was told thatthey'd fix it; that this is an evolvingprogram, and when they get all theproblems fixed, they'll send the re-vised system to everyone who boughtthe old. I believe that, too; but I dothink prospective customers ought tobe warned that they're part of adevelopment process.

There's a second problem: Valdocscomes with the "TPM" operatingsystem. Roger Amidon, systemsgroup manager for Rising Star(which produced the software for theEpson), has told me many times that(1) TPM is better than CP/M, and (2)for all practical purposes you useTPM exactly the same as CP/M.

The first statement may be true, butI cannot agree with the second. Asan example, TPM doesn't have theCP/M STAT program to allow you toset the output port as TTY:, nor does"ZPIP" allow PIP FILENAME=TTY:(or vice versa) for file transfer. I'm

told that TPM has a highly efficientbatch processing system that's muchmore useful than CP/M's SUBMIT,and there are other excellent fea-tures—but I'm also told that the TPMuser documents will be available RealSoon Now. Thus, fair warning: if youbuy the Epson Valdocs package,check to see that you're getting all thedocuments you need, including oneon the TPM operating system, or beprepared to work entirely within theValdocs editor environment withoutever exiting it.

I had some real problems usingValdocs. Chris Rutkowski told methat was because I was too sophisti-cated; this is intended for rank begin-ners. [Editor's Note: See the corres-pondence between Rutkowski andPournelle on page 442.] Fine. As anexperiment, I put the QX-10 and Val-docs documents on John Carr's deskand hid his Selectric. John is an as-sociate editor on science-fiction an-thologies; he doesn't normally usecomputers.

At first John liked it a lot, and he

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438 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

certainly was able to use it right offthe bat without reading a lot ofdocuments. After a while, though,problems showed up.

Item: the QX-10 uses a single Z80as both CPU (central processing unit,or brain) and as the manager for put-ting the text onto the memory-mapped screen. That's not inherent-ly impossible, of course; Zeke II, themachine I'm writing this on, doesprecisely that. However, the Valdocssoftware just overwhelms the Z80, sothat what goes on the screen lagswhat you type by an appreciableamount. This is very annoying, andyou don't really get used to it. Johnsaid he hoped he'd never have to typea long document with that.

Second, Valdocs doesn't have anyway to print except to store it first.That means that it takes a minimumof two minutes to address anenvelope. The Valdocs documentsdescribe a "screen dump" feature thatwill print whatever you see on thescreen. When we tried that with anaddress, however, it locked up the

machine so that we had to reset it toget out; double plus ungood.

Third, Valdocs doesn't know howto print one sheet at a time. It's ap-parently fine for continuous fanfold,but if you want to use letterhead,you've got a problem. The programwon't accept variable top and bottommargins: you have to set the bottommargin for the whole document, andof course the proper margin for thefirst page of letterhead is not thesame as for the second and follow-ing sheets.

Finally, it's just plain slow allaround. Example: I wanted to create64 Valdocs files to check whether thedirectory could handle more; Icreated a three-line test file andstarted in. Save. Restore. Save.Restore. I was watching The PajamaGame, but the movie ran out beforeI was done: 2 hours and 20 minutes.

Getting from the beginning to theend of a six-page document takes 15seconds. Deleting the first threepages of the same document takes 30seconds. Rilling unwanted files takes

nearly a minute each.

In my judgment, the Valdocs sys-tem is noble in objective, but I don'tthink they'll ever get it to workreliably at an acceptable speed on aZ80. If Valdocs were available forsomething like the Eagle 1600, withits hard disk and 16-bit processor, itmight be a different story.

There's also some confusion on thephilosophy of Valdocs. On the onehand, Epson tried to make every-thing similar to what you'd ex-perience if you were using a type-writer. Alas, then it put in a numberof undocumented features, some ex-cellent, but none of which you canreason your way to. Then, finally, Ep-son added other (definitely useful)features that assume you have readand absorbed all the documents andare reasonably familiar with com-puters. A lot of this looks as if it weredesigned by a committee that doesn'tmeet very often.

Valdocs is evolving. Some of theproblems may be fixed by the timeyou read this. I hope so; but I have

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August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 439

to review what I have, not what I'mtold is coming.

Alas, too, I think Epson is upagainst a fundamental limit. Apple'sLisa software pushes the Motorola68000 chip right up to its limits,which is why Lisa is so slow. In myjudgment, Valdocs has pushed theZilog Z80 chip past its limits; I'd loveto be proved wrong, but I don't thinkValdocs will ever run properly untilsomething like the 8086 or 68000 isused.

The Epson FX-80 Printer

The FX-80 is Epson's newest top-of-the-line dot-matrix printer. It has verygood print quality. With proper soft-ware to drive it in the "letter-quality"mode, it would certainly be adequateto produce submission-qualitymanuscripts and correspondence.

This is a really nifty printer; we hadit working with the QX-10 a couple ofweeks ago, using it to print graphswe made with the Valdocs graph-construction program. (The graphprogram is very similar to the CHAR-

TON graph program that comes withthe Otrona.) The FX-80 made neatgraphs of all kinds: pie, bar, wavylines, and scattergram.

There's one feature that's also aproblem. The feature is "last form ac-cess," meaning that the FX-80 isdesigned to let you remove the lastpage printed without wasting asheet. The problem is that the designthat allows this makes it very difficultto get the paper into the machine; infact, I couldn't do it until a nice younglady at the Epson booth at CCSshowed me how. (The secret is to ig-nore the instructions in the FX-80manual.) Once you get the fanfoldpaper in, the printer works fine.

The FX-80 is not well designed forfeeding in a sheet at a time. Withproper text-editor software you coulduse letterhead paper, but as Valdocsis written at present, that's verydifficult.

In fact, we had so much difficultywith paper feed that we finallyhooked up the MPI Model 99Gprinter to the QX-10. John Matlock of

The Printer People sent me a cable toallow that; he's interested in a speedcomparison between the 99G and theFX-80.1 haven't done that test yet, butthe 99G certainly prints both lettersand graphs with quality at least equalto the FX-80. It also has a normal ex-ternal tractor that lets you feed in thepaper without problems, and itworks just fine. Full comparisonanother time.

Comparing Editors

One of the panels at the West CoastComputer Faire was devoted to texteditors and word processing. I'd in-tended to go to it, but I got trappedin something conflicting. It was con-ducted by Arthur Naiman. I met himfor about one minute before hispanel. I'm sorry I missed the panel,because I'm told it was very good. Ibelieve that, because last week I gota copy of Arthur Naiman's new book,Word Processing Buyer's Guide, andthat's excellent.

I would be proud to have writtenText continued on page 446

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440 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

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BYTE Auguit 1983 441

Epilogue: A Look at Valdocs

As you know if you read Jerry's col-umn, our intrepid user had some prob-lems with Valdocs. Searching for anexplanation, he called ChrisRutkowski, president of Rising StarIndustries, with his comments andsent Rutkowski a draft version of thismonth's User's Column. What followsis the exchange that ensued betweenRutkowski and Pournelle.

Dear Jerry,

Upon reflection, it seems thatyour criticisms of Valdocs areprimarily related to the difficultyof adapting the Valdocs environ-ment into a preexisting CP/M en-vironment. That is, you have anumber of computers, a largebody of software, and far moreperipherals than anyone wouldcall average. Add to this your dataand text files, and clearly, you arepretty well established.

Taking a QX-10 with Valdocs andintegrating it into all of this is nota trivial task. But then, no one eversaid it was, or that Valdocs wouldmake that job any easier. This isnot a function of Valdocs, which isa user environment; it is a functionof the operating system, and inthis regard, TPM is no differentfrom CP/M, Unix, or any other.Without complete and proper doc-umentation, the user will find itimpossible to meld the system in-to a preexisting complex. And thisdocumentation is not includedwith the first release of themachine.

But before you criticize this toostrongly, please remember twothings. First, the primary target forthe Valdocs system is the personwho will use it as a stand-alonesystem. For this user, the problemsyou encountered are of no conse-quence, for now at least. Second,

we are taking action to ensure thatthe documentation required to ful-ly integrate the QX-10/Valdocssystem with other environments isprovided. This includes

•a TPM primer, which is beingwritten by the author of a popularCP/M primer

•a plug-in 8-inch and 5V*-inchdisk-controller card that willfacilitate the easy transfer of soft-ware between the Valdocs systemand any CP/M system•a Valdocs technical manual thatthoroughly documents the Val-

"It boils down

to this: Valdocs Is

not well suited

as a hacker's

environment, nor

was It everIntended to be."

docs database filer, the bit-mappedscreen drivers, etc. (This sectionwill be of interest only to thosewho wish to write software spe-cifically for the Valdocs environ-ment.) These should be availableby August. Thus even the inher-ently difficult job that you are at-tempting will be feasible.

I disagree that the Valdocs sys-tem was "designed by geniuses foruse by idiots," unless you defineidiot as "someone who neitherknows nor cares about how a com-puter functions internally—whoonly wants to use the machine asa tool." I call that person normal.

Your statement that our philos-ophy is confused is both inaccu-rate and inappropriate. As long asthe user remains in the Valdocsenvironment, things are simple

and straightforward, althoughcapable of quite sophisticated andcomprehensive interactions. But assoon as the user departs that en-vironment, he's on his own, justas he's on his own using any otheroperating system/computer com-bination. The current expert-levelsettings are arranged so that at thenovice levels, even the possibilityof departing the Valdocs environ-ment is precluded. Thus thenovice does not need to under-stand the operating system to en-joy the user environment.

Your observations about theslowness of the Epson disks is theresult of comparing apples andoranges. A Store from withinValdocs is not a simple file save.The Indx program, which is in-voked by Store, is a complex cross-indexing database filing systemthat has little in common with thatof any other word processor on themarket. When Store is invoked,numerous disk operations have totake place to update the database(in a hard-disk environment witha large index, this could amount todozens of operations). This can,quite logically, take a minute ormore.

Obviously, using Store as ameasure of disk speed is not like-ly to produce meaningful results.While we are not using track buf-fering or cache buffering toenhance disk speed, the Epsondisks are otherwise quite com-petitive with any others on themarket. We can perform a moremeaningful test by exiting fromthe editor to the menu by press-ing the Menu key. From the menuwe can chain to other Valdocsmodules without having to closeany temporary files or the like.When chaining from the menu toother modules, the length of time

442 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

from the keypress to the blankingof the screen is the length of timeit took the system to load the pro-gram off disk and start execution.Press one of the other functionkeys, such as MAIL, SCHD, orDRAW. The results are interesting:Schd, which is about 52K bytes inlength, takes about 13 seconds toload. Mail, at 37K bytes, takes lessthan 10 seconds. Frankly, while nohard disks need feel threatened,these times are quite respectableand are typical of what a userwould expect to experience withany CP/M-like system using5 ¥4-inch drives.

As you observed, the Storemechanism is too slow to be usefulfor a Save. As a result, we createda separate mechanism to executeSaves. This mechanism has beenin every version of Valdocs youhave ever seen. (Note that whenyou press CONTROL Q, a newmenu appears in the editor. Thismenu allows normal CP/M such asSaves, Retrieves, Directories, etc.However, we felt that such oper-ating system operations were inap-propriate for an elegant Savemechanism.) The actual Savemechanism is documented onpage 2-24 or 2-25 of the Valdocsmanual. In short, with only twokeystrokes, you can save any file.The length of time to execute thissave is only 15 seconds or so forfiles of any length.

While chaining from the editorto any other function, all editorwork files are closed (which is themechanism of a Save). This as-sures the user that his work is safeand also provides some uniquecapabilities. For example, at theend of a workday the user canchain out to menu and then powerdown. When he reboots the sys-tem in the morning, hell find that

Valdocs will sign on with his filein place, all tabs and margins cor-rectly set, and his cursor exactlywhere he left it in the document.Additionally, this ensures thatsimply using the various functionsof Valdocs continually saves theuser's work. Thus the need toknowingly perform a discrete Saveoperation is dramatically reduced.This Save mechanism is not in-tuitive, but, then, the necessity todo Saves at all is in no way in-tuitive. So, the need to save yourwork and the procedure for doingit can easily be taught in the same

"The current (May

1983) version of

Valdocs is only a

starting point. Much

remains to be done

to add in every

possible feature."

place at the same time. (In devel-oping Valdocs and HASCI, wehave found that there are perhapsa half-dozen things that a prospec-tive user must learn.) By August,Save will have been reduced to asingle keystroke.

Our reasons for using TPM aremany and valid. TPM has a Chainfunction, without which Valdocswould have been nearly impossi-ble. It also supports a multibanksystem as well as up to 255 userareas and allows cross-user opera-tions (vastly superior to CP/M'suser constructs). By August, TPMwill have hashed directories andnumerous other improvements.Our reason for choosing TPM wasthat in 1982, TPM already sup-ported many of the features nowbeing introduced in version 3.0 of

CP/M. TPM is compatible withboth 1.4 and 2.2 versions of CP/M,but that doesn't mean that theiruser interfaces are identical. (Mostcommon commands—DIR, ERA,PIP, SAVE, REM, etcr-however,can be used identically, eventhough they possess numerous en-hancements.) It means that theyare functionally equivalent. Thegoal of Computer Design Labs(authors of TPM) was, of course,to have any CP/M-compatible soft-ware execute properly within theTPM environment. This has beenno easy task.

CP/M was written in 8080 code,and more than one developerusing CP/M on a Z80 took advan-tage of this to do some verystrange things with the additionalZ80 registers. Furthermore, morethan one aspect of CP/M is docu-mented quite poorly, complicatingthe task. As of this writing, weknow Of no CP/M program thatdoes not run correctly under TPM.If any are found, the folks at CDLwill be delighted to remedy thesituation.

Your difficulties are in fact afunction of your highly developedcomputer literacy: through thetraditional school of hard knocksyou've learned a lot of painfullessons about the need for docu-mentation, the dangers of systems,and so on, lessons that simplydon't apply in the Valdocs environ-ment. It boils down to this:Valdocs is not well suited as ahacker's environment, nor was itever intended to be. However,your statement that Valdocs is notsuitable for professional writingtasks is in disagreement with thefindings of our other 30 or so testsites, which include a great manyprofessional wordsmiths.

The current (May 1983) version

August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 443

of Valdocs is only a starting point.Much remains to be done to addin every possible feature. But ourstated goal is that "90 percent ofthe potential users of Valdocs willnever need any software not pro-vided directly by the Valdocs en-vironment." It is a tall order—andone which we expect to have large-ly accomplished within a year. Inthe meantime, most users will findValdocs very satisfactory for mostapplications. Users who have veryspecific requirements in mind are,as always, well advised to checkcarefully before assuming that Val-docs will or will not suit their pur-poses.Chris Rutkowski

Dear Chris,

I really think you have misun-derstood, and perhaps my readersmay, so I'll try to be more clear.

Agreed: integrating the QX-10into my system here was what Ifirst had in mind. I'd still like to tryit as a small computer using one oranother text editor. However, I donot know what terminal it emu-lates, and I still have no CP/M forit. TPM may be excellent, but Iwould have to write an assem-bly-language program to transferfiles, as far as I can see. The pack-age I got with the last softwaredelivery said "Your QX-10 packagemay not be complete. The follow-ing items may be on backorder:CP/M Diskette, CP/M+ Manual."

In any event, I put the system inthe other room and put the Selec-tric away. I paid John Carr's timeto have him learn the system andhanded him the manuals. John, anassociate editor on science fictionanthologies, is totally unfamiliarwith CP/M or any other operatingsystem. His computer experiencein the past has been confined tousing a text editor after someoneloaded the editor for him. Thusthis seemed a fair test.

When the system crashed (afterthe directory was full) completelywithout warning, it didn't makeJohn feel better about the QX-10.

I should, I suppose, have shownhim how to cancel files (or heshould have done it, from readingthe manual). Most of the files inthe system were nothing morethan addresses. That's one of themost serious problems: WECOULD NOT MAKE IT PRINTWITHOUT SAVING THE FILEFIRST.

We tried the Screen Dump in-structions, and they don't save thefile. What are we supposed to do?Save the address for the envelope,using Store—which takes a fairlylong time—then cancel that file,which takes more time? True, weoften use window envelopes, butone of the major difficulties wehad was with the print systemusing letterhead and single sheets

"As 1 understand it,

until you Store the

document, you are

writing over your last

Save. That's not

what I would call

safety."

of paper. I'm trying it now, withthe disk that came with the docu-ments, presumably what is for saleto the public. We'll see whathappens.

Incidentally, now I'll try the set-up program and set the clock andsuch.

I changed the printer to FX-80.It was already set to the expertlevel. I fear I can make no sense ofthe input command; if there's away to set things to TTY:, I cannotfind out how that is done. Other-wise, as instructions dictated, I didnot change anything. The clock,incidentally, is very accurate andhas been running on time withina minute since the machinearrived.

Now for your points. I will waitfor the TPM Primer. My remarksare pretty well confined to the ex-perience within the Valdocs sys-

tem, and we'll look at the Epsonas a small computer independentof that when we have either of theTPM documents (I have one set,but they didn't explain how totransfer files. Unfortunately, theOsborne is not here just now; itreads a lot of formats, and I couldtransfer files from it to the Epson,etc., but that just doesn't seemreasonable).

I anxiously await the new con-troller that allows reading and for-matting (I presume it will either of-fer a variety of disk formats or willwrite to previously formatted disksin the format they are in. I expectthat it can read from one formatand write to another, as the Lobodoes).

I'd love a look at the Valdocstechnical manual, but I don't real-ly need it for what I'm trying to donow.

I still want Valdocs to work verymuch. I would like to have thewhole system, with the databaseand address book and all the otherfeatures. However, until we caneasily and conveniently write let-ters and do the general work of theoffice here, the other featuresaren't relevant.

It is certainly a drawback not tobe able to change bottom and toppage margins within a document.I don't think I can do that. I willtry again. . . .No. When I changethe bottom margin, wherever Iam, I find myself at the top of thepage again. This means that thesystem is nearly useless for letterson letterhead and not very goodfor other documents because youmust format your text all at once.I have just tried the Size key, butI don't think it does anything.

More thoughts. For those usedto computers, the type "drags"across the screen and cursor mo-tion is very slow. I agree that's afunction of what you're used to,and I am, on purpose, accustomedto the fastest and best word pro-cessing system.

Incidentally, the hyphen featureof Valdocs is a fatal error. Valdocs

444 Augutt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

broke my line at the hyphen inword-processing. I had not in-tended the word to be brokenthere. Most authors do not wantthe machine to decide things likethat for them, and I always sendmy manuscripts with no hyphensat all unless I intended them. Inever leave a hyphen at the end ofa line because that would be am-biguous to a typesetter or copyeditor.

I will now try to Save using theinstructions in the manual. I usedCopy Disk, waited for a newprompt, and then pressed UNDO.Saving these three pages took21.19 seconds, which I agree is rea-sonable. But it is also counterin-tuitive and differs from thephilosophy we have up to nowbeen led to expect. Moreover, I donot believe this makes a backupcopy. As I understand it, until youStore the document, you arewriting over your last Save. That'snot what I would call safety. I amprobably a fanatic on the subjectof document integrity, but I am notlikely to change, and neither aremost authors.

I'm willing to believe you aboutTPM, but the fact is that I havebeen unable to make TPM dowhat CP/M's Stat program does. Ihave also been unable to figure outhow to do the equivalent withwhatever programs TPM employs.It may be a wonderful operatingsystem, optimized and all that, butI don't have what it takes to learnit.

I would make the following im-provements in Valdocs:

1. Have a Kill program that letsyou run down a list of files andmark each D for Delete; thenwhen you execute the program,it gets rid of them.

2. Make it possible to print with-out Storing the file. Sometimeswe only want a short letter; wehave no intention of keeping acopy, and we're interested ingetting the work out the door.Same for addressing envelopes;

we have to keep a typewriteraround to make mailing labelsand envelopes.

3. Allow imbedded format com-mands of some kind so that, forexample, we could change thebottom margin on page 2.

4. Have a Setup file that you canput your favorite defaults into.Tabs, for example; why must Iset them for each document?

5. Naturally, you must have a wayto deal with John's data diskdisaster. Was that an older copy,or does it happen on all? I maytest this tonight. Try to overfillthe directory, and overfill thedisk, and see what happenswith the distribution software.First we will test the system to

"I agree that users

don't need to know

everything that's

going on in the

system, but they

should be able to do

things quickly and

easily/'

see how well we can print let-ters. I have fooled the FX-80 in-to believing there is paper by in-serting a second sheet behindthe first, but that's a prettylousy way to have to proceed.

6. I'd think, then, that mating thesystem with the printer wouldbe useful. There should also bean Install program that wouldlet you use Valdocs with theRS-232C port so that it could beused with Diablo and NECSpinwriter printers, although Iagree that these new Epsonprinters produce high-qualitywork.

7. The Shift down-arrow doesn'treally move to next visible page,but up a few lines. Perhaps youneed a Multiplier key, as inEMACS, MINCE, and Word-master; in those'W multipliesthe next command by a factor of

4. Multiple uses multiply incascade.

As to "designed by geniuses forexecution by idiots," I agree thatusers don't need to know every-thing that's going on in the sys-tem, but they should be able to dothings quickly and easily.

Anyway, there's a lot to likeabout Valdocs, and it could be ter-rific if implemented on a fastermachine with a hard disk. Also,when finished for the Epson, Iagree that it could be about asgood as any system I know of,especially for the price.

I have to quit now. Well see howthe printing goes. [Editor's note:At this point in the letter, thesentences are printed diagonallyacross the page. After some in-vestigation, Jerry discovered that ifyou insert the paper into theprinter crookedly and then try tofix it, the printer begins printing.The reason for this is that the soft-ware sensor that determineswhether the paper is indeed in theprinter can be tripped beforepaper is located correctly underthe print head. Jerry's letter con-tinues now after several lines thatillustrate the problem better thanthis description. ... P. C]

If you do not tell the printer tostop between pages, it does aformfeed when it starts, thoughyou didn't tell it to, so don't try thatwith a single sheet in the machine.

The slowness of this screen isabout to drive me crazy. I can typeabout four words ahead of thescreen, sometimes, and some-times not; it's not obvious whatthe relationship is. But I could livewith all that. What I can't live withis the inability to write letters.

It is now 11:00, and I began thisat 8:50. That's a lot of time for a6-page letter. It took one minuteand two seconds to Store. We'll dothat again, and retrieve it. I havebeen an hour and a half writingthis. I would have done far betterwith a Selectric. Sigh.Jerry PournelleB

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 445

Text continued from page 440:

this book. It's clear, objective, anddamned thorough. It even has areview of WRITE, the text editor Iuse; Naiman read one of my articlesand managed to get hold of TonyPietsch, WRTTE's author, and buy notonly WRITE, but a computer mod-eled after Ezekial.

I gather from Naiman's book that,like me, he has just about everyword-processing and text-editingprogram in existence. He even wrotethe Sybex Introduction to Word Star.(Interestingly, Naiman used WRITE

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Naiman uses an interesting pointsystem to evaluate word-processingprograms; thus you can see exactlywhy he rates the various programsthe way he does. This book discussesjust about every text editor I know of,plus a lot I had never heard of beforereading his book. Anyone con-templating the purchase of a texteditor or word processor should run,not walk, to the store and get thisbook before spending a single dimeon word-processing software.

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VISA

The Z-29

When the new Zenith Z-29keyboard arrived, I was about to gooff to Bellingham; I wouldn't be ableto do anything with it for at least aweek. As it happens, the night beforethe Z-29 arrived Chuck McMannis'home terminal had died. Chuck isour new research assistant. The solu-tion, therefore, was obvious, andChuck took the Z-29 home with him.

When I came back I found he hadmade his other boss (the one whopays him a living wage) buy a Z-29for their minicomputer. Chuck thinksthe Z-29 is the best thing he's seen forthe money. The following is largelydrawn from his report.

The Z-29 (H-29 in kit form) is asecond-generation machine. It fixesmost of the identified bugs that ex-isted in the Z-19 and adds a detach-able keyboard as well. Not only that,it has been sculpted to make it morelike a Selectric. It has excellent feel.Some find it a bit "thick" for sittingon a desk although perfect for put-ting on your lap; I haven't noticedany problems at all.

If your system can use a Z-19, youcan plug in the Z-29 and run. In ad-dition, the Z-29 can emulate aHazeltine 1500 and a Lear SieglerADM 3A. Best of all, from TonyPietsch's viewpoint, it has a full ANSI(American National Standards In-stitute) mode. This is importantbecause all the big computer com-panies are moving toward the ANSIStandard communications mode.

I'm not entirely happy with the keylayout. The arrow keys are put overfor right-hand use; they're groupedabove the Return key. I'd prefer asmall separate left-hand pad of ar-rows with Home in the middle. Thisis a matter of taste and what one isused to, of course, and it won't takelong to get used to the Z-29 layout.

The character set is aestheticallypleasing. There are several new at-tributes: underline, blink, and half-intensity. The screen is 24 by 80 witha twenty-fifth status line. The twenty-fifth line accesses a built-in real-timeclock. An alternate character set isincluded.

It does have problems. They workhell out of the 8051 chip in there, and

446 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

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44

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D 255 programmable frequencies forspeech/sound effects.

a 16 amplitude levels.

Q Simultaneous speech and sound effectsor speech and music.

□ 8 octave, 3 note music synthesis.□ Serial and parallel interface standard.

□ User programmable master clock.

□ User defined exceptionword table.

□ User programmable speechrate, amplitude and inflection.□ User expandable ROM

for custom applications.

□ User downloadablesoftware capability.

□ 3,500 characterinput buffer: sub-divisible for a printerbuffer.

□ Internal speaker and externalspeaker jack.

□ Real time clock and8 user defined alarms.

□ Oral power up and error prompting.D X-on/X-off and RTS-CTS handshaking.

□ Programmable Baud settings (75-9600).

□ Interrupt driven Z-80 microprocessor.

□ Parallel/Serial interconnect modes.

□ Proper number string translation: thenumber " 154" is pronounced "onehundred fifty four".

To order, see your local computerretailer or call toll-free

1-800-521-1350

Michigan residents, please call(313)588-0341. MasterCard, VISA orpersonal check accepted. The price is$395 plus $4 for delivery. Educationaldiscount available. Add sales tax inMichigan and California.

©VOTRAX 1982

W

SPfft">'s,tt,

Circle 486 on Inquiry card.

Zenith didn't supply enoughmemory: the buffer is only 32characters long, and that can be over-run. I'd have thought with memoryso cheap the company would haveprovided at least 128 characters; 256would have been better. It did pro-vide an X-ON X-OFF handshakeroutine (a way to tell the computer"Stop sending! My buffer is full!"),but I hope that one day there'll be anupgrade to add more memory.

For reasons I do not understand,the cable connecting the keyboardplugs in at the back of the terminal.Nearly every terminal does this; Ican't think why.

The brightness control is a knob onthe back of the terminal, neatlyplaced so that you cannot adjustscreen brightness while sitting whereyou'll look at the screen. ObviouslyZenith ought to have made this asoftware adjust (as with the Otrona).

Note: Steve Ingish of Zenith tellsme putting the connection and con-trol on the back saves about $50 onthe terminal's price.

On the plus side, Zenith has pro-vided a software setup menu; nolonger must you flip physical switch-es, then turn the terminal off andback on to change the terminal pa-rameters. Another plus that Ciarciawill like: there's almost no EMI (elec-tromagnetic interference).

Chuck McMannis' final commentis, "If you can find a better terminal,buy it." He has seen nothing he likesbetter at anywhere near the price.

I tend to be a little more cautious;I want to experiment with the Z-29for a while. Even so, there's a verygood chance that the Z-29 willbecome the principal terminal for ourworkhorse machines. Except for thatsmall memory buffer, I've seen littleabout it that I don't like. Before Imake a final judgment, though, theZ-29 will go over to Tony Pietsch'splace, where he and Nor Singh willinstall a version of WRITE optimizedfor the Z-29 and making use of all itsspecial-function keys. Then 111 decide.

I have to admit, though, that theonly serious rivals to the .Z-29 arespecial-purpose terminal boards thatlet me, in effect, program my own ter-minal optimized for my own needs.

I have a couple of those, and I'llreport on them in another column.Meanwhile, I like the Z-29 quite a lot.

Oh, It's Easy

To Get It Running . . .

In Ithaca I was taken to task by aprofessor of computer science. I have,it seems, been unkind to Pascal andhave confused the language itselfwith particular implementations. Ipointed out that I can only evaluateimplementations; this is the User'sColumn, and I don't generally writeabout stuff my readers can't use.

He agreed, but then told me withsome vigor that there exists a public-domain UCSD Pascal that can bemade to run on most CP/M S-100 bussystems. He also informed me thatit's a wonderful implementation,complete with easy methods foropening and closing both sequentialand random-access files underCP/M; features I very much want.

"Wow," I said. "How can I get thisrunning?"

"Well, it's easy. If I had access toyour system and your CBIOS (cus-tomized basic input/output system),I could have it running in no morethan a day," he replied.

I quickly lost interest. Alas, I can'tafford to have him come to Holly-wood and install this marvel, nor, Ifear, is that practical for many of myreaders. I do recall that MacLean hadan earlier version of UCSD Pascalrunning and had real problems withthe built-in editor. It was also veryslow. This caused him to learn PL/I,and he didn't live to return to Pascal.

If anyone has a simple and fool-proof way to get public-domainUCSD Pascal running, preferably ona Compupro 8085/8088 dual-proces-sor machine with System Supportboard, Disk One controller, and Tele-widget (officially Televideo, but atChaos Manor things tend to get newnames) 950 terminal, please let meknow, so that I can pass the wordalong.

JRT Yet Again

I'm told I was unjustly hard on JRTPascal.

I said nothing I care to retract, butperhaps the tone was unduly harsh;let me clarify. JRT Pascal certainlyworks in the sense that you can writeuseful programs in it. I like Mr.Tyson's price and attitude. His Ver-sion 3.0 has fixed a number of bugsand glitches that made earlierreviewers so unhappy.

For all that, JRT Pascal is not, in myjudgment, a good teaching instru-ment because it is so thoroughly non-standard. The error messages are notthe same as standard Pascal, and theextensions are done quite differentlyfrom the way anyone else does them.Programs written in JRT Pascal arealmost guaranteed not to compilewith any other Pascal compiler;worse, a number of standard pro-grams out of such books as Osborne'sPractical Pascal Programs won't compileon JRT either.

JRT Pascal error handling is not on-ly nonstandard, but also undulyfrightening to the beginning user;and the compiler never recovers fromany error, so that JRT Pascal won'tcatch more than one error per com-pilation. For those who are as con-fused (or careless) about semicolonsas I am, this can be very timeconsuming.

In other words, what it mostly hasgoing for it is the price. You can writepractical programs in JRT Pascal; ifyou're not interested in transportingthose programs to some othermachine, JRT is a bargain. To quoteone programmer friend, though, I'dreally hate having to write large pro-grams in it.

Revolution at Digital Research

I'm told I had much to do with it.True or not, there's been a completeshake-up in Digital Research's docu-ment foundry. It's actually producingreadable and useful documents withclearly written instructions and lotsof examples. I used to dread openinga new DR manual. Now I find mostof them a pleasure.

They also come in a brand-new for-mat, a boxed loose-leaf notebook 9 %inches tall. At this height they will fiton most standard bookshelves; youdon't need oversize shelves to hold

448 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The IBM Personal ComputerW)rk Station.It's optional. (But essential.)

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You don't have to buy it.

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businesses come to rely on the personal com-puter, new and extraordinary demands are beingplaced on the work environment itself.

The IBM PC Work Station was specificallydeveloped to meet the challenges of today's tech-nology. And scientifically designed to satisfy thevarious needs of the people who use it.

It's not just another pretty desk.

First and foremost, the IBM PC Work Stationprovides a convenient and compact work spacethat instantly opens up to expand your workarea.

In addition, the IBM PC Work Station offersadded mobility for your personal computer. Soyou get more mileage out of your invest-ment as it moves from office tooffice, person to person, solv-ing problem after problem.

And since your personalcomputers are as vulner-able as they are valuable,the IBM PC Work Sta-tion also functions as asecurity device.

It deters pilferage byproviding a self-con-tained lockable storagecompartment for yourCPU, software, key-board, printer, pro-gram books and diskettes^

It also protects valuable information, prohibit-ing unauthorized access to confidential computerdata by keeping it all secure under lock and key.

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BYTE Augu.l 1983

449

your computer documents. The slip-case at first seems an affectation, butit isn't: the box serves as a place-holder to show where to put thedocument away when you're throughwith it.

The real revolution is inside,though.

CP/M-68K

The new CP/M-68K manual is agood case in point—it's actuallyreadable! There's a sane preface, theintroductory material is written in

plain English, there are plenty of ex-amples, and there's considerablesympathy for beginners. The organi-zation is nice, with an overview, thendetails, and, once again, lots ofexamples.

This clarity continues throughoutthe first volume (User's Guide) of thefour-volume manual set. (All fourvolumes are bound into one loose-leaf notebook, which is a mistake;most users will prefer to buy anothernotebook and make two physicalvolumes of the set.) The second

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volume, System Guide, and the third,Programmer's Guide, are not so clear,although both are enormously im-proved over previous DR CP/M doc-umentation. I can't in conscience pro-nounce them excellent, but they aredarned good, and such a great im-provement over what we normallyexpect from DR that there's nocomparison.

The fourth volume, The C LanguageProgramming Guide for CP/M-68K,doesn't attempt to teach the Clanguage. Two experienced C pro-grammers tell me the CP/M C man-ual is more than adequate andsuperior to a lot of system documentsthey've encountered; one added, "Ofcourse that's not saying much." Itdoes have examples, and I haven'tfound anything that sent me up thewall. I haven't read it all, either. I sup-pose I added that last sentence, notto be catty, because of my previousexperiences with Digital Researchdocuments. That's probably unfair;the new documents are so darnedgood I ought, I suppose, to expectclarity and good examples ratherthan terseness and obscurity.

CP/M-68K and the Sage

When the CP/M-68K for the Sagefirst arrived, I'd expected the Com-pupro 68000 board for the S-100 busexperimental machine to come with-in a couple of days. Thus I waited forit so we could compare the systems.Alas, Dr. Godbout discovered a prob-lem with his 68000 board and ceasedshipping them until it could be fixed.Meanwhile, the Telewidget 925 ter-minal that operates the Sage was be-ing used for installation of texteditors, and I've only just got it back.

The upshot is that I've barely gotCP/M-68K up and running on theSage II.

It does run, and if you're used toCP/M it's easy to use. We haven't yetestablished communications betweenthe Sage and other machines, so Ihaven't been able to ship over verymany C programs. I did type in acouple of simple ones, and they com-piled quickly and easily.

We've been running the Sage sincelast summer. It has been shipped toSan Diego a couple of times for one

450 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Collector "Edition

"E COVERS

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints.Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in., including a 1 1/2 in. border, and is part of anedition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from theoriginal painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected,signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticityaccompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and areshipped first class. The price of each print is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postageand handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12,Set 13-16, and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, usethe convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

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of Alex's mad friends to experimentwith. Because it's the only machineI have that runs Modula-2, it got agood workout while I was learningthat language.

We've yet to have a glitch. About adozen readers tell me they boughtSage machines largely on my recom-mendation, and none of them areunhappy. Now that we have CP/Mfor the Sage, I expect to use it evenmore. Incidentally, I'm beginning tosee software written for the Sage. Adatabase came in today. The Sage isbecoming an important littlemachine.

Disassembling Adelle

Adelle is my early-model OtronaAttache. She goes with me on all mytravels. Recently she developed aglitch in her disk systems. It hap-pened on a Thursday afternoon; thefollowing Saturday at dawn LarryNiven and I were scheduled to catcha plane for Bellingham, Washington,where we've laid a principal scene ofour next novel.

In panic I called Fred Whitney ofCTI Data Systems. CTI is the WestCoast representative for Otrona. Fredlistened to my tale of woe.

"We could swap out your diskdrives," he said. "But I couldn't getit done before Monday because Idon't have a set of drives here."

My panic must have been evidentbecause he told me to hang on. A fewminutes later Judy Seelig, Mr.Whitney's programming expert,called. She thought my problem hadto do with disk drive speeds. "There'san information sheet from Otrona onhow to fix that," she said. "I've neverdone it, but I'll come out and we canwork on it together. There's a newsoftware ROM update, and we caninstall that while we're at it. To savetime, please take the machine apartbefore I get there."

With some misgivings I spread athick layer of newspapers across mydesk and took Adelle out of her case.She came apart quite easily; it takesonly one tool, a Phillips screwdriver.I began to remove parts: the circuitboard, the screen, the power supply,the disk drives. It wasn't long beforemy pretty little machine was a pile of

parts and small screws, and I was get-ting a little worried. "It'll be all right,"I told Chuck McMannis. "She toldme to take it apart, so she'll knowhow to get her together . . ."

There was only one problem. JudySeelig had never seen a machinetaken quite so thoroughly apart, andshe hadn't brought any documentson how to reassemble Adelle.

"Relentless application of logic," Imuttered. We installed the newROM, and I began to put parts onand tighten screws. In about 10minutes everything was back to-gether. Then we removed the diskdrives and proceeded to follow theinstructions Otrona sent for adjustingdisk speed.

In another 10 minutes Adelle wasback together and working as well asever she has. That's one well-designed little machine. I don'trecommend that you casually takeyours apart, but I can testify that,provided you're intelligent aboutreassembly, it doesn't seem to hurtthe machine.

Incidentally, I discover there's awhole series of built-in diagnostictests for the Otrona. They're de-scribed in the Technical Manual, adocument normally supplied todealers, but which users canpurchase.

I'm not too happy about those diskdrives. They do indeed have a speedcontrol. It's a screwdriver-adjustedpotentiometer. A tiny turn of that potwill put the speed wildly off. I'd havethought they'd want something a lotless sensitive. Indeed, while we werein Bellingham a speed problem de-veloped again, forcing me to removeAdelle's case and adjust her "B"drive. It was easily fixed, but I hopeI won't have to endure that every trip.

Adelle is an older-model machine.The new ones have somewhat dif-ferent disk drives. Fred Whitney tellsme they've never seen any problemswith the new ones.

Things My PostmanBrings Me . . .

John Lawler of Ann Arbor,Michigan, writes in praise of VEDIT,particularly used with the TVI 950terminal. He's been using VEDIT for

452 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

The MicromintCollection

Micromint. Supporting the varied projects that appear in Steve Ciarcia's monthlyarticle in BYTE magazine, "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar." Offering a wide range ofcomputers and peripherals supporting the needs of the hobbyist as well asworldwide corporate clients.

MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTERIBM PC COMPATIBLE

Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION,CASSETTE INTERFACE

The MPX-16 is Steve Ciarcia's most ambitious projectto date. The computer runs all application softwarewritten lor the IBM PC and is IBM PC bus compatible.Can be used with video monitor & IBM keyboard withoptional adapter.

Buy the MPX-16 in the form that best meets yourbudget As a bare board, as a wave-soldered boardthat contains all components less the IC's, as anassembled and tested circuit board or as a completesystem

As featured on the cover ol "BYTE" magazine. Alsofeatured in "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" November,December 1982 & January 1983.

• Runs ail application programs written for the IBMPC (simply boot up the system and slip in a diskformatted for the IBM PC).

• IBM PC bus compatible + 9 expansion slots.

• Intel 808816-bit microprocessor

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor.

• 256K bytes on-board memory.

• Up to one megabyte ol system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes ot syslem ROM/EPROM

• Two RS-232C serial 10 ports.

• Three parallel I'0 ports.

• Disk controller lor 5Vi" or 8" drives.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts.

MPX-16 Microcomputer circuit board assembled

w 04K RAM. CP/M-86 or MS-DOS SI .895.

MPX-16 as above with 256K RAM 2,135.

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit

board w/all components) less IC's 595.

Complete kit of IC's W256K RAM 595.

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board 300.

CP/M-86 Operating System 200.

MS-DOS optionally available

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including

cable harness for 2 disk drives 300.

MPX-16 Technical Relerence Manual 50.

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure with cutouts lor

two 5V»" full height drives 300.

Tamlon TM100-2 double density drive 300.

Televldeo Model 910 Serial Terminal 675.

IBM PC Keyboard Interface Adapter 100.

Serial terminal cable 35.

Parallel printer cable 35.

Shipping and handling additional on MPX-16 orders.

Z8 BASIC SYSTEMCONTROLLER NEW!!!

Beplaces IS Basic Computer/Controller

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar,BYTE magazine. July 4 August 1981.

• Uses Zilog Z8671 single chip microcomputer.

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• 2 parallel ports plus serial I/O port.

• Just connect a CRT terminal and write control pro-grams in BASIC.

• 2K bytes ol RAM, up to 4K bytes of ROM.

• Baud rates 110-9600 BPS.

• Data and address buses available for 124K memoryand I/O expansion.

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at +5, +12& -12.

• Cross Assemblers tor various computers.

BCCTI Assembled & Tested S149.

New Low Price

IBM PC is a trademark ol International Business Machines. IncCP M86 is a trademark ol Digital Research IncMS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Inc

Z6 Is a trademark ol Zilog Inc.

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

• Add up lo 8K of memory plus 3 parallel ports.

• Cassette Interface—300 baud K.C. Standard.BCC03 w/4K Assembled & Tested S140

Z8 ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTER I

NEW!!!

• Uses Analog Devices 7581 8 channel 8 bit IC

• Adds Process Control capability to the Z8.

• 1000 samples per second

BCC13 Assembled & Tested S140.

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language applicationprograms Irom RAM to 2716 or 2732 EPROM.

• Requires Z8 Expansion Board for operationBCC07 Assembled & Tested S145.

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

• Adds additional RS 232C and opto-isolated 20 macurrent loop serial port lo the Z8.

• Runs at 75 to 19,200 baud in all protocols.BCC08 Assembled & Tested $160.

Z816K MEMORY EXPANSIONBOARD NEW!!!

• Add 16K ol additional memory. RAM or EPROM. toyour Z8 System Controller in any multiple

• Uses 2016. 6116. 2716 or 2732 memory types.BCC14 W/8K Assembled & Tested $120.

Z8 FIVE SLOT MOTHER BOARD

MB02 Assembled & Tested $69.

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

From Allen Ashley

TRS-80 Model I or III $75.

CP/M 2.2 8" or Northstar 5V4" 150.

From Micro Resources

CP/M2.28"orAPPLE5V4" 75.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECHSYNTHESIZER

E-Z COLOR GRAPHICSINTERFACE

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine September, October 1982.

Microvox is a second generation professional voicequality text-to-speech synthesizer that is easily inter-faced to any computer, modem, RS-232C serialor parallel output device and provides speech ofunbelievable clarity,

• Unlimited vocabulary.

• 64 programmable inflection levels.

• 6K text-to-speech algorithm.

• Full ASCII character set recognition and echo.

• RS232C and parallel output.

• 1000 character buffer, 3000 optional,

• Adjustable baud rates (75-9600),

• Spelling output mode.

• 7 octave music and sound effects.

• On board audio amplifier & power supply.

• X-On/X-Off handshaking.

MV01 Assembled with 1K buffer S299.

MV02 Complete Kit with 1K buffer 219.

Add $15.00 for 3K buffer option.

SWEET-TALKER VOICESYNTHESIZER

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine, September 1981

The Sweet-Talker Voice Synthesizer allows you to addspeech ot unlimited vocabulary to your Apple II or anycomputer with a parallel printer port at very low cost.

• Ut lizes Votrax SC-01A speech synthesizer.

• Unlimited vocabulary.

• Text-to-Speech Algorithm on disk lor Apple II.

• Contains 64 phonemes accessed by 6-bit code.

• Four levels of programmable inflection.

• On board audio amplifier & volume control.ST02 Apple II plug-In, Assembled & Tested

with Text-to-Speech Algorithm on 3.3 disk .. 141.NEW LOW PRICE!!!

ST01 Parallel Port Version, Assembled 99.

New Low Price

VOTRAX SC-OIA PHONETICSPEECH SYNTHESIZER

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a comp etely self-contained solid state device that phonetically synthes-izes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary. Usedin Microvox and Sweet-Talker.

SC01A Quantity 1-99 $52. ea.

100 + 40. ea.

1000 + 30. ea.

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine, August 1982

Add color graphics, animalion & 3-D effects to yourS-100, TRS-80 Model I and III & Apple II at low costThe Super Editor software package includes a patterneditor, sprite editor, slide show, and demo scenes allin BASIC. Can be used with Color Monitor or TV setand rf modulator.

• Resolution—256X192 Pixels.

• 16 colors including Black 8. Transparent.

• 16K Bytes on board LO mapped video memory.

• Advanced Tl TMS9918A Color Video Processor.

• 32 SPRITES facilitates 3-D effect.

• Composite Video output.

• Krell & Terrapin have LOGO software packages tosupport Ihe E-Z Color Boards.

Apple II E-Z Color plug-in boardwith Super Editor on 3.3 disk.

EZ01 Assembled & Tested $150.

EZ02 Complete Kit 125.

NEW!! S-100 E-Z Color Graphics board with soundgenerator. Atari type joy stick interface, plus MBasicCP'M Super Editor Software on 8" disk.

EZ04 Assembled & Tested S289.

TRS-80 Model I or Model III E-Z Color w/ Super Edi-tor software, power supply and enclosure.

Assembled & Tested $249.

Complete Kit 219.

300 BAUD ANSWER/ ORIGINATEMODEM KIT NEW!!!

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine, March 1983

The newest item to Micromint's growing list ofproducts is this 300 Baud Modem. II is crystalcontrolled, uses the Tl TMS 99532 IC. contains just25 parts and can be used with an acoustic coupler orin a direct connect mode.

MD04 Complete Kit $60.

MODS Transformer lor Direct Connect Mode 9.

AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit 18.

TRIPLE VOLTAGEPOWER SUPPLIES

+ 5v (ft 300 ma. + / - 12v (n 25 ma.

UPS01 Assembled & Tested S35.

UPS02 Complete Kit 27.

+ 5v (a 1 Amp. + 12v (a .5 Amp. - 12v (a 50 ma.

UPS03 Assembled & Tested 60.

UPS04 Complete Kit 50.

MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue,Cedarhurst, NY 11516To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM

BYTE Auguit 19*3 453

Items Reviewed

CP/M-68K

Digital ResearchPOB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950(408) 649-3896

Epson FX-80 PrinterEpson QX-10 Computer

Epson America Inc.Computer Products Division3415 Kashiwa St.Torrance, CA 90505(213) 539-9140

JRT Pascal

JRT Systems45 Camino AltoMill Valley, CA 94941(415) 388-0530

Zenith Z-29 Terminal

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Book Reviewed

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some time and likes it.

I like it too. My quarrel with VEDITis that the installation and customiza-tion procedures are darned complex:in the version that was sent me, youhad to answer 34 questions, and ifyou made a single mistake while do-ing it (not even Backspace was per-mitted for correcting the answers youhad to give!) you had to start all over.I complained—bitterly—and the lastI heard the VEDIT people wererewriting those procedures to makethem easier to use.

I have two editors I can use on theZenith Z-100: VEDIT and Super-writer. Both are very nice, and I hopeto report on each in a future column.Meanwhile, several readers havewritten to praise VEDIT. The VEDITphilosophy is to have tons of specialfunctions, so that each of the myriadspecial-function keys on the Tele-widget can be made to do somethingspecial; as Mr. Lawler says, you canget "touch editing." This can be pret-ty useful, especially in a program-ming editor.

Philippe Malarme of Brussels,Belgium, writes: "On different occa-sions you complained in BYTE aboutpoor and overpriced documentation,but I don't think you've met a worsecase than Supersoft's Ada . . . their'document' consists of a Xerox copyof the Department of Defense Adaspecifications (1980 version) and AdaSupersoft User's Manual, a book of 30pages!

"The worst is yet to come: of the 30pages, 2 are a 'software agreement'which disclaims any warranty orresponsibility . . . and three list'Standard Ada unimplemented fea-tures.' . . . Their compiler is an Adasubset the way Sinclair's ZX81 is asubset of the Cray-1 computer."

I don't have Supersoft Ada, but P.Malarme's letter is typical of thoseI've received from those who'vebought it.

James Tower writes in behalf of anumber of computer users in Ger-many, where they are condemned to50-Hz power at 220 volts. Tower haddecided on a Lobo Max-80 computer,

when he discovered that Lobo won'tguarantee that it can work with a50-Hz power source. The monitorseems to be the major problem: thecompany is afraid the display will"swim." Moreover, Lobo doesn't wantto guarantee a machine in Europebecause it would have to reimport itif something went wrong.

Mr. Tower paints a pretty gloomypicture of what it must be like on thecontinent just now. Most productsaren't available, and those that areseem overpriced. He thinks Lobowould have a very clear field, even atprices well above those currentlyadvertised, if they had a package dealfor export to Germany.

I can sympathize with Tower with-out knowing what to do. One of thefew serious complaints I've had aboutGodbout/Compupro came from aGerman purchaser. Communicationstake forever, and shipping equipmentback and forth is very expensive.

In any event, Mr. Tower wonders ifthere might be a simple solution tothe problem of adapting a LoboMax-80 to eat German electricity andstill deliver stable video output. Thatseems more in Ciarcia's departmentthan mine; perhaps Steve cananswer. Meanwhile, I can report thatBarry Workman continues to rely onhis Lobo Max-80 as one of his prin-cipal machines; Ralph will read awide variety of disk formats and hasgiven him no trouble at all.

Some months are worse thanothers: this month I got bales of mail,and I'll hardly be able to answer anyof it, what with all the otherdemands on my time. April is thecruelest month . . .■

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' com-ments and opinions. Send a self-addressed,stamped envelope to Jerry Pournelle, doBYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock,NH 03449. Please put your address on theletter as well as on the envelope. Due tothe high volume of letters, Jerry cannotguarantee a personal reply.

Jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer andcurrent science-fiction writer who loves to play withcomputers.

454 Auguil 1983 © BYTE Publication! lnc

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BYTE Auguit 19»3 455

Voice Lab

Part 2: Menu-Driven Routines for DigitalSpeech Synthesis and Analysis

UCSD Pascal units form a modular voice workbench

In part 1 (July, page 186) we lookedat the theory behind the operationof the Voice Lab system. This month,we'll see how it works in practice.

Voice Lab Operation

The experimenter's interface toVoice Lab is menu-driven and highlyinteractive. Like any workbench, itwas constructed to keep the toolshandy and to minimally constrainwhat is constructed. (For a review ofthe functions of different Voice Labunits, see table 1.)

When the main program, shown inlisting 1, is first executed, the primaryfunction menu appears across the topof the screen in the usual styleassociated with the UCSD p-System.The options presented are

Voice Lab:Dictionary

Numbering of figures and tables is continued fromPart 1.

UCSD Pascal is a registered trademark of theRegents of the University of California. Use thereofin conjunction with any goods or services isauthorized by specific license only, and anyunauthorized use is contrary to the laws of the Stateof California.

p-System is a trademark ofSoftech Microsystems,Inc.

by John E. Hoot

R(ecord & listen

Statistics

M(essages

F(ilter

Q(uit

By striking one character (the onepreceding the parenthesis) you mayselect the desired subsidiary screenmenu. Typically, a subsidiary screen'sresulting data is not erased when youreturn to the primary menu, but youmay erase it by typing a space. Nowlet's take a look at how the program'ssubsidiary menu screens operate.

Dictionary

When the dictionary menu isselected, the unit (listing 2) displaysa prompt line at the top of the displayindicating the available options:

Dictionary:

Directory

R)emove

A)ppend

I)nsert

Qlear

Q)uit

Typing the character preceding theparenthesis selects the desired op-tion. Pressing the space bar will erase

any information remaining on thescreen from a previous operation.

The Directory option displays thecontents of the current vocabulary inthree columns. The left-hand columncontains an index to the vocabularyword, the middle column containsthe word, and the right-hand columndisplays the size in bytes of the en-coded speech segment stored for thatword. Table 4 in part 1 (July, page 196)showed a segment of the sample out-put from this command.

The Remove command is used todelete unwanted entries from thedictionary.

The Append command is primari-ly used during speech analysis. Itsfunction is to append to the currentcontents of the speech buffer a wordor phrase stored in the dictionary. Byusing Append, you can assemble aphrase in the speech buffer for study.For instance, you could append thewords "how," "are," and "you" to ob-tain the phrase "How are you."

The Insert command adds the con-tents of the speech buffer to the dic-tionary. The example below illustrateshow to insert the word "through"and its homonyms into the diction-ary, presuming that the word hasalready been captured in the speechbuffer. Both the computer's outputand the user's input are shown.

456 Augu.t 1M3 © BYTE Publications lnc

Word or phrase name:throughfofumEnter Homonym -.thruRetumEnter Homonym :threwRefwmEnter Homonym -.Return

When you answer the final promptwith just the Return key the wordand all of its homonyms will be add-ed to the dictionary. The programthen replies:

THROUGH, THRU, THREW add-ed to dictionary.

The Clear command disposes ofthe entire dictionary. It allows you todiscard your present dictionary andbegin to build a completely new one.If you select this function, the pro-gram double-checks your intent.

The Quit command from the dic-tionary screen returns the program tothe main prompt menu.

Record and Listen Menu

The Record and Listen menu,shown in figure 6 on page 469, con-trols the functions in which audiospeech segments are captured andthen played back. Its functions canisolate words or phrases from thespeech buffer and control samplingrates for D/A (digital to analog)and A/D (analog to digital)conversion.

The Set Tempo item in the menucontrols the rate of playback andrecording digitization. Depending onexactly how the Analog I/O unitworks in your system, the default ratemay require modification. Recordingat a normal rate and playing back ata higher rate has the same effect aslistening to a 45-rpm phonographrecord at 78 rpm. If your intent is toproduce normal speech, you shouldalways play back at the same rate asyou recorded the input. You can varythe tempo to discover the minimumsampling rate that produces accept-able speech on your system.

The Beginning and End menuitems each set one of two indexes thatdelineate the portion of the speechbuffer upon which the program willoperate. All operations in Voice Labare bound by these indexes. As an ex-

Analog I/O Unitservices provided:

• analog output from the speech buffer

• digitizing speech into the speech bufferresources provided:

• 16K-byte speech buffer

• tempo-rate variable

Voice Dictionary Unitservices provided:

• vocabulary word look-up

• vocabulary word insertion

• vocabulary word deletion

• vocabulary word retrieval

• dictionary erasure

Voice Messages Unitservices provided:

• word-to-speech output

• string-to-speech output

Voice Display Unitservices provided:

• zero-crossing counts and plots

• spectral-energy plots

• total speech-energy plots

• signal-level monitoring

Voice Filter Unitservice provided:

• interactive linear digital filtering

Table 1: Summary of functions of Voice Lab units (repeated from part 1).

ample, you might originally set theBeginning parameter to 0 and theEnd parameter to 9999 (using thewhole buffer), and record the phrase"one, two, three." By adjusting Begin-ning and End to 2800 and 3500,respectively, you might isolate theword "two" in the speech buffer.

The Record operation causes thefollowing prompt to be displayed inthe upper left-hand corner of thedisplay:

Hit <ret> then speak

You can synchronize the beginning ofyour speech with the beginning ofthe digitization process. Upon com-pletion of digitization, this prompt isreplaced by the response:

Done!

The Play function reconstructs thecontents of the speech buffer throughthe A/D converter on your computer.

Upon quitting the Record andListen menu, all the information onthe screen and in the speech bufferis preserved. Thus, assuming that thespeech buffer contains the word"two," you could enter the dictionarymenu and append the word "go" tothe speech buffer; this would incre-ment the End index of the speechbuffer and leave the speech buffercontaining the phrase "two go."

Statistics Menu

The Statistics menu controls thegeneration of the plots by the VoiceDisplay Unit (listing 3). The optionsof the main statistics screen are asfollows:

Stats:

E(nergy & Crosses

P(lot

A(vg

M(ax & min

S(pectrum

Q(uit

Text continued on page 469

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Listing 3

continued:

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503

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write In;

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506

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610

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'E','a':Energy;

611

2

2:2

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'P','p'iplot;

512

2

2:2

467

'S',*b':Spectrum;

513

2

2:2

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and;

614

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[c='0'l or [c='q');

515

2

1:0

0 end;

518

2

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0

517

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0 and

vo1ce_dsp].

End of

Conipi Lat 1 on.

S(et TempoBeginning

3g those in figure 3 from last month

0 (page 198). This plot, too, can be

E(nd

0 stopped by pressing any character on

R(ecord

the keyboard.

P(lay

The statistics menu also contains

Q(uit

HtTi/-'i-i/-\r>c ¥r\ ^r»tviTMifQ t-Y-tvack iicariil

Figure 6: Menu screen for the Record andListen routine.

Text continued from page 457:

Upon your selecting the Energyand Crosses plot, the program askswhether the plot is to be routed to theprinter or to the video display Oncea selection is made, the programbegins to produce graphs like thosein figure 4 in Part 1 of this article (Ju-ly, pages 202 and 203), which aregraphs of the spectral energy andnumber of zero-crossings containedin the signal. You can abort the plotbefore it reaches the End index in thespeech by pressing any character onthe keyboard.

When you select Plot, the programasks whether the plot is to be routedto the printer or to the display. Oncea selection is made, the program be-gins to print or display graphs like

scalar values: the maximum wave-form peak, the minimum waveformpeak, and the average (DC—directcurrent) bias of the speech-buffer seg-ment. These values are usefulprimarily in calibrating the inputsignal level. The optimal signalparameters for a properly calibratedamplifier for voiced input speech are:

Maximum Signal 254Minimum Signal 1

Average Value 127

You'll rarely attain these values exact-ly, but grossly underdriving the A/Dconverter or setting excessive DC-offset values can badly distort digitalspeech's intelligibility and introduceerrors into Voice Lab's analysis com-putations.

When you select the Spectrum op-tion, the program gives you the

choice of routing output to theprinter or to the display. Once you'vemade your selection, the programbegins to produce graphs like thosein figure 5 in part 1 (pp. 202 and 203).As above, this plot can be stopped bypressing any character on the key-board.

Both the spectrum-analysis and thewaveform plots take some time togenerate. So that the program mayrun as fast a possible, the code in theVoice Display unit has native-codedirectives bracketing these sections.In some implementations of theUCSD p-System, such as the one forthe IBM Personal Computer, it ispossible to send the program's p-code(pseudocode) object file through anative-code generator. This willtranslate the indicated section of theprogram to machine instructionsdirectly executable by the micropro-cessor. As a result, the computationtime in this section will bedramatically reduced, while other,noncritical sections of the programare left in the more compact p-coderepresentation. Just remember thatproducing native code for the VoiceDisplay unit will render its objectcode incompatible with p-Systemsrunning on different processors.

Messages Menu

The Messages menu contains justthese choices:

Messages:LateralF(ileQ(uit

It allows you to have the word-list-based speech-synthesis functions inVoice Lab read back to you files orstrings that you have keyed in. If youselect Literal input, the programbegins prompting you for input lines.After the line has been entered, it ispassed to the speech synthesizer inthe Voice Message unit (listing 4). Itwill continue prompting for addi-tional lines until a blank line isentered. If you use the File option,specifying the name of an existingfile, the program reads the file oneline at a time and passes the text init to the speech synthesizer.

Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 469

Digital Filter: term <0..5>, D)c offset, F)ilter, Q)uit

Formula Coefficients: W(eight, D(elay, Q(uit

Formula X[T] =

Formula X[T] =

0.50 . x[t] + 0.50 .

x[t + 1] + 5

0.50 . x[t) + 0.50 . x[t -

-1]

Term

Delay

Weight

Term

Delay

Weight

0)

Ot

0.50

0)

Ot

0.50

1)

1t

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•■■> 1)

1t

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2)

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2)

Ot

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Ot

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3)

Ot

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Ot

0.00

4)

Ot

0.00

5)

Ot

0.00

5)

Ot

0.00

D)c Offset

5

D)c Offset

0

Figure 7: Sample screen display produced by the filter routine. Figure 8: Sample coefficient-modifying screen in the filter routine.

Filter Menu

When the digital-filter option isselected, a screen similar to that infigure 7 is displayed. This screendisplays the options available acrossthe top line, along with the currentdifference equation and a table ofterms. If the formula indicates theoperation you wish to perform, press"F" to begin filtering. The programwill make one pass through thespeech buffer, from beginning toend, applying the indicated formula.The message:

Computing ....

will be displayed across the bottom

of the display. For each 50 samplesprocessed another period is dis-played so you can watch the pro-gress.

This operation, like the plots, cantake a long time, particularly if youhave specified a very complex poly-nomial. Like the plotting unit, theVoice Filter unit (listing 5) containsthe compiler directives that will allowyou to generate native code to per-form the computation and improvethe system's performance.

To modify the difference equationused in filtering the contents of thespeech buffer, type the number cor-responding to the equation term youwish to edit. When you do this, thescreen will change to appear as

shown in figure 8. You can modifyboth the weight and delay values inthe equation. The DC-offset valuecan be changed only from the pri-mary edit screen. When the selectedterm has been set to your satisfaction,you can return to the primary filterscreen by selecting Quit. This processcan be repeated indefinitely until allthe terms of the equation have beenset.

Multistage filtering can be achievedby repeatedly filtering the samespeech-buffer segment. Recursive orclosed-loop filters (those with feed-back and oscillators) can be simulatedby using negative delay values. Whenusing a recursive filter, take care to

make sure it is stable.

Text continued on page 475

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While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect thewishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

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Peterborough NH

03458

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Listing 6: The Analog-I/O unit (Analog_JO), a hardware-specific unit that reads data fromthe analog-to-digital converter and writes data to the digital-to-analog converter.

Pascal Compiler IV.1 c5s-4

3/27/B3

12345678910111213141516171B192D212223242526272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515253545556

UNIT ANAL0G_I0;Interface

VOICELAB ANALOG INPUT/OUTPUTSERVICE UNIT

(C)opyright John E. Hoot 1983. All rightsreserved

const vox_buflen = 163B3;

type vox_bufrange = 0..vox_buflen;byte = 0..255;

vox_buffer=pecked array[vox_bufrengB] of byte;vox_ptr = *vox_buffer;

van tempo,start,stop:vox_bufrange;stream:vox_ptr;

procedure ADC[ ver ptr:vox_buffer;

offset, Len: vox_bufrange; rate:integer );

procedure DAC[ ver ptr:vox_buffer;

offset, Len:vox_bufrBnge; rateiinteger );

Implementation

procedure sample! var ptr:vox_buffer; offset, len: vox_bufrange ]|Bxternal;

procedure pLay[ var ptr:vox__buffer; offGBt, len, rBte:vox_bufrange];external;

procedure ADC;0 begin0 sample! ptr,offset,len ];

0 end;0

1 procedure DAC;0 begin

0 play[ ptr, offset, Len, rate ];

0 end;

0

0 begin

0 newlstreem];

7 etart:=0;

15 stop:=D;

23 tempo:=39;

32 *♦*;

34 dlspoSBlstraam];

0 end.

Text continued from page 470:

Installation and Adaptation

The Voice Lab program and unitswere developed in UCSD Pascalunder version IV of the p-System(distributed by Softech Microsys-tems) and operate most effectivelyunder that version of the system.Voice Lab relies strongly on the p-System's modular unit philosophy soadapting Voice Lab to another oper-ating environment would not be asimple task.

To get Voice Lab to run underApple Pascal version 1.1, you mustrelink the units after each modifica-tion, which makes for slow work.Additionally, the virtual-memorymanagement under the version IV p-System allows Voice Lab to operatewith a larger speech buffer on anApple than does Apple Pascal 1.1.

Voice Lab is designed to be portableto various computers in both sourceand object code. With two exceptions,

the object code for the main programand all the units can be moved frommachine to machine without recom-pilation. I have successfully trans-ported Voice Lab between the IBMPersonal Computer and the Apple II.The two exceptions to portability arethe printer-output routine and theAnalog I/O unit.

The Analog I/O unit (listing 6) per-forms the actual digitizing of thespeech input and synthesis of thespeech output. The specific charac-teristics of the hardware interface tothe D/A and A/D converters will in-evitably differ from machine tomachine. To accommodate this situa-tion, the Analog I/O unit is struc-tured to require that two assembly-language procedures, Sample andPlay, be linked into it.

The Sample procedure reads thecomputer's analog input at a ratedetermined by one of its callingarguments. Each sample is assumedto be an 8-bit unsigned number in therange 0 through 255, and the quies-cent value of the input should be 127or 128. The samples should be writ-ten to memory beginning at the loca-tion indicated by the sum of twoother arguments shown in listing 6,the Offset and the Ptr base address.Sampling should continue until thenumber of samples specified by theLen argument have been accumulat-ed. At that time, the Sample proce-dure should return control to AnalogI/O.

The Play procedure performs theinverse operation to Sample. Allarguments to Play are interpreted inthe same fashion as Sample, exceptvalues are read from memory andwritten to the D/A converter.

The only other area of Voice Labthat may require modification is theprinter-output section in the VoiceDisplay unit. The Voice Display unit,as shown in listing 3, is designed tooperate with an Epson MX-70 printer.The lines of source code specific tothe MX-70 are demarcated by com-ments; these will have to be rewrit-ten if you have a different printer.

The waveform-routine is designedto operate with dot-matrix graphics.If your computer does not supportdot-matrix graphical output, you can

August 1983 © BYTE Publication Lnc 475

use hyphens or microspaced periodsto generate the graphical output, butproducing the output will take a longtime. If hyphens are used, the samealgorithm that is used on the displaycan be applied to the printer.

These modifications should not behard, as such things go, so after justa little time modifying the printroutines and adapting to your D/Aand A/D hardware, you should beready to begin investigating digitalspeech synthesis and analysis withVoice Lab.

Conclusions

Voice Lab provides a workbenchupon which the structure of speechcan be analyzed and offers a libraryof system units that facilitate speechsynthesis from application programs.

Voice Lab is neither a static nor acompleted project. Its modular-unitstructure is specifically designed toallow experimentation and furtherdevelopment. In the project'sgestative phases, versions of theVoice Lab library have used ADPCM,(adaptive differential pulse-code

modulation), DPCM, and PCM en-coding. And at one point the VoiceMessages unit employed a phonetic,rather than word-orientedvocabulary.

I'm still working on extensions tohandle common word endings, suchas plurals. Additionally, the resultsfrom the zero-crossing analysis andpeak-energy plots have suggestedsome reasonable lines of inquiry in-to speech recognition, the other sideof the voice-input/output problem.

I hope that I've encouraged you topush the limits of your computer anddiscover the frontiers of speechinteraction. ■

References

1. Anderson, James C. "An Extremely Low-Cost Computer Voice Response System."BYTE, February 1981, page 36.

2. Ciaroia, Steve. 'Talk to Me! Add a Voice toYour Computer for $35." BYTE, June 1978,page 142.

3. Ciarcia, Steve. "Use ADPCM for HighlyIntelligible Speech Synthesis." BYTE, June1983, page 35.

4. Ciarcia, Steve. "Use Voiceprints to AnalyzeSpeech." BYTE, March 1982, page 50.

5. Flanagan. J. L. Speech Analysis, Synthesis,and Perception, second revised edition.New York: Springer-Verlag, 1972.

6. Flanagan, J. L. "Voices of Men andMachines." Journal of the Acoustical Societyof America. Volume 51, March 1972, page1375.

7 Hoot, John E. "Voice Lab: A System forDigital Speech Synthesis and Analysis, Part1." BYTE, July 1983, page 186.

8. Mazor, Stan. 'Approaching FilteringDiscretely." Computer Design, April 1982,page 159.

9. O'Haver, Tom. "Audio Processing with aMicrocomputer." BYTE, June 1978, page166.

10. Payne, Robert A. "A Voice for the Apple IIWithout Extra Hardware." BYTE, November1981, page 499.

11. Schafer, Lawrence R. and Ronald W.Schafer. "Digital Representations of SpeechSignals." Proceedings of the IEEE, Volume63, April 1975, page 662.

12. 22920 Analog Signal Processor DesignHandbook. Santa Clara, CA: IntelCorporation, 1980.

John E. Hoot is president of Software & SystemsConsulting (4181 Bryan St., Oceanside, CA 92056)and former manager of product software developmentfor Softech Microsystems. His firm specializes in p-System adaptations, application development, andmarketing.

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Help in Apple III Pascal

This easy-to-implement Help system offers online instructionsand explanations anywhere in a program

The ideal computer program fea-tures online instructions and ex-planations that save time and reducethe probability of making errors. Butadding complete documentation or aHelp system to a computer such asthe Apple HI must not substantiallyincrease the complexity and bulk ofthe software it serves. And such asystem should be sufficiently fast andflexible to use anywhere in applica-tion software.

An ideal Help system is not easy torealize with most available low-costhardware/software combinations.The one described here, however, isreadily implemented because it takesadvantage of the modular structureof UCSD Pascal and the Apple Ill'sadvanced console-control capabili-ties. It can be used anywhere in aprogram to provide needed informa-tion. Listing 1 shows a program thatdemonstrates this Help system.

System Definition

Before implementing a completeonline Help system, it's important to

by Al Evans

consider the three basic areas withina program in which you might re-quire additional information:

•Help from the menu level. IndividualHelp screens are attached to eachmenu item. Primarily instructional,they provide information aboutmenu selection and describe its useor offer examples of the system's ac-tion when the item is selected.

"Infinite"

interruptibility is

required when you

want to design a

nearly ideal Help

system.

•Help during keyboard input. Duringany request for input from the key-board, detailed reminders describewhat information you need to enter.•Help during a continuous process.Help screens can be connected, forexample, to procedures that displayoutput to explain the data shown

and/or its format.

Unfortunately, these situationscover a seemingly infinite variety ofmachine states and cannot be re-duced to a small number of cases thatcould be handled individually. Whatis required, then, is "infinite" inter-ruptibility. This capability is pro-vided by a set of techniques thatenable you to easily interrupt anyprocess at any time but that don't re-quire special programming for in-dividual cases and don't affect theprocess being interrupted.

One technique, keypress sensing,is easily implemented on most com-puters. Another incorporates a set ofprocedures to save and restore the ex-act state of the console screen, in-cluding all displayed data and thecursor position. On many smallsystems, implementing these pro-cedures would require assembly-language programming; the AppleIII, however, supports them throughcalls to the .CONSOLE driver.

In addition to software-interrupttechniques, you'll need a method of

Augtitt 19*3 © BYTE Publications Inc 477

Listing 1: A demonstration program of a Help system in Apple 111 Pascal.

PROGRAM HELP_DEMO;

{By Al Evans, 1982. Public domain — use freely, but please give me credit}

CONST

{Help table of contents; give each help screen a name and enter it here.)MENU1 = ISMENU2 = 2iEX1 = 31EX2 = 4;

TYPE Byte = 0..255;

BufferJZK = Packed ArrayCO..2048] of Byte;Request_Code = Packed Record

CHANNEL: 0..11

STAT_OR_CTRL: 0..1;

REQUEST _NUM: 0..255;

RESERVED: 0..63END;XY_Coordinates = (X, Y);Menu_Mode = (NORMAL_M0DE, HELP_M0DE);

VAR LEFT_ARROW, ESCAPE, HELP_KEY, BEEP: Char;

KEY_BUF_STATUS, SCREEN_SAVE, SCREEN_RESTORE: Request_Code;

SCREEN_P0S1TI0N: Request_Code;

SCREEN_BUFFER: Buffer_2K;

CURS_P0S: Packed ArrayCXY_Coordinates] of Byte;

INPUT_SET: Set of Char;

Procedure Clear_Screen;BEGIN

Write(Chr(28))END;

Procedure Inverse;BEGIN

Write(Chr(18))END;

APPLE /// CONSOLE CONTROL

Procedure Normal;BEGIN

Write(Chr(17)>END;

{Though the demonstration program does not use viewports, the next twoprocedures are required to provide HELP for programs that do. >

Procedure Reset_Viewport;BEGIN

WritelChr(1))END;

Procedure Restore_Viewport;BEGIN

Write(Chr(4))END;

Procedure Backspace;BEGIN

Write<Chr(8>)END;

Procedure Save_Screen;CONST CONSOLE = l;BEGIN

Un i t_St atus(CONSOLE,SCREEN_BUFFER,SCREEN_SAVE >;

Unit_Status(CONSOLE,CURS_POS,SCREEN_POSITION)END;

Procedure Restore_Screen;CONST CONSOLE = 1;BEGIN

Uni t_Status(CONSOLE,SCREEN_BUFFER,SCREEN_RESTORE);

GotoXY(CURS_POSCXD, CLIRS_POSt Y] )END;

Function Keypressed: Boolean;

CONST CONSOLE = 1;

VAR CHARS_AVAIL: 0..255;

BEGIN

CHARS_AVAIL:= o;

Uni t_status(CONSOLE,CHARS_AVAIL,KEY_BUF_STATUS>;

Keypressed:= CHARS_AVAIL > 0END;

Procedure Help(WHERE: Integer);CONST

CEnter the prefix for your HELP frames here}

PREFIX = '/DEMO/FRAME';

START_BLOCK = 0; {Change to 2 far Pascal text files}

CONSOLE = l;

Listing 1 continued on page 479

composing formatted Help screensand storing them as disk files. Anytext editor that produces Pascal-com-patible files will accomplish this step.We use Applewriter III (a word-pro-cessing program) or the Apple IIIPascal editor set to ASCII (AmericanNational Standard Code for Informa-tion Interchange) mode to eliminateblocks of format data at the front ofeach UCSD Pascal text file becausewe don't need them for our pur-poses.

Finally, you'll need a way to get ascreenful of formatted data quicklyfrom a disk to the display. Providingthis feature are the low-level Pascalprocedures BLOCKREAD and UNIT-WRITE, which can be used to readand write large chunks of dataregardless of type. In this case, theypermit the system to find a Helpframe on disk, read it, and display iton the screen in less than 3 seconds(or in much less time if a hard diskis used).

The System Design

To simplify use of the disk files con-taining the Help screens, the files arenamed systematically; the first isFRAME1, the second is FRAME2,and so on.

In the program's global-declara-tions section, a table of contentsmatches each program area for whichHelp is provided with its correspond-ing frame number. For example, aprogram in which the first two Helpframes concern the first two items onthe menu begins with the declaration

CONST MENU1 = 1;MENU2 = 2;

.etc.

The Help procedure itself is declaredas

Procedure Help(WHERE: Integer);

Calls to this procedure in the form of"Help(MENUl)" are thus permitted.In order for you to be able to usethe Help facility, the program musthave three additional features. First,it needs a dual-mode menu that canact as a normal menu for programcontrol or as a menu for instructionalHelp screens. We use the global

478 Augiut 19*3 © BYTE Publicationi Inc

TYPE declaration

TYPE Menu_Mode = (NORMAL_MODE, HELP_MODE);

to permit declaration of the menuitself, as

Procedure Menu(MODE:Menu Mode);

and employ the parameter MODEwithin the menu itself to control itsaction. The main program calls themenu as Menu(NORMAL__MODE).If the Help key is pressed from with-in the menu, it makes a recursive callto itself as Menu(HELP_MODE).

The program also needs a string-reading procedure that emulatesReadln but can be interrupted at anytime to use the Help system duringinput. Because it must read one char-acter at a time, it will also be used tofilter nonprinting characters out ofthe input. This procedure is declaredas

Procedure Get String(VAR

INPUT_LINE: String;CALLING_PROC: Integer);

INPUT_LINE is the string to be built

by the procedure; CALLING

PROC is one of the above global con-stants representing the Help screenthat applies to the calling procedure.Finally, for Help during a con-tinuous process, we insert the line

If Keypressed Then Handle_JKey;

wherever the process is to be inter-rupted. To complete the procedure,we use such instructions as

Procedure Handle__Key;VAR KEY: Char;BEGINRead(KEYBOARD,KEY);If KEY = HELP_KEY Then

Help(WHEREVER);{. . .etc. for any special keys to behandled}END;

Implementing the Help System

Having covered our three generalcases, we implemented the system in

(See note under Apple /// Console Control above}

Listing 3 continued:

VAR FRAME: Buffer_2K;

BLOCK_COUNT: Integer;HELP_FILE: File;FILE_NAME: String;KEY: Char;CH_TO_STR: StringCU;

BEGIN

Reset_Viewport;

SaveScreen; CIearScreen;

Str(WHERE, FILE_NAME>;

FILE_NAME:= Concat(PREFIX, FILE_NAME>;

C*IDCHECK->

Reset(HELP_FILE, FILE_NAME>;

CtlOCHECK+J

If IORESULT <> O

Then REPEAT

Writeln(Chr(7),"Please put program disk online and press <RETURN>,');

WritelnCOr press <ESCAPE> to exit: ');

Read(KEY);

If KEY = ESCAPE

Then BEGIN

Restore_Screen;Restore_Vi ewport;Exit(Help)END;Clear_Screeni<*IOCHECK->

Reset(HELP_FILE, FILE_NAME){«IOCHECK+>UNTIL IORESULT = O;BLOCK_COUNT:= Block_Read(HELP_FILE, FRAME, 4, START_BLOCK);Unit_write(CONSOLE, FRAME, (BLOCK_COUNT * 512), O, O);GotoXY(0,23) ; WriteCPress any key to proceed');Read(KEY);CIose(HELP_FILE);Restore_Screen;

Restore_Viewport (See above note concerning Reset_Viewport}

END;

Procedure Init_Variables;BEGIN

LEFT_ARROW:= Chr(B>; BEEP:= Chr(7);

ESCAPE:= Chr(27); HELP_KEY:= Chr(191); COpen-Apple-question-markJINPUT_SET:= [Chr(32)..Chr(126)3;With KEY_BUF_STATUS DoBEGIN

CHANNEL:= o;STAT_OR_CTRL:= 0;REGUEST_NUM:= 5;RESERVED:= 0END;With SCREEN_SAVE DoBEGIN

CHANNEL:= 0;

stat_or_ctrl:= o;

request_num:= 18!

reserved: = oEND;With SCREEN_RESTDRE DoBEGIN

CHANNEL:= OS

STAT_OR_CTRL:= 11

REQUEST_NUM:= 18;

RESERVED: = 0END;With SCREEN_P0SITION DoBEGIN

CHANNEL:= O;

STAT_OR_CTRL:= O;

REQUEST_NUM:= 16;

RESERVED:= 0ENDEND;

(Use this procedure for interruptible string input.For demonstration purposes, enter it in the exact format shown so thatit will fit into 23 lines.>

CEX2 BEGIN)

Procedure Get_String(VAR INPUT_LINE: String; CALLING_PROC: Integer);

VAR KEY: Char; CH_TD_STRING: Stringtll;

BEGIN

input_line:= ''; ch_td_string:= 'X';

Read(KEYBOARD, KEY);

While NOT EOLN(KEYBOARD) Do

BEGIN

If KEY = HELP_KEY Then Help(CALLING_PROC)

Else If (KEY = LEFT_ARROW) AND (Length(INPUT_LINE) > 0)Then BEGIN

Back_Space; WriteC '); Back_Space;

INPUT_LINE:= Copy<INPUT_LINE, 1, Length(INPUT_LINE) - 1)ENDElse If KEY IN INPUT_SETThen BEGIN

Write(KEY); CH_TO_STRINGC11:= KEY;INPUT_LINE:= Concat(INPUT_LINE, CH_TO_STRING)END

Listing 1 continued on page 480August 1963 © BYTE Publication! Inc 479

the Apple III. There it furnishesonline Help from anywhere in theprogram in the form of a formattedscreen display.

To use the system, the basic con-sole-control procedures Save

Screen and Restore Screen as well

as the function Keypressed are re-quired. Save Screen stores the con-sole display's contents in a globallydeclared 2K-byte buffer and puts thecursor coordinates into a 2-bytepacked array. Restore_Screenreverses this process. Keypressedmerely returns TRUE if a character isavailable to the Pascal system andFALSE if none is available (i.e., no keyhas been pressed).

On the Apple III, these operationsare most easily performed usingD_STATUS and D_CONTROLcalls to the operating system via thePascal UNITSTATUS procedure.(Refer to Listing 1 and the Apple IIIStandard Device Driver's Manual, pages169 to 171, for more details.) ThePascal UNITSTATUS procedure iscalled as

UNITSTATUS(UNITNUMBER,STATUSLIST, REQUESTCODE);

UNITNUMBER is an expressionwith an integer value that is thePascal unit number of an I/O (in-put/output) device (1 in the case ofthe .CONSOLE driver, for instance).STATUSLIST refers to a variable thatcontains or will contain the data to bepassed to or from the device speci-fied by UNITNUMBER (SCREEN_BUFFER, for example, in the case of

Save Screen and Restore Screen).

REQUESTCODE is a 16-bit packedrecord that indicates whether thedevice's input or output channel willbe affected by the call, whether it isa status (D_STATUS) or control(D_CONTROL) call, and the type ofstatus or control call being made. Thisrecord is declared as

Type Request Code = Packed

Record

CHANNEL: 0..1;

STAT_OR_CTRL: 0..1;

REQUEST_NUM: 0..255;

RESERVED: 0..63END;

480 Auguit 1M3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Listing 1 continued:

Else Write(BEEP);Read(KEYBOARD, KEY)

end;

Wri telnEND; {Get_String}CEX2 END}

{MENU1 PART 1 BEGIN}Procedure Examplel;

{An example of HELP during a continuous process, in this case a continuousscreen display. HELP would normally be used in this instance to provideinformation on the format and/or meaning of the display. >

VAR FOREVER: Boolean;{MENU1 PART 1 END}

{EX1 BEGIN}

Procedure Handle_Key;VAR KEY: Char;BEGIN

Read(KEYBOARD, KEY);

If KEY = HELP_KEY Then Help(EXl);

If KEY = ESCAPE Then Exit(Examplel>END;

Procedure Slowprint(LINE: String);

{This procedure is given as the extreme example of interruption duringdisplay — the process can be interrupted after each character is dis-played. Of course the display would be much faster if written a lineat a time and if "Keypressed" was checked only at the end of each line.}

VAR CHAR_COUNT: Integer;BEGIN

For CHAR_COUNT:= 1 to Length(LINE) DoBEGIN

Write(LINEtCHAR_COUNTD);If Keypressed Then Handle_KeyENDEND;CEX1 END}

{MENU1 PART 2 BEGIN}BEGIN {Examplel}

FOREVER:= FALSE;

CI ear_Screen;

REPEAT

SIowprint("This is an example of how HELP can be provided during an ');

SIowprint(*ongoing process. This text will simply be displayed repeatedly ');

Slowprint('unti1 you push <ESCAPE>. While it is being displayed, you can *);

SIowprint('press ''<open-apple>?'■, and whatever help screen you haveattached will ');

Slowprint(* be displayed instead. When you return to this display after ');

Slowprint('reading the HELP display, the process will begin again exactly ');

SIowprint('where it left off. ')

UNTIL FOREVEREND;{MENU1 PART 2 END}

{MENU2 BEGIN}Procedure Example2;VAR LINE: String;

BEGIN

CIear_Screen;

Writeln('This procedure demonstrates HELP during the input of a string');

Writeln('from the keyboard. The HELP_KEY can be pressed any time during');

Writeln('entry. Enter ''Stop'' when finished');

REPEAT

Write('Enter string: ')»

Get_String(LINE, EX2); {Example of a call to Get_String>

WritelnCYou entered: '.LINE)UNTIL LINE = 'Stop'END;{MENU2 END}

Procedure Menu(MODE: Menu_Mode);VAR CHOICE: Char;BEGINREPEAT

CIear_Screen;

If MODE = N0RMAL_MODE

Then BEGIN

GotoXY(6S,23)S

WriteC ''<open-apple>?'' for HELP')END;GotoXY<0,4);

WritelnC ' :S, ' Demonstrations available:');Writeln;

{Enter your menu here}

Writeln (' ':5,'D HELP during continuous output process');WritelnC ':5,'2> HELP during input from keyboard')!Writeln;

If MODE = HELP_M0DEThen BEGIN

WriteC ':5>!Inverse;

Listing 1 continued on page 481

Listing 1 continued:

WriteCNow in HELP mode. Choose topic for instructions.');Normal;WritelnEND;WritelnC • :5, ' <ESCAPE> to quit');Writer ':5,'Option: '); Read (CHOICE) ;If MODE = NORMAL_MODEThen Case CHOICE of

(Enter your program's responses to menu choices here)'1': Examplel;'2': Example2;ENDElse Case CHOICE of

CEnter your menu's HELP frames here)'1': Help(MENUl);'2': Help<MENU2>END;If (MODE = N0RMAL_MODE> AND (CHOICE = HELP_KEY>Then Menu(HELP_MODE)UNTIL CHOICE = ESCAPEEND;

BEGIN (*MAIN PROGRAM*)Ini t_Vari ables;Menu(NORMAL_MODE) ;CIear_Screen

END.

The specific request codes used ascommands to the .CONSOLE devicedriver are declared as global variables(KEY_BUF_STATUS, SCREEN_SAVE, SCREEN_RESTORE,

SCREEN_POSITION) of the typeRequestCode and initialized in anInit Variables procedure. The fol-lowing instructions provide anexample.

