Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 09 - Portable Computers in Depth

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If you'd like to turn the agony of small business bookkeeping into the ecstasy of total control, you've come to the right place.

Because even if you're starting with a shoe box full of invoices or a pile of checks hiding under a pile of deposit slips, we can tell you how to centralize, organize and monitor all that information, and manipulate it in ways that will make your business a

pleasure—all with an Apple* III Personal Computer.

Attain instant financial status.

An Apple III, teamed with the BPI General Accounting Package, can put every basic accounting function right at your fingertips.

Technically, that means

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General Ledger, Accounts Payable, Accounts Receivable and Payroll—all in one package. Meaningfully, that means you can turn numbers into answers.

With BPI, your Apple III can give you a snapshot of your company's financial condition, an up-to-the-instant balance sheet. It can also generate instant and detailed reports

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on your customers and vendors.

So you know who owes whom, how much, and how come.

And just how well your cash flow is flowing.

And where to give credit where credit is due (a customer inquiry

The BPI General Accounting Package also lets your income statements be coded by location, department or product line. So you know where your money s coming from.

And where it's not.

results will make an important statement to everyone you deal with—including your banker.

More ways Apples pay.

There are more people in more places doing more things with

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Your Apple can generate instant income statements (with expense ratios) or balance sheets, and let you compare them to last month's or year's, then print them out to suit your banker.

feature allows you to make credit decisions based on the most current information).

You can also list your purchases by discount dates. And take advantage of them in no uncertain net terms. You can even keep payroll records without paying more, because it's part of the same package.

Profit from history.

In business as in life, experience is the best teacher. And the Apple/BPI system can provide you with instant comparisons of this-month-this-year vs. this-month-last-year, or this-year-to-date vs. last-year-to-date. So you can quickly spot changing expense ratios and make decisions with 20/20 foresight.

It can also allow you to take full advantage of merchandise discounts. So you'll know whom to pay, when to pay, how much to pay—and save a iot of clams in the process.

Make a timely statement.

Add an Apple Dot Matrix or Daisywheel printer to your Apple III, and you can print out your entire balance sheet in minutes.

Or any number of reports, from cash receipts to payroll ledger to income. You can even print checks and customer statements.

The impressively professional

To avoid fishy transactions, you can instantlj display customers payments, charges and current balance. In this case, a few more cans of tuna would put Mr. Moser over his $2,000 limit.

Apples than with any other personal computer in the world.

Because for one thing, there's more software for Apples than for any other personal computer in the world. So the same Apple that handles all your accounting needs can also handle financial spreadsheets, word processing and electronic filing.

You'll also find programs that are designed specifically for your kind of business. Be it dentistry, architecture or swine herding.

Of course, the best way to learn all the ways Apples can help you make better business decisions is to visit any one of over 1500 authorized Apple dealers.

So drop in. For a full account.

apple

Call (800) 538-9696 for the location of the authorized Apple dealer nearest you, or for information regarding our National Account Program. In Canada, call (800) 26OT796 or (fi00) 268-7637. Or write Apple Computer Inc., Advertising and Promotion Dept., 20525 Marian) Ave., Cupertino, CA 95014. © 1983 Apple Computer Inc. MMkr Circle 29 on inquiry card.

In The Queue

BITE

Volume 8, Number 9

Page 80

Page 94

Page 178

Themes

33 Computing on the Run by Stanley J. Wszola / Incorporating new design concepts, innovative hardware, and easy-to-use software, portable computers are proof that you can take it with you. This month's theme articles and reviews explore the issues that affect the portable marketplace, the advances in technology, and some of the latest models.

34 How to Choose a Portable by Stanley J. Wszola / You're sure you want one, but which one? With at least 50 models to choose from, deciding on a portable is no easy matter. This article and the accompanying computer comparison table will help you make an informed choice

51 Hlgh-IQ Modems by Stephen Durham / The more intelligent the modem, the more it can disappear into the background of your computer system and provide unattended communications capability.

66 Developing a Truly Portable Vlslcalc by William T. Johnson / Hewlett-Packard's adaptation of Visicorp's popular electronic-spreadsheet program for its HP-75 portable computer doesn't sacrifice the program's compatibility with other Visicalc products.

80 The Gavllan—A Full-Function Portable Computer by F. John Zepecki / The machine's designer details the evolution of this completely self-contained system with integrated software.

94 Inside CMOS Technology by Martin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan, and Joe Altnether / An overview of how complementary metal-oxide semiconductor memory chips are manufactured and a look at three of them—Intel's 80C5I, National Semiconductor's NSC800, and CMOS dynamic RAM.

127 The Challenge of Hard-Disk Portability by David A. Sutton / How one hard-disk-drive manufacturer worked around the problems of designing a removable hard disk.

139 The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 by Mahlon G. Kelly/ This powerful portable with its built-in, well-integrated software is just what the author ordered.

166 The New Microfloppy Standards by Thomas Jarrett / From the beginning, size has been a bone of contention among microfloppy-disk manufacturers. In today's marketplace, the 3/2-inch disk has emerged as the de facto standard.

Reviews

178 The HP-75 Portable Computer by Rowland Archer Jr. / Hewlett-Packard's entry into the mid-priced portable computer fray offers powerful real-time scheduling capabilities.

188 The Access Portable Computer by Terry Kepner / This portable comes with a host of software and practically all the hardware you'll ever need.

193 Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40 by David Ramsey / The HX-20 offers an integrated microcassette and printer. So far, the CC-40 doesn't fulfill its potential; it lacks peripherals and software.

208 The Pled Piper Portable Computer by Seth P. Bates / Because it does not include a monitor, this low-cost Z80 computer makes lightweight portability possible.

212 The Kaypro II by Roger Fager and John Bohr / A complete system that offers dependable hardware and extensive software, the Kaypro II is a practical solution for many applications.

226 The Corona Portable by Rich Malloy / This reasonably priced system with its eye-catching display offers stiff competition to other IBM PC-compatible machines.

Features

20 Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, Part I: The IS32 Optic RAM and the Micro D-Cam Hardware by Steve Ciarcia / A 64K-bit dynamic RAM chip is the visual sensor in this digital image camera.

230 A Report on the Consumer Electronics Show by Phil Lemmons / Coleco's Adam dominated the summer CES in Chicago, but that wasn't all the exhibition offered. Our West Coast Bureau Chief surveyed the scene.

Page 226

BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc.. with offices at 70 Mam St, Peterborough NH 03458. phone (603] 924-9281. Office hours: Mon—Thur 8:30 AM — 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM — Noon. Eastern Time Address subscriptions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590. Martinsville NJ 08836. Address changes of address. USPS Form 3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 596. Martinsville, NJ 08836 Second-class postage paid at Peterborough, N.H. 03458 and additional mailing offices. USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISBN 0360-5280) Postage Paid at Winnipeg, Manitoba. Registration number 9321. Subscriptions are S21 for one year. S38 for two years, and S55 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S23 for one year, S42 for two years, S6I tor three years. S53 tor one year air delivery to Europe 17.100 yen for one year surface delivery

233 The Next Five Years In Microcomputers by Jerry Pournelle / Our prescient user forecasts the trends that will influence the microcomputer industry over the next five years.

246 The Second BYTE Games Contest Winners by Gregg Williams / This year's competition turned up five outstanding diversions: a tank-versus-tank battle, an arcade-style chase that takes place on a moving barbecue grill, a simulated juggling game, a maze-and-dots game, and a survivalstrategy challenge.

250 Update on Personal Computing In Japan by Phil Lemmons / At the Japan Microcomputer Show '83 in Tokyo, notebook-size and hand-held computers were the center of attraction.

257 The Unix Tutorial, Part 2: Unix as an Applications-Programs Base by David Fiedler /

Make Unix more useful from both a user-interface and an applications perspective.

283 BYTE West Coast: Just Rewards for Programmers by Barbara Robertson / Some programmers have superstar status, while others crank out code for a weekly paycheck. What's an enterprising programmer to do?

289 A C Language Primer, Part 2: Tool Building In C by James Joyce / In this second and final pan. the author explains how code can be packaged into a general-purpose function and employed in solving more than one problem.

307 User's Column: Eagles, Text Editors, New Compilers, and Much More by Jerry

Pournelle / Jerry turns his eye to eclectic subjects.

331 The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor, Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal by Tim

Field I The 8087 Numeric Data Processor can speed up most Pascal programs by a factor of three.

356 Echonet, Part 1: A Flexible Programming System by C. Bradford Barber / This interactive system lets you link programs in countless combinations to create larger, more complex programs.

376 Data File Management Methods by Robert B. Johnson / A simple data file management system will help you organize your files with minimal maintenance.

385 An Introduction to Layered Protocols by Michael Witt / Once you understand layered protocols, you can evaluate network architectures of data-communications products.

4IT Does Your Printer Work with Wordstar? by Charles Stephenson / How to get around the compatibility problems that arise from using the popular word-processing program with your IBM PC.

419 In-Clrcult Emulation for the Apple II Computer by John D. Ferguson / Adding a simple circuit converts your Apple into a host for testing a target system's hardware and software.

445 Add Multiple Tasks to Your Communication and Control Program by Jerry Holter / By using a compact set of routines called a multitask kernel, you can handle several tasks concurrently.

549 An Operations Research Scheduling Program by Walter A. Stark Jr. and Richard A. Reid / A scheduling algorithm can help you determine the best sequence for processing a set of disparate tasks.

Nucleus

4 Editorial: The FAA and Portables

500

Clubs and Newsletters

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Software Received

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403 Programming Quickie: Cipher via

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Computer: The One-time Pad

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What's New?

480 User to User

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486, 494 Book Reviews: The Handbook

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BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 2;

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Cover Painting by Robert Tinney

September 1983

[0 Japan. $37 surface delivery elsewhere. Air delivery to selected areas at additional rates upon request. Single copy price is S3.50 in the USA and its possessions, S3.95 in Canada and Mexico. S4.50 in Europe, and S5.00 elsewhere. Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted in United States funds drawn on a US bank Printed in United States of America.

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the small systems journal

Editor In Chief: Lawrence J. Curran Managing Editor: Pamela A. Clark Senior Technical Editors: Gregg Williams, Richard Malloy

Technical Editors: Richard S. Shuford, Curtis P. Feigel, Arthur A. Little, Stanley Wszola, Bruce Roberts, Anthony J. Lockwood, New Products Editor; Steve Ciarcia, Consulting Editor; Mark Welch, Staff Writer; Alan Easton, Drafting Editor.

West Coast Editors: Philip Lemmons, Bureau Chief; Barbara Robertson, Technical Editor. McGraw-Hill, 425 Battery Street, 4th Floor, San Francisco, CA 94111 (415) 398-7990

Copy Editors: Nancy Hayes, Chief; Faith Hanson, Warren Williamson, Elizabeth Kepner, Joan V. Roy; Margaret Cook, Junior Copy Editor

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Production: David R. Anderson, Assoc. Director; Jan Muller, Virginia Reardon, Michael J. Lonsky; Sherry McCarthy, Chief Typographer; Debi Fredericks, Donna Sweeney, Valerie Horn

Advertising: Deborah Porter, Supervisor; Marion Carlson, Rob Hannings, Cathy A. R. Drew, Lisa Wozmak, Jeanne Cilley, Jeanna Reenstierna; Patricia Akerley, Reader Service Coordinator; Wai Chiu Li, Quality Control Manager; Linda J. Sweeney, Advertising/Production Coordinator

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Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street, Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458 (603) 924-9281

Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company: John G. Wrede, President; Executive Vice President: Paul F. McPherson; Senior Vice President-Editorial: Ralph R. Schulz; Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson, Business Systems Development; Shel F. Asen, Manufacturing; Harry L Brown, Special Markets; Walter D. Serwatka, Executive Vice President, Finance and Services; Eric B. Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger, Jr., Marketing.

Officers of the Corporation: Harold W. McGraw, Jr., Chairman; Joseph L Dionne, President and Chief Executive Officer; Robert N. Landes, Senior Vice President and Secretary; Ralph J. Webb, Treasurer.

Editorial

The FAA and Portables

Lawrence J. Curran, Editor in Chief

The next time you use your portable computer on a commercial airliner, the flight attendant may eye you with some interest, and it won't be because you've switched to an after-shave lotion that has made you suddenly more attractive. The attendant's interest will stem from the fact that Federal Aviation Administration regulations prohibit the use of portable computers on commercial airliners, and it's the flight attendant's duty to seek compliance with that regulation. The use of portable computers is also banned on private aircraft unless the operator—the pilot—has determined that use of the machine will not interfere with the safe operation of the plane's navigation or communications equipment.

Section 91.19 of Federal Aviation Regulations outlaws the use of all but a few portable electronic devices aboard a commercial airliner or other aircraft flying under instrument flight rules because there's a risk that electromagnetic interference (EMI) from the device could hamper reception of navigation and communications signals, jeopardizing the safe operation of the plane. The only exceptions allow the use of heart pacemakers, hearing aids, tape recorders, and electric shavers in flight. If the regulation were strictly enforced, even electronic watches and hand-held calculators would be outlawed.

But the regulation isn't strictly enforced; it would be impossible to expect flight attendants or private pilots to enforce it. The FAA wants the airlines and private pilots to enforce the rule, but the airlines are especially chary of enforcing a regulation that may drive passengers away.

Bill Walters, product line manager for Radio Shack's TRS-80 Models 4 and 100 (portable), has some thoughts on the issue. He compares the FAAs position on EMI from portable electronic devices to that of the Federal Communications Commission on EMI from home computers interfering with television signal reception six years ago. Walters, a former commercial airline pilot, believes the FAA should establish an EMI standard with which all makers of portable electronic devices would have to comply, just as the FCC did in the case of home computers. We agree.

In order to gain certification to use electronic devices on aircraft under the current regulation, the device manufacturer would be required to demonstrate that use of the device does not interfere with the navigation and communications equipment on every type of aircraft that every airline uses. The cost of such testing to the device manufacturer would be prohibitive.

Walters says it's time for the FAA to establish and enforce an emission standard and bandwidth guidelines governing portable electronic devices. Certainly some reasonable test procedures can be established that would allow portable computers to be certified for safe operation aboard aircraft that wouldn't also bankrupt the FAA to administer.

Or perhaps there's a simpler alternative that would not require testing of any kind. No smoking is permitted aboard aircraft at takeoff and landing times to lessen the chance of fire in case of an accident. Warning signs and flight attendants alert passengers to this short-term smoking ban. Perhaps the use of portable computers could be banned for similar periods and in a similar manner when their use would be most likely to interfere with aircraft instrument landing systems. It's worth considering.*

4 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

How to buy a computer by the numbers.

Introducingthe Cromemco C-10 Personal Computer. Only $1785, including software, and you get more professional features and performance for the price than with any other personal computer on the market. We've got the numbers to prove it.

The C-10 starts with a high-resolution 12" CRT thatdisplays 25 lines with a full 80 characters on each line. Inside is a high-speed Z-80A microprocessor and 64K bytes of on-board memory. Then there's a detached, easy-to-use keyboard and a 5lA" disk drive with an exceptionally large 390K capacity. That's the C-10, and you won't find another ready-to-use personal computer that offers you more.

But hardware can't work alone. That's why every C-10 includes software —word processing, financial spread sheet, investment planning and BASIC. Hard-working, CP/M R-based software at meets your everyday needs. Software that could cost over $1000 some

where else. FREE with the C-10. There's really nothing else to buy.

But the C-10's numbers tell only part of the story. What they don't say is that Cromemco is already known for some of the most reliable business and scientific computers in the industry. ^^

And now for the first time, this technology is available in a personal computer.

One last number. Call 800 538-8157x929 for the name of your nearest Cromemco dealer, orto request literature. In California call 800 672-3470 x929. Or write Cromemco, Inc., 280 Bernardo Avenue, P.O. Box 7400, Mountain View, CA 94039. In Europe, write Cromemco A/S, Vesterbrogade 1C, 1620 Copenhagen, Denmark.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. All Cromemco products are serviced by TRW.

Cromemco

Tomorrow's computers today

Circle 119 on Inquiry card.

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,150 MILES

200 Nil

The system builder's best choice for color graphics is a CS5000 color system from SCION. Its basic component is MicroAngelo, the single board graphics display computer that has revolutionized monochrome display capability with low cost 512x480 pixel graphics resolution and 40 line by 85 character text capacity. When MicroAngelo boards are combined, they create high resolution color graphics that have a unique advantage. The displayed image is a combination of transparencies. So you can add, modify or delete images by transparency rather than as an entire image.

SCION'S Series CS5000 builds an image with up to 8 bit planes, each generated by a MicroAngelo board. You select the assignment of those bit planes to transparencies. Each transparency can display 2n-1 colors where n is the number of bit planes it uses... 2 bit planes would make a three color transparency, 8 bit planes would make a 255 color transparency. Once each transparency has been defined, your host can work with it independently, generating and modifying its graphics and text without interacting with the others. The independent transparencies are combined by the Color Mixer board which also assigns one of 16.8 million possible colors to each color of each transparency.

Yourcomputer talks to the SCION Color System in SCREENWARE™, SCION's high level display firmware language. SCREENWARE commands are used by the computer in each MicroAngelo bit plane to generate graphics and text primitives. User interface is made simple with prompted system set-up using SCION's ColorPak.

MicroAngelo based color graphics systems are easy to use. Just plug the boards into your Multibus or S-100 host. Or use the freestanding work station configuration with its RS-232 interface. In each case, you get high resolution color graphics for such a low price you can't afford to design your own.

Think SCION for your graphics display needs. Think MicroAngelo. Call us at (703) 476-6100.

System shown is a Model CS5050S. *A trademark of Intel Corp

if the image is important

12310 Pinecrest Rd./Reston, VA 22091 (703) 476-6100 TWX: 710-833-0684

For S-100 circle 510 on inquiry card, For Multibus circle 511 on inquiry card.

MICROBYTES

Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

CONVERGENT TECHNOLOGIES INTRODUCES A NOTEBOOK-SIZE COMPUTER

Convergent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, has introduced a portable computer that measures 8Vi by 11 by 1 inches and weighs 3 pounds. The Convergent Workslate uses a 6303 processor—the CMOS version of the Motorola 6800 —and comes equipped with 16K bytes of RAM and 64K bytes of ROM, including a ROM-based spreadsheet and datebook software. A microcassette drive, a speaker phone, a 300-bps modem, and a 1 5-line by 46-character liquid-crystal display are built-in features. The Workslate will be available through American Express in September for $895.

DATA GENERAL UNVEILS A MULTIUSER MICROCOMPUTER

Data General, Westboro, MA, has announced a 16-bit microcomputer that includes both an Intel 8086 and a Data General Microeclipse processor. The Desktop Generation Model 10 can use CP/M-86, MSDOS, or Data General's RDOS or AOS operating system. It also can run different operating systems simultaneously in a multiuser configuration. A single-user system with 128K bytes of memory, a single 5Vi-inch floppy-disk drive, and either MS-DOS or CP/M-86 costs $3265. A four-user version with 256K, a 1 5-megabyte hard-disk drive, three terminals, and RDOS and CP/M-86 sells for $10,960.

LEADING EDGE PRODUCTS ANNOUNCES A COLOR WORD PROCESSOR FOR THE IBM PC

Leading Edge Products, Needham Heights, MA, has announced its first internally developed product, a $300 color word processor for the IBM PC. Featuring an extensive help facility, a user-definable glossary to store any series of keystrokes, and the ability to restore deleted or overwritten text, the word processor will be the basis for an integrated package to be released later this year. The package will include spreadsheet, graphics, database-management, and spelling-checker capabilities.

DOCUTEL/OLIVETTI SHOWS AN INKJET PRINTER, UPGRADES M20 COMPUTER

Docutel/Olivetti Corp., Dallas, TX, has introduced an ink-jet printer for $549. The PR2300 uses a singlejet replaceable printing head and either a Centronics parallel or an RS-232C serial interface. Docutel/Olivetti has also added an 8086 processor to its 8001-based M20 computer. The M20 BP with two floppy-disk drives and 1 28K bytes of RAM will sell for $3295. An 8086 expansion board for the standard M20 will cost $395.