With SCREEN_SAVE DoBEGIN

CHANNEL: = 0;

STAT_OR_CTRL: = 0;

REQUEST_NUM: = 18;

RESERVED: = 0END;

Using the Help Procedure

The operation of the Help pro-cedure itself is simple. It saves andclears the screen (and resets theviewport to include the full screen,although this action is not requiredby the demonstration program pro-vided), then looks on the volumespecified by PREFIX for a FRAME filewith the frame number passed to itas the parameter WHERE. If it findsthe file, it reads as many as fourblocks (2048 characters, slightly more

than one screenful) using Block

Read. Using Unit_Write, it writesthe data all at once to the console. Itthen waits for a keypress, closes thefile, and restores the screen andviewport to the state they were inwhen Help was called.

Before compilation, two constants

in this procedure are set for eachspecific application. PREFIX is set tothe complete volume and file nameof the Help files through FRAME—for example, /DEMO/FRAME (or, inUCSD Pascal notation, DEMO:FRAME). The procedure concate-nates the parameter WHERE toPREFIX, resulting in /DEMO/FRAME1, /DEMO/FRAME2, and soon. START_BLOCK is set to 0 for anASCII file or to 2 for a Pascal text fileto skip the two-block header.

You can install the

Help system In any

program by filling in

the blanks.

Much of the procedure is dedicatedto ensuring that the system doesn'tcrash if the disk containing the Helpframes goes off line and to providingan Exit option if these files areunavailable. This portion (from IfIORESULT <> 0. . . to . . UNTILIORESULT = 0, as well as thepreceding {$IOCHECK-} and{$IOCHECK +}) can be eliminated ifthese files will always be on line (ina hard-disk system, for example).

The Demonstration Program

Enter the demonstration program,compile it, and execute it. Be sure toset the constant PREFIX in the Helpprocedure to the volume name of thedisk you will use for the Help files

plus /FRAME (e.g., /DEMO/FRAME). And note that the HELP_KEY used is Open-apple-ques-tion-mark [Chr (191)]. The Open-apple key is a kind of "supershift"key that adds 128 to the decimalequivalent of the ASCII code for anycharacter typed with it. (Because theopen apple is itself a nonprintingcharacter on our printer, we changedall literal open apples in the programto < open-apple >. When you enterthe program, these references shouldbe replaced for display purposes withactual open apples, which areentered by typing control-shift-backslash.)

At this point, any call for Helpshould receive the answer "Pleaseput program disk on line and press

< RETURN > or press < ESCAPE >to exit." Otherwise, the programshould operate in the followingmanner.

From the NORMAL_MODEmenu, the first menu choice shouldresult in a continuing text display thatis interruptible only by pressing

< ESCAPE > or "open-apple-ques-tion-mark." The second menu choiceshould demonstrate string entry(with echo for confirmation), whichcan be interrupted by entering an"open-apple-question-mark" withthe same results as before and exitedby entering the string "Stop." Enter-ing "open-apple-question-mark"from the NORMAL__MODE menubrings up the HELP__MODE menu.

Either choice from the HELP

MODE menu should produce"Please put program disk online. . . ," and < ESCAPE > shouldreturn you to the NORMAL__MODEmenu.

Now let's make some Help screens.For demonstration purposes, we'lluse appropriate portions of the pro-gram itself. The following instruc-tions are specifically applicable to theApple III Pascal editor. Regardless ofthe editor, however, the objective isthe same—to delete all except certainportions and to save these portionsas ASCII text files. The operations re-quired for any editor are very similar.

Read the program text file into thePascal editor again, then set theeditor to ASCII mode [S(et E(nviron-

Augutt 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 481

ment A(sciifile T(rue <CTRL C>].Note the comments {MENU1 PARTIBEGIN}, {MENU1 PARTI END},{MENU1 PART2 BEGIN}, and{MENU1 PART2 END}. DELETE orZAP everything in the program exceptthese two sections, taking care not toleave any extra carriage returns at thebeginning or end of the file. The fileshould begin at the first character andend immediately after the lastcharacter of the text to be used as theHelp frame. Q(uit and W(rite the fileto your disk as <name of yourdisk > /FRAME1. Do not use the S(aveoption here, or you will lose the pro-gram text file.

Choose the C(hange files optionand reload the complete programtext. Repeat the entire process forMENU2, EX1, and EX2 (naming theHelp files FRAME2, FRAME3, andFRAME4). When you execute theprogram and request Help, the dis-play should show the applicable partof the source code.

Installing the Help System

You can install the Help system in

any program by appropriately fillingin the blanks. First, copy the typedeclarations, the global variables, theconsole control procedures, and theInit_Variables procedure directlyinto your program. Next, copy theHelp procedure, setting the constantPREFIX to that for your own Helpfiles and the constant START_BLOCK to 0 (for ASCII or data files)or 2 (for Pascal text files).

Then compose a table of contentsof the Help screens to be providedand enter it in the program's globalconstants section. After that, insertcalls to Help in the body of your pro-gram wherever Help is to be pro-vided, and copy the procedure

Get String—to use wherever Help

will be available during string input.Use the technique demonstrated bythe procedure Examplel to provideHelp anywhere else in your program.The next step is to copy the menuprocedure, changing the entries, pro-gram actions, and HELP calls to fityour program.

Finally, use the Pascal editor or anyother text editor that can write a for-

matted text file on disk to composeyour Help frames, limiting eachframe to 23 or fewer lines. Name thedisk files FRAME1, FRAME2, and soon to match the values assigned tothe help screens in the global con-stants section. If you are using Pascaltext files, end all of these file nameswith periods to keep the editor fromappending "TEXT" to them.

When you are finished, ask some-one who's unfamiliar with your sys-tem to use it to test its usefulness andcompleteness. Note that you can editindividual HELP frames as manytimes as necessary; recompile yourprogram only if you are adding oreliminating frames or changing thelocations of the HELP calls, the pathname of the HELP files, or Pascal Textfiles to ASCII files.

When everything is perfect, youcan relax in the knowledge that helpis always available. ■

Al Evans (1206 Karen Ave., Austin, TX 78757)is the owner of PowerTools, a small research com-pany primarily engaged in developing new ap-proaches to Software design and computer use.

MonitorComputingIncorporated

(213)885-5715

Mail orders:

Monitor Computing Inc.

8608 Wilbur Ave.NorthridgeCa. 91324

Availability on some items limited-Prices subject to change.

All items in factory sealed cartons,covered by factory warranties.

We accept cash, cashiers check,m/c and visa. Credit card use sub-ject to a 3% surcharge.

Shipping added to all orders. Cal-ifornia residents add sales tax.

APPLE PRODUCTS

16K Memory Card $55.00

Microtek Magnum80 $179.00

Videx 80 Col $249.00

Microsoft Z-80 .. : $249.00

Microsoft Premium System.... $469.00

Add-On Drive $240.00

Kraft Joystick $48.00

Grappler-t- $119.00

System Saver $74.00

PRINTERS

Okidata 82 $399.00

Okidata 83 $639.00

Okidata 84p $949.00

Okidata 84s $999.00

Okidata 92 $490.00

Okidata 93 $810.00

C.ltoh 8510ap $379.00

C.ltoh 8510bd $499.00

C.ltoh 1550p $675.00

C.ltoh 1550s $735.00

C.ltoh F10-40 $1199.00

C.ltoh F10-55 $1489.00

Nee 8023 $399.00

Nee 7710 $1965.00

Nee 7730 $1965.00

Toshiba P1350 $1495.00

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $211.00

Hayes Smartmodem1200 $499.00

SPECIALS

Wabash 8" Diskettes ... $19.00

Head Cleaning Kit $23.00

Smith-Corona TP1 $499.00

Comrex Cr-1S $699.00

Diablo 630 $1670.00

Atari joystick $9.95

Axlon 320K Ramdisk .. $795.00

EPD Surge Protectors

Lemon $48.00

Peach $69.00

Lime $78.00

Orange $95.00

MORE MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem 2 $279.00

w/term. program $315.00

IBM PRODUCTS

AST Combo Board $345.00

Quadram 4 Function Board ... $270.00

Tandon 100-2 Disk Drive $268.00

Datamac Hard Disk Drives

6 Megabyte $1195.00

12 Megabyte $1595.00

18 Megabyte $1995.00

MONITORS

Taxan Green $139.00

Taxan Amber $149.00

Taxan RGB Med-Res $329.00

Taxan RGB Hi-Res $499.00

Apple Interface CALL

Amdek Color 1 $299.00

Amdek Color 2 $399.00

Amdek 300G $139.00

Amdek 300A $159.00

Nee 1201 Green $169.00

Nee 1205 Amber $189.00

Nee Composite Color $299.00

TERMINALS

Televideo 925 $695.00

Televideo 950 $895.00

Axlon Datalink $289.00

482 August 1983 © BYTE Publication. Die

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Books Received

Campus Computing Strate-gies, John W. McCredie, ed.Bedford, MA: Digital Equip-ment Corp., 1983; 326 pages,15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-932376-20-7, $21.

Chip Mitchell: The Case ofthe Stolen Computer Brains,Fred D'Ignazio. New York:E.P. Dutton, 1982; 128 pages,14.3 by 21.5 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-525-66790-3, $8.95.

Computer-Aided Design,Raphael Kaplinsky. NewYork: Macmillan PublishingCo., 1982; 144 pages, 15.5 by23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN0-02-949520-2, $22.95.

Computer Anatomy forBeginners, Marlin Ouverson.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing Co., 1982; 159 pages, 15.5by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-0920-4, $15.95.

Computers—How to BreakInto the Field, L. Peter CarronJr. Cockeysville, MD: Liber-ty Publishing Co. (50 ScottAdam Rd.), 1982; 162 pages,14 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN0-89709-034-9, $6.95.

Computer-System Require-ments, Kenneth J. Thurberand Peter C. Patton. Lexing-ton, MA: Lexington Books,1983; 28 pages, 16.5 by 23.5cm, hardcover, ISBN0-669-02958-0, $15.95.

Database & Data Communi-cations Systems, Myles E.Walsh. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Co., 1983; 287pages, 18 by 24.3 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-1218-3,$22.95.

Dynamic Testing and SeismicQualification Practice, Clar-ence W. deSilva. Lexington,MA: Lexington Books, 1983;416 pages, 16.5 by 23.5 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-669-04393-1, $47.95.

Electrically Alterable Non-Volatile Memory Handbook,Revision A. Hicksville, NY:General Instrument Corp.(600 West John St.), 1983;17.8 by 23 cm, softcover,ISBN-none, free.

Fundamentals of Micro-Pro-

cessors, Henry O. Daley.New York: Holt, Rinehartand Winston, 1983; 277pages, 16.5 by 24 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-03-059934-2,$27.95.

The Handbook of ProblemSolving, Stephen J. Andriole.Princeton, NJ: PetrocelliBooks, 1983; 208 pages, 15.8by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN089433-186-8, $25.

The IBM/PC Guide, JamesE. Kelley Jr. Wayne, PA:Banbury Books, 1983; 318pages, 15 by 23.5 cm, spiralbound, ISBN 0-440-03946-0,$29.95. Includes 5V4-inchfloppy disk.

Introduction to Programmingwith ESP and Pascal, Allen B.Tucker Jr. New York: Holt,Rinehart and Winston, 1983;362 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-03-059148-1, $19.95.

Introductory Reading in Ex-pert Systems, Donald Michie,ed. New York: Gordon andBreach, Science Publishers,1982; 51 pages, 15.5 by 23.5cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-677-16350-9, $25.

Kids and Computers, TheParents' Microcomputer Hand-book, Eugene Galanter. NewYork: Perigee Books, 1983;192 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-399-50749-3, $7.95.

Enduser Systems and TheirHuman Factors, A. Blaser andM. Zoeppritz, eds. LectureNotes in Computer Science,#150. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1983; 142 pages, 16.5by 24 cm, softcover, ISBN3-540-12273-7, $8.50.

Microprocessor and Micro-computer Data Digest, WalterH. Buchsbaum and GinaWeissenberg. Reston, VA:Reston Publishing Co., 1983;352 pages, 18.5 by 24.3 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-4381-X, $26.95.

Microprocessors for Manage-ment: CAD, CAM, andRobotics, Dimitris N.Chorafas. Princeton, NJ: Pet-

rocelli Books, 1982; 318pages, 16 by 24 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-89433-183-3,$25.

Mouse: A Language forMicrocomputers, Peter Gro-gono. Princeton, NJ: Petro-celli Books, 1983; 168 pages,16 by 24 cm, hardcover,ISBN 0-89433-201-5, $17.50.

1983 Components Handbook.Irvine, CA: Western DigitalCorp., 1983; 752 pages, 17.5by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, $6.

2983 Network ProductsHandbook, Irvine, CA:Western Digital Corp., 1983;224 pages, 17.5 by 22.8 cm,softcover, ISBN-none, $4.

Online Reference and Infor-mation Retrieval, Roger C.Palmer. Littleton, CO: Lib-raries Unlimited Inc. (POB263), 1983; 149 pages, 2i.5 by27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-87287-347-1, $18.50.

Programming Concepts andProblem Solving: An Introduc-tion to Computer Science UsingPascal, Peter Linz. MenloPark, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.,(2727 Sand H01 Rd.), 1983;416 pages, 19.5 by 24 cm,hardcover, ISBN 0-8053-5710-6, $21.95.

Programming the IBM Per-sonal Computer: BASIC, NeillGraham. New York: Holt,Rinehart and Winston, 1982;304 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-03-061911-4, $17.95.

Programming Languages: AGrand Tour, Ellis Horowitz.Rockville, MD: ComputerScience Press, 1983; 680pages, 21.8 by 28.5, hard-cover, ISBN 0-914894-67-6,$39.95.

Software Engineering withAda, Grady Booch. MenloPark, CA: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co.(2727 Sand Hill Rd.), 1983;524 pages, 15.8 by 23.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8053-0600-5, $19.95.

Software Referral Catalog,

10th ed., Engineering Sys-tems Group. Bedford, MA:Digital Equipment Corp.,1983; 266 pages, 21.5 by 27.5cm, softcover, ISBN-none,$10.

Software Toolkit for Micro-computers, Max Schindler,ed. Rochelle Park, NJ:Hayden Book Co., 1982; 368pages, 21.5 by 17.5 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8104-6256-7,$14.95.

Structured COBOL, AModern Approach, HenryMullish. New York: Harper& Row, 1983; 384 pages, 21by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-06-044652-8, $20.50.

The Timex-Sinclair 1983Directory, Eben Brown. Alex-andria, MN: E. ArthurBrown Co., 1983; 94 pages,14 by 21.5 cm, softcover,ISBN-none, $5.

Transducers, Sensors, andDetectors, Robert G. Seippel.Reston, VA: Reston Publish-ing Co., 1983; 320 pages 18by 24.3 cm, hardcover, ISBN0-8359-7797-8, $24.95.

Will Someone Please Tell MeWhat an Apple Can Do, GlennM. Polin, ed. Austin, TX:Sterling Swift Publishing,1983; 145 pages, 15.3 by 21.8cm, softcover, ISBN 0-88408-152-4, $12.95.

Word Processing: A Guide forSmall Business, Brian R.Smith and Daniel J. Austin.Brattleboro, VT: StephenGreene Press, 1983; 224pages, 15 by 22.8 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-86616-021-3,$9.95.

Word Processing WithYour Microcomputer, L. R.Schmeltz. Blue Ridge Sum-mit, PA: Tab Books, 1982;256 pages, 19.5 by 23.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1478-8, $13.95.

Your IBM Personal Com-puter, David E. Cortesi. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart andWinston, 1982; 253 pages,17.8 by 23.5 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-03-061979-3, $17.95.1

Augutf 1963 © BYTE Publication. Inc 483

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Clarcia

Under-$50 ModemConfigured for CCITT

Dear Steve,

I built your "modem forunder $50" and modified itfor use with CCITT frequen-cies, which are standard inSouth Africa. (See "A Build-It-Yourself Modem for Under$50," August 1980 BYTE, page22.) I also expanded it toallow switching betweenanswer and originate modes.What follows shows that theadditional modifications costless than $5.

The main feature of mydesign lies in the use ofCMOS (complementarymetal-oxide semiconductor)bilateral analog switches(CD4066, MC14066, etc.).These allow all switching tobe done on the printed-cir-cuit board, controlled by aSPDT (single-pole, double-throw) switch on the frontpanel. As the 4066 is various-ly described as having a max-imum supply voltage of 15 or18 V (volts), I designed mycircuit to work off +5 and-5-V supplies. I found nodifficulty in operating theXR2211 at 5 V.

Table 1 shows the com-parison between the Bell

system and the CCITT fre-quencies. For the CCITTsystem, the higher frequen-cy is the space code, whichis the reverse of the Bellsystem. To get around this, Isimply moved gate (c) of the4011 in your design to invertthe output of IC4(b) beforeentering IC7. Q3 now feedsdirectly to Q2 via a 4.7kresistor.

Referring to your param-eter-value equations for thebandpass filters in figure 3(page 32), it is seen that fora fixed capacitance C:

(1) bandwidth is defined by

R3

(2) gain is defined by Rl

(3) center frequency is deter-

mined by R2.

I left the bandwidth thesame. After some juggling Icame up with Rl = 4.7k(which increases the gainsomewhat) and the followingvalues for R2:

fo = 1080 R2 = 2943fo = 1750 R2 = 808

The on-resistance of a 4066 isaround 90 to 110 ohms. Aftersome experimentation, weget to the practical circuit in

OriginateBell CCITT

AnswerBell CCITT

MarkSpace

1270 9801070 1180

2225 16502025 1850

Table 1:

Comparison of Bell standard and CCITT frequencies.

figure 1 (repeated twice).

As mentioned above, the4066 is supplied from +5 and-5 V to encompass equalswings above and belowground potential. The actualswing is very small. Up tothis point, only half a 4066package is required to switchthe bandpass filter betweenoriginate and answer modes.

I kept the demodulator'stiming capacitor Co constantat 0.022/tF (microfarad). Thisgave me the following valuesfor Ro:

fo = 1080 Ro = 42087fo = 1750 Ro=25974

This is realized in practice asshown in figure 2. I alteredRl to 220k and CD to 0.068/iF.Your original componentvalue for CF of 0.005;tF doesnot match up with EXAR'sdesign sheets, but I agreethat it works better.

In the modulator section,the center frequency for theNE567/XR567 triangular-wave oscillator is given ap-proximately by f=l/RC. If Ris held constant, then for fre-quencies fl and f2 capaci-tances CI and C2 would berequired as follows:

CIC2

|2fl

Your original design had:CI 25.7

C2

where:

f2fl

22

12701070

= 1.168

1.187

This is close enough, par-ticularly considering thetolerances of the com-ponents. I retained thesecapacitor values for the

FROM ACOUSTIC

COUPLER

MICROPHONE

TO XR2211DETECTORCIRCUIT

o

CONTROL INPUT- HIGH FORORIGINATE MODEM

CD4066

Figure 1: Solid-state switch alters microphone-driven filter to alloweither answer or originate modes. The switch is a CMOS 4066 type.

XR2211

HIGH FOR r—->ORIGINATE >—^

r-*> HIGH FOR1—^ ANSWER

Figure 2: Demodulator-control circuit modified to allow switchingbetween answer and originate modes.

484 Auguit 1963 © BYTE Publication! Inc

33K 10K-WV • VW-

NE567

TC

ORIG

CTL

O/l

CD40S6

HIGH FOR |—^>

LOW FREQUENCY '—^

0.003/iF

2N3904

:0.022^F

L_»>22K

I/O

CTL

0/1

ANSWER

CD4066

.0.015^F

m

2N3904

• 10K

1N914

m

Figure 3: Answer or originate tones are modulated by simple control signals.

originate mode, where ourfrequencies give:

J2

fl

18501650

= 1.12

This still appears satisfactory.For the answer mode, Iswitched in an additionalcapacitor of 0.015^F in paralleland a different preset poten-tiometer. This gives us:

f2fl

11801190

= 1.204

and:

CIC2

40.737

= 37 = 1.100

This does not look verygood, but works quite well inpractice, helped a little by thefact that the original formulaf = 1/RC is not quite correct.I therefore have the circuitshown in figure 3.

I used one 4066 gate to in-vert the control switch signal,as some analog switches are

on while others are off. Thefinal 4066 gate was then usedto hold the transmit carrierpermanently on when inanswer mode.

I have constructed 22 ofthese modems to date, with-out major difficulties. Minorproblems all revolve aroundthe use of a 4011 in the linearmode: the gate handling Car-rier Detect tends to oscillatefor a time while changingstate and affects the othergates in the package. Also, A-

type CMOS is definitely notsuitable. I would like to ex-tend the time delay on theCarrier Detect, but this is notpractical for the same reason.The mid-frequency of thefilters tends to shift with com-ponent tolerances, but allhave worked so far. My com-plete circuit is diagrammed infigure 4, page 286-287.

The circuit can be im-proved still further, but thiswill increase the componentcount even more. For my

How good are you at maintaining good health?

Test yourself. Find out how much you know about first aid, accidentprevention, home nursing skills and reducing your risk of heart dis-ease. This is not a pass or fail test. Its purpose is to tell you how wellyou're doing in maintaining good health.

What should you do to controlbleeding from a wound?

a Apply pressure directly over

the wound./; Run cold water over the

wound.c Apply a tourniquet.

Overweight individuals areI at greater risk for:

a Diabetes.

/; Gall bladder disease.

c High blood pressure.

</ All of the above.

I The best place to check theI pulse in an emergency is at the:

a Upper arm.b Neck.C Wrist.d Thigh.

What are the most commonI symptoms of high blood pressure?

a Dizziness.

/; Headaches.

c Heart palpitations.

d No symptoms, usually.

ANSWERS: 11 )a (2)d (3)/> (4WScore 25 points for each correct answer.100 —Excellent: Your answers showyou're aware of the importance ofmaintaining good health.75 — Good: But there's room forimprovement.

50 or below — You need help! CallRed Cross for a listing of the health andsafely courses available at your localchapter. Countless lives have beensaved through safely and health skillslearned through Red Cross courses. Be-cause of these skills, millions of Amer-icans live safer, happier, healthier lives.

A Public Service of This Magazine I& The Advertising Council £

We'll Help. Will You?

August 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 485

Ask BYTE

money, I propose using adigital modem chip, such asthe Motorola MC14412 in thenext version.

Peter Hers, Vice-ChairmanTransvaal AmateurComputer ClubRandburg, South Africa

/ have received a number ofletters from experimenters whohave modified that originalmodem circuit. The CircuitCellar and Ask BYTE are goodtest beds for checking variousdesigns, and I have modified ita few times myself. We are in

good company however, sincethousands of this design and thenewer version presented in theMarch 1983 BYTE have beensold. (See "Build the ECM-103,An Originate/Answer Modem,"page 26.) . . .Steve

Extending the Bus

Dear Steve,

I've stuffed my S-100 com-puter, a North Star II, quitefull, the power supply isheavily loaded, and the sys-

tem runs hotter than I like.Is it feasible to build or buyanother box with mother-board slots and power sup-ply and extend the bus intoit? Or would I have essential-ly insurmountable problemswith unterminated or mis-matched lines, noise, pulsedistortion or delay, etc.? Thedistance between themotherboards would only beabout 6 inches or so, and I'venever encountered any ill-effects from using an ex-tender board that big fortroubleshooting.

Can you give me any sug-gestions?Burt H. AndrewsPotomac, MD

If seems that no matter howlarge the motherboard is, thereare never enough slots to han-dle all of the cards. Extendingthe S-100 bus is feasible if someprecautions are taken. The mostimportant one is to keep the ex-tension cable or card as short aspossible and ensure that the pro-cessor board is capable of driv-ing the additional boards.

ci

MICROPHONE 0.1MF W

<=*?

5V

A

JT

■C7•O.Ol^F

•C8

•0.01/iF

CTL

+5V +5V4 A

ANSWERORIGINATE

>R30

:iok

^

-5V

9dO/l I/O

CTL

-5V

11

CTL

13

IC8aCD4066

C17 +5V

O.Ol^F

IC5NE567

IC9dCD4066

7

+ 5V

RS-232CTRANSMIT DATA(YELLOW)

R3210 K

R31

6.8K

D2

1N4148 A

R334.7K

■ R34^33K

IVR422K

I/O9b

CTL

O/l

IC9bCD4066

C9

^h

IC8bCD4066

ORIGINATE

;R35■ 10K

;VR3•22K

I/O9a

CTL

O/l

13

C18 *

0.0022/iF-£- *C19

0.0015/xF

IC9aCD4066

C20 *' 0.022/iF

m

TR22N3904

TR32N3904

ANSWER

+ 5V

CARRIERDETECT

R38

1M

-Wv-

R3710 K

IC9cCD4066

CTL

R39

2.2 M

-Wv—

1 ™—*— IcTTV

2 7400 P

>R36 i H J

S10KC21^0.015MF ,,

(QL % "*"•

TR4 A,

2N3904 rn

m

C2310/iF

-H(-

C22

0.1/iF

Figure 4: The complete modem circuit as modified for Answer and Originate CCITT.

486 Augtut 1983 © BYTE Publication. Inc

// a separate power supply isused, tie it to the new expansionboard only. Naturally, the twounits should have a commonground.

To minimize noise on the bus,some form of termination, eitheractive or passive, should be incor-porated. Placing the processorboard near the middle of the twounits will effectively reduce thelength of the bus. You mightconsider mounting the twomotherboards back-to-back. Thiswould allow the interbus boardconnection to be less than aninch. . . .Steve

Humidity Detection

Dear Steve,

I have a digital clock andthermometer module but Ialso want to be able tomonitor humidity. What kindof sensing device can I usefor this?

Dennis C. WhiteWhiteman AFB, MO

Of the several means ofmeasuring humidity (wet anddry bulb thermometers, horse-hair hygrometers, etc.), thesimplest method is to use a

+ 5V

humidty-sensitive resistance ele-ment. One such unit is theModel PCRC-11 manufacturedby Phys-Chemical ResearchCorp., 36 West 20th St., NewYork, NY 10011, (212) 924-2070.It consists of a chemically treatedstyrene copolymer. It respondsvery rapidly because itshumidity-sensitive portion is atthe surface.

A circuit using this elementwas described in the June 5,1980 issue of EDN magazine.(See "An Elegant 6-IC CircuitGauges Relative Humidity" byJim Williams.) The output is a

DC voltage from 0 to 10 V fora humidity range of 0 to 100%,and the circuit features anoverall 2% accuracy. The 0 to 10-V output can be fed to a voltage-to-frequency converter andcounted by a simple computerprogram to read relative humidi-ty. According to the article, theunit cost about $30. . . . Steve

Bar-Code Reader forPopular Computers

Dear Steve,Do you know where I can

fJ2> -5V SUPPLY

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 487

Ask BYTE.

buy an inexpensive (less than$225) bar-code reader that Ican use with my Osborne 1?Rich WeissFullerton, CA

I am not aware of a bar-codereader made exclusively for theOsborne 1, but Hewlett-Packardmakes a Digital Viand, called theModel HEDS-3000. It sells foraround $100 and can be inter-faced to any computer.

An article describing the con-struction and interfacing of sucha unit appeared in the November1981 BYTE ("Build a Bar-CodeScanner Inexpensively" byBradley W. Bennett, page 62). Inaddition, a BYTE Book, BarCode Loader by Ken Budnick,contains general bar-code loaderalgorithms with detailed assem-blies for the 6800, 6502, and8080 processors. Best of all, thebook is only $2. . . . Steve

Electronic OfficeMessenger

Dear Steve,

I have a pet project that isan outgrowth of certain com-munications inefficiencies inmy commercial real estatebrokerage office. I find it dif-ficult and annoying to putone telephone call on holdwhile I find out who is call-ing on another line. This istrue for each of the ten asso-ciates here. Audible signalingin newer Bell equipment isn'thelping.

I would like to build a sys-tem, not involving video-dis-play terminals, to display in-formation at our desks re-garding who is calling or inthe lobby to visit us, as keyedin by our secretary. To mini-mize the inconvenience ofwiring up our suite of offices,I would like to send the in-formation over the AC line,in a manner similar to theBSR light-switching systemavailable for about $100.

If this goes together and iswell received in my company,I would like to sell systems toother companies as a sub-sidiary activity, and couldcapitalize such a subsidiarywith $50,000 or so. ThereforeI have sent in a patent pre-liminary application to see ifanything in this system ideais novel enough to protect.

My hobbyist activities havebeen on the level of buildingHeathkits. I would appreciateany direction you might beable to provide in this matter.J. Ross MillieDallas, TX

Your pet project of a com-munications device between asecretary and multiple associatesis both novel and practical. Thefollowing comments are offeredfor your consideration: The useof an alphanumeric keypad bythe secretary is perhaps thesimplest and most convenientmeans for data transmission. Aswitching device could be wiredinto the keyboard to send thedata to the proper associate.

The idea of sending datathrough the AC power lines isdefinitely feasible (for someideas, see this month's CircuitCellar, "Build a PowerlineCarrier-Current Modem," onpage 36) but in a large building,one must be sure that all of theoffices are supplied from a com-mon power transformer. Other-wise the signal will not be re-ceived at the other end. Thereadout can be virtually anydevice, and function keys couldbe added for return messages. Inshort, your idea can be easily ac-complished with some customhardware.

My choice would be to investin some 9-inch video terminalsand have one on each desk. Theycan be hard-wired together orconnected via signals throughthe power line. These new ter-minals are not very expensiveand are very chic and proper onan executive's desk in this dayand age. Also, they can serve asterminals for electronic mail,

stock market quotes, or whateverdata your company may require.With the increased usage ofcomputers in the office, a smallinvestment now will pay off veryquickly and will allow easy ex-pansion to more sophisticatedsystems. . . . Steve

FFTs on HomeComputers

Dear Steve,

I would like to know howto analyze audio signals us-ing EFT (fast Fourier trans-form) programs. I am also in-terested in phase shift, groupdelay, and similar concepts.Keith RussellPullman, WA

An excellent article on thetheory and applications of fastFourier transforms appeared inthe December 1978 BYTE. (See"Fast Fourier Transforms onYour Home Computer" byW.D.Stanley and S. J. Peterson, page14.) In addition, a BASIC pro-gram for the spectral analysis ofan input signal was included inthe article. . . . Steve

Reformatting PDP/11

Dear Steve,

Do you know of any waythat a microcomputer run-ning the CP/M operating sys-tem can access floppy disksintended for a DEC (DigitalEquipment Corporation)PDP/11 running the RT-11operating system? I guessthere are several levels toconsider: the first mightsimply be the capability ofreading disk data files; thesecond might be to readhigh-level language sourceprograms and either runthem, modify them to run, orjust make them available forediting. Another consider-ation and probably mostuseful (i.e., hardest) wouldbe a capability to use Z80

machine-language programseither by translating them oremulating a CP/M machine.Thank you for your help.Barbara OlsenBelchertown, MA

J know of two programs, calledReformatted that will allowreading and writing IBM 3740-or DEC RT-11-formatted disks ona CP/M system. They featurebidirectional data transfer andfull directory manipulation. Theprograms can be obtained fromMicrotech Exports Inc., Suite2,467 Hamilton Ave., Palo Alto,CA 94301, (415) 324-9114. Eachprogram costs $249 and is avail-able from stock. . . . Steve

BASIC Input Control

Dear Steve,

I recently purchased aSinclair ZX81, and I find itsfeatures to be surprisinglynumerous. I realize that thecomputer is very limited, butI don't know much aboutelectronics, so I really don'tknow how limited it is.

I have been trying to writesome game programs, butmy efforts have been stymiedby the fact that I can't figureout a way to keep frombreaking the run of the pro-gram while still allowing in-put from the keyboard. Ihave been told that it requiresa PEEK statement; however,I have found no listing in theprogramming guide that tellsme how to do this. Wherecan I find this information?Bruce WardNoblesville, IN

On page 92 of your SinclairZX81 BASIC ProgrammingManual, you'll find the func-tion INKEY$. This functionreads the keyboard and can be in-serted in your game program togive you the input control thatyou need. (See listing 1.)

By inserting such a routine inyour program and having yourprogram loop by every few in-

488 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

Listing 1: An example of the function INKEY$ in ZX81 BASIC.

100 LET A$ = INKEY$

105 REM PRESS T TO TURN OBJECT ON SCREEN

110 IF A$ = "T" THEN GOTO 200

115 REM PRESS S TO STOP OBJECT ON SCREEN

120 IF A$ = "S" THEN GOTO 300

200 TURN ROUTINE

300 STOP ROUTINEETC

structions, you can monitor thekeyboard for instant input tochange the action. . . . Steve

TWo In the Hand

Dear Steve,

I own a TRS-80 Model Iand would like to buy thedocumentation to Visicalc.What books would you sug-gest? Also, I want to buy asecond floppy-disk drive.Should I buy a 40-track unitwhen all of my disks havebeen formatted on a 35-trackdrive?Ian BudaFlushing, NY

An excellent book for Visicalcdocumentation is The Power ofVisicalc, by Robert Williams andBruce Taylor (Management In-formation Source, 1626 NorthVancouver Ave., Portland, OR97227).

A 40-track unit will work finewith 35-track formatted disks.The 40-track unit will simplyhave five extra tracks. The disk-controller hardware and/or soft-ware controls the head positionof the disk, so you will notautomatically gain additionalstorage when you plug in thenew drive. . . . Steve

Inexpensive Home-brew Terminals

Dear Steve,

I am trying to put togetheran inexpensive terminal to

use a local university's com-puter from my home. Mytarget expense is $200. Afterreading your articles on theComm-80 ("I/O Expansionfor the TRS-80," June 1980BYTE, page 42) and "A Build-It-Yourself Modem for Under$50" (August 1980 BYTE,page 22), I've come up witha few ideas:

Get the Sinclair ZX81, buildthe appropriate serial inter-face and modem; or I can getan RCA 606 serial keyboardand build the required videointerface and modem.

I would appreciate it if youcould provide me with somebetter sources for my project.Bill ChauSan Francisco, CA

your goal of an under-$200terminal can be achieved inseveral ways. The use of theSinclair ZX81 with a modemand serial interface is an excellentidea and offers the ability to add"smart terminal" capability if itbecomes necessary. It appears tobe the easiest to construct anddebug.

The RCA 606 serial keyboardwith modem and video interfacewill also achieve your goal butrequires more building anddebugging time. Your time andavailable test equipment mayfigure in your decision.

In my February 1983 CircuitCellar article, I described a low-cost terminal for use with the Z8microcomputer. (See "Build a

Handheld LCD Terminal," page54.) It featured a one-line LCDdisplay and should fall withinyour $200 limit if you are frugal,lam not certain, however, if thesmall display is acceptable foryour needs.

You may also want to considerthe Skul-Tek terminal kit. It is acircuit board that, when assem-bled, provides all the electronicsfor an 80-line by 24-charactervideo terminal. It is available for

$179 from Romac ComputerEquipment, 240 West MarketSt., POB 589, Somonauk, 1L60552. One drawback is thatyou would still need to buy avideo monitor, so the total maybe beyond your budget. John BellEngineering sells a similar unitthat costs $199.95 assembled andtested. Contact fohn BellEngineering Inc., 1014 CenterSt., San Carlos, CA 94070, (415)592-8411. . . . SteveB

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions received eachmonth will be answered and published. Do you have a naggingproblem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

do Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury CT 06033If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve (TCE317)directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies can-not be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

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Circle 57 on Inquiry card.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 489

Clubs and Newsletters

Fortunein the Bay Area

A nonprofit users groupfor owners of the Fortune32:16 computer (/fug) meetsregularly in the San FranciscoBay Area and produces anewsletter entitled FortuneUsers Group. New membersare welcome. For furtherdetails, write to NedHamilton, (/fug), POB 1501,Lafayette, CA 94549, or call(415) 283-1885.

Apple IIIUsers Group

Adam's Apple, a nonprofitorganization for Apple IIIusers, offers a free first-yearmembership and graphicsoftware to all Apple IIIowners. For information,send a large self-addressed,stamped envelope to DavidAdams, Adam's Apple III,POB 3151, Redwood City, CA94064.

Northern VAAtari Users

NOVAIARI, an Atari usersgroup in Northern Virginia,meets on the second Sun-day of the month in Chan-tilly, Virginia. Members haveaccess to a program library ofdisks and tapes. Annualdues are $15 and include asubscription to the news-letter, Current Notes. Thenewsletter is available to non-members for $12 a year (12issues). For more details,contact Tim Kilby, NOVATARIUsers Group, Rt. 1, Box288-B, Sperryville, VA 22740.

Newsletter Focuseson Home Control

The Microcomputer HomeControl Newsletter is a quarter-

ly publication that covershardware and software appli-cations for home control:telecommunications, securi-ty, monitoring utilities, andevaluations of new products.It costs $9.97 a year. For infor-mation, write to RussEberhart, POB 797, Colum-bia, MD 21044.

OverseasCommunication

The Japan MicrocomputerClub in Tokyo welcomesnew members, user groupinformation, and newslettersfrom microcomputer usersgroups from around theworld. For details, contactKeigo Aono, JapanMicrocomputer Club, Room313, 3-5-8 Shibakoen, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, tel.:03-438-1869 or Telex: CICCJ27544.

Amarlllo Apples

Apple Information andData Exchange (AIDE), an af-filiate of the International Ap-ple Corps (IAC), meets onthe second Thursday of eachmonth at 7 p.m. at AmarilloCollege in Amarillo, Texas.AIDE maintains a softwarelibrary and a cooperativebulletin board that is open tolocal clubs, (806) 374-9711.Annual dues are $15 and in-clude a subscription to abimonthly newsletter. Ex-changes are welcome. Forfurther information, contactRonald Jones, AIDE, POB30878, Amarillo, TX 79120, orcall (806) 352-7934.

Ventura County,California

The Cabrillo ComputerClub (formerly the VenturaCounty TRS-80 Computer

Club) produces a monthlynewsletter, Micro Info Ex-change, and supports abulletin-board service, calledthe Data Express, that hasmore than 40 programs. Theclub meets monthly andsponsors a 24-hour dedicatedphone line and occasionalswapmeets. For details, writeto Glenn Bennett, CabrilloComputer Club of VenturaCounty, POB 3032,Camarillo, CA 93011.

Meet In the

Southeast of

Michigan

General meetings of theSouth Eastern MichiganComputer Organization(SEMCO) are held eachmonth. SEMCO is a non-profit organization andcharter member of the Mid-west Affiliation of ComputerClubs (MACC). A $10 annualmembership entitles you to asubscription to SEMCO'snewsletter, Data Bus. News-letter exchanges are welcome.All correspondence relativeto SEMCO may be addressedto SEMCO, POB 02426, De-troit, MI 48202; inquiriesabout the newsletter shouldbe addressed to Data Bus,Frank Voss, POB 43, Wyan-dotte, MI 48192.

ComputerlstsMeet In San Diego

Anyone interested in com-puting is welcome to attendthe monthly meetings of theSan Diego Computer Society.The club maintains a com-munity bulletin-board systemfor use by members and pro-duces a monthly newsletter,Personal Systems. Annualmembership costs $15 in theU.S., $25 overseas, and in-

cludes a subscription to thenewsletter. For further infor-mation, write to the SanDiego Computer Society,POB 81537, San Diego, CA92138.

InternationalScience Exchange

The Scientific Microcom-puting Association at theUniversity of Lyon in Francewelcomes any scientific com-puter users, particularly Ap-ple users. Scientists are en-couraged to exchange infor-mation about scientificcalculations, graphics,languages, computer com-munications, and ex-periments. For information,contact Dr. Yves Boudeville,IRC-CNRS, 2 Avenue AlbertEinstein, 69626 Villeurbanne,Cedex, France.

Hardcore ComputingIn the Northwest

Hardcore Computing, anewsletter produced everymonth by Softkey Publish-ing, contains softwarereviews, technical notes, andprograms. Subscriptions are$20 in the U.S., $29 inCanada; foreign rates vary.Sample copies are availablefor $5 in the U.S. and $8elsewhere. For details, writeto Hardcore Computing, Soft-key Publishing, POB 44549,Tacoma, WA 98444, or call(206) 581-6038.

Educators: Save Time

The Digest of SoftivareReviews: Education is a quar-terly journal containingabstracts of selected, indexedreviews on educational soft-ware packages. Annual sub-scriptions are $43.95; dis-counts are available for

490 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

schools, colleges, and educa-tors. For information, contactThe Digest of Software Reviews:Education, School and HomeCourseware Inc., Suite C,1341 Bulldog Lane, Fresno,CA 93710, or call (209)227-4341.

For Elementaryand High Schools

The National EducationalComputer Library (NECOL)is a nonprofit educationalorganization dedicated toassisting schools nationwidein meeting computer needs.The organization producesthe National Educational Com-puter Review five times a year.For further details, write tothe National EducationalComputer Library, POB 293,New Milford, CT 06776, orcall (203) 354-7760.

CPUP Newsfrom ETUG

The ET-3400 Users Group(ETUG) is a nonprofit, in-dependent source of infor-mation about the HeathCompany ET/ETA-3400microprocessor trainer. Bothnew and experienced com-puter users are invited tobecome members. Dues are$16 in the U.S. and Canadaand $22 elsewhere. Member-ship entitles you to receivethe quarterly newsletter,CPUP News. Submitted ar-ticles and newsletter ex-changes are welcome. Writeto ETUG, 11231 Oak St., ElMonte, CA 91731.

ETUG ChapterIn Los Angeles

Owners of the Heath Com-pany ET/ETA-3400, who livein southern California, canattend monthly meetings ofthe Los Angeles Chapter ofthe ET-3400 Users Group

(LAETUG) at the HeathkitElectronic Center, 2309 SouthFlower, Los Angeles, CA90007. For further informa-tion, call Gilbert MurUlo at(213) 749-0261.

ElectronicBusiness Bonus

Computer Comps providesprograms and informationfor real-estate professionals,appraisers, investors, syn-dicators, brokers, managers,and attorneys. The $20 an-nual membership fee in-cludes a newsletter, access toa database, electronic mail,Telex services, and grouppurchase discounts. Fordetails, call Jim Clyde at (914)358-2335 or 358-7102 (com-puter), or write ComputerComps, 48 Burd St., Nyack,NY 10960.

Atari Group onNorth Shore

Owners and users of theAtari 400/800 personal homecomputer are welcome tojoin a group on the Massa-chusetts North Shore. Usersexchange information on get-ting the most from theirAtari. For details, send a self-addressed, stamped enve-lope to the North Shore AtariComputer Users Group,POB 2052, West Peabody,MA 01960, or call JosephBirkner at (617) 535-3749.

InformedApple Users

The Central 111 Apple UsersGroup (CIA) meets on thesecond Tuesday of eachmonth at 6:30 p.m. in thePeoria Public Library inPeoria, Illinois, to discussApple-related topics. Anewsletter, the CIA Informer,is produced and newsletterexchanges are welcome. For

details, contact the Central 111Apple Users Group, POB1462, Peoria, IL 61602.

GTE Telenet Reports

The GTE Telenet Report is amonthly tabloid produced byGTE Telenet Communica-tions Corporation that con-tains national and interna-tional news on communica-tions. For details, write to theGTE Telenet Communica-tions Corp., 8229 BooneBlvd., Vienna, VA 22180.

Big K, Little k

Little It is a bimonthlynewsletter produced byPoundfoolish Publications forpocket-computer users. It in-cludes reviews of tested pro-grams, software, and infor-mation for program authors.A sample issue is $1.50; anannual subscription is $12.For information, write to Lit-tle k, POB 75, Dubuque, IA52001.

Atari Users Meet InWest Valley

The West Valley Atari UsersGroup (WVAUG) welcomesusers of Atari computers.Separate monthly meetingsare held for both experi-enced and novice users.Membership dues are $12 ayear, which includes amonthly newsletter, access tothe disk library maintained bythe club, and discounts onpurchases. For details, con-tact Larry Stemke, WVAUG,19400 Lemay St., Reseda, CA91335.

Long Islanders Meet

An IBM Personal Com-puter users subgroup of theLong Island Computer Asso-ciation (IBM PC LICA) meetson the second Friday of everymonth on the campus of theNew York Institute of Tech-nology, Commack, NewYork, in room 10. For details,contact Marvin Friefeld, 3Lyndron Ave., Smithtown,NY 11787, or call (516)724-0574 between 5 and 10p.m. weekdays.■

If you would like BYTE readers to know about your club ornewsletter send the details accompanied by no more than onenewsletter to Clubs and Newsletters, BYTE Publications, POB 372,Hancock, NH 03449. Overseas groups are encouraged to par-ticipate. Please allow at least three months for your announce-ment to appear.

Tl to ServiceTymshare Equipment

In mid-March, Tymshareentered an agreement withTexas Instruments wherebyTI will handle maintenancecalls and equipment repairsfor users of Tymshare-sup-plied equipment. For repairwork, users can call (800)231-3128, or in Texas, (800)572-3300, 24 hours a day, 7days a week. Because Tym-share supplies its customers

with computer hardwarefrom a variety of manufac-turers, this single-sourcemaintenance service freesusers from having to locateseveral different companieswhen problems arise.

Tymshare is an interna-tional telecommunicationsand information-manage-ment company. Corporateheadquarters are located at20705 Valley Green Dr.,Cupertino, CA 95014, (408)446-6000. ■

Augu»t 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 491

Software Received

Apple

Alcor Pascal, a compiledlanguage. This implementa-tion of the Pascal languagerequires that programs betranslated to an object for-mat. It includes guides, atutorial, and a master index.For the Apple II with CP/M;floppy disk, $199. AlcorSystems, 800 West GarlandAve. #204, Garland, TX75040.

The Bank Street Writer, a

children's word-processingprogram. This classroom-oriented program makes iteasier to type, revise, store,retrieve, and print text. Threedisks are included with docu-mentation, a teacher's refer-ence guide, and a section forstudents. For the Apple II andHe; floppy disk, $95. Scholas-tic Inc., 730 Broadway, NewYork, NY 10003.

Boa, an arcade-type game.Recover the jewel of yourking hidden in mazelikecaverns using high-resolutiongraphics, sound effects, and acontinuous musical score. Forthe Apple II; floppy disk,$29.95. Micro Magic, SuiteC, 908 Memorial ParkwayNW, Huntsville, AL 35801.

Chargen VI.0, a character-generator program for televi-sion production. It includes aproduction display programand an automatic displayprogram for bulletin-boardtype applications. For theApple II; floppy disk, $125.Boston Media Consultants,19 Damon Rd., Scituate, MA02066.

College Directions, a pro-gram that helps college-bound individuals choosefrom 1300 four-year collegesand universities based on in-dividual interests and collegeassessments. For the Apple II

and II Plus; floppy disk,$250. Systems Design Associ-ates Inc., 723 Kanwha Blvd.E, Charleston, WV 25301.

The Dark Crystal, a fantasy-adventure game in which youjourney through a make-be-lieve land. Using the com-puter as your hands, feet,eyes, and ears you must re-store a shard of the crystal toits place and solve a series ofpuzzles. For the Apple II andII Plus; floppy disk, $39.95.Sierra/On-Line Inc., 36575Mudge Ranch Rd., Coarse-gold, CA 93614.

File-Fax 2.0, a database-man-agement program that in-cludes user-friendly applica-tions such as inventory con-trol, customer files, mailinglists, purchase records, andmore. For the Apple II and IIPlus; floppy disk, $149.TMQ Software Inc., 82 FoxHill Dr., Buffalo Grove, IL60090.

Financial Facts, a series oftools that instantly computesthe majority of data neededin personal and small-busi-ness financial management. Itcontains 20 programs includ-ing up-to-date depreciationmethods. For the Apple IIand II Plus; floppy disk,$59.95. Howard W. Sams &Co. Inc., 4300 West 62nd St.,Indianapolis, IN 46268.

Krell's College Board SATPreparation Series, an educa-tional-testing program. Pre-pare students for high schoolSAT exams by diagnosingskill areas and planning drilland practice in the areaswhere the student needs itmost. For the Apple II; flop-py disk, $299.95. Krell Soft-ware Corp., 1320 StonyBrook Rd., Stony Brook, NY11790.

The Latin Hangman, an edu-cational game. This variation

on the Hangman game teach-es Latin words and terminol-ogy. For the Apple II; floppydisk, $29.95. George Earl,1302 South General Mc-Mullen, San Antonio, TX78237.

Math Blaster, an educationalprogram that develops basicmathematical skills in stu-dents ages 6 through 12. Itcontains 600 problems inmath functions, fractions,and percents as well as aneditor and an arcade game.For the Apple II, II Plus, andHe; floppy disk, $49.95.Davidson and Associates,6069 Groveoak Place #14,Rancho Palos Verdes, CA90274.

The Missing Ring, an arcade-type game. Many havesearched for the wizard'sancient ring and lived to re-gret it. Find your waythrough a maze, solve themystery, and claim the Miss-ing Ring. For the Apple II;floppy disk, $29.95. Data-most Inc., 8943 FullbrightAve., Chatsworth, CA91311.

Money Tool, a money-man-agement program that pro-vides a complete report ofyour spending pattern. Itallows allocation of funds forfixed expenses, semi-fixedcosts, and determines howmuch is left for discretionarypurchases. For the Apple IIPlus; floppy disk, $59.95.Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.(see address above).

Music Games, a package oftwelve colorful games usefulin mastering the art of musicby training students of allages to recognize musicalnotes and rhythms both vis-ually and audibly. For theApple II Plus; floppy disk,$39.95. Howard W. Sams &Co. Inc. (see address above).

The Pascal Toolkit, a utilitypackage that contains a char-acter generator, an image-creation utility, DOS-to-Pascal conversion in bothtext and pictures, and a newlibrary unit called Grafix-stuff. For the Apple II, IIPlus, and He; floppy disk,$24.95. Wize Buys, POB1588, Orem, UT 84057.

Pinball Paradise, four pin-ball-simulation games. Forthe Apple; floppy disk,$24.95. Golden Knight Soft-ware, 11 Lark Lane, Hunting-ton, CT 06484.

Pinball Paradise II, four dif-ferent pinball-simulationgames. For the Apple; floppydisk, $24.95. Golden KnightSoftware (see address above).

SAUCE, this high-level pro-gramming language allowsyou to run applications thatresult in increased productivi-ty. For the Apple II Plus andHe; floppy disk, $400. SonoraEnterprises, POB 4841, Albu-querque, NM 87196.

Scoreboard. A program thatrecords and displays gamescores in large graphic char-acters on the screen. It candisplay up to eight names ofplayers who are tied or win-ning. For the Apple II Plusand He; floppy disk, $17.95.Rosecom Computer Prod-ucts, 604 East Arcadia,Peoria, IL 61603.

Spectre, an arcade-typegame. While you're lost inouter space, the Questers, themost vicious life form in theuniverse, are swarmingthrough space ports seekingto destroy you. Think andact quickly if you hope tosurvive. For the Apple II or IIPlus; floppy disk, $29.95.Datamost (see addressabove).

Star Maze, an arcade-typegame in which you must find

492 August 19*3 © BYTE Publication! Inc

the 9 power jewels in each of16 levels of the maze andreturn them to your mother-ship. Avoid or destroy alienships with bullets or a limitedsupply of antimatter bombs.For the Apple II; floppy disk,$34.95. Sir-tech SoftwareInc., 6 Main St., Ogdens-burg, NY 13669.

Atari

A.E., an arcade-type game.Squadrons of menacing stingrays are attacking you andeluding your missiles. Youwill be doomed unless youcan chase them into outerspace. Requires a joystick.For the Atari 400/800; floppydisk, $34.95. BroderbundSoftware Inc., 1938 FourthSt., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Crisis Mountain, an arcade-type game. Your mission is todefuse bombs planted by ter-rorists in the treacherouscaverns of an active volcano.To reach them you must gothrough a maze avoidingboulders, tunnels, lava, and aradioactive bat. Requires ajoystick. For the Atari400/800; floppy disk, $34.95.Synergistic Software, Suite201, 830 North Riverside Dr.,Renton, WA 98055.

G.I. Joe Cobra Strike, an

arcade-type game. The head-quarters of the Special Mis-sion Forces is under siege bythe archenemy, Cobra, anevil organization determinedto take over the world. Todefend the camp, you mustdestroy the cobra. For theAtari 2600; cartridge, $30.Parker Brothers, 50 DunhamRd., Beverly, MA 01915.

No Escape, an arcade-typegame. Jason has taken' theGolden Fleece and angeredYne gods of Olympus. Im-prisoned in the Temple ofAphrodite and armed withstones and magic bricks,jason must fight frenzied

Furies. For the Atari 2600;cartridge, $29.95. Imagic, 981University Ave., Los Gatos,CA 95030.

Repton, an arcade-typegame. As you take over thecontrols of the Star FighterArmageddon, the Quarriorsare attacking Repton. Stopthem using your laser gun,nuke bombs, radar screen,and energy shield. For theAtari 800 and 1200; floppydisk, $39.95. Sirius SoftwareInc., 10364 Rockingham Dr.,Sacramento, CA 95827.

Sky Blazer, an arcade-typegame. You'll need the VVWIIIjet to clear away radar sta-tions, avoid supersonictanks, find and destroy ICBMinstallations, and escape mis-siles as you make your finalbomb run on the BungelingEmpire headquarters. Re-quires a joystick. For theAtari 400/800; floppy disk,$31.95. Broderbund SoftwareInc. (see address above).

Sky Skipper, an arcade-typegame. The sky's the limit foryoung players as they controla dive-bombing plane on adaredevil rescue mission.Pilots come to the aid of help-less kittens, turtles, ducks,and rabbits held captive bygorillas. For the Atari 2600;cartridge, $30. ParkerBrothers (see address above).

Strawberry Shortcake, an

arcade-type game for ages 4to 7. The Purple Pieman castan evil spell on StrawberryShortcake and all her friends.Now everyone has a bodythat's all mixed up. See if youcan put Strawberryland char-acters back together again.For the Atari 2600; cartridge,$30. Parker Brothers (see ad-dress above).

Telengard, an arcade-typegame. You control a charac-ter who must descend to thedeaths of Telengaid and bat-tle monsters. Gain strength

by finding enchanted items.Six levels of play. For theAtari 800; cassette, $23. TheAvalon Hill Game Co., 4517Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD21214.

Commodore

Bartender's Friend, a bar-recipe guide and liquor term-definer program. This auto-mated program contains hun-dreds of recipes and barterms. For the Commodore64; cassette, $9.95. RaymondL. Reynolds, 384 HyacinthSt., Fall River, MA 02720.

Practicalc, an electronic-spreadsheet program that letsyou perform bookkeepingoperations, several mathe-matical functions, and pro-jections. You can enter titlesand numerical data into rowsand columns. For the Com-modore VIC-20; cassette,$39.95. Micro Software Inter-national Inc., 50 Teed Dr.,Randolph, MA 02368.

Programmable CharactersPackage. With these threeprograms, Single-Edit, Multi-Edit, and Data Generator,programmable characters canbe designed either singly or inup to 5 by 5 blocks. Requiresa joystick. For the Com-modore VIC-20; cassette,$14.95. Sunshine Software,POB 473, Portage, MI 49081.

Telengard, an arcade-typegame (see description underAtari). For the Commodore64 and PET 2001; cassette,$23. The Avalon Hill GameCo., 4517 Harford Rd.,Baltimore, MD 21214.

IBM

Personal Computer

Cross Reference Utility, a

programming aid that pro-vides the BASIC programmerwith a complete reference list-ing of variables within a

BASIC program. You can re-view, analyze, and modifythe program to maximumcapability. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$29.95. Prentice-Hall Soft-ware Inc., Route 9W, Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ 07632.

Night Mission Pinball, a

simulated pinball game inwhich your plane is in aWorld War II night bombingrun. Use up to four balls andflippers to score in a playfieldwith five bumpers, seven tar-gets, nine rollovers, and twospinners. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$39.95. Sublogic Corp., 713Edgebrook Dr., Champaign,IL 61820.

PL/I-86, an implementationof the PL/1 language based onthe ANSI General PurposeSubset. The package includesa reference manual, program-ming guide, and commandsummary. For the IBM Per-sonal Computer; floppy disk,$750. Digital Research, POB579, 160 Central Ave.,Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

Peachtext 5000, a packagethat combines word process-ing, financial planning, andsimple database managementfeatures for a complete per-sonal-productivity system. Itincorporates Random HouseElectronic Thesaurus, thePeachcalc electronic spread-sheet, and more. For the IBMPersonal Computer; floppydisk, $395. Peachtree Soft-ware Inc., 8th Floor, 3445Peachtree Rd. NE, Atlanta,GA 30326.

Pie:Writer, a word-process-ing package that includessplit-screen editing, full use ofthe keyboard, and custom-ized function-key support.This program can processtwo files at once and providesvirtual-file storage. For theIBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $199.95. HaydenSoftware Co., 600 SuffolkSt., Lowell, MA 01853.

Augutf 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc 493

Software Received ■

The Screen Generator, a

screen-management programthat provides a generalizedmethod to design, build, andchange screens in minutes forcomputer applications. It canbe used to build screens "out-side" of the applicationbecause all screen informa-tion is stored and updated onlibraries external to your pro-grams. For the IBM PersonalComputer; floppy disk, $125.K & S Systems, POB 643,Drexel Hill, PA 19026.

SmarTerm/PC, a terminal-emulator program that letsyour IBM Personal Computerfunction like a Digital Equip-ment Corporation VT100,VT101, VT102, or VT52 ter-minal. It implements featuressuch as setup mode, characterattributes, line and characterinsert and delete, and fulllocal printer support. For theIBM Personal Computer;floppy disk, $150. PersoftInc., 2740 Ski Lane, Madi-son, WI 53713.

Stock Portfolio Reporter, a

program that gives investorscurrent information on asmany as 100 stock accounts.Market prices can be updatedautomatically from log-on tolog-off using Dow JonesNews/Retrieval. For the IBMPersonal Computer; floppydisk, $179. Micro InvestmentSystems Inc., POB 8599,Atlanta, GA 30306.

TRS-80

Assignment: Europe, a trav-el-simulation game in which10 players receive differenttravel assignments and mustfind the most efficient way tocomplete them using differentcommunications betweenvarious cities in Europe. Forthe TRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk, $24.75. TriangleSoftware, POB 58182,Raleigh, NC 27658.

Banking, an investing gamein which you try to generatethe largest amount of incomethrough the use of competi-tive marketing, careful ex-pansion, and a well-chosenadvertisement budget. Forthe TRS-80 Models I and III;floppy disk, $29.75. TriangleSoftware (see address above).

Draw, a graphics and textprogram that lets you drawdesigns on the screen usingcursor control keys, specialcommands, and automaticdrawing routines. You cansave displays on disk or inyour own programs. For theTRS-80 Model III; floppydisk, $29.95. Lichen Soft-ware, 6603 North Lee St.,Spokane, WA 99207.

Fraction Math Quiz, a math-drill program that containsfive levels of problems infraction operations. Intuitivereasoning skills are encour-aged by the multiple-choiceformat for students rangingfrom elementary to highschool. For the TRS-80 ColorComputer, cassette, $14.95.Creative Technical Con-sultants, POB 652, CedarCrest, NM 87008.

Kwikdraw, a fast graphicsand text program written inmachine code that lets youmove, duplicate, and eraseyour designs of figuresand/or text. Save and loaddisplays in BASIC, ASCII, orobject codes. For the TRS-80Model III; floppy disk,$74.95. Lichen Software (seeaddress above).

Mu**sic, a musical programthat uses four simultaneousnotes without additionalhardware. This program in-cludes two voices you select,tempo adjust, functional dis-play of note position, morethan four octaves, reservestorage for 2000 notes, anddirect play from the key-board. For the TRS-80 ColorComputer; cassette, $19.95.

Saffron Software, 5306 BirchGrove Dr., San Jose, CA95123.

Propack, a machine-languagepackage that gives you simpleand foolproof access to yourProfile files from a BASICprogram. Assign a string ar-ray for each file to be usedand address your files bylogical record number or in-dex keys. For the TRS-80Model III; floppy disk, $75.The Small Computer Co.,Suite 1200, 230 West 41st St.,New York, NY 10036.

Prosort, a data-organizerprogram that sorts data intoalmost any order for print,inquiry, and Superscripsitselection operations. Theprogram, for use with ProfileIII + , includes five print in-dexes and an inquiry index.For the TRS-80 Model III;floppy disk, $150. The SmallComputer Co. (see addressabove).

Telengard, an arcade-typegame (see description underAtari). For the TRS-80Models I and III; cassette,$23. The Avalon Hill GameCo., 4517 Harford Rd., Balti-more, MD 21214.

Other Computers

Clip, a CP/M utilities pack-age that allows the user tostore command files, editlines and files, and use abuilt-in calculator program.It contains over 50 com-mands. For CP/M-based sys-tems; floppy disk, $49.95.Thoughtware Inc., Suite 4,2450 East Speedway, Tucson,AZ 85719.

HexPrintR, a utility programfor Wordstar that allows youto take advantage of the iullcapabilities of your printer.You can send any number ofany type of characters to

your printer from any placein your text. For the Osborne1; floppy disk, $39. C.I. Soft-ware & Computer Products,1380 Garnet Ave., E149, SanDiego, CA 92109.

Hidden Palace. You assumethe role of a treasure huntertrying to find a priceless vaseamidst several dangers in anancient jungle palace. For theTexas Instruments 99/4A;cassette, $14.95. InnovativeData Co., 1041 Dan Kuyken-dall Cv., Memphis, TN38111.

War Boats, a game in whichyou place your boats on a 10by 10 grid and try to guessthe positions of your oppo-nent's boats. Sink boats withshots that are displayedgraphically on the screen. Forthe Timex/Sinclair 1000; cas-sette, $2.99. ComputerHeroes, 1961 Dunn Rd., EastLiverpool, OH 43920.■

This is a fist of softwarepackages that have beenreceived by BYTE Publicationsduring the past month. The listis correct to the best of ourknowledge, but it is not meantto be a full description of theproduct or the forms in whichthe product is available. Inparticular, some packages maybe sold for several machines orin both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listedhere is the version received byBYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive listthat makes no comment on thequality or usefulness of thesoftware listed. We regret thatwe cannot review every soft-ware package we receive, in-stead, this list is meant to be amonthly acknowledgment ofthese packages and the com-panies that sent them. All soft-ware received is considered tobe on loan to BYTE and isreturned to the manufacturerafter a set period of time. Com-panies sending software pack-ages should be sure to includethe fct price of the packagesand (where appropriate/ thealternate forms in which theyare available.

494 Augu»t 1983 © BYTE Puliation. Inc

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August 1983

August

Engineering Summer Confer-ences, Chrysler Center forContinuing Engineering Edu-cation, North Campus, Uni-versity of Michigan, AnnArbor. Two of the sevencourses offered this monthare "Software Design Tech-niques and Ada" and "Opera-tions Research and the Man-agement Sciences: Methodsand Tools." The fees are $600and $675, respectively. Forcourse outlines and registra-tion details, contact Engineer-ing Summer Conferences, 200Chrysler Center, North Cam-pus, University of Michigan,Ann Arbor, MI 48109, (313)764-8490.

August

Unix Seminar, various sitesthroughout Canada. Thisthree-day seminar serves asan introduction to the Unixoperating system. It includesdiscussions of standard user-level programs and com-mands for file manipulation,word processing, and pro-gramming. The pros and consof Unix for specific applica-tions and such applicationareas as database and real-time processing, data com-munication, and office auto-mation are explored. The feeis $645. For information, con-tact the Center for AdvancedProfessional Education Inc.,11928 North Earlham,Orange, CA 92669, (714)633-9280.

August-September

How to Document a Com-puter System as It Is BeingDeveloped, various sitesthroughout the U.S. andCanada. This one-day work-shop presents a series of sim-ple procedures that can befollowed in recording theresults of each task performedduring the development of

a computer system. The fee is$155. Contact TechnicalCommunications Associates,Suite 210, 1250 OakmeadParkway, Sunnyvale, CA94086, (800) 277-3800, ext.977; in California, (800)792-0990, ext. 977.

August-September

Local Networks: Promise In-to Practice, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Thistwo-day seminar will focuson the criteria for designingand choosing local networksand the experiences that usershave had in selecting and in-stalling local networks. Thefee is $595. Full details areavailable from ArchitectureTechnology Corp., POB24344, Minneapolis, MN55424, (612) 935-2035.

August-October

Repair of Microcomputer-based Equipment, varioussites throughout the U.S. andCanada. This lecture/labora-tory sequence is intended forfield-service personnel,en-gineers, and technical writ-ers. The seminar describesgeneral servicing practicesthat are applied to the subsys-tems of any microprocessorfamily. For further informa-tion, contact the Registrar,Testek Consultants Inc., 1000North Patton St., ArlingtonHeights, IL 60004, (312)577-2134.

August-November

Applying the New Tools forProfit and Cash Flow Plan-ning: Graphics and PersonalComputers, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Thistwo-day course is designed tohelp certified public accoun-tants improve and expandmanagement advisory ser-vices by using new graphicstools to improve managers'understanding and use offinancial planning. A specialtype of graph designed forfinancial planning and de-

cision making will be fea-tured. Fees range from $225to $295. For more informa-tion on the course, contactthe Purcell Letter on Graphicsfor Management, POB06008, Columbus, OH 43206,(614) 444-6571. For a courseschedule and registration de-tails, contact MatthewMalok, American Institute ofCertified Public Accountants,1211 Avenue of the Amer-icas, New York, NY 10036,(212) 575-3848.

August-December

IEEE Conferences andMeetings, various sitesaround the world. The Insti-tute for Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers (IEEE)sponsors conferences, meet-ings, and workshops cov-ering high-technology issues.For details, contact the IEEEComputer Society, Suite 300,1109 Spring St., SilverSpring, MD 20910, (301)589-8142.

August-December

Intensive Two-Day Seminarsfor Professional Develop-ment, Worcester PolytechnicInstitute, Boston metropoli-tan area, and Hartford andStamford, CT. Among theseminars being offered are'The Engineer as Manager,""Inventory Control: UsingComputers," and "Funda-mentals of Data Processing."For in-house seminar infor-mation, call Robert J. Hall at(617) 793-5574. For a seminarbulletin and registration in-formation, contact GinnyBazarian, Office of Con-tinuing Education, HigginsHouse, Worcester Polytech-nic Institute, Worcester, MA01609, (617) 793-5517.

A ugust-December

Systems Development Docu-mentation: Forms Method,

various sites throughout theU.S. and Canada. This one-day seminar is designed for

data-processing managers,project leaders, program-mers, and technical writers.Topics to be covered includesystem design documenta-tion, format and style guide-lines, and options for end-document publication. Thecourse fee is $155, which in-cludes all materials. In-com-pany presentations are avail-able for groups of 10 or more.For details, contact TechnicalCommunications AssociatesInc., 1250 Oakmead Park-way #210, Sunnyvale, CA94086, (800) 227-3800, ext.977; in California, (800)792-0990, ext. 977, or (408)737-2665.

August 10-12

Microcomputers and HighTechnology in VocationalEducation Conference, Con-course Hotel, Madison, WI.Beginning and advancedclasses on microcomputers,presentations on vocationaleducation programs, andsoftware exhibits will be fea-tured. For details, contactJudy Rodenstein or RogerLambert, Vocational StudiesCenter, 964 Educational Sci-ences Building, University ofWisconsin, 1025 West John-son St., Madison, WI 53706,(608) 263-4367 or 263-2704.

August 11-13

Personal Computer Inter-facing and Scientific Instru-ment Automation, Williams-burg, VA. This workshopprovides each participantwith hands-on experience inwiring and testing interfaces.The fee is $395. Call or writeDr. Linda Leffel, C.E.C., Vir-ginia Polytechnic Instituteand State University, Blacks-burg, VA 24061, (703)961-4848.

August 15-17

Small Computers in CriminalJustice Agencies, Cincinnati,OH. This conference is de-signed to help beginners un-

Augurt 1983 © BYTE Publiodom Inc 495

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derstand and appreciate theuse and application of micro-computers in criminal justiceagencies. The fee is $285,which includes luncheons,continuing education units,and materials. Contact CarolStrand, Anderson PublishingCo., 646 Main St., POB1576, Cincinnati, OH 45201,(800) 543-0883; in Ohio,(800) 582-7295.

August 15-19

Advanced C Topics Seminar,

New York, NY. Practicaltopics for C programmers arecovered in this course offeredby Plum Hall Inc. Areas ofinterest include portability,efficiency, readability, de-bugging, packaging, and in-terfacing. For further details,contact Joan Hall, Plum HallInc., 1 Spruce Ave., Cardiff,NJ 08232, (609) 927-3770.

August 15-19

Managing People, Produc-tivity, Projects, Profitability,

Worcester Polytechnic Insti-tute, Worcester, MA. Thiscourse covers the entire man-agement spectrum from com-munications and negotiatingto controlling particular proj-ects. The fee is $975. ContactKathy Shaw, Office of Con-tinuing Professional Educa-tion, Worcester PolytechicInstitute, Worcester, MA01609, (617) 793-5517.

August 16-17

Polymer Materials for Elec-tronic Applications, HyattRickey's Hotel, Palo Alto,CA. The fee for this shortcourse is $395. For informa-tion, contact Continuing Ed-ucation in Engineering, De-partment 622N, University ofCalifornia Extension, 2223Fulton St., Berkeley, CA94720, (415) 642-4151.

August 16-19

Landsat: Sensor Design &Operation, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara.This course is intended forusers of remote-sensor data,

including geographers, geo-logists, and engineers. Itcovers such topics as sensorrequirements and user needs,sensor-design principles andtradeoffs, and multispectral-scanner and thematic-mapperoperation. It's cosponsoredby the Santa Barbara Re-search Center and the Na-tional Oceanic and Atmo-spheric Administration. Thefee is $450. For a brochure,contact J. Weisman, Univer-sity of California Extension,Santa Barbara, CA 93106,(805) 961-3697.

August 17-19

SNA and Teleprocessing Ac-cess Methods, Hyatt Re-gency, New Brunswick, NJ.This course traces the evolu-tion of data-communicationssoftware. Topic areas includehost-control software re-quirements and SNA (systemnetwork architecture) con-cepts, protocols, and imple-mentations. The registrationfee is $645. Full details areavailable from the Center forAdvanced Professional Edu-cation, 11928 North Earlham,Orange, CA 92669, (714)633-9280.

August 18-19

Computer Literacy for Law-yers, Denver, CO. This semi-nar is intended to introduceattorneys to basic computerconcepts and their applica-tion to the practice of law.Topics will include the speci-fic uses, costs, and benefits ofusing computers in legal prac-tice. The fee is $550, whichincludes reference materials.Group discounts are avail-able. For further information,contact Kathryn Mann, Cen-ter for Legal Studies, 1926Arch St., Philadelphia, PA19103, (215) 732-6999.

August 19-21

The Second Annual NationalHeath Users Group (HUG)Conference, Hyatt RegencyCHare, Chicago, IL. A prod-ucts display and seminars on

topics of interest toHeath/Zenith users will befeatured. Contact HUG, Hill-top Rd., St. Joseph, MI49085, (616) 982-3463.

August 20

The First Annual Ham &Chip Flea Market, La SalleCollege, Philadelphia, PA.Computer software, hard-ware, ham radio, electronics,and sound equipment will befeatured. Contact the Phila-delphia Area Computer Soci-ety, POB 1954, Philadelphia,PA 19105, (215) 951-1255.

August 21-26

The Fourth World Congresson Medical Informatics-MEDINFO 83, RAI Interna-tional Congress and Exhibi-tion Centre, Amsterdam, TheNetherlands. This event com-bines scientific, technical,and social programs. Ap-proximately 300 scientificpapers will be presented onhealth and hospital systems,clinical laboratory systems,imaging, nursing applica-tions, and preventive and oc-cupational care. Demonstra-tions, product exhibits, filmand video sessions, tours,workshops, and special-inter-est meetings will be held. Theconference language will beEnglish. Further details areavailable from the MEDINFO83 Congress Office, En-schedepad 41-43, NL-1324GB Almere-Stad, TheNetherlands.

August 22

The Revolution in Telecom-munications Technologies:Integrating Telecommunica-tions Into Corporate Strate-gy, Worcester, MA. This ex-ecutive briefing outlinesspecific ways to reduce com-munications costs and offerstechniques for developing abasis of integration and plan-ning among various partieswithin an organization. Thefee is $690. Information onin-house executive presenta-tions is available from Robert

J. Hall at (617) 793-5574. Forcomplete details, contact Ms.Ginny Bazarian, Office ofContinuing Education, Wor-cester Polytechnic Institute,Worcester, MA 01609, (617)793-5517.

August 22-26

The National Conference onArtificial Intelligence-

AAAI-83, Washington Hil-ton Hotel, Washington, DC.This conference is sponsoredby the American Associationfor Artificial Intelligence(AAAI). Displays of compu-ter hardware and software,formal presentations, and theFredkin Chess Prize Competi-tion highlight this conference.Contact Claudia Mazzetti,AAAI, 445 Burgess Dr.,Menlo Park, CA 94025, (415)328-3123.

August 23

The Revolution in Telecom-munications Technologies:Integrating Telecommunica-tions Into Corporate Strate-gy, New York, NY. For de-tails, see August 22.

August 23-24

Indycon '83, ConventionCenter, Indianapolis, IN.This conference and exhibi-tion features more than 35technical sessions and 300 ex-hibition booths devoted tomicrocomputers and elec-tronic components. ContactIndycon '83, POB 40312, In-dianapolis, IN 46260, (317)875-7711.

August 24-26

SNA and TeleprocessingMethods, Marriott Hotel,Portland, OR. For details, seeAugust 17-19.

August 25-26

Fundamentals of Data Pro-cessing for the Non Data-Processing Executive, Wash-ington, DC. Major topics tobe covered include computertechnology, the functions ofan information system, thedevelopment of applications

496 August 1983 © BYTE Publicitkuu Inc

software, and the costs andbenefits of information sys-tems. This seminar is pre-sented by the WhartonSchool of the University ofPennsylvania. The fee is$795. In-house programs areavailable. For details, con-tact Wharton FDP Seminar,Registrar-Processing Center,30-30 Borden Ave., LongIsland City, NY 11101, (212)392-9441.

August 26-28

Computers for Farm andFamily, St. Paul, MN. Thisseminar and trade show, or-ganized by the MinnesotaAgricultural Extension Ser-vice and The Farmer/DakotaFarmer magazine, will beheld in conjunction with theMinnesota State Fair. Fea-tured will be exhibits, presen-tations, and educational ses-sions for experienced com-puter users and the novicefarm and home computeruser. Contact Sandra J.Becker, Office of Special Pro-grams-XY, 405 Coffey Hall,University of Minnesota,1420 Eckles Ave., St. Paul,MN 55108, (612) 373-0725.

August 26-28

The First IBM PC Faire, CivicAuditorium and Brooks Hall,San Francisco, CA. The focusof this fair will be on hard-ware, software, and applica-tions for the IBM PersonalComputer. Technical confer-ences, formal papers, productexpositions, and special-in-terest group meetings will beheld. For details, contact IBMPC Faire, 345 Swett Rd.,Woodside, CA 94062, (415)851-7077.

August 26-September 3

The International Telecom-munications, Scientific, andTechnical Expoconference-Telexpo China 1983, ForeignTrade Center, Guangzhou(Canton), Jiangxi Province,People's Republic of China.The theme of this communi-cations-equipment show is

"An Integrated Telecommu-nications System for China."Displays will include aero-space equipment, computers,and peripherals. Additionalinformation is available fromAVP Expositions Co. Ltd.,Suite 13, 13/F, Block A,Wahkai Industrial Center,221 Texaco Rd., NT HongKong; tel: 0-239003; Telex:40725 AVPEX HX.

August 28

The Tenth Annual Ham-fest/Computerfest, Hershey,PA. This event, sponsored bythe Central Pennsylvania Re-peater Association, will fea-ture a large indoor dealer andflea market area. For details,contact Timothy R. Fanus,WB3DNA, 6140 ChambersHill Rd., Harrisburg, PA17111, (717) 564-0897 be-tween noon and 8 p.m.

August 29-31

DBMS-M4 Systems, Wash-ington, DC. For details, con-tact the Continuing Educa-tion Institute, Oliver's Car-riage House, 5410 LeafTreader Way, Columbia,MD 21044, (301) 596-0111;on the West Coast, (213)824-9545.

August 29-31

Printed Circuit Fabrication,

Red Lion Inn, San Jose, CA.This technical seminar probesa variety of issues relating toprinted-circuit board manu-facturing. It's sponsored byPMS Industries, publisher ofPrinted Circuit Fabricationmagazine. The cost for thecomplete program is $300.The per day rate is $125.Contact Mike Brody, PrintedCircuit Fabrication/WestCoast, Suite 105S, 4010Moorpark Ave., San Jose,CA 95117, (408) 246-5575.

August 30

Meeting Internal Audit Ob-jectives with Statistical Sam-pling—Tests of Compliance,

Los Angeles, CA. Designedas an introduction to or re-

fresher course in applying at-tribute sampling to compli-ance tests of internal con-trols, this seminar addressesthe cost-effectiveness andtechniques of statistical sam-pling. Contact Joe Bartley,Coopers & Lybrand, Nation-al Professional Education, 80Park Plaza, Newark, NJ07102, (201) 621-5715.

September 1983

September-October

Computer-assisted ManualWriting, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Thisone-day seminar is designedto teach attendees how toproduce good software man-uals. The sponsor will dem-onstrate a software packagefor automated documenta-tion development calledManual Maker. The fee is$195. For further informa-tion, contact Promptdoc, 833West Colorado Ave., Colo-rado Springs, CO 80905,(303) 471-9875.

September-November

Computer Showcase Expos,

various sites throughout theU.S. This popular show willbring together hardware andsoftware manufacturers,dealers, and consumers ofsmall computer systems. Fordetails, contact The InterfaceGroup, 160 Speen St., POB927, Framingham, MA01701, (800) 225-4620; inMassachusetts, (617)

879-4502.

September-November

Courses from IntegratedComputer Systems, varioussites throughout the U.S.Course titles include "Hands-On Pascal Workshop,""Structured Design and Pro-gramming," "Software Proj-ect Management," and "De-fining Software Require-ments, Specifications, andTests." Fees range from $695

to $845. For information,contact Ruth Dordick, Inte-grated Computer Systems,3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339,Santa Monica, CA 90405,(213) 450-2060.

September-December

Software Workshops inMMSFORTH, Boston metro-politan area. These work-shops are public versions ofthe professional trainingMiller Microcomputer Ser-vices (MMS) offers to clientcompanies in support of theMMSFORTH product line. Avariety of topics and skilllevels are covered. Full detailsare available from MillerMicrocomputer Services, 61Lake Shore Rd., Natick, MA01760, (617) 653-6136.

September-January 1984

Technology OpportunityConference, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Thisconference series focuses onthe convergence of optical-storage, videodisc, and com-puter technologies. For fulldetails, contact TechnologyOpportunity Conference,POB 14817, San Francisco,CA 94114, (415) 626-1133.

September 1-2

The First Meeting of theEuropean Chapter of the As-sociation for ComputationalLinguistics, University ofPisa, Italy. A variety of for-mal papers will address suchtopics as syntax, parsing, andlanguage generation; speechanalysis and synthesis; andsoftware tools and program-ming languages for computa-tional linguistics. ContactHarold Somers, Centre forComputational Linguistics,UMIST, POB 88, ManchesterM60 1QD, England.

September 6-10

Asian International Electri-cals, Electronics, and Com-munications Exhibition '83-Elecom Asia '83, Stadium Ne-gara, Kuala Lumpur, Malay-sia. This trade show serves as

August 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 497

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a showcase for a wide spec-trum of high-technologyequipment and materials.Government ministers fromthe five ASEAN (Associationof Southeast Asian Nations)countries (Indonesia, Malay-sia, Philippines, Singapore,and Thailand) will attend.For details, contact Technol-ogy Marketing AnalysisCorp., Suite 428, 680 BeachSt., San Francisco, CA94109, (415) 474-3000. In Ma-laysia, contact ISE Manage-ment (M) SDN BHD, 3-AJalan SS 24/8, Taman Me-gah, Petaling Jaya, Selangor,Malaysia; tel: 749377; Telex:MA 37204 AKMISE.

September 6-10

The 1983 AAMI RegionalMeeting, Detroit, MI. TheAssociation for the Advance-ment of Medical Instrumenta-tion (AAMI) has tailored thisprogram of tutorial courses,technical service seminars,and product displays to ad-dress the regional needs of theDetroit area. Contact theAAMI, 1901 North FortMyer Dr., Arlington, VA22209, (703) 525^890.

September 8-10

Personal Computer Interfac-ing and Scientific InstrumentAutomation, Greensboro,NC. For details, see August11-13.

September 11-14

The American Data Services(ADS) Users Seminar, Marri-ott Resort, Lincolnshire, IL.This seminar focuses on theADS inventory-managementsystem. A procedural costsystem for hospital depart-ments will be introduced.Contact Sharon Spencer,American Data Services,Suite 210, 900 North ShoreDr., Lake Bluff, IL 60044,(312) 295-6850.

September 13-15

AUTOFACT Europe Con-ference and Exhibition,

Palexpo Exhibition Center,

Geneva, Switzerland. Thisconference, cosponsored bythe Society of ManufacturingEngineers (SME) and the In-stitution of Production Engi-neers of London, England,will focus on the technologiesof automated and computer-integrated manufacturing forEuropean production. Tech-nical sessions will exploreboth theory and applicationsstrategies. A complementaryproducts display will be fea-tured. Contact the Society ofManufacturing Engineers,Public Relations Department,One SME Dr., POB 930,Dearborn, MI 48121, (313)271-0777.

September 13-15

Midcon/83 and Mini/Mi-cro-Midwest/83, Chicago,IL. Topics on the professionalprogram include computersimulation, energy manage-ment, laser applications, andprinted-circuit-board tech-nology. An exhibit area isplanned. For further informa-tion, contact Electronic Con-ventions Inc., 8110 AirportBlvd., Los Angeles, CA90045, (213) 772-2965.

September 13-15

Peripherals '83, MosconeCenter, San Francisco, CA.Full details are available fromCahners Exposition Group,Cahners Plaza, 1350 EastTouhy Ave., POB 5060, DesPlaines, IL 60018, (312)299-9311.

September 14-16

Euromicro '83, Madrid,Spain. This ninth annualsymposium will cover micro-processing and program-ming. Speeches will addresseconomic and social aspectsof microprocessors andtrends in VLSI (very large-scale integration) technology.Tutorials, seminars, and anexhibition are planned. Thehighlight of this event is theEuromouse contest, in whichmechanical mice from aroundthe world race around a

maze. A complete program isavailable from Euromicro,TH Twente, POB 217, De-partment INF, Room A312,7500 AE Enschede, TheNetherlands; tel: (31) (53)338799; Telex: 44200 Thes.

September 15-16

Ethernet-type Local Net-works, San Francisco, CA.This is the third program inthe four-part ArchitectureTechnology Corporation1983 Forum Series. This pro-gram will bring togethermanufacturers and users oflocal network schemes to ex-change information in an in-formal setting. The format in-cludes presentations, paneldiscussions, and a techno-logical summary. The fee is$395. For further informa-tion, contact the ArchitectureTechnology Corp., POB24344, Minneapolis, MN55424, (612) 935-2035.

September 15-16

The Second Annual IndianaComputer Expo, ConventionCenter, Indianapolis, IN.This exposition is designedfor business end-users inter-ested in mini- and microcom-puters, software, word pro-cessing, graphics, services,and peripherals. ContactErnie Kerns & Associates,Trade Show Department,Suite 201, 2555 East 55thPlace, Indianapolis, IN46220, (317) 259-8111.

September 16-18

The First Annual Heart ofTexas Computer Show, Con-vention Center, San An-tonio, TX. This show willemphasize small-business sys-tems for financial and inven-tory control, agribusiness,education, and personalneeds. More than 200 hard-ware, software, and peri-pheral vendors will displaytheir wares. Show details areavailable from Robin G.Mann, Heart of Texas, POB12094, San Antonio, TX78212, (512) 226-4636.

September 16-18

Great Southern Computer &Electronics Show '83, Me-morial Coliseum, Jackson-ville, FL. Computers, elec-tronics, and information ser-vices will be featured. Con-tact Great Southern Com-puter & Electronics Shows,POB 655, Jacksonville, FL32201, (904) 384-6440.

September 19-21

The Third Annual VideodiscConference, New York Hil-ton Hotel, New York, NY.For details, contact MecklerPublishing, 520 RiversideAve., Westport, CT 06880,(203) 226-6967.

September 19-23

The Ninth World ComputerCongress - IFIP '83, Paris,France. This event, spon-sored by the InternationalFederation for InformationProcessing (IFIP), is held inconjunction with SICOB, themajor French computer expo-sition. Formal papers andpanel sessions will cover suchareas as computer hardwareand software, theoreticalfoundations of informationprocessing, networks, andcommunications. For fullprogram details, contact theU.S. Committee for IFIP '83,Dorn Computer Consultants,25 East 86th St., New York,NY 10028, (212) 427-7460.

September 20-21

Data Storage 83, MarriottHotel, Santa Clara, CA. Thisinternational forum coversindustry issues and areas ofchange in data-storage equip-ment and applications. Thefee is $850. Contact Cartlidge& Associates Inc., Suite 205,4030 Moorpark Ave., SanJose, CA 95117, (408)554-6644.

September 20-22

Caribbean Informatics '83,San Juan, Puerto Rico. This isthe first major internationalexhibition and conference tobe held in the Caribbean

498 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

area. For further details, con-tact Informatics '83, Suite219, 3421 M St. NW, Wash-ington, DC 20007, (703)920-9595.