BALCONES, STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGIES, OTRONA PREPARE 16 BIT PORTABLES

Balcones Computer Corp., Austin, TX, is at work on a portable computer based on the Xerox 820 8/16 computer. The Xport will include an 8-bit Z80 with 64K bytes of RAM and a 1 6-bit 8086 with a separate 1 28K-byte RAM (expandable to 256 or 51 2K). The two processors will run concurrently; the Z80 runs CP/M-80, and the 8086 runs MS-DOS 2.0. The system, which will probably only be available with one 3V2-inch hard-disk drive and one 51/4-inch floppy-disk drive, may cost as little as $3000.

Strategic Technologies, Norcross, GA, is preparing a portable computer with a full-size plasma display. The PC Traveler will come in a briefcase measuring 14 by 19 by 6 inches and weigh less than 28 pounds. It will include an Amlyn 5-disk cartridge drive, a built-in full-size dot-matrix printer, dual 80186 processors, 128K bytes of RAM, an 80-character by 25-line gas-plasma display, and a bundled software package. The PC Traveler will sell for less than $5000 starting in November.

Otrona Advanced Systems Corp., Boulder, CO, has introduced a dual-processor version of its portable computer. The Attache 8:1 6 includes an 8-bit Z80A and a 1 6-bit 8086 processor, the CP/M 2.2 and MS-DOS operating systems, two floppy-disk drives, and an IBM-compatible display format for $3795. An upgrade board to convert an Attache to an Attache 8:1 6 will cost $1495.

0 SHACK AND SHARP INTRODUCE NEW POCKET COMPUTERS idio Shack's newest pocket computer, the PC-3, fits into a shirt pocket and can run programs written r the PC-1. Weighing in at 4 ounces, the PC-3 has 1.4K bytes of memory and a 24-character liquidystal display for $99.95. A PC-3 interface and recorder and a PC-3 printer/cassette interface each st $119.95. Sharp Electronics Corp., Paramus, NJ, has introduced a nearly identical computer, the PC-1 250, for I 10. The PC-1 250 measures 5-5/16 by 2Vi by 3/8 inches.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 7

M/CROBYTES.

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS RELEASES DOW JONES NATURAL LANGUAGE INTERFACE, DOT-MATRIX PRINTER

Texas Instruments' new Dow Jones Natural Language interface for its Professional computer enables users to request information in "plain English," translating requests into Dow Jones' command format. The $130 package includes a $50 account fee and an hour on the Dow Jones News/Retrieval service. Texas Instruments is also expected to announce its Omni 800 Model 855 dot-matrix printer. Using a 32 by 18 printing head, the printer will include graphics capabilities and selectable fonts for under $1000.

MICROS GAIN MORE A TTENTION A T SIGGRAPH

Microcomputers received increased attention from vendors showing new products at the Siggraph convention in Detroit. Micro-based products announced at the show included a graphics board for the IBM PC from Number Nine Computer Engineering Inc., Hartford, CT, for less than $1200. The board, which NNCE plans to begin shipping late in the third quarter, is based on an NEC 7220 VLSI graphics display controller. The company has been shipping a similar board for the Apple for several months . . . 3Design, Seattle, WA, announced an optional Wordstar interface for its graphics card for the IBM PC. The interface lets users mix Wordstar-generated text and graphics. The basic graphics card, which costs $250 and requires 1 28K bytes of memory in the PC, enables users to create designs, then rotate, translate, and scale them independently or in reconfigurable groups, relative to any coordinate in the system .... Cubicomp Corp., Berkeley, CA, displayed its CS-5 graphics system for three-dimensional solids modeling. The under-$9000 system, which includes an interface adapter and a CS-5 graphics module, requires an IBM PC with at least 320K bytes of RAM and a highresolution RGB monitor with long-persistence phosphors. The software runs under IBM PC-DOS . . . Precision Visuals, Boulder, CO, announced that it will support NAPLPS videotex standards in its DI-3000 graphics software.

NANORYTES

Zilog has announced the Z80000, a 32-bit microprocessor chip that is compatible with the 1 6-bit Z8000. Featuring a 256-byte on-chip cache, instruction pipelining, and memory management, the Z80000 can run at 10 to 25 MHz. It should be available in late 1984 for $150 in 1000-unit lots .... Silicon, the basic material in microprocessors and memory chips, may be in short supply later this year if semiconductor companies fail to plan now for future needs, warns Monsanto Electronic Materials Co., Palo Alto, CA. The company bases its prediction on trends in the economy and the semiconductor industry and on the sustained increase in orders for semiconductor products. Monsanto is the leading supplier of single-crystal CZ silicon, the primary ingredient of semiconductor devices .... Hewlett-Packard, Palo Alto, CA, has introduced a new 6-pen graphics plotter, the HP 7475A, for $ 1 895. The company has dropped the list price of the HP 7470A 30 percent from $ 1 575 to $1095 ... . Olympia USA Inc., Somerville, NJ, has introduced the People computer, which includes both CP/M-86 and MS-DOS and two floppy-disk drives for $3595. Concurrent CP/M-86 is also available .... American Bell has unveiled a videotex terminal to be sold through Bell Phone Center Stores. The terminal, which includes a 1 200-bps modem and keyboard, connects to a standard television. As part of a videotex program in southern Florida, the terminals will sell for $600 there; elsewhere, they will retail for $900 .... Coin-operated computer terminals with attached printers are being marketed by Data and Research Technology Corp. (Pittsburgh, PA) in an effort to become "the McDonald's of information." Users with valid accounts can access local nodes of such popular networks as CompuServe, the Source, and Dow Jones for $1 for 3 minutes. The company hopes to have terminals in 50 cities by the end of the year .... Tandy, parent of Radio Shack, says its preliminary sales figures for the year ending June 30 were $2,472,484,000, up 22 percent from fiscal 1982 .... Microsoft's MS-DOS operating system is now being supported on Digital Equipment Corp.'s Rainbow 100 and Fujitsu's Micro 1 6s . . . . Corvus Systems Inc. has lowered the prices of its Concept personal workstations to $3995 for the 256K-byte version and $4695 for the 512K-byte model .... The American Society of Interior Designers, New York, NY, has introduced a hardwaresoftware package for interior designers, architects, and space planners. Based on a Victor Technologies 8/1 6-bit computer, the package includes drafting, accounting, word-processing and mailing-list software. Priced under $10,000, it includes training for end users and a hot-line query service .... Apple Computer Inc. announced that the one millionth Apple computer was produced in June .... The British-designed Dragon computer (January 1983 BYTE, p. 46) is being manufactured and sold in the U.S. by Tano Corp. (New Orleans, LA). For $399, the machine includes 64K bytes of RAM, sound, 256 by 192 color graphics, and Extended Microsoft BASIC.

8 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ATARI COMPUTER OWNERS:

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printer-port peripheral package, from

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Until now, Atari computer owners who wanted to hook a printer to their computer had only one

choice... spend about $220 for an interface device. THOSE DAYS ARE OVER. PERCOM DATA has

built a parallel printer-port right into its new AT88 PD model. Now you can add a quality disk drive

system AND have a place to plug in a printer... WITHOUT BUYING an interface.

The AT88 S1 PD™ disk drive operates in both single density (88K bytes formatted) and double

density (176K bytes formatted).

What more could you want? NO INTERFACE... a high quality PERCOM DATA disk drive... AND a

built-in PRINTER-PORT...all with a price of $599.

Pick up a positively perfect PERCOM DATA disk drive, with

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Atari is a registered trademark of Atari, Inc. • AT88 S1 PD is a trademark of Percom Data Corporation. • COPYRIGHT PERCOM DATA CORPORATION 1983.

Prices subject to change without notice.

Circle 355 on Inquiry card.

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

LLOYDS

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Letters

Multiplying without Zero

Multiplication by doubling and halving ("Novel Methods of Integer Multiplication and Division," June, p. 364) is discussed by Karl Menninger in his excellent book, Number Words and Number Symbols (MIT Press, 1969). Menninger credits the Egyptians with the invention of the algorithm.

Multiplication and division are difficult in any number system that does not have a zero, such as Roman numerals. The Romans bypassed the problem by doubling and halving on a counting board.

Joseph J. Brigham 1293 Brighton Sq. St. Paul, MN 55112

Bug-Free But Meaningless

Those seeking a textbook illustration of the dictum "garbage in, garbage out" need look no further than John Merrill's article ("Regression Fitting to Economic Indexes," May, p. 474). The author presents a lovely piece of code, perfectly logical and internally consistent, which nonetheless produces completely meaningless output because it is based on the fallacy that holds that economic data can be treated in the same way as a continuous function in mathematics—i.e., that it can be analyzed by the methods of calculus.

The reasoning that refutes this fallacy is quite straightforward and need not be rehashed here. Rothbard, among others, has argued persuasively against the notion that it is possible to treat market phenomena in terms of "infinitely small" differences (Man, Economy, and State, Van Nostrand, 1962, p. 440n). Intuitively, it should be clear that economic data, by its very nature, is discrete because it is ultimately resolvable into individual decisions to buy or not to buy, and the buying population is finite. (It does not help to argue that the population is large enough to "approximate" infinity because the market for any given good at any given time cannot be predicted in advance and may in fact consist of only a handful of people.)

Even if we concede that it is sometimes permissible, for the sake of simplicity, to work with smoothed-out supply and de

mand curves, it makes no sense at all to maintain that an "underlying rate of inflation" can somehow be measured by cataloguing the history of prices. Such a measurement, if it could be made at all, would have to be derived from money-supply figures. The econometricians claim to be able to use the methods of statistics in order to "fit" Consumer Price Index data to a smooth logarithmic curve and then to be able to "see" the effects of the Viet Nam war in the result! Even if the CPI were accurate and consistent (and it's neither), so many variables go into determining a market's equilibrium price that you might just as well claim you can "see" the next president's face in a lump of soggy tea leaves. The moral for programmers is that our work can be logical, consistent, and bugfree, yet still produce meaningless results. If seemingly plausible, these results may mislead vast numbers of people, particularly when the government has involved itself in the matter. I have no fear of 10 million machine-readable files in private hands, but when the state uses its coercive authority to collect even one small database, I tremble. The issue for society is compulsion, not computerization.