September 21-22

Business-Expo, Boston, MA.This exposition serves as ashowcase for office equip-ment ranging from computersto coffee machines. Morethan 20 seminars arepresented. Address inquiriesto Business-Expo, 702 EastNorthland Towers, 15565Northland Dr., Southfield,MI 48075, (313) 569-8280.

September 26-28

Maecon/83, Kansas City,MO. This electronic showand convention explores suchtopics as aerospace electron-ics, computer peripherals,laser technology, and per-sonal computing. ContactElectronic Conventions Inc.,8110 Airport Blvd., LosAngeles, CA 90045, (213)772-2965.

September 26-29

The World of CAD/CAM,

Boca Raton Resort Hotel, FL.This seminar provides anoverview of how manufac-turing will change as theautomated factory becomes areality. It will consist of fourone-day presentations incomputer-aided engineering,design, manufacturing, andcomputer-integrated manu-facturing. For a brochure,write or call the Center forManufacturing Technology,4170 Crossgate Dr., Cincin-nati, OH 45236, (513)791-8801.

September 26-30

Compcon Fall '83, MarriottCrystal Gateway Hotel, Ar-lington, VA. The theme ofthis show is "DeliveringComputer Power to EndUsers." It features technicalpapers and panel sessionsthat address a variety of com-puter and computer-networkissues. It is sponsored by the

Institute of Electrical andElectronics Engineers (IEEE)Computer Society. For moreinformation, contact Comp-con Fall '83, POB 639, SilverSpring, MD 20901, (301)589-8142.

September 26-30

Conference on Networks andElectronic Office Systems,

University of Reading, Berk-shire, England. This con-ference will provide a forumfor the exchange of informa-tion and for discussion of re-cent and future developmentsrelating to networks and elec-tronic office systems. Furtherinformation is available fromthe Conference Secretariat,Institution of Electronic andRadio Engineers, 99 GowerSt., London WC1E 6AZ,England; tel: 01-388 3071;Telex: Instrad London WCl.

September 26-30

Expo Beirut '83, Beirut,Lebanon. This is Lebanon'sfirst international reconstruc-tion/development expositionand conference after eightyears of civil war. Topics tobe covered include contrac-tion, transportation, commu-nications, agriculture, com-puter hardware and software,metallurgy, textiles, andautomated equipment. Fur-ther details are available fromShow-Tech InternationalInc., 950 Third Ave., NewYork, NY 10022.

September 28-29

Ottawa Computer and OfficeAutomation Show, CivicCentre, Ottawa, Ontario,Canada. For details, contactIndustrial Trade Shows ofCanada, 20 Butterick Rd.,Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8,Canada, (416) 252-7791.

September 28-October 2

The Sixth Personal ComputerWorld Show, Barbican Cen-tre, London, England. Thisshow, one of the largest com-puter shows in Great Britain,is sponsored by Personal

Computer World magazine.Business, scientific, technical,and educational uses of mi-crocomputing will be fea-tured as well as hobbyist andhome-based systems. For in-formation, contact Tim Col-lins, Montbuild Ltd., 11Manchester Square, LondonW1M 5AB, England; tel:01-486 1951; Telex: 24591.

September 29-October 1CP/M '83 East, Hynes Audi-torium, Boston, MA. For in-formation on this conferenceand exposition, contactNortheast Expositions Inc.,826 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (800)343-2222; in Massachusetts,(617) 739-2000.

October 1983

October 1

The Third Annual Micro-computers in Education Con-ference, Dutchess CountyCommunity College, Pough-keepsie, NY. Dr. DeloresShanahan, an innovator inthe field of special educationand computers, will speak atthis event sponsored by theMicrocomputer EducatorGroup. Details are availablefrom Dr. Horence Staats, Of-fice of Community Services,Dutchess County Com-munity College, Pendell Rd.,Poughkeepsie, NY 12601,(914) 471-4500, ext. 240.

October 2-5

Computer Systems Exposi-tion, MGM Grand Hotel, LasVegas, NV. This expositionwill be held in conjunctionwith the annual meeting ofthe National Association ofConvenience Stores. Hard-ware and software will be dis-played, and computer con-sultants will be on hand toanswer questions. For details,contact the National Associa-tion of Convenience Stores,Suite 809, 5201 Leesburg

Pike, Falls Church,22041, (703) 578-1800.

VA

October 2-6

The Annual Meeting of theAmerican Society for Infor-mation Science —ASIS-83,

Crystal City Hyatt Regency,Arlington, VA. The themefor this meeting is "Produc-tivity in the InformationAge." Papers, special-interestsessions, information brief-ings, an information-sciencetheater, and demonstrationswill be featured. Further in-formation is available fromEdmond Sawyer, ASIS Head-quarters, 1010 Sixteenth St.NW, Washington, DC 20036,(202) 659-3644.

October 4-6

The Southwest ComputerConference, Tulsa, OK. Thetheme for this conference is"Managing InformationTechnology in the 80s." Com-puter hardware and softwarewill be exhibited. Contact theSouthwest Computer Confer-ence, POB 950, Norman, OK73070, (405) 329-3660.

October 6-11

Japan Electronics Show '83,Osaka International TradeFair Grounds, Osaka, Japan.This show will cover a rangeof consumer and industrialelectronic products and com-ponents. For information,contact the Japan ElectronicsShow Association, 24 MoriBuilding 11F, 3-23-5, Nishi-Shinbashi, Minato-ku,Tokyo 105, Japan; tel: (03)433-7751.

October 7-9

Great Southern Computer &Electronics Show '83, Centro-plex Expo, Orlando, FL. Fordetails, see September 16-18.

October 8-10

PC '83, Bayside ExpositionCenter, Boston, MA. Thisconference and expositionfeatures IBM Personal Com-puters and compatible equip-ment. A seminar program

Augu»t 1983 © BYTE Publicatioru Inc 499

Event Queue.

will explore IBM PC applica-tions, provide technical infor-mation, and offer general ses-sions designed to show usershow to get the most fromtheir IBM. For details, con-tact Northeast Expositions,822 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (800)841-7000; in Massachusetts,(617) 739-2000.

October 10-14

Defense Computers-Graph-ics-DCG '83, ConventionCenter, Washington, DC.Sessions and tutorials willcomplement this conferenceand exposition. For more in-formation, contact DCG '83,Suite 333, 2033 M St. NW,Washington, DC 20036, (202)775-9556.

October 11-13

Southwest Semiconductor &Electronics Exposition-SSE'83, Civic Plaza Conven-tion Center, Phoenix, AZ.Approximately 200 suppliersof equipment, materials, andservices used in the elec-tronics industry will attendthis show. A technical con-ference will be held. ContactCartlidge & Associates Inc.,Suite 205, 4030 MoorparkAve., San Jose, CA 95117,(408) 554-6644.

October 12-21

The Sixth International TradeExhibition on Office Organi-zational Systems, Office Fur-niture, and Office Aids — Sys-temotechnika '83, Vassiliev-sky Ostrov Exhibition Cen-tre, Leningrad, Union ofSoviet Socialist Republics.On display will be communi-cations systems, microfilmingequipment and systems, data-processing equipment, andcomputers. Contact Dussel-dorfer MessegesellschaftmbH-NOWEA-CentralDivision— Foreign Fairs,Diisseldorf Exhibition Cen-tre, 4000 Diisseldorf 30, Fed-eral Republic of Germany;tel: (02 11) 45 60-1.

October 13-15

Edutech/East '83, Civic Cen-ter, Philadelphia, PA. For-merly called Ed Com, thisconference and exposition isdesigned for educators at alllevels. Presentations will ad-dress such topics as com-puter-aided instruction, ad-ministrative uses of com-puters, classroom manage-ment, programming, researchapplications, authoring lan-guages, and literacy. The for-mat includes workshops,seminars, demonstrations,hands-on sessions, discus-sions, and micro courses.Hardware, software, andpublishing companies will ex-hibit their wares. ContactCarol Houts, Judco Com-puter Expos Inc., Suite 201,2629 North Scottsdale Rd.,Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (800)528-2355; in Arizona, (602)990-1715.

October 14-15

Computers and Reading/Learning Difficulties, Dallas,TX. Workshops, hands-onexhibits, and speakers will ex-plore such topics as usingcomputers in learning disabil-ity classrooms and evaluatingsoftware. This program is de-signed for all educationlevels. For information, con-tact Frost Conference Man-agement, Department I, 1070Crows Nest Way, Richmond,CA 94803, (415) 222-1249.

October 14-15

The Fifth Annual FORTHConvention, Hyatt Hotel,Palo Atlo, CA. Hands-on tu-torials, exhibits, lectures, anddiscussions highlight thisevent. The theme is 'TORTH-based Systems —A Look Intothe Future." Registration is$5. Full details are availablefrom the FORTH InterestGroup, POB 1105, SanCarlos, CA 94070, (415)962-8653.

October 14-16

The UCSD Pascal SystemUsers Society Fall Meeting,

Hyatt Regency Crystal City,Washington, DC. Contactthe Secretary, USUS, POB1148, La Jolla, CA 92038.

October 15

NJ-NY-CT MicrocomputerShow and Flea Market,

Meadowlands Hilton Hotel,New Jersey Sports Complex,East Rutherford, NJ. Morethan 75 commercial exhibi-tors and 200 flea-marketbooths will feature hardware,software, books, magazines,and accessories for all popu-lar computers ranging fromApple to Zenith. Registrationis $5 for adults and $2 forchildren. Contact the Ken-gore Corp., POB 13, FranklinPark, NJ 08823, (201)297-2526.

October 16-18

The Fifth Annual Hong KongConsumer Electronics Show,

New World Hotel and RegentHotel, Hong Kong. For de-tails, contact IBS Trade FairLtd., 17th Hoor, Tung SunCommercial Centre, 200Lockhart Rd., Hong Kong;tel: 5-732388-9; Telex: 63037HKIBS HX.

October 17-19

The Eighth Conference on

Local Computer Networks,

Minneapolis, MN. The themefor this conference is 'Prac-tical Applications and Issuesin Local Computer Net-works." Papers and tutorialswill address such issues asusers' versus manufacturers'needs, public versus privatenetworks, software, andVLSI (very large-scale inte-gration). Contact the IEEEComputer Society, POB 639,Silver Spring, MD 20901.

October 18-20

The Fourteenth Annual Inter-national Test Conference,

Franklin Plaza Hotel, Phila-delphia, PA. For informa-tion, contact the ConferenceRegistrar, POB 371, CedarKnolls, NJ 07927, (201)267-7120.

October 18-21

The Third Symposium onMicrocomputer and Micro-processor Applications-/iP

'83, Hotel Duna Intercontin-ental and the Hungarian Aca-demy of Sciences, Budapest,Hungary. The conferencelanguage will be English. Fulldetails are available fromMrs. I. Baba, Scientific Socie-ty for Telecommunication,POB 451, H-1372 Budapest,Hungary; tel: (36) 1 113-027;Telex: MTESZ 22-5792.

October 19-20

Calgary Computer & OfficeAutomation Show and Con-ference, Roundup Centre,Calgary, Alberta, Canada.For details, contact IndustrialTrade Shows of Canada, 20Butterick Rd., Toronto, On-tario M8W 3Z8, Canada,(416) 252-7791.

October 19-21

The Fourth Canadian Sym-posium on InstructionalTechnology, Westin Hotel,Winnipeg, Manitoba, Can-ada. This symposium, de-signed for education andtraining professionals andthose interested in computer-aided learning, will explorethe theme "Computer Tech-nologies for ProductiveLearning." Topics on theagenda include computerawareness and literacy inschools and society, systemstechnology, and computer-aided training and retrainingfor business, industry, andgovernment. A products ex-hibition will be held. ContactKen Charbonneau, Confer-ence Services Office, Nation-al Research Council ofCanada, Ottawa, OntarioK1A 0R6, Canada, (613)993-9009; Telex: 053-3145.

October 19-21

IDATE-The Fifth Interna-tional Conference, Mont-pellier, France. The theme forthis conference, sponsored bythe International Telecom-

500 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

Circle 502 on Inquiry card.

munication Union, is 'PictureNetworks." Topics of interestinclude network functioningand areas of applications,economics and law relating tothe visual media, networklanguages, and languages onthe networks. The conferencelanguage is French. For fur-ther details, contact FrancoisRabate, Responsable Scien-tifique, Journees Interna-tionales 1983, IDATE-Bureaux du Polygone, 34000Montpellier, France; tel:(33-67) 65 48 48; Telex:ID ATE 490 290.

October 19-21

The National SoftwareShow, Trade Show Center,San Francisco, CA. Full de-tails are available from Rag-ing Bear Productions Inc.,Suite 175, 21 Tamal VistaDr., Corte Madera, CA94925, (800) 732-2300; inCalifornia, (415) 924-1194.

October 19-21

SIBEC —Info Expo, Palais desCongres, Montreal, Canada.Exhibits related to the com-puter and office automationindustries will be held. An in-ternational line-up of speak-ers has been invited. ContactInformatique Quebec (InfoExpo) Ltee, 1057 AvenueLaurier Ouest, Outremont,Quebec H2V 2L2, Canada,(514) 270-5481; in the Toron-to area, call (416) 281-3459.

October 19-22

Percompasia 83-The SecondSouth East Asian PersonalComputer Hardware & Soft-ware Show & Conference,World Trade Centre, Singa-pore, Republic of Singapore.This show is devoted to allaspects of personal com-puting. Further details areavailable from Overseas Ex-hibition Services Ltd., 11Manchester Square, LondonWlM 5AB, England; tel: 01486 1951; Telex: 24591.

October 24-26

The Annual Conference ofthe Association for Com-puting Machinery-ACM '83,Sheraton Centre Hotel, NewYork, NY. Exhibits of com-puter hardware and softwareand paper sessions will focuson the conference theme,"Extending the Human Re-source." The emphasis will beon theory and practices ofpersonal computing. High-lighting the conference will bethe the Fourth InternationalComputer Chess Champion-ships. For details, contactThomas A. DAuria, Assis-tant Commissioner, City ofNew York, Computer ServiceCenter, 11th Floor, 111 8thAve., New York, NY 10011,(212) 620-5055.

October 25-27

The Andean Informatics '83,Bogota, Colombia, SouthAmerica. This is the first ma-jor international exhibitionand confertence to be held inthe Andean region. For details,contact Informatics '83, Suite219, 3421 M St. NW, Wash-ington, DC 20007, (703)920-9595.

October 25-28

Working Conference on Pro-totyping, Brussels, Belgium.This conference will focus onthe user-oriented develop-ment of information systemssupported by prototyping.Research and technicalpapers will be presented. Thesponsor is the Commission ofthe European Communities.For information, contactReinhard Budde or HeinzZuellighoven, GMD-ISTPostfach 1240, Schloss Bir-linghoven, D-5205, St.Augustin 1, West Germany;tel: 02241/14-2440; Telex: 889 469 gmd d.

October 26-28

Developing Long-Range Sys-tems Strategies, SheratonHotel, Washington, DC. Thisis part of the George Wash-ington University Systems

General Software, Inc.

Authorized CompuPro System Center

HARDWARECOMPUPRO SYSTEMS

System 8/16-A $4390

System 8/16-B $5240

System 8/16-C $6740

COMPUPRO BOARDS

Ram 16-64 $480

Ram 17-64 $440

Ram 21-128 $857

MDrive/H $1500

CPUZ $271

CPU 8085/88 $430

CPU 286 $1400

Freedom Liberty

100 Terminal $520

PRINTERS

Oktdata 92A $560

Okidata93A $910

Prowriter 1 $650

Prowriter 2 $790

SOFTWARE

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Dental (PAS-3) $697

Medical (PAS-3) $697

Programmable $797

ASHTON-TATE

dBASE $475

Financial Planner $475

The Strategist $310

CONDOR CALL

DIGITAL RESEARCHCP/M

2.2 Intel MDS-800 $145

Northstar (Horizon) ... $145

Micropolis $169

TRS Model II $159

TRS Model 12/16 $185

CB-80 $410

CBasicll $114

PL/l-80 $410

Pascal MT+ $410

Compiler $315

SPPOnly $160

8" Only

RMAC,Linklib,XREF.$178Display Manager. .. .$345Access Manager .... $250ECOSOFT

Microstat $265

3.0 (Include Basic) $360

FOX & GELLER ASSOC, INC.

Quickscreen $130

d-UTIL $ 90

dGRAPH $220

Quickcode $225

FYI, INC.

Superfile $175

LEXISOFT

Spellbinder $345

MARK OF THE UNICORN

Final Word $250

MICRO TAX

Level! $195

Level II $990

Level III $990

MICROSOFT

Basic-80 $260

Basic Compiler $300

Fortran-80 $379

Cobol-BO $579

Macro-80 $154

Edit-80 $90

MuSimp/muMath $220

MuLisp-80 $170

Multiplan $200

NORTHWEST ANALYTICAL

Statpak 400

PEACHTREE CALL

REDDING GROUP . CALLSORCIM

Pascal/M Z80 $349

Pascal/M 86/88 $449

Act 65, 68, 69. 86, 88 . .$140

Tran86 $110

Supercalc $200

Supercalcll $210

STRUCT. SYS. GROUPGL.AR.AP.PR.OE . . .$790SUPERSOFT

Diagnostic II $ 84

Forth $149

SSS Fortran $255

Fortran w/RATFOR . . . .$310

C Compiler $200

Tiny Pascal $80

Disk Doctor $ 84

ADA $220

Term II $169

Scratch Pad $220

Dataview $150

Stats Graph $150

Nemsis $ 40

Dungeon Master $ 40

AnaLizall $40

Data View-Stats-Scratch Pkg $465

IBM PC

Supercalc $220

Visicalc (256K) $220

Optimizer $200

Supersoft C-CP/M86 ..$400Supersoft C-CP/M86 ..$255

DOS $255

Concurrent CPM 86 . . $100

RMCobol $790

Volkswriter $145

Lotus 1-2-3 CALL

Mailing Address: 1454 S. 25th St., Terre Haute, IN 47803. WE HONOR VISA andMASTERCHARGE. TOLL FREE—Outside Indiana. ORDER DESKS ONLY1-800-457-0517. For Information or Questions (812) 234-9421. Call our Informa-tion number about our complete Software & Hardware Line. Not to be confused withSoftware General. Add $3.50 postage and handling per each item. Indiana residents add5°/o sales tax. Allow 2 weeks on checks. COD add $3.00 per item. Prices subject to changewithout notice. All items subject to availability. This is only a partial listing of our hard-ware and software. Call us today and save.

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IBM Silver Dollor Cartridge Beehive

NEC Spinwriter

Qume I (Square Corner]

Radio Shack LP 3 (4&5)

Radio Shack LP 6

Trite!

Wang-5

Digital LA 34

Black M/SDiablo Hytype IDiablo Hytype IIIBM Correctable, High YieldLift off Tape (IBM Type)NEC Spinwriter

Olivetti ET 201/202 CorrectableQume (62401 Std. Yld.Qume (6240) Hi. Yld.Qume I (Square Corner)Qume IVRichoWang-5Xerox 850/860

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Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 501

Event Queue,

Executive Forum series. Con-tact the Conference Manager,U.S. Professional Develop-ment Institute, 1805 PowderMill Dr., Silver Spring, MD20903, (301) 445-4400.

October 28-30

Applefest, Moscone Center,San Francisco, CA. Morethan 300 displays and boothsof Apple computer equip-ment and accessories will befeatured. Seminars, panel dis-cussions, conferences, andworkshops will be held.Additional information isavailable from NortheastExpositions Inc., 822 Boyl-ston St., Chestnut Hill, MA02167, (800) 343-2222; inMassachusetts, (617)739-2000.

October 30-November 2

DPMA Baltimore '83, Con-vention Center and Hyatt Re-gency Hotel, Baltimore, MD.

The theme for this confer-ence, sponsored by the DataProcessing Management As-sociation (DPMA), is "Infor-mation on the Firing Line."Seminars, workshops, gener-al sessions, and product dis-plays will be featured. Con-tact Jim Osowski, DPMA In-ternational Headquarters,505 Busse Highway, ParkRidge, IL 60068, (312)825-8124.

October 31-November 2

The Ninth International Con-ferencfi on Very Large Data-bases, Palazzo dei Congressi,Horence, Italy. This confer-ence seeks to identify and en-courage the research, de-velopment, and applicationsof database technology. Sub-jects of interest nclude data-base control, modeling andmanaging unformatted data,and novel environments and

applications of database tech-nology. Contact MarioSchkolnick, K 55-281, IBMResearch Labs, 5600 CottleRd., San Jose, CA 95193,(408) 256-1648. In Italy, Ren-zo Pinzani, Istituto di Mate-matica U. Dini, Viale Mor-gagni, 67/A, 50134 Horence,Italy.

October 31-November 3

International Conference onComputer Design-VLSI inComputers, Rye Town Hil-ton, Port Chester, NY. Thisconference will cover theVLSI (very large-scale inte-gration) aspects of the inter-action between fabricatorsand system designers in hard-ware, software, and reliabil-ity in computers. Contact theIEEE Computer Society, POB639, Silver Spring, MD20901. a

BYTE's Bits

Trade List Available

A trade list of nearly 2000overseas buyers, agents, anddistributors of computers andperipherals is available fromthe Department of Commerce.The list provides companynames, addresses, contacts,telephone and Telex num-bers, and five-digit SIC (Stan-dard Industrial Classifica-tion) codes for potential cus-tomers in more than 130 coun-tries. For a copy, send $12 tothe U.S. Department of Com-merce, Office of Trade Infor-mation Services, Room 1320,Washington, DC 20230.Checks should be payable toU.S. Department of Com-merce/TL.B

Microrubhle

How long could your business survive if your computer weresuddenly reduced to a smoldering pile cf microrubhle? If it werestolen? Or tampered with?

For as little as $35/yr SAFEWARE provides for fullreplacement of all hardware, media and purchased software aftera low $50 deductible.

You're covered against fire, theft, accidental damage,earthquakes, and damage in transit. SAFEWARE even coverspower surges, the second leading destroyer of microsystems. And,in the event of a claim, you'll get fast replacement. So you canbe back in business almost before the smoke clears.

To find out more, or to obtain immediate coverage, callthe toll free number. Or write: Columbia National GeneralAgency, 88 E. Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215.

1-800-848-3469

(In Ohio call toll free 1-800-848-2112)

502 August 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc

Circle 487 on Inquiry card.

What's New?

C-RELATED PRODUCTS

C for CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and MS-DOS

Supersoft has released aversion of its Supersoft Ccompiler for CP/M-80,CP/M-86, and MS-DOSoperating systems. This re-lease is syntactically com-patible with Unix Version7 C and supports such fea-tures as long-integer anddouble floating-point func-tions. Supersoft C is amultipasss compiler that issaid to produce highly op-timized code. Many Unix-compatible functions areincluded, which permitstransporting source pro-grams betweeen Unix Cand Supersoft C with fewchanges.

An extensive list oflibrary functions is pro-vided with the sourcecode. The Supersoft Ccompiler costs $500; theCP/M-80 version is $275.

For full details, contactSupersoft, 1713 South NeilSt., POB 1628, Cham-paign, IL 61820, (217)359-21 12.Circle 600 on inquiry card.

Optimizing CCompiler

The Optimizing C86compiler is designed forprofessional programmersworking with PC-DOS,MS-DOS, or CP/M-86. Itpermits addressing of1024K bytes of RAM andprovides the option toemit either assembly-lan-guage or object-code for-mats of Microsoft. Op-timizing C86 costs $395. A$ 10 evaluation kit is avail-

able. Contact Computer

Innovations Inc., Suite

J-30X, 10 Mechanic St.,

Redbank, NJ 07701, (201)

530-0995.

Circle 601 on inquiry card.

C ExecutiveVersion T.3

Version 1.3 of the C Ex-ecutive has been releasedby JMI Software. The CExecutive allows multipleC and Pascal tasks to runconcurrently with inter-task communication, re-source coordination, andformatted I/O. The moni-tor can be stored in ROM.The real-time preemptivescheduler is sensitive toboth task priority andsystem events. Multipleuser terminals can be sup-ported with Unix-like char-acteristics. Other featuresinclude clock support,time-based task schedul-ing, and a portable libraryof more than 50 routinesfor memory management,character-string manipula-tion, and I/O. The com-plete standard Unix Clibrary is supported as aremost standard Pascal pro-cedures and functions.

The C Executive workswith a variety of micropro-cessors, including Intel's8080/8085 and 8086/8088, the Zilog Z80, Moto-rola^ MC68000 and 6809,and the National Semicon-ductor NS16032. In binaryand source form, the CExecutive costs $300. Con-tact JMI Software Consul-tants Inc., 1422 Easton Rd.,Roslyn, PA 19001, (215)657-5660.Circle 602 on inquiry card.

C ProgrammingGuide

The C ProgrammingGuide by Dr. Jack Purdumis a comprehensive tutorialon the fundamentals ofthe C programming lan-guage. Written in an easy-to-understand style, thisbook offers users at alllevels of expertise a learn-ing guide to C. Appendicesprovide lists of moderatelypriced commercial C com-pilers and a summary ofthe C language's syntax.Example programs and il-lustrations are included inthe presentation.

This 250-page guidecosts $17.95 and is avail-able from Que Corp., 7960Castleway Dr., Indiana-polis, IN 46250, (317)842-7162.Circle 603 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Computer Glossaryfor Managers

Alan Freedman, an ex-pert in the field of computerliteracy, has created aresource work for nontech-nical business managers.The Computer Glossary isan illustrated guidethrough microcomputerjargon. It covers all aspectsof computing in a straight-forward, plain-talking pre-sentation. Individual copiesof the glossary cost $ 14.95and are available fromPrentice-Hall (POB 500,Englewood Cliffs, NJ07632). In lots of 10 to 99,each copy costs $12.95.Order in bulk from TheComputer Language Co.Inc., 140 West 30th St.,New York, NY 10001.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 503

What's New?

Children's Workshop

Enters Computer

Publishing

The Children's TelevisionWorkshop will launch amonthly magazine forchildren on computers andelectronic technology thisfall. Enter will focus oncareer opportunities andissues relating to thegrowth of computer tech-nology in the 1980s. Ar-ticles on new develop-ments in computer tech-nology and the influenceof computers on a widerange of professions,games, quizzes, puzzles,and simple programmingchallenges will be amongthis magazine's monthlyfeatures.

Annual subscriptions willcost SI2.95 (10 issues). Aclassroom bulk rate will beoffered. Contact the Chil-dren's Television Work-shop, One Lincoln Plaza,New York, NY 10023,(212) 595-3456.Circle 604 on inquiry card.

InformationTechnology Update

Information Techno-logy On Screen: New Ap-proaches in Viewdata,Teletext and Cable is an

update of some of themore important develop-ments taking place or be-ing planned in informationtechnology. This book is acompilation of essays pre-sented at the November 8,1982 Information Techno-logy On Screen seminar.It's available for $12 fromthe Oryx Press, 2214 NorthCentral, Phoenix, AZ85004.Circle 605 on inquiry card.

How to Stop Computer Problems

The introduction of abooklet entitled How to(Almost) Completely Elim-inate Computer Break-downs and Malfunctionswas announced by theMetron Company. Thisbooklet discusses the mostcommon causes of com-puter failures and errors.Possible solutions are of-

fered. Also provided arecase histories of successfultreatments.

The booklet is availablefree of charge from theMetron Co., Suite 216,1250 West Dorothy Lane,Kettering, OH 45409,(513) 298-0964.Circle 606 on inquiry card.

Newsletter

A medical newsletter,the Physician ComputerMonthly, provides infor-mation to doctors usingmicrocomputers in theirpractices. This indepen-dent journal covers appli-cations for practice man-agement, patient care,continuing medical educa-tion, and communica-tions. It's written in non-technical language, and itprovides hardware up-

for Physicians

dates, software reviews,and news on medical net-works.

A one-year subscriptionis S95. A free sample issuewill be provided upon re-ceipt of a request made onletterhead. For full details,write to American HealthConsultants, 67 PeachtreePark Dr., Atlanta, GA30309.Circle 607 on inquiry card.

Tips onCaring for Printers

The Care & Feeding ofLine Printers is a free8-page booklet from DigitalAssociates Corporation. De-signed to help you max-imize your printer's perfor-mance, longevity, andcost-effectiveness, thisbooklet offers hints andlittle-known facts on duty-cycle, site environment,static, and printer serviceand maintenance. Thir-teen major aspects of lineprinter operation arecovered, and special tipson how to make a printerlast longer are presented.

To get your free copy,write to the Manager/Mar-keting Communications,Digital Associates Corp.,1039 East Main St., Stam-ford, CT 06902, or call(203) 327-9210.Circle 608 on inquiry card.

Consumer BuyingGuide

Designed to help con-sumers make an informeddecision, How to Buy aHome Computer waswritten by Wes Thomasfor the Consumer Elec-tronics Group of the Elec-tronic Industries Associa-tion. This 50-page illus-trated book provides 1 1step-by-step practical ques-tions that embrace a varie-ty of buying considera-tions. Fill-in-the-blank ques-tions that the consumershould ask about softwarepackages and computersare provided. A budgetform for planning expendi-tures is also included.

504 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

What's New?

Retailers can order copiesof How to Buy a HomeComputer at quantityprices beginning at lessthan $0.25 each. Con-sumers can obtain a freecopy by sending a 5- by7-inch, self-addressedenvelope with S0.54 post-age to the Electronic In-dustries Association, Con-sumer Electronics Group,POB 19100, Washington,DC 20036, [202] 457-4919.Circle 609 on inquiry card.

Computer SelectionGuide for Managers

A guide for department-level professionals andmanagement informationservice managers has beenproduced by Datapro Re-search Corporation. Howto Select Microcomputersfor the Corporate En-vironment explains indetail the factors to beconsidered for properlyevaluating desktop com-puters in the corporate en-vironment, including equip-ment requirements, soft-ware, and support ser-vices. This guide addresseskey questions involved inselecting a microcom-puter, such as policy for-mulation, vendor evalua-tion, and software selec-tion. Reports cover themarketplace for computerequipment and software,economic analysis, datasecurity and reliability,training, consulting, instal-lation, and technology. A10-page "MicrocomputerAcquisition Checklist" thataids the user in ensuringthat no major selection

concerns are overlooked isalso included.

How to Select Micro-computers for the Cor-porate Environment costsS19 per copy. It's availablefrom Datapro ResearchCorp., 1805 UnderwoodBlvd., Delran, NJ 08075,(800) 257-9406; in NewJersey, (609) 764-0100.Circle 610 on inquiry card.

Annual RoboticsDirectory Released

Technical Database Cor-poration has released its1983 Robotics Industry Di-rectory. This 348-page di-rectory covers industrialrobot models and compo-nents with an emphasis onspecification information. Itfeatures 213 listings thatcontain specifications onaccuracy, velocity, numberof axes, load-carryingcapacity, robot weight,floor space required, andtype of control system.Also included are applica-tions and sensors sup-ported, price range, andnumber of systems in-stalled. Side-by-side evalua-tions of competitive modelsand indexes of productsand vendors complete thisdirectory.

The 1983 Robotics In-

dustry Directory costs$35. Outside the U.S., it's$43. Bimonthly specifica-tion updates are $15 ($19foreign). Contact TechnicalDatabase Corp., POB 720,Conroe, TX 77305, (409)539-9688.Circle 611 on inquiry card.

Yellow PagesCover Intel Support

The Intel Yellow Pageslists more than 2000 prod-ucts and services that sup-port Intel architectures. Thelistings are organized under10 categories, includingcommunications, data-bases, technical and con-sulting services, andutilities. Under the mainheadings are a number ofsubheads. An alphabeticallisting with brief descrip-tions of the more than 250companies participating inthe book and geographicaland corporate/productcross-indices are provided.

The Intel Yellow Pagesare free with a letterheadrequest. For full details,contact Intel Corp., Litera-ture Department, 3065Bowers Ave., Santa Clara,CA 95051.Circle 612 on inquiry card.

Computer GazetteAimed at Students

Computer Science Presshas introduced the Bits 'nBytes Gazette, a set of 10mini newspapers aboutcomputers for elementaryand junior high school stu-dents. Suitable for use as aclassroom handout, theGazette has articles and

games that educate andentertain. It discusses busi-ness, medical, personal,and community uses ofcomputers and highlightscareer opportunities. Aguide with in-depth ex-planations and suggestedactivities is provided for in-structors and parents.

The Bits 'n BytesGazette, by Rachelle Hellerand C. Dianne Martin,costs $ 10 per set. Schooldiscounts ranging from $3to $7.50 per set are avail-able. Contact the Com-puter Science Press Inc., 11Taft Court, Rockville, MD20850, (301) 251-9050.Circle 613 on inquiry card,

SOFTWARE

FORTH for IBM PC

Next Generation Sys-tems has introduced a ver-sion of the FORTH pro-gramming language for theIBM Personal Computer.This package is based onthe FORTH-79 Standard,and a FORTH InterestGroup (fig) lookalike modeis provided. NGS FORTHuses the DOS file system,which lets you read fromor write to programs anddata in DOS files. Otherfeatures include an autoload screen boot, three de-bugging aids, and in-dividual code, stack, anddata blocks as large as 64Kbytes.

NGS FORTH comes withan indexed, 200-pagemanual. It costs $66, plus$2 shipping. Contact NextGeneration Systems, POB2987, Santa Ciara, CA95055.Circle 614 on inquiry card.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 505

What's New?

Financial

Financial Facts performsa variety of financial func-tions, including deprecia-tion, interest, loan prin-cipal, and future value. Itoffers four methods of cal-culating depreciation andamortization tables formortgage payments andother long-term loans. Itgives you the ability tocompute the future valueof investments, the valueof an investment after adeposit or withdrawal, and

Facts

nominal and effective in-terest rates.

Financial Facts runs onApple II, II Plus, or lie com-puters with one disk driveand 48K bytes of memoryand on 64K-byte IBM Per-sonal Computers with PC-DOS and a disk drive. Itcosts $59.95 and is avail-able from Howard W.Sams & Co., 4300 West62nd St., Indianapolis, IN46268, (3 1 7) 298-5400.Circle 615 on inquiry card.

Interactive Authoring System

The McGraw-Hill Inter-active Authoring Systemhelps you create computer-aided instruction courseson an IBM Personal Com-puter. Previous program-ming knowledge is not re-quired because step-by-step onscreen directionsguide you through thewriting process. Yourlessons can have multiplechoice, matching, and fill-in-the-blank questionscoupled with text, colorgraphics, and videotapesegments. Sixteen fore-ground and eight back-ground colors for graphics

and text are available. Thesystem's interactive videocapabilities are compatiblewith many video playerswith remote control cir-cuitry.

The Interactive Author-ing System requires 128Kbytes of memory, two320K-byte floppy-diskdrives, and color and asyn-chronous communicationscards. For details, contactMcGraw-Hill InteractiveAuthoring System, 26thFloor, 1221 Avenue of theAmericas, New York, NY)0020, (212) 997-6458.Circle 616 on inquiry card.

Dynacomp Enters

Heath/ZenithSoftware Market

Dynacomp now offers47 software packages forHeath/Zenith computerusers. Applications avail-able include engineering,statistics, education, per-sonal finance, business,and games. For a free64-page software catalog,write to Dynacomp Inc.,Department C4, 1427Monroe Ave., Rochester,NY 14618, or call (716)442-8960.Circle 617 on inquiry card.

Compaq NumberCruncher

Pyramid Data Ltd. hasreleased the Number Crun-cher, a financial-modelingsystem for the Compaqportable computer. Thisprogram blends text editingand calculating capabilitiesinto a flexible modelingprogram. Fixed rows andcolumns are not used bythe Number Cruncher,which permits user-definedreport formats. Standardrow and column mathe-matics functions are pro-vided, as are commandsthat let you add, subtract,multiply, and divide blocksof rows and columns toproduce a single total.

The Number Cruncher,which requires 128K bytesof memory, costs $395.Complete details are avail-able from Pyramid DataLtd., POB 10116, SantaAna, CA 9271 1, (800)521-2233; in California, (714)639-1527.Circle 618 on inquiry card.

Accountant for Tl

Professional

Computer

Continental Softwarehas reconfigured TheHome Accountant for the128K-byte Texas Instru-ments Professional Com-puter. This menu-drivenprogram can maintain 200budget categories, trackfive checking accounts, re-concile bank statements,record transactions, andhandle 2000 transactionsper month. It offers a fore-casting module, graphiccapabilities, and one-keyEnglish-language com-mands. The Home Ac-countant's printout func-tion, which can be used forwriting checks or orga-nizing data for readouts,works with most dot-matrix and daisy-wheelprinters.

The Home Accountantruns on MS-DOS using MS-BASIC. The suggested priceis $ 150. Contact Continen-tal Software, 1 1223 SouthHindry Ave., Los Angeles,CA 90045, (213) 417-8031.Circle 619 on inquiry card.

Moon HopperFeatures Graphics,Sound, and Colors

Moon Hopper fromComputerware is an ar-cade-type game for theRadio Shack TRS-80 ColorComputer and the TDP-100. While on test ma-neuvers of the new MoonHopper space explorationvehicle, you are attackedby a swarm of aliens. Toreach the next moon base,you must hop and roll overcraters and rocks while

506 Augu»t 1983 © BYTE Publications Ire

blasting the attackers withyour phasers. Graphicsandsound complete thisadventure.

Moon Hopper requires32K bytes of memory. It'savailable on floppy disk orcassette for $29.95 andS24.95. respectively. Orderit directly from Computer-ware, Suite 102, 4403Manchester Ave., POB668, Encinitas, CA 92024,[619) 436-3512.Circle 620 on inquiry card.

What's New?

COMMUNICATIONS

Accounting Controlfor Rainbow

The Business Account-ing Control Systems (BACS)for Digital Equipment Cor-poration's Rainbow 100 ismarketed by AmericanBusiness Systems. BACSmodules for the Rainboware single-user programsrunning under CP/M-86.BACS provides you with in-teractive menus, extensiveerror checking, full opera-tor prompting, and theability to display reports onscreen. The five-moduleseries comprises order en-try/inventory control, ac-counts receivable, ac-counts payable, payroll,and general ledger pro-grams. BACS is written inRM COBOL.

Minimum hardware re-quirements are 64K bytesof memory, a 24-line by80-character screen, and a132-column printer. Fur-ther information is availablefrom American BusinessSystems Inc., 3 LittletonRd„ Westford, MA 01886,(617) 692-2600.Circle 621 on inquiry card.

Compact

Micom's Micro400 LocalDataset Models 430 and431 connect terminals andcomputers in a local en-vironment. Intended foruse on a college campus orwithin a building, thesedevices provide full-duplexasynchronous communi-cations for up to 3 miles at9600 bps (bits per second).The Model 430 can covermore than 1 mile at 19,200bps. They plug directly intoan RS-232C interface andare powered by the hostsystem. Both models areabout the size of a packageof cigarettes.

The Model 430 LineDriver is designed for useon customer lines. It costs$85. The Model 431 LocalDataset is intended foroperation on telephonecompany-supplied limited-

Datasets

distance private circuits. It'savailable for $95. For fur-ther details, contact MicomSystems Inc., 20151 Nord-hoff St., Chatsworth, CA9131 1, (213) 998-8844.Circle 622 on inquiry card.

Software, Hard-DiskCreate Network

Link-Bos is an integratedhardware and softwareapproach to networking. Itprovides the ability to linkmultiple users, computers,operating systems, and se-lected applications pro-grams through a hard-diskunit. Link-Bos softwareallows sharing of data witha mix or a match of such8-, 16-, or 32-bit computersas Radio Shack, Victor, andZenith. When running any

one of the more than 50Bos applications programs,all computers in the net-work can simultaneouslyuse the same data. Eachsingle-user operating sys-tem and software willwork unchanged.

Link-Bos parallels theoperating system suppliedwith your system. All com-puters in the network areconnected to a commonWinchester hard-disk unitthat serves as the networkstorage area. Data andmessages move betweenworkstations through theWinchester unit.

Bos application pro-grams are available in ac-counting, farming, time-keeping and other areas.Complete details can beobtained from Aid Data Sys-tems Inc., Route 3 Center,POB 750, Millersville, MD21108, (301) 621-9494.Circle 623 on inquiry card.

TelecommunicationsDistribution Network

Business Computer Net-work (BCN) is a telecom-munications distributionsystem that provides accessto existing databases andonline services such as TheSource, Dow Jones, andWestern Union's Easy-Link. Databases are ac-cessed from a menu, andBCN automatically signson the user. Point-to-pointcommunications softwarethat lets different brands ofcomputers work together isone feature of this system.Software downloading,which lets users purchasesoftware at reduced rates

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 507

What's New?

directly from the BCN com-puter center, is also avail-able. Additional networkservices include electronicmail, an information sys-tem, and an electronicmagazine and newsletter.Currently, BCN does notcharge subscriber fees. Aminimum monthly chargeof S5 covers operating ex-

penses and services. A freesystem disk and a systemoverview can be obtainedby contacting the BusinessComputer Network, Suite1220, Gill Plaza, 9601 Mc-Allister Freeway, San An-tonio. TX 78216, (512)340-8201.Circle 624 on inquiry card.

Classroom Use Possiblewith Two-Way Network

The Network 216 andthe Monitor 16 are at theheart of the first networksystem designed for com-plete two-way communi-cations between a masterstation and its satellites.This system, created byWolsteh's Computer De-vices, is designed for anysituation in which morethan one computer is usedat a given time, such as in acomputer class. Uploading,downloading, and the abil-ity to send information to aprinter are provided. Com-munication is both videoand audio. A dedicatedcomputer is not required.

The Network 216 scansup to 16 active Atari com-puters and requests if anyaction, say uploading orsending data to a printer, isrequired. It automaticallyproceeds from one com-puter to another, skippinginactive units. Its data rate

is 19,200 bits per second.The Network 216 usesAtari DOS and can handleup to four disk drives and aprinter.

The Monitor 16 expandsand enhances the system.It can monitor any of the16 Ataris individually at theturn of the dial. Whenused with any televisionset, the Monitor 16 can dis-play the same video infor-mation that is appearingon each computer. Audiocommunication is madepossible through the use ofa headset with an attachedmicrophone.

A hard-disk option willbe available for the system.For additional information,contact Wolsten's Com-puter Devices Inc., 99Washington St., EastOrange, NJ 07017, (201)678-0408.Circle 625 on inquiry card.

Integral IBM

The Bizcomp PCIntelli-modem is an integral Bell212-compatible modemfor the IBM Personal Com-puter. It can communicateat 300 or 1200 bps (bitsper second) and offers in-tegrated voice and datacapabilities. Its telephonehandset permits program-controlled switching be-tween voice and datacommunications withoutrequiring a redial. Thehandset, for example, canbe used to monitor com-munications or to supplyvoice and Touch-Tone in-put under control of thePersonal Computer. Stan-dard features include auto-dial, auto-repeat dial, andauto-answer. The PCIn-tellimodem comes with amenu-driven communica-tions software packagethat provides more than50 commands and statuschecks.

PC, XT Modem

The PCIntellimodem ismarketed through a net-work of IBM dealers. Itssuggested list price isS499. Contact your localIBM dealer or write to In-quiries Manager, BizcompCorp., POB 7498, MenloPark, CA 94025.Circle 626 on inquiry card.

IEEE-488-to-Ethernet Interface

An interface board thatconnects computers withan IEEE-488 GPIB port toan Ethernet local-area net-work has been announcedby Xebec. VLSI technologyis used in this board tocarry out the physical anddata-link control layers ofthe ISO Ethernet specifica-tion. A dedicated micropro-cessor provides high-levelcommand protocols to the

508 August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc

What's New?

host system software. Un-wanted receive packets areautomatically discarded.Standard features include a2K-byte transmit buffer,two 2K-byte receive buf-fers, automatic retransmis-sion after collision, and anonboard encoder/decoderand transceiver. Software-configurable partial multi-cast address filtering is pro-

vided, and the board offersfour software-specified ad-dress reception modes.Other software features in-clude a statistics mode andself-test and diagnostics.Full details are availablefrom Xebec, 432 LakesideDr., Sunnyvale, CA 94086,(408) 733-4200.Circle 627 on inquiry card.

PC to HASP/RJE Communications System

Persyst's DCP/88 Distrib-uted Communications Pro-cessor is an intergratedhardware and softwaresystem that permits IBMPersonal Computer and PCXT users to perform HASP/RJE (Houston AutomaticSpooling Program/remotejob-entry) ■ functions withIBM mainframes. Incorpo-rating an 8088 micropro-cessor, the DCP/88 con-trols all communications,sending and receiving datasimultaneously with pro-gram execution on the PC.It supports 64K bytes ofdual-processor RAM andcan accommodate asyn-chronous, bisynchronous,HDLC, and SDLC line pro-tocols. The DCP/88 re-quires a single card slot and

can function as a parallelprocessor for program orsubroutine execution.

PC/HASP software sup-ports up to seven multi-leaved input and sevenoutput job streams concur-rently. As many as sixreader streams and sixprint/punch streams can beinitiated from the PC con-sole. Centronics- and Data-products-compatibleprinters up to 600 lines perminute are supported, andprint data can be spooledto disk for off-line printing.

Minimum system re-quirements are PC-DOS,64K bytes of memory, amonochrome display, anda disk drive. The suggestedprice is S 1690; quantity dis-counts are offered. Contact

Personal Systems Technol-ogy Inc., Suite A, 15801Rockfield Blvd., Irvine, CA92714, (714) 859-8871.Circle 628 on inquiry card.

MASS STORAGE

Amdisk-V Drives

Plug-compatible

with Industry

Standard

Amdek Corporation'shalf-height double-densitydouble-sided Amdisk-Vfloppy-disk drives are plug-compatible with industry-standard 5'/i-inch drives.Designed for originalequipment manufacturerapplications, the drives of-fer industry-compatibledata-transfer rates, record-ing formats, and disk rota-tion speeds. They are saidto offer a high random-ac-cess speed as a result of ahead mechanism built with

a steel-belt access deviceand ceramic magneticheads.

Full specifications andpricing information areavailable from AmdekCorp., 2201 Lively Blvd.,Elk Grove Village, IL60007, (312) 364-1 180.Circle 629 on inquiry card.

Recording TechniqueBoosts Storage

Sunol Systems' Corvus-compatible mass-storagesystem uses a Run-LengthLimited Coding techniquethat is said to provide up to50% more storage thancommon Winchester diskunits. For example, a 12-megabyte Winchester diskafter formatting has 10megabytes of usable stor-age. Using the same 12-megabyte design and thecoding technique, theSunol unit is claimed to pro-vide 14 megabytes ofstorage.

Sunol drives have a datatransfer rate of 7500 bitsper second and feature astatus display with currenttrack, head, and sector lo-cations. More than 23 dif-ferent host adapters forsuch microcomputers asApple and Victor are avail-able.

Options include multi-plexer and the Omninet lo-cal-area network. ContactSunol Systems, 1072 Ser-pentine Lane, Pleasanton,CA 94566. (415) 484-3322.Circle 630 on inquiry card.

August 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 509

What's New?

Large-Capacity

An 8-inch Winchesterfixed-disk drive, the D-l 100from Disctron can store111.5 megabytes of for-matted data. System hard-ware includes mini Win-chester heads, platedmedia, linear voice coil,and closed-loop servo posi-tioning. Data is carried onfour thin-film fixed disks,with each surface storing

8-inch Fixed Disk

15.9 megabytes of data.The average access time is35 milliseconds. In manu-facturer guantities, theD-l 100 is SI735. Datasheets are available fromfrom Disctron Inc., 1701McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas,CA 95035, (408) 946-6692.Circle 631 on inquiry card.

Cartridge TapeSystem for IBM PC

A cartridge tape subsys-tem for the IBM PersonalComputer is available fromAlloy Computer Products.The compact PC-Backupcartridge drive is a 4-track,6400-bpi unit that can han-dle 13.4-megabytesof data

per 450 feet of tape or 16.5megabytes of data on the555 cartridge. It can serveas a medium for data stor-age or retrieval or as an on-site Winchester backup.PC-Backup comes with TIP(tape interchange program)software for controllingread, write, and dumpoperations. Utilities for cus-tomizing drive operationsare provided.

PC-Backup costs SI995.For full details, contactAlloy Computer Products,12 Mercer Rd., Natick, MA01760, (617) 655-3900.Circle 632 on inquiry card.

Winchester

Technology for DEC

Professional 350

Digital's RD5 1, a10-megabyte 5'A-inchWinchester disk, interfaceswith the Professional 350.Its average access time is85 ms (milliseconds);average rotational latencyis 8.33 ms. RD51 character-istics include 345 tracks perinch with a density of 9074bits per inch and a peakdata-transfer rate of 5000bits per second. It'sorganized with 1224tracks, each with 16 sec-tors. RD51 has two dataplatters and four data sur-faces.

The drive alone costsSI695. Pricing for com-plete subsystems with con-trollers is available by re-guest. Contact DigitalEguipment Corp., May-nard, MA 01754.Circle 633 on inquiry card.

Portable MinicassetteProgram Loader

The MTL-II is a portable,minicassette programloader from Braemar Com-puter Devices. Intended asan I/O device for RS-232Capplications, the MTL-II canstore and retrieve approxi-mately 244K bytes of dataon a single cassette. Thisunit reads and writes ANSI-compatible tape for loadingprograms or remotely col-lected data through a stan-dard RS-232C port. Light-emitting diodes providestatus line and error indica-tion. Other features includea membrane keyboard forcontrol commands, an in-tegral tape deck that uses

50- or 80-foot tapes, andselectable data rates rang-ing from 150 to 9600 bitsper second.

In guantity, the MTL-IIcosts S350. Further detailsare available from BraemarComputer Devices Inc.,1 1950 12th Ave. S, Burns-ville, MN 55337, (612)890-5135.Circle 634 on inquiry card.

PRINTERS

Printers for

Commodore 64

and VIC-20

Cardco produces theCardprinter/LQ I, a letter-quality daisywheel printerfor the Commodore 64 andthe VIC-20. It runs at 14characters per second (cps)and provides boldface,shadow, and underlineprinting in normal or pro-portional spacing modes of10, 12, or 15 characters perinch. Options include trac-tor and cut-sheet feedersand a keyboard for directprinting. The suggested re-tail price is S599.95.

The Cardprinter/DM 1 isalso available from Cardco.This dot-matrix impactprinter can print 40 col-umns of text on 3-inch-wide adding-machine rollpaper. Full Commodoregraphics, 50-cps operation,and high-resolution dot-ad-dressable graphics are fea-tured. It costs S 149.95. Forcomplete specifications,contact Cardco Inc., 313Mathewson Ave., Wichita,KS 67214, (316) 267-6525.Circle 635 on inquiry card.

510 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Morrow IntroducesLetter-Quality Printers

Three letter-quality,daisywheel printers havebeen introduced by Mor-row. The MP 100, MP200,and MP300 offer Shannontext print speeds of 14, 20,or 31 characters per sec-ond, respectively. Theyoperate with all Morrowcomputer systems, includ-ing the Micro Decision andthe Decision I. Bidirectionalprinting and noise levelsbelow 65 decibels are stan-dard. Word-processingfunctions such as boldface,

underlining, centering, sub-script, and superscript aresupported. Standard multi-strike Silver-Reed ribbonsare used. The MP200 andMP300, both 132-columnprinters, can automaticallyload single-sheet paper.The prices range fromS595 to SI 195. Completedetails are available fromMorrow, 600 McCormickSt., San Leandro, CA94577, (415) 430-1970.Circle 636 on inquiry card.

Printer with

Alphacom is marketing a40-column thermal printertargeted at the OEM.mar-ket. The Alphacom 1842provides applications flexi-bility through personality(i.e., interface) modules

a Personality

that manage communica-tions with the host com-puter, generate characters,and determine the charac-ter set and matrix. A4-pound unit featuring asingle-chip microprocessor

controller and an Olivettiprint mechanism, the 1842is housed in an impact-re-sistant case, measuring101/2 by 7/2 by 4 inches. Itruns at 2 lines per secondin either a graphics or char-acter mode.

With an interface mod-ule, the single-unit price isS 199.50. Interface modulesare -available for Cen-tronics, IEEE-488, and RS-232C ports. Teletext andvideotex versions are inproduction. For informa-tion, contact Alphacom,2323 South Bascom Ave.,Campbell, CA 95008,(408) 559-8000.Circle 637 on inquiry card.

Low-Cost Letter-Quality Printer

The Transtar Model 130is advertised as the firstdaisy-wheel printer to pro-vide letter-quality print andfull word-processing func-tions for less than S900.Produced with users of IBMPC, Apple, and Osbornecomputers in mind, theModel 130 is compatiblewith all word-processingsoftware that uses Diabloroutines. An auto-load fea-ture lets you load cut-sheetpaper to one of fourswitch-selectable positionsdesigned for most com-mon printing functions.Fully formed characters areprinted, bidirectionally, at18 cps (characters per sec-ond) Shannon text rating;the maximum speed is 20cps. Cartridge ribbons areavailable in cloth or single-or multistrike Mylar film,and 96-character plasticprint wheels come in pica,

elite, or proportional styles.Proportional spacing is sup-ported if your word proces-sor is so equipped.

Two versions of theprinter are offered. TheModel 130P is an 8-bitCentronics-compatible par-allel interface. It costs S895.The Model 130S workswith RS-232C serial inter-faces. It has a standard2K-byte print buffer andswitch-selectable transmis-sion rates ranging from 300to 2400 bits per second.The Model 130S supportsthe DTR busy protocol,with XON/XOFF and ETX/ACK protocols under DIPswitch control. The sug-gested retail price is S950.A bidirectional tractor-feedoption lists for SI49. Formore details, contact Tran-star, 2110 1 16th NE, POBC-96975, Bellevue, WA98009, (206) 454-9250.Circle 638 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

16/32-Bit ProcessorBoosts Apple's Speed

The PDQ 11 is said to in-crease the Apple ll/lle'scomputational speed from200 to 2000 percent. Pro-duced by EnhancementTechnology Corporation,the PDQ II incorporates a16/32-bit MC68000 micro-processor and 256K bytesof RAM and provides suchproductivity capabilities asmultiple printer/communi-cations buffering, pseudo-disk functions, and trackbuffering. Most standardApplesoft BASIC programsare supported, as are ad-vanced 16/32-bit software,

Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publicstioiu Inc 511

What's New?

Apple DOS 3.3, and theUCSD p-System interpreter.RAM memory expansionto I megabyte and Unix-like operating systems arein the works. PDQ II costs

SI595. Contact Enhance-ment Technology Corp.,POB 1267, Pittsfield, MA01202, (413) 445-4219.Circle 639 on inquiry card.

Microcomputer

The Microneye visionsystem transmits images toyour computer for massstorage of graphics displaysand image analyses. Possi-ble applications includerobotics, security, and textrecognition. It's capable of256 by 128 resolution andoperating speeds of up to15 frames per second.

Microneye is currently

Vision System

available for the Apple IIPlus and lie, IBM PersonalComputer, Commodore64, and the Radio ShackTRS-80 Color Computer. Itlists for S295. For completespecifications, contactMicron Technology Inc.,2805 East Columbia Rd.,Boise, ID 83706, (208)383-4050.Circle 640 on inquiry card.

Telephone/TerminalRuns Two Lines

The Displayphone is atwo-line business tele-phone combined with a7-inch terminal screen pro-duced by Northern Tele-com and distributed byMay-Craft Information Sys-tems. This device is de-signed for accessing data-bases such as The Sourceand Dow Jones, evenwhile you're on anotherline. Displayphone pro-vides an internal speaker/phone, a call directory, calltimer, an internal 300-bit-per-second (bps) modem,and an electronic clock

with time and date. Thescreen format is 24 lines by80 columns. Displayphonesupports a separate printerand comes with an exter-nal RS-232C data connec-tor offering speeds of up to1200 bps.

Further information onthe Displayphone is avail-able from May-Craft Infor-mation Systems Inc., 4312Beltwood Parkway S, Dal-las, TX 75234, (800)527-7456; in Texas, (214)392-3766.Circle 641 on inquiry card.

16-Bit SMC-70Upgrade Offers 256K RAM

Sony MicrocomputerProducts is marketing a 16-bit upgrade for its SMC-70microcomputer. The Super-charger converts the SMC-70 into a 16-bit systemcarrying 256K bytes of on-board RAM (random-ac-cess read/write memory).Based on Intel's 8086microprocessor operatingat 5 MHz, the Superchargeris capable of supportingCP/M and MS-DOS concur-rently. It measures 14% in-

ches wide by 6'/4 inchesdeep by 4% inches high.Changes to SMC-70 peri-pherals are not required.

Options available in-clude an additional 512Kbytes of RAM and an 8087floating-point mathematicsprocessor. The Super-charger costs less thanSI000. Sony Microcom-puter Products, Sony Dr.,Park Ridge, NJ 07656.Circle 642 on inquiry card.

512 Auguit 19»3 © BYTE Publication! Ire

What's New?

Computer Image RecorderSnaps Instant Photos

The Polaroid Palette, aninteractive film recorder,produces high-quality 35-mm slides and instantphotographs of computergraphics images in eitherblack-and-white or color.Featuring a flat-faced,medium-resolution mono-chrome video screen witha tricolor filter wheel, thePalette allows even mono-chrome displays withgraphics capabilities to pro-duce color prints for pre-sentations, displays, recordkeeping, or working copies.It connects to the com-puter through black-and-white video and RS-232Clines. It's supplied with in-teractive software formatching exposure param-eters to the film and allow-ing the user to control colorselection and location. Thesoftware also lets youtransfer images from thedisplay to the film withoutmodification.

Palette can be used withApple II Plus, Apple lie, and

IBM Personal Computers.Several graphics packagesare supported. The sug-gested retail price is S1300,including software, a35-mm camera back andan adapter plate, andtransparency system hard-ware. Further details areavailable from Polaroid,575 Technology Square,Cambridge, MA 02139,[617) 577-2000.Circle 644 on inquiry card.

Eight-Color,

High-Resolution

RGB Monitor

The Model SC-300 color-display monitor is compat-ible with Apple Mil, IBMPC, NEC, and other popu-lar computers. A 13-inchred/green/blue high-resolu-tion monitor, the SC-300offers a display format of80 characters by 25 lines ina 5- by 7-dot grid. Key

specifications include eightcolors plus intensity (total16 colors), a digital ampli-fier video circuit, and acenter resolution of 700dots (minimum).

The SC-300 monitorcosts S899. Complete tech-nical specifications areavailable from SakataU.S.A. Corp., 651 BonnieLane, Elk Grove Village, IL60007, (800) 323-6647; inIllinois. (312) 593-3211.Circle 645 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

ConcurrentProcessing

The Xerox 16/8 Profes-sional Computer combines16- and 8-bit microproces-sors for concurrent process-ing of two tasks. The 16-bitoperating systems areCP/M-86 and MS-DOS;CP/M-80 handles the 8-bitwork. The 16-bit Intel 8086processor provides 128Kbytes (expandable to 256Kbytes) of user memory,while the 8-bit Zilog Z80Ahas 64K bytes. Standardfeatures include a 12-inchblack-and-white displaywith a 24 by 80 format,two serial and two parallelports, and a low-profilekeyboard with 12 user-de-finable keys, 6 system func-tion keys, a 10-key numerickeypad, cursor keys, and aHelp key. Video attributessuch as blinking characters,high and low intensity, in-verse video, and graphicsare provided. Storage op-tions, which can betailored to specific needs,include two single-or

double-sided 5 lA- or 8-inchfloppy-disk drives and a10-megabyte fixed-diskdrive that comes with adouble-sided 8-inch diskdrive.

Two letter-quality Diabloprinters, 5- or 10-slot ex-pansion modules, Ethernetnetwork communications,and a variety of applica-tions software are availableas options. Prices begin at$3395; quantity discountsare offered. Contact Xerox,Office Products Division,1341 West MockingbirdLane, Dallas, TX 75247.Circle 646 on inquiry card.

Automated LanguageSystem

ALPS, Automated Lan-guage Processing Systems,is a multilingual translatorand authoring workstationcapable of serving as a mas-ter station in a network oras a stand-alone unit. Thebasic ALPS word processorlets you work in more than100 Roman-alphabet-basedlanguages and offers con-tinually accessible diction-ary-building and lookupcapabilities. This systemfeatures multiple-window80- and 130-column dis-play screens, a letter-qualitymultilingual printer, andmultilingual keyboards.Floppy-disk and hard-diskstorage capacities rangefrom 10 to 300 megabytes.Network and telecommu-nications capabilities permitaccess to term banks andterminology-exchange net-works.

Augurt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 513

What's New?

A full range of optionalintegrated writing aids,multiple unit configura-tions, and financial soft-ware are available. For

complete details, contactALPS, 190 West 800North, Provo, UT 84601,(801) 375-0090.Circle 647 on inquiry card.

Single-Board

The 6809 ControlModule from Wintek Cor-poration is designed forsuch applications asdedicated control, protocolconversion, and robotics.This system comes with awatchdog timer, real-timeclock, two RS-232C ports,four parallel ports withhandshaking, and up to64K bytes of RAM andEPROM. It's built on anindustry-standard 4/2- by6 V2 -inch card, and it's

6809 Computer

compatible with all WintekI/O modules.

Options include addi-tional ROM or CMOS RAMmemory modules and6809 development soft-ware. Prices begin at S245;guantity discounts areavailable. A manual alonecosts S5. For full details,contact Wintek Corp.,1801 South St., Lafayette,IN 47904, (317) 742-8428.Circle 649 on inquiry card.

16K-Byte Computer

The Timex/Sinclair 1500,a 16K-byte computer, hasblack-and-white graphicscapabilities, a 40-key type-writer-like keyboard, andthe ability to use eitherstandard audio cassettes ormini-cartridge software.Other features include 22graphics and 22 special-character keys, Extended

for Less Than $80

BASIC, and compatibilitywith software and periph-erals available for theTS1000. RAM memory isexpandable to 32K bytes.

The suggested retailprice is $79.95. ContactTimex Computer Corp.,Middlebury, CT 06762.Circle 650 on inquiry card.

System Expands

Cromemco's CS-3A seriesof general-purpose micro-computers offers multiuser,multitasking capabilities.The basic CS-3A comeswith a Z80A, 64K bytes ofmemory, two slimline 8-inch Tandon disk driveswith a total of 2.4 mega-bytes of storage, andCROMIX and CDOS oper-ating systems.

System expandability be-gins with a 21-slot back-plane and a line of bus-compatible board prod-ucts. A dual-processor op-tion couples the Z80A withthe 68000 microprocessor.Other hardware availableincludes up to 4 megabytesof user memory and 21megabytes of fixed-diskWinchester storage. Soft-

for Multiple Users

ware options such as errorchecking and correctingmemory and a multiuser,multitasking operating sys-tem are offered. C, LISP,FORTRAN. COBOL, Pascal,BASIC RPG-II, and RATFORare supported. Wheneguipped with dual proces-sors, the CS-3A can runFORTRAN-77 and Level IICOBOL.

The basic CS-3A systemcosts S6995. The dual-pro-cessor version with 256Kbytes of memory is S7995.Full specifications areavailable from CromemcoInc., 280 Bernardo Ave.,POB 7400, MountainView, CA 94039, (415)964-7400.Circle 651 on inquiry card.

514 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

4ICRO COLOR COMPUTIR

m 77T m CD EC DD O D D Q O 2

rn fti m in m Q o D D O Cfl

F*!n fti m rn CD QD O D H H H CI

j

Color Computer

The Radio Shack TRS-80Micro Color ComputerModel MC-10 is targeted atfirst-time computer users. A4K-byte machine that'ssoftware-compatible withColor BASIC, the MC-10 of-fers low-resolution graph-ics, keyword input usingtwo keystrokes, and textand graphics displays in a32-character by 16-line for-mat. For expansion, serialand cassette ports are pro-vided. The MC-10 con-nects to standard color or

for Beginners

black-and-white televisionsthrough its built-in RFmodulator.

A plug-in I6K-bytememory-expansion mod-ule will soon be available.With a manual and moni-tor-connection cables, theMC-10 costs $1 19.95. Formore information, contactyour local Radio ShackComputer Center or RadioShack, 1800 One TandyCenter, Fort Worth, TX76102.Circle 652 on inquiry card.

Software Library Comes Standard

The Multiplan electronicspreadsheet, the Wordstar3.3 word processor, Mail-merge 3.3, CBASIC, CP/MPlus, a VT-100 terminalemulation package, andDigital Research's GSS-Graph graphics packageand the GSX-80 graphics-device driver comprise thesoftware library suppliedwith the Visual 1050 Per-sonal Computer. Systemhardware is made up oftwo 400K-byte floppy-diskdrives, 96K bytes of RAM, ahigh-resolution |640 by

300), bit-mapped mono-chrome display, a de-tached 93-key keyboard,and printer, modem, andWinchester disk-expansionports.

A plug-in, dual-port serialcard, 64K bytes of mem-ory, and a 5-megabytehard-disk are available asoptions. The Visual 1050lists for S2695. For more in-formation, contact VisualTechnology Inc., 540 MainSt., Tewksbury, MA 01876,(617) 851-5000.Circle 653 on inquiry card.

IBM PC Look-Alike

The Sanyo MBC 550 is a16-bi IBM Personal Com-puter look-alike. Standardfeatures include an 8088microprocessor, 128Kbytes of memory, a 160K-byte floppy-disk drive, colorgraphics capabilities, and aCentronics-type printerport. Supplied software in-cludes Sanyo BASIC, utili-ties, a word processor, anddiagnostics. MS-DOS, an8087 mathematics proces-sor, 320K to 640K bytes ofdisk storage, monochromeor color monitors, and anextra 128K bytes of mem-ory are some of the optionsavailable.

Prices for the MBC 550begin at S995. ContactSanyo Business SystemsCorp., 51 Joseph St.,Moonachie, NJ 07074,(201) 440-9300.Circle 654 on inquiry card.

16-Bit Computer

Suited for Home and

Bu iness

A 16-bit desktop com-puter, the Toshiba T300 isdesigned for personal andbusiness use. This machinehas an 8088 processor,I92K bytes of memory, a103-key detached key-board, three video inter-faces, a serial RS-232C port,and a Centronics-com-patible parallel port. Threedisplay monitors are of-fered: a 12-inch greenscreen, an 8-color 14-inchversion, and a 14-inch dis-play with 16 colors avail-able from a palette of 256.Each tilt-and-swivel moni-tor has a dot-addressableresolution of 640 by 500.

Mass storage is providedby one or two slimline5'/4-inch double-density,double-sided floppy-diskdrives, each with a cap-acity of 640K bytes. MS-DOS and T-BASIC16 arestandard, and CP/M-86and CBASIC-86 are avail-able as options. RAM mem-ory is expandable to 512Kbytes. For full details, con-tact Toshiba America Inc.,Information Systems Divi-sion, 2441 Michelle Dr.,Tustin, CA 92680, (714)730-5000.Circle 655 on inquiry card.

FOREIGN

Adjustable ComputerTables

Emmein B. V. is export-ing computer terminal andkeyboard tables with elec-tronically controlled heightadjustments. Each high-grade steel table has twoindependently adjustableleaves that permit the key-board and terminal to beraised or lowered. Liftingsystems are concealed be-hind a panel, and eachtable comes with a cableduct for the terminal'scables and power supply.

Three models, each witha different adjustmentmethod, are offered: theelectronic model permitsrecording of the desiredheight for automatic ad-justments; the push-buttonmodel uses electricmotors and screw drives;and the mechanical modeladjusts each leaf usingbalanced weights.

Sides leaves are availablefor each table. For informa-

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 515

What's New?

tion, write to the ConsulateGeneral of the Nether-lands, Economic Section6a2/82, One Rockefeller

Plaza, New York, NY

10020.

Circle 656 on inquiry card.

Vision

Digithurst Ltd. sells twovision systems for micro-computer applicationsranging from education toartificial intelligence. TheMicrosight 1 is a CCTV-based unit that uses aMicro Eye camera interfaceto send 8-bit digitized videoimages to a computer. TheMicrosight 2, based on asolid-state camera, employsa 128 by 128 CID sensor tocapture an image and ahigh-speed interface topass the image back to thecomputer either as 8-bitdigital video or as thresholdvideo.

Systems

Both systems use a com-mand processor and diskI/O and camera-controlroutines. Other softwarepermits interactive adjust-ments of camera settingsand display of facsimile andbinary images. A boun-dary/edge detection pro-gram is included. TheMicrosight 1 costs £499.The Microsight 2 is £199.Contact Digithurst Ltd.,Leaden Hill, Orwell, Roys-ton, Hertsfordshire SG85QH, England; tel: (0223)208926.Circle 657 on inquiry card.

P-system for IBM PC

Network Consulting hasconfigured a version of theUCSD Pascal p-System forthe IBM Personal Com-puter. Purported to runone to five times fasterthan its competition, thissystem features a rewritten8088 interpreter and float-ing-point programs thatmanipulate real numbers.Its long-integer support issaid to be three to five

times faster than previoussystems.

Dealer prices begin atS845. Benchmarks andmarketing information areavailable from NetworkConsulting Inc., Suite 110,Discovery Park (WillingdonSite), 3700 Gilmore Way,Burnaby, British ColumbiaV5G 4M1, Canada, (604)430-3466.Circle 658 on inquiry card.

Joystick Port for VIC

MFJ Electro Enterprisesoffers Commodore VIC-20users an add-on port for asecond joystick for pro-gramming and runningtwo-player games. Pro-gramming instructions anda sample two-player gameon cassette are provided inthis S21.50 package. Con-tact MFJ Electro Enter-prises, POB 13076, Kanata,Ontario, K2K 1X3 Canada,(613) 592-2962.Circle 659 on inquiry card.

Graphics DisplayTerminal

Nippon Computer Com-pany's NJC-M1212 graph-ics display terminal is suit-able for business graphicsand graphics informationretrieval. Standard featuresinclude a 12-inch greenscreen, 640- by 486-dotresolution, 1 -microsecondper dot high-speed draw-ing, three communicationsports, and a Tektronix4010/4014 emulator. Thecomplete package is pro-vided with a graphics pro-cessor, communicationssoftware, and a keyboard.

The list price is $2600.Contact Nippon ComputerCo. Ltd., Naito Building,Nihonbashi Hamacho2-25-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo103, Japan; tel:03-669-3066; Telex:0-2523475.Circle 660 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

RS-232C Switch andIndicating Adapter

Bejed's Model BJ-1208EIA Mini-Switch providesmanual switching be-tween many RS-232C de-vices, such as a modem orcomputer. Common leads2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 20 areswitched, while 1, 7, and10 are hard-wired through.Its nonlocking push buttonchanges color when oper-ated. In single units, theBJ-1208 costs $98, in-cluding mounting hard-ware.

Also available from Bejedis the Model BJ-1218 In-dicating Adapter. Its LEDsprovide the status informa-tion on RS-232C data leads2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 20. Allother leads are carriedthrough without indica-tion. The Model BJ-1218 isoffered in two versions fordifferent connector ar-rangements. Either modelcosts $35.

Quantity discounts onthese devices are offered.For more information, con-tact Bejed Inc., 4824 North-east 42nd, Portland, OR97218, (503) 281-8153.Circle 661 on inquiry card.

516 Auguit 1983 © BYTE Publication Inc

What's New?

Colored-Coded Disks Aid Filing

Colored disks fromCenna Technology helpyou file, code, and identifyyour programs. Five dif-ferent colors are suppliedwith each 10-pack: red,orange, yellow, green, andblue. Other color combina-tions are available on re-quest. The disk cartridgematerial is high-qualityHomopolymer PVC. Sin-gle-sided, double-sided,and quad-density 5/4- and8-inch disks are offered.

The suggested end-userprice for a 10-pack of sin-gle-sided 5/4 -inch disks isS34.95. Dealer pricing isavailable. Contact CennaTechnology Inc., 183 Cot-

tage Ave., Sandy, UT84070, (801) 261-1600.Circle 662 on inquiry card.

Bulk EPROM EraserWorks In Minutes

The Memorase C-25erases up to 25 EPROMs in10 minutes. It comes with

a filtered viewport, high-intensity grid lamp, 60-minute timer for simplifiedexposure settings, and asafety interlock. In singleunits, the C-25 costs $395.A desktop version capableof erasing 1 to 8 EPROMs,the Model DE-4 costs ap-proximately S78. Volumediscounts are available.Contact UVP Inc., 5100Walnut Grove Ave., POB1501, San Gabriel, CA91778, (213) 285-3123.Circle 663 on inquiry card.

Terminals Upgradedto CP/M Systems

The Microfit InstantComputer upgrades yourTelevideo or Lear Sieglerterminal into a CP/M sys-tem. Microfit is a single-board 64K-byte computerusing a Z80A processorand offering two RS-232Cports, a Centronics parallelinterface, and a floppy-diskcontroller for up to four5/4- or 8-inch disk drives.Storage capacities rangefrom 200K bytes to 5megabytes.

Microfit will convertTelevideo Models 910,912, 920, 925, and 950terminals and Lear SieglerModels ADM-3A andADM-5. It costs $1595,which includes CP/M anddual 720K-byte double-sided floppy-disk drives.Full details are availablefrom Data Systems Market-ing, 5710 Ruffin Rd., SanDiego, CA 92123, (800)854-2684; in California,(800) 532-3717.Circle 664 on inquiry card.

Joystick for theApple and IBM PC

The Mach III joystickfrom Hayes Products isconnector-compatible withApple ll/lle and IBM Per-sonal Computers. It fea-tures a gimble with springcentering or free-floating inany or all four X,Y coor-dinates, which provides anarm alignment with 360°movement. Fire controlbuttons are located on thedeck of the control unitand on the end of the joy-stick.

For the Apple II, theMach III costs $49.95. TheApple lie and IBM PersonalComputer version is priced$5 higher. Contact HayesProducts, 1558 Osasge St.,San Marcos, CA 92069,(714) 744-8546.Circle 665 on inquiry card.

Synthesizer CreatesStereo Effect

The Stereo Composer isa music-synthesis systemfor the Radio Shack ColorComputer and the TDP-100 from Speech Systems.Stereo Composer comeswith software that lets youprogram four voices with aseven-octave range. Of thefour voices, two are di-

Augujt 1983 © BYTE Publication! Inc 517

What's New?

rected toward two sepa-rate channels, creating astereophonic effect. Dot-ted, double-dotted, eighth,quarter, and standardtriplet notes are supported.Voices can be moved be-tween speakers, and musiccan be played at any tem-po in any key. Tempo andkey can be changed as themusic is playing. Systemhardware features in-dividual 8-bit D/A (digital-to-analog) converters todrive two audio poweramplifiers which, in turn,run a pair of loudspeakers.Output can be connectedto a home stereo systemfor greater stereo effect.

The Stereo Composercosts SI 19.95. It's availablefrom Speech Systems, 38West 255 Deerpath Rd.,Batavia, IL 60510, (312)879-6880.Circle 666 on inquiry card.

Printer TravelingCases

Travelmaster's line ofprinter carrying cases fea-tures blow-molded double-wall construction, luggage-style handles, and lockinglatches. Cases are availablefor Epson Microlines,Okidata ML-80 series, C.Itoh Prowriter, and NEC80-character printers. Sug-gested retail prices rangefrom $79.95 to $94.95. Formore information, contactSouthern Case Inc., Travel-master Division, 2315Laurelbrook St., POB28147, Raleigh, NC 2761 I,(800) 334-0551; in NorthCarolina, (919) 821-0877.Circle 667 on inquiry card.

Programmable RobotLifts More Than 1 Pound

The Microbot Alpha, aself-contained, program-mable robot, can lift pay-loads of up to 1 Vi pounds.Alpha's arm, which has an18-inch reach, offers suchmotions as 330° base rota-tion, 140° shoulder andelbow bends, 360° wristrolls, and 180° wrist pitch.A cable-operated mechani-cal gripper uses timing beltscoupled with metal pulleysto transmit the torque ofstepper motors. Operatingspeeds as high as 20 inchesper second are achievable,and Alpha can be pro-grammed for accelerationand deceleration modes. Itsrepeatable position accu-racy is plus or minustwenty-thousandths of aninch. An onboard com-puter can be set to retain227 working positions. Inaddition. Alpha can be pro-grammed with other com-puters through an RS-232C

asynchronous serial inter-face using a proprietaryprogramming language. Itincludes 4K bytes ofEPROM and EEPROM and1K bytes of RAM.

In single units, the Alpharobot costs $8500. Moreinformation is availablefrom Microbot Inc., 435-HRavendale Dr., MountainView, CA 94043, (415)968-8911.Circle 668 on inquiry card.

Prlntwheel CleaningSystem

Your printwheel's plasticand metal spokes and type-face crevices can be safelycleaned with the Copy-source Printwheel Clean-ing Kit. Spill-free wands areused to dispense 0.6 milli-

liters of a cleaning solventthat eliminates plastic glazeand dissolves caked mag-netic dust, ink, and dirt.

Each self-containedCopysource kit contains 10wands, 10 lint-free drywipes, a cleaning station,and a tray. A single kit is$12.95. A case (10 kits)costs $89.50, To order,contact Chope-StevensPaper Co., Department202, 1800 18th St., Detroit,Ml 48216, [3 \3) 237-0300.Circle 669 on inquiry card.

RS-232C Devices AidConnections

The Jaxon Division ofRVR Systems markets twointerconnection aids for RS-232C devices. The Owl in-serts into any RS-232C portand indicates whether thedevice type is DTE (ter-minal) or DCE (modem). Ifleft inline, the Owl in-dicates data transfers.

When inserted betweenRS-232C lines, the LBS-]loopback switch lets youconnect DTE to DTE, DCEto DCE, or DTE to DCE.Each connector operatesLBS-], except pins 2 and 3.It comes with descriptionsof DATA, CONTROL, andTIMING lines.

These devices do not re-quire power, nor will theyload lines. The Owl costs$39.95. LBS-1 is $29.95.Both prices include ship-ping and handling originat-ing from Jaxon, RVR Sys-tems, POB 265, Dewitt,NY 13214.Circle 670 on inquiry card.

518 August 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc

What's New?

Automatic Ribbon Reinker

The Mac Inker fromComputer Friends auto-matically reinks ribbons forany printer. Users merelyload their ribbon cartridge,and Mac Inker metes outthe correct amount of ink,evenly distributing it acrossthe ribbon.

Mac Inker is available

with multicolored inks andwith cartridge-loading sta-tions for most currentprinters. It costs S 54.95.For full details, contactComputer Friends, 100Northwest 86th Ave.,Portland, OR 97229, (503)297-2321.Circle 671 on inquiry card.

RS-232C Cable Offersa Handshake to Any Peripheral

The SC821 Smart Cablefrom IQ Technologies is anintelligent RS-232C inter-face cable that can hookany computer to any peri-pheral with the flip of asingle switch. This device isdesigned with onboardlogic circuitry that deter-mines which RS-232C in-terface lines are used by acomputer and a peripheral,and it adjusts the hand-

shaking signals according-ly. This eliminates the needfor breakout boxes, cableredesign, and inventoriesof custom cables. Possibleapplications include systemintegration and field ser-vice.

The SC821 connects allthe handshaking lines in aspecific application in addi-tion to CTS, DTS, DTR, andDSR. It functions at data

rates of up to 19,200 bitsper second. In the event ofa hardware or softwareproblem, the SC821's in-dicator lights point out thedevice that is disabling thedata transfer. The cable istransparent to data rate,word length, and error anddata codes. It costs S245and can be ordered fromIQ Technologies Inc., Suite308, 11811 Northeast FirstSt., Bellevue, WA 98005,(206) 451-0232.Circle 672 on inquiry card.

Disk StorageContainers

Diskfiles provide efficientdisk storage for up to 125floppy disks. Disk compart-ments are separated byremovable inserts, and fivecolor-coded tab dividersare provided. The unitfeatures dimensions similarto most disk drives and adark, see-through acrylicfinish.

Diskus Jr., which holds75 disks, costs S39.95.Holding up to 125 disks,Diskfiles costs S59.95. An8-inch version capable ofhandling 1 15 disks isS79.95. Add S3.75 ship-

ping and handling to eachorder. Contact DiskusProducts, 6003 BandiniBlvd., Los Angeles, CA90040, (213) 726-3088.Circle 673 on inquiry card.

Stand Lifts PC for

Stowing Keyboard

Safely

The P. C. Stand lifts theIBM Personal Computer sothat you can safely stashthe keyboard under theunit. The P. C. Standallows the keyboard cableto be efficiently routedunder the system, or it canbe used for positioning themonitor at a more comfort-able viewing height. Thiswelded steel unit is finishedto complement the IBM'scolor and texture. Itmeasures 22 inches wideby 3 inches high by 14 in-ches deep. The suggestedprice is S34.95, plus S2shipping and handling.The P. C. Stand can beordered from PersonalComputer Accessories,4456 Partridge Court, SanJose, CA 95121. (408)578-7798. ■Circle 674 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From?

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE isobtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by thepromoters of new products. If in our judgment the informationmight be of interest to the personal computing experimenters andhomebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. Weopenly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and sup-pliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or lessas a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifica-tions. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccuratedata, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluatethe products and companies appearing in the "What's New?"feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsiblefor product quality or company performance.

August 1983 © BYTE Publication* Inc 519

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snnnroGn, en 9S070.

(408) 252 4210

M.C—ADD $2.00 SHIPCA. RESIDENTS ADD6% SALES TAXSURCHARGE ON ORDERSSHIPPED OUTSIDE USA

■■■■■■■ Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 118 on Inquiry card.

5V4" DISK DRIVES

TAND0N

• TIM 100-1

Single Sided, 40 TRK, «j-.nnn

Single Or Double Density "179uu

Free Shipping

• TM 100-2

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side ,«....

Single Or Double Density »Z4g»»

Free Shipping

CDC

• 9409

Double Sided. 40TRK/Side „..„.

Single Or Double Density 8Z48U»

Free Shipping

Order Toll Free

1-800-531-5475 (Outside Of Texas)

(512) 250-1523 (In Texas)

"II We Can'I Ship The Next Working Day.

We Won't Take The Order."

MasterCard * VISA * Check

Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax.

fCompufidd

Corp,

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101Austin, Texas 78750

TRUE 16 BIT PROCESSING

Bun* sB

Z8001 Mlcroprocaftor (upgradable to Z8O03)

• 2 Kx16 Eprom with Monitor Program

(E;Rom optional)

• 16 Vectored Interrupts

• Full IEEE- 696 (Si00) Compliance

• All Z8001 Features available

• Battery backup time of day clock

• Requires RAM capable o) word transfers" CP/M8000 Coming Soon

•Model M8000 CPU Board $425°°

■Model M8000 EE with E'Rom $500°°

Memory Mnnagemont Companion Card available 3rd Quatlci 1993'6 month limited warranty

NEW!)2 Serial / 2 Parallel I/O Card

• 2 Async serial ports

• t Centronics parallel port

• t General purpose parallel port

• 3 16 bit counter/timers

• Uses Zilog 8531/8536

Introductory Price $225"To Order: Call 1-600-821-8858, In NM, 1-505-523-0975 Or writ*:

MICRO SOLUTIONS INC.Suite 191 B — 1608 El Paseo Rd. — Las Cruxes, NM 88001

include C*., MO or uie Mailer Cmrd or Vita. MM rat. add 4.5% tmx

Circle 84 on Inquiry card.

Circle 264 on Inquiry card.

Circle 372 on Inquiry card.

CHECK SUNTRONICS NEW LOW PRICES

lie Compatible Products

$QQ95

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive Controller... Oi/Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart com-patible 5Vi" Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card)

$QQ00

ASCII KEYBOARD A&T OJ

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock,underscore, [ ) and back slash characters.Apple Prototype Board.

Double Sided glass withgold plated Apple andGeneral Purpose termin-als. Contains matrix of 17x 63 solder plated donutson .15" x .1" spacing. Great for 14,16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-722 12.99

Apprate PROM Blaster 119.00

"ALS" 80 Column Card 159.00

"ALS" Z-CARD (Z80 CPU) 149.00

General Products

Mitsubishi Disk Drives, 5V»" and 8" Slim

5W Thin DSDD 40 Track 310.00

8" Thin DSDD 77 Track 450.00

General Products- cont.

Video Monitors

♦ OJM

SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $115.00

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz 119.00

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz 124.00

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 12MHz 127.00

Composite video I/O. 750 lines resolution. 75/10K ohmimpedance. Note: Pleaseadd$7.50shippingandhandlingfor the video monitors.

Assembled Connectors and Cables

Centronics Type Cable Assemblies 36 pin flat cablewith male to male or male to female connectors.

4 ft.—$24.95 6 ft.—$27.95RS232 Cable Assemblies 25 pin flat cable with maleto male or male to female connectors.

5 ft.—$29.95 10 ft—$35.95

Assemble Your Own Cables

Ribbon

Card Edge

IDS

Header

Cable

Connector

Socket

(w/w)

Cond. Priea/ft.

Mc«

Price

Price

20 $0.50

$2.46

$3.06

$4.24

26 0.65

4.80

3.87

4.68

34 0.83

5.93

6.30

5.25

40 1.00

6.90

7.20

5.95

50 1.30

7.58

7.50

6.20

IDS DB-25P Connector . .

$5.95

IDS DB-25S Connec or . .