G. M. Harding POB 7556 Carmel, CA 93921

Kudos for the Model 100

The warts to which Rich Malloy alluded ("Little Big Computer: The TRS-80 Model 100 Computer," May, p. 14) are, in fact, beauty marks! I'm a 25-year veteran of the computer field who cut his teeth on tubes and drum memory, but the bubble hasn't burst even after the first two weeks of 22-hour days of reveling in the delights of the Model 100. The designers seem to have been blessed with a Midas touch that has enabled them to turn what initially seem like drawbacks into delightful and surprising assets.

I've yet to see a criticism of the Model 100 that doesn't wither under close scrutiny. Malloy's review is the best indepth effort I've seen so far. My only query is about the surprise of the author regarding the individual who put an $800 deposit on one the day he read

10 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

With all the clamor about personal computers,

a fundamental fact is often overlooked:

some simply work better than others.

Consider the COMRVQ Portable.

A computer will make you more productive. A computer will make you more efficient. You hear it everywhere. But you don't hear much about which computer actually works best.

The COMPAQ Portable

fits under a standard airline

seat for business trips.

Works in more places

With the COMPAQ™ Portable,you can be as productive in your hotel room or your lake house as in your own office. It's a reliable companion on a business trip. It's a powerful sales aid in your customers office.

You can move it from office to office to share its resources. You can move it into the conference room to answer questions.

What's more productive than a computer? A computer that works for you in more places.

Works with the greatest number of programs

The most important consideration when choosing a computer is "what programs will it run?"

The COMPAQ Portable runs more programs than any other portable. In fact, it runs more than most nonportables because it runs all the popular programs written for the IBM® Personal Computer without any modification. There are hundreds of them. They are available at computer stores all over the country.

Imagine the power of a portable word processor. There are dozens of word processing programs available for the COMPAQ Portable.

Planning, problem-solving, and "what-ifs" are a cinch with a variety of popular electronic spreadsheet programs. The COMPAQ Portable

ns them all. There are accounting programs for anything from computerizing your family budget to full-scale professional management of payables, receivables, inventory, and payroll.

There are programs for making charts and programs for communicating with other computers.

So you get portability and you don't give up problem-solving power. The combination adds up to the most useful personal computer on the market today.

Add-on options make it work the way you work

Inside the COMPAQ Portable are three open slots. Most portables don't have any. Electronic devices called expansion boards fit those slots and give the COMPAQ Portable new powers. As with programs, expansion boards designed for the IBM will work. With them, you can make your personal computer more personal.

Want to check a stock price? One expansion board enables the COMPAQ Portable to handle those communications over ordinary phone lines.

Want to use your company's central computer files while you're on a trip? There are boards that allow the COMPAQ Portable to communicate with a variety of large computers.

Other boards let you hook up controllers for computer games, increase memory capacity, or connect several personal computers in a network.

The added usefulness is free

The COMPAQ Portable doesn't cost any more than an ordinary desktop computer. In fact, it costs hundreds less than a comparably equipped IBM or Apple® III. The COMPAQ Portable comes standard with one disk drive and 128K bytes of ^^^ memory, both of

which are usually extra-cost options. The bottom line ) is this—you

just can't

All the popular programs written for the IBM PC run as is on the COMPAQ Portable. buy a more

practical, useful, productive computer. Compare the COMPAQ Portable.

For the location of the Authorized Dealer nearest you, call 1-800231-9966.

c19«3 COMPAQ Computer Corporation

COMPAQ™ is a trademark of COMPAQ Computer Corporation.

IBM* is a registered trademark of International Business Machines

Corporation.

Apple* is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Corporation.

comma

Common sense and uncommon design

BYTE September 1983 11

Circle 50 on Inquiry card.

SERIAL PORT

W "' ,*(,"«"-»v»*wc"tt —

BTA's MODEL 524 MULTIPORT CONTROLLER is a code activated one to four serial port expander — but that's not all since it has separate and independent UARTS, buffers and handshaking each port can operate with a different configuration, i.e. different baud rates, stop bits, etc. These features also permit two or more devices to communicate with the 524 simultaneously.

ps ,

L«tt»r-quallty . /

printer f=CJ=^_*

n

High spMd I

i ( s printer

CPU 524 1 _____

1 ^»J/-—A

1 I )

/ T«rmln«l \

Full duplex with EIA RS-232 protocol Baud rates up to 19,200

Expansion to 16 ports by cascading

Peripheral ports may be configured by user software

One year warranty

•MODEL 524 $249.00

•MODEL 524A $279.00

same as model 524 except has 256 byte rx/tx buffers per port

•MODEL 524 D $269.00

same as model 524, plus continuous polling of each peripheral device for data transfer requests. The device is automatically connected when its 'turn comes up . ON, BUSY and OFF messages are sent to the peripheral device. Other models available — Contact us or your dealer for additional information.

_ BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES.inc..

■^ HIGHWAY 603, P.O. BOX 387

BAY ST. LOUIS, MISSISSIPPI 39520 16011467-8231

Letters,

about it. I went out and bought 12! I now do all my correspondence with it, keep office records on it, relish the sounds of my text-to-voice synthesizer, and enjoy threatening the wags and critics with my bar-code reader wand. I estimate that I will recoup the cost of the machines within a few months.

Radio Shack has caught at least one customer hook, line, and sinker.

R. E. Cassidy DC Consultants 38 Riddell St. Woodstock, Ontario Canada

Eek: Another Mouse?

I am sorry to see Apple, Visicorp, and possibly Microsoft jump onto the Xerox bandwagon and introduce a mouse into their new integrated computing software. The mouse is an inherently bad pointing device for at least three reasons: it consumes one to two square feet of flat desk space; it requires users to move their hands one to two feet from the keyboard in order to point at a screen object; and, because the mouse is not in a fixed place relative to the keyboard, users must look away from their work to find the mouse whenever it is to be used.

A much better solution to the problem of efficiently pointing at the screen is to use a trackball device located just below the space bar of the keyboard. This requires only four square inches of space, allows users to keep their fingers on the home keys of the keyboard during use, and does not require users to divert their eyes from the work. Trackballs are not more expensive than mice when both are manufactured in quantity.

Henry Hoeksma 112 Minota Hagey Res. University of Waterloo Canada

The Price Is Wrong

I was very excited by the article by Larry Sarisky, president of Syquest Technology, on the company's removable media hard-disk drive ("Will Removable Hard Disks Replace the Floppy?" March, p. 110). Too bad the prices quoted in the article don't come close to the actual figures on the price list Syquest sent me. (Unless, of course, I buy 50 or more units.

Do your readers often buy 50 or more units when purchasing hard-disk drives?)

The article said "3.9-inch drives cost less than $800, the 3.9-inch (cartridge) about $35." Also, "The drive costs only slightly more than a floppy-disk drive. The cost of a cartridge is comparable to the cost of a box of 10 floppy disks."

The price list that I was sent quotes the price of the removable media drive and cartridge in quantities less than 10 as $995 for a drive and $70 for a cartridge. Please be more sensitive to such exaggerated claims in the future.

K. S. Scriba 4602 Alpine Enid, OK 73701

harry Sarisky replies:

At the time my article was submitted, our pricing was $800 for either the SQ306R or SQ306F disk drive. The Q-Pak cartridge was $35. Recent cost increases in material and manpower resulted in a price increase on the SQ306R and Q-Pak. To quote all of our existing customers and prospects who have signed up to the slightly higher prices, "It is still the best deal around."

I am sorry for any inconvenience this may have caused you.

Make Mine Modula-2

"Modula-2: A Worthy Successor to Pascal" by Joel McCormack and Richard Gleaves (April, p. 385) is by far the best exposition to date on Modula-2. However, the subtitle of the article might have read "And a Worthy Competitor to Ada." Clearly, Modula-2 could give Ada a run for the money, if only the Modula Research Institute had a tenth of the funds the Department of Defense (DOD) has allocated for Ada promotion.

In Earl McCoy's "Strongly Typed Languages," (May, p. 418) he says that Ada "is expected to attain wide use in both civilian and military applications." Obviously, the many firms and organizations on the military "gravy train" will indeed use Ada because it is being forced upon them. Civilian applications, however, are a different matter. Ada has not established its superiority to even extended Pascal, let alone Modula-2. It is a nightmare for compiler writers and is clearly top-heavy with complex features, whereas Modula-2 is a simpler and much more readable systems prograrrurting lan

12 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Introducing the Most Powerful Business Software Ever!

TRS-80™ (Model I, II, III, or 16) • APPLE™ • IBM" • OSBORNE™ • CP/M™ • XEROX™

»»&$*'

GENERAL LED«5EK.

The VersaBusiness" Series

Each VERSABUSINESS module can be purchased and used independently, or can be linked in any combination to form a complete, coordinated business system.

VERSARECEIVABLES'" $99.95

VERSA RECEIVABLES7" is a complete menu-driven accounts receivable, invoicing, and monthly statement-generating system. It keeps track of all information related to who owes you or your company money, and can provide automatic billing for past due accounts. Versa Receivables'" prints all necessary statements, invoices, and summary reports and can be linked with VersaLedger II7" and VERSAlNVENTORY"*.

VERSAPAYABLES™ $99.95

VersaPayables™ is designed to keep track of current and aged payables, keeping you in touch with all information regarding how much money your company owes, and to whom. VERSAPAYABLES™ maintains a complete record on each vendor, prints checks, check registers, vouchers, transaction reports, aged payables reports, vendor reports, and more. With VERSAPAYABLES'". you can even let your computer automatically select which vouchers are to be paid.

VERSAPAYROLL™ $99.95

VERSA PAYROLL'" is a powerful and sophisticated, but easy to use payroll system that keeps track of all government-required payroll information. Complete employee records are maintained, and all necessary payroll calculations are performed automatically, with totals displayed on screen for operator approval. A payroll can be run totally, automatically, or the operator can intervene to prevent a check from being printed, or to alter information on it. If desired, totals may be posted to the VERSALEDGER If" system.

VERSAlNVENTORY™ $99.95

VERSA INVENTORY™ is a complete inventory control system that gives you instant access to data on any item. VERSAlNVENTORY™ keeps track of all information related to what items are in stock, out of stock, on backorder, etc., stores sales and pricing data, alerts you when an item falls below a preset reorder point, and allows you to enter and print invoices directly or to link with the VERSA RECEIVABLES™ system. VERSAlNVENTORY™ prints all needed inventory listings, reports of items below reorder point, inventory value reports, period and year-to-date sales reports, price lists, inventory checklists, etc.

'

CQMPIJTRQNICS

50 N. PASCACK ROAD, SPRING VALLEY, N.Y. 10977

" TRS-80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. • 'APPLE is a trademark of

*CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research

VersaLedger h™ $149.95

VersaLedger II™ is a complete accounting system that grows as your business grows. VersaLedger IP* can be used as a simple personal checkbook register, expanded to a small business bookkeeping system or developed into a large corporate general ledger system without any additional software.

• VERSALEDGER II™ gives you almost unlimited storage capacity

(300 to 10,000 entries per month, depending on the system),

• stores all check and general ledger information forever,

• prints tractor-feed checks,

• handles multiple checkbooks and general ledgers,

• prints 17 customized accounting reports including check registers, balance sheets, income statements, transaction reports, account listings, etc.

VersaLedger IP" comes with a professionally-written 160 page manual designed for first-time users. The VersaLedger IP" manual will help you become quickly familiar with VersaLedger IP", using complete sample data files supplied on diskette and more than 50 pages of sample printouts.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED!

Every VERSABUSINESS'" module is guaranteed to outperform all other competitive systems, and at a fraction of their cost. If you are not satisfied with any VERSABUSINESS™ module, you may return it within 30 days for a refund, Manuals for any VERSABUSINESS'" module may be

purchased for $25 each, credited toward a later purchase of that module.

To Order:

Write or call Toll-free (800) 431-2818

(N.Y.S. residents call 914-425-1535)

* add $3 tor shipping in UPS areas * add $5 to CANADA or MEXtCO

* add $4 for C.O.D. or non-UPS areas * add proper postage elsewhere

Circle 200 on Inquiry card. ^^^

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

All prices and specifications subject to change / Delivery subject to availability.

Apple Corp. - *IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp. - *OSBORNE is a trademark of Osborne Corp. - 'XEROX is a trademark of Xerox Corp.

Intertec Offers

ShouldVe Offered

W-YearFactor

yWstftanty

j 1

\

\ -1 Ai

The rationale behind the conventional 90-day warranty is that anything likely to go wrong will go wrong in the first 3 months.

But it can take 3 months just to get comfortable with a new system. That's the honeymoon-period, when you treat your equipment with the delicacy of a safecracker.

CompuStar can network up to 255 intelligent terminals and give each of them access to common or restricted databases.

Ah, but now it's 5 months down the road, the honeymoon is over, your equipment has finally begun to justify its cost, and that's the afternoon your processor's fan succumbs to fatigue.

Or maybe the malfunction is more gradual, like a diskhead drifting increasingly out of alignment.

Or more elusive, like an intermittent failure due to borderline components.

When You BuildThem

Stronger, \bu Can Back

Them Longer.

And that's why all Intertec terminals, computer networks and disk storage systems come with a full year of coverage. Not because you'll need it, but to assure you that you won't.

*CfifAiis a registered trademark tf'DigitalResearch.

*'Microsoft Bask- is a registeredtrademark of.Microsoft Corporation.

See—unlike other makers, we know what we're standing behind.

We don't slap Intertec nameplates on other people's parts. We build virtually all our equipment ourselves.

And we assemble it ourselves.

And we test and re-test it ourselves.

More Bytes For \bur Buck.

That's also why we can offer you flatly superior dollar-values.

In single-user desk tops, for example, our SuperBrain offers —-mmm twin Z80s, standard; 64 kbytes of dynamic ram, standard; up to 1.5 mbytes of disk storage, standard; CP/M2.2*andMBasic| standard.

And compared to conventional multi-user systems, our CompuStar systems can give you many more hours of productive labor every day— because, instead of depending on a central processor for data manipulation, each workstation in a CompuStar network has its own processor and its own 64 kbytes of ram.

As a result, you can have anywhere from 2 to 255 workstations working simultaneously without suffering noticeable declines in execution-time.

Why Just Expand When \bu Can Up-Grade?

In fact, if you assess your expansion alternatives in terms of relative payback potential,

you're very likely to find that up-grading with Intertec equipment from scratch would be more cost-effective than burdening your existing installation with add-on's.

Dollar for dollar, the Intertec system is apt to be not only faster, more powerful and more versatile, but more reliable and better supported.

Service On Site? Within 4 Hours?

In addition to our one-year warranty, and the carry-in service provided by authorized Intertec dealers, we also have 600 factory-trained technicians to provide service on-site in 120 U.S. cities, often within 4 hours.

To arrange for that service

Since we build our equipment from scratch, we can afford to do it right and still hold down our prices.

just call our Customer Services Department at 803/798-9100. At the same time we'll be happy to give you the name of your nearest Intertec dealer.

Or write on your letterhead to Intertec Data Systems Corporation, 2300 Broad River Road, Columbia, SC 29210.

intertec

Circle 233 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 15

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

Apple® II, He

5 megabyte

Removable

HARD_ DISK™

n,295

HARD_DISK is designed for fast access to large data files. The Removable HARD.DISK PAC™ can even replace floppy diskettes as a very reliable backup media and eliminate the need to add floppy disk drives.

One Year Warranty

205-871-0987

Digital Electronics Systems

107 Euclid Avenue Mountain Brook, AL 35213

HARD-DISK, PAC are trademarks of Digital Electronic

Systems, Inc.

Apple II, lie is a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.

Letters.

guage.

Perhaps it would be useful to follow the example of David Packard, founder of Hewlett-Packard. Having witnessed the DOD as an insider (he held the title of Deputy Secretary of Defense), he later ran H-P on the principle that it should stay as far away from military business as possible. Maybe he knew something we all should know.

Luckily, the nonmilitary option is available, and it happens to embody the best elements for successful systems implementations.

Lee Scott Jacobson Bebo White 1440 Catalina St. San Leandro, CA 94577

Wanted: a Conversion Program

I find myself viewing the advent of 16-bit personal computers with mixed emotions.

Having purchased an 8-bit personal computer some years ago, I have invested considerable time and money in software for the 6502 MPU. A good deal of this investment was expensive "uncopyable" business and business-related programs.

My initial reaction of elation for the IBM PC quickly disappeared when I realized the limited software available at that time and the inability to convert my existing software to the new OS/DOS used by that machine. Despite the relatively low cost of the IBM PC and its obvious advantages, I was discouraged from purchasing it due to the tremendous expense in time and money to convert my existing software to the new system.

As other newer MPUs and machines are released to the general market with expanded capabilities, the companies who published their proprietary programs push their early supporters to either repurchase the same software (if it exists) to upgrade to a new system or simply to make do with a smaller, less efficient system.

The personal computer industry takes justifiable pride in the tremendous strides it has made toward industrial standards, while the software industry struggles mightily to maintain parity (no pun intended). The introduction of new MPUs results in new OS/DOS systems—CP/M, CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M, CP/NET, Unix, Xenix, and the UCSD p-System, to

name a few. While some of these are cross-translatable and others can be used on a variety of MPUs, some tremendously brilliant software is compatible with only one or two systems. No system = no software.

Now, I'm no expert, and it may be that an inexpensive conversion program exists, but I haven't seen it advertised at any price. On the other hand, if a translator doesn't exist, someone stands to make a fortune on a single program series.

A small business or serious hobbyist simply cannot afford to repurchase or retype numerous programs after expending the necessary capital to purchase a new machine. Therefore he either declines to purchase the machine or resorts to writing his own programsbugs and all. Either way, one portion of the industry suffers.

It may be poor form to discuss price, but for me at least, cost-effectiveness is of paramount importance. If I want to purchase $8000 to $10,000 worth of equipment and then be forced to repurchase a similar dollar value of software that I already own, cost-effectiveness ceases to exist.

John Winney 8326 228th St. SW Edmonds, WA 98020

Corrected CASE Structure for Ffg-FORTH

Your August 1980 issue featured several excellent articles on FORTH. Since that time, the issue appears to have become a reference for individuals and companies as more and more attention is paid to FORTH. Peopleware Systems specializes in FORTH products, and we have received inquiries about the Miller and Miller article, "Breakforth into FORTH," (p. 50).

An example on page 180 has a subtle bug. The example as it appeared in essence is as follows:

: CASE < BUILDS SMUDGE ] DOES>

SWAP 2 * + @ EXECUTE ; : 0PET ." AARDVARK " ; : 1PET

." BEAVER " ; : 2PET

." COUGAR " ;

CASE: ANIMAL 0PET 1PET 2PET ;

where 1 ANIMAL will print BEAVER,

16 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 473 on inquiry card. ■

#

INTRODUCING

FW

EVi

.r-"?*"

V

i - . v*»i . f

lioin vuli'/, you II i'ii|iiy sweeping | i.nioi.im.r. ol Spreadsheets lli.il yuu'vi' iii'Vi'i seen before I2B columns by 12 lines, 11'£ i > ill inn i'. by 2A lineh .mil i'Vi-ii I'iO < iilumir. liy .'■! lines. You'll revel iii llu- •.! i'mk ■. i>l .i whole ye.ir ol lei olds

'.l ICI'll

in llu' new horizon ol lid iy 48 lines double Ihe Inn". you formally have. So your word proi essing wil reveal .i "depth ol < harai ler" nevei possible

osoluii'iv llu kei

preposterously cli-.n, readable c harai icrs. Noi only will you see more ( haracters on your si ici'ii (,i whopping 4096 possible), but they'll e larger and more readable lhan the

lers you re,id every d.iy in your uews

.ilure'. .i b

Minpoil lor 1./

UltraTerm. Come on over and

enjoy the view.