$6.25

Super Sale

P/N 8-24

25up

P/N

8-24 25up

2716 (450nSI 3.80

3.55

6116P-3 050nS)

6.10 5.75

2732 (450nS) 4.15

3.98

2114L-2 (200nS)

1.62 1.62

2532 |450nSI 5.95

5.95

4164

Call Call

2764 128 pin) 9.95

9.95

Z80A CPU

4.99 4.99

—

SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

S-100 Products

cAU*>m*213-644-1149

(for Tech Info and Calif, orders)

51CC00

64KSM A&T without RAM 139

64KSM A&T with 64k RAM (32-6116's) 339.00

S-100 Board Uses 6MHz 6116's. ViA max. power, BankSelect plus Extended Addressing allow for multi-memory board set-up. 4 independant 16K Blocks makeeasy use with multi-user systems. Any 2K RAM may bereplaced by 2716 EPROM.

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $195.00

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, Kit 175.00

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with Serial/Parallel Pons

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A&T 245.00

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit 225.00

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1795 chipwhich runs either and/or 8"/5V<r Disk Drives.

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115.00

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has 4 interrupts, Time,Day of Week and Battery Backup.

S-100 Prototype Board

Double Sided glass withgold plated, numberedS-100 terminals. Matrix of25 x 78 solder plated do-nuts on .15" x .1" spacing.Locations for headers and

regulators. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-721 17.85

Mother Boards & Card Cages

SLOTS Bare Bd KIT A&T w/CAGE

6 $12.00 $34.00 $49.00 $74.00

8 16.00 45.00 70.00 105.00

12 22.00 65.00 100.00 140.00

10MHz, No termination. Mother Board and Card Cageinclude power indicator, reset and provisions for wiringpower supply and muffin fan.

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FHEE 1-800-421-5775

(Order Desk Only)

STORE HOURS: MON.-FRI.SATURDAY

9:00am to 6:00pm10:00am to 5:00pm

Mail Order— Minimum Order: $10. Send Check or Money Order to: P.O. BOX 1957 Dept B, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250.Visa OfMasterCard (please include expiration date). Add $2.00 postage and handling for first 3 pounds plus .50 for each additionalpound to your order. California residents add 6% sales tax.

BORDER LINEiV

(800)435-0907

(Outside Calif.)Please use for Ordering !!

CONCORD

BMC

"HALF-HIGH'(Apple Drive)

■ 40 track• Full compat.

*335?° w/contrl.

9285

oo

w/o contrl.

SUPER 3.5amPP0WER SUPPLY

for APPLE—»► $ 88.00 33"

Diskette Storage BOX

5V4in..5/ : 8in. 5

»2.50ea/$10.00.^3 50 $15.00

Bare Bones APPLEII

EURO=w/<>

Keyboard

Pwr. Supply

$399.

MicroswitchiKeyboard

* 75.0°

Power Supply: APPLEw/ Purchase IHeference Manl

* 79.00 • *18.oo

2910 B E LA PALMAANAHEIM CA 92806

714 632-6790

10 WIN URUt H t A HI *, *DD t> *l L B* .'*KS 01. ' I

[,(,,„!,, fllSUU WTO'$ till

'10 49 -*2°° «2bfl-499 -*9°° send*100bO - 99 - 4°° MO - 999 - 11™ lor100-740-8°° 1000-UP -Call catalog

MONITORS £ &ZENITH *ZVM-121

12in. 15MHz /GREEN Phos.l^s94po^

BMC#BM-12NU

12in. 18 MHz./GREEN Phos.Nan-Glare Screen

l—?114.oo-£r

BMC*BM1401RGB

13in. "RGB" COLORwith Apple interface!!

I^*425.00lfr

Diskette SALE!!

v\VAa "Wabash"Itf* 5^ 8«Kh

SS/£D$17.50 $20.00SS/DD 27.40 3040DS/SD o 34.90DS/DD 32.40 37.40

74L503741S0474LS05

7.1 SOB74S0974S10

COMPONENTS

741S7S74LS7674LS78

74LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374LSM474LS12274LS12374LS12574LS126MLS13274LS*3374LS13674LS13774LS13B

74LSI3974LS14574LS14774LS14874tS1S174LS15374LS>5474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15H74LS160741SI6I7ALS16274LS16374LSI6474LS16574LS16674L.SI6874LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LSI8I74LS190

50 74LS193

25 74S157

125 74S175

SOCKETS

10/5.30

KVS.TO

we.70

KW9.70W2.7010M3.TO

lomro

10*17 70wirewrap

•tKW1.MXV1.30

xyr«o

XV 1.80KV2.7010r2.roKV2.TOKV3.0010/3.90

;LS194

■ LS195

■ LS196

65 74LS245

69 74LS249

85 74LS251

65 74LSZ53

85 74LS2S7

175 74LS25B

155 74LS2S9

1.55 74LS260

I 35 74LS266

65 74LS273

55 74L5279

B5 74LS280

l 95 74LS283

89 74l_s290

69 74LS293

75 74LS295

75 74LS29B

74S19474S19574520174S24074324174S244

3 7595

4S25174S25374S2S71 75 74S258' 55 74S280495 74S275

74LS29974LS32374LS35274LS353741,536574LS36674LS36774LS36874LS37374LS37474LS37574LS37774L.S37874LS37974LS3B674LS39074LS39374LS39574LS39974LS49074US62374LS66874LS6697iLS67074LS68374LS685

Bh 74L568795 74LS783

7«S28774S2BB74S2B974529974537374S37474538774S45474S47174S47J74S474

B038 2 55

8080A 3.75

B085A 850

6502 5 95

6522 6 75

6532 '0 25

2O16-200NS

68006802

6809

625 68107 75 68211 2 50 6840

27S

2 75

3 SO695

2 95 6B45

3 00 6847

10 50 6850

LINEAR

M300M

M324M339M348M358

M565M566M703M709

12 50 6852 5 25 I

1195 6860 9 50 |

3 25

6 25 IB0SIO 15 50

41 16-150N5 8/13954164-200NS 625

4164-150NS 72S

Circle 109 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1903 521

NEW REPLACEMENT

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

CDC fill MX 70-80 $4.75 ea.trollIM MX 100 10.78ea.

Please add $.75 ea shipping/handling

WE HANDLE MOST POPULAR CARTRIDGES,

SEND FOR PRICE LIST

LABELS

$12.00/5000

STOCK #10350-1 15/16"x3'/2"x 1 wide.

White—pressure sensitive—pin feed—

4 V carrier, packed 5000 per box.Add S2.50 per box handling/shipping.COMPLETE LINE OF OTHER LABELSAVAILABLE, SEND FOR PRICE LIST

TERMS: MIN. ORDER S12.00.

VISA 8t MC (add 4%). check or money order.C.O.D.'s add $2.00. CA residents add Sales Tax.

COMPUTERSUPPLY CO.

25422 TRABUCO RD. SUITE #200 AEL TORO, CA. 92630 • (714) 768-0370

JVi

1 IBM PCSOFTWARE

Let Your Computer...

Write Its Own Programs!

FAST FILE, an applicationsprogram generator, actuallydevelops finished, usable ap-plication programs in a matterof minutes.

Simple to operate, FAST FILEcan even be used by peoplewho know very little aboutcomputers. No programmingknowledge required!

|| DHD, Inc.

7777 Leesburg PikeFalls Church, VA 22043

(703) 556-0950

M

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

FOR ALL MAKES & MODELS

DISKETTES

5%

S/S S/D

MIN. ORDER 50

$180

RIBBONS

NEC3500(NON-FLIP CARTRIDGEI

EPSONMX70/MX80EPSONMX100MIN. ORDER 6

$g88$464

$^84

CONTINUOUS FORMS

CALL TOLL FREE 1-800-248-2418

IN N.Y. STATE (212) 967-3433/1700

TERMS-VISA OR MC OR COD

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

WORLDWIDE COMPUTER SUPPLIES159 MAIN ST., S.I.. N.Y. 10307

Circle 345 on inquiry cerd.

Circle 135 on Inquiry card.

Circle 425 on Inquiry card.

ProgrammableCommunicationsTranslator

THE PCT-100 IS A CONFIGURABLE IN-LINERS-232 PROTOCOL AND DATA TRANSLATOR.

The PCT-100 can provide:

* terminal or printer emulation

* dec or ibm system compatibility

* macro-function keys

* "type-ahead" and data buffering

* Baud rate conversion

* Handshake protocol translation

(E.6. CTS/RTS, XON/XOFF)

The PCT-100 is configured using abuilt-in Communications TranslationLanguage. Programs can be easilyentered 8 edited from any ascii device.

PCT-100-PCB (PCB ONLY) J 289

PCT-100-ASM (PCB w/ CASE)..$ 339PCT-512-M00 (POWER SUPPLY).$ 59

J\K£Q

VISA'

Method Systems Incorporated

19751 South Lakeshore Boulevard

Euclid, Ohio W19

<216) 531-0WI

WIREMASTER

Whip your wire wrapand PC layoutproblems withWIREMASTER

WIREMASTER is a software tool for design,layout, and assembly of hardware. Yourschematic is fed to WIREMASTER, whichproduces network maps, cross-references,wire and parts lists, and debug checklists.CHANGEMASTER keeps track of fixes andupdates. PLOTBOARD and PRINTBOARDgive pictures of the layout. Post-processorsfor wirewrap machines available. Runs onCP/M.MSDOS, UNIX, and VMS. $195.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING 7266 Court-ney Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (619)279-2868.

Scotch*

DISKETTES

Call Toll-Free1-800-328-DISC for prices and infor-mation. Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock, within 24hours. Call toll FREE

M

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 258 on Inquiry card.

Circle 15 on Inquiry card.

PRINTER-STILTS

TM

• SOLVE YOUR PAPER STORAGE PROBLEMS*

Elevate your Epson MX-70/80 or MX-100 Printer.

• Precision Machined — natural finish aluminum.

• Tilted to Facilitate Viewing — soft rubber leet

• Easy to Install — no tools required.MX-70/80 style fits IBM, Tl and HP PC DOT PTRS.Give style and send $9.95 plus $2.00 P and H.

DATATEK INC.

jj P.O. Box 5956 Dept. 400 fL,',™,-' Shreveport, LA. 71135 ■(318J 868-2241 or 868-0068 til 10 pm CST

CHIPS

'&DALE E

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS1

4116 250ns B/S9.50 100+ 1.05 ea.

4116200ns 8/810.00 100+ 81.05 ea.

4116 150ns 67* 11.50 100+ 61.25 ea,

4116 120ns 8/814.50 100+ 81.50 ea.

4116 120ns 8/8 15.50 100+ S 1,50 ea.

21 14L 300ns 8/8 10.50

2114L 200ns 8/8 12.00•4164 200ns 84.65 ea.■4164 150ns 85.10 ea.•6116 150ns 84.00 ea.•6116 200ns 83.85 ea.•6116LP 150ns 84.75 ea.•1791 Disk Controller 820.00

1777 Disk Controller 817.50

Z80A. ZBOACTC, ZBOA PIO $3.00 ea.

8255 84.25

2716-1 5V 350ns 8/84.25 eo. 85.00 ea.

2716 5V 450ns 83.00 ea.•2732 SV 450ns 83.85 ea.•2532 5V 450ns 84.25 ea.•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin $9.00 ea.•2764 5V 24 pin CALL•2564 5V CALL

"8087 CALL

68000 CALL

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please includephone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping &Handling for Chips $3.50. FOB Bellevue, WA. for all else. Wash.residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS & DALE 1 -206-451 -9770

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400Bellevue, WA 98004

BargainBoards"

Best prices around onI (ompuPro I

boards.

OFF

Include $6.00 par board for shipping and handling.

6331 Fairmount Ave. #701El Cerrito, Ca. 94530(415)524-8352

Circle 133 on Inquiry card.

Circle 68 on Inquiry card.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Now You Can Afford Another 64K...

Especially when it's less thana half cent per bit!

COEX 64K S-100 CMOS STATIC RAM BOARD

Specifications

• Fully Static Operation

• Supports S-100 IEEE-696 Standards

• Uses Popular 2716 Pinout Type

static RAMS s

• Board Access Time Under 200nS

• ISOnS RAMS Standard

• No Wait States Needed at 6.000MHz

• High Quality FR-4 Type PC Board

• All Data, Status and Address LinesFully Buffered

• Switch Selectable Phantom Line

• Gold Plated Contact Fingers for LowContact Resistance and Long Life

• Switch Selectable Extended AddressLines for Up To 16 M-bytes

• Extreme Low Power Dissapation(<500mA Typical)

• Top 8K May Be Switched Disabledand/or Interchangeable with 2716Type EPROM's

only 2*yy Assembled & Tested

UsesSet-up for

only

FORYOUR

APPLE He

COEX 64K Memory with built-in 80

Column x 24 Lines Upper and Lower Case.

Fully compatible with all Apple He Software.

Auxiliary Slot 0. Gold edge fingers. Jumper

extended high resolution. Full 90 day warranty.

00

149C

Assembled & tested

"Have You Kissed Your Computer Lately"

Qomponents Express, Inc.

1380 E. Edinger • Santa Ana, Calif. 92705 • 714/558-3972

TWX 910-595-1565 • ADVACON SNA • International Orders WelcomeTerms of Sale: Cash, Checks, Credit Cards, M.O., C.O.D. FOB Santa Ana. Calif, residents add 6% sales tax.

VISA'

YOU'RE

PRINTERS

COMPUTERS

SOFTWARE

COMREX CR-1 DAISY WHEEL

729.95

COHHODORE 64

239.95

APPLE //e NOW AVAILABLE

APPLE //

DIABLO 630R1S5

17B4.95

COMMODORE 1541 DRIVE

219.95

EPSON FX-80 W/TRACTOR

LOW! !

ATARI 600X1.

SCALL

SYSCOM II 684.95

EPSON RX-BO

LOW! 1

ATARI 800XL

SCALL

ASCII EXPRESS PRO

89

95

EPSON FX-100 F/T

LOW I !

ATARI 800 399.95-S

00=S299.95

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 W/COLOR LOW!1

BPI GENERAL ACCOUNTING

294

95

GEMINI 10

LOW! !

ATARI 1200 514.95-$

00-S414.95

FRANKLIN ACE 1200 LOW!1

DATftSTAR |REQ Z-BO)

194

95

GEMINI 10X

LOW! !

ATARI 1400XL

SCALL

dBASE II {REQ. Z-B0)

449

95

GEMINI 15

LOW! !

ATARI 1450XLD

SCALL

ORANGE + TWO w/Z-80 CPU LOWI1

INFOSTAR IREQ Z-80)

319

95

GEMINI STX-a0

LOW!!

IBM PC fc XT

LOW! !

REPORTSTAR (REQ Z-80)

239

95

GORILLA BAHAMA PRINTER

189.95

SPECIAL SYSTEM PRICK 1499.95

SENSIBLE SPELLER

64

95

JUKI 6100 PRINTER (P)

549.95

COLUMBIA VP PORTABLE

2249.95

ORANGE + TWO, 2 DISK DRIVES,

SPELLSTAR IREQ Z-80)

164

95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT160L

779.95

COLUMBIA COMPLETE SYS. 2649.95

BUILT IN Z-80 CPU, SOFTWARE.

SUPERCALC 1REQ Z-80)

1B9

95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT1602

1289.95

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE

SYSTEM

12s GREEN MONITOR t VIOKI

SUPER-TEXT PRO 40/80

69

95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT1802

1499.95

128K, 2-DS/DD DRIVES

KEYBOARD

COMPATIBLE B0 COLUMN CARD.

VISICALC 3.3

174

95

NEC 3550 SPINWRITER-IBM

1754.95

AND COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

WORDSTAR W/APPLICARD

324

95

NEC 8023 PRINTER

459.95

KASY-80 80 COL VIDEO CARD

IBM

OKIDATA 82A W/GRAPHICS

449.95

CORVUS CONCEPT MC68000

FULLY VIOK3 COMPATIBLE

OKIDATA 83A W/GRAPHICS

699.95

256K, 8" FLOPPY

DRIVE

WORKS WITH WORDSTAR, dBASR,

LOTUS 1-2-3

LOW! !

OKIDATA 84P

1049.95

COMPLETE SOFTWARE

PACKAGE

EUPBR-TEXT-PRD, BASIC, CP/M,

BPI PERSONAL ACCOUNTING

149

95

OKIOATA 84S

1129.95

BI-DIRECTIONAL 8-1/2

11 SCREEN

PASCAL. SPECIAL INTRO PRICE

QUADLINK APPLE EMULATOR

489

95

OKIDATA 92

494.95

CORVUS CONCEPT 5t2K

S5B95

QUICK CODE IMS-DOS)

209

95

OKIDATA 93P

929.95

$99.95

PIE WRITER

139

95

OKIDATA 9 35

994.95

CORONA DESKTOP PC

SMARTCOM II

89

95

OLYMPIA TYPEWRITER/PRINT B19.9S

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE

SYSTEM

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE+CTRL 289.95

BASIC COMPILER

279

95

PRINTMASTER (DAISY)

1549.95

128K 2-DS/DD DRIVES

KEYBOARD

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE-ONLY 199.95

MICROSOFT MOOSE

134

95

PROWH1TBR I PRINTER

344.95

COMPLETE SOFTWARE

PACKAGE

HAYES MICROMDOEM II 259.95

PEACHTEXT 5000 SER.9

259

95

i'KOWRITEH II PRINTER

619,95

CORONA PORTABLE PC

LOW! 1

KENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVER 64.95

SUPERCALC II

209

95

C ITOH COLOR PRINT/PLOT

499.95

RANA ELITE I W/CTRL-CARD 359.95

VISICALC 2 5GK

179

95

C ITOH 8600BP

979.95

EAGLE 11 64K SYSTEM

1649.95

RANA ELITE II W/CI'RL 509.95

SMITH CORONA TP-1

659.95

EAGLE PC 128K SYSTEM

2249.95

RANA ELITE III W/CTRL 649.95

COHHODORE 64

STARWRITER DAISY WHEEL

1099.95

SOFTCARD (Z-B0 CARD) 234.95

TRANSTAR 3tS COLOR

449.95

KAYPRO II

1399.95

MICRO-SCI A2 W/CTRL-CARD 319.95

CARDCO PARALLEL INTERFACE 64

95

TRANSTAR 130 18CPS

729.95

WITH COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

CHOPLIFTER

34

95

TRANSTAR 140 40CPS

1229.95

COCO

37

95

EPSON SERIAL (RS-232)

134.95

SANYO MBC-1000

1579.95

WE CARRY A PULL LINE

COMMODORE RS-232 I/F

44

95

GRAFITTI CARD

B4.95

SANYO PHC-20

77.95

OF HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

DATA2 0 ZB0 VIDEDPAK

224

95

GRAPPLER ♦

1 19.95

SANYO PHC-25

149.95

FOR THE APPLE

JUMP MAN

27

95

MramiiUFFER II 16K

194.95

XEROX 820-11

2899.00

GRIDRUNNER

27

95

PKASO INTERFACE

129.95

NEC APC-H01

2495.00

DISKETTES

PHAROH'S CURSE

24

95

WIZARD UPO I6K

129.95

NEC APC-H02

2995.00

ROUNDABOUT

21

95

WIZARD SOB 16K

179.95

NEC APC-H03

3749.00

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/SD 16.95

HESMON

27

95

OTHER PRINTERS AVAILABLE

NEC APC-WPS1NEC APC-WPS2

4995.005695.00

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD 19.95ELEPHANT DISKETTES DS/DD 25.95

HOMETERHWAY OUT

3727

9595

MONITORS

AMDEK COLOR I PLUS 319.95

AMDEK VIDEO 3U0 (GREEN) 139.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 [AMBER) 149.95

AMDEK VIDEO 310 (GREEN) 169.95

AMDEK VIDEO 310 I AMBER) 164.95

AMDEK COLOR II 619.95

AMDEK COLOR III 369.95

BMC 13" COLOR MONITOR 299.95

BMC 13" RGB COLOR - IBM 629.95

COMREX 13" COLOR W/SOUND 294.'J5

COMREX 12" HI-RES AMBER 149.95

NEC 12" GREEN SCREEN 154.95

NEC 12" ECONO GREEN 109.95

NEC 12" LO-RES COLOR 299.95

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 499.95

TAXAN 12" GREEN 1 14.95

TAXAM 12" AMBER 1 iy.95

'ZENITH 12" GREEN 94.95

USI 9" AMBER MONITOR 129.95

U5I 12" AMBER MONITOR 149.95

MODEMS

ANCHOR MARK I (RS-232) 79.95

ANCHOR MARK VII (RS-232) 109.95

NOVATION J-CAT 104.95

NOVATION 212 AUTO CAT 579.95

SMARTCAT 212 (1200 BAUD) 429.95

SMARTMODEM 300 BAUD 194.95

SMARTMODEM 1200 BAUD 499.95

SMARTMODEM 1200B - IBM 449.95

TERMS: WE ACCEPT AMERICAN BXPPtSS. NO EXTRA CHARGE FOR VISA/MASTERCARD, CASHIER'S CHECK, PERSONAL CHECK (ALLOW 2 WEEKS TO CLEAR).SHIPPING & HANDLING: 5» (SS MINI; A PC' FPO ALASKA HAWAII S. MONITORS 5* (S10 MIN); FOREIGN ORDERS 15» ($15 M1N). ALL ITEMS ARE NEWWITH MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY. PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO AVAILABILITY i. CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. PURCHASE ORDER MUST INCLUDE CHECK.CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6* SALES TAX. SEND SI (GOOD TOWARD FIRST PURCHASE) FOR NEW FALL CATALOG. 8.1.83

Call us... we can help! 1 800-222-2602

Circle 28 on inquiry card. OR 1-800-555-1212

Technical Assistance, Order Status & California Calls (619) 765-0239

APPLE COUNTRY, LTD.

P. O. BOX 1099

2602 WASHINGTON

JULIAN, CALIF. 92036

DiscMaster 1000Videodisc Interface

• Enables computer control of laservideodisc players

• Works with any mainframe, mini, ormicrocomputer

• Standard RS-232C serial interface

• No modification required to player orcomputer

• Interactive playback for training, mar-keting, exhibition, and data retrieval

• All cables and connectors included

• Price: $395

New Media Graphics Corporation139 Main StreetCambridge, MA 02142617-547-4344

stoim.osimimom-aos iimk-sharkskkmc K-si

» » » LOGICSIM ♦ ♦ ♦

CP/M basedprofessionallogicsimulator

*■ liir cniiini't'rini; work Million

* Tor gali'-iirrut. custom unci

* I ii; digital Often cngimtTs

mora

.mil all other If di-siumr

Nine logic Hates, uhiluy to Minulaie TTL/NMOS CMOS, PMOS logic, ROM'*;md RAM's, ihrcc-slutc and transfer gules, wircd-or'ed nodes. propagationdelays, spike arid rate analysis, oipanildlilc pin-number based TTl. matro lihraryplui numerous oihcr features male LOGICSIM comparable to industrystandard simulator*.

Tt) il now. Send us a S30 check for LOGICSIM demo cop> and

Please specify 8" IBM 3740/ 5" APPLE II (13/16 sector). CP/M bawd56K looJK systems I APPLE'S »ilh CP/M cardl. Introductory price $276.

For more Information, call (4081 578-00%. Or write:

F./Z ASSOCIATES. 5589 Starcrest Dr., San Jose. CA 95123

&TDKI

flexible disks

Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information.Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cardsaccepted.

iw

pacihcexchanges

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805) 543-1037 1

Circle 287 on Inquiry card.

Circle 1S4 on inquiry card.

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

1s ANNIVERSARYCHRISTMAS SPECIAL

• DRAWING FOR A FREE •

apple //

tr.

%

GARDEN OF EDEN

COMPUTERS

13147 Cedar Street

Westminster, CA 92683

MAIL ORDERS ONLY

714-894-9528

24 Hours • ? Days

Hayes Smartmodem

IVl 200 BD RS 232 $479.00/

T

T~r

T

I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I.I. |L

II

BRSEE

tt

FOR DETAILS & OUR FREE PRICE LISTCALL, WRITE OR USE R/S#

IBM PC, APPLE, etc. . .

SHARING AND SWITCHING PROBLEMS?GILTRONIX HAS THE SOLUTION!

HI Any CPU

ds^ Q £3

Primer 1 Printer 2 Modern or

Doi Malrix Letter Quality Other Peripheral

MANUAL UNITS AUTOMATIC UNITS

2-6 Ports OR 2-7 Ports

Selecto-Switch Auto-Switch

Serial IRS 232)/Parallel (Centronics!

LOW COST ADD-ONS FROM THE MAIN(\S> MANUFACTURER

Centronix

(AJ 3780 Fabian Way, Palo Alto CA 94303(4151 -193-1300

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDC1/.W Specify Soft3 /4 10 or 16 Sectors prices/10

MD525 1 side/dbl dens S24.90

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 35.00

M0577 1 side/quad 96tpi 33.75

MD557 2 sides/quad 96tpi 44.50

8WSpecify Soft or 32 Sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dens 30.00

FD34-8000 1 side/dbl dens 33.00

DD34-4001 2 sides/dbl dens 41.00

Checks-VISA-MC-C.O.D./Add $2 ShippingCall or write for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.. St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081Phone: (313) 777-7780

DATALIFE • THE NAME IS THE PROMISETHE WARRANTY IS THE PROOF

Circle 176 on Inquiry card.

Circle 181 on Inquiry card.

Circle 243 on Inquiry card.

Verbatim®Diskettes

Top-quality Verbatim® Diskettesfrom Tech*Data, your completesupply and peripheral wholesaler.Dealers only.

Call Toll Free

1-800-237-8931.

In Florida, call

813-577-2794.

JE

Tech*Data Corporation

3251 Tech Drive NorthSt. Petersburg. FL 33702

MlC*OCONTBOU

-. THE REAL \NOFU-D

SBfifc

• BASE WW*

.„„OR6 ■*»"' „, .COS

^MICROCONTROLLERS

,B,«)T3A«3»

RTL

Relocatable ^Threaded $15©

Language

RTL is a new language which retains thespeed and extensibility of Forth but adds manyadditional advantages as a result of its morestructured dictionary. Names, code, and vari-ables are all stored in separate areas for easygeneration of headerless, romable code. Allcode is relocatable. RTL supports local vari-ables, multitasking, redirected I/O, and evenallows definitions to be changed retroactively.All source code is included. Versions are cur-rently available or under development for68000, 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088. and6502.

RTL Programming Aids

10844 Deerwood SE

Lowe//, Ml 49331

(616) 897-5672

Circle 383 on Inquiry card.

Circle 100 on Inquiry card.

Circle 344 on Inquiry card.

■VII

TM

IBM PC-COMPLETE SYSTEM-SPECIAL PRICE

PC System includes 64K IBM PC with 320 KB FloppyDisk Drive, Controller, Color Graphics Card, Monitor $2490

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM PC

Tandon 100-2

Shugart 455-2

Teac 55-B

$240$245$255

MONITORS

NEC, DYNAX AMDEK CALL

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS

Hi-Res Color $490

PRINTERSC-ITOH

GX-100

8510

F-10

$240$460

1550.F-10.

$690$1290$1690

OKIDATA

82A

83A

93A

$440$690

84A92A

$975$575$970

BROTHER

HR-1

HR-15

$750$570

SMITH CORONA

TP-1

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10

Gemini 15

$520

$370$540

NECSPINWRITER

7710-1 $1950 3510

7715-1 $2100 3515

7720-1 $2400 3530 ....

7725-1 $2400 3550 ....

7730-1 $1950 PC8023A

$1350$1350$1550$1850$450

HARD DISKS FOR APPLE AND IBM

DAVONG

5 MB $1450

10 MB $1650

15 MB $2250

MEMORY BOARDS

TAVA CORP.TRUMPCARD 1

256K Ram $350

TRUMPCARD 2

512K RAM $550

AST

10 Plus. Five function Card $199

Combo Plus 4 function card. Fully pop. 256K. .$490

Mega Plus. Fully pop. 512K $990

QUADRAM

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K $500

BIG BLUE $470

HERCULES Graphics Card $490

MAYNARD SANDSTAR SERIES

FDC 5 1/4 & 8" $220

Multifunction Card $90

Memory Card $180

Ad-On Memory Module $90

Parallel Port Module $70

Serial Port Module $90

Clock Calendar Module $70

Game Adapter Module $50

DEC RAINBOW 100

Complete system 64KPC, Keyboard, Two Floppy Drives

DS/DD, Monochrome Monitor $2990

APPLE 11 +

Compatible Computer with 48K Disk Drive, Controller,

and Monitor $990

DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE

Slimline, or Standard $250

PERSONAL ACCOUNTANT Software for yourApple lie and Apple 11+. .. $190

APPLE He

Computer System, Controller, Two Disk Drives,Monitor $1890

631 E. First St., Tustin, CA 92680

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

■V

(714) 838-9100

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp.

Circle 324 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 525

ft TeleVideo DEALERS

• Fast Dump/Restore

over 600k per disk *60

• Type Ahead with Print Screen

64k Byte Type Buffer »60

• 3270 & 276013780 Bisync Communications

from Phone 1 & Batech 1700 & (300

• TurboDOS for TELEVIDEO Start it 1225

• BIOS & Formatting for 802H

use all 20 MB »150

• 8" Disk Drive for 802 Drive

Hardware & Software $1,100

• RM Cobol for TurboDOS

Full System 1525

Run Time »175

• Standby Power System

200VA-400VA-800VA As low as 1363

CP/M* is registered trademark ol Digital Research, Inc.

TurboDOS is a registered trademark ol Software 2000. Inc.

PLUS OTHER GOOO TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034

(313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

Circle 74 on Inquiry card.

$73.80*

Single Board Computer

Ff^BKllPt -.

ttiflltai pflcii mnrift mclh

6800 MPU, serial I/O, parallel I/O, RAM,EROM, 44-pln 4V4" x 6V4" PCB

EXPANSION MODULES

RAM, ROM, CMOS RAM/battery, analogI/O, serial I/O, parallel I/O, counter/timer, 488 GPIB, EROM programmer,power fail detect/power on reset

Lafayette. IN 4! 317-742-842D

Circle 423 on Inquiry card.

8051-Based

Single-Board Computer with

Monitor/Debugger

• Versatile - 4 28-pin byte-widesockets; monitor will programEEPROMs.

• Atfordable - just $335

• Perfect for System Developmentand Educational Applications

d

Binary Technology

J P O BOX A-59 • HANOVER. NH 03755 • 603 643-2881

4b£

FAST

FactoryFloppy DiscDriveRepair

Specialists in the repair of:

ShugartTandonPerSci

Inc.

12624 Daphne AvenueHawthorne. CA 90250(213)777-7536TWX 910-321-4448

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

New

25= VV

OAK DESK $225.00*

^" SEES, ^^7 • .. 5Si ^^

Give yourself the workspace you need!

Large solid hardwood work station hasample space for computer, peripherals,storage, and your notes. Shipped knockeddown and unfinished; assembles with lagscrews. Wt: 122 lbs.

*We will pay freight up to $40.00 on orders

postmarked before Sept. 1,1983, otherwise

shipped motor freight collect. Satisfaction

guaranteed. Send check or money order to:

A.M. LOVEMAN LUMBER & BOX CO.

P.O. Box 90123, Nashville, TN 37209

Catalog $2.00. Dealer inquiries invited.

Circle 194 on Inquiry card.

@1 Dyson

^CORPORATION

Solve your dbc problem*, buy 100% surfacetested Dyaui dMnMM All order* shippedfrom stock. wttMn 24 hours. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices and Information.Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (InCal. call(805)543-1037.)

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

• AC and DC analysis

• Very fast, optimized machine language

• Infinite circuits on multiple passes

• Worst case, sensitivity analysis

• Sweep component values

• 64 Nodes, 127 branches

• Compare circuits

• Log or linear sweep

• Full file handling

• Full editing, error trapping

• Frequency response, magnitude and phase

• Complete manual with examples

• CP/M $150.00

• Now available for MSDOS (IBM PC) $150.00

Tatum LabsP.O. Box 722Hawleyville, CT 06440(203) 426-2184

Circle 379 on Inquiry card.

Like-newproducts

For free catalog.

phone toll-free (800) 225-1008

In Massachusetts (617) 938-0900

Genstar REI Sales Company

6307 DeSolo Ave . Sle J Woodland Hills. CA 91367

Circle 179 on Inquiry card.

WHOLESALE

BRAND NAME DRIVES& DISKETTES

DIRECT TO THE PUBLIC

DRIVES:

DISKETTES:

TANDON 1 Sllm-Llne DYSANTEAC > or ELEPHANT

QUME J Regular MAXELLFOURTH DIMENSION VERBATIMMICRO-SCI ZIMAQ

RANA

Prices Too LowTo Publish!

CONTACT:

RM DISTRIBUTORS, INC.

P.O. Box 39235DENVER, CO 80239TEL. 303-371-2432

Circle 50 on Inquiry card.

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

Circle 342 on Inquiry card.

Our Prices Will Get Your Attention

Our Service Will Keep It.Our Customers Agree.

a word froma customer .

7 AVK 83

D"r K&- ^ „n your "^^l**^*

Pd . ^.nter <ro»JerJ helP^ *»* my number^1 order Mario Boon, «*s _uesti°" he t0 hnlC1an. ^n

The factory -t be*. ° -

K "?•* «" service ?f

• j the um^ - or'ei

•teSd . that the seric%^f°uU

^ ffliGht en^oy --^t^rst era* at

X -tardea. «* «* "

^r^-se -

111^

GUARANTEE

• PROVEN PRODUCTS • SYSTEM DESIGN HELP. BENCH TESTING AND CONFIGURING

• TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF • SERVICE AFTER SALE:

800-854-7635 TECHNICAL SERVICE SUPPORT

We will pay the freight — both ways — for repair

on verified returns within 30 days of sale.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Prices change daily Call for current pricing & availability. Pricesbased on prepaid cash orders We accept: cashiers checks, moneyorders, bank wires, or personal checks (10 days to clear). COD. —standard charges plus 2% handling for orders outside CaliforniaMasterCard & VISA - 5% handling California residents add state &local sales tax.

11*111 b f=§ 1 II

CALL US TOLL-FREE:

.:

■*m

W

■mm

is

800-854-7635

IN CALIFORNIA CALL:

(619) 562-7571

We carry: north star • zenith •

MORROW • EAGLE • COLUMBIA •TELEVIDEO • C-ITOH • TOSHIBA •DIABLO • SILVER REED • NEC 3500 &7700 SERIES • STAR MICRONICS •MANNESMANN TALLY • FRANKLINACCESSORY PRODUCTS • AND MORE...

SOFTWARE

3HH

FOR FOLLOWING SYSTEMS:

AltosCP/M5V ■ Apple DOS&CP/M ■ Atari • CP/M-86 Display Writer • CromemcoCP/M 5'.:" ■ DEC VT-180CP/M5V ■ EagleCP/M5V • HeathZ-90CP/M5V ■ IBM PC CP/M 86 • IBM PC DOS • NEC CP/M5V • Northstar Advantages Horizon CP/M 5'-" •Osborne CP/M 5'.." • Otrona CP/M 5V ■ Softwarefor 8086 Computers ■ Standard CP/M 8" ■ TRS-80Cassette Models 18c III • TRS-80 Diskette Models l& III■ TRS-80 Model II CP/M ■ Televideo CP/M 5'-" •Vic 20 • Xerox 820 CP/M 5 V • Call lor Current Pricing

PRODUCTS AND PRICING EXAMPLES:TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS: TS-802 Single User Com-puter $2632 • TS-806 Multiuser System $5050 • 910Plus Terminal $573 • 950 Terminal $921 • ZENITH:ZTX-1 Auto Dial Personal Terminal $341 ■ Z-29Term-inal $683 • OKIDATA OK-82A with Tractor Feed$486 • Okigraph I for 82A& 83A $45 • 2K Buffer/Ser-ial BD $119 • OK Microline 83A $713 • MANNES-MAN TALLY: MT1600's Serial & Parallel $1441 •NOVATION: J-CAT Modem $110 • ORANGEMICRO: Grappler $125 • Plus Much More ...!

These prices prepared 6/83

Prices change daily —

callforcurreiii pricing I^^KIand shipping charges. \S*^*J

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC.

8775 Olive Lane, Suites l& J • Santee,CA92071

BYTE Auguit 1983 527

RS232C Computer compatiblePaper Tape Transmitter/Model 612

Stops ond starts on character at all speeds,uses manual control or X-on, X-off 90-260volt, 50-60 Hz power. 50-9600 baud, up to 150char/sec synchronous or asynchronous;gated internal or external clock. RS 232C,current loop or parallel output, reads 5-8 leveltape, 7-11 frames per character, even or oddparity. Desk top or rack mount.Addmaster Corporation, 415 Junipero SerraDrive, San Gabriel, CA 91776, (213) 285-1121,Telex 674770 Addmasler SGAB

DISKETTES

3M Scotch' BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

L^

COD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA800 468-1068

Tayco Buaineia FormsComputer SuppliesPost Office Box 605Newbury Park, CA 91320

NEW ELIZA FORMATS!

AT LAST! A FULL IMPLEMENTATION ol the original ELIZA program isnow available to run on your microcomputer1

Created at MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become the worldS most celebratedartificial intelligence demonstralion program. ELIZA is a non-directivopsychotherapist wno analyzes each statement as you type it in and thenresponds with her own comment or aueslion —and her remarks arcoften amazingly appropriate1

Designed to run on a large mainframe, ELIZA has never belore beenavailable to personal computer users except in greally stripped downversions lacking the sophistication which made the original program sofascinating

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing Ihe FULL power andrange of expression ol Ihe original is being offered at the introductoryprice of only S25 And if you want to find out how she does it (or teachher to do morel, we will include Ihe complete SOURCE PROGRAM foronly $20 additional

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you II nevei again wonder how torespond when you hear someone say. Okay, let's see what this com-puter of yours can actually do!

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS:

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

i___-^^^, 921 North La Jolla Avenue. Dept E

BaMBaTeTM CA 90046

VjS^^ 1213)656-7368 1213)654-2214

■■"■"■^■i MC, VISA and checks accepted L^

Circle 7 on Inquiry card.

Circle 382 on Inquiry card.

Circle 33 on Inquiry card.

maxell

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

I-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s andcharge cards accepted.All orders shipped from stock,within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

w

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNC«11 Collect 1-612-770-0485

SUPER-FAST!

Z80

Relocating Macro

ASSEMBLER$169.95

Directly generates COM. HEX. or REL files.

Flexible REL format allows external' oytes andwords with complete math operations on them(Microsoft format optional). Features Zilogmnemonics with nested macros, conditionalsand include files. Unique one-pass designgenerates compact intermediate code which isthen processed to resolve forward references,yielding tremendous time savings. Completelisting, symbol table and cross-reference outputmay be sent to any device. The perfect tool forassembly language programming. Linker in-cluded. Manual only — $30. For 280 CP/M andTRS-80.

-S"Lfl_

Systems.

I6i: NOHTH MAIN ST. ■ BUTLER. PA 16001 ■ (412) 382-0864

ZW CP M TflS-BO TMs

PA < Q't Cneck MO VISA UCCOO

pr.intJOEM'iiuiiiiiesinvitrd

i Ziiotj Dign.ti Researon Tandy Corn

ANALOG** DIGITALDIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARECAIN CONTROL

omplifiqi custom board test S-100 !' lo IS khzconuei^ion time mixable high and Iouj inputs gainFrom 1 to 1024 IB Ijii a mpte unci hotel ornpMiei

Ekhonral difterental 16 channel toq to dotal

fagh ntturnry programmable gain instrumentationamplifier custom hanriJ IbsI '. HID 2 to 15 khz

conversion time rnitnl Ji hiqhoncl lo put*, gam

trim I in li);''i, 12-bit sample and hold amplifierB-channel differential Iftefn mnelhigh accuracy pratjftuniT«il)ir ioiti «>■.i.„,i,n.- tusiomboxwih ■' S-100

For additional details about the ad-100-4 and otherfine California Data corporation 100% individuallytested, high reliability products, circle the readerservice card number below or for faster responsewrite or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATACORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road, Suite C-10Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 498-3651

Circle 357 on inquiry card.

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

Om of the flnatt Implementation! of tha FORTH lartflUlFlald teated and raMabla, UNIFORTH It available for tha IBPC ni wall ai mort lyttema with 8" dliki and tha folliproceiion;

B080 POP-11

ZBO 6B000

16032

As a task, UNIFORTH ii compatible with and lupporta all

features and f lie typai of tha CP/M, CDOS, MS-DOS and DECoparatlna lyatemi, As an operating system, UNIFORTH willfunction "ttend-alone" on mott commarclal microcomputer!.

Tha FORTH-70 Standard tanguaga hat baan extended withover BOO new worda that provide full-icrean and llna-orlantedadlton, array and itrlng handling, anhencad dlak and terminalI/O, and an excellent aiaamblar. Detailed rafaranca manualtiuppiy complete documentation for programming and lyitemoperation, In an aaivto-undernand, converiatlonal ttyla uilngnumaroui iximplii.

Optional features Include an excellent floating-point package

with all tramcendentel functioni {logi, tangent!, etc), thaMataFORTH croM-comoller, printer plotting and CP/M filetranafer utilities, attronomlcal and amateur radio applica-tion*, word proeeiilng, ate.

Compare thai

other FORTH o

• Spaed and efficiency • E(

• Variety of optlom • Di

nu'll find UNIFORTH la mperior.Icei atari at $35. Call or write for <

Unified Software Systems

P.O. Bos 2644, N.w Carrollton, MD 20784,13011 552-1295

680,00

WCROSS ASSEMBLER

FOR CP/M-80 $ 260

MOTOROLA SYNTAX MACROS

LINKAGE EDITOR CONDITIONALS

STRUCTURED WRITTEN IN C

Qllelo I2IIGI7K4-H0IS

H43 NW 54lh mornings

Sealllt.Wa. 98101 Dick Curtis.

ISm DISKETTES

5%" Diskette 1D 5V4" Diskette 2D

Single Side Double Side

Double Density Double Density

$29»o 13910

Soft* Box of 10 Soft* Box of 10* Add '1.75 for Plastic Library Case8" and other brands also available.

COD ACCEPTED: INQUIRIES INVITED

CALLTOLL FREE800-848-1101

In N.Y.S. (716) 631-3925BETSY BYTES DivisionBB International, Inc.P.O. Box 564Buffalo, N.Y. 14221

TERMS: Prepaid orders receive free ship-ping within continental U.S.A. Add 3% {$2.00minimum) shipping and handling charge onall COD and credit card orders. N.Y. res. add7% tax.

Circle 405 on Inquiry card.

Circle 333 on Inquiry card.

Circle 48 on Inquiry card.

W^rA FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC.

^^* .^N 1PR0.T Crenshaw Rlvri Dent R Hawthnrne CA 9, ("1250

'VlY

• 12603 Crenshaw Blvd., Dept. B, Hawthorne, CA 90250For information (213) 973-1921 • Orders Only (outside Calif.) (800) 672-8758

pinecom

The Alternative! The Compatible!The Affordable! 64K Color Computer Kit!

Copyright Problem Free!

FEATURES:

* Fully compatible with Apple® II +

* Singleboard for easy assemblytf^Jl mn^ W * Popular 6502 MPU for largeS^I^^IKUU ^^^^ amount of software*r " ■ wEACH * Game paddle connector on both

sides of case

* Upper/lower case

Easy to assemble! All components are clearly silk-screened on the high quality double-sided mother board.All integrated circuits, IC sockets, peripheral connectors, keyboard, switching power supply and the pro-fessional high impaCt plaStIC CaSe are inClUded. -Pinecom is a trade mark of Pineapple Computer Products (HK) Lid.

(please add 5% shipping and handling)DEALERS INQUIRIES INVITED!

* Built in 2-watt amplifier for realisticsound effect with volume control

* 8 on board peripheral connectorsfor expansion

* 14 key numeric key pad

* 5-amp switching power supply

* Auto repeat

51A" DISC DRIVE FROM (§ypp100% Made in USA 100% Apple and Pincom Compatible50% Faster Seeking Time Than Apple Disk II Drive!

• 1 Year Full Warranty

• 40 Tracks

• One of the Most Quiet Drives

• Color and Shape same as theDisk II Drive

Disk Drive $285.00

Controller Card $ 75.00

C ontroller Card with 13 Sector, 16 Sector Auto Select $ 85. 00

The APPLE II LOOKALIKE COMPUTER CASE

Made with high impact plastic.Color and shape arecompatible with the APPLE II

Model: APII

Keyboard |not includedwith this price1

Available As Kit—Includes: Case, APII Motherboard, 5A Power Supply,AP II Keyboard, Component Set $575.00/Kit

+ t ♦ Big Savings On Peripheral Cards 4 4 4Buy them in kit form — All cards APPLE II and Pinecom compatible.

EPROM Programmer Card (for 2708, 2716,2732 & 2764) with on board software Kit.. 69.95

80 - Column card Kit $110.00

80 - Column card Assembled $125.00

Smarterm )( 80 col card w/softswitch .... 159.00

Z-80A CP/M Card Kit 99.95

Z-80A CP/M Card Assembled 115.00

Z-Card with operating system 149.00

16K RAM card - "Cableless" Kit 51.95

16K RAM card - "Cableless" Assembled .. 59.00The Dispatcher Serial Printer Interface 120.00

Same as Above Assembled 85.00

EPROM Blaster by Apparat, Inc. (for 2708,

2716 & 2732) with software on Disc 119.00

EPSON Printer Interface Card Assembled... 85.00

EPSON Printer Interface Card Kit 69.50

Wizard IPI Parallel Printer Card-Epson .... 85.004th Dimension Parallel Printer Card-Epson. 69.

HEAVY DUTY SWITCHING POWER SUPPLYfor Apple II, AP-II™ and Pinecom Computers

+5V at 5.0 Amp+12Vat2.5Amp

-5V at 0.5 Amp-12V at 0.5 Amp

Size and mounting holes are sameas the ones used in the Apple

Model: THB-43H

$135.00 ea.

6502 CPU MOTHER BOARD

• 48Kon board RAM (4116)

• 12Kon board ROM (2716)

• Upper/lower case

• Composite-video output

• Apple II alternative

• Size: 141/4"x8%"

P.C Board Only $99.00 ea.

Complete Component Pack (No ROMs) $175.00

GUARANTEED TO WORK! BUILD IT IN 2 HOURS!

APPLE II+ COMPATIBLE KEYBOARD

• LSI keyboard decoder • Full ASCII code output

• Upper/lower case function • N-key rollover function

• LED ON/OFF indicator

LKB-3600-N

Keyboard CaseKeyboard Only $99.00 EA. Plastic Case $35.00 EA^

MICRO II CASE

Made with ABS Plastic • Same size as the Apple II,

with Numeric Key-Pad and Upper/Lower Case

• Keyboard included

$250.00 ea.

Complete Kit Also Available

Includes: Micro II Case, AP II Motherboard, 5APower Supply, Component Set . $625.00/Kit

SENOONt DOLLARUN OUR OLIAIL CATALOC

Inside California

Outside Calif, (incl. Mexico & Canada)

Shipping & Handling Charges

Under S50.00 UnderS50.00

Purchase Purchase

10% 5°t

15% 10%

25°'., 20"/,

Minimum Order SlO.OO/Calif. Residentsadd 6.5% Sales Tax. Phone Orders Acceptedon VISA or MC ONLY. NO CO.D.'s. Prices sub-ject to change without notice.

STORE HOURS

MON-FRI—10-7

SAT—10-6

'Apple and Apple II are the trademark of APPLE COMPUTERS, INC.Dealer inquiries, Circle 172 All others, Circle 173

EPSON®RIBBONCARTRIDGES

MX 70/80

$5.25 »

$60.°°/doz

MX 100

$9.95..

$10B.aa/ doz.

EPSON

MXI00-ZIPPACK-IRE L0AD>

$6.50 ea

$72.00/ooz.

PLUS OTHER MAJOR BRAND NAMESAVAILABLE

DWICHT COMPANY, INC.

15565 Northland Drivesuite 804 westSouthfield, Ml 48075(313)569-3218

PC/FORTH™

Complete FORTH program development systemsfor the IBM Personal Computer. Packagesinclude interpreter/compiler with virtual memorymanagement, line editor, custom screen editor,assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and recordaccess modules, and many demonstration pro-grams. I 50 page user manual $100.00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, colorgraphics extensions, and target compiler avail-able at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86® One disk driveand 48 kbytes RAM required. Software suppliedon 5Va inch single sided soft sectored doubledensity diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Boethoven StrentLos Angeles, CA 90066

(213) 306-7412

KJC\A/|1 The Apple users group*^K*"* software library bonanzaat truly affordable prices. For the first timeenjoy your Apple to its lullest capacityusing specially packed disks with over 60outstanding programs such. Not availablefrom any other source!

• Applesoft • 3.3 DOS

Urogram^

offers

Business

Games

Utilities

An extensive variety of interesting,useful and entertaining programsindispensable to the serious computerislincluding:

Educational ■ Graphics

Music • Science

Data Base • Finance ,

Library disks 1, 2 & 3 are mixed categories and newdisks 4 (Games). 5 (Utilities). 6 (Graphics) & 7 (Integer)at $59.95 each. Why pay more?

Order direct from this ad and Save up to $136.Buy disk library package 1,2 & 3 and get aspecial bonus disk FREE — over 260 programsfor $179.95 + shipping. For best value, getall 8 disks for $349, postage prepaid, for over530of our best programs at 65c each!Call now toll free: 1-800-327-8664Florida: 1 -305-987-8665 r^^n

6400 Hayes St. lidWiii! '

Hollywood, FL 33024

Circle 152 on Inquiry card.

Circle 233 on Inquiry card.

Circle 29 on inquiry card.

NEW! M-680OO

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

FKATUHUi

la bil Motorola UOOO CPU opmtini* IOMHi, 20 K tjjltsofon board fail «utic K KM,UK bjM or on board FPROM ipa«. 7 Intli of prmniird auloxcloicd inlmuph.1 m«morj tipanilon buwi (up lo 2MK), 2 ttrlal lommunicalion porti (RS-2J1C),14-bll bldlrttlional parallel pan. 6100 pcriphrral accomodalion bill. Siti-hil count tr/limm mid vttlortd Initrrupti, on board rtal intif clock, aoflwarr compatible withMotorola MEX6SKDM bond.

nucBi

Hut board wllh document a I Ion JM.9S

MEXMKDM compallblt monitor In ITM EPHOM'i JI10.00

MM0MCPI *m«norj map PROM SII5.M

Shlpplni and handlln| (bomntk) S3.00

(Korci|n| J15.00

1C* bV-jbT st? "»•"-

LN9 s=r

714-553-0133

RLl ' FARTHE BESTRELATIONAL

DATABASE

MANAGEMENT 11/"\*

SYSTEM FOR YOUR K V/

$ ync 00 including Report Generator, etc./aO. visa, Master Card, Check, COD

JF ELECTRIC CO.

PO BOX 37236

OAK PARK Ml 48237

313 545 0335

"TRADEMARKPC IS OF IBMRLl IS OF ABW

FORYOUR

PC

THE RELATIONAL

DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM THAT IS

BEST

RL1

PConnection

Three functions In one card slot—Modem, Calendar clock. Serial portl

The PConnection is a premium telecom-munications card for Ihe IBM PC with adirect connect Bell I03/II3 modem, a realtime clock, and a serial I/O port for ex-panded communications capabilities. ThePConnection gives you all three functionsin a single card sloti

The PConnection has autodial |Touch Toneor pulse) and autoanswer, plus a built-inspeaker for line status monitoring. Soft-ware selectable protocol and modesThe real time clock can be used to auto-dial predetermined phone numbers at pre-set times. Excellent for polling and remotemonitoring applicationsPConnection (plug-in modem| - S250 En-hanced PConnection with real time clockand additional RS-232 - S300 Anotherquality modem from

thm micropmripheraf corporation

2565 I52nd Avenue N.E.Redmond. WA 98052

(206) 88I-7544

ibm is .* registered trademark oi

lniem,inon^l Business Machine Corporation

Circle 159 on Inquiry card.

Circle 217 on Inquiry card.

Circle 270 on Inquiry card.

AT LAST*!

The first full featured

Graphics+Terminal board

for the S100 bus

• Programmable resolution up to 512x576

• Terminal formats: 85x24 or 85x40

• Emulates an H19/Z19 terminal

• Data rates in excess of 9600 bauda Multiple graphics planes

a I/O mapped (doesn't waste host RAM)a Sprite manipulation handled on boarda On-board CPU handles CRTC and processes

commands in parallel with hosta Simple yet powerful graphics commands

make your applications fast and easya Drivers and example programs included

paraGraphics Assembled $595.

P.O. Box 67 Full kit $525.

S. Easton, MA 02375 Partial kit $295.

(617) 620-4513 MasterCard/Visa

paraGraphics

DISSCIff IS

maxell

100% ERROR FREE5V. SS/DD

28.95

(BOX 10)

VERBATIM

I ORDER O'OIIKS

MX -80CARTRIDGE

4.95e»

ADD 2.00 SHIP5% TAX IH FLA

800-327-1013

MEGA-BYTE

4699 S.W. 45tb STREET

FORT LAUD., FLA 33314

305-587-1130

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and CO.D.'saccepted

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. InCal. call(800)592-5935 or.(805)543-1037

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

Circle 254 on Inquiry card.

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

i£± Alspa Computer, Inc.

Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives. 3serial + 1 parallel port, Winchester port, networking. Pricesstart below $1500. DEALER / OEM inquiries invited.

"SPECIALS on INTRE6ATE0 CIRCUITS

6502

6502/V6512A

6520 PIA

6522 VIA

6532

2114-L200

2716EPROM

2532 EPROM

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM

4116 RAM

7.458.405.156.457.90

10/6.95

10/7.95

10/4.90

10/6.10

10/7.40

2.45

4.90

6.90

6.90

50/6.50/750/4,50/5.50/725/2.

5/4.

5/6.

5/6.lor 14

55 100/6.15

35 100/6.90

45 100/4.15

75 100/5.45

00 100/6.60

30 100/2.15

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe)

10/4.0010/6.4510/6.45

2.00

Hewlett Packard

Write or call for prices.

AnchorAutomation'!SignalmanModems

FREE SOURCE MEMSERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cablesto conned to your computer and to the telephone. SignalmanModems provide the best price-performance values, and startat less than S100. Dealer and OEM inquiries Invited

Mark IRS232 (99) 79

Mark II for Atari 850 (99) 79

Mark IV for CBM/PET with software (169) 119

Mark V for Osborne (software available) (129) 93

Mark VI tor IBM Personal Computer (279) 195

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (179) 119

Mark VIM Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer (399) 319

DC HAYES Smartmodem

DC Hayes Smarfmodem 1200

219

545

PROM QUEEN for VICApple Emulator lor Commodore 64Screenmaker 80 COLUMN CARD lor C64Solid Oik 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC

C64/VIC Switch (networking)

BACKUP VI.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VICCARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VICCARDPRINT Printer Interface - C64/VICCARDBOARD/3S Motherboard - VICCARDRITER Lightpen - C64/VICCARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VICComplete CARDCO Line In stockCIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stockBASM kCompiler/Assembler for C64

17089

14529

12520646964323264

89

APPLE—FRANKLIN ITEMS

KRAFT Apple Joystick 43

16K RAM Card lor Apple 59

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand lor Apple 29

Serial Card for Apple 99

MPC RAM/80 column card lor HE 139

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235

RANA Elite I with Controller 389

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 79

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interlace 115

Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer 160

Grappler + Interface 140Kraft Products for Apple in stock

DC Hayes Micromodem II 299

PFS: File 100

PFS: Report 100

Videx 80 Column Card 209linden Software lor Apple 20% OFF

PIE Writer Word Processor 120

H commodore

See us for Personal, Business, and Educationalrequirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN I $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to theuser. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-tional computer hookups $100 each.

COMPACK

$115

Intelligent Terminal Package for PET, COM, C64

Includes ACIA Hardware / STCP Software

VE-2 IEEE to Poralhrf Interface ilO

Includes case, power supply, lull 8-bit transmission, andswitch selectable character conversion to ASCII

VIDEO ENHANCER for Commodore 64 89

Realize video quality equal or better lhan composite monitorusing standard color TV

SCREEN MAKER 80 Column Adapter for C64 145

Provides big screen capability for business applications.

VIC 20 ProductsBACKUP VI.0 20

VIC RAM Cards in slockVICSuperExpander 52VIC 16KRAMThorn EMI SoftwareHES SoftwareVIC Omega RaceSpiders of Mars (UMI)Programmers Aid

VICTORY SoftwareStreet Sweepers (VIC) 12Night Rider (VIC) 11

Annihilator 16

Adventure Pack II 16

Educational Pack I 11Strategy Pack I 16

95

32

3945

VIC Sargon II ChessVIC GORFMeteor Run (UMI)VIC Radar RatraceAmok (UMI)SnakmanRubik's CubeProgrammers ReferenceFROGGER

VIC Adventure Seriesfor VIC and C64Kongo Kong (VIC)Cosmic Debris (VIC)Adventure Pack IMetamorphosisTrekGrave Robbers

323239242015131525

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16

MicroChiss lor C64—8 levels ol play 19

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11

C64 or VIC SWITCH 125

POWER ROM Utilities tor PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+/64 69

WordPro 4+ - 8032 disk, printer 295

SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro 170

VISICALC lor PET. ATARI, or Apple 189

PET-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

CALC RESULT for C64 135

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

COPYWRITER Word Processor for C64 69

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET. CBM, 4040, or 8050 8CmC Interfaces (ADA1800, ADAI450. SADI in stock)

ZRAM - CBM 64K RAM. Z80, CP/M 550

Programming the PET/CB M (Computel) — R. West 20

Compute! First Book ol VIC 11

HES MODEM with Software 65HES Software and Hardware in stockUMI products in stock

OMNICALC (HES) Spreadsheet for C64 79

FlexFiie for PET/CBM/ C64 $110

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists.

FORTH for■ PET/C64 full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50M etacompller for FO RTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM/C64

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

7965

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM JM?.5......8.!L$.?°

DISK ICU - Recovery System for PET/CBM 40

10/2.20 50/2.00 100/1.95

10/3.05 50/2.80 100/2 75

10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.06

10/2.85 50/2 70 100/2.65

DISKSPECIALS

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/ddScotch (3M) 5" ds/ddScotch (3M) 8" ss/sdScotch (3M) 8" ss/dd

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

Sentinal 5" ss/dd 10/1.90 50/1.85 100/180

Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/2.55 50/2.50 100/2 45

Wabash 5" ss/sd 10/1.65 50/1.60 100/155

Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/1.95 50/1.90 100/185

Wabash 8" ss/sd 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.85

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for $6Disk Library Cases 8"—300 5"—2 25Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTE TAPES—AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

C-10 10/ 61 50/ 58 100/ 50

C-30 10/85 50/82 100/70

DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge andnoise filtering The answer to your power problems.

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 98

BMC 12A 12" Green Monitor 85

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280

VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)

CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 32

Brother HR-15 Daisy Wheel Printer 475

Prownter Parallel Printer 379

Panasonic 1090 Printer with Correspondence Mode 365

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39

Daisywnter 2000 with 48K buffer + cable 1150Many printers available (Gemini-Star. Brother. OKI. etc.)We Stock AMDEK Monitors

AmdekDXY-100 Plotter 590A P Products 15% OFF

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290

BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54We stock Electrohome Monitors

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer 189

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz)Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor

149285

USI Video Monitors—Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-res.Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

YtNiTH I data

I systems

Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369

ZT-10 Intel Terminal with Serial Port 340

Zl 00 16-bitya-bit Systems in stock CALL

We stock entire Zenith line.

ATARI*

SPECIALSWE STOCK ENTIRE LINE—write for prices.

Atari 1200Voice BoxFR0G6ER

Thorn EMI SoftwareEduFtin Software

CALL QIX 34

100 Anchor Modem—Atari 79

25 Atari Graphics (Compute!) 11

First Book ol Atari 11

APX Software

215-822-7727

252 Bethlehem PikeColmar, PA 18915

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1.50 per order for United ParcelWe pay balance ol UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders(add extra for mail. APO/FPO. air) Prices include cash discountRegular prices slightly higher Prices subject to change.

Circle 5 on Inquiry card.

BYTE Augtul 1963 531

« ff m MICRO

. SALES

* MADE IN USA • BUY FACTORY DIRECT •

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

%

*|0 DISK DRIVE $A\aBLOWOUT SALE

<

'$!

THE LOWEST PRICES IN BYTE!

8" Shugart 801R SS/DD - Slashed $355.00

8" Shugart 851R Double Sided 1.2 Meg! 457.00

8" Oume Dalalrak-8 DS/DD "THE BEST" 479.00

8" Mitsubishi Full Height Double Sided 1 Year P+L 445.00

8" Mitsubishi Thinline DS/DD 1 Year Parts + Labor 465.00

8" Tandon 848-1 Slimline SS/DD 600K BYTES 355.00

8" Tandon 848-2 Slimline Double Sided 1.2 Meg 475.00

8" Siemens 100-8 SS/DD ON SALE NOW!!! 169.00

5'/." Mitsubishi Full height 96T.P.I DS/DD 750K 295.00

5'/." Mistubishi Slimline 96T.P.I. DS/DD 750K 315.00

5V«" Tandon TM-100-1 SS/DD 48T.P.1168K 199.00

5'A" Tandon TM-100-21.B.M. PC Add-on! 259.00

5'/." Tandon TM 100-4 DS/DD 96T.P.1.750K 369.00

• WINCHESTER HARD DISKS •

5V Miniscribe 5 Meg" Hard Disk - Affordable $695.00

5'A" Miniscribe 10 Meg' Hard Disk - Twice the Space 850.00

5'/<" Miniscribe 16 Meg- Hard Disk - Best Buy 995.00

5V<" Miniscribe 10 Meg* Thinline only 154 inches wide! 795.00

8" Quantum 20' Megabyte Winchester - Two Platters 1895.00

8" Quantum 40* Meg Four Platter - Most Popular 2395.00

8" Quantum 85* Megabyte - Special Order on this Monster!. .2895.008" IOMEGA ALPHA 10-10 Megabyte* Removeable Disk Cartridgewith SCSI Microprocessor Controlled Interlace

(Controls up to Four IOMEGA Cartridge Drives) 1895.00

IOMEGA 10 Megabyte Cartridge - No Interface P.C.B 895.00

♦LAST MINUTE SPECIAL!!! Buy any Winchester hard disk drive above and get aWestern Digital hard disk interlace board AT COST! mil 295.00!

'Total sloraae saace alter lormatlina.

*

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems

w/two Misubishi DS/DD Assem. + Tested $1170.00

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD Assem. + Tested 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD Assem. + Tested 1225.00

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/DD Assem. + Tesled 675.00

w/two Oume DT-8 DS/DD Assem. + Tesled 1250.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces 235.00

Cabinet Top and Bottom Only 69.50

All cabinets A & T and subsystems include all AC/DC wiring and 50 pin data cableexcepl Ihe horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable and requires anexternal 50 pin cable part #C-6000-01 . S 25.00

5V<" Subsystems

w/two 48TPI SS/DD includes all cables 495.00

w/two 48TPI DS/DD includes all cables 595.00

w/two 96TPI DS/DD includes all cables 695.00

FANTASTIC SAVINGS.'!

m*%L__i2 _ :

«

39$

"xHtfmXnm,

8" POWER

For Two 8" Floppys

+ 5VDC @ 4 Amps+ 24VDC @ 3 Amps

-5VDC @ 1 Amp

ONLY 59.95

S-100 POWER

For 6 to 22 Slots

+8VDC @ 30 Amps+ 16VDC @ 6 Amps-16VDC @ 6 Amps

89.50

ONLY

"UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

.69.95

ON THE ORIGINAL S-100 MOD

For engineers, hobbiests, and anyone who wants to save a bundle. Ihe SI-MODis the answer. Full regulated power to run up to four tloppy disks coupled witha mamoth S-100 power supply and 12 slot bus, makes the S1-M0D an excep-tional computer base. Single board design means no wiring Irom Ihe powersuppply to the motherboard. This eliminates all ground loop problems associatedwith other brands ol mainframes who are forced to use termination. The S1-M0Dis being offered this month with a matching S-100-12 cabinet. Fan cooled, lused.with reset and keylock the cabinet is also enamel painted and silk screened.Four A.C. outlets are provided for peripheral hookup and plenty of cutoutsavailable for RS-232, Centronics + others. Our regular S225.00 price lor theS1-M0D and 250.00 price lor our 12 slot cabinet is being SLASHED!• * • SPECIFICATIONS* * •Input Regulated Unregulated120V/60HZ. +5V@5A +8V@30A230V/50HZ. +24V@3A ±16V@6A-5V@1ADon't settle for those cheap 6 slot immilations you've seen elsewhere in thismag. OWN THE BEST! XOR S-1 MOD and S-100-12 Cabinet $395.00'

CaliforniaComputerSystems

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . .$1995.00

Includes CP/M® 2.2DMA Disk Controller2-Real Time Clocks.

* 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

* Hardware Vectored Interrupts

* Supports CP/M® ,MP/M* .OASIS

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200

THE LEADER OF THE HAYES MODEM FAMILY

• 1200 Baud - Bell 212A Compatable• 300 Baud - Bell 103 Compatable

• Automatic Dialing - Touchtone or Pulse

• Automatic Send, Receive and Disconnect

• Built-in Speaker for Mcnitoring Call Line

These are just a lew features ol Ihe Smarlmodem 1200, the best modem you can buy,in lad, il performs just about any communication tunction you can imagine, and can

be program controlled using any language. Our special price S549.00

♦Make things easy lor yourself. Gel the Hayes Smarlmodem 1200 with CROSSTALK™software S629.00

i

CCS 2300 System,

* Includes CP/M® 2.2

* 2300 Mainframe

I Z-80A CPU

A & T. $1695.00

* New 2066 64K Memory

* 2422 Disk Controller

* Complete A+T

* 2710 4 Port Serial $245.00

* 2719 2 Serial - 2 Parallel 245.00

* 2810 CPU Z-80 at 4 MHz On/y—255.00

* 2422 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 On/y—330.00

* 2066 64K Dynamic Memory On/y—360.00

* 2300A Mainframe Assem. + Tesled On/y—455.00

* CCS Apple Boards Call Toll Free For Prices

CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-552S

MICRO COMPUTERS FOR MICRO$DOLLARS

mi

: a

XOR 500

A matching terminal wild a detachablekeyboaro ana green screen lor underS500 007 See description or opposite page

*995

SEIKOSHA - Meaning high quality and low cost in a not matrixQQ design. Full Graphics, parallel interlace. SO column, double width

print, and automatic printing make this printer a "Beslduy"Quality' you bet. and Packeo by a two year end user warrantySeikosha GP-iiiOA 2 year warranty 5239 00

A computer lor under 1,000 dollars? YES, U.S. MICRO SALES is ottering for limited time only, a 4 slot-S-100 bus computersystem at $995. Full 64K ol memory means there's no need to add any memory. With 64K and CP/M 2.2 operatingsystem (included) you're able to run over two thousand different software application packages. Formats? This little systemwill read MORROW, IBM, KAYPRO, and XOR Formats. The disk controller is so advanced it can write any byle/size sector,single or double sided single or double density AND... .it runs both 8" and 5'/<" drivesl II more storage is needed,add on an 8" subsystem and you'll be able to READ AND WRITE the IBM 3740 Formal - an industry standard. Thesystem above includes 5V<" floppy storage, 4 slot S-100 bus, 3 board set with Z-80A @ 4MHz., 2 serial RS-232 ports.Centronics parallel port and two whole diskettes full of free utility software along with CP/M 2.2.

S-100-4 Mini 5V*" System #S-1000-83 $995.00

Limit 1 to a customer - otter expires Sept. 15th 1983

XOR 500

A new video Display terminal leaturing * screen till

* detached keyboard + 9 cursor antral keys * 5funttion keys * 7 screen attributes * 2Slh status line

* 50-19.2K baud * column + field tab * and more *Ail these features with a full 6 month warranty make thisterminal the best buy on the market.

XOR 500, iT-1000-15 W95.00

HARD DISK

M99500

Once again Seikosha has come out with a fantasticbuy1 The GP-25QX For starters were is memoryset aside for you to oelme 64 of your own charactersor symbols. There's more memory tor storing yourown print sequences, uo to lour of them BOTHsenai ana parallel interfaces - STANDARD Self testmooe - STANDARD Graphics, double width ana/ordouble height characters - STANDARDSEIKUSHA GP-250X. 2 year wananiy $295.00

Ai the pnee of a hara disk subsystem, this enpanoabie upgraoeabie nard cisk microcomputer is otjvtousiy a "BEST BUY Z-80A Dasec af 4 MHz with 64K of oynam*cmemory ano CP/M 2.2 allows you to run thousands ol available software programs. A full 5 megabytes ol lormatted storage proviaes plenty of storage lor programsand data High speed data transfer is accomrjlisheo with a Western Digital hara disk controller Our on board orom monitor allows booting up CP/M from ihe floppyor hard disk Factory direct delivery gives you factory drecf service il it is ever needed. The hard cisk system is available m many Different configurations should yourequire 3 or 4 floppys or a large hard disk The readable formats for this system now include. IBM. .MORROW KAYPRO anc XOR Acc.ng a pair of 8" drives is noproblem as Ihe software you receive will also have 8" formal-copy read ana write files. The XOR disk controller will run both 8" ana 5 v» leppys simultaneously givingyou the ability lo read + write ihe IBM 3740 formal, an industry standard Features also include \w separate power supplies, a 5 board set. an S-100 bus structure,serial ana parallel ports ano a spare S-100 slot for your own expansion Ail this gives the XOR S-100-4 hara disk system the qualities neeoed to remain a steo aneacin the microcomputer industry

XOR S-100-4 Hard Disk #S-1000-89 $1995.00

Limited quantities - one per customer - expires 9/15/83

532 BYTE Augutt 1983

See Page 291 for Additional System Information

Circle 401 on Inquiry card.

ORDER TOLL FREE

ft EAST ft ft WEST ft

1 (800) 435-9357 1 (800) 854-8174

In III. (815) 485-4002

In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492

TERMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to clear before shipment.$5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00.15% Restocking Fee. All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. AllUPS C.O.D. orders over $100.00 require a Cashiers Check. * Our products carry a lull 6 months parts and labor warranty excludingdrives, pnnters and terminals which carry the lull OEM. factory warranty. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

* EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

* WEST • 75392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

OUR BEST SELLING TERMINALS

Adds Viewpoint: A low cost high performance terminal w/green screen and detachablekeyboard. Features include * Reverse video * hall intensity * Visual highlighting* Full auxiliary port use +150 - 19.2K baud rate * Screen tilt + Foreign languageinternational character set * 4 way cursor setting *ADDS VIEWPOINT iff-1000-04 S519.00

Televideo 910+: Save your eyes on a great green screen w/leatures like * Built-inself test * Full editing * Tab options * cursor control * 16 visual attributes like,reverse video, monitor mode, half intensity and block or underline, blink or steadycursor * Full numeric keypad * 925/950 emulation *.TELEVIDEO 910+ fl-1000-05 5569.00

XOR 500: A new video display terminal featuring * Screen tilt * Detached keyboard+ 9 cursor control keys * 5 function keys + 7 screen attributes * 25th statusline * 50-19.2K baud * Column + field tab * and more * All these featureswith a full 6 month warranty make this terminal the best buy on the market.

XOR 500 yfHOOO-15 5495.00

Televideo 925: From the hobbyist to the basic professional this popular terminal willlit your needs. * Detachable keyboard * Numeric keypad * Green screen * Selltest * Time of day display * Programmable function keys * 912/920 emulationhardware/software programmable configurations * Extra memory page * Fourswitchable foreign languages * Tilt screen * 25th status line *TELEVIDEO 925 #T-1000-08 $739.00

TELEVIDEO 950 #T-I000-09 S939.00

PRINTERSNEW ARRIVALS! NEW MODELS!

Mannesman Tally MI 180 - IN STOCK!!!! New design ana technology with a price tag that will knock your socksofl The MT-180 is the mosl sought after printer currently on lne nwkei Ttis printer is the answer to all yourprime' needs You gel high resolution business graphics, outstanding letter aualily lext for worn processing, anaconllnuous high speed report printing1 EigM letter widths give your printout a change of pace. On the 13! columnwidth condences 264 columns. The duafshifl print heap with a 2D x 18 malnx prints ouislanding letter qualitytype. So good you'll Ihink you invested in a daisywheel Not convinced1 Serial and parallel hookup - STANDARD95 characters ASCII drall quality 96 characters letter quality n graphic symbols, 31 Greek characters, 6 loreignlanguages, bi-oirectmnal logic seeking dual shift printhiad AND Program by menu1 Ever tried to figure outthe switch settings on a printer'' the MT-180 has push button "PROMPT'' programming Answer questions YESof NO lo set up formats & character sets, & communications with your printer' The last feature is the reason you'llsoon cwn an MT-180 THE PRICE 1995.00

Okidati Mlcrollne; New versatility, corresponoence quality printing ano speeo make the ML92 and ML93 Ire bestprinter values in their categories Both printers provide muiti-speeo print modes: bi-directional high speed modewith short line seeking logic at i60cos. emphasized and enhanced mode printing at BOcps, and high resolutioncorrespondence quality printing at 40cps Dot-addressable graohics is standard Both serial and parallel modelsare available ana BOTH prices include full iractor assembly al no extra chargeML92 (Serial Add S85) #M-2O00-IO J 629.00

ML93 [Serial Add S85) #M-2000-11 J 965.00

Selkosha - Meaning high quality and low cost in a dot matrix Design Full graphics, parallel mierface. 80 cclumndouble width onnt. and automatic printing make this prnler a "Best buy". Quality? you bet, and backed by atwo year end user warrantySelkosha GP-100A 2-year warranty S239.O0

Daisywrrter 2000. An innovation m daisywheel letter quality Printwneel cassettes, first introduced by Datsywnlerare enclosed pnntwheeis to prevent damage or breakage of those costly daisy wheels. These cassettes are availablein 14 print styles ana 16 languages Over 75 software commands makes word processing easy Almost a wordprocessor in ilsell1 AND stanoard serial interfacing, 16K (48K optional) buffer That's right stxteen K ot memoryallow you lo "spool'' lothebulfer inlesslhanaseconaandpnnltoruDloan hour with optional low cost sheetfeeder or tractor. PLUS automalic margin, auto proportional spacing, Daisyplol™ graphics with absolute and relalivevector plotting, auto baud rate, self test. 132 to 264 column prim, full line spacing an MORE' Need to print 3 or4 part forms? No oroblem as the 0-2000 handles the original ana up to 7 copies Don't feel you ii be getting stuckwnhaow speed letter quality printer - 200 CPS high sceed white space" printing will get that 30 page reportout in no time.Dalsywrtar 2000 11150.00

The 4 slot S-100 systems below are equipped with XOR Z-80 4MHZ three board set. Each can run 8" or 5" disk simultandoand Morrow 5" disk formats. Each has a modular dual power supply sub chassis. They are fan cooled. Standard I/O is 2

usly. In addition to the high speed XOR mini format, they can read KPRO, IBMserial ports and one Centronics parallel. Expansion I/O is available.

MICRO MANAGERTWIN 5V4"MINI

Don't be tooled by this system'ssmall portable size.

• Full 64K of memory with anindustry standard S-100 bus

• Includes CP/M 2.2 and manyutilities on two disks

• Add on a hard disk when youneed more storage

• •COMPLETE SYSTEMS* •

Dual Floppy 368K SS/DD $1445.00

Dual Floppy 750K SS/DD $1595,00

Dual Floppy 1.5 Meg DS/DD $1645.00

Chassis (No boards No drives) $ 425.00

MICRO MANAGERMINI HARD DISK SYSTEMS

Inexpensive but powerful, smallenough for portability, these minihard disk systems have a specialXOR interface to the S-100 busthat leaves an S-100 slot open forexpandability. Choose from 5, 10,and 16 megabyte sizes (6.5. 12.+ 20 megabyte unformatted.)

5 Megabyte Hard Disk W/750K Floppy $2345.00

10 Megabyte Hard Disk W/750K Floppy $2475,00

16 Megabyte Hard Disk W/750K Floppy $2545.00

Many Other Configurations Available - Ask Us!

8" MICRO MANAGER

Our most popular computerfeatures a 4 slot S-100 bus and8" industry standard format.Reads and writes the IBM 3740format as well as any byte/sizesector. Expandable? Yes, add ahard disk or cartridge subsystemwhen your data base grows, in-cludes CP/M.

* System with SS/DD 1.2 Megabytes $1795,

* System with DS/DD 2.4 Megabytes $1995,

* System with NO Drives (includes CP/M) $1195,

* System Chassis (No boards, no drives, no CP/M) $ 395.00

The 12 slot commercial grade S-100 systems below have all of the features listed above plus a massive 30 amp power supply capable ot the expansion we expect you will do. All units are cooled by fourinch tans. Each system must pass 2 days of constant read and write disk testing without a single error before shipment. One year complete warranty is included.

*

BASIC PROFESSIONAL

• w/2 SS/DD 1.2 Megabytes $2295.00

• w/2 DS/DD 2.4 Megabytes Full Ht. or Slimline.. $2345.00

Buy the basic professional with thinline drives if you plan to upgradeto a hard disk in the future.

• System w/no Drives (Includes CP/M) $1350.00

• 12 Slot Chassis w/no Boards, Drives, or CP/M . .$ 495.00

OFFICE MASTER

REMOVEABLE CARTRIDGE

DISK SYSTEM

PROFESSIONAL 8" HARD DISKMULTI USER CAPABILITY 2-7 USERS

Your storage problems have Been solved' Two 10 megabyte IOMEGA removeacte cartridge driveswith trie soeed arid reliability ot a bard disk means you NEVER run out of storage Just popm another to meg cartridge imagine 20 50 over 100 megabytes ol data a! your lingenrpsAll systems include 2 cartridges and CPrM 2 2 operating sjslem

Good * 10 Meg Removeable cartridge w/1.2 meg Floppy $3695.00

Belief * 10 Meg Removable cartridge w/two 1.2 meg Floppies $4195.00

Best * Two 10 Meg Removable cartridge drives 54595.00

* 10 Megabyte cartridges - Stock up now t 50.00

Buying direct from our factory through our East or West coast sales loca-tions assures you of a system that fits your needs. All professional 8"systems are custom built to the cusotmer's specifications. You'll not findthis kind ol flexibility with any computer company, anywhere.10,20,40, and 85 megabyte systems with DS/DD 1.2 meg. floppy- 10 meg. $4395.00 / 20 meg. $4895.00 / 40 meg. $5745 /85 meg. $5345 — Two user hard disk systems add $695.00 (in-cludes CP/M & MP/M) - Three to Seven users add only $250.00per user — 17 Megabyte cartridge tape backup add $1495.00

Circle 401 on Inquiry card.

See Page 291 for Additional System Information

BYTE August 1983 533

OUR PC 100 SOFTWARE PACKAGE TURNS

®

YOUR IBM PC INTO A

DEC® VT10Q or VTBB

Computable terminal

Requires: 64k, 1 drive, monochrome or color adptwith

25x80 display, async adpt, and IBM DOS or QUNIX™

PRICED: $89. (Std. VT100 functions)

Optional: Local Printer & Copy to/from Disk.

GMS 7525 MITCHELL RD.

SUITE 101 CALL OR WRITE

EDEN PRAIRIE, MN 55344 (612) 937-9194

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Macnincs.DEC.VT are registered trademarks of Digitial Equipment Corp.QUNIX is a trademark of Quantum Software Systems.PC100. GMS are trademarks of General Micro Systems.

CY232 Network Controllerand Parallel-Serial Interface

will connect any RS232 CRT or computer

i any 8-bit parallel TTL I/O port

and works with one port or

up to 255 parallel ports

in several network

nfigu rations.

Wasting Money! We Have the World's MostCost Effective Development System.

• Includes Hexklt 1.0, a powerful100% machine code editor/debugger utility program thatmakes coding for 8-blt Micros asnap.

• Program from CommodoreVlC-20 keyboard Into built-in4K ROM emulator

• Jumper to target ROM socket

• Test programs in circuit

• Built-in EPROM programmerand power supply

• Burns & runs EPROMS forthe Commodore VIC-20, too

• Comprehensive manuals

• Fits EXPANSION PORT

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199Send for Free Brochure

Distributed In U.S. by Arbutui Totil Soft. Inc., A2Q2 Meridian. Suits ?H,8fllllnEirtam, WA 982?6. Pnone 800-426-1253. In Washington 206-733-04M

Distributed In Canada by IBC/Dlitrlbutton Cimdi. 4047 Gamble St.Vancouver, BC V5Z 2x9. Phono 604-879-7812

VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED

OL commodore approved product

PricesPROMQUEEN 64BK board with 1 EPROM16K board with i EPROM8K board with 1 EPROM-C84

$299.00$29.85$30.96$39.86

CAN$399.00$39.96$49.96$49.95

Circle 177 on Inquiry card.

Circle 124 on Inquiry card.

Circle 31 on Inquiry card.

HeathUsers

Double Your5'/," disk storagecapacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 orH89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880Hfloppy disk controller, in conjunctionwith your h1/" drives, for example,expands memory capacity from 256bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and double-sided, single and double-density, 8" and5'/j" drives — simultaneously.

Oft

C.D.R. Systems Inc.

Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc.7210 Clairraont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111

(619) 560-1272

INDUSTRIAL CONTROLMICROCOMPUTERS

We have six single board computers, twovideo boards and 20 other control products.You can use our products for securitysystems, heat control, light control, auto-mated slide show, traffic lights, irrigationsystems, home computer systems, auto-mated process control, and robot control justto name a few. OEM prices available. Forcatalog call or write to:

JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC.

1014 CENTER STREET

SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070

(415) 592-8411

Convert your TRS-80 into a

DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM

Z-80 In-Circuitemulation andEPROM/EEPROMprogramming ina single compactunit.

Debug stand-alone

systems with

program in

TRS-80 RAM,

then copy working program into PROM.

Only $329 including personality modulefor2716, 2516,2758,2508, 2532,2816,2808, 48016. (2732A,2764PM's$15ea.)

ORION INSTRUMENTS

172 Otis Ave, Woodside, CA 94062(415)851-1172

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

Circle 47 on Inquiry card.

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. C.O.D'saccepted. CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo, CA 93401.In Catcall (800) 592-5935 or(805)543-1037.

^^*tiQ. FtvzjZm*

^^^l^v^S

wabash

iAi:dAM={=K4

Scotch

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

FOR| ^ ORDERS

hjjjjj0"] CALL COLLECT

a^^H (614)866-3462

H m datamaster

Vj 1 IlKOP International Corp.

M«1*« ZIMMER DR..COLUMBUS, OHIO 43227

MicroScripf" $99

State of the Art Text Formatter

■ generic markup

• fully definable page with multiple columns

■ multiline headers, footers, and footnotes

• automatic widow and orphan suppression

• automatic section numbering

• automatic table of contents and index

• automatic bullet, number, and definition lists

• floating ligures

■ text alignment to left, center, right, or justify

• lelt and right indention with delay and duration

• bold, underscore, and proportional spacing

■ macros and symbols

• multiple input files of unlimited size1 direct printer control

• IDS, Qume. Diablo, NEC, C.ITOH. and all TTY

MicroEd $49

Customizable Full Screen Editor

• lull cursor control by character, word. 01 line1 position to lop or bottom of window or file

• scroll by line, half window, or full window

• global or selective find and replace

» delete by characler, word, line, or block

■ read external files into current file

> copy, move, and write blocks ol text» insert, overlay, or wordwrap text

■ all cursor addressable VDTs

Postpaid within US. outsiOe US add S10 CA residents6' SS/S0 CPiM-80". and CP/M-86'. 5 25" SS/DD PC-DOS

6%

MicroType™

6531 Crown Blvd., Suite 3A, San Jose, CA 95120(408) 997-5026

■ CP/M-80. CP/M-86 are trademarks ol Digital Research. PC-DOSis a trademark of IBM Corporation

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

Circle 128 on Inquiry card.

Circle 274 on Inquiry card.

ORDER WITH CONFIDENCE

from one of the nation's largestconsumer electronic parts distributors!

"FRUIT

COOLER'I

A slim (13/4") fan for Apple IIsand other computers. Slides on,no installation necessary.Two extraoutlets,feeder cable, illuminatedswitch and spike arrestors.

ORDER NO.

83-APL-FAN-1

$54.95

APPLE COMPATIBLEKEYBOARD

Kwmwmmm»*ww>r*i< ...tfmmmapmmvvppm -

Heavy duty error free switches,switchable N key rollover, last keyrepeat, upper/lower case capability,alpha lock. Complete with cable.

ORDER NO.

83-APL-KB-7

$79.95

Unbelievable Discount!

APPLE If COMPATIBLESLIM DISK DRIVE

RUNS QUIETER THAN THE ORIGINAL!

New - not surplus - guaranteed! Only

6"wx1-7/8"h x 10"d. Complete ,.~

with a 3' cable. Runs

with Apple controller

or our optional

controller.

11

ORDER NO.84-APL-DD-1

Now only $259.00

CONTROLLER CARD

ORDER NO. t.AQ|.

83-APL-CTL-1 *49.

D f\ M I IQ Buy two disk drives and get a freePvHUO controller card!

ATARI® TYPE"DOUBLE FIRE"JOYSTICK

This joystick hasa stick top firebutton—thenewest "craze"in video games!

ORDER NO.