Suggested retail price: $379

idex

)'.')/ N.W. Granl Avenue

Ml! /'.)(

s, OK ')7iJ(l

I'll 11,nil'111.111- ul I llgllill Kl'Si-.Hi 11 11

Letters,

etc

The problem revolves around terminating the list of cases after CASE: ( OPET 1PET 2PET ) with { ; }.

The function of the terminator is to reset STATE to 0, which indicates execution mode. While { ; } does this, it also does some other things in fig systems ... it toggles the SMUDGE bit, and hence the need for SMUDGE in the < BUILDS clause in the definition of CASE: . { ; } also executes ?CSP, and here lies the bug.

If the above example is keyed in is shown, it will work as expected. However, if the stack is altered after defining 2PET but before defining ANIMAL by putting a number on the stack, the ?CSP test will fail, giving an error message #14, "definition not finished."

If { [ } is used to terminate the list of cases, no ?CSP test will be performed, and the problem will be eliminated. If this is done, SMUDGE should be omitted from the definition of CASE:.

Better yet, a synonym for { [ } can be

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The CPS-MX is also easy to integrate with Intercontinental's full line of S100 products: CPZ-48000SBC single board

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TURBOdos is a trademark ol Software 2000. Inc.

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Call Intercontinental Micro Systems today.

We'd like to send you information on the S-100 slave alternative.

defined to terminate the list of cases

: ENDCASE [COMPILE] [ ; IMMEDIATE

Note that { [ } is IMMEDIATE and, therefore, requires the use of [COMPILE]; note also that ENDCASE must be IMMEDIATE.

This bug can show up if CASE: is made part of your FORTH kernel. Thus, if you boot your FORTH system after turning power on and the first definition uses CASE: to define a word, CSP will contain garbage, and the ?CSP error will result. Our P-FORTH card automatically saves compiled FORTH code in nonvolatile EEROM, which makes this bug more likely to appear.

The correct example would then be

: CASE: <BUILDS ] DOES> SWAP 2

* + @ EXECUTE ; : ENDCASE [COMPILE] [ ;

IMMEDIATE : OPET ." AARDVARK " ; : 1PET

." BEAVER " ; : 2PET ." COUGAR " ; CASE: ANIMAL OPET 1PET 2PET

ENDCASE

Note the definition of CASE: is a fairly advanced FORTH topic, but the use of CASE: is very simple.

Fred Olson

Peopleware Systems Inc. 5190 West 76th St. Minneapolis, MN 55435

Coding between the Lines

I was considering buying the Apple Logo for my children until I read Gary Drescher's letter (March, p. 20). I have no intention of paying for the advertising of his favorite cause or anybody else's. I wonder what he would think if, for example, his or his friend's child received a FORTRAN compiler error message such as "Evolution stinks." Would he send the ACLU to the rescue or recognize the rights of anti-evolutionists to resist? Certainly, in a democratic society there are less sneaky ways of exercising one's rights to differ from and/or resist prevailing public opinions.

George Jerinic 7 Robinwood Rd. Acton, MA 01720B

18 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 231 on Inquiry card.

Circle 212 on Inquiry card.

outweighs the competition

• is i L i I •■

IBC MIDDI CADET

Maximum Users Disk Storage Memory CPU Speed

Benchmark (Elapsed time)

List Price

9

20 MB

256 KB * *

6 MHz

1:44 Minutes*

$7495.00

ALTOS ACS 8000-10

Maximum Users Disk Storage Memory CPU Speed

Benchmark (Elapsed time)

4

10 MB

208 KB

4 MHz

5:03 Minutes*

List Price

$7995.00

The IBC MIDDI Cadet is better, faster and less expensive than the ALTOS ACS-8000-10 and others. That's why we call it the heavyweight performer.

Because the MIDDI is completely software compatible with ALTOS, ONYX™, Dynabyte™ and others using CP/M™ 2.2, MP/M™ II or OASIS™, you can transport your applications software to the MIDDI without modification. So why not take the benchmark test yourself.

If you are an OEM, system integrator, multiple end user, or dealer for any of our competitors,

send a copy of your application program to IBC. We will run your software on the MIDDI without

modification and give you the elapsed time in minutes. You be the judge. If it really is faster

than your current hardware and it is, then you owe it to yourself and your customers to switch to

IBC.

So remember! When you want a heavyweight performer at a low price, contact:

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wc/

m*»l Intrgntnt Business Computers

21592 Marilla Street

Chatsworth, CA 91311

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WITHIN THE USA

1140 36th Street Suite #212 Ogden, UTAH 84403 (801)621-2294

'Four users under OASIS Upgradeoble lo 512 K Bytes

At IOS if, a trademark at At (OS Computer Sylems. ONYX is a trademark ol Onyx Systems Inc , DYNABYTE is a trademark ot Dynabyte Bu Computers, CP/M ft MP/M are trademarks of Digital Research, and OASIS is o trademark of Phase One Systems

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

f>i

■k

Ti'-'' '

i ■

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Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera

Part 1: The IS32 Optic RAM

and the_Micro D-Cam Hardware

by Steve Ciarcia

20 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

A 64K-bit dynamic RAM chip is the visual sensor in this digital

image camera

If you've followed the activities in the Circuit Cellar for any period of time, you have probably realized that my writing a monthly column is just an excuse to investigate and experiment with whatever I find currently fascinating. One of my longtime fascinations has been the input of visual data to a computer. While I've presented interfaces that allow computers to determine direction and measure distances, receive a variety of sensory inputs via touch or remote signal, and even speak their minds through voice synthesis, until now I have not presented a project that enables a computer to see.

There was a time when most computers communicated via klunky teletypes at 10 characters per second. Improving output technology—highspeed video graphics displays, dotmatrix printers, and voice synthesis—has vastly improved the computer's ability to communicate results and conclusions to its user. Except in specialized applications, however, input technology has been discouragingly static. We still plod along using keyboards or mice as the primary input device even when the input data may be graphical.

So much of our existence involves visual recognition that it only stands to reason that the potential applications of computers would be enhanced if a versatile sensory-input channel were available to the machines. Then, instead of spending hours entering digital coordinates from a picture or map into a computer using a keyboard, you could easily use a "computerized camera" to make a visual snapshot of the material, instantly producing a digitized picture. Once you had such a picture in the computer, it could be interpreted, enhanced, or stored as the application might dictate.

Photo 1: In this prototype, the Optic RAM is mounted inside a light-tight box with a Cmount lens focusing light onto one of its cell arrays. The ribbon cable leads straight from the Optic RAM to the interface card in the Apple.

Computers and Vidicon Cameras

Computerized-image cameras are not new, but up to now they have always been too expensive for widespread practical use and casual experimentation. Most of the computer image-input devices currently available use a conventional black-andwhite television camera as the image sensor. The camera's video output must be converted to digital logic levels for the computer: a difficult task, because the output, produced using a Vidicon-type pickup tube, is a high-frequency analog signal divided into 30 complete frames of picture information transmitted and scanned each second (or 25 frames for most TV systems outside North America).

Most high-quality TV-camera interfaces convert the analog signal for computer processing through "frame grabbing," in which one of the frames is sampled, digitized, and stored during a 1/30-second frame-scan interval. In these sophisticated visual sensing systems, a high-speed A/D (analogto-digital) converter digitizes the analog signal in real time at sampling rates exceeding 5 megahertz (MHz) and stores the PCM (pulse-code modulated) data in a high-speed buffer made of semiconductor memory. Because they operate so fast, such units are insensitive to camera motion and fast scene changes.

In less sophisticated TV-camera interfaces, the designer has assumed that the camera and the object in its view will remain still long enough for the picture to be processed by slower, cheaper circuitry. When the TV picture is stationary, all frames in the signal are identical, so a sequential line-sampling technique is often employed. In units of this type, a lowspeed A/D converter (sampling from 100,000 to 1,000,000 times per second) operates in bursts of activity shorter than a frame interval, with each successive period of activity, or sampling window, triggered at a slightly later time during the frame interval by line and pixel (picture element) position

counters. In between the sampling windows, the support circuitry has time to store the digitized information and get ready for the next burst of activity. As a result, the interface assembles the single image from pieces snatched from many frames;. High-speed frame grabbers generally cost more than $10,000, while the slower units cost somewhat less, depending upon speed and resolution. You can expect a 256 by 256 pixelresolution low-speed interface, the kind used in the computer systems often seen at conventions printing images on T-shirts, to cost between $500 and $1000; half of that price is for the camera and lens.

Solid-State Arrays to the Rescue?

The problem with the Vidicon-type camera is that it is an analog device, which must be adapted to work in digital applications. It would be far better to have a computer video camera that is inherently digital and dispense with the analog-to-digital conversion. Why not use semiconductor devices, the outputs of which are digital signals that change as a function of light level?

The barrier has been price. A variety of semiconductor optical sensors, such as photodiode and charged-coupled-device (CCD) arrays, fill the bill nicely. When I first started to think about building a solid-state image camera, I thought I could just order a 256 by 256 pixel CCD array and add a few binarycounter chips for a quick project. This idea evaporated quickly when I discovered that CCD arrays cost from $800 to $2000, depending upon the number of bad pixels you get.

My success with photodiode arrays wasn't much better. It seems that for about $100 you can buy a 128 by 1 or 256 by 1 array, but arrays more than one element wide are hard to find. To create a 256 by 128 or 128 by 128 picture, I would have needed to devise an optical, mechanical, or electronic way to move the array across the image plane, or move the

Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Garcia. All rights reserved.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 21

IC20 74C04

k.