83-XY-250

$9.95

REPLACEMENT POWERSUPPLY FORAPPLE II®

Fully Apple compatible.

5A heavy duty switcher,110V or

220V input, +5V/5A,+12V/3A,

-5V -12V full load outputs. Fits in an

Apple II case. AC cord included.

order NO. *7Qae

83-APL-PS-51 $79.95

APPLE COMPATIBLEJOYSTICK

Heavy duty.ORDER NO.

83-APL-XY-10

$16.50

ARCADE TYPE JOYSTICK

Atari, Commodore,Sears compatible.Heavy duty lealswitches. Long life.

ORDER NO.83-ATR-JY-1

$15

REPLACEMENTRAM IC FOR ATARI2600 VCS

ORDER NO.

83-ATR-IC-3

sfl)f*^

$11.95

REPLACEMENTCPU IC FOR ATARI2600 VCS

ORDER NO.

83-ATR-IC-2

n^

$9.95

REPLACEMENT R.F.MODULATOR FOR ATARI®2600 VCS

Also compatible withother video games.^

ORDER NO.

83-ATR-RF-1

$5.00

REPLACEMENT ACADAPTOR FOR ATARI2600 VCS

9V 500mA. UL listed.ORDER NO.83-ATR-PS-5

$5.00

REPLACEMENT .

JOYSTICK esp©.

Fits Atari,Commodore,Sears others

ORDER NO. ^

83-ATR-XY-4

\i

&

Now only

$4.95

REPLACEMENT POWER SUPPLY FOR

ATARI® 800 AND 400

MODELS.

ORDER NO.

83-ATR-PS-800

$17.00

JOYSTICK EXTENSION CORDS

Works with Atari , Coleco, Commodore and other 9 pinplugs. Two popular lengths: 6' and 12'.

ORDER NO.

83-ATR-EX-683-ATR-EX-12

$5.006.50

REPLACEMENTATARI® JOYSTICKCABLE

83-ATR-

$3.00

LOGIC PROBE withMEMORY FUNCTION

ORDER NO.

83-3800 A

$24.95

We carry

a full line of

HITACHI and LEADER

oscilloscopes.

Call for your discount prices!

MINIMUM ORDER $25.00. VISA, MASTER CARD accepted. No surcharges. Exact UPS charges will be added. PREPAID: Certifiedchecks and money orders, send exact amount. No shipping, handling or insurance charges in the continental USA. PERSONAL CHECKS: add 5%shipping charges, allow 3 weeks to clear. INTERNATIONAL BUYERS: US currency and 20% extra for shipping. CA Residents, add sales tax. OEM,DEALERS: send for special prices on your company letterhead. No purchase orders or open accounts-no exceptions.

ELECTRONICS

a division of alliance research corporation '

18215 PARTHENIA ST.* NORTHRIDGE, CA 91325

Call toll free: (800) 423-5336

In California: (800) 382-3663

Local: (213) 701 -5848

Telex 181011 ORAPARTS NTGE

BYTE August 1983 535

1 1 WILL BEAT ANY COMPETITOR'S PRICE 1

1 PROVIDED IT IS NOT BELOW MY COST. 1

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K 200 ns $5.3564K 150 ns 5.3564K 120 ns 5.9016K 200 ns 1.40

EPROM2764 250 ns $6.352732 450 ns 4.052716 450 ns 3.252532 450 ns 4.60

STATIC RAM6264LP-15 150 ns $60.006116P-3 150 ns 5.002114 200 ns 1.45

Z60A FAMILYCPU, CTC, or PIO $3.39DART 7.99DMAorSIO/0 12.50

MaslerCard'VISA or UPS CASH COD

1: Factory New. Prime Parts

li MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

H V 24,000 South Peoria AveBEGGS, OK. 74421(918) 267-4961

H Price5 subiecl lo change Call lor volume prices SuOiecIlo available qunnntiesH Shipping a Insurance eirra. Cash discount prices shown.

•**CS

IEEE-696 S—100 monochrome

IEEE-696 S-100

MONOCHROME / COLOR $095

IEEE-696 S-100 eight color

- 3 I 512 x 512 Plxol

- 8 Color ROB

- Two board eyitom

MULTIBUS eight color

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel

- Eight color RGB

- Single board system

IBM-PC

MONOCHROME - 1 x S12 x 512 Pi>

- 1 x 1024 x 1024 PixCOLOR - 3 x 612 x 512

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pix

$405$005

$1285$1006

FEATURES^

Hardware zoom, ProgrammablDisplay Resolution, Windowing. Mulll-ConlrolterCapability, NEC UPO7220 Graphic Controller

ULTRA-RES Trademark CSD Incorporated Star

MULTIBUS Trademark IntelCorporellon

C.S.D. Incorporated

P.O. Box 253 Sudbury. Massachusetts 01776(617) 443-2760

68000 processor plus UCSD p-SYSTEM.PASCAL. FORTRAN 77. BASIC. Macro As-sembler, full 1 year warranly.

Sage II with 2 QD floppies (1 280K) & 1 28KRAM only S3300. With 51 2K RAM. S3855

Sage IV w/1 floppy (640K) & 256K RAM. 1 2Mbyte hard drive. S5588 W/1 Mb RAM$6698

We are more lhan just an authorized SAGEdealer; we use the SAGE everyday in oursoftware development business

MARITIME SOFTWAREASSOCIATES

(503) 929-2552

6660 Reservoir Road Corvallis. OR 97333

Circle 489 on Inquiry card.

Circle 61 on Inquiry card.

Circle 490 on Inquiry card.

NEW GENERATION OFINTELLIGENT PAL/EPROM

PROGRAMMERS FDR THENEW BREED OF ENGINEERS

• SO AND E4 PIN PALs • 27 AND25 EPRDMs • PCM EMULATION

DIGITAL MEDIA

3178 GIBRALTAR AVENUE

COSTA MESA, CA SS6SG

C714) 7B1-1373

IBM/PC=

1. DEC VTIOO?

2. DEC VT125?

3. DASHER D400?

SmarTernT/PC Does It!

At more than1000 locations worldwide!

• full emulation of terminal characteristics up tothe limits of standard IBM PC" hardware

• includes integral high-speed, bi-directionalASCII and binary file transfer

OUTSTANDING PRICING:

VT100, VT101, VT102, VT52 . .$68 to $150'VT125 Graphics Terminal ... .$215 to $295■Dasher D100, D200, D400 . . .$50 to $125'■Depending on quantity

Available through /our local compute dealeror directly from:

= = TJersoft 274° Skl Lane-=- -=.rr ' Madison, WI 53713

1 (608) 233-1000

Software /or Professionals . . by Professionals

Circle 144 on Inquiry card.

Circle 312 on Inquiry card.

#»*

"%t\ '

*»J£

0a»g

aMet

*JS£2sS

0f£«S»»fl£

.ndE&sw?

,rfo'

rtna-

SV^vAA

tttetav

vv

,\etca'

.SA/^jj^

SiO£

Q0&

Circle 121 on Inquiry card.

AUGUST SPECIAL

£*•, ELEPHANT DISKS

Mj $19.95/10

PROWRITER 8510- $375

EPSON MX-BO F/T $449

GRAPPLER+ $120

QUENTIN (Applemate) $249

MICRO-SCKA-2) $239

CONTROLLER CARD $ 69DISKFILE-(holds 125 disks) $ 52,

Invitations To Bid ■ Welcome. fHfffjj

Items In Stock - Ship In 24 Hrs. P

We accept, MC, VISA, Certified HBBB

Check, Money Orders, APO, OK.,

CA. Residents 6% Tax. L ,',

Shipping Mln. $2.50 f • -

GWS

GOLDEN WEST SYSTEMS31942 OAK HILL LANE2107 PORTEBV1LLE.CA 93257

Circle 186 on Inquiry card.

M

w

BASF

DISKETTES

BASF Diskettes at compe-titive price. Call TOLL FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices andinformation. Visa and MasterCard accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA43401 (InCal call(805) 543-1037)

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

OISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWNPRICES ON DISKS! FREE SHIPPING!

TEC'S NEW HALF-HIGH 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE/CASE & POWER SUPPLY AT AN INCREDIBLE

LOW PRICE! $195.00!!!!!

EW! TRUE HALF HEIGHT DRIVES! 1 5/8 INCHNOT 2 INCH OR 2 7/16 INCH! DIRECT DRIVE!NO DRIVE BELT! 3MS TRACK TO TRACK!

AC's New Slimline 40 Track w/case & power supply $240.00

ndon 40 Track TM-100-1 w/case & power supply $225.00

(DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK DRIVES ADD $75.00)

ugart New Slimline Double Sided 40 Track w/case & P.S $299.00

ugart New Slimline Double Sided 80 Track w/case & P.S $379.00

ndon Single Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S. . . . $545.00ndon Double Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S.. . . $625.00'o Drive 5 1/4" Cable (FOR most computers) $23.99

(WITH GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS)

''s Color Computer 1st Drive Only $389.00

INE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEAC & TANDONyes Smart Modem 300 Baud $225.00 1200 Baud $525.00

PRINTER PRICES

180 w/Graphtrax Plus . .;80 FT w/Graphtrax Plus.:i00 w/Graphtrax Plus.80 w/Graphtrax Plus. . .SO w/Graphtrax Plus. . .100 w/Graphtrax Plus.

$379.00 Gemini 10 $349.00

$495.00 Gemini 15 $489.00

$659.00 Citoh Prowriter 8510 $395.00

$409.00 Starwriter F10 $1169.00

$569.00 Smith Corona TP1 $595.00

$805.00

iter Cable 10' long w/gold plated connectors starting at.

$25.99

1

DV'S EXCLUSIVE "YOU CANT LOSE"SIX MONTH WARRANTY!

--—-■-■

"NO YOU'RE NOT SEEING THINGS, THAT'S FOUR

INTERNAL DRIVES IN A MODEL 4, WITH UP TO 4 MEG,

DISK STORAGE AVAILABLE NOW!

DV IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISK!

DISPLAYED VIDEO is now offering TRS-80' MODEL 4 with TANDON/

TEC/TEAC disk drives, one of the most reliable disk drive systems on

the market, for INCREDIBLY low prices.

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40 track double density disk drives, complete

system with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1599.00/128K...$1679.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40/40 track double density disk drives, complete

systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K $ 1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80 track double density disk drives, completesystems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K...$1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80/80 track double density disk drives, complete

systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2199.00/128K...$2279.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four 40 track double density internal disk drives,complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2299.00/128K...$2379.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four internal drives of any configuration available to

achieve up to 4 meg of disk storage CALL

MODEL HI/4 Internal Two Drive Kit: Includes controller board, dual drivemounting bracket, dual power supply, all hardware cable; and connectors

(gold plated) & TEC Drive $399.00

4 DRIVE KIT MINUS DRIVE $349.00

MODEL 100 8K $679.00 24K $839.00

DV'S MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARDS $89.00

'isit our retail location at:

Lll Marshall StreetJtchfield, MI 49252313) 426-5086313) 482-4424517) 542-3280517) 542-3939517) 542-3947

WE CARRY TRS-80, EM, LNW, EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

DV'S SIX MONTH

PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY

n n

Authorized Dealership at:111 Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 P142

To Order; Call (313) 426-5086; (313) 482-4424; (517) 542-3280

(517) 542-3939; (517) 542-3947

OR WRITE:

Displayed Video, 111 Marshall St., Litchfield, Ml 49252

'TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation Prices subject to change without notice.

Circle 148 on Inquiry card.

Printer Cables

&

.00*

*J5

.00*

— Parallel —

ALTOS

ATTACHE

ATARI

CENTRONICS

COLUMBIA

EAGLE

IBM-PC

KAYPRO

OSBORNE

SANYO

TI-99

93s

0q»

*3s

SERIAL —

Oo«

ATTACHE COM .

RS232 (DB25P)

(9 conductor 1-8, 20)

WORSWICK INDUSTRIES

4030 Wabaska Dr.

San Diego, CA 92107

619-222-3366

pcpipeune

C3I IE 0 O

Low, direct prices • Fast, direct service

2532-450 $ 4"

2716-450 320

2732-450 3"

2764-250 7">

2764-350 479

4164-200 4»°

6116-P3 430

6116-LP-3 4"

Add $2 95 shipping to all orders

OEM • Quantity discounts available • RO.s on

approval • CO. D. OK • Credit cards • FL residents

add 5% lax • All new, no surplus, no seconds

(.Prices subject to change.)

4920 Cypress St., Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33607

In FL, and for info., call 813-875-0299

FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910

SB _ 8AM-5PMEDT

WANTED

Experienced hacker to work in developmentlab with every facility you can think of,located in Ft. Lauderdale. Florida.

The person we are looking for must:

Be familiar with CP/M at the BIOSCustomization level.

Have some experience in microcommunica-tions (programs like XMODEM and the like).

Be good at: - 8080 assembler

- Microsoft BASIC

- PASCAL

Hardware experience is desirable.

Equal Opportunity Employer M/F Handicapped

Please forward resumes to:

Personnel Head, CLI,

P.O. Box 821

Pompano Beach, FL 33060

Circle 426 on Inquiry card.

Circle 171 on inquiry card.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

Put the bite on Software ♦THEFT.'

PROTECTS YOUR SOFTWARE IN 3 WAYS:

1. The Software Component

2. A Hardware "LOCK" that Ilia Into your Garnet I/O

3. Our Security Databaae

• WONT IMPEDE USE OF JOYSTICK OR PADOLES.

• COMPATIBLE WITH DOS 3.3. ■ OPERATES WITHALL TURNKEY PROGRAMS. • PROTECTED DISKS

WONT BOOT WITHOUT A LOCK.

ONLY $149.00

Order from SRC by mall or phone(604) 477-7246. We accept VISA,caah or COD order*. ^£r

i software. researchcorporation ja.ox™.victoria,b.c.c««da,

wabash

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard, Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805)543-1037 1

ATTENTION BIG BOARD USERS!WHY USE OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY?

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES

IS NOW DELIVERING A NEW

STATE-OF-THE-ART CP/M Z80-A

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

On troorrJ video • 128K of Oynomic RAM and 4K of STATIC (video mem-ory) • DMA • SASI (hard disk interface) • Floppy disk conlroller (4 drivesp"V comb I no i Ion ot 5-1/4" or 8") • 4 serial ports • full Cenlronicsp.lnler port • Exponsion bus • Wide line and thin line gropftlcs •Exiendod track buffer ■ Printer bufler» Fully Interrupt driven* Parallelor Serial keyboard • Compoct Size • (8«14 inches)

$750.00 ,

igie quantity OEM pricing 2-4 weeks delivery SID 00 ihipplng

INSIGHT tNT£BPI)ISE5 CORPORATION373 H Western Ave . Suite 12 Los Angeles. CA 90004 (213) 461-3262Dealer. OEM. international Inquiries WelcomeMANUFACTURING LICENSES ARE AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE UPON REQUEST

Circle 363 on Inquiry card.

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

FACTORY AUTHORIZEDSALES & SERVICE

Wide choice of lease & lease/purchase plans

Payments are example, Ask about other systems, boards, etc.

Comp

uPro

SyS A $103/mo. Sys B S123/mo„ SysC Sl60/mo.. Sys D S255/mo.

MORROW DESIGNS

DECISION 1

Di20$nO/mo..D200$117/mo.,D2lOSi30/mo.,D220$155/mo.

QoftMb

Rebel $78/mo. Rebel 16 megSi03/mo.. Rebel 16 meg mulli-user $i24/mo

Ask about bonus software. Accounting, games, utilities.

PRINTERS. TERMINALS, SOFTWARE-CALL

Wecaler to experienced users, gov't, agencies, and corp. customers.

TERMS: Cash wilh orfler

You pay all Ireignl Add 5%

lor 21* 10/Net3QAAA1 or

Fed /Slate PO 2%/mo

carrying chg

CALL US 9 AM to 10 PM

CostPlus

7C COMPUTERS

«2I Enroll p0- Box 6114«Birmingham, AL 35259-6114205 879-4735 Our b«nV is 1e1 National of Birmingham. (20S) 326-S120

**************

APPLE HARDWARE

**************

40% TO 70% OFF

u

STOCK RETAIL

NOW

%

NUMBER PRICE

ONLY OFF

AP101 16K RAM CARD

$149

$49

67%

AP102 80 COLUMN CARD

295

159

46%

AP104 CLOCK/CALENDAR CARD

195

89

54%

AP10S DISK-ll DRIVE WO/CTRL

498

219

56%

AP106 DISK-ll CONTROLLER

150

89

41%

AP107 JOY-STICK DELUX

49

25

49%

APlOfl LANGUAGE CARD ONLY

295

159

46%

AP109 LOWER CASE

45

25

49%

AP110 PRINTER CARD

150

59

61%

AP111 RS-232 CARD

195

89

54%

AP112 SUP-R-MOD

39

25

36%

AP114 Z-flO CARD

29B

139

53%

AP115 D1SK-I1 DRIVE WO/CTRL

588

259

56%

(SLIMLINE)

NEW)

AP116 INTEGER CARD

150

59

61%

AP117 EPROM WRITER CARD

279

139

50%

AP118 128K RAM CARD

490

279

44%NEW)

AP201 APPLE-II + COMPAT 48K KIT .

599

320

47%

AP202 HARDCARD FOR AP201

175

119

32%

AP203 KEYBOARD FOR AP201

139

78

44%

AP204 POWER SUPPLY FOR AP201

120

75

38%

AP401 IBM PC COMPUTER W/2 DRIVE.

3550

2495

30%

****************************

WI ACCEPT COO PERSONAl CHECKS

All PRICCS GOOD THMl THC EiS'D Of THIS MONTH

K A R COMPUTER CO.,

LTD.

1440 PACIFIC COAST HWY., #104

HARBOR CITY, CA 90710

(213) 530-2577

$$ Printers $$

i WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD $$EPSON

RX80, MX 80FT, MX100FT, FX80& newestFX 100 " lowest prices In the USA"

Gemini 10X $329

Gemini 15 494

Prowrlter8510(P) 385

All other printers discounted

Miscellaneous Hardware

Microsoft Premium Peck 479

Microsoft Softcerd 239

Microsoft Softcard Plus 489

(Includes vldex 80 Col.)

Smartterm 80 Col 145

Wizard 80 Col 179

Vldex 80 Col. Combo 257

Printer Cards

Parallel 89

Wizard Buffered BPO 149

Qrappler + 125

Buffered Qrappler + 209

THE COMPUTER STORE

3941-B S. Bristol Street

Dept. 345

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-2227

Circle 117 on Inquiry card.

Circle 225 on Inquiry card.

Circle 95 on Inquiry card.

ATARI PARALLELBASIS 108 PARALLELDTC

EPSON OX-10 PARALLELIBM PARALLELKAY PRO PARALLELMALE TO MALE RS232OSBORNE PARALLELTI99/4A PARALLEL

34.9939.9949.9944.9944.9934.9924.9934.9934.99

Novation

1 APPLE CAT II

295.99 I

1 APPLE CAT 212

I AUTO CAT 21 2

579.99 1

1 GAT

159.99 I

1 D-CAT

169.99 1

1 J-CAT

119.99 1

] SMART CAT103/212

459.99 1

e basis

TWO DRIVES128K3.0CP/M

DIAGNOSTIC CONTROLLERCALL FOR LOWEST PRICES

SOFTWARE

I BEAGLE BROS:

I ALPHA PLOT

24.99

I APPLE MECHANIC

19.99

I DOS BOSS

15.99

I DOUBLE TIME

21.99

I FLEX TEXT

19.99

] PRONTO DOS

19.99 1

I TYPEFACES

14.99 1

I UTILITY CITY

19.99 1

I BPI(GL,AP,AR,INV) ea

299.99 1

BRODERBUND

SCall 1

I COPY II P.C. OR PLUS

29.99 1

I DARK CRYSTAL

25.99

HOME ACCT (APPLE)

44.99

I HOME ACCT (IBM)

99.99

I HOME ACCT (OSBORNE)

59.99

MAGICALC

139.99

SCREENWRITER II

89.99 S

STATE OF THE ART

SCall

SUSPENDED (AJBM)

29.99

VISICALC (APPLE)

169.99

VISICALCSCDEX(IBM)

179.99

VISIWORD8VISISPELL

SCall i

ZAXXON (AP. AT)

SCall |

ZORK l.ll.lll (A,(BM)

24.99

MONITORS

BMC 91 91 12" Color

299.991

Taxan RGB I ColorTaxan RGB III Color

319.99 1539.99 1

Taxan 12" Amber

134.99 I

Taxan 1 2" Green

129.99 I

gajJUH

USI 1400 12" Color

329.99 I

USI Pi1

99.99 |

[/■'■■ .::. :.':i

USI Pi2

145.99 |

f?; ;;X;::'::..

USI Pi3

149.99 |

USI PI4

129.99 |

I £ MOUNTAIN

COMPUTED

A/D • D/A

269.99 1

CABLES

SCall 1

CLOCK

195.00 1

CPS CARD

1 59.00 I

EXPANSION CHASSIS

559.00 I

MUSIC SYSTEM

299.00 I

RAMPLUS32K

145.00

ROMWRITER

145.00

SUPERTALKER

149.00

PRINTERS [

BMCHR-1

749.99 E

BROTHER HR-1

799.99 I

DTC 380 Z

1195.99 I

EPSON (ALL MODELS)

SCall i

GEMINI 10

299.99 |

GEMINI 15

429.99 E

OKIDATA82A

379.99 I

OKIDATA83A

649.99 I

PROWRITER II

629.99 1

HARDWARE

Ifvidex

ENHANCER II

99.99 1

FUNCTION STRIP

56.99 1

PSIO

179.99 |

SOFTWARE

SCall I

ULTRATERM

SCall |

VIDEOTERM

199.99 1

VIDEOTERM w/ss&

nv

229.99 I

ALSCPM3.0

SCall

APPLE EXT 80 COL CARD

219.99

BUFFER BOARD

139 99

DRIVE CONTROLLER

69.99

FINGERPRINT IMX-PLUS)

44.99

GRAPPLER+

119.99

HAYES SMARTMODEMS

SCall

IN LINE MICRO BUFFER32K

249.99

MICROBUFFER

129.99

MICROMODEM II

269.99

MICROMODEM II W/TP

29999

MOCKING BOARD

SCall

MONTECARLO CARD 64K

359.99

MX 60 RIBBONS

4.99

PARALLEL INTERFACE(APPLE) 69.99

PAYMAR L/CASE REV. 7

19.99

PKASO GRAPHICS CARD

139 99

PLANTRONICS COLOR CARD

w/DraftsmanSollware(IBM)

3B9.99

SERIAL INTERFACE (A)

99.99

16K RAM CARD

39.99

SNAPSHOT TWO

99.99

SOFTCARD

239.99

USI RF MODULATOR

49.99

WILDCARD

109.99

SYSTEM SAVER

Surge SuppressionDual OutletU.L Listed

7J Verbatim BOOKS

'SS/DD/SS(100)'SS/DD/SS(10)I 8" SS/DD/SS(10)I 8" DS/DD/SS(10)

239.0025.9539.00

45.00

299.99239.99249.99269.99

APPLE USERS GUIDE 12.99

BLUE BOOK (APPLE) 19.99

COMPUTER BUYERS GUIDE 15.99

SOFTWARE 1983 GUIDE (A. AT) 14.99

64 K

128K

Accelerator

SMITH-CORONA

TP-I

QUADRAM:

499

99

E-RAM (APPLE)

139.99

MICROFAZER

SCall

OUADBOARD64K

299.99

QUADBOARD256K

499.99

QUADCHROME MONITOR

SCall

QUADLINK

SCall

279.99

399.99

SCall

GAME

I/O

APPLE PADDLES

9.99 1

GAMEPORT III

69.99 1

■ ■

KRAFT:

JOYSTICK

47.99 1

JOYSTICK (AT, COM)

15.99 1

PADDLES

29.99 1

;-:m

PADDLE-A-DAPPLE

24.99 1

PARADISE PORT

24.99 1

TG:

1

JOYSTICK IBM:

45.99 1

JOYSTICK II

47.99 1

PADDLES

29.99 1

SELECT-A-PORT

47.99 1

POWER STRIP

W/SURGE >*„

PROTECTION

s25°

• No Charge for Credit Cards

• Prices Subject to ChangeWithout Notice

• Mia S4.00 Shipping Charge

• All Orders FOB San Jose

• Purchase Orders Welcome

Call for Terms First

COMPUTER

DISCOUNT

PRODUCTS

)N-FRi 8AM-5PM - SAT & SUN 10AM-4PM

Circle 88 on Inquiry card.

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.San Jose. CA 95128

(408) 985-0400

BYTE Augutt 19*3 539

BREAKTHROUGH

IMMEDIATE ftl^bphDELIVERY "ZrlOS

h^

MODEMS* MODEMS

•UDS 103-O/ALP, 300 bps, full duplex,

manual originate or answer modem

•UDS 212LP, 1200 bps, full duplex, manual

originate or answer Modem

•Other models are available upon request

MODEMS

ORDER TODAY: 1-800-323-2666or 312-459-8866

i.e.

Circle 432 on Inquiry card.

BATTERY BACKUP 32K

CMOS RAM/EPROMS-100 MEMORY BOARD8 or 16 BIT DATA PATH$279 A&T fc

* 6MHZ * bank s«l«ct

* phantom option 4- activity Indicator

* IEEE 686 (S-100) compatible

* extended addressing switch selectable

* all address and data lines are buffered

* window selection at 2K boundary

* EPROM can be mixed with RAM

Yang Electronic Systems, Inc.

307 Compton Ave. Laurel. Maryland 20707

(301) 776-0076

Circle 431 on Inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

VISA-

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

BEST BUYS ON DISKETTES

LIFETIME GUARANTEEULTRA-Magnetlcs

Premium quality for absolute reliability and error-freeperformance. Individually tested. Meets or surpassesall industry specs.

5v." SSDD Solt Sector w/hub rings S1.79 In bulk {1.495</<" DSDD Sott Seclor w/hub rings$2.79 In bulk $2.398" and quad density also available.

SK

High quality/best price. Tested and'certified to meet all industry standards.5V<"SSDD Son Sector w/hub rings$1.69' D8DD Son Sector w/hub rings $2.59Add 10% for quantities of less than 100.Ask about volume discounts.We also sell Blank Video Tapes at wholesale prices.

CALL TOLL FREE (800) 982-2244

8 AM-7 PM Mon-Fri, 8 AM-12 PM SatChecks, Money Order, Visa, MasterCard—5% shipping,California Residents add 6Vj% Sales Tax.

VIDIOM MEDIA SUPPLY, INC.

500 Airport Boulevard, Suite 422

Burlingame, California 94010

415 342-0663 (anytime)

Circle 413 on Inquiry card.

BIG SALE

CALL

. . . GOODWILL ELECTRONICS CO.

| APPLE HARDWARE |

4SK ComMCt cOTituiaHKavtoam 1 H»rociM] S47S

AW 102

Diikdiivew/ouiconifoHai 249

AW 103

AW 104

AW 202AW 204

AW 206

taWcM M

AW 207

AW 200

AW 209

AW 210

Pmwr.SupelY 'or AW 101 T!

mum

Vim, Mills' Charge, cnetck and COD CA rendentt add t'Vt Tii,

$3.00 for lint 3 lb*. 40< lor Bleb •dOMIonil.

GOODWILL ELECTRONICS CO,

1BB01 CRENSHAW BLVO

TOflRANCE. CA 90504

13)3)532-9624

Circle 187 on Inquiry card.

GlTJIIlTSTTH

COMPUTER

FQ/6L all features of Promqueen less mimic mode.Software enhanced to include EPROM QC utilities, RS-232 communication, printouts. 28 pin ZIF socket.Reads, edits runs andprograms all 5 volt2500 and 2700 seriesEPROMS plus varietyof EEPROMS all with-out personality mod-ules. Commodore C-64 host computer.Inquire about themimic mode capabil-ity in our VIC Promqueen. $299.00ROM Packs Industrial quality circuit cards aresocketed, solder masked, fully bypassed, and in-clude a ground plane for low noise operation. In-cludes 1 EPROM. 8K & 16K models for VIC-20 andC-64. Specify 2732 or 2764 EPROM type. Moldedplastic case. $39.00

GLOUCESTER COMPUTER

1 Blackburn Center. Gloucester. HA 01930 617-283-7719

$$ Printers $$

$$WEWILLNOTBEUNDERSOLD$$

Special SaleCommunications Pak

Hayes Smartmodem 300/1200 $499

Hayes Mlcromodem II 279

Apple Cat II 282

J Cat. 129

Anchor Mark I RS232 89

Anchor Mark VII aut 139

DISK DRIVES

Rana Elite 1 289

Rana Elite II 435

Rana Elite III 575

Rana Controller w/drlva 75

Apple Ace Mate (1 yr. warr.) 239

Slim Teac 51A" (1 yr. warr] 269

THE COMPUTER STORE

Dept. 345

3941-B South Bristol St.

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-2227

Circle 96 on Inquiry card.

INVENTORY REDUCTION

EAGLE III MICROCOMPUTER -

64K, CP/M; includes spellbinder, ultra-calc, CPM C basic $2,495.00*

MANNESMANN TALLY 1805dual mode printer, 200 CPSdraft mode/50LPScorrespondence mode $1,395.00*

DATAVUE DISPLAY TERMINALS -

132 & 80 column formats, soft keyboard

originally $1,995.00*

now $ 1,000.00

TELEVIDEO 950 -demo units $ 850.00*

ECONOMY

PERIPHERALS, INC.

Call (404) 952-0213

• WHILE QUANTITIES LAST

Circle 157 on Inquiry card.

baud MODEMS

1200BAUD

SIGNALMAN. . . with cables, free hour on

'SOURCE'

300 BAUD direct connect

$ 69

300 BAUD AUTO DIAL/ANS

$119

300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS

$319

'Hayes Compatible

US ROBOTICS 'Hayes Compatible

300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS

'Password' with cables, spkr

$339

'Auto 212' dlxe

. $419

matoix PRINTERS

LETTERQUALITY

GEMINI lOx 120 cps graphics

$319

PROWRITER 120 cps hi density

$389

JUKI daisy wheel 18 cps

$589

SILVER REED wide carnage 18 cp

! $689

cpim COMPUTERS

IBM

Eagle II SCALL Col

umbia P.C.

Televideo Corona P.C.

Eagle P.C.

IMAGE COMPITERS

P.O. Box 1164, Cardiff, CA 92007

CALL TO ORDER:

619 436-7669 _■_ 4»|4»V,619 436-8317 mm* WtK

VISA/MCADD 3%

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

Circle 163 on Inquiry card.

Circle 201 on Inquiry card.

wabash

foras

lowas

diskettes

$1.39 each!

Now...Get High Quality at a Low Price

Wabash means quality products that you can depend on.For over 16 years, Wabash has been making high qualitycomputer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provideerror-free performance on your computer system. EveryWabash diskette is individually tested and is 100% certifiedto insure premium performance.

Why Wabash is Special

The quality of Wabash diskettes is stressed throughoutthe entire manufacturing process. Aftercoating, all Wabashdiskettes go through a unique burnishing process thatgives each diskette a mirror-smooth appearance. Wabashthen carefully applies a lubricant that is specially form-ulated to increase diskette life. This saves you money,since your discs may last longer. It also assists your diskdrives in maintaining constant speed which can reduceread and write errors.

Special Seal... Helps Prevent Contamination

To keep out foreign particles, a unique heat seal bonds thejacket and liner together. A special thermal seal whichavoids contamination from adhesives, is then used to foldand seal the jacket. This results in outstanding perfor-mance and true reliability. Wabash then packages eachdiskette, (except bulk pack) in a super strong and tearresistant Tyvek® evelope. The final Wabash product isthen shrink-wrapped to insure cleanliness and reducecontamination during shipment.

Each Diskette is 100% Critically Tested

Since each step in the Wabash diskette manufacturingprocess is subject to strict quality control procedures, youcan be sure Wabash diskettes will perform for you. Andevery Wabash diskette meets the ultra-high standards ofANSI, ECMA, IBM and ISO in addition to the many criticalquality control tests performed by Wabash. Wabash doesall of this testing to provide you with consistently highquality diskettes. Reliability and data integrity - that'swhat Wabash quality is all about.

Flexible Disc Quantity Discounts Available

Wabash diskettes are packed 10 discs to a carton and 10cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged100 discs to a case without envelopes or labels. Pleaseorder only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are alsowilling to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantitiesless than 100 units are available in increments of 10 unitsat a 10% surcharge. Quantity discounts are also avail-able. Order 500 or more discs at the same time and deduct1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves you3%; 5,000 or more saves you 4%; 10,000 or more savesyou 5%; 25,000 or more saves you 6%; 50,000 or moresaves you 7% and 100,000 or more discs earns you an 8%discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost allWabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Ourwarehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you thequality product you need, when you need it. If you needfurther assistance to find the flexible disc that's right foryou, call the Wabash diskette compatibility hotline. Dialtoll-free 800-323-9868 and ask for your compatibilityrepresentative. In Illinois or outside the United States dial312-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central Time.

Circle 78 on Inquiry card.

Part #

CE quant.100 priceper disc ($)

F111

1.99

F111B

1.79

F31A

1.99

F131

2.49

F14A

3.19

F144

3.19

F145

3.19

F147

3.19

M11A

1.59

M11AB

1.39

M41A

1.59

M51A

1.59

M51F

2.99

M13A

1.89

M13AB

1.69

M18A

2.79

M43A

1.89

M53A

1.89

M14A

2.79

M44A

2.79

M54A

2.79

M15A

2.69

M16A

3.79

SAVE ON WABASH DISKETTES

Product Description

B" SSSD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

8" SSDD IBM Compatible (128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformatted)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

5Vt" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5'A" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSSD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSDD Lanier No-problem compatible

5'A" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" Same as above, but bulk pack w/o envelope

5'A" SSDD Soft Sector Flippy Disk (use both sides)

5'A" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'A" SSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

5'A" DSQD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring (96 TPI)

SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double Density;DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad Density;DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Buy with Confidence

To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computerproducts, send or phone your order directly to our ComputerProducts Division. Be sure to calculate your price using the CEprices in this ad. Michigan residents please add 4% sales tax orsupply your tax I.D. number. Written purchase orders are accep-ted from approved government agencies and most well ratedfirms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. All sales are subject toavailability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. Prices,terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Allprices are in U.S. dollars. Out of stock items will be placed onbackorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Min-imum prepaid order $50.00. Minimum purchase order $200.00.International orders are invited with a $20.00 surcharge forspecial handling in addition to shipping charges. All shipmentsare F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan. No COD's please. Non-certifiedand foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial-case of100 8-inch discs or $6.00 per case or partial-case of 100 51/4-inchmini-discs for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the con-tinental United States.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a MasterCardor Visa card, you may call and place a credit card order. Ordertoll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. If you are outside theU.S. or in Michigan, dial 313-994-4444. Order your Wabashdiskettes from Communications Electronics today.

Copyright '1982 Communications Electronics'" Ad #110582

nicer, un ^^^^ w ^k ^V

DIRECT MAILHMRIETMG ASSOCIATION

Order Toll-Free! wabash

800-521-4414 error-free

In Michigan 313-994-4444

diskettes

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS"

Computer Products Division

854 Phoenix Q Box 1002 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A.Call TOLL-FREE (BOO) 521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. (313) 994-4444

BYTE Augutt 1983 541

+SQSDQSO

PC-LINK

DEC VT100® TERMINALEMULATOR

• A full featured DEC VT100" terminal

emulator on IBM PC.

• Transfer text files between host and PC.

• Very easy to learn! All DEC softwares canbe accessed from IBM PC. You can use thestandard DEC editor edt on PC without learn-ing the intricacies of escape sequence.

• To use PC-Link program, the PC needs tohave at least one disk drive, IBM DOS, IBMmonochrome display, a RS232 port and tele-phone modem.

• S40.00710 day money-back guaranteewith all materials returned.

Add S5.00 for shipping

SCREENWARE CORPORATION

P.O. BOX 3662NASHUA, NH 03061-3662■m Tel. 603-888-4074

VISA

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettesare tested and guaranteed error-lree. The lowabrasivity saves your read/write heads.They're compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer inquiriesInvited

Te!cCOMM™-A Complete Versatile, User-friendly &

ELECTRONIC MAIL PROGRAM

TefaVideo* . CP/M* , MP/M . TurboDOS based Computers.ToioCOMM provide! you with tha moil efficient and coat-el (active maaniof communicating between you end your branch office, coworker*, friendior Umily via a locel area network or nationwide telephone link.

• Mui(...E>«»a'.* utnr Computer!

• MtxMm Inltrfacn

• Piuwuil Proitctad TruiMOioni

• Unlimited Uiiii

• B'OlflCMIinH anil For.vird.ng

• S»«3 LlHdlWmigii P-^i:"i

• Toully Menu-driven Function!

• Full Screen Ednmg

• Voiiii.it Printing

• Data: Month/Day/Veai

• Savi and D.i.i* timn

• Anembler Languige

• Aiiiacliva V.dao Annbutai [TtttVNMl

Llated Price: M')H

Specie

Imroductory Price: ttSO

TclcWORD — WORD PROCESSOR

CPiM Bstorl & Modern Interlaced • Prompt lor Incoming Electronic Mail

Built-in Op.ru In H Syltem Commendi • Muiniiiking IConcurram Printingl

Paiaword Protactad Treniectione • Fully Menu-driven Function!

Pege/Document Format • Horuoniei and Venieal Scroll

Columnar Piocaning • Jumticetioni and Indentitioni

Document Aeeembiv and Marga • Caiculaior Modi

Unlimited Undo Command* • Mailing Lilt * UbaVERMMrg Prmting

Scraan Editing ■ Block Movt and Dalala

Special Introductory Price: 898

TarboDOS™ - Free Coneulting & Demo. Customized Drivers.•Multiuaar: K4WE

TclcHOST am.■■■.-, s your :iv■■■ .■ ... compute■ io communicate with other

a telephone links. Price: JWS

KM.IS! -Mailing List Program. Pnr

©International (Computers & Telecommunications. Inc.932 Hungerford Drive. 16-B. Rockville. MD 20850(301) 251-0062

Circle 491 on Inquiry card.

Circle 299 on Inquiry card.

Circle 205 on Inquiry card.

Smith-Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel Printer

00

$459

UNBELIEVABLE!

lolly-formed characters

• serial or parallel interlt

compatible with most

• choice of 10 or 12 CPI

micrO'COmpuiers

models

Also for your TP-1 letter quality printer-the Smith-Corona Tractor Feed

• Adjustable tractor wider

$13495

Call Collect

(214) 626-6521

FIGURE LOGIC BUSINESS EQUIPMENT, INC.

6408 Gaslon Avenue / Dallas, Texas 75214

Serial 4f 111111111 ^ Parallel

PRINTERSIPLOTTERSIPUNCHESIROBOTSI

Convert What You HaveTo What You Want I

' RS232 Serial * Centronics Parallel

' 6 Baud Rates ' Handshake Signals

* Latched Outputs * Compact 3% x 4% x 1%

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the typeof port you have available! Our new High Performance 700Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on thelatest In CMOS technology, these units feature full baudrate selection to 1S.2K, with handshake signals to maximizetransfer efficiency. Delallsd documentation allowssimplified installation. Order the Model 770 (Ser/Par) orModel 775 (Par/Ser) Today]

only'89."

Counselor Option J 10.00CA fteildenle 8% In1601 -B Pine Street UW Shipping S3.00

I'oti Office Box 2133Oxnerd, Cililuniin 93030

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 JSfjFor FAST Delivery

ADDS VIEWPOINT S550.00

INTRODUCING THE

PHQ-iaa

COMPUTER

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER • Z80A • 64KRAM • 2 SERIALPORTS • 1 CENTRONICS PORT • SYSTEM TEST PROM

TWO 8" DISK DRIVES • CP/M' COMPATIBLE • SUPER FASTDISK ACCESS • 32K SOFTWARE SPOOLER • DIGITAL

PHASE LOCK LOOP • WORKS-IN EITHER IBM STANDARD SD

OR DD • OEM AND PRIVATE LABLES AGREEMENTS

ARE AVAILABLE • DEALER DISCOUNTS.

MANUAL & SCHEMATICS $ 35 CYBERTEK CORP.

BOARD KIT S300 P.O. Box 1913

CHASSIS KIT S300 Hialeah, FL. 33011-1913

CPM + BIOS

$150

Tel. (305) 366-4750

Circle 492 on Inquiry card.

Circle 163 on Inquiry card.

Circle 184 on Inquiry card.

NOW MAKE SOLID

CONNECTIONS....

Male or Female

RS 232 GENDER REVERSERS1^^^519.95 each

American Made

Order eithertwo male or twofemale connectors withall 25 pins inter-connected. Both Gender Reversersjust $34.95, plus $1.75 shipping& handling, (IL res. add 5% salestax); we accept MC or VISA.Ask for FREE Illustrated catalog ofproblem solving equipment.Phone: 815-539-5827.Make checks payable to:

B Q electronics

P.O. Box 475B • Mendota, IL 61342

Circle 493 on Inquiry card.

ScreenWiz

FULL SCREEN CONTROL

An assembler subprogram you call from yourprograms to handle screen input/output asIBM mainframes do.Define full screen format specificationsoutside your program, and call ScreenWiz toretrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you.

• One command input/displays a full screen

• Use all of your CRT video attributes

• Define up to 24 function keys

• Define templates for display and input.

• Validate input while keying. Insert anddelete characters to correct fields

• Tab fields forward and backward

• Draw figures using vertical field displays

• Save memory as only one format needs tobe in memory at one time. Make theconstants to display virtual, and they don'tuse any memory at all.

• Build help screens. Call them with onefunction key then return to where you were.

Available now for most popular -

BASIC \ IBM PC and CP/M $99

COBOL I Apple II CP/M $75

FORTRAN f Shipping $ 4

PASCAL f Source code includedDealer Inquiries welcome

IflTERDflTfl SYSTEMS INC

42 Ellindale, Toronto, Ont. Canada M2J 1B5 visa M/C(416) 493-8675 {call collect to order) Am. Express

Circle 213 on Inquiry card.

Circle 494 on inquiry card

TOLL-FREE

ORDERING:

800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:

602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTERTECHNOLOGY

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT - BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! Westock a full line of Board Level Components, Software, and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the LowestPrices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nation-wide! The Nations's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote.

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST •

OF PRIME INTEREST

Our prime interest at CCT is service andsupport. We build and sell hundreds ofsystems per year to the serious computermarket. We rigidly adhere to our strict policyof reliable machines, and reliable peoplebehind them. We feel the CompuPro productline to be the state-of-the-art of the com-puter industry.

THE CCT EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY

With any system we build, we provide, inwriting, an unconditional 12 month directwarranty on the entire system, includingmainframe, boards, drives, power sup-plies, cabling and peripherals! We offerguaranteed 24 hour in-house repair and/orreplacement with just a toll-free phone call.We can offer this, since we are so sure ofour level of quality and reliability. It's greatto know that in the event of a problem,you're not out of business waiting on ser-vice turnaround. We deliver!

Our various OEM contracts with all themanufacturers of the components we in-tegrate, allow us this unprecedented flex-ibility. No factory O.K.'s necessary — justget it running —NOWI

Wyse 100 terminal $769.

Mitsubishi 8" DSDD drives, full or half

height $449.

0kidata82 $419/83 $679

.. $1029/92 .. $559/93 .. $930

Ashton-TatedBASEII $459

Hays Modem-$259 • Diablo 620-$1029

MORROW MICRO DECISION

IN CCT

STOCKI TESTED!

1 Drive-$899 • 2 Drive-$1249Morrow Terminal -$499

Our in-house cabling Department hascables in stock for all CompuPro boards,drives, power supplies, printers, ter-minals and modems. The highest qualityat reasonable prices.

RS-232 Cable: $25

TECH TIP CORNER

"CompuPro CP/M86 - Replace thatbothersome Control-S with the space bar!Use DDT86, change location 144A from 13to 20 Have fun —Pat...

CompuPro

PROFESSIONAL LEVEL BUSINESS SYSTEMSSTATE-OF-THE-ART QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY

PPT AMMHIIMPCC- 0UR 0WN in-house engineered01/1 HIMIMUUIMuEO. custom compupro systems

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

Enclosure 2-Desk-20 Slot MainframeCPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088Disk 1 - DMA Floppy Disk ControllerRAM 17-64K Static RAM-12 MhzInterfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O

CCT Dual 8" Mitsubishi

DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes

CP/M 80 - 2.2 LD/M - CCT Modified

All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,

Testing, and minimum 20 Hour Burn-in

INTRODUCTORY PRICE:

$3,559

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

CP/M MP/M NOTE: Each copy we furnish is CCT modified for the target system. M-Drive/Hand hard disk drivers are furnished,and the BIOS optimized for the fastest disk step rate, as well as terminal and printer compatibility.

• • CCT-2* * COMING SOON • • WATCH THE FAST LANE FOR THIS ONE * •

Designed for large users, complex programmers, and program intensive applications.

THE FASTEST MICROCOMPUTER IN THE WORLD!!

16 Bit* 10Mmz + • M-Drive/H» I/O mapped on-the-bus terminal* Ultra-fast disk!Unreal speed — Leaves the rest of the world at the starting line

We are the largest in the custom configuration of complete state-of-the-art S-100 systems, at package pricing, with integration,burn-in and programming. We custom build CompuPro systems / hard disk systems for business applications. Call for Com-puPro literature, CCT system configuration data and technical information.

COMPUPRO COMPONENTS

LIMITED SPECIALS: System 816A-S4395 System 816B-$5595 System 816C-S7195 Call for other systems

M-DriveCP/Mw/RAMPurch-$49 • Disk1w/CP/M-$449 • M-Drive/H-512K-$1399

CPU8085/88-$379 • CPU8086/87-$579/10Mhz-$659 • CPU68K-$519/10Mhz-$639 • CPU-Z-$249

Disk 1-$369 • Disk2-$599 • Disk 2BE-CALU • Disk 3-SOON!

RAM17(12MHZ)-$359 • RAM 16(12MHZ)-$399 • RAM 21 (128K)-$849 • RAM22(256K)-$1899

Interfacer 1 -$229 • Interfacer 2-$249 • lnterfacer3-5-$459/3-8-$539 • lnterfacer4-$349

System Support 1-$349 • Enclosure 2-Desk-$659/Rack-$699 20SlotMotherboard-$210

CP/M80-$99 • CP/M86-$179 • MP/M 8-16-$769 • CP/M68K-$279 • Forth 68K-$169

Call for CSC Boards — New Releases — Operating System Mods/Updates

? ? HARD DISK DECISIONS ? ?

24 Megabyte hard/floppy

CCT/Fujitsu/Mitsubishi ultra-system:23 meg. hard disk next to 1.2 meg. 8"DSDD floppy drive. Includes disk 2 boardset, all cabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in.Will stand alone in any CompuPro system.$3699

23 Megabyte subsystem

CCT/Fujitsu 23 megabyte hard disk sub-system. Includes disk 2 board set, allcabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in. Readyfor any CompuPro system:

$3199

2.4 Megabyte floppy system

CCT/ Mitsubishi 2.4 megabyte dual DSDD8" system. Includes all cabling, A&T,burn-in. This is the fastest system available:

$1149

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Free technical helpto anyone. We can configure boards & software for your system. Plug-in and go.^Arizona Residents add sales tax.CompuPro Trademark — W.J. Godbout; CP/M® MP/M® Trademarks — Digital Research

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 543

We're Flooding The Market

MINIMUM SHIPPING $3.00 - NO SURCHARGE ON VISA/MASTERCHARGE

1-800-545-2633 - Continental U.S.

DISK DRIVES

SHUQART

514" SA400I35TR) 150.00

5VSA400LI40TR) 175.00

8" SA801R(SS/DD) 359.00

8" SA851R(DS/DD) 479.00

QUME

8" DT8(842) 490.00

MITSUBISHI

5V." M-4851 Vi size 295.00

DS/DD tOTR5%" M-4853 Vi size 410.00

96 TPI same as TM HXM514" M-4854 V. size 439.00

1.6 MG w/8" electronics formats

same as IBM 1 8. 20 8" std8" M-2894-«3(110V) 399.00

STD 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

M-2894-63(SS/DD) 220V 449.00

8" M-299&63 439.00

Thinllne 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

DISKETTE STORAGE

ADVANCE ACCESS

AA-5V. (Holds 82 Disks) 19.00

AA-8 (Holds 82 Disksl 26.00

Smoked Plexiglass Disk TubsLIBRARY CASES

CAS-5V." 2.50

CAS-8" 3.00

Colors Available; color burst ass!..beige, black, blue, red, gray

DATA CABLES

8"DSC 88-2SKT-lor 2-8" drvs

wfskt. conn 16.95

5V."DSC55-2SKTtor 1-5 V."

dvs w/skt. conn 15.00

RS232MM-5' (male to male) 19.00

IBM lo PAR ,..' 32.00

Osborne to PAR 32.00

Kaypro to PAR 32.00

OKI-Data Serial 24.00

SHUGART 800/801RRECONDITIONED

90 Day Warranty 180.00

TANDON

5V."TM100-1 SS/DD 195.00

5%" TM100-2 FOR IBM 239.00

DS/DD

8" TM848-2 (DS/DD) 425.00

PERTEC

5V FD200-S 139.00

SS/DD iOTR

5V." FD250-5 195.00

DS/DD 40TR

SIEMANS

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 110V 179.00

8" FD10M (SS/DD) 220V 199.00

MPI

514" B-51 40TR SS/DD 195.00

5%" B-52 FOR IBM 250.00

80TR DS/DD

DISKETTES

COLOR CODE YOUR FILESDiskettes by 3M with lifetime warranty, 5colors. Prices are for package of 10.

5%" Sgl side/sgl den 19.00110

5%" Sgl slde/dbl den 20.00/10

5V."Dblslde/dblden 26.00/10

5V." 10 sector 22.00(10

5'/." 16sector 22.00/10

8" Sgl slde/dbl den 29.00/10

8" Dbl sldefdbl den 36.00/10

Hayes Smart 300 196.00

Hayes Smart 1200 499.00

Novation J-Cat 300 119.00

Novation Apple Cat II 269.00

QUV-T8/1 (hobby) 49.95

QUV-T8/2 (Industrial version) 66.95

QUV-TB/2 (w/timer s salety switch) 97.50

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

8" CABINETS

*NOTE-Power supply will accommodate hard disk

8" * DDC88V28 w/PS vertical-for 2-8" drives 300.00

8" DDC88T-1 w/PS vertical-for 2 or 4-8"

thinline drives 300.00

8" DDC88T-2 w/PS vertical-inexpensive version for

2-8" thinline drives 225.00

8" *DDC8V w/PS vertical-for 1-8" drive 249.00

8" 'DDC88H w/PS horizontal-for2-8" drives 300.00

5V4" CABINETS

5%" DDC5H w/PS horizontal-for 1-5V*" drive 59.00

5V4" DDC55H w/PS vertical-for 2-5% drives 89.00

AC SURGE ELIMINATORS

Lemon (6AC outlets-3 prong) 46.00 Orange - AC surge + EMI fitter (6 outlets) 119.00

Lime (5' ■ 3 prong pwr cord w/on-orl switch 69.00 Plum - EMI-HF fitter 39.00

DISK DRIVES

FOR APPLE AND FRANKLINMICRO—SCI

A-2(SS/DD) 229.00

A-40 (DS/DD) 279.00

A-70 (Quad Density) 359.00

Controller 70.00

RANA SYSTEMS

Elite I (SS/DD) 269.00

Elite II (DS/DD) 429.00

Elite III (Quad-Density) 539.00

Controller 70.00

PARTS

TR1602B21I4L2.TMS2532:7!6<SVI

ti so.i

15.9511

13.95 «i

TM52M&5* 12V>TMS2732

TMS4164I.200NS)TMS116-4(20QNS)

13.95 •«.(4.95 •■.

15 9 5ii.

MANY OTHERS IN STOCK

CONNECTORS

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

usi

PI-1 (9" Amber Hi-Res) 139.00

PI-2 (9" Green Hi-Res) 129.00

Pl-3(12" Amber Hi-Res) 149.00

PI-4 (12" Green Hi-Res) 139.00

SANYO

DM510919" Green) 69.00

DM2112 (12" Green) 15MHZ 84.00

BMC

BMC 12 All (12" Green) 79.00

BMC 9191 Color Composite 269.00

AMDEK

Color I and w/sound 299.00

Color II RGB 569.00

Color III RGB 399.00

RS332 Conn.clofi

SOLDER TYPE

DB25P 1

DB25S 3

DBZSHnod . . .. 1

StOOConneclOrs ..

FLAT RIBBON TIDC25P

IDC2BS

IOC25 Hood

SOFTWARE

ASHTON-TATEDBASE II

$409.00

S-100 PRODUCTS

GIGANTIC REDUCTIONSIN PRICE!

CARD CAGES/MOTHER BOARDS

MAINFRAMES

SIERRA DATA

'IEEE-696-No termination required

Slots

Bare Bd

A + T

w/cardcage

isre cardcage

4

15.00

40.00

60.00

20.00

6

20.00

48.00

70.00

22.00

8

25.00

69.00

100.00

31.00

12

30.00

99.00

140.00

41.00

18

45.00

150.00

200.00

50.00

22

60.00

185.00

75.00

All card cages will accommodate a 4" fanAdd $20.00 for 1 fan-Add $30.00 for 2 fans

For 2 Standard 8" Drives

MF + DD6 (6 Slot M/B) 699.00

MF+DD8 (8 slot M/B) 749.00

MF+DD12 (12 slot M/B) 799.00

For 2 Thinline 8" Drives

IMF+DD6C (Cadillac version) 500.00

IMF+DD6F (Ford version) 350.00

For 2 - 51/4" Disk Drives

MF + MD12 (12 Slot M/B) 575.00

Standard Plain Front

MF+12 (12 Slot M/B) 500.00

MF+22 (22 slot M/B) 600.00

All mainframes except IMF+DD6F have EMI filter, 2 ACoutlets, 15 ea. OB25,2 ea. 50 pin, 2 ea. 34 pin, 1 ea.Centronic cutouts, power supply for 8" MF(-5V1A/ + 5V6A/+8V16A/±16V3A/+24V6A)

SOS-SBC 100Z80(4mhi) master2 serial 2 par/lloppy comroller/64kSOS-SBC-ioos-4mhi slave/2 aerial

2 nar/Wk ramSDSZ5I0.4« serial port IIO bd .SOS MUKHS232 mutliplexer bdSOS-HDI-MHarrJ disk bd 101 miciopSDSCPM/Bt05-cp,mtorSBC lOOwSDS Turbnnos Mulli user lor masle

ram 1S55.0O

1505.00

1235.00

. 1235.00Oils .1129.00

BIOS. . .1150.00r& slaves 1645 00

BOARD SETS

Beit Bars Board Set AvailableQTC-SBC 2/4 CPUOTC-EXP + MI 256K Memory bd.OTC-FDC 5/8 Floppy disk conlrollerBare Board Sal S150.00 I

QT CLOCK/CALENDAR

OTC-CCS-AtA.TIfornVOTCCCABBIfOiApDllIOIC-CCA.A|1o>Appl«)

COMPUPRO

S-100 - all assembled and tested

System 816A 4000.00

20 Slot MB 210.00

CPU 8085/88 389.00

Ram17-64K 410.00

Ram21-128K 900.00

Disk II 610.00

System Support I 310.00

Interlacer 4 310.00

Active Teammates 50.00

Enclosure 2 (disk) 675.00

Call for others

CPU/MEM/I/O

MM! OilMM DO117100

Retail Sales

123 East 200 SouthSalt Lake City, Utah 84111

y*v

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

1-801-363-3314

Mail Orders '—

P.O. Box 3150Salt Lake City, Utah 84110

544 BYTE August 1983

Circle 188 on inquiry card.

with LOW, LOW Prices

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS SAVE 6% SALES TAX

8 YEARS (1976) EXPERIENCE IN COMPUTER MAIL ORDER BUSINESS

PRINTERS

DIABLO

620(25CPS/SERIAL) 940.00

630(40CPS/MULTHF) 1,925.00

c, itoh

Pro-writer I (8510A) Par 120 CPS 365.00

Pro-writer I (8510A) Serial 120 CPS 529.00

Pro-writer II Parallel-15" 669.00

8600 (180CPS) Par or Serial-

18 PIN 90 CPS LTR 1,099.00

JUKI

6100-18CPS/Diablo Compatible Par 565.00

NEC

NEC7715(w/Diablo Emulation) 2,075.00

NEC8023A(100CPS-Par-Graphics) 419.00

MANNESMAN-TALLY

160L(160CPC40CPS LTR 10") 635.00

18OL(16OCPS-40CPS LTR 15") 869.00

OKI-DATA

Microline 82A (SEP, &PAR-120CPS 10") 399.00

Microline 83A (SER & PAR-120CPS 15") 629.00

Microline 92 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-10") 519.00

Microline 93 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-15") 899.00

Microline 84P(PAR-200CPS-LTR-15") 969.00

Microline 84S(SER-200CPS-LTR-15") 1,059.00

STAR MICRONICSGemini 10 (new version)

(PAR-100CPS-10") 299.00

Gemini 15-(15" carriage) 439.00

SILVER REED

EXP 550P-17CPS Daisy Wheel-PAR 670.00

EXP 550S-17CPS Daisy Wheel-Serial 690.00

TOSHIBAP-1350 (192CPS-120CPSLTR

PARorSerial) 1,500.00

P-350(100CPS-PAR-15") 399.00

DIABLO

Diablo 620-Uni-Direct Traclor 110.00

Diablo 620-Sheet Feeder 720.00

Diablo 630-Bi-Direct Tractor 275.00

Diable 630-Tractor Sound Cover 29.00

Diablo 630-SGL Sheet Feeder 775.00

JUKI-6100

Serial Interface 55.00

Bi-Dir Tractor 125.00

Uni-DIr Tractor 90.00

MANNESMAN-TALLY

Factory Quick Tear 230.00

Auto Front Feed 1,150.00

NEC

Thimbles 15.00

Vertical Tractor 219.00

Horizontal 152.00

Bi-Dir. Tractor 330.00

Cut Sheet Feeder 1,100.00

OKI-DATA

84 Cut Sheet Feeder 515.00

82/92 Tractor 55.00

Serial Intl. W/2K Butter (For 82A) 125.00

Serial Intl. w)2K Butter (For 92 & 93) 110.00

Okigraph I 82A or 83A Graphics ROM 35.00

Okigraph II 82A or 83A Disk tor Apple 55.00

STARMICRONICS

Serial Intl. Bd 70.00

Serial Intl. Bd W/2K Butler 120.00

Commodore 64 Intt. Bd 72.00

TOSHIBA

P-1350 Cut Sheet Feeder 1,125.00

P-1350 Bi-Dir. Tractor 250.00

PRINTER ACCESSORIES

APPLE/FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES

ASTAR

RF Modulator 19.00

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler & Graphics Interface 121.00

Grappler & 16K Buffer Exp 179.00

TG PRODUCTS

Joy Stick 39.00

Paddles 29.00

QUADRAM

E-RAM 80 (80COL64K) 135.00

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

Microbutler II 16K PAR or Serial 230.00

Mlcrobuller II 32K PAR or Serial 259.00

Snapshot 99.00

EVERTEK

EV16K (16K Add-on Memory) 49.00

MICROTEK

Dumpling 64K-D 235.00

Dumpling GX-P 75.00

PAR BD 61.00

Memory 128K 299.00

VISTA

A800 Floppy Controller for 8" Drives 300.00

A-8O0-1 Cable 27.00

QTfCOMPUTIMECCA-A Clock/Calendar 100.00

OUR SALTIEST DEALS

IBM Add-On Drive

* Direct Drive *

* Quiet (Teac Equiv.) *

*320 K/48 TPI *

* 5ms Track to Track *REMEXRFD480 239.00

S-100 BOARD SET

Z80CPU (Big Z)/64K Mem/FloppyController (Double D) 150.00

IBM ACCESSORIES

MAYNARD

Floppy Controller 155.00

Floppy Controller (Serial) 225.00

Floppy Controller (PAR) 205.00

QUADRAM

Quadboard 64K 289.00/459.00

Quadboard II 64K/256K . . . 289.00/459.00

Quad Link (Allows IBM PC to use Apple II

Software) 589.00

AST

Combo Plus (SPC 64K) 269.00

Mega Plus (SC. 64K) 269.00

l/OPIus(SC) 114.00

KEYTRONICS

Enhance your PC-with a superior keyboard CALL

64K UPGRADE KIT$48.00

MICROTEK

IBM64Kw/Parity 239.00

IBM 128K w/Parity 369.00

IBM 256K 639.00

MULLEN COMPUTER

TB-4A Extender BD w/Logic Probe . . . 80.00ICB-10 8 Channel Low Voltage

Controller BD 180.00

ZB-1 ZIF Extender Test BD 130.00

SYSTEMS

Apple II E Starter 1,625.00

Eagle PC (16BIT) (1-320 K FD

64 RAM) 1,795.00

Franklin 1000 919.00

Franklin 1200 Starter .. 1,625.00

Kay Pro II 1,495.00

Sanyo MB-100 1,589.00

Televideo TS-803 1,995.00

Toshiba T-100 1,895.00

TRY US FOR OTHERS

DISK SUB ASSEMBLY

OUR BEST BUYS

8" SUB ASSEMBLY

DDS + O 2EA SS/DD Siemens

FD100-8 Drives w/Cabinet 595.00

DDS + 2 2EA DS/DD Mitsubishi

M2894-63w/cabinet 1,075.00

DDS +4 2EA DS/DD8" Thinline

Drives w/Cabinet 1,150.00

Specify—Vertical or Horizontal Cabinet

51/4" SUBASSEMBLY

DDS + 5 1EA SS/DD Shugart

SA400 Drive 200.00

DDS + 6 2EA SS/DD Shugart

SA400 Drive 369.00

TERMINALS

TELEVIDEO

TV910 560.00

TV925 715.00

TV950 925.00

TV970 1,095.00

RG1000/TV60 GraphicsUpgrade for 925/950 ... 1,100.00

WYSE

WYSE-100 725.00

WYSE-300 (Color) 1,125.00

Retail Sales

123 East 200 SouthSalt Lake City,-Utah 84111

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

1-801-363-3314

Mail Orders '—P.O. Box 3150

Salt Lake City, Utah 84110

Circle 188 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 545

:1>]

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new2K x8static RAMs. fully supports IEEE69624 bitextended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entireboard phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed forRAMs. any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma.

MEM-99152B Bare board $49.95

MEM-99152K Kit less RAM $99.95

MEM-32152K 32 kit $199.95

MEM-56152K 56K kit $289.95

MEM-64152K 64K kit $299.95

Assembled & Tested add S50.00

EXPANDORAM III

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a high density S-100memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAMchips. Hallows memory sizes of 64 K, 128K or 256K all on asingle S-100 board.

MEM-65064A 64K $495.00

MEM-65128A 12BK $595.00

MEM-65192A 192K $675.00

MEM-65256A 256K $755.00

QUALITY

Lowest Price Daisywheel Printer - JUKI

Full featured daisywheel printer with graphics mode andbuilt-in word processing functions. 18 CPS print speed.13 inch platen. 10. 12, or 15 pitch plus proportionedspacing. Uses standard IBM ribbons. This is an extremelyreliable letter quality printer, at an unheard of low price!

PRD-61001 Parallel $629.95

PRD-61002 RS232 serial board $59.95

PRA-61000 Tractor option __ . — $139.95

380Z by D.T.C.

Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrexprinter, the 3802 contains electronic enhancements thatallow it to print at speeds up to 32 CPS. Other featuresinclude a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes withprintwheel, ribbon and users manual. Serial, parallel, andIEEE 488 interfaces standard.

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1295.00

PRA-11000 Tractor option $169.95

PRA-1200 Cut sheet feeder $699.95

Cable Please specify $49.95

Printers From Jade

SEIKOSHA 10" Graphics. 30 CPS

OKIDATA 82OKIDATA 92OKIDATA 93OKIDATA 83OKIDATA 84

120 CPS

10" 160 CPS with Graphics15" 160 CPS with Graphics15" 120 CPS with Tractor _15" 200 CPS with Graphics

OKIDATA 2350 IS" 350 CPS

OKIDATA 2410 15" 350 CPS, Two color _

DAISYWRITER 2000 48K Daisywheel

GEMINI 10 100 CPS 10" with Graphics _GEMINI 15 100 CPS 15" with Graphics _

COMREX CR1

SILVER REED

STARWRITER F-10

_ $229.95_ CALL_ CALL_ CALL_ CALL_ CALL_ CALL_ CALL. $1395.00_ 5349.95_ $499.95_ $849.95_ $699.95. $1249.95

PRINTER PALS — FMJ

Desk top printer stand and paper rack

PRA-99080 10" Printer pal

PRA-99100 15" Printer pal

PRA-99700 lor Letter Quality

Fits all printers.

$29.95

$39.95

$49.95

s-ioo_

I/O BOARDS

The BUS PROBE — Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

TSX-200B Bare board

TSX-200K Kit

TSX-200A A & T

- $59.95$129.95$159.95

1/0-4 — SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O portsIOI-1010A A & T

$249.95

1/0-5 — SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel ports, 110-19.2K BaudIOI-1015A A & T

INTER FACER 4 — CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel, 1 Centronics parallel

IOI-1840A/1 & T

IOI-1830C CSC

III

PB-1 — SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer

MEM-99510K Kit with manual $154.95

MEM-99510A A 8. T with manual $219.95

PROM-100 — SD Systems

2708,2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software

MEM-99520K Kit with software $189.95

MEM-99520A A & T with software $249.95

VIDEO MONITOR — Jade

1000 lines ultra-high resolution. 20 MHz ultra-high bandwidth, 9" or 12", Amber or Green phosphor, the finestmonitors we sell

VDM-740920 9" Green _

VDM-740910 9" Amber .

VDM-751220 12" Green .

VDM-751210 12" Amber

_ $99.95$129.95$129.95

12" GREEN SCREEN — Zenith

15MHz, 40 or 80 columnVDM-201201 12" Green

. $114.95

SUB-SYSTEMS

DISK Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power supply power cablekit, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan.nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" disk drives, power supply, and fan. does not includesignal cable.Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95

END-000431 A&T $249.95

8" Sub-Systems — Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS $650.00

END-000424 A & T w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS _ $695.00

END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $999.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801 Rs $1195.00

8" Sub-Systems — Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-Bs $1224.95

END-000427 A & T w/2 Qume D-8s $1424.95

END-000436 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-851RS $1274.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $1195.00

ISO-BUS - Jade

$289.95

Silent, simr.

MBS-061BMBS-061KMBS-061A

MBS-121BMBS-121KMBS-121A

MBS-181BMBS-181KMBS-181A

le and on sale — a better m

6 slot (sy," x «%";

Rare hnarrtKit

otherboard

$22.95$39 95

A X. T

12 Slot (9%" x 8%"J

$69.95

$34.95

$389.95$495.00

KitA & T

18 Slot lUI/t" x 8%")

$B9 95$10905

$54.95

KitA A T

$99.95$149 95

S-100_

CPU BOARDS

The BIG Z — Jade

2 or 4 MHz switachable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/Oaccommodates 2708, 2716, or 2732 EPROM, baud ratesfrom 75 to 9600.

CPU-30201B Bare board wlmanual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit with Manual $149.95

CPU-30201A A&T with Manual $199.95

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. 1K RAM, 8KROM space, monitor PROM includedCPU-30200A AST

CPU-Z CompuPro

2 or A MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing

CPU-30500A 2/4 MHz A&T

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC

. $329.95

. $279.95. $374.95

$139.95 8085/8088 — CompuPro

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus, up to 8MHz, accesses 16 Megabytes of memory

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A T $429.95

CPU-20510C 6/8 MHz CSC $529.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Continental U.S.800-421-5500

Inside California800-262-1710

For Technical Inquiresor Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions.

Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6y2% tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please

add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty aubjact to changa without notice. Shipping and handling charges

via UPS Ground 50«/lb. UPS Air $1.00/lb. minimum charge $3.00

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

fjTTjTP^raEl^ EN^T^

Tandon TM 100-1 Single sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551001 S219.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Shugart SA 400L Single sided, double density 40 track

MSM-104000 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Tandon TM 100-2 Double sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551002 $294.95 ea 2 for $269.95 ea

MPI B52 Double sided, double density. 48 TPI can besubstituted for CDC

MSM-155200 $299.95 ea 2 for $279.95 ea

MPI B51 Single sided, double density 48 TPIMSM-155100 $239.95 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

51/," Cabinets With Power Supply

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply .END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply _

$69.95$94.95

Dual Slimline Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant bakedenamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system,quiet cooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, powercables, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan,all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives.Does not include signal cableDual 8" Slimline CabinetEND-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T w/o drives

Dual 8" Slimline Sub-Systems

END-000823 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000824 A & T w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000833 Kil w/2 DS DD Drives

END-000834 A & T w/2 DS DD Drives

_ $179.95

_ $919.95

_ $949.95

$1149.95

$1179.95

Siemens FDD 100-8 Single sided, double density

MSF-201120 $274.95 ea 2 for $249.95 ea

Shugarf SA 801R Single sided, double density

MSF-10801R $394.95 ea 2 for $389.95 ea

Shugart SA 851R Double sided, double density

MSF-10851R $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Qume DT-8 Double sided, double density

MSF-750080 $554.95 ea 2 for $529.95 ea

Tandon TM 84841 Single sided, double density thin-line

MSF-558481 $379.95 ea 2 for $369.95 ea

Tandon TM 848-2 Double sided, double density thin lineMSF-55B482 $494.95 ea 2 for $484.95 ea

NEC FD1165 Double sided, double density thin lineMSF-851165 $484.95 ea 2 for $449.95 ea

Smart Buy in MODEMS — Signalman ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

1200 and/or 300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer ororiginate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxemodels. 9v battery allows total portability, full one yearwarranty

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect $89.95

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe $149.95

IOM-5620A 1200300 baud Deluxe $369.95

IOM-5650A 300 baud lor Osborne .IOM-5630A 300 baud card tor IBM

$119.95. $199.95

SMARTMODEM — Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dialmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interfaceprogrammable

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 $574.95

IOM-5400A Smartmodem 300 $224.95

IOK-1500A Hayes Chronograph $218.95

IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 $368.95

IOM-2010A Micromodem It w/Term prgm $329.95

IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII $89.95

1200 BAUD SMART CAT — Novation

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, built-in dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect,direct connect. LCD readout displays mode analog/digitalloopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones.

IOM-5241A 300 baud 103 Smart Cat $229.95

IOM-5251A 1200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95

J-CAV MODEM — Novation

1/5 the size of ordinary modems, Bell 103, manual orauto-answer, automatic answer/orginate, direct connect, built-in self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide statusinformation.IOM-5261A Novation

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5%"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata seperator, vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 & Oasiscompatible control/diagnostic software PROM included.

1OD-1160A A & T With Prom $359.95

SFC-55009047F CP'M 3.0 With VF-II . $139.95

2422 DISK CONTROLLER — CCS.

5%" or 8" double density disk controller with on-boardboot loader ROM. free CP/M 2.2 8, manual setIOD-1300A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $399.95

DOUBLE D — Jade

High reliability double density disk controller with on-board Z-80A, auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100 canfunction in multi-user interrupt driven bus,

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr & sttwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A A & T w/hdwr & sllwr man $325.00

SFC-59002001F CP'M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

DISK TUBS

DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 Diskettes

MMA-505 Holds 75 S'/t" Diskettes $19.95

MMA-508 Holds 50 8" Diskettes $24.95

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home.

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer $69.50

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer $94.95

XME-3200A Logical Devices $49.95

APPLEJLACCESSORIES

SUPER DISKETTE SPECIAL!

We bought out a major manufacturer's overstock, andwe are passing the savings on to you! Single sided, doubledensity, package of 10 in plastic library case.MMD-5121003 Apple Diskettes , $18.95

DISK DRIVE - Fourth Dimension

Totally Apple compatible, 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3 full one year factory warranty, half-track capabilityreads all Apple software, plugs right into Apple controlleras second drive, DOS 3.3. 3.2.1 Pascal, & CP/Mcompatible.

MSM-431010 Forth Dimension drive $249.95

MSM-431030 Controller only _____ $60.00

MSM-431040 Controller with software $QQ 95

HALF—HEIGHT DRIVE - Laser Micro.

Totally Apple Compatible. Works with all Apple softwareand controllers. Faster and quieter than most other drives,yet only half the size!MSM-571010 Laser half-height ___ $299.95

$149.95 CP/M 3.0 CARD for Apple — A.L.S.

The most powerful card available for your Apple!

6MHz Z-80B. additional 64K of RAM, CP/M 3.0 plus 100%CP/M 2.2 compatibility, C basic, CP/M Graphics, 300%faster than any other CP/M for Apple, One year warranty.CPX-62810A A.L.S. CP/M Card $349.95

Z-CARD for Apple II — A.L.S.

Two computers in one,Z-80 &6502. more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPUcard CP/M 2.2 and complete manual set, Pascalcompatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty.CPX-62800A A & T with CP/M 2.2 ___ $159.95

80 COLUMN APPLE CARD

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II,addressable 25th status line, normal/inverse or high/lawvideo, 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case. 7x9dot matrix with true descenders, CP/M, Pascal & Fortrancompatible, 50/60 Hz. 40/80 column selection fromkeyboard. Best 80 column card!

IOV-2450A Viewmax 80 . . $149.95

IOV-2455A Preboot disk for above __ $29.95

16K RAM Card — for Apple II

Expand your Apple II 64 K, use as language card, full 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00?

MEX-16700A Save over S115.00 $49.95

GRAPPLER PLUS - Orange Micro

The ultimate parallel printer Graphics interface card withmany new features, now at a new low price!IOP-2300A Grappler Plus $139.95

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250

Circle 218 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 547

.surety

rcre*»»t

Itco^5

Toll-p,

Computer Expe**™... ——

Components -"i

Unlimited NOW HAS A COMPLETE

APPLE SOFTWARE

Ashton tate

DBase II $409

ArtSci

MagicCalc S 99

Magic Window II 109

MagicWords 89

Continental Software

Home Accountant S 59

info Com

Zorkl S26M

Zork II 2695

Zorklll 26"

Micro Pro

Caclstar S 99

Datastar 199

Mailmerge 169

Reportstar 239

Spellstar 169

Supersort 169

Wordstar 269

Micro Soft

Basic Compiler S269

Cobol-80 499

Fortran-80 139

Multiplan 189

Peach Tree

Call for lowest prices

Stoneware

DB Master $169

Ashton Tate

DBase II S409

DBasell8" 419

Continental

Home Accountant Plus S 99

Property Management 299

info Com

Zorkl $27

Zork II 27

Zorklll 27

Micro Lab

Tax Manager $179

Micro Pro

Wordstar $299

Mailmerge 159

Spellstar 159

Peach Tree

General Ledger $345

Accounts Receivable 345

Accounts Payable 345

Sorcirm

SuperCalc $199

Micro Soft

Multiplan $189

SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

IBM PC SOFTWARE

Micro-Sci A-2

i Fully Apple Compatible

• Faster Than Apple

• Fully Documented

$229.00

Rana Elite I

Fully Apple Compatible

• Faster Than Apple• More Storage

• Write Protect Switch

$269.00

BMC 9191color Monitor

• Composite VideoAudek Color compatible

• Good Resolution

$249.00

Sanyo Monitor

• 9" Green

• 24 x 60

ONLY $89.00

Hayes 300Baud Modem

• Top of the Line

• Serial Interface

$199.00

Hayes 1200 Baud $499.00C. ITOH starwriter

F-10 40 PU

• Letter Quality

• 1 Yr. Warranty

$1149.00

CALL 800-847-1718

For weekly Specials

Axiom by SeikoPrinter

• 30 CPS

• Parallel interface

-» Dot by Dot Graphic

• 2 Yr. Warranty

$199.00

Ashton Tate

• D Base II

$409.00Lowest Advertised Price Ever

5Va" Diskettes

100 for ONLY *150

• Reinforced HubSgl. side Dbl. Density

• 5 Yr. Warranty

o

vie wmax 80

• 80 Col. For Apple

• Videx Compatible

• w/soft Switchw/inverse Charter Switch

• 2 Yr. Warranty

$149.00

Siemans 8" Disk Drive

•FDD100-8D

* 801R Shugart Compatible

• Factory Sealed

• 90 Day warranty

$179.00

RF Modulator

• Apple HandApple HE compatible

$ 19.00

Dealer inquiries invited• Quantity DiscountsAvailable

nwi 'JiiA-

A„ products Have 90 oavto 5 vr. warranty

-irtutriW

»o BO

eHoH»erS

rOers

INE OF SOFTWARE

PERSONAL & PORTABLESYSTEMS

Franklin Ace 1000 w/ color Call

Franklin Ace 1200 w/Drive Call

Apple II EStarterSystem S1725

Kayproll 1649

Svscom ll 625

Commodore 64 w/Drive 795

Sanyo MBC1000 1589

Compac, Columbia, Corona Call

APPLE, FRANKLIN

Accessories

Advanced Logic Systems

cpm3.0Card S 339

ZCardcpmcard 139

Astar

rf Modulator 19

Gibson

Lignt pen for Apple II & IIE 249

Kensington

System Saver/Fan & Surge 69

Micro Max

Viewmax80Col.Card 149

Micro soft Products

Softcardw'cpm 239

16KCard 65

Premium Pack 469

Micro Tek

l28KMemoryBoard 299

QPukMemory 329

Orange Micro

Grappler + Graphics interface 121

BufferBoardw/16KBufferExp 139

Grappler + 16KBufferExp 179

TC Products

Joystick 39

Paddles 29

Selecta Port 39

MODEMS

Hayes Micro Computer

300 Baud smart Modem S 199

1200 Baud smart Modem 499

Micro Modem II 259

Micro Modem ll w/Terminal Package 279

Novation

j-cat300Baud 119

Applecatli 269

us Robotic

212AAutoDial 469

IBM PC

Accessories

Tandon

TM100-1160K S 179

TM100-2 320K 239

Profit Systems inc.

Parallel Port, Serial Port, Clock Calendar 64K

& All Needed Software 329

Same as above except 512K 699

UPCrade

64kw/parity 59

5Va"&8"DISK DRIVES

Siemans

FDD100-8D8 "Sgl/DblDen S 179

Mitsubishi

2894-63 Dbl/Dbl Den 399

Shugart

SA801RSgl/DblDen 359

SA851RDbl/DblDen 479

Tandon

TM100-1160K 179

TM100-2 320K 239

TM 101-4 quad Density 339

TM848-1 Sgl/DblDen 359

TM848-2Dbl/DblDen 449

Teac

FD55AV2HT160K 199

FD55BV2HT320K 279

PRINTERSPRICING WILL NOT BE BEAT

C itoh

Gorilla (NEW) call

Prowriter l (Parallel! S 365

Prowriter i (Serial) 529

Prowriter ll (Parallel) 675

StarwriterF-10 1149

F-lOTractor 209

8600(180cps) 1099

Star Micronics

GeminMOiNewversion) 299

Gemini 15 (15 "carriage) 439

Okidata

Microline92(160cps) 499

Microline 93 (15 "carriage) 899

Microline 82A (Par. & Serial) 399

Mlcroline83A(15"carriage) 629

Microline 84P(200cps) 969

Microline 84S(200cps) 1059

Axiom

SeikoshaGPlOOA 199

Seikosha CP250X 239

Nec

Nee 8023 A Price Reduction 429

Epson

RX,MX,FX Call

Toshiba

P1350 Topof theUne 1599

DISK DRIVESFOR APPLE & FRANKLIN

Rana Systems

Elitel S 269

Elltell 429

Elitelll 539

•Add S70 for Controller

Micro Sci

A-2 229

A-40 279

A-70 359

•Add S70 for controller

Ouentin Research

AppleMate 249

5 Megabyte Hardisk 1695

800-847-1718

All Orders

NEW RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd.inglewood, CA 90304

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

USI

P11 (9"AmberHiRes) S 139

PI 2 (9"GreenHiRes) 129

PI 3 (12" AmberHiRes) 149

PI 4 (12" Green HiRes) 139

Sanyo

DM5109 (9"Green) 89

DM2112 (12"Green) 84

BMC

12AU (12"Green) 79

9191 ColorComposite 249

zenith

2VM121 (12"Green) 94

Amdek

Colon + w/sound 299

ColorllRCB 569

Princton Graphics

PGSHX12W/ IBM Cable 499

LOW PRICEDHi QualityDISKETTES

5 Va" Disks

SglSide/DblDensity S17abox

DblSide/DblDensity 27abox

8 "Disks

SglSide/DblDensity 28abox

DblSide/Dbl Density 34a box

All Disks come w/Reinforced Hub,5 yr warranty and not bulk packed.

Advanced Access

Smoked PlexiglassDisketteTubHoldsSO ... 198"Version 26

PRINTER CABLES

IBM to Printer

Osborne to Printer

S 323232

49

Kaypro to Printer

Apple Card & Cable

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936Hawthorni

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

51/4" Cabinets

Sgl Cabinet w/pwr. supply S 59

DualCabinetsw/pwrsupply 89

8 "Cabinets

Sgl Cabinets w/fan&pwr. supply 209

Dual Cabinets w/fan spwr. supply 259

if you don't see

what you are

looking for,

give us a call, we

have much more

available

Technical & Customer Service(213)219-0808

All merchandise new. we accept MC, Visa, WireTransfer, COD Call, Certified Check, P.O. s fromqualified firms, APO accepted. Shipping:Minimum S3.50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res.Only add 61/i% sales tax.

Prices Subject to Change

Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.

.wivi'r-Mtj

DOlxOtU Computer

Products,

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2516

TMS2716

2532

2732

2764

MC68764

EPROMS

1ns

450ns450ns450ns350ns450ns450ns450ns450ns450ns450ns

DYNAMIC RAMS

VISITOUR RETAIL STORE

2100 DE LA CRUZ BLVD.

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

16 K APPLE*IIRAM CARD

BARE BOARD

14.00

ASSEMBLED

•Apple rs .1 Uddcmjfk 'it Apple Computer. In

42.50

INTERFACE

BT26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

1.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.89

.99

TMS 4027UPD411MM 5280MK4108MM 5298

40274116411641644164

250ns3O0ns300ns200ns250ns

250ns200ns150ns200ns150ns

2.952.985.893.905.905.497.895.354.90CALL34.95

.792.892.891.741.74

2.00

CALLCALLCALLCALL

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

Z6132

STATIC RAMS

450ns

450ns

450ns

250nsLP

450ns

450ns

450ns

450nsLP

300nsLP

200nsLP

55ns450ns300ns200ns250ns200ns150ns200ns150ns120ns300ns

1.803.89.781.442.482.581.741.841.841.944.893.153.453.899.694.154.895.906.908.9532.95

LP= LOW POWER

RESISTORS

V, WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MGE OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

10O0 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

APPLE ROM SET

6995

AUTOSTART ROM

3495

74LSOO

.23

74LS123

.77

74LS253

.57

74LS01

.23

74LS124

2.88

74LS257

.57

74LS02

.23

74LS125

.47

74LS258

.57

74LS03

.23

74LS126

.47

74LS259

2.73

74LS04

.23

74LS132

.57

74LS260

.57

74LS05

.23

74LS136

.37

74LS266

.53

74LS08

.23

74LS137

.97

74LS273

1.47

74LS10

.23

74LS138

.53

74LS275

3.33

74LS11

.25

74LS139

.53

74LS279

.47

74LS12

.25

74LS145

1.18

74LS280

1.96

74LS13

.39

74LS147

2.47

74LS283

.67

74LS14

.39

74LS148

1.33

74LS290

.87

74LS15

.29

74LS151

.53

74LS293

.87

74LS20

.23

74LS153

.53

74LS295

.97

74LS21

.23

74LS154

1.88

74LS298

.87

74LS22

.23

74LS155

.67

74LS324

1.73

74LS26

.29

74LS156

.67

74LS352

1.27

74LS27

.23

74LS157

.63

74LS353

1.27

74LS28

.29

74LS158

.57

74LS363

1.33

74LS30

.23

74LS160

.67

74LS364

1.93

74LS32

.25

74LS161

.63

74LS365

.47

74LS33

.49

74LS162

.67

74LS366

.47

74LS37

.29

74LS163

.63

74LS367

.43

74LS38

.29

74LS164

.67

74LS368

.43

74LS40

.23

74LS165

.93

74LS373

1.37

74LS42

.43

74LS166

1.93

74LS374

1.37

74LS47

.49

74LS168

1.73

74LS377

1.37

74LS48

.74

74LS169

1.73

74LS378

1.17

74LS49

.74

74LS170

1.47

74LS379

1.33

74LS51

.23

74LS173

.67

74LS385

1.88

74LS54

.23

74LS174

.53

74LS386

.43

74LS55

.28

74LS175

.53

74LS390

1.17

74LS63

1.23

74LS181

2.13

74LS393

1.17

74LS73

.37

74LS189

8.93

74LS395

1.17

74LS74

.33

74LS190

.87

74LS399

1.47

74LS75

.37

74LS191

.87

74LS424

2.93

74LS76

.37

74LS192

.77

74LS447

.35

74LS78

.47

74LS193

.77

74LS490

1.93

74LS83

.58

74LS194

.67

74LS668

1.67

74LS85

.67

74LS195

.67

74LS669

1.87

74LS86

.37

74LS196

.77

74LS670

1.47

74LS90

.53

74LS197

.77

74LS674

9.63

74LS91

.87

74LS221

.87

74LS682

3.18

74LS92

.53

74LS240

.93

74LS683

3.18

74LS93

.53

74LS251

.59

74LS684

3.18

74LS95

.73

74LS242

.97

74LS685

3.18

74LS96

.87

74LS243

.97

74LS688

2.38

74LS107

.37

74LS244

1.27

74LS689

3.18

74LS109

.37

74LS245

1.47

74LS112

.37

74LS247

.73

81LS95

1.47

74LS113

.37

74LS248

.97

81LS96

1.47

74LS114

.37

74LS249

.97

81LS97

1.47

74LS122

.43

74LS251

.57

81LS98

1.47

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

AY5-1015

TR1602

IM6402

IM6403

INSB250

5.853.906.903.907.858.8510.49

LEDS

Jumbo Red 10/1.00JumboGreen 6/1.00Jumbo Yellow 671.00

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position .85

5 Position .90

6 Position .90

7 Position .90

8 Position .95

XR2206XR2207XR2208XR2211XR2240

EXAR

3.753.753.905.253.25

CA3010CA3013CA3023CA3035C A 3039CA3046CA3053CA3059CA3060C A 3065CA3080CA3081C A 3082CA3083CA3086CA3089CA3130CA3140CA3146CA3160CA3401CA3600

RCA

.951.992.752.491.251.251.452.902.901.751.101.651.651.65

.802.101.251.151.751.15

.593.45

VIEWMAX 80

A Full Function

80-Columncard for Apple II

$1499

\95

APPLE

SUPER COOLINGFANS49.95

WITH SURG PROTECH

69.95

65001 MHz

650265046505650765206522653265456551

5.256.857.609.853.954.955.9516.9510.95

2 MHz

6502A 8.95

6522A 9.95

6532A 11.90

6545A 27.90

6551A 11.90

3 MHz

6502B 11.90

APPLE

JOYSTICKS

29.95

APPLE

PADDLES

9.95

UPGRADE >j>

f 4116 -200ns \

,v*

CALL

DoKau

W\J l\VAl4 Computer Products, Inc.