IC14 74LS74

Tr

2.4576MHz

03 Q8 Q4 07 012 02 01 05 06

L_J

0

N/C -- NO CONNECTION

3D

OK 13 ^S,. 12 10K

Afv—* f ^O • WV

J-C3

| IC20 |

■ 74C04 51pF INT

16 X CLOCK

■C5 l51pF

Figure 1: A schematic diagram of the timing-generator circuit, which contains a CMOS oscillator circuit to generate the fundamental clock rate. This signal is divided down to produce the frequencies for various possible output data rates and controlling the IS32. The data-rate-clock signals control the sequence of operation of the interrupt generator and the transmitter circuit.

image across the array, stopping periodically for the values of the picture elements to be registered and stored. After tentatively sketching a screw drive and its associated control electronics, I gave up in disgust at the thought of how hard it would be to build.

If Memory Serves...

I had almost decided to join the bandwagon and use a Vidicon camera when I remembered experimenting with the optical sensitivity of dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory) chips back in 1976. I had even seen a design published for a 64 by 64 pixel resolution camera that used a type-1103 lK-bit dynamic RAM chip as an optical sensor. If the bit-storage cells in those early dynamic RAMs were light-sensitive, could the newer ones be also? If I popped the top off a 64K-bit dynamic RAM chip, wouldn't I find a 256 by 256 array?

Well, yes and no. I took the lids off a few brands of 64K-bit dynamic RAM chips, and it does appear that they are light-sensitive. The problem, however, is that they were designed only as memory devices and not op

tical arrays. To my knowledge, none of the 64K-bit dynamic RAMs on the market are configured as an orthogonal array laid out 256 elements long by 256 wide. In fact, most have 4 or 8 sections of 16K or 8K bits, and many include redundant sections that can be wired in to replace bad sections on the chip. The bit addresses don't proceed linearly through the chip either; one bit may be in the upper-left corner and the next bit in the lower-right corner.

Just as I was about to abandon all hope, I found an unconventional dynamic-RAM manufacturer that has recognized the light-sensing potential of its 64K-byte device. Micron Technology Inc., of Boise, Idaho (certainly an unconventional place to make integrated circuits), produces a dynamic RAM chip that has its memory cells laid out in only two sections, both of which are 256 by 128 cells, as shown in figure 7 on page 31. With this configuration, the chip can easily be used as an optical sensor. One specially tested 64K-bit dynamic memory device, called the IS32 Optic RAM, comes in a package with a see-through quartz lid (see photo 4 on page 30).

Per pixel, the Micron Technology IS32 Optic RAM costs 1000 times less than the earlier generation of imagesensing chips such as the CCD. The Optic RAM's spectral sensitivity is generally the same as that of other silicon-based light-sensing media, but its bit-for-bit uniformity is not as good as CCDs. Nevertheless, the Optic RAM can bring capabilities to your computer that were previously available only to large industrial users.

Build the Micro D-Cam

This month, using the IS32, I'll show you how to build a relatively low-cost digital image camera I call the Micro D-Cam (see photo 1). Its resolution of 256 by 128 pixels is adequate for many applications in graphics, pattern and character recognition, robotics, process control, and security. (Of course, the output of the Micro D-Cam is a digital signal; it cannot be used to directly drive a composite-video monitor.) I've put together versions of the Micro D-Cam for use with the Apple II computer (II-Plus and He, see photo 3, page 30) and the IBM Personal Computer; however, the Micro D-Cam is serially interfaced and requires only

22 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

five wires for connection, so I'm also working on an RS-232C version that can be attached to any computer that has a serial port.

The Micro D-Cam project is rather complex, so I'll present it in two parts. This month 111 explain how the IS32 Optic RAM and the Micro DCam hardware work. Because appropriate software is vital to the success of this project, next month I'll include a lengthy listing of a typical control program for use with the Apple IIPlus version of the Micro D-Cam. We'll also look at some of the Micro D-Cam's capabilities.

IS32 Optic RAM

The IS32 from Micron Technology is an all-digital image-sensing device. Its pertinent characteristics are shown in table 1.

The IS32 contains 65,536 (64K) light-sensitive memory cells laid out in two planar, rectangular arrays of 32,768 elements, each a matrix of 128 rows and 256 columns. The two arrays are separated by an optically nonsensitive "dead" zone about 25 elements wide. To avoid having a gap in the image or using complicated optical systems to eliminate it, only one of the arrays is usually used as an image sensor. Each of the memory elements in the matrix can be accessed randomly when the control circuitry strobes in the appropriate row and column address of the element being accessed.

Theory of Operation

An image camera built around the IS32 focuses reflected light from the viewed object and passes it through a lens onto one of the 32,768-element arrays. When an individual element is struck by photons of light, the capacitor in the cell, which is initially precharged to a fixed voltage, begins to discharge toward zero volts. The capacitor discharges at a rate proportional to the light intensity throughout the duration of the exposure.

After the exposure interval has elapsed, the circuitry reads the element by addressing it as a memory cell. During the cell access, sense amplifiers within the IS32 read the capacitor's voltage value and compare it to a fixed threshold voltage. If the potential is above the threshold, the picture element is deemed to be black; if the potential is too low, the picture element is declared white. The D„„r pin of the Optic RAM is set to a logic 1 or 0 during the corresponding bit interval as a result of this decision. The raw "gray scale" of the IS32, therefore, has only two shades, white and black. (We'll see how to compensate for this shortly.)

All dynamic-memory devices require refreshing for operation; the charge representing the data stored in each cell capacitor will leak away if left alone (exposure to light merely hastens the leakage). The charge must be sensed and brought back to

the nominal voltage for the logic state it represents This can happen when the computer reads a bit value from the cell, but more frequently it happens when circuitry external to the memory chip periodically activates the cell's address just for the purpose. (Many memory chips, including the IS32 Optic RAM, can refresh their cells a whole row at a time.) The IS32 can be used this way as a regular memory device can, but in optical service there is a twist in the refreshing. The chip is light-sensitive only when it is not being refreshed; the key to using it in a camera is to carefully control its sensitivity by performing the refresh operation in a special way.

In the beginning of an image-sensing cycle, the Micro D-Cam's circuitry addresses all the cells in the active array, filling them with the positive voltages that represent logic Is. The exposure begins with the receipt of a SOAK command, which is the equivalent of opening the shutter (to allow the array to "soak" in light). Then, after the appropriate exposure interval has elapsed, the control circuitry issues the refresh command, which freezes the states of the memory cells (or pixel cells, if you will). Then the control circuitry activates the interrupt state, during which the value of one cell is fetched and transmitted. Interrupt cycles are continued until all the bits in the array have been transmitted. (The interrupt

Photo 2a: The Micro D-Cam can focus on UPC bars. Both photos shown here used the Apple II's high-resolution graphics routines to reproduce the camera's output.

Photo 2b: The Apple II's display represents gray levels as different densities of white dots. Several different-length exposures are combined to form the gray-scale image.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 23

mode is not maintained constantly because the IS32 cannot be refreshed during the interrupt.) The Micro DCam then causes all the cells to again be set to 1, and the image-sensing cycle starts over.

A white pixel (logic 0) in the output indicates that the capacitor was exposed to a light intensity sufficient to discharge it past the threshold point. A black pixel (logic 1) indicates the light intensity was not enough to discharge the capacitor past the threshold point.

How fast the camera can scan the image varies according to the light intensity. The faster the elements are scanned, or read, the greater the light intensity required. The Micro D-Cam can scan approximately 15 frames per second at maximum speed.

The Optic RAM Resembles Film

The operation of the digital image sensor can be compared to that of a black-and-white film emulsion in a conventional photographic camera. Like the film, the IS32 contains many light-sensitive elements lying in a single plane. The image is focused (optically) on the plane, the user can adjust the aperture (measured in fstops) and the length of exposure. The aperture is an adjustment of the size of the opening through which the light is allowed to pass on its way to the light-sensitive medium (changed in both cases by mechanically opening or closing an iris). The length of exposure (corresponding to photographic shutter speed) is adjusted in the Optic RAM by the scanning function of the drive electronics. And in the Optic RAM, the film is advanced, so to speak, by refreshing the voltage on all the memory elements.

Also like film, the Optic RAM's elements respond to light in a binary fashion, indicating only black or white, the presence or absence of a certain amount of light during the exposure. However, in a photographic film, the light-sensitive elements

1. 128- by 256-element array measuring 5.504 by 1.088 millimeters

2. Element size: 8 microns by 9 microns

3. Vertical center-to-center spacing: 21.5 microns

4. Horizontal spacing: 8.5 microns

5. Spacing between left and right arrays: 150 microns

Table 1: Specifications of the Micron Technology IS32 Optic RAM, a 64K-bit memory chip that has the extra talent of serving as a digital image detector.

(grains of silver-halide compounds) come in different sensitivities and respond to different intensities of light, whereas the IS32's cells all respond at about the same intensity for any given condition. To circumnavigate this limitation with the Optic RAM, varying shades of gray can be recorded by making multiple scans of the same optical image, averaging the results obtained from either changing the sensitivity of the cells, using a different threshold voltage for each scan, or varying the scan rate.

By changing the threshold voltage and keeping both the scanned image and light intensity constant, areas on the Optic RAM where intermediately bright portions of the image fall will give differing output levels. The nominal threshold potential, 2.1 volts (V), can be adjusted though pin 1 (Analog Threshold) on the IS32 from 1.5 V to 3 V, but Micron Technology suggests that gray-scale capability be achieved by varying the scan rate rather than by adjusting the threshold voltage. Changes will be exhibited in the response of the pixels where the image is gray (of intermediate brightness) so that the amount of light striking the cell capacitors is near the threshold voltage. Of course, a darker area of the image will generate more logic Is as output than logic 0s, and a lighter area will generate more logic 0s. By averaging these outputs over a number of scans, the appropriate shade

of gray can be produced in a composite image representation.

The Micro D-Cam may not contain a mechanical shutter, but its electronic equivalent is easily controlled by sending the appropriate commands to the control circuitry. The Optic RAM's sensitivity to light varies according to the electrical voltages present on it, allowing for precise continuous control of the Micro DCam's exposure values.

Ease of Use

Hooking up the Micro D-Cam to a computer is easy. The unit's control circuitry provides all the requisite timing signals and circuitry to execute commands received from the computer. The Micro D-Cam automatically sequences the Optic RAM so that each image-sensing cell is accessed and the appropriate video information transmitted to the computer for display or processing.