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800)848-8008 (408)988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

'master charge

TERMS: For shipping include S2 00 for UPSGround S3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air S10 00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6'/.";. SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

nirnlfi 149 nn innuirv narH

APPLE*II USERSDISK DRIVE!

225.95

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95

Includes metal cabinetColor matches Apple35 tracks/single sideIncludes cableUse with Apple II controller

'I

EPROM ERASERS

HOLDS 15 EPROMSERASES IN 20 MINUTES

59.95

i'

2.5 MHz

Z80-CPU

3.35

Z80PIO

3.35

Z80-CTC

3.35

280-DMA

12.4S

Z80-DART

14.98

zao-sio/o

1B95

zao-sio/1

16.95

Z80-SIO/2

16.95

Z80-SIO/9

16.95

4.0 MHz

ZBOA-CPU

4.9C

ZB0A-PIO

4.90

Z80A-CTC

4.90

APPLE*

COMPATIBLE

POWER

SUPPLY

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA

21.95

Z80A-DART

15.95

Z80A-SIO/0

20.95

Z80A-SIO/1

20.95

Z80A-SIO/2

20.95

Z80A-S10/9

18.95

6.0 MHz

Z80B-CPU

14.95

Z80B-PIO

12.95

Z80B-CTC

12.95

ZILOG

Z6132

32.95

ZB671

38.95

P100-1P100-2P100-3P100-4

P500-1P500-3P500-4

WIREWRAP CARDS

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate With Gold-Plated Contact Fingers

S-100 BUSS GENERAL PURPOSE

Bare-No Foil Pads.. . .15.90 22/44 PIN (.156" SPACING)

VertfelBUSS t§0 P441"3 VerticalBUSS,4.5"x6».13.90

Single Foil Pads per Hoie23i90 P442"3 Vertical BUSS,4.5"x9" .14.90

APPLE 36/72 PIN (.1" SPACING)

Bare-No Foil Pads 1590 P721-3 VerticalBUSS, 4.5" x6" .13.90

Horizontal BUSS .'.'.'.'. .22.90 P722"3 Vertical BUSS,4.5" x9" .14.90Single Foil Pads per Hole23.90

51/4" DISKETTES

ATHANA OR NASHUA

SSSD 18.95

SSDD 22.95

DSDD 27.95

BULK

SSDD SOFT

$1.65 EA

$84.95

ORDER TOLL FREE

(800) 538-8800(800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

LM301

LM308

LM309K

LM311

M317T

LM317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

LINEAR

.32 LM741

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM18O0

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.65

.65

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

DiscControllers

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

15.9527.9529.9549.9549.9532.9539.0034.9517.95

9000 SERIES

CLOCK CIRCUITS

CRYSTALS

.16

.95

MM5314

4.90

32.768 KHz

1.90

6.144

2.69

34

2.39

MM5369

3.90

1.00 Hz

4.50

6.5536

2.69

68

3.69

MM5375

4.90

1.8432

4.50

8.0

2.69

01

8.95

MM58167

8.90

2.0

3.90

10.0

2.69

01

.69

MM58174

10.95

2.097152

3.90

12.0

2.69

02

1.39

2.4576

2.69

14.31818

2.69

502

1.79

MSM5832

6.90

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

2.692.692.69

15.016.017.430

2.692.692.69

VOLTAGE

5.0

2.69

18.0

2.69

REGULATORS

5.0688

2.69

18.432

2.69

7805T

.75 7908T

.85

5.185

2.69

20.0

2.69

7808T

.75 7912T

.85

5.7143

2.69

22.1184

2.69

7812T

.75 7915T.75 7924T

.85.95

6.0

2.69

7815T

7824T

.85

8(00

7905 K

1.39

8035

4.95

8251

4.39

7805K

1.29 7912K

1.39

8039

5.95

8253

6.89

7812K

1.29 7915K1.29 7924K

1.391.39

8080A8085A

3.895.89

8253-58255

7.894.39

7815K

7824K

1.29 T =

TO-220

8086

24.95

8255-5

5.19

7905T

.85 K

= TO-3

808881558156

34.957.758.75

825782598272

7.89

6.85

39.00

8185

29.00

8275

29.00

CONNECTORS

8202

27.95

8279

8.89

-iS232

Male

3.00

8205

3.45

8279-5

9.89

-K232

Female

3.50

8212

1.79

8282

6.49

iS232

Female Right Angle

4.95

8214

3.75

8283

6.49

-IS232

Hood

1.20

8216

1.69

8284

5.49

30 pin

Edge

2.49

8224

2.19

8286

6.49

44 pin

Edge

2.49

8226

1.79

6287

6.49

50 pin

Edge

2.69

8228

3.34

8288

24.95

86 pin

Edge

3.90

8237

19.00

8289

39.00

100pin

ST

3.90

8238

4.39

8741

34.95

100 pin

W/W

4.90

8243

4.39

8748

14.95

8250

10.49

8755

29.95

DoKau

IC Sockets

8 PIN14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN22 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

IC SOCKETSST

.10.12.15.20.25.25.25.35.40

ST = SoldertailW/W = Wirewrap

W/W

.49

.50

.57

.B5

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

68 BOO

68B02

68B09

68B09E

6810

6810

68B45

68B50

68000

68001 MHz

2 MHz

3 MHz

4.757.898.4511.9517.952.893.502.9513.957.9532.9524.9513.9511.953.203.509.8911.906.891.8022.95

9.9521.9528.9528.95

7.8911.9533.9511.95

57.95

51A" FLOPPY DISKS

FLIP FILE

CAPACITY 75 EA

19.95

W\J IVVAvl Computer Products, Inc.

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800)848-8008 (408)988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

BankAmericard

'master charge

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPSGround. $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6'A% SalesTax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. Wereserve the right to limit quantities and substitutemanufacturer. Prices subject to change withoutnotice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 149 on inauirv card.

ft

AMTORNIA B

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with allI diskettes purchased from California Digital

Private labeled lor California Digital Dy one ot II

respected producers ol magnetic media Each

is certified double density at -10 II

cilended media iifo all diskette are manutactured with

reinforced hub

Each bo* ot diskettes is supplied with a free plasti

Suit V

:rCAL-50t. Ton sector CAL-510

SVa" diskettes

WITH LIBRARY CASE

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCHMEMOREXVERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySoft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

7440-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MM-10

MM-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/1D

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/20

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Dooble Density

SCOTCH

7400

29.50

SCOTCH

7410

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Dooble side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

Fhp&Fik:".'. slo" .50dak 1NC-S2I> 189.

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

Scotch tiead ciePlastic i.Srarvi-.

in..!:. IBhWsesS' &8 SR

M-ch524'jV-LS 2 9:

DYSAN

3740/2D

65.00

POWER SUPPLIES & FANS

ferf**

r tiV 3()A _iJ6v 5A AC

lin.li; EDH H(lt)

drive 12 2-1 vol, a 5V CAD 53810

-Y2V (mil [tn:iim;il) P0W Ahr5A 115 <f30AC A1C l?98j equipment SPC PWI

119.0011 fJ UCJi.'O (J!.!

BBXo&Q ■

!.■.: ^i.iC'.'i^i.-iilUAtf Itang^mounttsl I15v 92wa!is 200 dm UEC-1087

?,vm\<ii -noox4-. Ian, -titmetalcunsliuctiofi. i \bv 20 wails 85dm pam 4600

URl 14VLV-2182-11. Ian metai consiiuciiQ". tt5v 9 wans-15 dm ETR 2182

riffl'u'i Muiiin lan J'. upon Iran*cortsituction i i5v 14 wans 6b dm R0I-M2A?

l'!!: i,' it Mf^.i'i Un Altitun; unisiiuchort. I'15v9Willi35elm ETR-120

VISA

141714,7995

MEMORY

iWTWFOTicl

1.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 150ns.

2732 EPROM

4.95

450ns.

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns.

2764 EPROM

SALE'S, 95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

ii')?7 4K dynamic 250ns

1116 150ns 16K

:nr, 200ns 16K

.164 150ns 64K 128relresh

:i;!:.6 IbOns 256K

ICM-4027250OM 116150ICM-411620(1ICM-J164150ICM-

150

21L02200TU tKstaiic..'IL02 450ns iKstalic.'Il2-150ns 2KsialicL'it.l 300ns !Ki4-I044TMS 450ns 4K* I5257 300ns 4K x 16116 P4 2O0ns 2K x 86!tfiP3 150ns 2K«86167/216? 100ns I6K >

STATIC MEMORY

ICM-21102200ICM21L02450ICM-2112450ICM-2114300ICM-4044450ICM-5257300ICM-61162001CM-611615020pm] ICM-6I67100

EPROMS

ICE-27Q8

1CE-2716

ICE-2716TMS

ICE-2732

ICE-2733350

ICE-2532

ICE-2764

ICE-27I2Q

3 49250

4 95

5 95895

10505 9529 95

CONNECTORS

DB25P

S-100Gold$2.95

*

ft™

EEil

$2.50

GOLD S-100 EDGE CAHD CONNECTORScatalog each 10-99 100*

imswa/i 250 cne-ims 295 250 219

SuflmsHuRet cne-hioo 4t9 3 85 347

Sll)[UV.irW CNE-WIO 395 3 50 3 19

AllJir 140 si CNE-IOOA 4 95 4 50 4 19

.156"CENTER EDGECARDCONNECTORS22/44 EyelSI CNE-44E 2 50 2 15 195i)3r"72 MOto 8-1CNE-72S 6 (.0 0 15 5 7536/72D/Gb I CNE-72S 5 95 hW 5 19Oilier COntwCtOfS avaiLtrjk' upan requestRIBBON CONNECTORSDB25Pmata CND-I25P 5 65 5 25 4 15DB255 It-male CND-f25S S 95 5 59 4 50

■ :iOJf-.U m.iii: CNC-r36Ple CNC-r36SCN1-DE20

35 ;

CNI-DS20

CNI-DE26 4 95 3 50 2 70

CNI-DS26 3 50 2 40 2 15

CNI-DE34 4 95 4 50 3 50

CNI-DS34 4 50 3 95 3 15

CNI-DE50 595 560 4 50

CNI-DS50 4 95 4 60 3 BO

■D" TYPE

catalog

each 10-99 100+

DE9P male

CNO-9P

t 60

14fl

110

i;i'-.'iTn.iv

CND9S

2 25

OEhoocf

CND-9H

150

13ft

DAtfiPni.ilij

CND-1SP

DA I5S female

CND-15S

3 25

rt io

DAtbhood

CND-15H

uB?:iPm,He

CND :.:l,F-'

2 50

DHli'IiS IijiimIu

CNI! :.-;,•;

DIKiiliuiitl

crji.);",n

i is

Dc;r/Pm,no

cnd :i/r

4.20

»Wt

DC:i7S1emule

CNO-37S

5.95

<i ih

"iSO

DC37 hood

CND-CI 1

2 25

ifjs

ins

IllJM.'I'm.lV

CND-50P

5 50

5 10

4 tti

DD50 hood

CND-50H

2 60

2.40

9 10

Hardware-2'MM CND-2HS

99

69

42

AMPHENOL / CENTRONICS

TYPE

57-30360 36'P CNC-36P

7 95

nm

CND*Z4P

7 95

6.35

5.35

DISK DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS

6 6 pin DC

CNPnDC

195

1 29

m

6 3 AC Sol S8 3ACD&I.S

CNP-3SS

CNP-3DS

169

1 09

69

5'. 4 pin DC

CNP-4DC

1 79

1 19

44

3 i:-m DIN rocp

CNP-D3P

2 59

199

l t>a

23"

COMPOSITEMONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor

for classroom

demonstrations.

Ever try gnlhenng a classroom

purchase a 23 high resolution monitor al a reasonaOte pneo

These units accept standard composit video signals generated uy most personal computeis including

the Applo and IBM Attach it your computer and in second you are shooting down Klmgons in wide

sctoen video

MOT-BW23 35 Lbs Monitors arc open frame and lot soloty should bo onclosod Wood grained

enclosure for above 535 00 additional CAL-ENC23 15 Lbs

your opportunity 1

BLOWOUT

SALE

'179

California Digital has recently participated in-1

the purchase ol several thousand StemensB

FDD 100-8 tloppy disk drives. These unils are eleciromcally arTb physically

simthai to Ihat of the Shugart 801R. All units are new and shipped in factory

sealed boxes. Manual ana power connectors supplied tree upon request Your

choice 115 Volt. 60 Hz. or 230 Volt. 50Hz.

NOTE! European customers, we have a large Quantity of 230 wFranktort Germany Arrangements can be made lo wilt call Ihese C-\ Frankfort reducing import duty and Iroighict"

REMEXDKW

California Digital has iust purchased a large quantity ol Hemex RFD-4000Etght inch double sided disk drives. Remex is the only double sided diskdrive that has an double gimbal mounted head assembly ihat guaranties lowerhead Iracking. This drive is mechanically solid. Remex has always beenknown for producing premiere products lor the floppy disk market. The Remexcompany is a subsidiary ol the Ex-cell-o Corporation, a Fortune 500 Company.

Eight Inch Singh

i Sided

One Two

Ten

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD100-8

179

179

169

TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE

369

359

349

Eight Inch Double Sinea

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

459

449

409

REMEX RFD-4000

219

209

189

TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE

485

475

465

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA200 Vz Height 169

159

149

TANDON TM 100-1

119

119

Call

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA455 Vi Height

259

249

239

SHUGART SA465 96TPI

289

279

269

TANDON TM 100-2

279

269

259

TANDON TM 101-4 96TPI

369

355

350

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

cal

for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 406 6 Megabyte

695

675

650

SEAGATE 412 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TANDON TM-50314 Megabyte

895

860

795

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are suppliedwith power connectors and manual

SPECIAL

TandonTM 100-1

'119

Recent liquidation Irom a major manulacturer of data processingequipment allows California Digital the opportunity lo olfer theseTandon disk drives at a fraction of their original cost Brandnew. with 90 day guaraniee. TAN-TMiOOt

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

AllTORNIA LFiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

LIBERTY $A7E

FREEDOM 50 Tf&

1MWUII

DIABLO

* Word Processing Printer

1 *879

Now from the originator ol (he daisy wfioei printer, |hc Diablo 620 Prrni speeds lo 2-1 chni'soc .user selectafik? bi-directional rjnriting superscripts subscripts, graphics and more Plus s Ian OardRS-232 nteriadng Communication speeds to 1300 Baud with a l5DOcli.iracter punt DullerSoftware programable absolute honfontai labs makes report lor malting easy Over 20 diHerenlprint wheels are currently available The 620 .lutomancaily selects Ihe prmi spacing lor 10. 12. ISChar/inert print wheels Ori sue service available woiidwide DBL-620 50lbs

ECLIPSE 100

595

MORROW OE5IGN5

Micro Decision MD1

Include $1800 worth ol FREE software

<84B

aliins in smal businos'.. computers. Standard) RS232 serial ports dual density llopoy disknd a 200 Kilobyte 5U disk drive The Microcii as Basic 60. Wordstar and other software

Faraday ElectronicsIBM PC COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BORAD COMPUTER

479

le.Uures include B4K ol HAM 4MHI Z 80 CPU. Iwcontroller capable ol supporting lour disk drives. IDecision ts delivered complete with CP-M 2 2 as *packages MDSMOi is ids

Also avaiiaDk' pictured above ihe Micro Deo;i19SO0 MOS-MD2 22 lbs

The Faraday model 6-i is a strajie board i onipuii" trial is crjrriij,-ii;itjlf. with ihe I B M PC. plusincorporates BttVSfal adcRUmai Standard leaiures 6-1K ol RAM mitmnry eipandible lo 2S6KCentronics pnnier port and two RS-232 serial ports are also Included 5 expansion slots areincluded lurigradabie to 9 slots)

Othur ..:•_*'/ i-a:.j-: -■::■■■ ;■'.■ ■:-; ./:•■.■.:.■.:■ l .-■.■■ , . y:cit: -.;;;r... .:;--. ,-■■

EPROM 3 user :1,j,lat:s;DI.-Acr..imels. and 2 counter Inner', l.'L liO.'i and CP/M BScompati-

U.S. ROBOTICS

1200 BAUD MODEM

'419

Plfl U.S. Robohcs 212A/103 modem repiosunis a majoradvaiicn in 1 POO/30!) h.aid modem technology Proprietary

?IK) h.iuij l SI I'lincjMiod circuits allow', tno U S Robotics

.■ Eiii.iM

PAfl-6

212A modem

phone lines

The U S Roboncs 212A features auto di

baud selection USR-212A S419 00

Otter enceilenl values in ditect conned m

D,;la 1 ;?00 baud at only 369 00

printersl. '269

$tot Gemini

MATRIX PRINTERS

i. G-.-ri n. tOIriLtrtjuMi,

c parallel STR-GiOSTH-GiSVST-C80FT

OKI-82A

OKI-92AOKI-63AOK1-&

23S0 ino*| 350 char/soc OKI-235D

X80 I60cnar 'sec wiihgraphtran in: & tractor EPSFX80

,1Xi00v..inr;.,iph!rd. 15 paper■3* para!H'i*«'v paper graphics9bO0A ruqti speed < 5 oauei

.' -A- . ... -•: .-. ■■ ■ ..pi . .-,

■ - ■ . ..•■.!■!..

i mtteoroMMndence quality lBOcriar

■ paper nt iphlC;C->?>J pnrrTe* 300 lines per minutei-:" need o00 hnes per minuie^■..•Mc..' secsenai

EPS-MX100

NEC-8G23A

ADX-95O0A

AOX-95D1A

DSI-I8C

OTX-/030

PROaSIOF

PRO 851 OS

PRO-2P

PTX-P3X

PTX-P600

MAN-180S

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERSha<'second una! interlace NEC-771O

i Mi Reeo EXPS'^i) '• /Char.sec par 1 mierfaciuamo 630 40 cn-T soc seirai)>.ibio620 proportion a-spacing hoi; &vert IJromi-r HRi A oaij/ v.tipoi paraiioiini effacing

J'Oltier HRI A SC"ai ■nlptlac©ilarwiilC' FlOsenjI 40cji.ii secii.irwMcr FtOpaijJiei jOcnar/sec

NEC-7730SRD-EXP500SRO-EXP550DBL-630J 20cps DBL-620

BTH-HR1PBTH-HRISPRO-FlOSPROF10P

269 00559 00849 00

419.00495 00535 00629 001995 00575 00695 00395 001279 001279 00180S 00ISSS 00495 00033 00750 00-:-.trO OQftlSOOO

1650 00

/;'.'■* od.*:■■,") 00595 00

res 00

.',•■.0 00879 00779 00839 001475 001 ■) 75.00

EPSON MX80

RIBBONS $6.95

MONITORS

BMC 12A green prwspnor 15 MHz compos-t video

SMC 12 high resolution. 20MH/

Zanittl ZVM121 gram phosphor 12 40/80 Column gWUC

NEC JB1201 greanphQKtoi 1B MHz composn videoNFC JBI260ccj(Tiiin*ri i.il<ira:lccomposit.

Motorola 23" open bane owwWfe composii videoMotorola 12" open Ir.imo rt.-guires horz sync andpoweiConrac9 openIramorecwirosnofzsync 4 I2v

COLOHBMC AU9i91UColcrcomposi1 video *itn soundBMC 9* 91M RGB designed lor use with the IBMNEC JC1203DM. RGBeotor monitorNEC JC1201 color composn.

In 2VM134 RGB color suitable lor IBM PC

irr-i color Composrt with sound

pply

BMC-12A

BMC-12EN

ZTH-Z121

NEC-JB1201

NEC-JB1260

USI-12A

MOT-BW23

MOT-BWJ2

CON-BW9

MOO3900:0900169.00

129.00169.00159.0069 0059 00

BMC-9191 279 00

GMC-9191M 499 00

NEC-1203 699 00

NEC-X1201 339.00

ZTH-Zt3a 59S00

COM-6500 329 00

AMK-100 329.00

.MODEMS

DIRECT CONNECTS75.00

1200 01

:o answer, autodialirr 300baudonly autoanswer, auto dimil. 103 Apple 0-rect connectm 100 S-100 auto answor aulo dialah time & dateA 300'1200 baud, auto dial/answer

©log

•-'■,.]] Dala '03LP line power.

.'•',.i:Da:a I031.--J Autoans*

(:",.-i Daia/O'.' CiXMiauri, "aitduple*only

RrsaiDala21L'LP,1ull 1200 baud duplex, line power

alien J Cal.dnocl connect, autclanswer

: 103/212. 1200 baud auto di

HYS-212ADHYS-103AD

HYS-MM2

HYS-1O0HYS-CHR232

USR-212A

PEN-12AD

UDS-103LP

UDS-103LPJ

UDS-202LP

UDS-212LP

NOV-JCAT

NOV-CAT

NOV-SC103

NOV-SC212

SGL-WKt

515 00

279 00

695 00169 0021900

216,00

i!.9 i)u109 00159 00219 00629 00

75 00

The Wyse 100 features die castaluminum case. 102 key keyboardand non-glare 26 line green phos-phor video display. Split screenboth horizontal an vertical makes[he WY-100 unusally user friendlyThis unique terminal is pertecl tcenhance any business system

'795

l-reedij'ii 50. split

Visual 50. delatci

Visual Ml Greens

Visual 330. emulates DEC. DG LSI greenArnpex Dialogue 125 green screen, twe page, lunc keysAmpex Dialougc '25 amoer screen t*o page, lunc keysWyse lOO.horiavert split screen metal enclosureWyse 300. Eighi color display, spin screenTewtdM 9 to Plus, block mode

Tele video !i^5. delalchablo keyboard. 22 function keysTelevideoySO, graprnc r.iiai <,p:il r.cruen, 22lureli.'li-vitli'd 'J70. I■'■ oiL't'ri'.;ii'i'ii. K)2 cniu'im. EuropeanZenith ;"nini:',iil,'-il VP;:1 f.iviip.LUiie dol.ilclMtili; m'yli.Li.inlAOOS Vuv.-.poini ,",i ilcMti.iiaiilo keyboardADOS Viewpoint A2. ky cursor

Micros witch

ASCII

KEYBOARD

LIB-F50

VSL-50

VSL-50G

VSL-330G

APXD125G

APX-D125A

WYS-100

WYS-300

TVI-9I0F

TVI-925

TVI-950

TVI-970

ZTH-Z29

ADDVP1

AOO-VPE

475 00659 00673 00

995 00695 00635 00795 00H59 00595 00795 00

Mill. Oil.".I.MIO?G5 0CJ'.II'. '10615 00

This Honeywell Microswiich keyboard has beendivision ol Lear Seigler Each keyboard containOutputs seven bit parailul ASCII along wnrt "-—lions Completer "' J

:enlly puichiised liom Ihe lerminalJi high reliability Hall Effect keysIdeal tor word proctiSsrnrj npjilicaI MIC-QISD5 3 IDs

SOFTWARE

CPM.1UDespoul

CP/M SOFTWARE

A9f IS

MPfliBTC

..... .

'-•-■ ■ ■[>,-,- ;y..DGP:iXD&fl-tt/CDGR-OfKCDG3-tB6C

V4 x

CP/M Formats Available

B"3740IBM • B"0P/MB6

Nonhstar 10 Sector • Osborne

Alios • Heath / Zdnth 10 sector

Tele video • Xerox • AtariApple DOS • IBM/PC • EagleCromomco • Commodore 64

□ ■Mien

tk<o^

MailmerrjeSoellstaiVrsitaic 2

Desk pi,in

cp M as

FiSCd' E'-

C 9j: . <>>■

SHf.'-tf.v5SHV «)B

Mcs-imAsa-i?ra

CW-9?19

VPB-1/39

:■-■

UHHSS

PSWC163

PSWG109

3W-UJ9

DGftOMfl

dg»-cj;9

APPLE BUSINESS SOFTWARE

Heme AcCDunianl Plus CrJT-9"5A

Visicalc 2

Visible

VisiHend

DeskPian

VisiDei

Visischerj

Visilerm

Ba1, ; r.i.ir'iin

Forirjn Fit)

CoiJOl flO

Mulliplin

ZBOForin

Supetaic

Miitrtuie

D-Biseil

PS/f-Ol/APSW-01BAPSW0I4APSW-OtOAPSfV-fJt5APSYV-H'3APSVi'-QISAi/sr as r;-c

USF.DMACMSi-SSA';

USF-WU

SSTfltMCSRM-OOtACCPW-10iAC

:..■-■■ !'■.:.;

'. ... ■'.: : :Ci/ ■ 'i-i

.:-.:■ :■.

Oittecfi's'':■', ■ .''■'■:::Oeait'iiw

Stasoa

AL.C&319A&C2M9

AGC wn

■ ■ ■ i

AVA 34:9

-.-■. ■■;■■■■ava rm

^VA e€'3

::'■ :':•:»

CP<-21^9

I ■■' IDSI'll ami/ll W3

IDS 0939

FltrjIH S.mulator MSF-sOB

■ ■ Sfi-4319

u:rssfi&Gc'aEnFtece SB-2a69

Ca:it;.Aims SfG-/tt9

Goioonll SHS-6?«

Galactic Attack SRS-0549

Epidemic SIR 7009

to in me Sue* STR-5959

mpFaetof sth-4913

i\ P535 0026 002BDTJ

."' ■

33 0

APPLE A ATARI GAMES

VoiiiKyr.a | Revenr* TFH445'ATApple Pa-ic 9R3-63JA-I

CXpliltd RR9fi?fA;t

:-:■-■; ■■'.■■■

Hi Crumste 4 Cttc

FrrjogetLuTBf Leaper

i.'AS 13.A I

:-^:::-- ru---.yA ■at ■ 160a tat 203* IENF-OIOA-TVUS4I-A -

sx-teii. rSH 3?0A 1

sa-nwi

:■■ ;....■! -

Soft Bora A8w«

e S«-n3A t

Sln4KAI

5IR-329A-T

5 SIH.B6WI

SRS-I63AT

SWS-613A I

SH5fl?SAi

SFS-<2?A'T

vVd,0Li

5aS-?21Af!

233523 35

3100

IMPRINT

INNER ACCESSCORPORATION

S-100 EPROM & MICROPROCESSOR PROGRAMMER

Programs Proms:

2708 • 2716 • 2732

2732A • 2764 • 27128

Programs Microcomputers

8748 • 8748H • 8749H • 8751

Programs EE/PROMS

XICORX2804 &X2816

Programs Microcontrollers

8741 • 8742

495

• S-100, IEEE-696 extra height card increases accessability to

switches and zero insertion PROM sockets.

• Does nol require personality modules or oft board cables.

• Supplied with full CP/M based EPROM programming software.

• Features Intel fast programming algorithms.

• On board programming power supply.

• Equipped with four zero insertion programming sockets.

S-100 BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

5/9 DO5MM

raw

Liit-j: ;;,', „',' ■ ... ;- tOks HUH; LOM-BMe

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

'AiriflialcSJW. 128K «ihCPMZ? WAV-Slfi 49500

Advanct.-abgila. Iiuppyfi«K tMO-ltti r*500D

TelelekSystem ii'jMi'r NEC/65 il.'.:i;ik.t,.iH IEL Sf/1 B9500

TeJeiek F/JC-1 single uoatd without m.muiy IEL-FDC1 075 00

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

■:.::.. :.:<:■ ::i.n't :^^ij>L.i.riii lifli ,"h0 I'i'JOC

. :",' ■ i, .' ML-rrj CCS-?fl10 27600

Tjfot. 'Bu*.riit*oRH32ports TAR-Z30 33900

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

GuOOOutOiMi ' OjuLieoeTSily NEC765 GBIOSKI 39500

■:■■■• , ■ . ■■■ :>!?;-'.'. *=!>■ i:w CCS-242Z .139 uo

Vono«r>»JoO«|D*iBiOV22 MQS-DJ? 35000

•• ■ *■ . .-, *-.""/ i"..jii)."is'i-, '.'DCD.M ^5uj

:--■ ; \ , '•'•'"■'

T.irof !■,-,■ , ,„.|. .vn;-,iv.:B:iiriilli'i tAH-SilJ". :;/;!i)0

Fjk'iiiiii'i.'Aini.hi.'i.k lotiiiuiiidisk rcM raoo

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

Q-g.ai Rccejrm CP M 3 0 a sreje dnM) DRC CBM30 249 00

■'.' . ■ ■ CBT-CdUH 15900

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS

GoatmjlOisW h AH narrjdisk GB1-DSK2 =t

Goflocut Disk .1 tat 5'i rtincreslfis GBT-PSK3

Morrow. Desgnsccntiit't?! tar 5'r Winchester MDS-W506 4!Wessrri Digital new WO-lOOlinoti-tOO) vYDMWJ ■!!

EPROM BOARDS

Innei AccessEPfiOMBd piogiams27tZas IAC PlOO M

Digital Besnaich irarl om, PROM tjoarn 3ZM OGR-P32 11

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

lomia Cumrjuiw 2066 W« wr.> seteci CCS 2066 295 OC

INTERFACE BOARDS

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

HaytsS-1uOMiciornotIem.300bJWlFCCieo HVS-MIOQ 325

UI Computer clock calendar, hat luclup Q1C-CC1D0 139

Gcdtoul S»slen suodoii tioaiil. 4K EPROM GBT-SYSl 350

GmlMutSysiEmsijppoitOoait)witn95tliTia!h GBT-S96H 539

OuaiS>s:etm 4 crennei 12onO-Acorrferw DSC A0M12

Mjikn "

X/1 37 cruanel A D DSC AIM 12

nanneis MUL-lCBIO

Mesiprooe MUL-TB1

eowid IOI-WI00

pecoa-d ART-VWIOO

;rj.cf: xaitl AHT-GPIDO

A-:e;[sc:cr:^ijen

MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS >

EdipseData *&.*■*«-•«*««■ iBsun EDP-IDOGorJtoUtMavt} lemOMMnmranon GB1-MF2D 67500 ICa'i'um iCorrjuiei2200 1?Slam inleim CCS-2200 479.00 '

CaliiomiaDigiUilBsiOlmoineiDeaiil CAL MB1B

GodCOul 12siamoweiDOJi()aSSfmrjirt; GBI-MB12

I B M BOARDS

OuJlMi? 5

Qvj^'i-'ii:

■■■■.-,'. 512K memory. HS232If

:■' l .'J . cnonii£JK RS232. doc* aervj*

'■iiiWK ch'Cdi. im-i-i r-i"aCurnr.uiHcatioriscjri b-hk•ixt aieanet-wv tneaoauO

Ouu-512 i,1

CUD-:!.1 i-'iQUD-4 64c:: -i :*AST-MtGt;AST-l-0AS1-CHWASI-AtXASI-PCNSIB-164STB-119?ST3-: 0

599..

.:■■

■■.;;

STBSubarflIO6012STSAS <'■• HI

STB Rl 04SIBRiCWSTB-R1"^

s'H m-A

SlB-fWit

cci (.i;M.iiii)

.'.!■!'If L'.irm cmtJ li-'.K Jjuii. SiA" M'l -"I' CJl

■. -.! i V.i.^di,: Ren p.ca-fljHie loS'BK

■ ■:■.:-.■ -.'■ ;:.;:■

IhstJ Mulhcara ssr par I c:> [4 [6*K enra)

.'.■■.";';.: ■/■•"•' :-..'V I '-■-

WAD3 I.MBiUHVSA-WS.'i.VSA Df.ta

WSA-MC64

wws :-'i»CP w*r

4S0O

:!4'.'uilHnOO■2-! III!

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213679-9001

an Specials

Advanced Operating Systems

The Programmer $129

Applied Software

Versaform $249

AshtonTate

dBase II (CP/M86) $419

dBase II (MS DOS) $419

Continental Software

The Home Accountant Plus $ 95

1st Class Mall $ 79

Computer SotwareTechnology

Word/PC $ 49

Davidson & Associates

Speed Reader $ 49

Datamost

Real Estate Investment Program $ 79

Write-On $ 85

Comprehensive Software

PCTutor $ 55

Denver Software

Executive Accounting System

(128K) $469

Eagle Software

Money Decisions $129

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer II $159

Tax Preparer 1983 $159

Information Solutions

25:01 $ 65

Innovative Software

T.I.M. Ill $299

IUS

Easy Filer $239

Easy Writer II $209

Easy Planner $159

Accounts Receivable $369

Accounts Payable $369

General Ledger $369

Financial Management Series $899

Micro Lab

The Tax Manager $159

Micro Pro

Wordstar $299

Mailmerge $159

Spellstar $109

Infostar $299

Reportstar $209

North AmericanBusiness Systems

Answer $159

PBL Corporation

Personal Investor $ 89

Peachtree

General Ledger $329

Accounts Receivable $329

Accounts Payable $329

Peach Pak (GUAR/AP) $389

Software Publishing

PFS Report $89

PFSFile $89

Digital Research

Concurrent CP/M 86 $209

C Basic 86 $125

Pasca/MT + 86 $239

Speed Programming Package 86 . .. .$125CIS Cobol 86 $489

Peter Norton Computing

Norton Utilities $ 55

Select

Select Word Processing System $299

Softword Systems

Wordmaker $289

Sorcim/ISA

Supercalc $179

Superwriter $239

Spellguard $125

Southeastern

Data Capture $ 75

Vlsicorp

Visicalc (256K) $165

Desktop Plan 1 $199

Visitrend/Plot $199

Visifile $199

Visidex $165

Visischedule $199

Business Forecasting Model $ 69

554 BYTE August 19«3

Prices That Won't

of Your

New Products

• • Corona Desktop Computer • •

IBM Compatible Includes 2 320K drives, 128Kmemory. Graphics, serial/parallel ports, highresolution monitor, MS DOS, CP/M-86, BASIC,Multlmate wordprocesslng.

• • Corona Desktop Computer * •

Same as above with one 320K floppy and one 10megabyte hard drive.

• • Corona Portable Computer • •

IBM compatible/2 320 drives. Same componentsas above.

Corona Portable Computer •

With 1 320 drive & 10 MG hard drive

$2595 Monitors

• •

$3995

$2395$4295

* * Specials of the Month * *

Corona Hard Disk Subsystem 5 MG $1399

Corona 5 MG External $1729

Corona 10 MG Internal $1819

Corona 10 MG External $2149

Verbatim Disks (S/D w/Library Case) $ 27

Box of Maxell Disks (D/D) $ 39

Flip n' Sort Diskette Box (Holds 50 Disks) $ 21

Elephant Disks $ 20

USI Amber Monitor $149

Color 1 Plus Monitor $299

Quadboard 256K Installed $399

Quad 512 + (512K Installed) $599

Mark VI Modem $179

AST Megaplus II (256K Installed) $539

Lemon Surge Protector $ 39

Orange Surge Protector $ 95

Call Toll Free

1-800-634-6766

Order Line OnlyInformation & Order Inquiries (702) 369-5523

CP/M 8"

Amdek

Color II $ 679

Color III $ 399

Color IV (RGB Analog Input) $1029

Amdisk3 $ 729

Amplot $ 769

Amdek V310 Green $ 179

NEC

NECJB1201M $ 169

Transtar

Transtar20 $ 139

QuadrantQuadchrome

• Hi-Res RGB Monitor

• Non-Glare Screen

• 690 x 240 Resolution

CALL FORPRICE!

Peripherals

Kraft Joystick 45

TG Joystick $ 39

TG Trackball $ 39

Microsoft 64K Ramcard $ 239

Microsoft 256K Ramcard $ 589

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $ 209

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 $ 499

Hayes Smartmodem 1200B $ 399

Hayes Smartcom II Terminal Pk $ 72

Anchor Automation Mark VI Modem .$ 179Quadram Microfazer w/Power

Supply $ 149

Trackball $ 59

Analog Joystick $ 49

IBM Interface Card $ 45

Versawriter Graphics Tablet $ 239

NEWLYARRIVED

IBM

PersonalComputer

Digital Research

CBasic $ 99

CB-80 $309

Pascal/MT+ $219

Speed Programming Package $129

CIS Cobol $499

Access Manager $189

Display Manager $253

Micropro International

WordStar $259

DataStar $179

MailMerge $139

SuperSort $145

SpellStar $145

WordMaster $ 95

CalcStar $ 89

3Pak(Word/Mail/SpellStar) $489

2 Pak (WordStar and MailMerge) $369

2 Pak (WordStar and SpellStar) $369

InfoStar $289

Reportstar $209

Sorcim Corporation

SuperCalc $185

Spellguard $123

Includes 64K IBM-PCwith 2 320 KB floppy diskdrives, controller color

graphics card,monochrome monitor

$2839

Circle 94 on inquiry card.

TakeABudget.

Printers I

$4391200XL $419

with factory rebate

Byte Out

J|^ Atari

NEC 3530 $1599

NEC 7710 $2059

NEC 7730 $2059

NEC 3550 $1899

Diablo

Diablo 620R (25CPS) $ 949

Diablo 630R (40CPS) $1729

Diablo 630KSR (40CPS) $2429

Epson

FX80 $ 599

FX100FT $ 799

Smith Corona

TP-1 Parallel $ 499

Okldata

ML82A $ 419

ML83A $ 649

ML84P $ 979

ML84S $1089

ML92 $ 489

ML93 $ 869

IDS

Microprism 80 $ 549

Prism 132 $1399

(with Sheetfeed & Graphics)Prism 132 $1589

(with Sheelfeed, Graphics & Color)Prism lo IBM Cable $ 48

Cltoh

8510Prowriter $365

FlOSIarwriter $1199

FlOPrinlmaster $1599

Mannesmann Tally

MT 160L $ 599

MT 1802 (Parallel) $1559

MT 1805 (Serial) $1559

Gemini

Gemini 10 $ 319

Gemini 15 $ 479

Qume

Oume Sprint 11 + $1349

Tractor Feed $ 175

Printer Interlace $ 79

We Cany the

Full Line of

AST Research

and

Quadram

Multi-function

Boards

CALL FOR

BESTPRICING

800 48K $299

with factory rebate

40016K $159

with factory rebate

1010 Recorder $ 72

410 Recorder $ 72

810 Disk Drive $419

1025 Printer $409

830 Modem $145

850 Interlace $159

481 Entertainer $ 64

482 Educator $110

483 Programmer $ 52

484 Communicator $289

853 16KRam $ 74

The Bookkeeper Kit $165

CX4104 Mailing List $ 19

CX404 Word Processor $102

CXL4007 Music Composer $ 42

Programming 2 & 3 $ 22

Conversational Languages $ 42

CX4018 Pilot $ 55

CX405 Pilot $ 92

CXL4003 Assembler Editor $ 42

CX8126 Microsoft Basic $62

Business & Utilities

Visicalc $169

Mail Merge $ 20

DataPerlect $ 75

Letter Perfect $105

Text Wizard $ 65

Datasm65 2.0 $ 59

File Manager 800+ $ 65

Syn Assembler $ 34

Page 6 $ 20

Atari World $ 39

K-Dos $ 59

Micropainter $ 23

Color Print $ 27

Lisp Interpreter $ 79

Bishops Square $ 20

Graphic Master $ 27

Graphic Generator $ 17

Basic Compiler $ 65

Computari's Financial Wizard $ 45

Color Accountant $ 65

Datalink $ 27

File It 2 System $ 34

Diskette Inventory System $ 17

P.M P. Property Management $179

Programming Techniques

Display Lists $ 17

Horiz/Vert Scroll $ 17

Page Flipping $ 17

Basics of Animation $ 17

Player Missile Graphics $ 24

Sound $ 24

Data Files $ 24

1095 E. Twain (702) 796-0296

Las Vegas, Nevada 89109

Call Toll Free

1-800-634-6766

Order Line OnlyInformation & Order Inquiries (702) 369-5523

We accept VISA and MasterCard

Mon. — Fri. 8 A.M. to 6 P.M. — Sat. 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Dealers' Inquiries Invited

Apple UtilitiesSt Business

Screenwriter II $ 82

Visicalc 3.3 $165

Visischedule $199

Visitrend/Visiplot $199

The Word Handler $129

Magic Window II $ 95

Magic Mailer $ 45

Magic Words. $ 45

Real Estate Analyzer II $119

Supercalc $165

PFS: Report (New) $ 85

PFS: $ 85

PFS: Graph $ 85

The General Manager $ 97

D.B. Master $145

Pie Writer $ 95

Wordstar $299

Datafax $129

Datalink $ 65

The Home Accountant 48

Payroll Manager $199

Pie Writer/Multi B0 column $ 95

Pro-Easywriter/Mail Combo $209

Executive Briefing System $139

The Sensible Speller $ 79

Mail Merge $159

Spellstar $119

Calstar $119

First Class Mail $ 49

E-Z Ledger $ 45

The Dictionary $ 65

Versawriter Pak 1 $ 27

Versawriter Pak 2 $ 27

Personal Investor $ 95

General Ledger $239

Accounts Receivable $239

Accounts Payable $239

Executive Secretary $159

Executive Speller S 55

TASC Compiler $119

Basic Compiler $ 65

Link Video Apple II $105

Link Video Apple III $139

Bag of Tricks $ 27

A.L.D.S $ 89

S.A.M $ 85

Super Disk Copy III $ 20

The Artist $ 65

3-D Supergraphics $ 27

Program Line Editor $ 27

Hit List

Cyborg $22

Crisis Mountain $23

Cytron Masters $27

S.E.U IS $27

Knight of Diamonds $23

Way Out $27

Zaxxon $27

SAGA. Adventure Ea.$27

Serpentine .' $23

Choplifter $23

Frogger $23

Sea Fox $20

Temple of Apshai $27

Ultima $27

Zorkl $27

Zorkll $27

Zorklll $27

Castle Wollenstein $20

Wizi Princess $22

Ulysses & The Golden Fleece $23

Wizardy $34

Tigers In The Snow $27

Deadline $34

Bandits $23

Starcross $27

Aztec $27

Mask of the Sun $27

Pie Man $20

Miner 2049er $29

Wavy Navy $23

Ultima II $39

Dark Crystal $27

Millionaire $55

H i Res Secret $79

Police Artist $23

Suspended $35

ORDERING INFORMATION AND TERMS:

For fast delivery send cashier checks, money orders or direct bank wire transfers. Personal and company checks allow 3 weeks to clear. C.O.D. orders ($3.00 minimum)and 1% of all orders over $300. School purchase orders welcome. Prices reflect a cash discount only and are subject to change. Please enclose your phone number withany orders.

SHIPPING: Software ($2.50 minimum). Shipping — Hardware (please call). Foreign orders APO & FPO orders — $10 minimum and 15% of all orders over $100. Nevadaresidents add 5 3/4% sates tax. All goods are new and include factory warranty. Due to our low prices, all sales are final. All returns must have a return authorization number.Call 702-369-5523 to obtain one before returning goods lor replacement. All returned merchandise is subject to a restocking lee and must come with their original packagingin order to be accepted. NO returns permitted after 21 days from shipping date.

Circle 94 on Inquiry card.

BYTE Auguit 1983 555

COMPUTERPRODUCTS

s

Vfygsfi

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195ACP

95

$59

• Full 1 year warrantyTop quality — gold fingers• Expand Apple II 48K to 64K• Compatible with Z-80 Sottcard"

NOW AVAILABLE

Apple lie 64K Add-in Memory , .

with 80 Columns

$1499

32K STATIC RAM

2 or 4 MHz

Expandable

Uses

21141*1

16K4MHzKlt $159.95

16K4MHZA4T . ., 217.95

32K 4 MHz Kit 51 «-=*a-28*05.> 32K 4 MHz AST • 339.00

BARE BOARD 39.95

BareBdw/all parts less mem. 99.95

REPEAT OF SELL-OUT

56 Key Unencoded Keyboard

H.

This is a new 58 key terminal Keyboardmanufactured by a major manufacturer.It is uncoded with SPST keys unal-tached lo any PC hoard. Solid moldedplastic 11" x4" base.

UnencodedKey Pad

5 key Keypad!■10 keys and tab,slum. (-),(;) and (.).

Only S| ■■.

%

UV"EPROM"

ERASER

Model

DE-4

$89.95

Model S-52T

Holds 4 EPROM'sal a lime.$325.00

16K MemoryExpansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

6 PCS4116 16K

Specify computer vP I ^.djCALL FOR VOLUME PRICING

CORCOM FILTER

ft

PopularCORCOM1> Filter

i „ «495

6 amps ■#Compatible Line Cord Add ... $3.50

9 pes 4164

D-RAM

$cnoo

50

AMD MODEM IC

0S0

Special ACP Price

P/N AM7910

1200Baud

5 Volts

sggoo

64K CMOS

n6116IC's00 5Volt

Single SupplyAssm and Tested

INTEL 4Krsatmas"ic

Super Fast!

SuperLow Power!

PartNo.2147 $1.95 ea.

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates by applying12VDC in one direc-tion and then revers-al"':?*1 1 ing polarity (or square„'•"') wave). Uses 12VDC,Clock Wise Rotation.Rated 3 RPM at 4P.P.S. with a 5 degreestepping angle.

10 for $34.95

RS232 SIGNAL TESTER

COEX RS232ne Tester

LED Indicators

$2495

r-tjft Lin*f| <7>LE

only

Olher Siyles Also Available

INTEL CODEC IC

P/N2910AFor DigitalVoiceSQ95

For Filter P/N 2912A ..

tUUCb lb

10

SURGESUPPRESSOR

"Surgeonics"Power Sentry

15 Amps 250 Voltstransient suppression

ACPni SQQ95

Low Price OH

CONNECTORS

DB25P (RS232)

DB25S Female

Hood

Set with Hood. Sale

22/44 S/T. KIM

43/86 S/T. MOT

50/100 S-100 Connector W/W

50/100 S-100 Connector S/T

S3.253.751.257.502956.504 953.95

PARALLEL ALPHA NDMERICPRINTER

Jgjfc

9p 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3^^ffl^BP^^ columns which have math, alpha and other notations^^^ Each wheel has 12 positions with position 12 blank.

Position 11 on numerical columns have decimal point or #. Utilizes 2.75"wide adding machine tape and a dual color ink ribbon. Input data parallelwithfour'bitBCDcomparatorcircuit.Print rate.3lines per second.Operating voltage 22-28VDC with typical cycle time of340mS. Size BW'W x 3'/b"H x 5%"Dp. New. $8.95 ea. 3/S25

MICROPROCESSORS

ZB001 S99.00 8008-1 $14.95 6802P M 95

Z80O2 69.00 2901 9.90 6035 14.95

ZBO 9.95 290IA 14.95 8039 12.95

ZBOA 11.95 9900JL 4995 8073N 34.95

F-B (3850) 16.95 6502 9 95 8755 49.95

2650 16.95 6502A 1695 8748 4995

1802 9.75 IM6100 29.95 6809 30.00

8080A 4.75 6800 11 75 8086 49.95

6085 1495 6800B 1995 68000 12995

c%$>°

6116/2016S7.958264-64 K 5.95

4116-2 1.99

4116-2 8/12.95

2101 3.99

2102 .7921L02-2 1.4921L02-4 1.29

2111 3.49

2112 3.492114 1.992114L-2 3.252114L-4 2-29

5.994.69

MOS PROMS

2764(8Kx8)TS $69-95 270B(450nS) S5.75

2732(4Kx8)TS2716/2516; 5V(2KxB)TSTMS2716.5V.12V 17.952758. 5V. {450nS>

12.95 2708(650nS) 5.25

1702A 5.75

7.95 MM5203AO 14.50

MM5204Q 9.95

3.50

I

2513-001 I5V)Uppts

22

S9.50

33

DACOB

S995

2513005 (SVILowei

1095

DAC100

9.95

2513-ADM3I5V) Lower

14 95

B03B f unclion Generator

4 50

MCM66710 ASCII SMI

d12JS

MC4O24VC0

295

MCM6B740 Math Symbol 13.95

LM506VCD

195

MCM66750 Alpha Conirol 13-15

XH2206 Function Generator 5.25

1771-01 B"S Minilloppy 24 95

TR10O2HI5V. 12V)

3.95

1781 Dual Floppy

2995

AY51013I5V, 12V)

4 95

1791-01 Dual Floppy

3695

AV51014A/1612 (5-14V

6.95

1791-02 Dual Floppy

44 95

AV51015A/1B63I.5V)

695

1793 DO. DS Floppy

44.95

IM6402

7.95

1797 DO. OS Floppy

54 95

IMG403

8-95

1691 Dala Scpaiator

1895

2350 USB!

995

2143 Clack Generator

18 95

1671t1AsliD5

24.95

S700 S ChI Binary

1350

MCI441I

1195

8701 10 oil Binary

2200

4702

14.95

8703 8 bil IS

13 50

WD1941

9.95

MOO Vort lo Freo Conv

7 25

C0M5Q16

16.95

8750 Vr, Digit BCO

13 95

INSB250

15.95

H08L66btl

3i)5

AY5-2376

13 75

HDBLBBbil

595

AV5-3600

13 75

DACOlOloA

595

MM5740AAC

. B95

ESS25B

LOW PROFILESOCKETS (TIN)

8 pin LP14 pin LP16 pin LP18 pin LP20 pin LP22 pin LP24 pin LP28 pin LP40 pin LP

3L WIREWRAPSOCKETS (GOLD)

8 pin10 pin14 pin16 pin

18 pin20 pin22 pin24 pin28 pin40 pin

1-24

25-49

50-100

WW

.55

54

.49

WW (Tin)

.65

.63

.58

WW

.75

.73

.67

WW

.80

77

.70

WW

.95

.90

.81

WW

1.15

1.08

.99

WW

1.45

1.35

1 23

WW

1 35

1.26

1.14

WW

1.60

1.53

1.38

WW

2.20

2.09

1.89

78H05K

78M06

78M.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX'

LM320T-XX*

LM320H-XX"

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX*

LM340T-XX'

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM35BCN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM363T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MCI 330

MC1350

MCI 358

74S00S .39

74502 .43

74503 .45

74504 .52

74505 .52

74508 .49

74509 .49

74510 .42

74511 .4274S15 .4274S20 .4274S22 .4274S30 .4274S32 .4974S38 1.1974S4074S5174S6474S65 .4674S74 .6974S86 .72

745112 .72

745113 .72

745114 .72

1.492.95

1.491.25

1.75

1.70

1.391.254.95

1.25

1.95

1.491.953.752.75

3.75.39.9819.951.251.751.502.751.99.29-75

.42

74S12474S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16074S17474S17574S18874S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S24274S243

LM1414N

LM1458CN/N

MC148BN

MC1489N

LM1496N

LM1556N

LM1820N

LM1850N

LM1889N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3082N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2O03

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N .89

SN75494N .89

TL494CN 4.20

TL496CP 1.65

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.2974S260 .7574S280 2.79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.1074S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7.95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5.75

745571 5.75

745572 8.95

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

3.101.75.992.502 952.191.993.492.992.751.291.291.493.193.194.951.491.29

2.99

3.491.99

1.30

1.493.953.953.39

3.752.951.103.704.955.401.251.50

DIP

SWITCHES

2 Position S .99

4 Position 1.19

5 Position 1.29

6 Position 1.35

7 Position S1.39

8 Position 1.49

9 Position 1.6510Posilion 1.69

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, lowcost, largest selling fanfor commercial coolingapplications.

• 105cfm free air delivery

• 4.68" sq.x 1.50'deep-Weight - 17 oz.

SPECIAL PURCHASE*S»N $9.50ea.

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

14411 S7.95

74LS668 3/1.99

74LS377 2/1.99

74LS241 2/1 99

8259 E.95

6561 RAM 2.95

LM733CN 3/1.99

LM323K 3.95

6571A

SIG 2652 3 95

8253 6.95

2756 EPROM 2.95

1802 8.95

Z80ACPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5.95

S6.95 8080ACPU

2102 RAM4060 RAM2732

UPD410UPD41

1.406.95

2.982.98

2708 EPROM 8/29.952114 8/14.50

5027 CRT 59.95

2901 3.95

8039 3.95

MM5320 5-99

9131 RAM 1.99

EMM4402 1.99

10415 4.95

8700 A/D 2/16.95

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

iwx910-595-1565

7400 S .

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7429

7430

7432

7437

7438

7439

7440

7441

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7459

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

74LSO0S 26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 .35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 .33

74LS13 47

74LS14 ,95

74LS15 .33

74LS20 .26

74LS21 33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74L.S51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 .42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 .45

74LS83A .79

74LS85 1.19

74LS86 .45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 75

74LS95 .88

74LS96 .98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 43

4000 S 35

4001 .35

4002 .35

4006 1.05

4007 .25

4011

.35.25

4013 .45

4014 139

4015 1.15

4016 .59

4017 1.19

4018 .89

4019 .45

4020 1.10

4021 1.19

4022 t 15

4023 .29

4024 .75

4025 .25

4027 65

4028 .85

4029 1.29

4030 .45

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 3.25

4035 .95

1.75.39

7475 $ .38

7476 .34

7479 4.60

7480 .49

7482 .95

7483 .557485 .657486748974907491749274937494749574967497

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 .4474128 .5974132 .6974136 .7574139 .95

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95

74144 2.95

74145 .62

74147 1.95

74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 1.65

74159 2.49

74160 .88

74LS113S74LS11474LS12274LS123 174LS124 174LS12574LS12674LSI 3274LS13674LS13874LS13974LS145 174LS148 174LS15174LS15374LS154 174LS155 174LS15674LS15774LS15874LS160 174LS161 174LS162 174LS163 174LS164 174LS16574LS166 274LS168 174LS169 174LS170 174LS17374LS17474LS17574LS1B1 274LS190 174LS191 174LS19274LS19374LS194 174LS19574LS19674LS19774LS221 174LS240 174LS242 174LS243 174LS244 1

B7

.79

74161 $ .88

74162 .897416374164

74165 .87

74166 1.20

74167 1.9574170 1.6974172741737417474175

74176 .75

74177 .75

74179 1.34

74180 .7574 ISt 1.7574182 .75

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9,9574188 3.90

74190 1.15

74191 1.15741927419374194741957419674197

74198 1.39

74199 1.3974221 1,1974251 .9574273 1.0574276 1.8974279 ,75

74283 1.40

74284 3.90

74285 3.9074290 1.2574298 .95

74365 .68

74366 .68

74367 .68

74368 .6874390 1.4574393 1.9074490 1.90

.85

.43 74LS245S2.20

.43 74LS247 1.10

.55 74LS248 1.10

.19 74LS249 1.19

.35 74LS251 1.40

.89 74LS253 1.40

.52 74LS257 .85

.79 74LS258 .98

.49 74LS259 2.95

.85 74LS260 .65

85 74LS261 2.49

.25 74LS266 .59

.49 74LS273 1.75

.79 74LS275 4.40

.79 74LS279 .59

.70 74LS283 99

.19 74LS290 ,99

.99 74LS293 .99

.85 74LS295 1.10

.75 74LS298 1.19

.05 74LS324 1.75

.15 74LS347 1.95

.05 74LS348 1.95

.05 74LS352 1.19

19 74LS353 1.19

.89 74LS363 149

.48 74LS365 .69

15 74LS366 .69

15 74LS367 .69

.99 74LS368 .69

.89 74LS373 1.89

.89 74LS374 1.89

.89 74LS375 .69

.20 74LS377 1.95

.15 74LS385 1.95

.15 74LS386 .65

98 74LS390 195

98 74LS393 195

15 74LS395 1.70

95 74LS399 2.35

89 74LS424 2.95

89 74LS668 1.75

15 74LS670 2.29

69 81LS95 1.69

69 81LS96 1.69

69 81LS97 1.69

49 81LS98 1.69

VOLUME PRICINGCALLTOLL FREE

4089 S2.95

4041 1.25

4042 .95

4043 .85

4044 .85

4046 1.75

4047 1.25

4048 .99

4049 .45

4050 .69

4051 1.1040524053

4055 3,95

4056 2.95

4059 9 25

4060 1.394066 .75

4069 .35

4070 .49

4071 35

4072 .35

4073 .35

4075 .35

4076 1.29

4077 .35

4078 .35

4081 .35

4082 ,354085 1 95

4093

409440984099

2.952.292.25

1.10

14408 12.95

14409 12.95

14410 12.9514412 12.9514415 8.9514419 4.95

4501 .39

4502 1.65

4503 .69

4505 8.95

4506 .75

4507 95

4508 3.75

4510 1.19

4511 1.19

4512 1.39

4515 2.75

4516 1.454518 1.394520 1.25

4555 4.95

4556 .994566 2.25

Mailorder P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retell: 131H E. [dinger, Santa Ane CA 92705(714) 558-8913542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131(409) 945-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Chech Bank Wire Personalchecks allow ? weeks tor processing Include DriversLicense and crerJil card *s Visa. AMLX, CB add 3%service charge Add 2^ shipping & handling o' S2 50whichever is greater Add 10% lor foreign orders orUSParcelPosI Includelelephonenumbor NOCOOsPrices subjeel to change wilhoul notice Some iK-ms

suQiect to prior sale Weresoftothe tighttocubsttlttltj

manulaclurnr Retail orices may vary

556 BYTE August 1983

Circle 8 on Inquiry card.

V Z=^CXiWPUTER^\/P»DDUCTS

"siEMEN'S SALE

"SOLO"

You can now purchase Shugart compatible8" Disk Drives below your existingfactory direct pricing!

These Prices are

the lowest ever published.

■Siemens SSDD FDD100-8... $199.00

Also, with purchase ol Disk Drives you can buy theVlata V-1000 Dual Case with Power Supply and Cable

lor only S375.00 Regular Price $40^.00

OFFER LIMITED! SHIPPED IMMEDIATELY

FACTORY FROM STOCK!

WARRANTY 90 DAYS' -OEM Ojaniities

S-100 64K cos RAMCARD

UnbelieveablePrice!

$25900

Assembled and Tested

□ ACP has sold over 1000 of these IEEEcompatible, low-priced, high-reliability64K Static RAM Cards.

□ Single 5-Volt operation.

Computer Company flKippkZ COmpUtGf

i^»» Authorized Dealer

HARDWARE

tii!iiii!i;

1 Light Pan System for: Apple II Computers;^

iiJiiiiiitiHiiir^-^'^'^-'jiiiiiiiiiiiii"

SS.WB

■00

IBM LOW COSTMEMORY

MEMORY PLUS AT LOW PRICES!

Now! "Multlcard" expandablefrom 64 • 256K with

(1) PARALLEL (1) SERIAL(1) CLOCK/CALENDAR

COEX255SPC SOQQ00

wllh64K *_fa«7

COEX 64 SPC SQQCOOwith 256K UUU

GOEX 80-FT

Best of all, the price .

$

only

299

OO

Optional COEX Interface Card Ito Apple $49.95

Apple System Saver Fan

Surge Suppressor Fan.

Double Outlet Receptacle ... OB"5

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SINGLE-SIDED 8"

1 2 10 MFG P/N 1 2 10

Shugart SA801R S385 $379 5369 Tandon 848-1 5369 5362 5353

Siemens FDD10O-8 199 199 Call

DOUBLE-SIDED 8"Shufjart SA851R 519 495 469 Siemens FDD200-S 399 389 379

Shugart 860 Thin

559 539 519

SINGLE-SIDED 5'A"

Shugart SA400MPI 651

210 208 198 Tandon TM 100-1

210 208 19B Perlec FD200

DOUBLE-SIDED BW'

Shugart SA4S0

345 325 313 Tandon TM100-2

'ertec FD250

159 159 149

DOUBLE-SIDED 5V»" Thinline

TEAC eWTlUftl

ne 375 365 359 Qume 5'A" Thinline

DOUBLE-SIDED 3"

-lilachi

Call Call Call

WINCHESTERS 5W'

Seagate STE06ierv

ft) 699 679 599 Seagate ST512(t2Mb

SPECIAL LIQUIDATION - SMALL OTY

SHUGART4004

14" WINCHESTER

Only 10 Available —So Hurry!

14.5 MEGABYTES

List 2495.00

.■ Special Sale Price... $995.00

ABM

BSR-X10 interlace

Color lo Mono I/O Module 95

Telephone Receplionist adapl 995

PS3276/Bisyn Emulator 1295

AMDEK Dual 3'' Amdisk[21 Hitachi DSI250K) 899

AST Megaplus- CardP/N MG-064. 64K, Ser, Clh 595

P/N MG-064SP, add'l Ser. Par 695

P/N MG-256, 256K, Ser. Clk 995

P/N MG-256SP add'l Ser. Par 1095

AST I/O Plus- CardP/N l/O-SP. Clk. |2| Set. Par 265

AST Combo Plus' CordP/N MC256SPC 256K. clk. P/S 995

ASTPCDIsk++" CardP/N MD-064, 64K. Host, Par 655

CACTUS TECHNOLOGY300 Baud Direcl Modum 349

COEXExtender Card 40

Prototype Card 69

37 Pm "D" Connector 19

Snap-in Card Guides (5) 8

CORONA Hard Disk System

CORVUS Hard Disk System

DAVONG

5Mb Hard Disk 1995

12Mb Hard Disk 2495

MAYNARD Disk Drive CardFloppy Card w/Parallel 295

Floppy Card w/Senal 325

MOUSE SYSTEMSMouse w/Mousepad 332

Mouse RS232 I/O 40

ORCHIDHi-Res Graphics Adapter 495

PERSYST Spectrum (64-256K)P/N SP64-CCP, 64K. S. S, PP/N SP64.64K64K Upgrade Kit (9 chips) 1 30

QUADRAM Quadboard (64-256K)P/N 064. 64K w/4 functions 595

TANDON TM 100-1 (160K) 295

TM 100-2 (320K) 395

TEAC FD55B[320K)Di5k 395

TG PRODUCTS Joystick 65

Track Ball 65

VISTAMULTICARD w/64K SPC 529

MULTICARD W/286K SPC 829

64K Upgrade Kit (9 Chips)"MAXICARD"" W/64K 376

"MAXICARD"" W/256K 676

'■MAXICARD'" W/576K 1176

'■PC MASTER'"" 7 Functions 590

DISKMASTERI5V.8") 379

ECONOCARD-SPC only 299

649

449

695495

429195289289

299549899

459299159

Apple ll/lle

CompatibleDisk Drive

PRINTERS

COEXBOF/TSOcps

STAR MICRONICS - NEW!

Gemini 10 100cpsGemini 15 15"EPSON MX80 w/GraltraxMXIOOw/GraftraxFX80 w/GraftraxINTEGRAL DATAMicropnsm 480Prism 80 Color (all)Prism 132 Color (all)BROTHER HR-1

DaisywriterIBM PC to EPSON CableOKIDATA Microhne 82AMicroline 83AMicroline84APOkidata 92

S499 $299

399 349

649 479

494 419

749 669

699 629

799 689

1795 1495

1995 1685

1195 895

1495 1295

60

45

599 489

899 729

1399 1099

699 549

MONITORS

AMDEKCORP

300 Green 12"310 Amber 12"Color I CompositeColor II RGB Hi-ResColor III RGBComm'lCo/or IV RGB Analog

NEC 12' Green-NEW

12" RGB (690x230)

PRINCETON GRAPHICSRGB IBM Lookalike

S199 $1552I0 175399 299899 790Call

1299 1059199 155895

700

DISKETTES

DYSAN SW SSSDDYSAN 5'/*" DSSDIBM 6«" SSSDIBM 51 V SSDDVERBATIM 525-01 SSVERBATIM 550-01 DSMAXELL MD1 SSMAXELL MD2 DSAMDEK Hitachi 3" DS MicroBULK SPECIAL SSWith Sleeve and Box

10/S5510/6510 601065104510/5510/5010/605'991025100/195

MORE IBM GOODIES

CURTIS PC Pedestal

Extension CableINTEL 8087 ICRAM EXPANSION16K Motherboard(T6 IC's)64K Memory Exp (9 IC's)KRAFT IBM JoystickIBM Paddles

MODEMS

SIGNALMAN Mail- IIRS232IHAYES

Smart modem (RS2J2I

Smartmodom 1200IBM PC io Modem CableSSM

AMC300 300 Baud

AMC 1200 1200 Baud

TRANSPAKI

1RANSPAK II

TRANSPAK litNOVATION

Totally compatibleto Apple Drives.

249

00

$

only

Controller $99.00

Just plug in and run.

Vista Quartet

799

Add 8"

IJf\ 3 Disk/llJ Drives«■■■ To YourApple ll/lle

Up To 2.4 Megabyte!

Now'TRIMLINE V1100" withTandon Thinline DS DD Drives.

Tandon Dual DS DD $1895.00

Qume Dual DS DD 1699.00

Shugart Dual 801R 1295.00

SPECIALOFFER

(2) Siemen's 8" Disk Drives(1) Vista V-1000 Enclosure(1) Power Supply w/Fan, w/Cable

s699

ACPLow Price

00

Apple Compatible Software

SAVE UP TO 40%

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TNX

910-595-1565

BUSINESS

Screen WriterWord HandlerBD MasterVisicalc'" 3.3Mastor TypeDesk Top Plan IIDesk Top Plan IIIVisiplotPFS. File IIPFS. File IIIVisilrend Visiplo!PFS. Graph IIPFS, Graph 111MultiplanVersalormWordstarFormal IIdBASE IISuper colePFS. Report IIPFS, Report IIIAccl Plus G LGL, AP. A P.Above ■ InventoryMaqic WindowHOME

Home AccountanlTransend ITransend IIData Capture 4.0Visiterm

Per. Finance MgrASCII Exprs ProlElectronic DuelTax Prep 1983

HOBBY

$129 Bag ol Tricks $32

149 Graphics Magic 'n 45

155 DOS Boss 19

185 Zoom Graphics 32

29 Utility City 22

179 Locksmilh 4 0 90

225 Compl Graph Sys 55

159 Apple Mechanic 24

115 Nibbles Away II 49

155 GAMES

25 The Missing Ring 29

115 Chophller 26

155 Frogger 24

199 Wizardy 39

279 Snack Attack 24

365 Castle Wollenslion 24

179 Arcade Machine 44

439 Canyon Climber 24

169 Azlec 29

95 Mask ol the Sun 29

115 Cannonball Blilz 26

299 Knight Diamonds 26

599 Zotk I 29

799 Zork III 29

115 Starcross 29

Sorp online 25

59 Siar Blazer 25

76 Deadline 39

119 Tubeway 25

49 Fight Simulator 25

89 Space Vikings 43

85 Sargon II 29

99 Spitfire Simulator 29

25 Apple Panic 22

149 Olympic Decalh 23

/-——s*

J

LIST

ACP

Apple lie w/64K S139

51195.00

Apple Ite System

1995 00

1695.00

Apple lie Sys w/Ext Text

2195.00

1695.00

Disk II w/Controller

545.00

449.00

Disk II w/o Controller

395.00

359.00

Monitoi III Green

249.00

189.00

Super Serial Card

195.00

169.00

Parallel Inlerlace Card

165.00

139.00

80 Column Text Card

125.00

109.00

Extended 80 Column Text

295.00

249.00

Dol Malrix Printer

695.00

529.00

"Apple Products Available In-sto

re Only"

MORE HARDWARE

MICROSOFT

LIST

ACP

Z80 Softcard

S395.00

$249.00

16K Ramcard

195.00

89.00

The Premium Package

685.00

654.00

SSM

AIO-II4 Function Serial/

Parallel

225.00

179.00

AIO Serial/Parallel

195.00

165.00

EASTSIDE

Wildcard Apple II

149.00

115.00

KENSINGTON

System Saver

89.95

74.95

KEYBOARD COMPANY

Numeric Keypad

149.95

124.95

Apple II Joyslick

4995

44.50

Apple II Handconlrollers

29.95

25.95

KRAFT (IBM also)

Joystick

49.00

Hand Coniroller

40.00

MPC

128K Bubble Memory

875.00

699.00

PROMETHEUS

VERSAbox Spooi/Buf'r

249.00

199.00

VERSAcardFour-in-1

199.00

166.00

AUTO-DOC diagnostics

99.00

82.00

VISTA COMPUTER CO.

Vision 80 80x24 Card

395.00

219.00

Vision 80 Visicalc 80

Col Patch

69.00

49.00

A800 8" DiskContr

379.95

349.00

Quarte: Disk Drive 5V<"

849.00

799.00

Solo Disk Drive w/Conlr

299.00

249.00

Solo Drive w/o Contr

379.00

319.00

Vista5ft" DiskContr

92.00

79.00

Typeahead Buffer

49,95

35.00

VIDEX

Videoterm 80x24 Card

345.00

279.00

Keyboard Enhancer (1

149.00

129.00

Soft Switch

35.00

30.00

Function Strip Keys

79.00

69.OO

PRACTICAL PERIPHERALS

16K Microbuffer

259.00

220.00

32K Microbuffer

299.00

253.00

Snapshot Oplion

149.00

109.00

VOTRAX

Type n' Talk Speech

249.00

219.00

Personal System

395.00

339.00

VYNET

Apple 11 Voice Syn.

395.00

349.00

Apple II Telephone I/O

295.00

249.00

SCOTT INSTRUMENTS

Voice Recognit'n VET80

799.00

675.00

COEX

16K RAM Card

99.00

59.95

Parallel Card w/cable

99.00

49.95

Apple Protocard

29.00

19.95

Apple Exiendercard

29.00

19.95

Apple lie Ext RAM Card

199.00

149.00

CORVUS

5 Mb Hard Disk

3750.00

Call

10 Mb Hard Disk

5350 00

Call

20 Mb Hard Disk

6450.00

Call

ORANGE MICRO

The Grappler I/O (Plus)

175.00

139.00

The Bulferboard

175.00

139.00

SATURN SYSTEMS

32K RAM Card

219.00

179.00

I28K RAM Card

499.00

439.00

SCOTT

ECHO II

149.00

1 29.00

STREET

ECHO II

149.00

129.00

LEGEND

64 KC 11/lie

327.00

269.00

128KC ll/lle

599.00

499.00

18SRC 18K Sialic

149.00

135.00

MOUNTAIN COMPUTER

CPS Mullifunclion

239.00

169.00

Music System

395.00

335.00

A/D Olus D/A

350.00

299.00

ROM Plus

155.00

129.00

M&R ENTERPRISES

Sup'rlerm 80x24 Card

395.00

269.00

Sup'rMod II

69.00

49.00

Sup'rModV(IBM)

69.00

49.00

Sup'rAccess(Newl)

Call

ALS

The CP/M Plus Z80 card

399.00

329.00

Smarterm 80x24 Card

349.00

279.00

The Synergizer Package

699.00

549.00

16K RAM CARD

^0 Apple II 16K

3^^^ Compatible with

Z8D Softcard" ...

PASCAL CP/M"

Full 1 year Warranty. Top Quality by COEX

NEWLOW

$l

l95

CQ

PRICE W WAlso from COEX N EW EPSONParallel Interface for Apple.With cable $49.95

Mailorder CO. Box 17329 Inline, CA 12713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger, Santa Ana CA927051714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Joss, CA 95131(408) 945-7010

TERMS: MO Cashier's Check Bankwire Personalchecks allow 2 weeks lor processing Include DriversLicense and credit card "s Visa. AMEX. CB add 3%service charge Add 3^ shipping & handling o' $2.50.whichever is greater Add 10% lot foreign orders orUS Parcel Post Include Tuk;phone number. NOCODsPrices subject to change without notice. Some itemssubieci to prior sale. We reserve ttieiighllo substitutemanufacturer Retail prices may vary

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 557

i W^l

PirtHo. "Pint Price PirtHo. "Pint Prlca

SN7400NSN7401NSN74Q2NSN7403NSNT4Q4NSN7405NSN7406NSN7407NSN7408NSN7409NSN7410NSN7411NSN7412NSN74I3NSN7414NSN7416NSN7417NSN742QN5N7421NSN7422NSN7423NSN7425NSN7426NSN7427NSN742BNSN7430HSN7432NSN7437NSN7438NSN7439NSN71-10NSH7441NSN7442NSN7443N5N7444NSN7445NSN7446NSN7447NSN7448NSN7450NSN7451NSN7453NSN7454NSN7459ASN7460NSN7470N

74LSOO74LS0I74LS0274LS0374LS0474LSQ574LSOH74LS0974LSIO74LSII74LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2I74LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4B74LS4974LSS174LS5474LS5574LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LSB374LS8574LS8674LS90

74 SOD7450274S0374S0474S0574SOB74S0974S10745)174S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S3B74S4074S5174S047456574S7474SB674S112748113745114

CA3010HCA3013HCA3023HCA3035HCA3039HCA3046NCA3059N

C04000 14

CD40O1 14

CD4002 14

CD4006 14

CD4007 14

CD4009 IS

C04D10 16

CD4011 14

CD4012 14

C04013 14

CD4014 16

CD401S 16

CD4016 14

CD4017 16

CD4Q18 16

CD4019 16

CD402Q 16

CDJ02I 16

CD4022 16

C04023 14

CD4024 14

CD4025 14

CD4026 16

CD4027 16

CD4028 16

CD4Q29 16

CD403O 14

C04C34 24

CD4035 16

SN7472H 14 .29

SN7473N 14 -35

SN7474N 14 .35

SN7475N 16 .45

SN7476N 16 .35

SN7479N 14 4.95

SN7480N 14 .69

SN74B2M 14 1.19

5N7463N 16 .59

SN7485N 16 .59

SN7486N 14 .35

SN7489N 16 2 25

SN7490N 14 .39

SN7491N 14 .59

SN7492N 14 .39

SN7493N 14 .39

SN7494N 14 .69

SN7495N 14 .49

SN7496N 16 .49

SN7497N IB 2.75

SN7410QN 24 1.49

SN74104N 14 .89

SN7410&N 14 .B9

SN74107N 14 .29

SN74109N 16 .39

SN74I16N 24 1.49

SN74121N 14 .39

SN74122N 14 .55

SN74123N 16 .49

SN74125N 14 .45

SN74126N 14 .45

SN74132N 14 .49

SN74136N 14 .69SN74141NSN74142N

SN74143N 24 2.95

SN74144N 24 2.95

SN74145N 16

SN74147N 16

SN74148N 16

SN74150N 24

SN74151N 16

SN74I52N 14

SN74I53N 16

SN74154N 24

SN74155N 16

2.95

"Number Dl Pin! of each I.C. |for easy Socket purchiu

Pirt Ho. "Pint Ma |

SN74156N 16SN74157N 16

SN74160N 16

SN74161N 16

SN74162N 16

SN74163N 16

SN74164N 14

SN74I65N 16

SN7416GN 16

SN741G7N 16 I

SN74170N 16 l

SN74172N 24 i

SN74173N 16

SN74174N 16

SN74175N 16

SN74176N 14

SN74177N 14

SN74179N 16 1

SN741B0N 14

SN741B1N 24 1

SN74I82N 16

SN74184N 16 1

SN74I05N 16 1

SN74190N 16

SN74191N 16

SN74192N 16

5N74193N 16

SN74194N 16

SN74195N 16

SN74196N 14

SN74197N 14

SN74I98N 24 1

SN74199N 24 1

SN74221M 16 1

SN74251N 16

SN74276N 20 1

SN74279N 16

SN74283N 16 1

SN74284N 16 2

S\74285N 16 2

SN74365N 16

5N74366N 16

SN74367N 16

SN743GBN 16

SN74390N 16 1

SN74393N 14 1

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS W\ Digitaiker

74LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374LS11474LS12274LS12374LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13374LS13B74LS13B74LS13974LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15B74LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16B74LS16974LS17074LS17374LS17474LS17574LS18174LS19074LS191

74S12474513374S13474513574S13574S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774SI5874S16074S17474517574S1B8*74S19474S19574S19674S24074S24174S242

74LS19274LS19374LS19474LSI9574LS19774LS22174LS24074LS24!74LS24274L524374LS24474LS24574LS24774LS24874LS24974LS25174LS25374LS25774LS25874LS26074LS3G674LS27374LS27974LS2B374LS29074LS29374LS29B74LS35274LS35374LS36574LS36674LS36774LS36874LS37374LS37474LS37574LS386<4LS39374LS39974LS67081LS95B1LS97

74524374S24474S25174S25374525774S25874S26074S28074S287'745288"74S37374S37474S3B7*74S471-74S472*74S473"74S474*74S475"74S570'74S571'74S572-74S573'74S94074S941

C04040 IB

CD4041 14

CO4042 16

CD4Q43 16

C04044 16

CD4046 IB

CD4047 14

CD4048 16

CD4049 18

CD4050 16

C04051 16

CD4052 16

C04053 16

CD4056 16

CD4059 24

CD406D 16

CD4066 14

CO4068 14

C04069 14

CD4070 14

CD4Q71 14

CD4072 14

CD4073 14

CD4075 14

CO4076 16

CD407B 14

CD40B1 14

C04082 14

CD4093 14

CD4098

CD4506

CD4507

CD4508

CD4510

CD4511

CD45I2

C04514

CD4515

CD4516

C04518

C04519

CD4S2Q

CD4526

C04528

CD4529

CD4543

C04562

CD-1566

CD45B3

CD4584

CD4723

CD4724

MCI 4409

MCI441D

MC14411

MC144I2

MC14419

MC14433

MCI 4536

MC14541

CDP1802 40 CPU.. . S9.9

2650 40 MPU . . 14.9

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU-4-Oil slice (Com Temp.Gr.> 19.9

MCS6502 40 MPUw/CIOrt . 9.9

MC6BD2CP 40 MPU w/Clock and RAM 7 9

INSBD3SN-6 40 MPU—8-bil (6MHi) . 5.9

UJS8039N-6 40 CPU-Sg1.crnp8-£iil(128tils flam) 5 9

INSB040N-6 40 CPU (255UylesfiAM| 5.9

INS807ON 40 CPU (64 bytes RAM) .11.9

INSB073N 40 CPU w/ll.isic Micro liili'f|>rrjlcr 14 9

P80B5A 40 CPU.. ... 5 9

Z80, ZBOA, Z80B, Z8000 SERIES

Z80 40 CPU(MK388OfJ|(780C)2MHz S4 9

ZBD-CTC 2B Counter Timer Circuit 5 9

ZBO-DART 4D OjalAsyncnronoiji Rec./Trans . 11 9

Z80-DMA 40 Oireci Memory Access Circuit . 15.9

ZB0-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 5.9

Z80-S10/0 40 Serial I/O jT>,CQ and 1MB Bonded) 15 9

ZB0S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRBI 15,9

ZB0S10/2 40 Sarial I/O (Lacks SVNCB) 15.9

ZB0-S1D/9 40 Serial I/O . .. 15 9

ZBOA 40 CPU(MK3B80H-4|(780C-l)4MHz 5 9

ZBOA-CTC 26 Counter Timer Circuit 5.9

Z80A-DART 40 Dual Asynchronous Hec /Trans 11 9

Z80A-DMA 40 Direct Memory Accrjss Circuit 17.9

Z8DA-PI0 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

ZB0A-S1D/D 40 SerlaM/0(T«CBand RxCBbonded) 1695

Z80A-S10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks DTRB) 16 95

Z80A-S1D/2 40 Serial l/D (Lacks SVNCB) 1695

Z80A-S10/9 40 Serial I/O 16.95

Z80B 40 CPU(MK38S0N-6)6MH; 11.95

ZBOB-CTC 28 Counter Timer Circuit 13 95

Z80B-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 13.95

Z8001 40 CPU Segmented . 51.95

Z8002 40 CPU Non-Sogmenled .. 55.95

Z8030 40 Serial Comm Controller 44 95

Z8036 40 Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unit 29.95

6800/68000 SERIES

40 MPU .

40 MPU with clock and RAM

24 l28xBStatlcRAM

40 Peripheral Inter Adapl (MCG820)

24 Priority Interrupt Controller ..

24 1024xB-bil ROM (MC68A3D-8)

24 Asyncrironous Comm. Adapter

24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter

24 D-600bps Digital MODEM

24 2400bps Modulator

16 Quad 3-state bus. Irans (MC8T26)

MCB8000LB 64 MPU 16-Bit <BMHz)

MC684B8P 40 General Purpose Int. Adapter .

MC6865ZP2 40 Mulli Protocol Comm Controller

MC66661PB 28 EnhancedProg Comm int.

SY6522 40 Peripheral Inter Adapter

- BOBOA SERIES

MC660O

MC6802CP

MC6810API

MCC821

MC6828

MC6830L8

MC6850

MC6852

MC6860

MC6862

MC6880A

INS8UB0A

TMS5501

INS8154

INS82C06

OPB212

DP8214

OP8216

DPB224

OPB226

OPBZ28

DP8238

INSB243

INS8245

INSB246

lrlSB247

IN5B248

1NSB25DN

DP8251

DPB253

DP8255

DP8Z57

DP8259

OPB275

DP8279

DP8303

DP8304

DP8307

40 CPU .. .. 3.95

40 Synchronous Data Interlace (SIRC) 14.95

40 IZSByteRAM 16-BIM/O . 1395

20 Octal D Flip Flop lil-Stata (74C374) 2.49

24 B-billnpul/Ojtpult74S412) 2.25

24 Priority Interrupt Control 3.95

16 Bi-Oireclional Bus Driver 2.25

16 Clock Generator/Driver 2,25

16 BusDriver. ... ... 2.25

28 System Com /BusDrt¥«r(74S428) .3.49

26 Syslem Controller (74S43B) . .4.49

24 I/O Expander tor 48 Series 5,95

18 16-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C922I 4.49

20 ZQ-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C9?3| 4.95

28 DisplayConlroller|74C911) 6.95

28 Display Controller (74C912J .8.95

40 Asyn. Comm. Element 10.95

2B Prog. Comm I/O (USART) .. 4 49

24 Prog. Interval Timer 6.95

40 Prog. Peripheral I/O |PPI) 4.49

40 Prog. DMAConlrnl . 7.95

26 Prog. Interrupt Control 6.9S

40 Prog CRT Controller 29 95

'" Prog.KeyDoard/Display Interlace

20 8-BilTri-Statefli-DireclionalTra

20 B-ull Bi-Dlrccllnnal Receiver .

20 8-dil Bi-Direcllonal Receiver

20 8-bit Bi'Oireciiorui Receiver

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver

20 Octal Lalchud Peripheral Driver

3.95

.2.49

.2.49

2.49

MICROPROCESSOR MANUALS & DATA BOOKS

M-Z80

M-COP1802

M-2650

30001

30003

30008

30011

30013

DS0O25CN

DS0O26CN

INS1771N-1

INS2651N

MM58I67N

MM58174N

C0P402N

CDP402MN

User ManualUser ManualUser Manual,

1981 Nat! CMOS Daia Book (640 pg.)

1982 Nat. Linear Book [ 1952 pg.)1980 Nat. Memory Data Book (464 pg jI960 Nat. Linear Applications (736 pg )

1983 Zilog Data Book (641 pg.). , .

-SPECIAL FUNCTION

8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)S Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)

40 Floppy Disk Controller

2B Communication Chip

24 Microprocessor Real Time Clock

16 Micro. Compatible Time Clock

40 Microcontroller w/64-digi! RAMand Dlreci LED Drive

40 Microprocessor w/f>4'din.H RAM& Direct LED Drive w/N Buss Ini

20 32-seg.VACFIuor.Dtvr (20-pmpki,B Prog.Uscillator/OrvidertloOHz)

Price

11034027

4116N-2

4116N-3

■1116N-4

4I64N-15D

4164H-200

MM:i26i

MM5262

i.i t.\:\2 7d

MM52BO

MM5290-2

MM5290-3

MM5290-4

MM52B8-3

16 1024x1 (300ns)

16 4090x1 (250ns)

16 16.384x1 (150ns) 1

16 16.3B4»1 (200ns) .1

16 1B.384-1 |250ns) 1

16 65,536x1 (150ns .7

16 65.536x1 200ns) . 7

18 1024x1 300ns)

22 2040x1 (3B5ns)

18 4096x1 250ns) MK4096

22 4096x1 (200ns)2107 .

16 16.384x1 (150ns 1

16 16.384x1(ZOOnsj . 1

16 16.384x1 (250ns) 1

16 8192x1 (200ns) . .

. .99

2.49

-8/14.95

■-8/12.95-8/10.95■8/59.95■■ 8/54 959-8/1.95-8(1.954.95. .3.95■• 8/14.95

-STATIC RAMS-

16 256x122 256x416 1024x1

(650ns)(450ns 8101(350ns) .

2111.2112211421HL

2114-2

2114L-2

2147

2148

TMS4044

TMS4045

5101

MM5257

HM61I6P-3

HM6116-4

IIM6I1G1.I' ■'.

7489

74C92I

74C929

74C930

74S169

74S2Q0

745206

74S289

82510

82S25

1 95

2.49

16 1024x1 (450ns) LP.18 256x4 (450ns) 811116 256x4 (450ns) MOS18 1024x4 |450ns)18 1024x4 (450ns)L.P.16 1024x4 (200ns)18 1024x4 (200ns)L.P.IB 4096x1 (70ns)16 1024x4 (70ns)18 4096x1 |450ns)18 102-1x4 (450ns)22 256x4 (450ns) CMOS18 4096x1 <45Dns)404424 204BxB (150ns)CM0S24 2048xB (200ns) CMOS . .24 2048xB (?00ns) I..P. CMOS16 16x4 (50ns)

15 256x4 (250ns)CM0S

16 1024x1 (250ns}CMOS(6501)18 1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518)

(35ns) 93405(BOns 93410 ..(60ns 93411 ......

(35ns 3101

1.49

2.95

.2.95

8/13.95

B/15.95

IV 15.95

B/17.95

4.95

8.95

3.95

3.95

.4.95

2.25_3.953.95

3.95

IB 256x1

16 256x1

16 16x4

16 1024x1 |50ns|0C (93415)

16 16x4 |50ns)O.C (74S269I

1702A

2708

2708-5

TMS2516

TMS253Z

TMS2564

IMS2716

2716

2716-1

2732

275SQ

MM2764

MM276A-3

MCM68764

74S1BO

74S287

74S2B8

74S3B7

74S471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S47B

745570

745571

74S572

745573

82S23

825115

82S123

82S126

825129

82S130

B2S185

DMB7S1B0N

CMB7SIB1N

DM87S1B4N

DM87S185N

DM87S19Dfl

DM87S191N

-EPROMS-

DC10

MC3470P

MC1408L7

MC140BL8

ADC0804

0AC08O6

ADC0809

A0C0B17

DACIOOO

DAC10O8

DAC1020

DAC1022

0AC1222

AFIOO-ICN

AF12I-1CJ

AFI2P-1CJ

LM334Z

LM335Z

LM399H

AY-5-1013A

24 256x

24 1024x8 (450hs) 3.95

24 1024xB (550ns) SM00246. 2.95

24 2048x8 (450ns) 2716 6.95

24 4096x8 (450ns) NMC2532 9.95

28 6192x8 (450ns) 19.95

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 voltage 7.95

24 204BxB (450ns) 4.95

24 2048x8 (350ns) ... . .6.95

24 4096x8 (450ns . 9 95

24 1024x8 (450ns) single +5V 2.95

28 8192x8 (450ns) 16.95

26 8192x8 (300ns) .19.95

24 8192x8 (450ns) . .39.95

16 32x8 PROMO.C (6330-1) 1 49

16 256x4 PROMTS (6301-t) 1.95

16 32x8 PROM IS, (6331-1) 1.9516 256x4 PROMO.C. (6300-1) .. ..1.95

20 256x8 PROMT S (6309-1 ..595

20 512x8 PROMTS. (6349-1) 4.95

20 512x8 PROM OC. (6348) ...4.9524 512x8 PROMT S.(DM87S296fi| 4.95

24 512x8 PROMO.C. (6340) 4.95

24 1024xB PRDM T S. (TBP28SB6I B 95

IB 512x4 PROMO.C (6305) 2.95

16 512x4 PROMTS. (6306) 2.95

IB 1024x4 PROM O.C. (6352) . 4 95

IB 1024x4 PROMTS. (825137) 4.95

16 32xB PROMO.C. (27S1B) 2.95

24 512x8 PROMT S.(27S15) 9.95

16 32x8 PROMTS. (27519) 2.95

16 256x4 PROMO.C. (27S20) .3.95

16 256x4 PROMT S. (27S211 3.95

16 512x4 I'nOMO.C. (27S12) ...5.95

18 2048x4 PROMT.5. (TBP24S81) 9.95

24 1024x8 PRDM O.C. (B2S1B0) 9 95

24 1024xB PROMTS I82S1B1) 9.95

IB 204Bx-1 PROMO C (82S1B4) 9.95

18 2D48>4 PROMTS (82SIB5) 9.95

24 2048x4 PROMO.C. (82S190) 19.95

24 2048x8 PROMT S (82S191) 19.95

— DATA ACQUISITION

Mosiek DC/DC Convert. +5VI0-9V 2.95

IB Floppy Disk Road AMP System 4.95

16 7-Gil D/A Converter (DAC08O7LCN) 2 49

16 fl-Oil D/A Converter (DAC080BLCN) 2.95

20 8-bit A/0 Converter (USB) 3.49

16 8-bit 0/A Convener (0 7B% Lin ) 1 95

2B 8-bit A/D Convener (B-Cb. Mulli.) . .4.49

40 B-bit A/D Convener (16-Ch Mulli) .9.9524 10-rjilO/AConv Micro Comp <0 05%) 13.9520 10-bilD/AConv Micro. Comp (0 BOH] 7 95

16 10-6itD/AConv (0.05% Lin ) 6.49

16 10-bilO/AConv (0 20V. Lin ) 5 95

18 12-bilD/AConv (0 20V* Lin ] 6 95

16 Universal Active Filter 2 5'A 5.95

24 Touch Tone Low Band Filter 19 95

24 Touch Tone High Band Filter 19.95

Constant Currant Source 1.19

Temperature Transducer I 40

lemp Comp Prec Rel ( Sppm/C*) 5 00

40 3OKBiudUlrt(TR160!) 4.35

QUALITY COMPONENTS ATAFFORDABLE PRICES!

in.gi

Mi

am

CA3089N

16

1.69

CA3060N

16

3.25

CA3096N

IB

1.19

CA308OE

1

.89

CA3130E

6

1.49

CA3081N

16

1.49

CA3140E

6

.99

CA3082N

IS

1.49

CA3160H

1.95

CA3083fJ

16

1.49

CA3401N

14

.59

CA3086'I

14

.69

CA36O0N

14

3 95

LOW PROFILE(TIN) SOCKETS

8 pin L

14 pin L16 pin L18 pin L20 pin L22 pin L

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD)STANDARD

B pin14 pin16 pin16 pin24 pin

nSO

1.21

WW

SOLDERTAIL

STANDARD (TIN)

16 p

4 pin ST" ST18 pin ST20 pin ST24 pin STZB pin ST40 pin ST

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

8 pin WW10 pin WW14 pin WW16 pin WW18 pin WW20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW2B pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

1.75

l-n

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6Vi% Sales TaxShipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

ameco

ELECTRONICS

ViSA*

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002b/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

DT1050 ■" Applications: Teaching aids,appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica-tions, language translations, etc.

The DTi050 Is a standard DIGITALKER kit encoded with 137 separateand usolul words, 2 tones, and 5 different silence durations. Thewords and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making itpossible lo output single words or words concatenated Into phrasesor even sentences. The "voice" oulpul ot the DT105O Is a highly In-telligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be syntheslz-od. Tho vocabulary Is chosen so (hat it Is applicable to many pro-ducts and markets.

The DT105O consists ol a Speech Professor Chip. MM54104 (40-pln)and two (2) Speech ROMs NM521B4SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pln)along wllh a Master Ward list and a recommended schematicdiagram on the application sheet.

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34.95 ea.

DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabularyfrom 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs.DT1057 $24.95 ea.

m

* Evaluation

Part No

7045IPI

7045EWKIt"

7106CPL

FE02O3D

7106EV/KU'

7107CPL

7107EV/Kit*

7116CPL

7117CPL

7201IUS

7205IPG

7205EV/Kil*

7206CJPE

7206CEV/KiP

7207AIP0

7207AEV/Kit*

720BIPI

72091 PA

7215IPG

7215EV/Ki1*

7216AIJI

7216CUI

72160IPI

7217IJI

72I7AIPI

72241 PL

7226AIJL

7226AEV/KII"

CMOS Precision Timer

Stopwalcri Chip. XTL

3Vi Digit A/0 (LCD Drive)

3Vi Digit LCO Display lor 7106& 7116

IC. Circuit Board. Display

Vh DigitA7DILEDOlive)

IC. Circuit Board. Display

31^ Digit A/D LCD Dis HLD

3Vt Oigil A/D LED Dis HLD

Low Baltery Volt Indicator

CMOS LEO Stopwatch/Timer .

Stopwatcti Chip. XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip. XTL . ..

Oscillator Controller

Freq. Counter Chip. XTL

Seven Decade Counter ....

Clock Generaiot ,,

4 Func CMOS Slopwaictt CKT ..

4 Func. Stopwatch Chip. XTL ..SDioitUniv Counter C A

5 Digit Freq Counter CA

6 Oigil Freq. Counler C C

4 Digit LEO Up/Down Counler CA

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counler C.CLCD 4Vj Digit Up Counter DRI

8 Digit Univ. Counler

5 Function Counler Chip, XTL

19 95. 9.9519.96.34.95It. 9529 951695.15.95

13 95

14 9529 9524 9519.9510.9511.9510 95

130009 1983 INTERSIL Data Book (i35fiP) .... $9,951

SSon 74HC High Speed CMOS

74HC0274HC0374HC0474HCL0474HCOB74HC1074HC1174 UC1474HC2074HC2774HC3274HC4274HC7374HC7474HC7574HC7674HCBS74HC8674HC10774HC10974HC11274HC11374HCU04 is

74KC13B

IB

1.49

74HC2S9

IB

1 49

74HC139

in

1.49

74HC26E

14

<n

74HC147

in

1 19

74HC2B0

14

4 95

74HC151

is

t 19

74HC373

n

3.95

74HC153

id

.99

74HC374

TO

Ifflj

74HC157

m

1.19

74HC390

16

1 4t

74HC158

16

1.59

74HC393

14

1 49

74HC160

IB

1.79

74HC533

70

,■145

74HC161

IK

1.79

74HC534

70

3.95

74HCI64

14

1 79

74HC595

17*1

74KC165

16

239

74HC688

3 1ft

74HC173

16

1.59

74HC4002

14

/M

74HC174

18

1.39

74HC4020

2 19

74HC175

16

1.39

74HC4024

14

1 59

74HC192

in

t 39

74HC4040

IB

? 19

74KC193

16

1.39

74HC4060

16

? 19

74HC194

16

1.59

74HC4Q75

74HC195

16

1.49

74HC4078

14

.69

74HC242

14

2.79

74HC4511

IS

,179

74HC243

14

279

74HC4514

74

4.79

74HC251

16

1.19

74HC4538

16

?,V*

74HC253

16

.99

74HC4543

16

4.95

Ml others are

ultored Send S.30 tor Dais Sheet.

Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

Pari He. "Pirn Funcllnn

PAL10HB 20 OclallOlnpulANDOHGateArrayiHighOulpul)

PAL12H6 20 Hc< l2-lnpulAND-0RGalBArray(High0ulput)

PAL14K4 2D Quad 14-lnpul AND-OR Gate Array (High Oulpul)

PALIOLB 20 Ocial 10-lnpui AND-OR-lnveri Gale Array (Low Output)

PAL12L6 20 He* 12-lnpul AND-OR-lnveri Gale Array (Low Oulpul)

PAL14L4 20 Ouad 14-lnpul AND-ORlnven Gale Array (Low Output)

PAL16LB 20 Octal 16-lnpul ANO-OR-lnven Gale Array (Low Output)

PAL1GRB 20 Octal 16-lnput Register AND-OR Gale Array

PAL16R6 20 Hex 16-lnpul Register AND-OR Galo Army

PAL16R4 20 0u3d 16-lnpul Register AND-OR Gate Array

130012 1982 NATIONAL PAL Data Book nrggj .. S5.95|

74COO74C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4874C7374C7474C8574C8674CB974C9074C93

14

1.19

TL071CP B

TL072CP 8

TL074CN 14

TL081CP B

TL082CP S

TL084CN 14

LM30ICN 3

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN B

LM308CN 8

LM309K

LM310CN B

LM3I1CN B

LM312H

LM317T

LM317K

LM318CN B

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-I5

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM337T

LM33BK

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM34DK-15 1.35

130003 1982 Nat

3.95

74C95

M

1.39

74C244

70

1 95

74C107

14

.89

74C373

n

Z.49

74C151

1ft

2.49

74C374

M

74C154

74

3.49

74C901

14

5B

74C157

1fi

2.25

740903

14

59

74CI60

16

1.19

74C906

14

m

74C161

IB

1.19

74C911

n

S-l1.

74C162

16

1.19

74C912

70

8.95

74C163

1ft

1.19

74C915

IB

1 19

74C164

14

1.49

74C9I7

7ft

HSh

74C173

16

.79

74C922

10

4.49

74C174

10

1 19

74C923

70

4 9*.

74C175

1ft

1 19

74C925

16

S*)4)

74C192

16

1.49

74C926

m

n<ft

74C193

IB

1.69

80C95

is

39

74C19!)

II

1 39

BDC97

it,

n

PC

H

33

LM709NLM710N

n14

49

LM340T-5

79

LM71IN

14

LM340T-12

79

LM723N

14

55

IM340T-1

1

79

LM 733N

LM34BN

14

99

LM739N

LM350K

4.95

LF355N

ft

1.10

LF356N

ft

1 10

14

4.49

14

3.95

14

1 95

14

t 79

LM3B4N

LM386N-3

TL494CN

TL496CP

NE5I0A

NE529A

NE531V

14

016

a

1414

1.391.79897 951.194.952.952.95

IMIIIUONLM18B9NIMI896NLM2002TLM3189NLM3900fiI.M3905CI-LU3909N

1ft1ft14

16140ft

1.491.952 951 491 59

591 19

.99

3 49

LW39I6N

1ft

3 49

NE555V

RC4136N

14

1.25

RC4I51NE

0

1 95

NE5532

ft

2 49

NE5534

8

1 69

LM566CN

ICL6038B

14

3.95

LM567V

II

89

LM13080N

ft

1 19

NE570N

IS

395

LUI36O0N

IB

1 19

LM703CN

I

1 19

MORE AVAILABLE

Linear Data Book. . i ; 5.11.lJ5>

558 BYTE August 1983

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

iindair- in an

COMPUTER-PERIPHERAL SWITCHERS

Connect any number ol perlphtrili lo j tingle I/O pod — uia > iJngls prlnlar lo sup-port tivtul microcomputer! - use two H more prlnteri la iuppoil t ilnyltmicrocomputer — icctn ■ modem from my ol tivinl mlcrocamputirt — idoi tardimontlnUng « compering iqulpminl. The Seiecio-Switches are designed toeliminate the unnocessary plugging & unplugging ol cables which connecl printers,terminals, c modems lo various computers. By using a Salecto-Swllch, you achievemore ellicient syslem operation. Miier utilization ol peripherals i computer ports,eliminate redundant hardware & reduce service calls 5 yr. United warranty on allSeiKlo-Swilcnes No power required Sue (inches): 10L xTHx 3H. 2Vt lbs.

RS232 SERIAL SELECTO-SWITCH

■ Switches all lines of asynchronous data • Easy expansion o!serial ports • Connectors are female DB25 type

MHT HO. DESCRIPTION PBICE

G RS232-AB 2-Woy Switch $139.95

GRS232ABC 3-Way Switch $179.95

DB25 PARALLEL SELECTO-SWITCH

• TRS-BO, Apple, and IBM compatible • Switches 24 lines (lineI is ground) • Connectors are female DB25 type

PART MO. nESCHIPTIOH PRICE

QP24AB 2-Way Switch $139.95

GP24-ABC 3-Way Switch $179.95

CENTRONICS-STYLE SELECTO-SWITCH

• Swilches all 36 lines • Connectors are female Centronics

WBH HO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

GCENTAB 2-Wny Switch $199.95

GCENTABC 3-Way Switch $229.95

Micro-Logic Corp. ^rmWMICRO-CHARTS "'^pd^^7'

• Fully decoded data • insiant access • 2-sidea. tolally comprehensivo ■ Compact8Vi>it in. curable credit card piaslic • Perfect lor programmers & engineers

• Clear & concise tables lor: lull Instruction set. disassembly. ASCII, base conver-sion, ellect oi Itags. compare vs rump, interrupt structure, pmoul. cycle times,diagrams. Due notes. & much more...

MB HO. REFERENCE PRICE

ML-Z80 ZBO CPU $5.95

ML-BOBOA 8080A/8085A $5.95

ML-6502 6502(65XX) $5.95

ML-8048 8048, Relatives, Algorithms $5.95

ML-7400 5400/7400 TTL $5.95

BOOKS

30001 National CMOS Dala Book (1981) 10.95

(640 pages) 74C, CD400Q. and A/D Converters

30003 National Linear Data Book (1982) $11.95

(1376 pages) LM. LF, AOC. DAC, LH Series

30008 National Memory Dala Book(19B0) S6.9S

(464 pages) RAMs, ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs Series

30009 Intersil Data Book (1983) $9.95

(1356 pages) Complete line.

30010 National Audio/Radio Handbook (1980) $5.95

(240 pages) Pre-Amps, AM, FM & FM Stereo, Power Amps

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1980) $15.95

(736 pages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc.

30012 National PAL Data Book (1882) $5,95

(176 pages) Application Noles, Linear Briefs, etc.

30013 Zllog Dala Book (1983) $7.95

(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips

210830 Intel Memory Components Handbook(1983) $14.95

(798 pages) Contains all Application Notes, ArticleReprints, Dala Sheets, and other design Informationon Inlet's RAMs, EPROMs, E'PROMs & Bubble Memories.

210844 IntalMlcroprocasaora:PeripheralHandbook(1983) . .$14.95(1027 pages) Contains Data Sheets on all oland Peripherals.

ATARI PADDLES

JSP(2) $4.95 pair

ATARI DRIVER

JSD(1) $2.95 ea.

S TV GAME SWITCH

.^—prf^*" Used on Atari. Cosmet-(■■"^^■^~*--^. Ically blemished. 100%functional.■■■ TGS-1 ...$2.95ea.

Jameco Digital Thermometer KitDual sensors — 3wllchcontrols tor indoor/outdooror dual monitoring — can beextended to 500 feet. Con-tinuous LED .8" ht. display.Range: -40*F to 199"F, -40"Cto 100'C. Accuracy ±1"

Fahrenheit/Celsius.-^ * -"* n '— ' Simulated walnul case. AC

leAAJl ffon nc waM auflDter Included. Size:

JtoUU 2>03.yo 6\-\. . .y. " , ■\-u

Universal ^Computer Keyboard Enclosures

"DTE" Blank Desk-Top Enclosuresare designed lor easy modilica-tlon High strength epoxy moldedend pieces in mocha brown hnisnhh Sliding rear/twtlom panel lor service/

■* component access'. Top/bott panels 080"• Itiickalum alodine type 1200 finish (gold tintcolor) lor besi paint adhesion after modificationVenled top & Bottom panels lor cooling efficiency.j t. _/_-^^^^aa^aiy \ Rigid construction provides unlimiiec applications

■*"—1.50—*/ Assembly instruclrons included.

DTE-B Panel Width 7.5" $24.95

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" $29.95

a. DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95

• Powerful - fully programmable 2Kmemory • Portable - 6'/," x 6%" x 1%" - 12oz. • Expandable - Optional 16K RAMmodule • Single-key entry commands

• Educational • Unique syntax-check reportcodes for error identity • Accurate to 9Videcimal places for full range math andscientific functions • Graph drawing andanimated display • Advanced 4-chip designcombining power, portability andaffordable price.

TS1000 $54.95

ACCESSORIES FOR H'.'.l^l Sinclair-1 1000 and ZXB1

■llf.'il^ia Sinclair- 101B 1 Ej pension Irom ZK lo 16K, slic: 3" 13"»lb" (So;) TS101G $49.95

fcjI.'.U!! -antzlair- 2040 j

12 column Ihsimil printer |4 Ibi)Pilntir pipgr ■ 3 mils {4.3 In. 1SZ It.)

TS2O40 S99.95TPP-3 $5.95

Keyboard Mask for YourZX81/1000* Computer

The JE6S1 Keyboard Mask provides user!ZXB1/1000 series computer the individual feeleach keypad on the keyboard The mask has a raed outline around each keypad allowing the userfeel and correctly position then fingers onto likeyboard

JE681 KEYBOARD MASK

la meco

HBBBB&8

ZX81/1000* KeyboardConversion Kit

59.95 eachZXS1/100O la a tradamark of Sinclair fTlnwx

80-Key Keyboard

CA150C $69.95

95-Key Keyboard

CA154A $79.95

CONTROL DATA KEYBOARDS

* 7-bit Parallel ASCII

* SPST Switching

* FTZ Shielded Base

* N-Key Rollover

* 128 Character ASCII

* Non-Slip, Non-Glare Keycaps

* CDC752 Terminal Keyboards

* Attractive Case

These Control Data Keyboards consist of a base, cover,the keyboard asssmbty, and an interface cable. Color(case): Harvest gold and black. Color (keycaps): Black,blue, and rod. Electrical requirements: + 5V @ 600mA,-12V @ 50mA. Size: 21 V*"W x 9"D x 3'rV'H. Weight: 6lbs. Ail units brand new in original boxes, specificationsincluded.

Keytronics 90-Key Soft-Programmable Keyboard

WITH SECURITY KEYLOCK SWITCH

RFI ■hialdad

"if BAM NO

Cursor control*

Numeric kayboard

8-bll Parallel

Capacitance keys

10 ueerprogrammible keys

Positive TTL Logic

Sirs: 17'LxB1/.'W

I2WH

Made lor Visual Technology, this keyboard features: a security keylock {Includes two keys) lo guard againslunauthorized use; an 11-key numeric keypad: cursor controls; and to user-programmable keys. Electrical re-quirements: + 5VDC. Color (case): White. Color (keycaps): Black. Complete with case, keyboard assembly,40-Inch Interface cable, and schematics. Weight: 7 lbs.

Part No. KB270 $79.95 each

23,,LxS»A,,Wk1-3'8"H

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Part No. 85SD18-1 S29.95 Bach

HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD

SPST twrlching. Cherceel gisy keycaps. Mounted on prlntsd clrcun board.

Part No. K-14 $9.95 each

2708,2716,2732 & 2764 EPROM Programmer

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 26 PIN PACKAGES

— PROGRAMS 2716's IN 16 SECONDS—

— PROGRAMS 2764's IN 64 SECONDS—

• Programs, validates, and checks lor property erased EPROMs • Emulales PROMsor EPROMs • RS232C Computer Irterlace lor edrting/program loading • Loads dataInto RAM by keyboard • Changes dala In RAM by keyboard • Loads RAM Irom inEPROM a Compares EPHGMs lor content dltlerences • Copies EPROMs * Power In-put: 11SVAC, GDHi. •* 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-coordinated,light tan panels w/molded mocha brown ond pieces • Sue: 15-5/tTL ■ IPVO x3<h"H ■ Wl.: 5V. lbs.

JE664-A EPROM Programmer $995.00

Assemotca & Tested I Includes JM16A Module!

JE665 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION - Titu JEGD5 BSZ32C iniertaco

Oill [ili-mini".', nimiuilcr .:.:(.!:-,; In lli1;,li.ijf>4's HAM Simple sofliv.in,. ivrillcn ill

BASIC [jrovided lor TRS-BO" Model I. Level II Computer Baud rale 9600 WordLglh B Oils - odd partly Stop bits 2 Option may be adapted to other computersJE664-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JE665 Option ... $1195.00

-'■':'!-i '■-! ::■" '■..:■.- i ■■ cluOes JMltiA Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES - TheJE6W-sJUMPER MODULE (Personali-ty Module] is a pTuq-in Moduls that lie-^e:: JE65J lor piooer oronramming pulses 10the EPROM & conligures EPROM socket connections lor that particular EPROMPari

No. EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JMGUAJMIOAJM16BJM32AJM32SJM32CJMB4A

JM64BJMG4CJM04D

2708

27I6JMS25II

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732A(21V!

MCM68764,

MCM69L76.1

2764

TMS2564

HN482764G-4

AMU.Motorola.National.Intel.TlIntel. Motorola, National, NEC.TIMotorola. Tl (+5,-12, +12}Motorola. Tl

AMD, Fujilsu.N EC. Hilacht. IntelFujitsu, Intel

Moiorola

114.96SI4 95SM 95S14 95S14.95514.95

S14.95S14 95

S14.9SS14.95

iii's Black HoleEPROM Eraser

9 Chips — 6 MlnutflB

The Slack Hole EPROM Eraser will completely and sately erase 9 EPROMs in less thanB minutes. Jhe Black Hole is a ttiity automatic cassette loading eraser featuringU-shapcd 4000 tir uv lamps mounted in a special ALZAK iuv re'ledivity ot .9)parabolic llghl tunnel In operation, 'he user slips in an ami-sialic Bug Bo* (3 eaIncl.) conlainlng the EPROMs lo be erased into the loading slot on the Iroiil panel otBlack Hole. The rest Is fully automatic The Black Hole latches the Bug Box intoplace, turns on the UV lamps and start: its fully solid stale (CMOS) UV integrationdose timer The percentage erasure ime is monitored and displayed on a Iront panelLED readout. At the end ol the erase cycle, the Black Hole ejects the Burj Bo* con-taining tho 9 erased EPROMs and turns otl powerPART NO. PRICE

ULV-008 Replacement Lamp lor ERS-008 $29.95

ERS-008 Eraser. Auto Ejoct & LED Readout S249.95

IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

SAVE HUNDREDS OF $$$ BY UPGRADINGMEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!

Most of tho popular memory boards allow you lo add an additionalS.1K. 128K, 192K. or 256K. The IBM64K Kit will populate these boardsIn 64K byle increments. The kit is simple to Install — jusl Insert thanine 64K RAM chips In Ihe provided sockets and sel Ihe two groupsot switches. Dlrecllons are included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $59.95

EXPAND YOUR MEMORY

TRS-80to16K, 32K, or 48K

"Model 1 = From 4K lo 16K Requires (1) One KitModel 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three KitsColor = From 4K to 1GK Requires |1| One Kit

"Modgl 1 equipped with Expemloji Uoard up to 4SK two Kit, Hequlred— One Kit Poquired let Been 16K ol Eiponelon —

TRS-16K3 -200ns for Color & Model III S12.95

TRS-16K4 -250ns for Model I $10.95

TRS-BO Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Easy to Install kit comes complete with 8 ea. 4164-2 (200ns) 64Kdynamic RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 colorcompulers with E circuit boards, & all new color compulers to 32K.Minor modifications ol 32K memory will allow the use olall trio64K ofthe dynamic RAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating system.

TRS-64K2 $54.95

POWERSUPPLY +5VDC<g'1 AMP REGULATED Transacts TecftOutput +5VDC fl lAnlsrj +30VDC) teg. Input 115VAC 60Hz. Z-lons (black/belga) SBll-nntioiBdC1IB. 6 It,, 3 com) litjck power card. 6</t"W x TO i 2VH. Wt. 3 lbs. Dala shunt incl.Pari No. PS51194S $14.95 oach

POWERSUPPLY +5VDC<5 3 AMP REGULATED Demon

Input: 11SVAC, 47-440HZ. Output. 5V0C AdiusUbll .ir 3 amp, EVDC fl 2.5 amp. Adjustable cur-rent tlmtl Ripple & None: 1MV rmi, SMV p-p — 2 mourning surfaces. ULrecogniied. Sin: 4"Wi4-j L i 2-7/l6"H - wt. 2 lbs. Diti shoal Included.Part No. OPS-1 529.95 each

•Hi,

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC @ 7.5 AMP, 12V0C <fi> 1.5 AMP SWITCHING

Input: 115VAC. 50-BOHijg 3imp/230VAC. 5BHi (it 1.6 amp. Fan volt./power supply islect swl-chei ii 15 ■-' 2 20 V AC i Output 5VDC ..■ 7 Gamp irvfic .■ 1.6 amp. il tl blk. pow. cud. 11Vi"Wx13Va"0l3U"H Wl filbl.

Part No. PS94V0S $39.95 Bach

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

FOH TRSflO MODEL I - COLOR COMPUTER

Features single or flouUlo density. Recording ntode; FM

singlo, MFM double density Seek time: i5rnsec. track lo

track. Power: +12VDC (*0,6V) t 6A max , +5V0C

l±0.25V108Am». Unit aspc at ngnt does not ind raw.

power surjpry. catriesl 30 m data book iixl. Wl. 31.; lbs.

&ze:5%-WxB-Dx3V."H.

Part No. Lc'milod Quantity! Price

FD200 $179.95

Single-sided, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Doublo-sldod. 35 tracks, 433K bytes capacity

POWER SUPPLY 4-Channol Switching - Apple Compatible

FOR USE AS AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY FOR APPLE

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal medi:al equipment and procest control applications. In-put: 90-130VAC 47-44QHi. Output: + 5VDC & 5A. -5VDC (■: 1A. + 12VDC (ft 1A. -12V0C (3 1A.Line rea.: *0.2W. Ripple: 30mV p-p. Load rag.: il%- OvercuriDiil iiiGtrjctian. Ad|: lit/ mam nut-puts 10W, 6-3/fl'Li 1-7/111,1 4-15/16"H. Wl. IV, lbs.

Part No. FCS-604A $69.95 each

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6Vi% Sales TaxShipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend $1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 940028/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

81' FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

rrn£S!

• Shugart 801Rcompatible

• Single-Sided

• 77 Tracks

• 400/800K BytesCapacity

• Industry Standard

The F0D100-8 fl" Floppy Disk Drl« (Industry Slandard) featuressingle or double densily. Recording mode; FM single. MFM doubledensity. Transfer rale: 250K blta/sec. single density; 500K bits/sec.double dnnslty. Tho FDD10O-8 Is dosigned to work with Ihe single-sided soft seclored IBM Diskette I. or eg. disk cartridge. Power:115VAC g 50-60H3. + 24VDC 8 1-7 amps max., +5VDCft 1,2 ampsmax. Unit as pictured above (does not include case, power supply, orcables). Size: B.55"W x 14"L x 4,5'H, Weighs 12 lbs. Incl. 96-prj.manual.Part No.

Prlco

FDD100-8. .$169.95 ea.y

Circle 219 on Inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 559

SIXTH A

NOT JUST AN ORDINARY SALE! WE HAVE SLASHED PRICES TO THE BONE AS OUR WAY OF THANKING

YOU, OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS FOR 6 YEARS OF LOYALTY. WE'VE CONTINUOUSLY GROWN AND EXPANDED BY

OFFERING YOU THE BEST VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY WITH THE BEST AFTER-SALE SUPPORT

k

i

o

CPU BOARDS

65K - 68000 16 DIT CPU

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-board sockets to 2716. 2732, or 2764EPROMs for up lo 8K x 16 ol memory

Pirt No. Description Liii Prlco Ow Price

BT6BT1B4A A&T 8MHz $695.00 $512.95

BTGBT184C CSC 10MHz $850.00 $785.00

CP/M' 6BK NOW AVAILABLE!!

Now CompuPro and Digital Research bring you CP/M for the 68000!!

BTGBTCFMBBK 68000 CP/M" S3SO.OO

FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM FOR 66K CPU

Reguiresa DISK 1.B4Kof CompuPro memory.and an INTERFACER 3 or4

BT6BT68K0S FORTH operating system $200.00

CO-PROCESSOR 6066/8067

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 6086 CPU with sockets to 8087 and 80136BT6BT188A A&T 8MHz 8086 only $ 750.00 $494.95

BTGBT18BC CSC 10MHz 8086 only S 850.00 $764.89

BT6BT166A87 A&T with 8087 option $1050.00 $939.00

BTGBT186C87 CSC with 8087 option' $1150.00 $1065.00

•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

DUAL PROCESSOR 8085-6086

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bits-100 bus

BTBBT1B12A A&T6MHZBT6BT1612C CSC 6/8 MHz

$49500 $318.97$595.00 $497.87

CPUZ - Z80D CPU NOW 6MHzl

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.FASTEST ZBO CPU AVAILABLE!

BT6BT160ABTBBT160C

3/6 MHz A&T3/6 MHz CSC

$325.00 $228.95

$425.00 $374.87

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA. Soft Sector, Controls Up to Four 8" or 5%" Single orDouble Density Drives!

BSPDBI71ACPM A&T w/CPM 2.2" & BIOS $670.00

When purchased w/two 8" disk drives only

BTGBT171CCPM CSC w/CP/M 2.2" & BIOS $770.00

$489.00$450.00$585.00$368.95$550.00$148.95

BTBBTI71A Disk 1 Controller A&T $495.00

BTSBTT71C Disk 1 Controller CSC $595,00

BTBBTCPflHO CP/M 2.2* lor Z80/8085 w/manual &

BIOS 8" S/D disk

BTGBTCPMBB CP/M 2.2* lor 8086 w/manuals & BIOS $258.95

8" S/D disk

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set controls 4 Shugarl 4000 series or Fujitsu 2300

type drives. Includes CP/M 2.2".

BTGBT177A Assembled & TestedBT6BT177C CSC

$79500$895.00

$568.95

$850.00

M-DPJVE/H HARDWARE LOGICAL DISK SYSTEM

Interlaces through two I/O ports, and runs at 10MHz IEEE 696 compatible.

Requires any CompuPro CPU and a DISK 1. Each board contains 512 K ol

fast low power (900mA) RAM, with parity checking.

BTGBT197ABTGBT197C

M-DRIVE/H w/sottware, A&T $1895.00 $1249.95M-DRIVE/Hw/sottware.CSC $2095.00 $1495.00

STATIC RAM

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

12 MHz, RAM 17. 2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Sit Addressing

BTBBT175AB4 64K A&T 12MHz $499.00 $460.00

BTBBTI7SCS4 64K CSC 12MHz $599.00 $550.00

RAM 16 - 02K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit 12MHz, RAM 16, 32K x 16 or 64K x 8 IEEE/69616 Bit 2 Watt, 24 Bit Addressing

BTBBT180ABTBBTI80C

64K A&T 12MHz64KCSC 12MHz

$550 00 $510.00$650.00 $610.00

RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz. 128K x8or64Kx 16 IEEE/6968 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing

BT6BT190ABTGBTIB0C

128K A&T

128K CSC

$109500 $858.95

$1245.00 $1125.00

I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD

Serila port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 15 levels olinterrupt, real time clock, optional math processor.

Pail No.

Ooicrlptlon

Uit Prlco Our Prlco

BTGBT162A

BTGBT1G2C

BTGBTB231

BTGBTB232

BTGBT1B2AM1

BTGBTI62CM1

BTGBTIB2AM2

BTGBTIB2CM2

Assembled & Tested

CSC

Math Chip

Math Chip

A&T W/B231 Math Chip

CSC w/8231 Math Chip

A&T w/8232 Math Chip

CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$450.00 $308.95

$550.00 $495.00

$195.00

$195.00

$645.00 $538.95

$74500 $B70.00

$645.00 $538.95

$745.00 $670.89

MPX CHANNEL BOARDS

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board w/16K RAM

BTGBTIB8AI8 Assembled & TestedBTGBTIBBCI6 CSC

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O

$649.00 $584.89$749.00 $674.89

BTBBTI33ABTGBT133C

Assembled & TestedCSC

$295.00 $198.95

$370.00 $329.00

BT6BT150ABT6BT150C

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial 1/0 board

$32500 $249.00

Assembled & TestedCSC

S399.00 $359.0

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial I/O board

BTGBTI748A Assembled & Tested

BTGBT1748C CSC 200 br. 8 port

BT6BT1745A Assembled & TEsted

BTBBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port

$699.00 $448.95$84900 $748.89$599.00 $518.95$699.00 $628.89

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial. 1 Parallel. 1 Centronics Parallel

BTBBT187ABTGBT187C

Assembled & TestedCSC

$450.00 $314.87

$540.00 $414.97

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active Termination. 6-12-20 Slot

BTBBT153ABT6BT153CBTGBT154ABTGBT154CBTGBT155ABTGBTI55C

A&T 6 slot (2 lbs.)CSC 6 slot (2 lbs.)A&T 12 slot (3 lbs.)CSC 12 slot (3 lbs.)A&T 20 slot (4 lbs)CSC 20 slot (4 lbs.)

$14000 $125.00

S190.00 $155.00$17500 $155.00S240.00 $220.00

$265.00 $235.00

$340.00 $310.00

California Computer Systems

Z80 CPU 2 or 4MHz

On board RS232 Serial port, On board 2K Monitor, ROM. Power onjump to any location in 64K. LED status indicators for ROM select.

halfstate and interrupts.BTCCS2B10A Z80A4MHZ CPU A&T $325.00 $258.95

CCS271901

BTCCS27IB0I 2 Serial, 2 Parallel. A&T $36000 $288,95

CCS27201

BTCCS272B01 4 Port Parallel, A&T $275.00 $218.95

CCS271001

BTCCS271BBI 4 Port Serial. AST $325.00 $278.95

CCS2630

BTGCS2B3001 Assembled & Tested $550.00 $428.95

CCS206601

64K Dynamic S-100 RAM. Cromemco CROMIX'- Compatible.

BTCCS2O6B01 Assembled & Tested $450.00 $425.00

CCS2422A

Floppy disk controller w/CP/M 2.2"

BTCCS2422A Assembled & Tested $47500 $338.95

Circle 322 on inquiry card.

JEE7

105

2 Serial, 3 Parallel S-100 Interface

Port No.

GoicrliBoo

tin Prlco Oor Price

BTSSMI05A

Assembled & Tested

$329.00 $289.89

106

8 Port Serial I/O S-100 Board

Assembled & Tested

$550.00 $450.00

104

2 Serial, 2 Parallel 1/0 S-100 Board

BTSSMI04A

Assembled & Tested

$290.00 $245.00

2706/2716 EPHOM PROGRAMMER & EPROM DOARD

Prog rams 2708 and 2716 EPROMs. Holds4 2708s (4K) or 4 2716s (8K)

BTSSMB8A

Assembled & Tested

$265.00 $219.87

DUAL

NON VOLATILE CMOS RAMS

, 16, or 32K 8 or 16 Bit Data. Battery Backup On Board 6MHz.Bank Selectable

BTOULCMEMB 8K A&TBTBULCMEMI6 16KA&TBTBULCMEM32 32K A&T

$49500 $450.00$595.00 $550.00$69500 $650.00

256K DYNAMIC MEMORY

256K, 230 ns access time. 2 x 128K organization, 24 bil addressing,parity error detection.

BTDBLDMEM25BK Assembled & Tested $1295.00 $1195.00

02/64K EPROM DOARD

8 or 16 bit data holds 2716s (32K), or 2732s (64K)

BT0UI.EPR0M32 For 2716s A&TBTDULEPB0KB4 For 2732s A&T

$295.00 $275.00$295.00 $275.00

A/D CONVERTER

12 Bit Resolution 16 or 32 Channel Input

BTDULAIMI2BTDULAIMI2B

Assembled & TestedWithout instru. Amp

$695.00$645.00

$625.00$508.00

D/A CONVERTER

4 Channel. 12 Bil 3 Output Modes

BTDULABMI2 Assembled & Tested

$695.00 $618.95

/

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

S-100 SDC DOARD

280A 4MHz, 2 Serial RS232 interfaces, 1 parallel interface, 64K RAM,Floppy Disk Controller, provisions lor one 2732 EPROM —

ALL ON THIS ONE BOARD!!

BTSBSSBC Z80A SBC A&T $895.00 $655.00

BTSBSCPM CP/M' Operating System on 8" disk SI 50.00

BTSOSTURBDS Single User TurboDos" on 8" disk $450.00

BTSDST0RBBB Multi-User TurboDos" on 8" disk $750.00

BTMCP12231 36 MByte Hard Disk (45 lbs.) S3695 00 $3250 00

S-100 Z80A SLAVE SDC

Z80A4MHZ. 2 RS232 Serial ports. 4 parallel ports. 64K RAM. EPROM

Programmer. Used in multi-user computer system with SDSSBC.BTSOSSBCSE Slave Z80 SBC A&T $82500 $565.00

•*""""'* Intercontinental

CJ""" " Micro Systems

Z80A DMA SDC & Z80D SLAVES

S-100 IEEE/696 COMPATIBLE -1 YEAR WARRANTY!

CPZ-48000 FEATURES:

4MHZZ80A. 64 K RAMFloppy disk personality cardincluded tor 5'V or 8"floppy disk drivesRS232 personality card includedTwo serial - two parallel l/Os

SLAVE PROCESSOR

Z80 4 or6MHz CPU (specify

at time of order!

Two serial - two parallel l/0s

64 K RAM

TURBODOS compatible

Part Number Description

Lilt Price SALE PRICE

BTICMCPZ480008SBC lor 8" floppy $995.00 $895.00

BTICMCPZ480005SBC for 5'4" floppy $995.00 $895.00

BTICM256KMB 256 KByte RAM $995.00 $995.00

BTICMCPS4X Z80A Slave 4 MHz $475.00 $440.00

BTICMCPS6X Z80B Slave 6MHz $550 00 $495.00

BTICMBS232 RS232 Personality Card $ 25.00

BTICMCENTB Centronics Parallel Personality Card $ 28.00

6TICM8FBC 8" Floppy Disk Personality Card $ 36.00

BTICM5F0C 5V Floppy Disk Personality Card $ 33.00

BTICMCLKCAL Clock Calendar $ 48.00

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

UMBER 11

OTHERS COME AND GO, WHILE WE HAVE BECOME THE LARGEST MAIL-ORDER DISTRIBUTOR IN THE MICRO-COMPUTER INDUSTRY. ORDER WITH CONFIDENCE. WHEN YOU HAVE A QUESTION, WE'LL BE HERE NEXT WEEK, NEXTMONTH AND NEXT YEAR! WE'RE NUMBER 1 AND STILL TRYING HARDER!

S-IOO MAINFRAMES

PARADYNAMICS

BTPDK2018D 18 slot desk top (45 lbs.) $660.00

BTPDH20I8R 18 slot rack mount (45 lbs.) $695.00

BTPDN2818S 18 slot w/power-seq, floor standing $1195.00

(shipped freight collect)

8TPDH28H Same as above w/no power up seq. $1150.00

(Shipped freight collect)

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

BT50SMF 12 slot mainlrame (30 lbs.)

$595.00

BTSDSWKMCn Same as above w/no power up seq.

$595.00

(Shipped Freight Collect)

Q.T. COMPUTER

BTQTCMF Mainframe / no motherboard (45 lbs.) $305.00

BTQTCMF12 12 slot mainframe (45 lbs.) $469.00

8T0TCMFI8 18 slot mainframe (45 lbs.) $499.00

BT0TCMF22 22 slot mainframe (45 lbs.) $530.00

BTQTCMFMD No motherboard cutouts for two $345.00

5%" drives (45 lbs.)

BT0TCMFM0B 6 slot two 5'A" cutouts (45 lbs.) $530.00

BTQTCMFM01Z12 slot two 5'A" cutouts (45 lbs.) S560.00

BTVTCMFODB 6 slot Iwo 8" cutouts (48 lbs.) $530.00

BTQTCMFDDa 8 slot Iwo 8" cutouts (48 lbs.) $595. OO

BTQTCMFDDI2 12 slot two 8" cutouts (48 lbs) $625.00

COMPUPRO

BT6BTEHC20BI 20 slot desk top (Sh. Freight Collect) $695.OOBTGBTENC20RM 20 slot desk top (Sh. Freight Collect) $795.00

Idr^l

N^Forl:

CVTPOWERSUPPLY

Powir Supply Specification!:

For 12 Slot MICROFRAMES: 8V @ 17A. ±16V IP 2A

For 22 slot MICROFRAMES: 8V @ 30A ±16V (?) 4A

AC input may range from 70 - 140 VAC

Part No.

Description

Price

BTHDLMCSI12 12 slot desk top (Sh Wt 26 lbs) $737.00

BTH01MCS122 22 slot desk lop (Sh. Wt 44 lbs.) $081.00

BTH0LRM12 12 slot rack mount (Sh. Wt. 38 lbs.) $879.00

BTHDLRM22 22 slot rack niounl (Sh Wt 46 lbs.) $1038.00

12 SLOT MICROFRAME WITHCUTOUTS FOR THREE 5'A" DRIVES

This MICROFRAME is lor applications where space is a limitation. Thepower supply supports the S-100 bus, and three floppy or Winchester diskdrives. Each powersupply output for the drives are ±5V (§> 4A, and +12V9 8A The S-100 supply provides +8V @ 15A and ±16V (» 2A.

BTHDLTFI2 12 slot desk top (Sh. Wt. 41 lbs.) $980.00

BTHDLRF12 12 slot rack mount (Sh. Wt 46 lbs.) $1083.00

8" DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURE

The power supply ol this enclosure has the capability to drive4 hall-heightfloppy disk drives, 2 Winchester hard disk drives, or a combination of 2hall-height floppies and a Winchester drive in the same cabinet Powersupply outputs are +5V @ 7 A, -5 V @ 3 A, ± 12V @ 4 A, and +24 V @ 8A.

BTHDL0DE8BTHDLDDEftfl

ffl

Desk top disk enclosure (45 lbs.)Rack mount disk enclosure (45 lbs.)

INVERIMATIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, INC.

$910.00$1015.00

THIN

THREE

8"

DRIVE

CABINET

• Supports 3 hall-high 8" disk drives • 5V («> 6A, -5V (5> 1 A, 24V ia 6A

• One AC power connector for one full size drive • 5V output over-volt-age protected • Optional disk environmental monitor is available tomonitor and alarm you to internal temperature reaching dangerous levelsPart No. Llit Price SALE PRICE

BT1IIU0ETTT

S495.00WITH DISK ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR:

$375.00

BTIIIUDETTTEM

S584.95

$425. OO

DUAL QUME 8" FLOPPY DRIVE,CABINET, DMA S-10Q.CONTROLLER,AND CP/M®From

$1595.00

BTPDBBBTSf S206 (Shipped freight collect)

(omp

uPro

ABSOLUTELY THE MOST COST EFFECTIVEDISK SUBSYSTEM EVER OFFEREDBY PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

I

i 2 Double sided 8" QUME DT8 disk drives

i DMA Floppy Controller (controls up to 4 drives) 1 SBT206SP

> CP/M 2.2s w/BIOS written for the Disk 1 Controller 1 BBT17IA

' Cabinet includes power supply & internal data cable 1 6BTCPMI0

> External data cable included 1 PSC90SMS

YOU SAVE$1419.771!

list Mm$2325.0

$3014.77

CABINET AND 2 QUME DT8 DOUBLE SIDED DRIVE:PROVIDE 2.4 MBYTES OF MASS STORAGE!! mmm»m

SAVE 81030.001!

295.00

t. 50 lbs.) List Price: $2325.00

*> <^V

IEEE/696 S-100 - ULTRA LOW POWER!

RAM 22

Fully static design eleiminates timing problemsassociated with Dynamic RAMs (<4 Watts)Guaranteed to work with any IEEE/696 S-100DMA device

24 bit extended addressing a^aaf8 or 16 bit data llJPwIf

Single 5V operation H^ ■■

Assembled and Tested

BTGBT19BA

128K RAM 21

• Fully static design uses less power than dynamics(1.2A typical)

• 24 bit extended addressing

• 8 or 16 bit data

• 16K window deselect

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable

• Fully DMA compatible

• Assembled and Tested

BTBBTRAM21 LIST PRICE: $1295.00

12 MHz

SUPER SALE PRICE:

^JFT'I'A'J

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY 2 OR MORE

$1595.00

12 MHz

SUPER SALE PRICE:

$650.00

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY 2 OR MORE

$695.00

64K 10MHz LOW POWER S-100 IEEE/STATIC RAMSRAM 17 RAM 16

64K 8 BIT / 24 BIT ADDRESSBT6BTRAMI7 List Price: $499.00

$299.00

64K 8 or 32K 16 BIT / 24 BIT ABDRESS

BTGBTRAM16 List Price: $550.00

^B ^a

PRIORITYl

$325.00

1ELECTRONICS

9161 Deenng Ave„Chatsworth.CA91311ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 420-5922 - CA, AK. HI CALL £213}

irms. U.S. VISA, MC BAC Check. Money OrBer. U S. Finds Only. CA residents add 614% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID OTOER StSDO

709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAC, Check. Money OiV U S. FtTnds Only. CA residents add 6&% Safes Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID (ffiDER $13!D0, Include MINIMUM SHIP-PING & HANDLING of $3.00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 406 lor each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, include your phone number. Pricessubject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through August, 1983. Many quantities are limited Sorry, no ratnchecks, no refunds or exchang-es on sale merchandise Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices (or prepaid orders only We are not responsible for typograpical errors Circle 322 on Inquiry card. __^^^_^^^—

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chatsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

SIXTH ANNIVERSA

NOT JUST AN ORDINARY SALE! WE HAVE SLASHED PRICES TO THE BONE AS OUR WAY OF THANKING

YOU, OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS FOR 6 YEARS OF LOYALTY. WE'VE CONTINUOUSLY GROWN AND EXPANDED DY

OFFERING YOU THE DEST VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY WITH THE DEST AFTER-SALE SUPPORT

SIEMENS FDD100-6

8 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

SINGLE SIDED, DOUDLE DENSITYSHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

90 DAY WARRANTY!

ONCE AGAIN, YOU RECEIVE THEDENEFIT OF OUR UNEQUALLEDPURCHASINGPOWER!

DUY DRIVE & CABINET

TOGETHER AND (SAVE!!

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1008

DUAL 8" CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

(Include $30.00 for shipping)

W ■ # w« %J%J eachCALL for 10+

OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

(Include $7.00 per drive lor shipping)BTSIEFDD1008

ORDER NOW AND SAVE!

• "~silive Pressure Filler Cooling • Hinged to (or easy access

' Power Supply 4A@+5V. 3A(<£+24V • Heavy non-Ilex 090 aluminum

1A ip) -5V base

• Each otupijl is individually (used • Modular power connectors

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $890.00ANNIVERSARY SALE PRICE:

$625.00

BTPDBIIISIE (Include $30.00 lor shipping)BTIIIF0F.0O2 CABINET ONLY (Sh. Wl 38 lbs.) $295.00

S-100 DUAL 8" SUBSYSTEM

BTCCS2422A

BTSIEFDD1008BTIIIFDE002

S-100 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2®Siemens Double Density 8" driveDual Horizontal Cabinetwith Power Supplyand Data Cable

SAVE $43.95"

it

1 $338.00

2 $350.001 $295.00

I $ 35.00$1018.95

$975.0

*i„,-i,.,4„ iron nn t« ^h^n^i

_ A DON'T

III

MISS OUT!

Order Nn.

BTPDBSIESUBI

(Include S30 00 lor shipping)

OUR FINEST DUAL 8"DISK DRIVE CABINET!

FEATURES:

• Positive pressure forced air cooling for reliable disk drive operation

• AC input via 3 wire 7 foot international cord/socket set

• AC input EMI filtered to six amps to help prevent disk crashes due topower spikes and line noise

• 14 gauge main chassis

• Integral power supply with 5V @ 6A/-5V @ 1A/24V @ 6A

• Double-sided custom PC power board and supply

• Each DC supply and AC separately fused

Part No. List Price .Our Price

BTIIIUDE004 (Sh Wl 40 lbs.) $49500 $349.00

With augmented power supply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchesterdisk drives. Includes the disk environment monitor.

BTIIIUDE004AUE [Sh. Wt. 40 lbs) $73300 $625.00

With Disk Environment Monitor (or cool, reliable operation .BTINUDE004EM (Sh. Wt. 40 lbs.) $584.95 $395.00

S-100 HARD DISK SUBTYSTEMS

byMORROW n

COMPLETE WITH S-100

CONTROLLER, CP/M 2.2®

AND MICROSOFT BASIC V5.2

Part No.

Descrlplfon

List Price Our Price

BTMDSM20S 20 Mbyte 8" $4495 00 $3250.00

(Shipping Weights M20 37 lbs. M26 (3 boxesi 8. 26. & 45 lbs each)

ADD-ON DRIVES

(Does not include software and controller}

BTMBSABM1D 10 Mbyle B" $279500 $2050.00

BTM0SA14M26 26 Mbyte 14" 13495.00 $2675.110

(Shipping Weights M10 37 lbs. M26. (2 boxes) 26. S 45 lbs each)

DISK DRIVES

TANDON 5V4" HARD DISK

I BTTNDTM501 t platter 6 Mbyte (Sh. Wt. 9 lbs.) $740.00

BTTNDTM502 2 platter 12 Mbyte (Sh Wt 9 lbs.) $895.00

| 8TTNDTM503 3 platter 19 Mbyte (Sh Wl 9 lbs] $1049.00

DUAL HARD DISK ENCLOSURE

BTIIIHD5002 For above drives $395.00

TANDON 5V*"

I BTTNOTM1001 1 Sided48TPI $225.00 2 FOR $195.00 eachBTTNDTMI002 2 SideiUBTPI $200.00 2 FOR$235.00 eachBTTNDTM1B03 1 Sided96TPI $275.00 2 FOR $250.00 each

10TTNDTM10O4 2Sided96TPI $390.00 2 F0R$365.00 each(Shipping Weights on about Items: 5 lbs. tich)

MPI 51/4" FULL HEIGHT

BTMPI5P 1 Sided 48 TPI

BTMP152* 2 Sided 48 TPI

I BTMP19I* I Sided 96 TPI

| BTMPI92* 2 Sided 96 TPI

tplace with an "M" (or the MPI sI bezel

MPI5V4"

$200.00$270.00

$275.00$400.00

lyle bezel, oi with an "S" tor Shugail style(Shipping Weight 5 lbs)

HALF HEIGHT

BTMPI50I 1 Sided 48 TPI (Sh.

BTMPIS02 2 Sided 48 TPI (Sh

BTMPI90I 1 Sided 96 TPI (Sh.

| BTMPIM2 2 Sided 96 TPI (Sh

SHUGART 8

Wt. 4 lbs.)Wt 4 lbs.)Wt 4 lbs.)Wt 4 lbs.)

$260.00$300.00$300.00$355.00

FULL HEIGHT

I BTSMU801R 1 sided (18 lbs.)

$369.00

QUME 8" FULL HEIGHT

| BTQMEDTB 2 sided (18 lbs)

MITSUBISHI 8'

$480.002 FOR $490.00 ea.

FULL HEIGHT

BTMITM289463B 2 sided (18 lbs.) $3B0.00

MPI 8" FULL HEIGHT

BTMPI41S I sided 111 lbs.) $380.00

HTMPI42S 2 sided (II lbs.) $460.00

MPI 8" DUAL HALF HEIGHT

(SAME SIZE AS ONE FULL HEIGHT)

BTMPI41D 1 sided (22 lbs.) $760.00

BTMPI42D 2 sided (22 lbs.) $870.00

TANDON 8" HALF HEIGHT

$395.00

2 F0D $375.00 ea.

$495.00

2 FOR 475.00 ea.

MPI 8" HALF HEIGHT

BTTNBTMB481 1 sided (9 lbs)BTTNDTMS482 2 sided (9 lbs)

BTMPI41M I sided |11 lbs.)BTMPI42M 2 sided (11 lbs.)

$380.00$460.00

5V4" DRIVE CADINETS

DTJMMC5 Single 5V4" Cabinet (5 lbs.) $69.00

BTJMR2C5 Dual 5'4" Cabinet (9 lbs.) $89.00

BTJMR2C5C JMR2C5 w/internal data cable (9 lbs) $99.00

DUAL 8" HALF HEIGHTFLOPPY CABINET

24V @ 4A. 5V @ 3A rrr

-5V @ 800ma

Fan cooled

Socketed power connections

All supplies regulated

I

list Price Our PriceBTIIIDTL002 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs.) S225 00 $165.00

DUY THE CADINET & DRIVES AND SAVE!

With 2 Tandon Thinlines

BTP0BIIITN01 Cabinetw/2TN0TM8481 -1 sided(30lbs.) $885.00BTPBBIIITN02 CabinetW/2TN0TM8482- 2sided(30lbs) $1115.00

With 2 MPI Slimlines

DTPDBIIIMPIl Cabinet w/2 MPI41M ■BTPDBIIIMPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M

1 sided (30 lbs.) $ 920.00

2 sided (30 lbs) $1080.00

Options

BTIIIOTLMPIKIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.) $24.95

BTIIIDCCSHU Shugart / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.) $14.95

(For lull size single SA8D1 oi compatible drives)

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworrh:) (210) 709-5464 - (IRVINE:) (714) 660-1411

rMule OOO «r% Innnlni

PRIORITY ONE IS NUMBER 1!

OTHERS COME AND GO, WHILE WE HAVE BECOME THE LARGEST MAIL-ORDER DISTRIBUTOR IN THE MICRO-COMPUTER INDUSTRY. ORDER WITH CONFIDENCE. WHEN YOU HAVE A QUESTION, WE'LL BE HERE NEXT WEEK, NEXTMONTH AND NEXT YEAR! WE'RE NUMBER 1 AND STILL TRYING HARDER!

APPLE ll/lle DISK DRIVES

Drive. Cartridges, DMA Controller, Cabinet and Power SupplyFULLY APPLE II COMPATIBLE

ADD-ON DRIVE

BTVIS3I01 (Shipping Weight 6 lbs.) $229.00

DISK DRIVE WITH CONTROLLERBTVIS31I1 {Shipping Weigh! 7 lbs.) $289.00BTVISAFDC Apple II Drive Controller $ 79.00

6 MEGABYTEDISK SUBSYSTEM

BTVIS1840 List Price: $1549.00 SALE: $1299.00

MULTICARD

MEMORY & I/O CARD

64 K RAM Expandableto 256K

One RS232 Serial PortOne Parallel Printer PortBTVIS325665

• Real Time ClockCalendar withBattery Backup(Shipping WeightList Price: $595.00

lb.)

ANNIVERSARY SALE PRICE:

$329.00

BJ:WhJ=l:Um IBM IVIAXICARD

m h ■ i .ri^-MHH PERSONAL COMPUTER RAM CARD

COEX80F/T

DOTMATRIXPRINTER

BTC0XB0FT Parallel Interlace 80 cps (21 lbs.) $289.00

BTC0XB0FTSER Serial Interface 80 cps (21 lbs.) $289.00

BTCOMPLINTP Apple II Parallel Interface (1 lb.) $49.95

ita*

GEMINI 10 & 15

BTGEMTDI 120 cps Parallel Int. 80 col (20 lbs) $319.00BT6EM15 100 cps Parallel Int. 132 col (26 lbs.) $459.00BTGEMSEfiINT Serial interface card for $85.00 GEMIOXand GEM1S (1 lb)

XIOM CORPORATION

BTMM6P100A 30 cps 8 col dot matrix (11 lbs.)

$229.00

BT0KIDAT8ZATBT0KI0ATB3ATBT0KI0AT82APBTDKIDATB2AS

BT0KI0AT92ATBT0KIDAT93APBT0KIDAT93AS

OKI DATA

TRACTOR INCLUDED (25 lbs.) $449.00

TRACTOR INCLUDED (35 lbs.) $729.00

0KIDATA 92A Parallel (25 lbs.) $480.00

0KIDATA92A Serial (25 lbs.) $599.00

0KIDATA92A Tractor (2 lbs.) $ 79.95

0KIDATA93A parallel (35 lbs.) $830.00

0KIDATA93A Serial (35 lbs.) $995.00

MANNESMANN TALLY

LETTER QUALITY DOT MATRIX PRINTER

160 cps

• 40 cps (Letter quality) •

• Serial & Parallel Interface

• Double wide characters8TTAUHT1601 160 cps 80 Col (21 lbs)BTTALMT180L 160 cps 132 col. (28 lbs.)

Tractor and friction feed"Bullet-Proof cast framewith metal cabinet

$569.00$784.00

QUME LETTER QUALITYPRINTER

BTQMES945 45 cps Spnnl 9 (49 lbs.) $1789.00

BTgMES955 55 cps Spring 9 (49 lbs.) $2195.00

BTQMESt 140 40 cps Sprint 11 (45 lbs.) $1389.00

BT0MES11RS23Z RS232 Module for Sprint 11 (3 lbs.) $ 99.00

BTOMESHCENT Centronics parallel for Sprint 11 (3 lbs) $ 99.00

BTT0MESltlEEE4e8 IEEE488 Module lor Spfinl 11 (3 lbs) $ 99.00

BT0MES1IIBM IBM module lor Sprint 11 (3 lbs) $ 99.00

BTOHEBDT Bi-Directional Tractor (9 lbs.) $ 349.00

BTQMEWB Wire basket (2 lbs.) $ 85.00

BTQMECSF Cut Sheet Feeder (20 lbs) $ 849.00

PERSONAL COMPUTER RAM CARD

POPULATED IN 64K, 256K, or 576K

64K $219.00

BTVIS057BB4 List Price: $379.00

SAVE $160.00!!

256K $489.00

BTWS057B256 List Price: $789.00

SAVE $320.00!!576K $849.00

BTVIS0576576 List Price: $1299.00

SAVE $450.00!!

Warranty

Available with 256K S 576K boards only (Sri. Wl 6 lbs.)

(IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines)

51/*" FLOPPY DISKETTES

Runs at full speed withno wait statesParity can be disabledat User's optionOn board parity bit oneach Byte

Fully expanded, a full576 KB on one cardOne board fills entireprimary RAM addressspace availableFull Vista 120 Day

ULTRA

MAGNETICS

JS5SW Mass*

Includes reinforcement ring100% Surface tested

Write protect with tabsLifetime warranty'

SINGLE SIDED

40 TRACKS —DOUBLE DENSITY

ORDERING INFORMATIONBTUIT51401 Soft SectorBTULT514I0 10 SectorBTULT514I6 16 Sector

1 BOXOF 10:

2BOXES:

10BOXES:

$ 25.00$ 40.00

$180.00

BTULT52401 Soft sector. 40 track. 2 sidedBTULT52410 10 sector, 40 track. 2 sidedBTULT52418 16 sector, 40 track, 2 sided1 BOX OF 10 2 BOXES 10 BOXES

$35.00 $60.00 $280.00.

PRIORITY^

MONITORS

COLOR MONITORS

*" TAXAN

Part No. Description Utt Price Our Price

BTTAXRBBI 12" med. res. RGB (29 lbs.) $399.00

BTTAXRGB3 12" high res. RGB (29 lbs.) $699.00

BTTAX410-O3 Apple II RGB int. w/cable (1 lb.)BTTAX410-80 Apple lie & III 80 col. RGB inL (1 lb.)BTTAXIBMRGB IBM PC" RGB Cable (1 lb.)BTTAXR6BAPL Apple lie & III RGB Cable (1 lb.)

$328.95

$499.87

$125.00

$179.00

$19.00

$19.00

SANYO

BTSY0VMC70I3 13" NTSC w/sound (35 lbs.) $650.00 $349.00

BTSY0DM61I3 13" RGB (35 lbs.) $795.00 $499.00

BTST0AVM255 25" RGB/NTSC $795.00 $699.00

(25" Monitor shipped freight collect)

BTSV0DMB112CX 12" green (24 lbs) S26000 $159.00

SERIES 10 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

Pitt Ho. Omcriptlcn Uit Price Our Mm

BT HP-10C Scientilic S 70.00 559.00

BTHP-11C Adv. scientitic $90.00 $79.00

BT HP-12C Adv. financial $120.00 $99.00

BT HP-ISC Adv. sci. w/matrix $120.00 $99.00

BT HP-1BC Digitals Computer science $120.00 $99.00(Shipping Weights on above calculators: 3 lbs. each)

HP-41C/CV HANDHELD COMPUTER SYSTEM

BT HP-41 CBT HP-41 C»

BT HP82104ABT HP82153ABT HP821B1ABTHP821B2A

BTHP821B3A

Handheld computerHandheld computerw/5x the memoryCard readerOptical WandCassette driveThermal PrinterVideo Intedace

S195.00 $159.00$275.00 $219.00

St95.OOSI59.00$125,00 5 99.00$450.00 5349.00$450.00 5349.00$225.00 $179.00

(Shipping Weights on above items 5 lbs. esch)

ENHANCEMENT MODULES:

BT HP821B0A HP-IL module $125.00 $9S.OO

BT HP82170A Quad RAM module $ 75.00 $59.00

BT HP82180A Extended functions/ $ 75.00 $59. OO

memory module

BTHP82I81A Ext. memory module $75.00 559.00

BT HP82I82A Time module $ 75.00 559.00(Shipping Weights on above items: 1 lb. each)

HP-75C PORTABLE COMPUTER

BT HP-75C (Sh. Wt 9 lbs.) List Price: $995.005795.00

ACCESSORIES FOR HP-75C

BT HP00075-I5014 VisiCalc* ROM for HP-75C $195.00

BT HP00075-15019 Text formatter for HP-75C $ 95.00

BT HP00O75-15O12 Surveying Pac lor HP-75C $295.00

BT HP00075-15015 Math Pac for HP-75C $145.00

BT HP00075-15035 Data Communications Pac for HP-75CS14S.O0

BT HP00075-1301B Graphics solutions book $ 45.00

(Shipping weights for above items' 1 lb. each)

ELECTRONICS

9161 Deering Ave,,. Chatswor th.CA 91311ORDER TOLL FREE (800 423-5922 - CA, AK\ HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms U S VISA, MC. BAC. Check, Money Order, U S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6Vz% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S15.00 Include MINIMUMSHIPPINGS HANDLING of S3 00 for the first 3 lbs plus40ff for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just incase, please include you;phone number Prices subject lo change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through August, j 983. Credit Card orders will be charged appronatefreight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only We =hp nol responsible lor typographical errors. Circle 322 on inquiry card.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (IRVINE:) (714) 660-1411

NOT JUST AN ORDINARY SALE! WE HAVE SLASHED PRICES TO THE BONE AS OUR WAY OF THANKING

YOU, OUR VALUED CUSTOMERS FOR 6 YEARS OF LOYALTY. WE'VE CONTINUOUSLY GROWN AND EXPANDED BY

OFFERING YOU THE BEST VALUE FOR YOUR MONEY WITH THE DEST AFTER-SALE SUPPORT

LEMON™ SOURS SURGES!

NEW!

From

The LEMON, LIME, ORANGE, and PEACH are solidstate and EMI-RFI noise filters designed to protect allmini and micro computers, word processors, printers,disc drives, and other computer-controlled equipmentthat is plugged into an AC power line. There may benothing more terrifying than to lose all of your softwareor data files due to a high voltage spike or noise from anadjacent elevator, air conditioner, or any other highpowered equipment being operated in the nearby areaWith a LEMON, LIME, ORANGE, or PEACH, you can besure that the FRUITS of your computer labor will beprotected from most voltage spikes and EMI-RFIinterferences.

SUPER DJVLM SALE!

HITACHI

Hitachi Denshi.Ltd.

AUTO RANGING3% DIGIT LCD

• Eight measurement functionswith auto ranging • Data holdfeature • Continuity beeper •Temperature measurements (ex-cept HITVR3550) • .5 to.1%accuracy* 10M input imped-ance • 250V overload protec-tion on all resistance functions

• 1 too VDC or 850 VAC over-load protection on volt scales

Pirt No. Description (Sh Wl 2 lbs) Uit Price Our Price

$127.00 $105.00

$15700 $130.00

$187.00 $180.00

$15.00

* Mi *« A I

BTHITKR3550 .5% Autoranging DMMBTHITVR3525 25% with tempBTHITVR35I0 1% with lempBTHIT6703 Soft carrying case

IFLUKE

BTFLU802ZBBTFLU8021BBTFLU8020BBTFLU8024B

iShipnBTTLU8010ABTFLU80IOAOIBTFLU8012ADTFLU8012A01BTTUI8O80ABTFLUB062ABTFLU8050ABTFLUB0SOAO1BTFLUC90*

Handheld DMM .25% Accuracy

Handheld DMM .5% Accuracy w/cond

Handheld DMM .1% Accuracy

Handheld DMM. 1 % Accuracy. Pk. & Hold

mg Weights on above items: 2 lbs. each)

10A Tru RMS Bench DMM (6 lbs.)

FLU8010A w/battery(6 lbs.)

Low Ohms Tru-RMS Bench (6 lbs.)

FLU8012Aw/battery(6 lbs.)

4'ADigit DMM w/Frequency Counter (2 lbs.

4.5 digit Handheld DMM (2 lbs.)

4.5 digit Tru-RMS Bench DMM (6 lbs.)

FLU8050A w/battery (6 lbs.)

Soft carrying case ($10.

KEITH LEY

$144.00$159.00$194.00$249.00

$259.00$299.00$339.00$379.00

I $349.00$279.00$389.00$439.00

00) fC

BTKTH130 3.5 digit 5% Accuracy handheld DMM $129.00

BTKTH131 3.5 digit .25% Accuracy handheld DMM $139.00

BTKTM28 3.5 digit handheld DMM w/beeper $139.00

BTKTH132C 35digilhandheldDMMw/themiometer(Cent.) $109.00

BTKTH132F 3.5 digil handheld DMM w/thermometer (Far.) $209.00

BTKTHI35 4>/2 digit handheld DMM $239.00

(Shipping Weights for above items: 2 lbs. each)

BTKTH1B9 35 digit bench LCD DMM $189.00

BTKTH178 4.5 digil bench LCD DMM $299.00

BTKTH17BA 4.5 digil bench LED DMM $359.00

BTXTHI9II910 5 5 digil bench DMM $870.00

BTKTHI01I920 5.5 digit bench true RMS $940.00

(Shipping Weights for above items: 6 lbs. each)

BTKTH1304* Soft carrying case ($10.00) 10

BUY A SOFT CARRYING CASE FOR f $

'With the purchase of any Fluke or Kelthly Handheld DMMI

> AC SURGE PROTECTORS

Pint No. Description Uit Price Our Price

BTEPDLEMON 6 outlet wall mount $59.95 $44.95

BTF.PDLIME 6 outlet 4 Vt" cord 89.50 $69.95

w/power switch(Shipping Weight 4 lbs each)

EMI-RFI FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR

BTEPDORANSE 6 outlet 4Vi" cord $139.95 $104.95

BTEPDORANSE 6 outlet 4','2" cordw/power switchBTEPOPEACH 6 outlet wall mount

$97.50 $ 74.95

MODEMS

Pari No

Description

U.S.ROBOTICS

Uil Price SALE PRICE

BTUSRADIAL212A 1200 baud Auto Orig/Answer $599.00BTUSRPASSWORD 1200 baud Auto Orig/Answer $44900BTOSRTELPACB Password Comm. Software 8" CP/MBTUSRTELPAC5A Password Comm. Software 5V AppleBTUSRMLNK300 Micro Link 300 Baud $179.00

BTUSBMLNK1200 Micro Link 1200 Baud $449.00

BTUSRALNK300 Auto Link 300 Baud $219.00

BTUSRALNKI200 Auto Link 1200 Baud $499.00

(Shipping Weights on above items: 4 lbs. each)SEE PAGE 30 OF THIS MONTH'S BYTEFOR MORE INFORMATION

D.G HAYES

GTDCH0400P

1200 Baud Smartmodem

S695.00

S5I4.95

BTDCH0200P

300 Baud Smartmodem

$279.00

$229.00

BTBCH0300P

Chronograph

$249.00

SI 99.00

BTDCH0100P

MicroModem 100

S399.00

S349.00

BTDCH0000P

MicroModem II

$379.00

$299.00

RJXON

1200 BAUDAUTO DIALDIRECT CONNECT MODEMS WITH 10 NUMBER MEMORY

BTRIXR212A 1200 Baud Stand Alone unit $495.00 $475.00

BTRIXPC212A 1200 IBM PC" modem(2 lbs.) $495.00 $475.00BTRIXPCC0M1 IBM PC" Modem Software (1 lb.) S 89.00

BTPDBRIXIBM IBM Modems SoftwareTogelher(3 lbs.) $539.00SEE PAGE 445 OF THE JULY ISSUE OF BYTEFOR MORE INFORMATION

MURA DIRECT CONNECT MODEM$79.00

0 - 300 BAUDMURAMM-100

• 0-300 Baud

• RS232C interface

• Full duplex

• Carrier detect indicator

• Bell 103 compatible

• Low voltage

• Originate/Answer switch selectable

Uit Price Our Price

BTMURMMIOO 0 - 300 baud modem (2 lbs) $9995 $79.00BTCNDRS2328F RS232 cable $19.95

TERMINALS

VISUAL 50

BTVSL50BW Black & White 12"BTVS1506N Green Screen 12"

$695.00 (41 lbs.) $625. OO$770.00 111 lbs) $655.OO

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

VISUAL HuelKm ADOS tjir Tlltlldio

50 Eilrtt (liwpolnt Sllllir 910

IMH

Tilt S SwivelDetached KeyboardN-Key RolloverAudible Key ClickMenu Set-Up ModeStatus LineFull 5 Adribute

SelectionSmooth ScrollLine Drawing

Character Set8lock ModeInsert/Delete LineBi-Directional

Aux. PortColumnar TabbingIndependent RCV7

TX RatesAnswerback User

Programmable

YESYESYESYESYESYES

YESYES

YESYESYES

YES

YES

YESYES

■0

no

NOYESNONO

no

NO

NO

YES

YES

YES

YES

NONO

NOYESYESNONONO

NONO

no

NONO

NONO

NO

no

no

NONONONO

nono

NO

no

no

NO

YESNO

no

OPT

NONONONONONO

YES

nono

YES

YES

NO

YES

no

NO

VISUAL 55 & 030

Same as above with additional insert/delete character. 12 uer program-mable function keys, selectable scrolling region, programmable messageIraming codes, and Hazeltine 1510 compatibility.

0TVSL55BH Green screen 12" (Sh. Wt. 41 lbs.) $689.00

BTKSL3306M Green 12" CRT (Sh. Wl 41 lbs) $1200.00 $895.00

BTYSL33014GN Green 14" CRT (Sh. Wt. 41 lbs.) $1250.00 $949.00

TELEVIDEO

BTP0BTU9252P w/2nd page memory kil FREE(A$95.00 Value) $729.00BTP0BTHW504P w/2nd. 3rd. S 4th page memory kit FREE $929.00(A 285.00 Value) above items 37 lbs ea.

BTTLV910 80 col. terminal (Sh. Wt. 37 lbs) $558.95

BTTIV970 14" 80/132 col. terminal (Sh. Wt. 40 lbs.) $1019.00

LIDERTY ELECTRONICS

BTUBF50 Freedom 50 (Sh. Wt. 30 lbs.)

ADDS

$599.00 $474.00

BTADDVWPR Viewpoint 3A+ (30 lbs.)

$695.00 $575.00

QUME

BTQWE102 80 Column GreenlSh Wl 30 lbs) $550.00

BTQME102AM 80 Column Amber (Sh Wt 30 lbs) $505.00

BTQME103 80/132 Column Green (Sh Wl 30 Ibsl $765.00

BTQME1D9 22 function key. 80 col Green (30 lbs 1 $749.00

BTQMEtOBAM 22 function key 80 col Amber |3C Ins 1 S765 00

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (IRVINE:) (714) 660-1411

rniVHIl T UNE IS NUMBER 1!

PRIORITY ONE IS YOUR PROTOTYPING SUPER-MARKET

page PLUGBOARDS

S-100 PLUGBOARDS

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

1-4

5-0

10-24

BTP6BPI001 S-100 Bare Board

BTP6BP1002 S-100 Horizontal Busses

BTP6BP1003 S-100 Vertical Busses

BTP6BP1004 S-100 Pads Per Hole

$15.95 $13.95 $11.95

$22.95 $19.95 $17.95

$22.95 $19.95 $17.95

$23.95 $20.95 $18.95

APPLE PLUGBOARDS

BTPG8P5O01 Apple bare board $15.95 $13.95 $11.95

BTPGBP5002 Apple horizontal busses $22.95 $19.95 $18.95BTPEBP5004 Apple pads per hole $23.95 $20.95 $18.85

UNIVERSAL PLUGBOARDS

4,5" x 6.5" or 9.6" edge connector as indicated for .3", .4". .6", .9" dips.Accommodates 1" IDC connectors at top of board.

BTPEBP4411 4 5"x6" 22/44 156" bare boardBTP6BP4413 4 5"x6" 22/44 156" 2 holes per

pad venical bussesBTPSBIM4I4 4 5"x6" 22/44 156" pad per hole $14.95 $13.50 $12.50BTMBN4ZI 4 5"x9 6" 22/44 156" bareboardBTPS8P4423 4 5"x9 6" 22/44 156" 2 holes

per pad vertical bussesBTPSBP4424 4 5"9 6" 22/44 156" pad per hole $15.85 $14.50 $13.50BTP6BP5B1I 4 5"x6" 28/56 125 STD barebrd $11.85 $10.85 $9.95BTP6BP5613 4 5"x6" 28/56 125 STD 2 holes $15.85 $14.50 $13.50

per pad venical bussesBTP8BP5614 4 5"x6" 28/56 125 STD pd/hole8TPGBP7211 4 5"x6" 36/72 1" bareboardBTP6BP7213 4 5"x6" 36/72 1" 2 holes per

pad vertical bussesBTP6BP72I4 4 5"x6" 36/72 1" pad per holeBTPBBP7221 4 5"x9 6" 36/72 1" bareboardBTP6BP7223 4 5"x9 6" 36/72 1" 2 holes per

pad vertical bussesBTPSBP7224 4 5"x96" 36/72.1" pad per hole

$ 9.85 $ 8.95 $ 7.95$13.95 $12.58 $11.58

$10.95 $ 8.95 $ 9.95$14.95 $13.50 $12.50

$15.95 $15.50 $14.50

$ 9.85 $ 8.95 $ 7.95

$13.95 $12.50 $11.50

$14.95 $13.50 $12.50

$10.95 $ 9.95 $ 8.95

$14.95 $13.50 $12.50

$15.95 $14.50 $13.50

VECTOR IDM PC" PLUGDOARDS

4.2" x 13.325" FR4 drilled t. plated holes 31/62 contacts on 1 centerscomplete with card guide and mounting bracket that accepts "D"connectors

PART NO.

DESCRIPTION

1-5

6-24 25+

IBM 3 holes per pad withhoriz busses f/soldenng44 16 pin dip capacityIBM bare board 84 16pin dips

IBM horizontal busses lorwire wrap 55 16 pin dip

$39.00 $35.10 $31.20

$26.95 $24.26 $21.56$36.95 $33.26 $29.56

capacity

IDC HEADER CONNECTORS

11

k liiUliliilil•-•*'■RIGHT ANGLE S0LDERTAIL GOLD HEADER

1" Spacing Mounts on PC Board & Mates with IDC Sockei aboveNO. OF PRICE

Pari No.

PINS 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249 250-999

BTIDCRAH10ST 5/10 1.20 1.10 1.00 .80 .65

BTIDCRAN20ST 10/20 1.90 1.60 1.20 1.00 .85

8T1DCRAH26ST 13/26 2.25 2.00 I.5S I.2S 1.05

BTIDCHAH34ST 17/34 2.95 2.60 2.05 1.70 1.45

BT1DCRAH40ST 20/40 3.60 3.00 2.40 2.00 1.70

BT10CRAH50ST 25/50 4.30 3.60 3.00 2.50 2.10

RIGHT ANGLE WIRE WRAP GOLD HEADER

BTIDCRAHIOWW 5/10

BTIDCRAH20WW 10/20

BTIDCRAH28WW 13/26

BTIDCRAH34WW 17/34

BTIDCRAN40WW 20/40

BTIDCRAH50WW 25/50

2.604.005.005.957.007.95

2.353.504.305.006.006.50

2.102.753.504.154.905.90

1.80

1.50

2.20

1.80

2.90

2.40

3.20

2.70

4.00

3.40

5.00

4.00

CALL FOR STRAIGHT HEADERS NOT LISTED

s!if Texas Instruments16 PIN gty TIN

TIN DIP ^i^^ — ^jsIbTT

SOLDERTAILfl ^^ isn ■■«. ■■.. $ 8.00SOCKETS ^1 W >°°° « Kn nn

^H (SliWt4lbs)5 DU.UU(Sh .'.'; 15 lbs)$225.00

RS232 and "D" SUD-MINIATURECONNECTORS

P=Plug, Male Type — S=Socket, Female Type

Part No.

No. 01Pint 1-9

PRICE10-24 25-99

100-249

250-999

BTCNDDE9P 9

BTCNDDE9S 9

BTCNDDA15P 15

BTCNDDA15S 15

BTCNDDB25P 25

BTCNDDB25S 25

BTCNDDC37P 37

BTCND0C37S 37

BTCNDOD50P 50

BTCNOD050S 50

$2.00 $1.60

$2.75 $2.40

$2.60 $2.30

$3.40 $3.00

$2.75 $2.50

$4.00 $3.50

$4.50 $4.00

$6.00 $5.40

$5.95 $5.35

$7.95 $7.20

$1.45 $1.35

$2.05 $1.85

$2.00 $1.80

$2.70 $2.50

$2.25 $1.05

$3.25 $3.00

$3.60 $3.30

$4.80 $4.30

$4.75 $4.25

$6.50 $6.00

$1.25 $1.05

$1.75 $1.60

$1.70 $1.55

$2.30 $2.15

$1.60 $1.35

$2.60 $2.25

$3.05 $2.60

$4.00 $3.70

$3.95 $3.60

$5.75 $5.50

D" CONNECTOR HOODS

SB? w*

2 pc. Grey

Style A

2 pt Black - Style B

1 pc. Grey

Style C

Part Nn.

Pins/Style

1-9 10-24 25-99

100- 250-249 999

1000+

9A15A25A

BTCNDBE9C

BTCNBDA15C

BTCNDP25H

BTCNDDB51226 25B

BTCNDDB5I2I2 25C

BTCN0DC37C

BTCND0D50C

37A50A

$1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00 $ .90 $ .80

$1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00 $ .90 $ .80

$1.50 $1.25 $1.10 $1.00 $ .90 $ .80

$1.75 $1.50 $1.35 $1.20 $1.10 $ .95

$1.65 $1.40 $1.25 $1.15 $1.05 $ .90

$1.75 $1.59 $1.35 $1.20 $1.10 $ .95

n $2.00 $1.75 $1.50 $130 $1.15 $1.00

BTCNDD20418 Hrdware $1.00 $ .60 $ .70 $ .60 $ .50 $ .40set 2/Pr

CENTRONICS/EPSON PRINTER CONNECTORS

BTCND5730360 Solder $9.00 $7.50 $6.00 $5.25 $4.50BTIDC57303B0 IDC $9.95 $9.00 $6.00 $7.00 $6.00

IDC INSULATION DISPLACEMENT

D-SUDMINIATURE CONNECTORS

P=Plug. Male Type — S=Sockel, Female Type — C=Cover HoodBTIDC0B25P 25 tUTO !M0 4I0 *M TooBTI0CBB25S 25 6.60 6.00 5.20 4.50 3.50BTIDCDB25C 25 1.60 1.50 1.35 1.20 1.10PLEASE CALL FOR IDC "0" CONNECTORS HOT LISTED

IDC SOCKET CONNECTORS

% i o M/ Bl-ll

34-00 i

NO. OFPART NO. PINS

PRICE10-24 25-99 100-249 250-9!

BTIDCIOSKT 5/10 1.90

BTIDC20SKT 10/20 2.75

BTIDC26SKT 13/26 3.50

BTIDC34SKT 17/34

BT1DC40SKT 20/40

BTIDC50SKT 25/50

4.505.406.50

1.702.503.204.205.000.00

1.50 1.25

1.85

2.40

3.10

3.85

4.60

1.60

1.30

2.00

1.60

2.60

2.20

3.00

2.60

3.80

3.20

IDC PLUG CONNECTORS

1" Spacing presses onto cable and males with Socket Conectois above

BTI0CSB20I0 10/20

BTIDCB82610 13/26

BTI0C6834I0 17/34

BTI0CB840I0 20/40

BTIDG085010 25/50

5.508.257.007.50

8.50

5.205.656.256.757.50

4.805.005.706.006.50

CALL FOR PROTOTYPING SUPPLIES NOT LISTED

CALL FOR PROTOTYPINGSUPPLIES NOT LISTED

PRIORITYi

TOM

1MUGEMTIMC

GOLD/TIN 3 LEVEL WIRE WRAP SOCKETS

GOLD PLATED CONTACTS NEW!

SELECTIVE PLATEDPINS THAT WILL SAVEyou MONET BTHAVING GOLD ONLTWHEr.F IT C0UNTSITINPLATED

TAILS

PRICESTANDARD 10-24 100-249

PART NO. PINS PCKBE EACH 25-99 250-999

BTRNSOSTWWBTRNS14TWW8TRNS16TWW0TRNS18TWWBTRNS20TWWBTRNS22TWWBTRNS24TWWBTRNS28TWWBTRNS40TWW

523026232119171510

.55.65.75.901.10

N/A.55.05.79

.95

1.25 1.15

1.25 1.15

1.50 1.45

2.00 1.80

.45.50.52.75.911.051.05

.37.44.46.05.82.89.891.151.60 1.40 1.30

.41.47.51.70.87.94.96

"MINIMUM ORDER St 00 per line item. To receive quantity prices beyond1st Column you must order EXACT multiples ol STANDARD PACKAGES.

ICU SERIES

SOLDERTAIL

LOW PROFILE

D.I.P. SOCKETS

STANDAHD 10-49 100-499 1.000 +

PART NO. PINS PK6EEACH 50-99 500-999

BTBNS08LPBTRNSI4LPBTRHS1BLPBTRHSISLPBTBHS20LPBTHNS22LPBTRHS24LPBTRNS2BLPBTRNS40LP

08 52 .25

14 30 .25

16 26 .25

18 23 .30

20 21 .30

22 19 .35

24 17 .40

28 15 .45

40 10 .50

N/A.18.20.25.25.30.35.40.45

.10.15.18.22.23.25.30.35.42

.08.14IB.18.20.22.24.28.40

.075

.12

.13

.15

.17

.19

.20

.24

.35

.07

.11

.12

.13

.145

.17

.18

.21

.31

•MINIMUM ORDER 51.00 per line item. To receive quantity prices beyond1st column you must order EXACT multiples ot STANDARD PACKAGES

EDGECARD CONNECTOR

I

•iThHiH-H-lrhljiHrH-

I

PART NO.

NO. OFPINS

1-9

10-24

PRICE25-99

00-249 250-999

BTIDC1BCE 5/10 3.95

BTI0C20CE 10/20 4.35

BTIDC26CE 13/26 5.00

BTIDC34CE 17/34 6.60

BTI0C40CE 20/40 6.80

BTIDC50CE 25/50 7.25

3.554.004.255.406.206.00

3.003.303.504.505.305.90

2.502.502.703.504.204.90

2.002.102.302.903.403.90

RIDDON CABLE

COLOR CODED LAMINATED CABLE FOR INSULATIONDISPLACEMENT 28 BAUBE. 7 STBANB

PART NO.

NO. OFCONDUCTORS

PRICE PER SPOOL10 Ft. 200 Ft*

BTIDCI0CC*BTIDC14CC*BTIDC16CC*BTIDC20CC*BTIDC25CC*BT1BC26CC*BTIBC34CCBTIBC40CC*BTIBC50CC*

10141620252634405C

$ 3.804.755.507.008.508.5011.0013.0016.00

$ 66.0080.0090.00120.00150.00150.00195.00230.00280.00

GBAV LAMINATED CABLE FOR INSULATION DISPLACEMENT28 Gauge 7 Strand

PART NO.

NO. OF

CONDUCTORS

PRICE PER SPOOL10 PL 200 Ft-

IO1416202526344050

2.503.504.004.806.006.008.3010.0012.00

$36.0050.0060.0075.0095.0095.00125.00150.00180.00

■Add "-200 to Part Number lor 200 Ft. spool

ELECTRONICS

9161 Deering Ave,, Chatsworth CA 91311ORDER TOLL FREE (600) 420-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL C213) 709-5111

Terms U S VISA. MC. BAC. Check, Money Order. U £ Funds Only CA residents add 6'/:?% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER SI 5.00. Include MINIMUMSHIPPINGS HANDLING of S3 00 for the firsl 3 lbs plus 40$ for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just mease, please include yourphone number Prices subiect to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through August, 1983. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriatefreight Sale prices tor prepaid orders on'y. We are not responsible lor typographical errors. Circle 322 on inquiry card.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (IRVINE:) (714) 660-1411

The APPIC PATCH

FIX VOUfl APPICWITHOUT COSTLYACPAIft BILLS

Hi* PATCH lnclud««

- one of each of the IC chips found in theApple II* and compatibles: 32 chips in-cluding the 6502 (excluding ROMs andcharacter generator). These chips alone ex-ceed the cost of the kit.

- Three transistors and a chip puller.

- Sixty page manual with full instructions foreasy diagnosis and repair. Written byengineers who maintain hundreds of Apples.

- Packaged in attractive binder with slipcoverEven those with little or no electronic repairexperience, can fix their Apple*. Don't wait untilyour computer is down.

Visa and Mastercharge accepted. With checks,allow two weeks for delivery. Please enclose$2.50 for shipping and handling.

ICC

69*95 460 N. Unlv five. *1

" DEALERS: Provo, UT 84601

INQUIRIES INVITED (801) 373-1313

DATA SWITCH IN KIT FORM

MODEL 1200 RS 232 Bidirectional Data Switchwith 3 2' Extension Cablet in Kit Form

Model 1200 gives the terminal or micropro-cessor user a second interface for a Printer, Plot-ter, Modem. Operates at any speed, requires noexternal power, while providing 2 RS-232 inter-faces from the terminal or microprocessor. Builtin dete cables save money. The Kit consists of3-RS-232 Male connectors with all pins,switch, cable, pre-drilled Enclosure, all neces-sary hardware, and assembly instructions.

To order: Specify #1 200 Kit $99.50

Assembled & Tested: Specify #1200. $129.00

CALL Terminal Date Corp.11878 Coiklsy Circla, Rockville, MD 13011 881 7655

LSI C Compiler

for 8080/Z80

LSI C compiler is designed tor programs with

a small memory and a shorter CPU time.-A-The object code is compact and is faster than

leading "C" compilers (Eratosthenes: I3.4sec)Ikrlypedef, static, cast and initializers are available-A-The compiler and the generated code run

under CP.'M™, but also can be burnt into

PROMs.

Rational BASIC

a basic interpreter tor Z80 CP M

TEDDY

a full screen editor tor 8080,Z80CP M

CP M is j irademark oi DiM-t.il Reseat! h

for pamphlet write:P.O. Bo» 508 STA. CRUZCA. USA 95062

for further information contact:

LSI JAPAN CO., LTD.

.'-J4-4 YOYOGI SHI8UYA-KU TOKYO (131) PHONt (03)379^427

Circle 495 on Inquiry card.

Circle 496 on Inquiry card.

Circle 497 on Inquiry card.

I &TDK

The heart of your system.

Fit

S--

LIFETIME WARRANTY

Floppy Disks

DEALERS WELCOME

SYSTEMS PRODUCT EXCHANGE

5515 N.W. 74 Ave. • Miami, FL 33166(305) 885-4774 • 1-800-432-5115 FL

BEST PRICESIN THE U.S.

Call for our special dealerprogram. C.O.D.'s accepted.TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168in California (213) 706-1626

U.S.

U.S. EXCHANGE5015 Kanan Rd.Agoura Hills, CA 91301

Unbelievable!)!

$229.™.

NEW

Apple II (e) Slim Disk Drive $229.00

Amber 12" Monitor $ 139.00

Apple 11+

Compatible Computer with 64k,

Disk Drive, Controller, and

Monitor S970.00

PRINTERS

Gemini 10 120cps, 80 Column.$299.00

15 100 cps, 132 Column $490.00

MACROTRON.«,!«., ,«c.

ttliphon. 1314)7;

Circle 498 on Inquiry card.

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

Circle 499 on Inquiry card.

TURN YOUREFFORTS INTO

$$$

WANTED: SOFTWARE. Success-ful software company seeking addi-tional products to market. Must runon IBM mainframes or PCM's. Pre-fer programmer/operations produc-tivity aids. If you have written a pro-gram and you need an internationalcompany to market it for you, sendan abstract of the product to:

J. Zipp

Triangle Software

4340 Stevens Creek Blvd.

Suite 108

San Jose, CA 95129

(408) 554-8121

t.o°'

,Y-*

e»ce

c»t(

cV>

1&r **»^

^^'

J»

Each selection has a commentary byauthorities on UNIX and C to help youselect the right publication for you!

NEW NEW NEW

Responses from UNIX Commands, byHenry McGiiton and Rachel Morgan,explaining UNIX's cryptic messages toits users! $25.00 plus $2.50 shippingand handling.

QUANTITY DISCOUNTS

AVAILABLE

No Purchase Orders under $100.

Write or callThe UNIX Bookstore,International Technical Seminars, Inc.,520 Waller St., SF, CA 941171415) 621-6415'International Technical Seminars Is notassociated with Bell Labs'UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories

MODEMS

IBM-PC

RixonPC212A

S465.00

'Plugs Into IBM PC card slot'300 and 1200 bps. asynchronous•Full/Half duplex

•Automatic dialer, tone or pulse, auto redial■Battery protected memory for numberstorage

PC 212A Software $ 49.00

•Interfaces PC 212A MODEM to PC'Menu driven

'Stores telephone numbers, log-onprocedures

APPLE II, APPLE IIPLUS, FRANKLIN,BELL AND HOWELL

Multi-Tech MODEM II $265.00

•Plugs into I/O slot

•300 bps asynchronous, full/half duplex

•Automatic dialer

•Menu driven software

Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax.90-day return-to-factory warranty.10-45 delivery. Shipped U.P.S.Check, money order COD toJames Fox AssociatesBrownsburg RoadBox 139B R.D. «Newtown , PA 18940

215/598-3293

Circle 500 on Inquiry card.

Circle 501 on Inquiry card.

JDR SUPER SPECIALS!

THE LEADER III

h .III:

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umas vou these

FANTASTIC

OKI IYISIt15832RS

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CLOCK/CALENDAR CHIP

3.95 100/3.25 ea32.768KHZXTAL .95

OTHER CRVSTALS

3.579545MHZ .95

5.0688MHZ 1.95

18.432MHZ 1.95

78M05

VOLTAGEREGULATORTl PART#UA78M05CSTANDARD TO-220 CASE5 VOLT AT 500MA CAN BEUSED AS 7805T IN MOSTAPPLICATIONS

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iLiJJjMiJ

(CA Residents)

I I 1

.staatsw .afaaaaw

' I1

MasterCard

1 1 1

"^^- ™^»»-

CONNECTORS

IDP-16 IDC DIP—PLUG .95

IDE-34 IDC EDGE-CARD 1.95

ICC-14 DIP "HEADER" .49

ICC-16 DIP "HEADER" .59

44P-ST PC EDGE-CARD 1.95DB25PC/P VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.49DB25PC/S VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.69

TRANSISTORS

2N3904 TO-92

2N3906 TO-92

PN2222 TO-92

100/7.95100/7.95100/7.95 ,

CERAMIC

MONOLITHIC CAPS

AT THE PRICE

OF DISC!

.1UF-MONO 100/12.00

.047UF-MONO 100/11.00

.01UF-MONO 100/10.00

PRIME LED'S

JUMBO RED 100/ S.00

JUMBO YELLOW 100/12.00

JUMBO GREEN 100/12.00

5082-7760 10/ 7.95

JDR IYIIGRODEUICES

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AS AN AUTHORIZED DISTRIBUTOR

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CALL OR STOP BY

ARK

ELECTRONIC ENTERPRISES734 Phillips AvenueToledo, Ohio 43612

(419) 476-6727

MICROPROCESSOR

280A-CPU

3.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/1

12.95

Z80A-DART

6.95

8086 16-BIT 5MHZ

19.95

68A00 CPU 1.5MHZ

2.95

68A10 RAM 1.5MHZ

1.95

68A21 PIA 1.5MHZ

2.95

68A50 ACIA 1.5MHZ

2.95

6520/6820 PIA

2.95

MEMORV

2102L-4 450NS-LP

.55

2111L 450NS-LP

1.49

2112 450NS

1.99

2114 450NS

.99

2114-25 250NS

1.09

TMS4027 250NS

.99

SPECIAL

TMS4060/2107

4096 x 1 DYNAMIC

RAMS Tl OR INTEL

.69

YOUR CHOICE

'■ Yiin : II :hIK

TO MATT FOR HIS

SSESffl

I

tgHEIffllig

WHICH WILL EHABLE

l'l;HiM^|iJJjJ;VJ

iiMiiiiiTT

LINEAR I.C.'S

DISH CONTROLLERS

1771 11.95

LM1800 1.95 1

1791 18.95

LM1310 .99 ■

1793 18.95

MC1330 .99 IMC1350 .89 1

CRT CONTROLLERS

MC1358 .99 1

DP8350 19.95CRT5027 9.95

HARD TO FIND BLACK

CRT5037 9.95

COHDUCTIUE FOAM

ORAM CONTROLLERS

B202 17.95

14" x26" SHEET 12.00 1

8203 32.95

12" x 13" SHEET 6.00 ■

3242 5.95

visit our

3. If'liIII31]

Retail store

i 4MaM I II I ' \ ,

HOURS 10-3

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat.

Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: For shipping Include $2 lor UPS Ground or $3 lor UPS BlueLabel Air. Item* over 5 poundi require additional ahlpplng charges.Foreign order*, Include aufflclent amount (or ahlpplng. There Is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6'/j% SalesTax. Other California residents add 6°/s Salea Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible tor typographicalerrora. Prices are sub|ect to change without notice. We will match or

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 567

64K DYNAMIC200 NS

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

211412114-252114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM6116LP-3

HM6116LP-2

Z-6132

256 x 4256 % 41024 x 11024 x 11024 x 1256 x 4256x41024 x41024x41024 x 41024 x 41024 x44096 x 14096 x 14096 x 14096 x 11024 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 x 84096 x 8

(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(250ns)(450ns)(450ns)(450ns)(250ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(55ns)(450ns)(300ns)(200ns)(250ns)(200ns)(150ns)(100ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(200ns)(150ns)(120ns)(300ns)

(cmos)

(LP)(LP)

(LP)(LP)(LP)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(cmos)(LP)

(Ostat)

1.95

3.95

.89

.99

1.49

2.49

2.99

8/9.95

8/10.95

8/12.95

8/13.45

8/13.95

4.95

3.49

3.99

4.49

9.95

4.15

4.95

6.15

4.75

4.95

8.95

5.95

6.95

10.95

34.95

LP ! Low Power

Qstal = Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

UPD411

MM5280

MK4108

MM5298

I 4116-3004116-2504116-2004116-1504116-1202118

j 4164-2004164-150

4096 x 1

4096 x 1

4096 x 1

8192 x 1

8192 x 1

16384 x 1

16384 x 1

16384 x 1

16384 x 1

16384 x 1

16384 x 1

65536 x 1

65536 x 1

(250ns)

(300ns)

(300ns)

(200ns)

(250ns)

(300ns)

(250ns)

(200ns)

(150ns)

(120ns)

(150ns) (5v)

(200ns)(5v)

(150ns) (5v)

1.99

3.00

3.00

1.95

1.85

8/11.75

8/11.95

8/12.95

8/14.95

8/29.95

4.95

5-.95

6.95

5V single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2516

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-100

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2S64

MC68764

27128

256 x 81024 x 81024 x 82048 x 82048 x 82048 X 82048 X 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x 84096 x88192 x 88192x88192 x 88192x88192 x 816384x8

(1us)(450ns)(450ns) (5v)(450ns)(5v)(350ns)(5v)(450ns) (5v)(450ns)(450ns) (5v)(450ns) (5v)(250ns)(5v)(200ns)(5v)(450ns) (5v)(250ns) (5v)(200ns) (5v)(450ns) (5v)(450ns) (5v)(24 pin)Call

4.50

3.95

5.95

3.95

5.95

5.50

7.95

5.95

4.95

8.95

11.95 |

9.95

14.95

24.95

17.95

39.95

Call

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14PE-14TPE-24TPL-265TPR-125TlPR-320

XXXXX

CapacityChip

6

6

9201632

intensity(uW/Cm')

5,2005,2006,7006,70015,00015,000

83.00119.00175.00255.00349.00595.00 ,

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU

Z80-CTC

Z80-DART

Z80-DMA

Z80-PIO

Z80-SIO/0

Z80-SIO/1

Z80-SIO/2

Z80-SIO/9

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU

Z80A-CTC

Z80A-DART

Z80A-DMA

Z80A-PIO

Z80A-SIO/0

Z80A-SIO/1

Z80A-SIO/2

Z80A-SIO/9

3.954.4910.9514.95 I4.49 I16.95 I16.9516.9516.95

4.954.9511.9516.954.9516.9516.9516.9516.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 11.95 I

Z80B-CTC 13.95

Z80B-PIO 13.95

Z80B-DART 19.95 |

ZILOG

Z6132.Z8671

34.9539.95 J

CRYSTALS

32.768 khz

1.0 mhz

1.8432

2.0

2.097152

2.4576

3.2768

3.579535

4.0

5.0

5.0688

5.185

5.7143

6.0

6.144

6.5536

8.010.0

10.73863514.3181815.016.017.43018.018.43220.022.118432.0

1.954.954.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.95 J

CRT

controller:

68456SB45HD46505SP6847MC13726804782757220CRT5027CRT5037TMS9918A. DP8350

14.9519.9515.9511.956.9524.9529.9599.9539.9549.9539.9549.95 .

f KEYBOARD

CHIPS

AY5-2376

11.95

AY5-3600

11.95

I AY5-3600 PRO

11.95

8000

8035

8039

INS-8060

INS-8073

8080

8085

8085A-2

8086

8087

8088

8089

8155

8155-2

8156

8185

81B5-2

8741

8748

8755

5.956.9517.9524.953.955.9511.9529.95CALL39.9589.956.957.956.9529.9539.9539.9524.9524.95 .

8200

8202

8203

8205

8212

8214

8216

8224

8226

8228

8237

8237-5

8238

8243

8250

8251

8253

8253-5

8255

8255-5

8257

8257-5

8259

8259-5

8271

8272

8275

8279

8279-5

8282

8283

8284

8286

8287

8288

8289

24.95

39.95

3.50

1.60

3.85

1.75

2.25

1.80

3.49

19.95

21.95

4.49

4.45

10.95

4.49

6.95

7.95

4.49

5.25

7.95

8.95

6.90

7.50

39.95

39.95

29.95

8.95

10.00

6.50

6.50

5.50

6.50

6.50

25.00

49.95 ,

DISCI CONTROLLERS

17711791179317951797279127932795279768438272UPD765MB8876MB8877169112143

16.9524.9526.9549.9549.9554.3554.9559.9559.9534.9539.9539.9529.9534.9517.9518.95

6800

68000

6800

6802

6808

6809E

6809

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

68047

68488

680068B0068B0268B09E68B0968B1068B2168B4568B50

59.95

3.95

7.95

13.90

19.95

11.95

2.95

4.35

3.25

14.95

12.95

34.95

25.95

14.95

11.95

3.25

5.75

9.95

11.95

6.95

2.25

22.95

24.95

19.95

1MHZ

10.95

22.25

29.95

29.95

6.95

6.95

19.95

5.95

68BOO 2 MHZ

6500

650265046505650765206522653265456551

6502A6522A6532A6545A6551A

4.956.958.959.954.357.959.9522.5011.85

6.959.9511.9527.95T1.95

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

AY3-1015

PT1472

TR1602

2350

2651

TMS6011

IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

GENERATORSBIT-RATE

6.953.956.959.953.959.958.955.957.958.9510.95

MC14411

BR1941

4702

COM5016

COM8116

MM5307

11.9511.9512.9516.9510.9510.95

[CONNECTORS1

RS232 MALE 2.50

RS232 FEMALE 3.25

I RS232 HOOD 1.25

ls-100ST 3.95

FUNCTION

MC4024 3.95

LM566 1.49

XR2206 3.75

8038 3.95 j

74LS00

74LS0074LS0174LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS1374LS1474LS1574LS2074LS2174LS2274LS2674LS2774LS2874LS3074LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS4774LS4874LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS6374LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9174LS9274LS9374LS9574LS9674LS10774LS10974LS11274LS11374LS11474LS122,74LS12374LS12474LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13374LS13674LS13774LS13674LS13974LS14574LS14774LS14874LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS16274LS16374LS16474LS16574LS16674LS16874LS16974LS170

.24.25.25.25.24.25.28.29.25.35.35.45.59.35.25.29.25.29.29.35.25.29.55.35.35.25.49.75.75.75.25.29.291.25.39.35.39.39.49.60.69.39.55.89.55.55.75.89.39.39.39.39.39.45.792.90.49.49.59.59.39.99.55.551.202.491.35.55.551.90.69.69.65.59.69.65.69.65.69.951.951.751.751.49

74LS173

74LS174

74LS175

74LS181

74LS189

74LS190

74LS191

74LS192

74LS193

74LS194

74LS195

74LS196

74LS197

74LS221

74LS240

74LS241

74LS242

74LS243

74LS244

74LS245

74LS247

74LS248

74LS249

74LS251

74LS253

74LS257

74LS258

74LS259

74LS260

74LS266

74LS273

74LS275

74LS279

74LS280

74LS283

74LS290

74LS293

74LS295

74LS298

74LS299

74LS323

74LS324

74LS352

74LS353

74LS363

74LS364

74LS365

74LS366

74LS367

74LS368

74LS373

74LS374

74LS377

74LS378

74LS379

74LS385

74LS386

74LS390

74LS393

74LS395

74LS399

74LS424

74LS447

74LS490

74LS624

74LS640

74LS645

74LS668

74LS669

74LS670

74LS674

74LS682

74LS683

74LS684

74LS68S

74LS688

74LS689

74LS783

81LS95

B1LS96

81LS97

81LS98

25LS2521

25LS2569

.69

.55

.55

2.15

8.95

.89

.89

.79

.79

.69

.69

.79

.79

.89

.95

.99

.99

.99

1.29

1.49

.75

.99

.99

.59

.59

.59

.59

2.75

.59

.55

1.49

3.35

.49

1.98

.69

.89

.89

.99

.89

1.75

3.50

1.75

1.29

1.29

1.35

1.95

.49

.49

.45

.45

1.39

1.39

1.39

1.18

1.35

1.90

.45

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.49

2.95

.37

1.95

3.99

2.20

2.20

1.69

1.89

1.49

9.65

3.20

3.20

3.20

3.20

2.40

3.20

24.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

2.80

4.25

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 tor UPS BlueLabel Air. Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V»% SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided it Is not below our cost.

568 BYTE August 1983

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

2114 45oNS 8/$995 2114 25„NS 8/$10»5

7400

7400

7401

7402

7403

7404

7405

7406

7407

7408

7409

7410

7411

7412

7413

7414

7416

7417

7420

7421

7422

7423

7425

7426

7427

7428

7430

7432

7433

7437

7438

7440

7442

7443

7444

7445

7446

7447

7448

7450

7451

7453

7454

7460

7470

7472

7473

7474

7475

7476

7480

7481

7482

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

.19.19.19.19.19.25.29.29.24.19.19.25.30.35.49.25.25.19.35.35.29.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29.19.49.65.69.69.69.69.69.19.23.23.23.23.35.29.34.33.45.35.591.10.95.50.59.352.15.35.40.50.35.65.55.702.751.75.30.45.45.551.551.20.29.45.49.45.45.55

7413274136741417414274143741457414774148741507415174152741537415474155741567415774159741607416174162741637416474165741667416774170741727417374174741757417674177741787417974180741817418274184741857419074191741927419374194741957419674197741987419974221742467424774248742497425174259742657427374276742797428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM5314

MM5369

MM5375

MM58167

MM58174

MSM5832

4.953.954.958.9511.956.95 i

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2,95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

1.15

1.15

!79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

.34

LM340 (see 7800)

LM566

1.49

LM1800

2.37

CA 3023

2.75 CA 3082

1.65

LM301H

.79

LM348

.99

LM567

.89

LM1812

8.25

CA 3039

1.29 CA3083

1.55

LM307

.45

LM350K

4.95

NE570

3.95

LM1830

3.50

CA 3046

1.25 CA 3086

.80

LM308

.69

LM350T

4.60

NE571

2.95

LM1871

5.49

CA 3059

2.90 CA 3089

2.99

LM308H

1.15

LM358

.69

NE592

2.75

LM1872

5.49

CA 3060

2.90 CA 3096

3.49

LM309H

1.95

LM359

1.79

LM709

.59

LM1877

3.25

CA 3065

1.75 CA3130

1.30

LM309K

1.25

LM376

3.75

LM710

.75

LM1889

1.95

CA 3080

1.10 CA3140

1.15

LM310

1.75

LM377

1.95

LM711

.79

LM1896

1.75

CA 3081

1.65 CA 3146

1.85

LM311

.64

LM37B

2.50

LM723

.49

ULN2003

2.49

CA3160 1.19

LM311H

.89

LM379

4.50

LM723H

.55

LM2877

2.05

LM312H

1.75

LM380

.89

LM733

.98

LM2878

2.25

Tl

LM317K

3.95

LM380N

8 1.10

LM741

.35

LM2900

.85

LM317T

1.19

LM381

1.60

LM741N-V

.35

LM2901

1.00

TL494

4.20 75365

1.95

LM318

1.49

LM382

1.60

LM741H

.40

LM3900

.59

TL496

1.65 75450

.59

LM318H

1.59

LM383

1.95

LM747

.69

LM3905

1.25

TL497

3.25 75451

.39

LM319H

1.90

LM384

1.95

LM748

.59

LM3909

98

75107

1.49 75452

.39

LM319

1.25

LM386

.89

LM1014

1.19

LM3911

2.25

75110

1.95 75453

.39

LM320 (see 7900)

LM387

1.40

LM1303

1.95

LM3914

3.95

75150

1.95 75454

.39

LM322

1.65

LM389

1.35

LM1310

1.49

LM3915

3.95

75154

1.95 75491

.79

LM323K

4.95

LM390

1.95

MC1330

1.69

LM3916

3.95

75188

1.25 75492

.79

LM324

.59

LM392

.69

MC1349

1.89

MC4024

3.95

75189

1.25 75493

.89

LM329

.65

LM394H

4.60

MC1350

1.19

MC4044

4.50

75494

LM331

3.95

LM399H

5.00

MC1358

1.69

RC4136

1.25

LM334

1.19

NE531

2.95

MC1372

6.95

RC4151

3.95

Bl FET

LM335

1.40

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM4250

1.75

LM336

1.75

NE556

.65

LM1458

.59

LM4500

3.25

TL071

.79 TL084

2.19

LM337K

3.95

NE558

1.50

LM1488

.69

RC4558

.69

TL072

1.19 LF347

2.19

LM337T

1.95

NE561

24.95

LM1489

.69

LM13080

1.29

TL074

2.19 LF351

.60

LM338K

6.95

NE564

2.95

LM1496

.85

I.M1360O

1.49

TL081

.79 LF353

1.00

LM339

.99

LM565

.99

LM1558H

3.10

LM13700

1.49

TL082TL083

1.19 LF3551.19 LF356

1.101.10

H = TO

5 CAN

T =

TO-220

K

TO-3

LF357 1.40

CMOS

74S00

74S00

74S02

74S03

74S04

74S05

74S08

74S09

74S10

74S11

74S15

74S20

74S22

74S30

74S32

74S37

74S38

74S40

74S51

74S64

74S65

74S74

74S85

74S86

74S112

74S113

74S114

74S124

74S132

74S133

74S134

74S135

74S138

74S139

74S140

74S151

74S153

74S157

74S158

74S161

74S162

.32.35.35.35.35.35.40.35.35.35.35.35.35.40.88.85.35.35.40.40.501.99.50.50.50.552.751.24.45.50.89.85.85.55.95.95.95.951.951.95

74S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19574S19674S19774S20174S22574S24074S24174S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27474S27574S28074S28774S28874S289.74S30174S37374S37474S38174S38774S41274S47174S47274S47474S48274S57074S571

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

2.20

2.20

2.20

.95

.95

.95

.95

.79

19.95

19.95

1.95

1.90

1.90

6.89

6.95

2.45

2.45

7.95

1.95

2.98

4.95

4.95

4.95

15.25

2.95

2.95

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

MISC.

TMS99532

ULN2003

3242

3341

MC3470

MC3480

11C90

95H90

2513-001 UP

2513-002 LOW

1.59

1.89

.89

.89

.89

.89

2.95

2.29

1.99

.99

29.952.497.954.954.959.00

13.957.959.959.95

VOLTAGE

REGULATORS

7805T

.75

7905T

.85

78M05C

.35

7908T

.85

7808T

.75

7912T

.85

7812T

.75

7915T

.85

7815T

.75

7924T

.85

7824T

.75

7905K

1.49

7805K

1.39

7912K

1.49

7812K

1.39

7915K

1.49

7B15K

1.39

7924K

1.49

7824K

1.39

79L05

.79

78L05

.69

79L12

.79

78L12

.69

79L15

.79

78L15

.69

LM323K

4.95

78H05K

9.95

UA78S40

1.95

78H12K

9.95

C, T = TO-220

K = TO-3

L =

TO-92

IF VOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE.LET US KNOW AND WE WILL MEET OR DEAT THEIR

PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

* Computer managed inuentory — virtuallyno bach orders!

* very competitlue prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast service - most orders shipped within24 hours!

INTERSIL

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL7660

ICL8038

ICM7207A

ICM7208

9.9512.952.953.955.5915.95 ,

9000

93169334936894019601960296S02

1.002.503.959.95.751.501.95 ,

EXAR

XR 2206

3.75

XR 2207

3.75

XR 2208

3.75

XR 2211

5.25

XR 2240

3.25

I

DATA ACQUISITION

ADC0800 15.55 DAC080B 2.95

ADC0804 3.49 DAC1020 8.25

ADC0809 4.49 DAC1022 5.95

ADC0817 9.95 MC1408L6 1.95

DAC0800 4.95 MC1408L8 2.95

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4049

4050

4051

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

4502

4503

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4522

4526

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

4.18

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.951.19

.951.951.951.952.641.195.79

.95

.951.951.95

.75

.7512.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.391.291.99

.65

.65

.801.951.95

.394.501.191.75

.99

.895.752.253.251.751.191.191.191.191.392.00

.791.191.191.491.491.395.751.752.452.45

.39

.85

.8510.95

.951.002.002.759.958.958.951.951.192.7517.9515.954.494.955.95 |7.957.9519.95 J

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AY3-B910 12.95

AY3-8912 12.95MC3340 1.49,

ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 800-062-6279

ALL MERCHANDISE r-~! C^3 (CflLIFORNM RESIDENTS)

100% GUARANTEED CTJ EE3 CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

, 1983 JOR MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

BYTE August 1983 569

2732

32K EPROM

276a

64K EPROM

PROMS

Order byNational

EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS

Pari

Function32x8 OC

Tl

SIG82S23

MIMI6330-1

Harris7602

74S188

18SA030

1.95

74S287

256x4 TS

24S10

82S129

6301-1

7611

1.90

74S288

32x8 TC

18S030

82S123

6331-1

7603

1.90

74S387

256x4 OC

24SA10

82S126

6300-1

7610

1.95

74S471

256x8 TS

28L22

6309-1

4.95

74S472

512x8 TS

28S42

82S147

6349-1

7649

4.95

74S473

512x8 OC

28SA42

82S146

634B

7648

10.95

74S474

512x8 TS

28S46

82S141

6341

7641

4.95

74S475

512x8 TS

28SA46

82S140

6340

7640

12.95

74S478

1Kx8 TS

28S86

19.95

74S570

512x4 OC

27S12

82S130

6305

7620

2.95

74S571

512x4 TS

27S13

82S131

6306-1

7621

2.95

74SS72

1kx4 OC

24SA41

82S136

6352-1

7642

9.95

74S573

1kx4TS

24S41

82S137

6353-1

7643

9.95

87S180

1kx8 OC

28SA86

82S180

6380-1

7680

19.25

87S181

1kx8TS

28L86

82S181

6381-1

7681

16.25

87S184

2kx4 OC

24SA81

82S184

7684

17.20

87S185

2kx4 TS

24S81

82S185

7685

16.95

87S190

2kx4 OC

28SA166

82S190

76160

39.95

87S191

2kx8 TS

28S166

82S191

76161

39.95

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TOSUBSTITUTE MANUFACTURER

ORDER 800-538-5000TOLL FREE 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

DISC

6V

10V

15V

20V

25V

35V

50V

10pf

50V

.05

470

50V

.05

.22uf

.40

2225

50V50V

.05.05

560680

50V50V

.05.05

.27

.40

27

50V

.05

820

50V

.05

.33

.40

.45

3347

50V50V

.05.05

.001 uf.0015

50V50V

.05.05

56

50V

.05

.0022

50V

.05

.68

.45

.50

68

50V

.05

.005

50V

.05

1.0

.40

.40

.45

.45

82100

50 V50 V

.05.05

.01.02

50V50V

.0707

1.5

.45

.50

.60

220

50V

.05

.05

50V

.07

1.8

.75

330

50V

.05

.1

12V

.10

2.2

.35

.40

.45

.65

.85

.1

50V

.12

2.7

.40

.45

.90

3.3

.45

.50

.55

.60

.65

.90

MONOLIT

3.9

.45

.1uf-mono 50V

.18

,47uf-mono 50V

.25

4.7

.45

.55

.60

.65

.85

.90

6.8

.70

.75

ELECT

8.2

1.00

RADIAL

AXIAL

10

.55

.65

.80

.85

.90

1.00

.47ul

sov

.14

1u1

50V

.14

12

.65

.85

.90

12.2

25V35V

.14.15

4.710

16V16V

.14.14

15

.75

.85

.90

4.7

50V

.15

10

50V

.16

18

1.25

10

50V

.15

22

16V

.14

22

1.00

1.35

47

35V

.18

47

50V

.20

27

2.25

100

16V

.18

100

15V

.20

220

35V

.20

100

35V

.25

39

1.50

470

25V

.30

150

25V

.25

47

1.35

2200

16V

.60

220

25 V

.30

56

1.75

COMPUTER

330500

16V16V

.404?

100

3.25

GRADE

1000

16V

.60

270

3.75

26,000ul 30V 3.95

15006000

16V16V

.70

8",

4N26

1.00 MCA-7

4.25 |

FEDERAL EMPRESS

1-99 100

8 pin ST .13 .11

14 pin ST .15 .12

4N274N28

1.10 MCA-255.69 IL-1

1.75 11.25 1

SERVICES AVAILABLE

16 pin ST .17 .1318 pin ST .20 .1820 pin ST .29 .2722 pin ST .30 .2724 pin ST .30 .2728 pin ST .40 .3240 pin ST .49 .39

4N334N35

1.75 ILA-301.25 ILQ-74

1.25 1

2.75 1

4N37

1.25 H11C5

1.25 1

MCT-2

1.00 TIL-111

1.00 1

MCT-6

1.50 TIL-113

1.75 ^IH

TRANSISTORS^

64 pin ST 4.25 call

ST a SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW .59 .49

14 pin WW .69 .52

DIODES

2N918MPS918

.50.25

MPS37062N3772

.15 11.85 I

2N2102

.75

2N3903

.25 I

16 pin WW .69 .58

1N751

5.1 volt zener

.25 |

2N2218

.50

2N3904

.10 I

18 pin WW .99 .90

1N759

12.0 volt zener

.25 1

2N2218A

.50

2N3906

.10 1

20 pin WW 1.09 .98

1N4148

(1N914) switching

25/1.00 1 |

2N2219

.50

2N4122

.25 I

22 pin WW 1.39 1.28

1N40CM

400PIV rectifier

10/1.00 1

2N2219A

.50

2N4123

.25 I

24 pin WW 1.49 1.35

KBP02

200PIV 1.5amp bridge

.45 1

2N2222

.25

2N4249

.25 I

28 pin WW 1.69 1.49

KBP04

400PIV LSamp bridge

.55 1

PN2222

.10

2N4304

.75 I

40 pin WW 1.99 1.80

VM48

Dip-Bridge

.35 ^|

MPS23692N2484

.25.25

2N44012N4402

.25 I.25 I

WW = WIREWRAP16 pin ZIF 6.75 call

2N29052N2907PN2907

.50.25.125

2N44032N4857PN4916

.25 I

1.00 I

.25 I

24 pin ZIF 9.95 call

28 pin ZIF 10.95 call

ZIF = TEXTOOL

MUFFIN FANS

NEW UN-USED

2N3055

.79

2N5086

.25 I

l (Zero Insertion Force)

4.68" Square3.125" Square

14.95 |14.95 1

3055T

2N3393

2N3414

.69.30.25

PN5129PN51392N5209

.25 I.25 I.25 1

HEAT SINKS

2N3563

.40

2N602B

.35 I

r DIP

.95 1.35 1

2N3565

.40

2N6043

1.75 1

TO-3 styleTO-220 style

PN3565MPS3638

.25.25

2N6045MPS-A05

1.75 I.25 1

SWITCHES

SWITCHES

MPS3640

.25

MPS-A06

.25 1

4 POSITION .85

PN3643

.25

MPS-A55

.25 I

5 POSITION .90

SPDT

nini-toggle

1.25 1

PN3644

.25

TIP29

.65 I

6 POSITION .90

DPDT

mini-toggle

1.50 1 ■

MPS3704

.15

TIP31

.75 ■

7 POSITION .95

SPST mini-pushbutton

.39 j^|

TIP32

.79 fl

,8 POSITION .95

LED LAMPS

1-99

100-up

Jumbo

Red

.10

.09

Jumbo

Green

.18

.15

Jumbo

. Yellow

.18

.15 .

BYPASS CAPS

.01 UFDISC 100/6.00

.1 UFDISC 100/8.00

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760MAN 72MAN 74FND-357 (359)FND-500 (503)FND-507(510)

.6"

.3"

.3"

.375"

.5"

.5"

CCCACCCCCCCA

RESISTORS

V* WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

1963 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5

T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS For shipping include S2 for UPS Ground or S3 lor UPS Bk-rLabel Air Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping chargeselude sufficient amount lor shipping There is a $10turn order Bay Area and Los Angel- s Counties add 6/.-V, SalesTax Other California residents add 6 Sates Tai We reserve thenght to substitute manufacturer Nol responsible lor typographicalerrors. Price ■) are subject to change without notice We will male h orbeat any competitor s price provided it ts not below our cos)

570 BYTE August 1983

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

2716

16KEPR0MS

2732

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP — $14.95Over 800 pages of manufacturers datasheets on most commonly used IC's.Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LSand 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPU's - 6800, 6500. 280. 8080,8085. 8086/8

* MPU support & interface -6800. 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

BEST SELLINGBOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 16.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor InterfacingTechniques 17.95^

TRANSFORMERS

4.955.957.95

10.957.95

3.954.955.956.95

DC ADAPATER

9, 12 VDC selectable with universal

adapter 8.95

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for

.shipping on above items.

FRAME STYLE

12.6VAC

2amp

12.6VAC CT

2amp

12.6VAC CT

4amp

12.6VAC CT

8amp

25.2VAC CT

2amp

>LUG CASE STYLE

12VAC

250ma

12VAC

SOOma

12VAC

lamp

12VAC

2amp

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 5V (FOR IBM) SS/DD 229.00TM100-2 5V (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

SHUGART

I SA 400L 5'," (40 TRACK) SS/DD 199.95SA 400 5V (35 TRACK) SS/DD 189.95

PERTEC

FD-200s ss/DD 179.95

FD-250 sv ds/dd 199.95

MPI

MP-52 514" (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00NOTE: Please include sufficient amountfor shipping on above items.

CABINETS FORCABINET #1 s29.95

• DIMENSIONS 8% x 5,5/ie x 315/is"

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS STANDARD 5'/>" DRIVES,INCL SHUGART

• INCLUDES MOUNTINGHARDWARE AND FEET

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount forshipping on above items.

8" DRIVE SALEFD100-8 $189

SHUGART 801 EQUIVALENTSS/DD 10 FOR $175 EA.

FD200-8 $239

SHUGART 851 EQUIVALENTDS/DD 10 FOR $220 EA.

51A" DISK DRIVES

CABINET #2 $79.00

• COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY, SWITCH, LINECORD, FUSE & STANDARDPOWER CONNECTORDIMENSIONS: 11 V? x 5% x 3'W+5V@ 1 AMP,+12V@1.5 AMPFITS STANDARD 5%" DRIVESPLEASE SPECIFYGRAY OR TAN

**

EDGE-CARD

CONNECTORS

S-100 ST

3.95

S-100 WW

4.95

72 pin ST

6.95

72 pin WW

7.95

50 pin ST

4.95

44 pin ST

2.95

44 pin WV\

4.95

44 pin SE

3.95

r— -hi

^m^. ^^m^.

MasterCard

VISA II

l_

II

"■"■ """-

DIP CONNECTORS

HIGH RELIABILITY

COMPONENT

RIBBON

DESCRIPTION

TOOLED ST IC

CARRIERS

CABLE

SOCKETS

(DIP HEADERS)

DIP PLUGS (IDC)

ORDER BY

AUGATxx-ST

ICCxx

IDPxx

CONTACTS 8

99

.65

14

99

75

1 45

16

.99

85

1 65

18

1 69

1.00

20

1.89

1 25

22

1.89

1.25

24

1 99

1 35

250

28

2.49

1.50

40

2.99

2 10

4.15

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

POWER SUPPLY

MODEL 2 $3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

+ 12 VOLT 1 AMP

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount forshipping on above items.

CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 Ribbon Cable 36 Pin Male 6.95 I

CEN36 Solder Cup 36 Pin Male 7.95 J

RIBBON CABLE

D-SUBMINIATURE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

r

10'

• V

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

16

.55

4.80

1.00

8.80

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

25

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER CUP

RIGHT ANGLEPC SOLDER

IDCRIBBON CABLE

HOODS

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

BLACK

GREY

ORDER BY

DBxxP

DBxxS

DBxxPR

DBxxSR

IDBxxP

IDBxxS

HOOD-B

HOOD

CONTACTS 91525

3750

2.082.692.504.806.06

2.663.633.257.119.24

1.652.203.004.83

2.183.034.426.19

3.374.706.239.22

3.69

5.13

6.84

10.08

1.25

1.601.601.252.953.50

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

CALL FOR MOUNTING HARDWARE

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER HEADER

RIGHT ANGLESOLDER HEADER

WW HEADER

RIGHT ANGLEWW HEADER

RIBBONHEADER SOCKET

RIBBONHEADER

RIBBONEDGE CARD

ORDER BY

IDHxxS

IDHxxSR

IDHxxW

IDHxxWR

IDSxx

IDMxx

IDExx

CONTACTS 102026344050

.82

1.291.682.202.583.24

.85

1.351.762.312.723.39

1.862.983.844,505.286.63

2.053.284.224.454.B07.30

1.151.86

2.433.153.734.65

5.506.257.007.508.50

2.252.362.653.253.804.74

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A10 pin right angle solder styleheader would be IDH10SR.

i 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

BYTE Augutt 1983 571

FOR APPLE COMPUTER USERS

FD-35 DISK DRIVE

* Direct Replacement forApple Disk II

* Compatible with AppleController or other Applecompatible controllers

* Specially designed electronicswith low power consumption

* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible

* Owner's Manual and WarrantyCard included

NOW

WITH ONE VEAR $22995WARRANTY

CONTROLLER CARD s89.95

VIEWMAX-80

A Full Function

80 Column Card for Apple II*

t Soft Video Switch * Shift Key Support

2 YEAR WARRANTY

NOW ONLY

$18995

51/4" DISKETTES

VERBATIM DATALIFE

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR. . .SS/DD 10 SECTOR HEAD

29.9529.95

NASHUA

| SS/DD SOFT SECTOR SHQ95

WITH HUB RING . ... I 57

Ask about our full BEST BUVline of Nashua diskettes

THOUSANDS SOLD

JDR16K RAMCARD

* Expand your 48K Apple to 64K

* Fully compatible with AppleLanguage System — Use inplace of Apple Language card

* Provides extra memory forVisicalc'"

* Run PASCAL, FORTRAN,Integer Basic with appropriatesoftware

* Highest quality card features:gold edge connector, socketsfor all IC's

WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDWITH WARRANTY

KIT —INCLUDES ALLPARTS & INSTRUCTIONS

BARE PC CARD

WITH INSTRUCTIONS . . .

$44$40

95

95

$-|495

apple compatiblesWy $99.95

+ Compact Switching Design

* All Outputs regulated

* Short Circuit and OverloadProtection

* Complete with Apple-typeplug-in power cord

* Apple Compatible —Yet higheroutput allows more disk drivesand cards without overheating

* +5V@5A, +12V @3A,-5V@ .5 A, -12V @ ,5A

* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3!6"x 2'/. b"

NEW IMPROVED

JDR COOLING FAN

* Easy modification — nomodification of Apple required

* Eliminates overheatingproblems

* Switch on front controls fan,Apple, and extra outlet

* Rotron whisper fan is thequietest, most reliable on themarket

NOW WITH SURGE

SUPPRESSION

$69.95

WITHOUT SURGESUPPRESSION'59.95

MONITORS

MONOCHROME

NEC JB1201M-20 MHZ GREEN $169|

ZENITH ZUM-121 -15 MHZ GREEN S99

TAXAN 18 mhz amber '1391

COLORAMDEK COLOR I-COMPOSITE s335 |

NO C.O.D. ORDERS PLEASE

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE II & HE

ALL WITH 1 YEAR WARRANTY BY

PERISOFT

PRINTERLINK

CENTRONICSPARALLEL INTERFACE

* Simple to use — Noconfiguring required

* Use with any Centronicsprinter— EPSON,OKIDATA, etc.

* Includes Cable & Manual

*59

00

MESSENGER

SERIALINTERFACE

* Connects to any RS-232serial device

* 8 switch selectabledrivers for printers,terminals and modems

* Includes Cable & Manual

TIMELINK

REALTIMECLOCK

* Applications in file man-agement, word processing,communications, etc.

* Exclusive Alarm Clockfeature

* Battery rechargesautomatically

$99

00

$84

00

NEWBUFFERLINK

ADD-ONPRINTER BUFFER

• Saves Time — No morewaiting for printed output

• Connects easily to anyparallel interface

• Expandable from 16K

to64K

$13900

(16K)

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

'1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS BlueLabel Air. Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.u Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeies Counties add 6W/0 SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided II is not below our cost.

572 BYTE Augu«t 1983

Circle 222 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Nonprofit organization of volunteer professionalsdevoted to rehabilitation research and community service forpersons with hearing or vision impairments needs microcom-puter system suitable for limited word processing and telecom-munications applications, several modems, two terminals, andat least one fast printer. Donations are fully tax-exempt. J.Whitlock, New England Institute of Applied Biophysics, 59North Ashland St., Worcester, MA 01609, (617) 798-8707.WANTED: The Vietnam Veterans' Resocialization Programis seeking a tax-deductible donation of an Apple II Plus withtwo disk drives. Our veterans' self-help organization needs tocomputerize the database, implement word processing, andupgrade the accounting and budget processes. Our referencesand IRS information on request. Bill Kittredge. VietnamVeterans' Resocialization Program, Box 1319. Springfield. OR97477. (503) 687-6918.

WANTED: Health service group is seeking a tax-deductibledonation of a TRS-80 Model I or III hardware and software.Thomas G. Lareau, Edgar Area Medical Center. 107 3rd Ave.,Edgar. W! 54426. (71 5J 352-2302.

WANTED: Nonprofit early childhood program, interested inexposing the children to a tool of the present and future, is seek-ing an Apple computer. Sharon Swain, Childhood Develop-ment Center. 1229 West 2nd. McMinnville. OR 97128, [503]472-1009.

WANTED: Nonprofit community organization seeks tax-deductible personal computer for community programs such asresearch, record keeping (for food co-op], tutoring. Neighbor-hood Watch, fund raising, and grassroots organizing. BradFields. Citizens Action Research Project. 730 East 7th St.. Na-tional City. CA 92050, (619) 4 74-8569WANTED: Minicomputer system for nonprofit organization.Any donation would be fully tax-deductible. Roy Tanenbaum.160 Westwood Dr.. Park Forest. IL 60466. (312] 747-9513.WANTED: Tax-deductible donation of a ZX-81-compatiblecomputer for Boy Scouts of America. Order of the Arroworganization We need it to keep financial records and mailinglists of members. Will send receipt and pay shipping costs. Also,same needed for a computer science student in high school.Roger Hull, Rt. 4, Box 120, Martow, OK 73055, [405)658-5175after 4 p.m. CT,

WANTED: Portuguese graduate student with experience in2D and 3D CAD, IBM. CDC, PRIME, and FORTRAN seeksworking holidays in the U.S. during summer '83. Will bring mySinclair Spectrum with 80K. drive. FORTH. PASCAL. BASICCompiler, and Z80 ASS/DIS My interest is \n music projects.Tony Pereira, Amsterdamse Veerkade-41 F. 2512 AH TheHague. Holland.

WANTED: I need a copy of Douglas Maurer's two-part arti-cle: Processing Algebraic Expressions, Parts 1 and 2. The articlesappeared consecutively in BYTE February and March 1976, I'llpay costs. Ronald Malpeli. 142-02 Franklin Ave.. Flushing. NY1 1355. (212) 762-2249.

WANTED: Apple II users who are interested in communicat-ing about Assembler programs and/or trying to change existingones. Armm Herold. Bahnwaldstr. 21 /I. 7910 Neu-Ulm 8. WestGermany.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments Silent 745 used terminals atless than half price. Russell White, (212) 997-6075.WANTED: Accountant seeks communication with usergroups in the Great Lakes area for the TRS-80 Model II businesscomputer. Michael Gouthro. Complete Bookkeeping Service.Box 8130. Dundas, Ontario L9H 5E7. Canada.FOR SALE: KGS-80 and cables for Apple and TRS-80 ModelI. Adapts your Selectnc to work as a letter-quality printer.Original cost S595. Like-new condition: S300. R. Markman,638 Meadow Court, Westbury, NY 11590.FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I with Level II BASIC and 16KRAM, Editor/Assembler and Debug along with assorted pro-grams, manuals, and graphics texts: best offer. Also, brand newLine Printer VII with parallel-port cable, paper, and manuals:S400. Mark Marine, 4717 Mermaid Blvd.. Wilmington, DE19808. (302)239-0905

FOR SALE: 128K Apple III with green screen monitor, exter-nal disk drive, and MX-80 printer with Graftrax-80 Software in-cludes Apple Business BASIC. Apple III Visicalc. Apple II Emula-tion, and many utilities. About six months old; perfect condi-tion: $3900. Randy Murnsh. 2919 Ave. E, Kearney. NE 68847.FOR SALE: New Intel 86/12A single-board computer.System includes 8086 processor, system clock, 32K bytes ofdual-port RAM. Multibus arbitration logic, vectored interruptcontroller, two programmable timers, 24 programmable I/Olines, and a USART. Lists at SI950. will sell for $700. F.J.Posivak, 68 Hickory Dr.. Quakertown. PA 18951, (215)536-7587.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I with 48K includes processorwith lowercase adapater, expansion interface, one disk drive,monitor, and over S800 in software. Excellent condition. Soft-ware includes word processors, business programs, utilities,and games. Asking S 1200 or will trade for a TRS-80 Color Com-puter with monitor, disk drive, and Flex DOS, Will Carter, 4407Griffin St.. Moss Point. MS 39563. (601) 475-6855.

WANTED: Apple software to swap. Will trade a largelibrary of programs for anything from utilities to arcade games.Send a list of your programs and I will send you mine. Please in-clude a SASE Gary Derksen. 926 20 A Ave.. Coaldale. AlbertaT0K0L0. Canada. (403) 345-4697.

WANTED: Computer listings for TRS-80 Model I Level II 16KRAM or Apple II Plus 3.3 DOS. Any type of program will do:games, graphics, or personal. I will send a list of same in return.Matt Jenkins. 220 Westwood Dr.. Thompson. ManitobaR8N0E9. Canada.

NEEDED: I am interested in corresponding with MorrowMicro-Decision users, groups, clubs, or newsletters. Also, willpay for schematics for this machine. Stan Ahalt, I02-B VictoriaLane. Clemson. SC 29631, (803) 656-3376. 654-2748 even-ings.

FOR SALE: Trendcom 200 (Apple Silentype) thermal printer.Recenf factory overhaul. With several rolls of paper, no cable orinterface. Send SASE for sample output. S295 delivered any-where in continental USA, M. Weiss. 7656 Daniel Dr., NewOrleans. LA 70127.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Line Printer VII, a few months old.perfect condition, high-density graphic, prints 40 or 80 upper-case and lowercase, uses standard fanfold paper, and paralleland serial interfaces: $275 or best offer, Peter Lee. 100 LaSalleCourt. New Orleans. LA 701 18. [504J 865-2447 after 5 p.m.WANTED: A Timex/Smclair user group would like to hearfrom other owners or user groups willing to trade or swap soft-ware and information. Send 50<I (stamps ok) and SASE fordetails North Bay Computing. 500 Eastwood Dr.. Petaluma.CA 94952,

FOR SALE: Cipher Microstreamer tape drive, '/Hnch,1600-bpi, PE format. Uses standard IBM-compatible reel-typemagnetic tapes. Alloy Engineering intelligent tape-drive con-troller board for S-100 bus. Software utilities which operateunder CP/M 2.2+ or MP/M 1.1 + . New condition: S4400 orbest offer. R. Luebbe. POB 6206. Falls Church. VA 22046. (703)573-3849.

FOR SALE: Assembled S-100 board with documentation:SSM Music Synthesizer (MUS-X1): $150. SSM Video Interface(VB1B(: SI00. Two SSM 8K static RAM (MB6A): S50 each. SSM8080 processor board with 2K EPROM monitor: S100. IthacaAudio 8K static RAM: S50, 10-sbt motherboard with powersupply, card cage, and chassis (without cover): S110. 22-slotmotherboard with chassis (without cover): S100. David Gee.1624-70th Ave.. Oakland. CA 94621. (4 1 5) 562-5098.FOR SALE: 13-mch color monitor: $269. Computer inter-face for VlC-20 or 64 to a video cassette recorder to store 50megabytes per tape: S99. Dennis Hallmgstad, 318 S. K.. Sparta.Wl 54656.

FOR SALE: Heath H-14 printer with manuals: $250. GETN-300 printer with RS-232C interface: SI00. Hazeltine/GETN-1200 printer with para\le\ interface: $200. James Schnitz-meyer, 606 South Mam, Box 64. Albany. IL 61230, (309)887-5106.

FOR SALE: Grappler + interface card. new. unused, andtested. Has parallel interface cable, connectors, instructionbook, and warranty; in original package. S99. Larry Solomon,5 122 North Tortolita Rd.. Tucson. AZ 85745, (602) 743-7924.FOR SALE: Compuprism S-100 color-graphics board. 144hby I92v pixel plane with each pixel independently program-med in eight colors. Assembled from bare board, runsjust fine;selling due to incompatibility with my memory board. Also, Iwant a Microangelo graphics board MA520. David Bodette,202 Nuclear Science Center. Gainesville. FL 32611. (904)392-3880 or 378-4313.

FOR SALE: IMSAI 8080A with 48K RAM. video board. 4parallel I/O ports, single drive, keyboard. North Star DOS,several disks. All in working order; S375 FOB here. HarryMayer. 10 Woodmere. Skaneateles, NY 13152. (315)685-3310.

FOR TRADE: Want to swap programs for Apple II Plus orFranklin 1000 computer. Send your list of programs or gamesand I'll send mine. Marv Alpert. 4 Harwood Dr. W. Glen Cove,NY I 1542.

FOR SALE: Cromemco Z-2D. 64K RAM memory (four 16K).dual Wanco drives. Beehive Bl 00 terminal. Centronics 703printer with VFU. and software. All for S4500. A. Smart. 2036Colony St. H. Mountain View. CA 94043. (415) 9680159.

FOR SALE: Mountain computer 100.000 day dock forS-100 bus. 100ms minimum interval. Battery backup. Unused:S125. D. Russell. 12 Winchester, Southboro. MA 01772, (617)485-7516.

FOR SALE: DS-65 Video Digitizer for the Apple II. Sells newfor around $650; will sell for $500 or best offer. Will also con-sider trade for text-to-speech synthesizer with programmablepitch and inflection. Brian Prigge, 523 Wilson Ave. SE, St.Cloud. MN 56301, (612) 252-1615.

FOR SALE: Commodore VIC-20 computer with data cas-sette recorder. Will also include Super Expander and two car-tridge games (Gorf and Radar Rat Race) Will accept all reason-able offers. Both manuals included. Enrico Vaccaro. 716 East81 St.. Brooklyn. NY 1 1236.

WANTED: Low-cost |S5 to S75) new or used microcom-puters (VIC-20, TI-99/2/4. AIM-65. Venture, etc.) or memorydevices (cheap disk drive, stringy floppy, memory-expansionmodules for TI-99/2/4. VIC-20, Timex 1000. Sinclair ZX81, etc.)for my experiments with videodisc players and optical bar-codereader wands. David Lyons. 1118 South Clinton #M. Oak Park,IL 60304.

FOR SALE: Epson Graftrax 80 graphics ROMs set. bit-plotgraphics capability for Epson MX-80 printers, includes originalmanual: $35. Also. Radio Shack TRS-80 Model I. Level II BASIC,48K memory with lowercase modification: S800. KennethHorn, I3B Magnolia Lane. Eatontown. NJ 07724. (201)542-1500 ext. 292.

FOR SALE: Enhance your Apple II with Apple lie features:lowercase, auto-repeat keys, and more. Videx KeyboardEnhancer II: S99 (retail SI49). Videx Videoterm Board: $199(retail S345). offers 80-column display. Videx Soft Video Switch:SI9 fretaif $35). 16K RAM Board: S49 (retail S195). Excellentcondition. Original cartons and documentation. Bob Bntton.6111 Jadecrest Court, Spring. TX 77379. (713) 376-7525.WANTED: Apple users who want to start a software user'sgroup. Interested persons may send me your disk of copyablematerial to copy. I will then send your disk back with programs Ihave acquired from other users (specify interest). Brett Combs.POB 447. Whitesboro, TX 76273.

FOR SALE: Diablo 1640 KSR (keyboard send/receive) letter-quality, daisy-wheel printing terminals with serial RS-232C inter-face. Can double as a printer or as a stand-alone terminal. Littleuse; like-new condition: S2000 or best offer, Robert Thompson,214 Basket Rd.. Webster, NY 14580, (716) 265-0384FOR SALE: Lear-Siegler ADM-42 terminal with 16 functionkeys, printer port, expanded memory (8 pages). Also. Ven-Tel212 modem. 300 or 1200 data rate with auto-answer and self-test features. Prices negotiable. Mike Gage, (703) 978-1763.FOR SALE: SYM-1 single-board microcomputer, fully assem-bled with 28-key dual-function keyboard. 6-digit LED display.IK RAM expandable on board to 4K, cassette interface, single+ 5 volt operation, and 6502 microprocessor. $ 100 or best of-fer. Jeff Taragin, (301) 628-8516 days, 764-6091 evenings.FOR SALE: North Star time-shared multiuser computer sys-tem (less terminals and printers), four user 288K plus memory18-megabye hard disk. Two double-density double-sided flop-py disks. High-performance, low-cost system: $6000. R. Mor-rison. POB 188, Cannon Beach, OR 97110, (503) 436-1 122.FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I. Level II BASIC. 32K RAM. Ac-cessories include disk drive, video monitor, expansion interface,home controller, cassette recorder, and line printer IV with pro-portional spacing. Also. Scriptsit word processing, mailing list.Tiny Pascal. Editor/Assembler, and tons of other softwarepackages. All manuals and documentation. $ 1500 or best offer.Cliff Brust. 408 West David Rd.. Kettering. OH 45429. (513)667-2431 ext. 2243.

WANTED: Will pay $7 for an unused set of keyboard com-mand stickers (overlays) as originally issued with the Program-ma Apple PIE word-processor program. Check sent immediate-ly on receipt. Robert Greenwald, POB 401, Wheatley Heights,NY 11798.

FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800 with 4K memory, PERCOMcassette/terminal interface and full documentation: S150 or bestoffer. Julius Cassels, RFD I. Suncook. NH 03275, (603)736-8179.

WANTED: Used circuit boards from similar models for aComData Model 933 teletypewriter/plotter terminal. H. E.Fiehler, 4200 East University. Middletown, OH 45042.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusionin the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement mustbe noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spacedon plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address.This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space pprmits. Your confirma-tion of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence.Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to UnclassifiedAds. BYTE/McGraw-Hill. POB 372, Hancock. NH 03449.

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 573

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Hazeltine Esprit terminal. Perfect condition, nolonger needed due to recent computer acquisition: S500. Also,would like to correspond with Micropolis DOS users, preferablyModel II users. Gunnar Seaburg. URH 1 19 Townsend, 1010West Illinois. Urbana. IL6I80I.

FOR SALE: S-100 Z80 CP/M system, 64K high-speed staticmemory, I28K electronic disk (semidisk), two double-sideddouble-density 8-inch disk drives (2.4 megabytes), two serialports, two parallel ports, CP/M 2.2. Also, word processing,communication, C, and Pascal software. Manuals and disks. Ayear old; SI995. Richard Schwartz, 454 26th Ave., San Mateo.CA 94403. |415|859-5875.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific C4P-DF, color video system-DAC, output. 48K RAM 8-inch dual, floppy disks, two joysticks.1982 factory update. DOS 3.3 manuals, little used. Cost S3200;will sell for S 2400 or best offer. Robert M. Woldman, 2120 St.Clair Ave.. Cleveland, OH 44! 14, (216) 241-2267.FOR SALE: Heath H-19 terminal, H-l IA computer with32K memory, two serial one parallel interface cards, 300-bpsdirect-connect modem, and manuals. Excellent condition:SI200. M.D. Erdman, 2211 Thornhill Rd.. Tifton, GA 31794,|912) 382-9498.

FOR SALE: MSI 6800 computer system. 32K, two serial I/Oports, FD-8 dual 8-inch disk drives, TI-810 printer, LSI ADM-3Aterminal, all software and documentation. Software includesBASIC interpreter, BASIC compiler, assembler, editor, and more:S2800.Mel Woolf. 10808 Midsummer Dr., Reston, VA 22091,|703) 860-1315.

WANTED: To correspond with TRS-80 color computerusers who wish to exchange software and information. Joel E.Yingst. 463 Maple St.. Annville, PA 17003.

FOR SALE: Tektronix 4051, full memory, documentation,excellent condition: S3700. David F. Rogers. 817 Holly Dr. E.Rt. 10. Annapolis, MD 21401, |301J 757-5724.FOR SALE: IBM 5100 portable computer with two cartridgetape drives. IBM 5103 (132-columnj printer, over 25 tape car-tridges (some new), all manuals, cables, G/L, A/R, P/R, Inven-tory and mail-list software (plus several other business pro-grams). Originally SI 5.000, will sell for S 5000 or best offer. Willnot sell items separately. Will pay shipping, M. Reardon, 17 EarlLane, Rothsville. PA 17543, (717) 627-5353 (no collect calls).FOR SALE: Digital Group equipment; single-density floppy-disk controller board: SI 25. Parallel-port board (4 in, 4 out):S45. Four Phi-Decks with cabinet, controller board, Phimon,and EPROM: S265. All in good working condition, but I havedswitched to double density and don't need it. Harold E. Frye,155 1 -5th Ave. SW, Rochester, MN 55901.FOR SALE: Two S-100 8K static-memory boards. 100%functional: S75 each or both for SI25. For Xerox copies ofschematics and description, send 501 and SASE. Michael Scott,2204-3 Arbor Circle, Downers Grove, IL 6051 5.FOR SALE: 2708 EPROMs. I have about 275 EPROMs thatwere removed when equipment was upgraded to 2716.1 willsell them at rock-bottom prices. All were working when re-moved. Perfect for the hobbyist. Make offer for all or part. RickMatthews, FOB 80685, Baton Rouge. LA 70898, (504)291-0832 evenings and weekends.

FOR SALE: 22-slot TEI S-100 chassis, factory-assembled in-dustrial grade, never used. Will sell or trade for serial printer.Sanders 722 display and keyboard with prints: S 50 or best offer.Philip L. Edelsberg, 4148 West Breese Rd.. Lima. OH 45806,(419) 999-5363 evenings or 226-4324 days.

WANTED: Memorex 550 flexible disk drive. JamesMantooth, 2351 Interlackin Circle. Cleveland. TN 3731 I. (615)479-8015.

FOR SALE: 64K MFP-II home computer totally compatibleto the Apple and Franklin Ace. It contains color, graphics, lowand high resolution, radio-frequency modulator, etc.: S399.Abbey A. Perez, 7943 Kenton, Skokie, IL 60076. (312)67 7-9118.

FOR SALE: Medical computer books. Computers inMedicine-An Introduction: S18. Computers in LaboratoryMedicine (clinical labs and nuclear medicine): S34. Microcom-puter Programs in Medicine (BASIC program listings for schedul-ing, billing and graph plotting): S80. T. Armstrong. Box 874,Center Moriches, NY 11974.

FOR SALE: Mint 48K Apple II motherboard with Applesoft:S395. 5-Amp power supply: S85. Money order preferred. V.L.Davenport, I 13 Coventry Court, Naperville. IL 60565. (312)420-1415 evenings and weekends.

FOR EXCHANGE: Commodore 64 programs. Send yourlist with brief explanation and so will I. Arcade, board and/oradventure games, educational and/or tutorial programs,especially. A partial list dof what I have: Rubik's Cube solution.Yahtzee, Backgammon, Monopoly. Blackjack. Othello, Break-out, and Firefighter. 5/4-inch floppy disk or tape cassette. LynnD. Lemer, 7908 Venetian St., Miramar, FL 33023.WANTED: SD Systems users—I have several 8-inch DS/SDfloppy disks, the contents of which I would like read andprinted or transferred to a more portable format (such as IBM3741). The data was written on an SD Systems with Versa-floppy controller. Willing to pay for the services rendered. BillShefTier, 253 J Ave., Coronado, CA 92118, (619) 435-8333.

BOMB

Onaoinq Monitor Box

BYTE's

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

1

36

Build a Power-Line Carrier-Current Modem

Garcia

2

48

The C Language and Models for Systems

Johnson,

Programming

Kernighan

3

64

A C Language Primer, Part 1: Constructs and

Conventions in C

Joyce

4

82

Comparing C Compilers for CP/M-86

Houston

5

110

Five C Compilers for CP/M-80

Kern

6

134

Nine C Compilers for the IBM PC

Phraner

7

172

Managing Software Development with C

Linhart

8

186

The Unix Tutorial. Part 1: An Introduction

to Features and Facilities

Fiedler

9

212

A Survey of Unix and C Resources

Zintz

10

222

What is a Software Tool?

Thomas

11

243

The Unix C Compiler in a CP/M Environment

Halfant

12

268

Annotated C: A Bibliography of the C Language

Ward

13

286

Chisel Your Code with a Profiler

Leas,Wintz

14

292

A New Shape Subroutine for the Apple

Simoni

15

312

The Debate Goes On ...

Pournelle

16

331

The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor,Part I: Overview and Floating-Point Assembly-

Language Support

Field

17

386

Curious Coordinates for Computer Graphics

Millikan

18

401

BYTE West Coast: The Future of Software Design

Gates

19

404

The 8086—An Architecture for the Future, Part 3:

Instruction Set Continued

Heywood

20

434

User's Column: Epson QX-IO, Zenith Z-29,

CP/M-68K, and More

Pournelle

21

456

Voice Lab, Part 2: Menu-Driven Routines for

Digital Speech Synthesis and Analysis

Hoot

22

477

Help in Apple III Pascal

Evans

May BOMB Winners

Jerry Poumelle's eclectic User'sColumn, "Ulterior Motives, Lobo,Buying Your First Computer, JRTUpdate," placed first in the MayBOMB contest. Jerry will take homethe $100 prize. The second-placeaward for $50 goes to Steve Gar-cia for his article, "Build an RS-232CCode-Activated Switch." RichMalloy, a BYTE technical editor,earned third place for "Little BigComputer," a review of the TRS-80Model 100 Portable Computer.

Correspondence

Address all editorial correspondence to theeditor at BYTE, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449.Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if ac-companied by sufficient first-class postage. Notresponsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opin-ions expressed by the authors are not necessarilythose of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved.Where necessary, permission is granted by thecopyright owner for libraries and others registeredwith the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC) tophotocopy any article herein for the flat fee ofS1.50 per copy of the article or any part thereof.Correspondence and payment should be sentdirectly to the CCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA01970. Specify ISSN 0360-5280/83. S1.50. Copy-ing done for other than personal or internalreference use without the permission of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests for special permission orbulk orders should be addressed to the publisher.BYTE® is available in microform from UniversityMicrofilms International, 300 North Zeeb Rd, Dept.PR, Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row,Dept. PR, London WC1R 4EJ England.

574 August 1983 © BYTE Publications lnc

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

2 1st NATIONAL COMPUTER 2941 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 192

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• BYTE BACK ISSUES 374

• BYTE PUBL.INC. 470

56 BYTEC HYPERION 105

57 BYTEK COMP.SYS.CORP. 489

58 BYTEWRITER 12

59 C-SYSTEMS 150

60 C-WARE CORP. 382

61 C.S.D.INC. 536

62 CALIF. DATA CORP. 528

• CALIF. DIGITAL 552, 553

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 360

63 CANON U.S.A. 217

• CDEX113

65 CDR SYSTEMS 534

66 CENTRE COMP.CONSULTANTS422

67 CHECK-MATE 320

68 CHIPS & DALE 522

69 CHRISLIN INDUSTRIES 359

70 CIPHER DATA PRODUCTS 49

71 CITICORP LATINO 538113 CLE0 431

72 CMC.INT'L. 199

74 COGITATE 526

75 COLN, JAMES M. & ASSOC. 520

76 COLONIAL DATA SERV. 399

77 COLORADO COMP.PERIPH. 428381 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 234

78 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 541

79 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 548, 549

80 COMP. WHOLESALERS OFFREDERICK 476

81 COMPAQ COMP. CORP. 165

Inquiry No.

Page No.

82 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 523

83 COMPUADD 520

84 COMPUADD 520

85 COMPUPRO 247

• COMPUPRO 438, 439

• COMPUPRO 440

323 COMPUSHACK 284, 285

86 COMPUTER APPARATUS 259

87 COMPUTER CHANNEL 338

88 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 539

89 COMPUTER EXCHANGBCONROY-LAPOINT 196,197

90 COMPUTER EXCHANGBCONROY-LAPOINT 196,197

91 COMPUTER EXCHANGBCONROY-LAPOINT 196,197

92 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 16

93 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 310, 311

94 COMPUTER OUTLET 554, 55598 COMPUTER PLUS 360

95 COMPUTER STORE, THE 538

96 COMPUTER STORE, THE 540

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 181

103 COMPUTERUNE INTL-A 364, 365

104 COMPUTERUNE INT'L-B 341

105 COMPUTERS AND MORE 226

107 COMPUVIEWPROD.INC. 65

108 COMREX 79

109 CONCORD COMP.PROD. 521

110 CONCURRENT CORP. 452

111 CONTROL DATA 249

112 CONTROL ELECTRONICS, INC.116

114 CORONA DATA SYS. 184, 185

116 CORONA DATA SYS. 335, 336,337

117 COST PLUS COMP. 538

118 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 520

119 CROMEMC0 5

121 CUESTA SYSTEMS 536

122 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 543

123 CUSTOM MICRO SYS.LTD. 428" CYBERNETICS INC. 87

124 CYBERNETICS MICRO SYS. 534184 CYBERTEK 542

125 DALTECH MICROSYSTEMS 422

126 DATA ACQUISITIONS SYS. 77

127 DATA DISTRIBUTING ENT. 520209 DATA MAIL 353

128 DATAMASTER 534

129 DATA-RITE 426

130 DATASOURCESYS.MRKTG. 446

131 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 143

132 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 436

133 DATATEK 522

134 DELUXE COMP.FORMS 51306 DENNISON KYBE215

135 DHD 522

136 DHL WORLDWIDE COURIER 441

137 DIAMOND SFTW.SUPPLY 262

138 DIGISOFT COMPUTER 381

139 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 194

140 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS. 128

141 DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. 17

142 DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORP. 321

143 DIGITAL MARKETING 10

144 DIGITAL MEDIA 536481 DIGITAL RESEARCH 33

• DIGITAL RESEARCH 32 A-H

145 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 326

146 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 220, 221

147 DISCWASHER COMP.PERFECT 265

148 DISPLAYED VIDEO 537304 DMA 319

149 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 550, 551

150 DOW JONES SOFTWARE 327

97 D/PUNCH 412

151 DUAL SYSTEMS CORP. 295

152 DWIGHTCO. INC. 530

153 DYSAN CORP. 85

154 E/Z ASSOC. 524

155 EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 349

156 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 246

157 ECONOMY PERIPH. 540

158 ECOSOFT78

159 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 530

160 ELECTRONIC PROTECTIONDEV 242

161 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 355■ ELLIS COMPUTING 131

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 136

163 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 542

164 ENTER COMPUTER 266

Inquiry No.

Page No.

165 EPSON AMERICA 392, 393

166 EROS 302

167 ESPRIT SYS. INC. 231

168 EXAR 272, 273

169 EXCEL 258

170 EXPOTEK245

171 EXXON OFFICE SYS.CO. 538503 FACIT DATAROYAL 459

492 FIGURE LOGIC 542

172 FORMULA INT'L. 529

173 FORMULA INT'L. 529

174 FOX & GELLER INC. 57

175 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 69397 FROBCO 100

180 G&G ENGINEERING 139

176 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 524

177 GENERAL MICRO SYSTEMS 534502 GENERAL SOFTWARE 501

178 GENIE COMPUTER CORP. 53

• GENSOFT 390

179 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 526

180 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 139

181 GILTRONIX INC. 524

182 GLADSTONE ELECTRONICS 248

183 GLOUCESTER COMP.BUSN.CO.540

186 GOLDEN WEST SYSTEMS 536

187 GOODWILL ELECTR.CO. 540

188 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 544,545

189 GTEK INC. 248

190 H.H.S. MICROCONTROLLERS524

191 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD.120, 121

480 H&E COMPUTRONICS 43

193 HEATH COMPANY 71

305 HEWLETT-PACKARD 103

45 HOUSTON INSTR.DIV. OFBAUSCH & LOMB 223

195 HUMAN DESIGNED SYS. 111

196 HUMAN SOFT 229

197 I.T.M. 251

198 IBM CORP. 80, 81

199 IBM SYSTEMS SUPPLY DIV. 449

192 IBS COMPUTERTECHNIK 391

200 IDE CORPORATION 240, 241

201 IMAGE COMP.PROD. 540

202 IMS INTERNATIONAL 29432 INCOMM 540

203 INCOMM 94

204 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 538

205 INT'L COMP. & TELECOM.INC.542

501 INT'L TECH. SEMINARS 566

206 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 367

207 INTEGRAND 300

208 INTEL CORP. 211

210 INTERACTIVE MICROWARE 476

211 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 173

212 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 313

213 INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 542

214 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 14, 15

215 IRONSIDES COMP. CORP. 275495 IVIE COMPUTER 566

216 J.C.SYSTEMS 162

217 J.F.ELECTRIC 530

218 JADE COMP.PROD. 546, 547

219 JAMECO ELECTR. 558, 559

• JAMES FOX ASSOC. 566

220 JDR MICRODEVICES 567

221 JDR MICRODEVICES 568, 569

222 JDR MICRODEVICES 570, 571,572

223 JUKI INDUSTRY OF AM 257

224 JVB ELECTRONICS 422

225 K&R COMPUTER CO.LTD. 538

226 KADAK PRODUCTS 387

227 KADAK PRODUCTS 267

228 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 228

229 KERN PUBLISHING 308

230 KERN PUBLISHING 309

231 KEY TRONIC CORP. 305

232 KING SOFTWARE 422

233 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 530

234 LANGLEY-ST.CLAIR 152

235 LANIER BUSN.PROD. 179

236 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

237 LIBERTY COMP. SALES 419

238 LIGO RESEARCH INC. 263

239 LOGICAL DEVICES 13

240 LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 307

241 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 203

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card withyour name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from thelist. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, butour advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a big-ger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability forerrors or omissions. 'Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

• LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 411194 LOVEMAN, A.M. 526

497 LSI JAPAN CO. 566

242 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 428

243 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 524

244 LYCO COMPUTER 423

245 MACROTECH INTL. 90499 MACROTRON SYS. 566

246 MANNESMANN TALLY 255

247 MANX SOFTWARE 24

490 MARITIME SOFTWARE ASSOC.536

• MARTIN MARIETTA CORP. 450

248 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 323

250 MCNEILL 396

251 MC-P APPLICATIONS 195

252 MCGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE400

253 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 158

254 MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 530

• MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 101

255 MEMORY MERCHANT 218

256 MEMORY POINT, INC. 428

257 METASOFT CORP. 427

258 METHOD SYSTEMS 522

260 MICRO BUSINESS WORLD 354

• MICRO COMPUTER CO. INC.391

324 MICRO MAIL 525

261 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 269483 MICRO MINT 346

262 MIRCO MINT 453

263 MICRO SCI 178

264 MICRO SOLUTIONS 520

265 MICRO WORKS, THE 200

266 MICRO XPRESS 416

259 MICROAGE COMP.STORE 383

268 MICRODYNAMICS426

269 MICROHOUSE73

270 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 530489 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 536

271 MICROPRO INT'L. 356,357

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 153

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 108, 109

272 MICRO-TAX 83

273 MICROTECH EXPORTS 238

274 MICROTYPE 534

275 MICROWARE 358

276 MILLER MICROCOMP.SERV. 414

277 MITSUBA 50

300 MONITOR COMPUTING 482

278 MORROW DESIGNS 376, 377

279 MORROW DESIGNS 417

280 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 227

281 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 130

282 MULTITECH ELECT. 191

• MUSYS 201

283 NCL DATA INC. 236

284 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 89

285 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 91

• NETRONICS176

• NETWORK CONSULTING INC.225

287 NEW MEDIA GRAPHICS 524

• NORTH HILLS CORP. 522

• NORTH HILLS CORP. 528

288 NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 174

289 NOVELL INC. 333

290 O'HANLON COMP.SYS. 397

291 OCTAGON COMP.SYS. 296, 297

292 OLYMPIC SALES 325

293 OMEGA INFO SYS. 422

294 OMNI RESOURCES 361

• ORA ELECTRONICS 535

296 ORION INSTRUMENTS 534

297 ORYX SOFTWARE 429

298 OSBORNBMCGRAWHILL 239

• OWENS & ASSOC. 288

• PACIFIC COMPUTERS 410

299 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 524, 526,530, 534, 536, 538, 540, 542

485 PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 350

488 PANEL GRAPHICS 254

307 PARAGRAPHICS 530

308 PC TECHNOLOGY 380

309 PEP BUSINESS SYSTEMS 267

310 PER SCI INC. 526

311 PERCOMDATA9

312 PERSOFT536

313 PERSONAL SYS.TECH. 170, 171

314 PH ASSOCIATES 78482 PHACT ASSOC. 150

315 PHASER 125

316 PHONE 1 129

317 PION INC. 318

318 PLUM HALL INC. 182

• POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 320

319 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 22, 23

320 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 67

• PRINTER RIBBON SUPPLY CO.501

321 PRINTER STORE, THE 413

322 PRIORITY ONE 560, 561,562,563, 564, 565

• PROFESSIONAL BUSN.FORMS428

• PROFESSIONAL BUSN.SPCLTS.154

August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc 575

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

325 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 68

326 PROGRAMMING INT'L. 132, 133

327 PROGRAMMING INT'L. 156, 157

328 PROXIMITY DEVICES CORP. 70

329 PURCHASING AGENT, THE 104

330 QUADRAM CORP. 34, 35

331 QUADRAM CORP. 61

332 QUADRAM CORP. 208, 209427 QUBIE 164

333 QUEL0 528

334 R.C. ELECTRONICS 189

335 R.C. ELECTRONICS 189

336 RADIO SHACK CIV

337 RANA SYSTEMS 44, 45339 RCA 316, 317

341 RING KING VISIBLES, INC. 18

342 RM DISTRIBUTORS 526

343 ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 299

344 RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 524

345 S&W COMPUTER SUPLY 522

346 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 304

352 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 256487 SAFEWARE502

347 SAGE COMP.TECH. 93

348 SAKATA26

349 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 289• SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 282

491 SCREENWARE 542

351 SD SYSTEMS 183

353 SEEQUA COMP.CORP. 6185 SEKON INT'L CORP. 295

354 SEMI DISK SYSTEMS 27

355 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 20, 21

Inquiry No.

Page No.

• SILICON SPECIALTIES 137

357 SLR SYSTEMS 528

358 SLUDER/COMPETITIVE EDGE155

359 SOFTECH MICROSYS271

360 SOFTWARE BANC SEMINARS 25

361 SOFTWARE BANC 175

362 SOFTWARE GUILD 370, 371

363 SOFTWARE RESEARCH CORP.538

364 SOFTWARE SERVICES 520

365 SOFTWARE TOOLWORKS 380

• SORCIM 97

• SOURCE EDP 424, 425

367 SOUTHWATER CORP. 428

368 SPECIALIZED SYS.CON-SULTANTS 520

369 STAR MICRONICS 28727 STEMMOS455

370 STREET ELECTR CORP 433

371 STUART SOFTWARE 426

• SUNDEX 420

372 SUNTRONICS 521

373 SUPERSOFT 301356 SWI INT'L. 395

374 SYSTEM VISION CORP. 219

375 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 389498 SYSTEMS PROD. EXCHANGE

566

376 TALLGRASS TECH. 59

377 TALMIS CORP. 373

378 TARBELL ELECTR. 355

379 TATUM LABS 526

Inquiry No.

Page No.

380 TAURUS COMP.PROD.INC. 32

382 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 528

391 TDI28

383 TECH-DATA CORP. 524

384 TEKTRONIX INC. 95302 TELECON SYSTEMS 202

385 TELETEK ENTERPRISES 55

386 TELEVIDEO INC. 62, 63496 TERMINALS DATA 566

387 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 54

388 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 405• TEXAS INSTR. 144, 145

389 THINKERS SOFT INC. 352

390 THREE M COMPANY 99

392 TINNEY, ROBERT GRAPHICS 451301 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 260, 261

393 TRANSACTION STORAGE SYS.177

394 TRANSTAR 161

395 TRANSTAR 385

396 TRANSTAR 435

500 TRIANGLE SFTW. 566

398 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 219

399 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 163

400 U.S. MICRO SALES 291

401 U.S. MICRO SALES 532, 533

402 U.S. ROBOTICS 30

404 U.S. EXCHANGE 566494 U.S. EXCHANGE 542

405 UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYS. 528

406 UNIPRESS 214

407 UNITED COMPUTER 117

408 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS 31

Inquiry No.

Page No.

409 VAN DATA 146

410 VAN DATA 244

411 VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 281

412 VIDEX19

413 VIDIOM IMPORTS 540

414 VISUAL TECH,INC. 207

415 VLM COMPUTER ELEC. 426486 VOTRAX 447

416 VR DATA 421

417 WADSWORTH ELECTRONICPUBL. 363

' WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 180

419 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 315

420 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 210

421 WHITESMITHS LTD. 159

422 WILLIAMS, MARK CO. 277

423 WINTEK CORP. 526

424 WINTERHALTER & ASSOC. INC.382

425 WORLDWIDE COMP.SUPPLIES 522

426 WORSWICK INDUSTRIES 538

428 X COM P 279

429 XEROX 118, 119

• XL SYSTEMS 426

• XPER SYSTEMS 75

431 YANG ELECTR. SYS. 540

484 YIELD HOUSE 368

433 ZOBEX 187

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576 August 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

History will record as a profound irony

that the most powerful word processing package

ever created for the IBM® Personal Computer

wasn't created by IBM.

LEADING EDGE.

Leading Edge Products Inc., Fortune 1300 Division, 21 Highland Circle, Ncedham Heights, Mass. 02194 (800) 343-3436 (617) 449-6762Headquarters and Retail Division, 225 Turnpike Street, Canton, Mass. 02021 (800) 343-6833 (617) 828-8150

•IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Circle 236 on inquiry card.

Radio Shack's Model 100 is the Portable TRS-80 ThatCommunicates With Your Micro, Mini or Mainframe!

(And It's the Only Computer With Five Built-in Programs!)

•»£t: ./

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8K TRS-80 Model 100

24K TRS-80 Model 100

26-3801

26-3802

Only $45 Per MonthOn CitiLine Credit

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A Workstation That Goes Where You Go. The TRS-80Model 100 Portable Computer offers advanced communi-cations features and powerful built-in, "instant-on" soft-ware to make it the perfect traveling companion. ItsROM-based programs let you use Model 100 as a personalword processor, telephone auto-dialer, address book, ap-pointment calendar and information terminal.

Complete Telecommunications Package. When you'reaway from the office, use Model 100's built-in auto-dialmodem to send text files to your office computer with just afew keystrokes. Set up an auto log-on function to quicklyand easily access major information networks. You caneven download data to the Model 100.

Complete Interface Capability. In the office, connect theModel 100 directly to your computer—be it micro, mini ormainframe—using the RS-232C interface. Then transferdata at up to 19,200 baud. Get fast printouts by connectingthe Model 100 to a printer via the parallel interface. Andthere's an interface for saving or loading programs, dataand text at 1500 baud using a standard cassette recorder.Advanced BASIC Language. Extended Microsoft®BASIC offers full string handling, complete file operations,multi-dimension arrays, 14-digit double-precision accu-racy and more.

Find Out More! See the Model 100 at your nearest RadioShack Computer Center, participating store or dealer.

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Prices apply at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers.Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.

Circle 336 on inquiry card.