The Micro D-Cam uses a C-mount lens (the type commonly used in 16-millimeter movie cameras and small television cameras) with variable focus. The lens I chose was designed for viewing objects from a distance of at least 18 inches (45 cm); from this distance, the Micro D-Cam can distinguish characters of the size you are now reading. For viewing objects under greater magnification, you can insert a close-up adapter between the lens and its mount to extend the focal length of the lens. (See photo 2.)

The link between the computer and the Micro D-Cam is a TTL(transistor-transistor logic) level serial interface. The external data-rate clock signal allows the computer to be synchronized to the Micro D-Cam, so the camera can operate at a speed of its own choosing.

Five lines run between the camera and the computer, carrying the transmit, receive, ground, and external clock signals and + 5-V power. A general-purpose type-6850 ACIA (asynchronous communication interface

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Circuit Cellar articles as reference material for each month's current article. Most of these past articles are available in reprint books from BYTE Books, McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hightstown, NJ 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I cowers articles that appeared in BYTE from September 1977 through November 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume II contains articles from December 1978 through June 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume III contains articles from July 1980 through December 1981.

24 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

adapter) buffered chip performs serial-to-parallel and parallel-to-serial data conversion, mating the Micro DCam's nonspecific circuitry to the host computer, as illustrated by the Apple II Plus in this article.

Hardware Details: Timing, Refreshing, and Interrupts

The timing-generator circuit (see figure 1), which generates the timing signals for the operation of the Micro D-Cam, contains a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) oscillator circuit that generates the fundamental clock rate. This signal is divided down to produce the frequencies for various possible output data rates and controlling the IS32. The data-rate-clock signals control the sequence of operation of the interrupt generator and the transmitter circuit.

The oscillator circuit emits a fundamental 4.9152-MHz signal, which is buffered by a type-74C04 inverter section (IC20a). This clock signal is divided again by a type-D flip-flop and brought out to a set of datarate-selection jumper connections. IC26 divides the frequency by increasing powers of 2; these various subharmonic outputs lead to other

data-rate-selection jumpers. Jumper connections 5 through 8 select the data rate used in the transmitter and interrupt-generator circuit (figure 5 on page 28), while connections 1 through 4 are 16 x clock signals used in the receiver circuit. The output of IC26's pin 7 drives the Optic RAM's timing circuitry, which generates the familiar RAS (row-address strobe), CAS (column-address strobe) and R/W (read/write) signals as used by most dynamic RAM chips.

When the camera is transmitting data from the Optic RAM, it is in the interrupt mode, and the CAS and R/W signals are provided to the Optic RAM. When the camera is not transmitting, the interrupt mode is off, and CAS and R/W are disabled; the active-high interrupt signal INT is low and its complement INT is high, so the output of the AND gate driving CAS remains high and the OR gate driving R/W remains low.

During an interrupt cycle, INT goes high and INT goes low, enabling CAS and R/W . The high state of RAS' (RAS-bar-prime) passes through a delay line consisting of two inverter sections (IC20d and f) and an R/C (resistance/capacitance) network,

and then, combined with INT through an AND gate (IC9c), causes CAS to go high. When this happens, the column address is latched intothe Optic RAM. At this time the R/W signal is still high, so the value stored in the accessed pixel is read out^ After another delay period, R/W goes low, writing a 1 bit into the accessed cell to restore its charge and make it again able to react to light. When RAS' returns low, the interrupt cycle is terminated and CAS and R/W are disabled.

Command-Receiver Circuit

The serial command line carries commands from the computer to the camera. This data enters the command-receiver section (figure 2) a single bit at a time and is assembled according to the following protocol. The first bit to arrive is the start bit, followed by 8 data bits and then the stop bit. The start bit enables operation of the input shift register and starts the shift-register clock, which is initially low. When the clock goes high, the start bit, always a high level, is latched into the first of eight data positions in the shift register. When the clock goes low, the first data bit arrives at the shift register's input.

SERIAL COMMAND INPUT ITTL LEVEL

16 X CLOCk[ >

NO CONNECTION 9 |3 \» Is [«

DO Dl D2 D3

ICZ5 74LS161

QO 01 Q2 Q3

CLOCK

Ql Q2 Q3 04 05 06 07 08

NO CONNECTION

DO Dl D2 D3 Dd D5

IC19

74C174 c

K QO Q] 02 03 Q4 05

[END OF FRAME)

^>

-o -o -o

WIDE Pix

-O

ALT8IT | v,

Figure 2: The serial command line carries commands from the computer to the camera. The data enters the command-receiver section serially and is assembled by the shift register into a decodable word stored in the latch.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 25

When the rising edge of the clock pulse is detected, the shift register moves the high start bit from position 1 to position 2 and shifts the first data bit from the shift register's input into position 1. As successive bits arrive, each one is shifted into the shift register when the rising edge of the clock pulse is detected.

When the start bit finally reaches position 8, the camera has received the entire command byte, so the first 6 data bits are transferred from the shift register into a latch (a 1-byte memory) called the command register. The clock is then disabled and the shift register cleared, leaving the 6 camera-command bits in the command register. The receiver is now ready to accept another command.

Address Registers

The address registers of the circuit (see figure 3) latch the row-address, column-address, and refresh pointers for the Optic RAM addressing. Address registers IC22 and IC16 hold the row and column addresses, respectively, while the third register, IC10, is the refresh register.

The first two registers are activated only when the camera is to fetch and

transmit a single bit of information from the Optic RAM. (This fetch operation is the interrupt cycle, which, as we saw before, is initiated by the INT signal going high.) The cycle starts on the occurrence of the falling edge of the RAS signal and ends on the next falling edge of RAS. When the camera is not fetching in an interrupt cycle, the refresh register is active. This third address register

An unconventional

dynamic-RAM manufacturer has recognized the lightsensing potential of its 64K-bit device.

continually increments the rowaddress value from 0 through to 255. Except during interrupts and exposures, this value passes through to the address lines of the IS32, performing a refresh operation. All three address registers have three-state outputs (that is, their outputs can assume a high-impedance condition, not driving the bus either high or low), and only one register is active

at any one time.

The selected register drives its data onto a common bus called the presentaddress bus. The present address passes through the descramble-andsoak circuitry (which will be discussed shortly) to the Optic RAM, where it is used to select a row or column. The present-address bus also connects to the address circuit, where a value of 0,1, or 2 (depending upon software-selected options) is added to the present-address value. The resulting sum is driven out of the adder onto the next-address bus, which connects to the inputs of each of the address registers. The value on the nextaddress bus is latched into the selected address register, and then that register is disabled.

The array-selection circuit simply selects whether one or both of the IS32's cell arrays are to be used. If 2ARRAY is high, the output of the OR gate (IC21, pin 11) is always high, and the row-register value (IC22) will never be less than 128, so only the second array (rows 128 to 255) will be addressed and transmitted. If 2ARRAY is low, however, the OR gate will appear transparent and the value on the next-address-bus line D7

tO

IC4 74C08

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NEXT ADDRESS[ >CLOCK

_9j 11

13

17 18

DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 IC22 CLOCK 74C374

(HAS) OUTPUT CONTROL QO Ql 02 Q3 Q4 05 06 Q7

IC21 74C32

^n>

IC18 74C04

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13

14

17 18

DO Dl D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 IC 16 CLOCK 74C374

(CAS) OUTPUT CONTROL 00 Ql 02 03 04 Q5 Q6 Q7

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(REFRESH) OUTPUT CONTROL QO Ql 02 Q3 04 OS 06 07

16 |l<

NEXT

ADDRESS

BUS

■o

■o

PRESENT ADDRESS

-o< -o«

-o«

-o« o<

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Figure 3: This section of the circuit latches the row-address, column-address, and refresh pointers for the Optic RAM addressing. Address registers IC22 and IC16 hold the row and column addresses, respectively, while the third register, IC10, is the refresh register.

26 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

will be driven onto IC22. This means all addresses from 0 to 255 will be selected and the values in both arrays will be transmitted.

Address Descramble and Array Soak

The internal circuitry in the Optic RAM scrambles the row and columnaddress values when accessing a cell. (After all, the IS32 chip was designed for use only as a memory device, not as an optical sensor.) But because element location is a critical issue in optical work, the address-descramble circuit (see figure 4, below) unscrambles the values into a new ad

dress, which the Optic RAM decodes to access the desired pixel.

Charged with the task of transforming the data from the address registers into a new address, which the Optic RAM decodes to access the desired pixel, the descrambling circuit consists of two inverters, three exclusive-OR gates, and a multiplexer (IC11). The inverters and exclusive-ORs do the actual descrambling on the row and column addresses; the multiplexer selects between the descrambled row and column addresses at the appropriate times and transmits the address to the Optic RAM.

The multiplexer uses RAS to determine which address is selected. If RAS is low at the multiplexer's SELECT input (IC11, pin 1), the descrambled row addresses (on the B inputs) are selected. When RAS is low, the A inputs, or descrambled column-address inputs, are selected.

The purpose of the SOAK circuit is to prevent the refresh addresses from reaching the Optic RAM during the exposure cycles. (Remember, the Optic RAM is light-sensitive only when it is not being refreshed.) During periods when INT is inactive-low (with the refresh register therefore active) and SOAK is active-low, the

RAS'C>

QtO

«L>

03\Z>

o'L>

o<L>

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soak| >

"1

ill V

10

IC23 74C08

D-i

3D

r>

111

^OH

i .els i rr^1—^ i

n

13

I /4tU4

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SELECT B3 Y4

A3 Y!

B4 Yi

A4 y:

B2

IC11 A2 74C157

Bl

Al

STROBE

IC12 74C86

o

AIC18 74C04

I /408b

2L>

IC15 74C02

ras'int| ^>

+ 5V R1

9 39K

I W\/—

12

11

13

CI O.l^F

-)r

2

R2

39K

-wv—

^

SELECT

AO

A3

Al IC17 IS32 A2

A4 A5 A6

R/W

CAS

A7

DoUT DIN

14

-I >R/W

15

-Ocas

-Oras

IC12 74C86

12

PR

D Q

IC24 74C74

CLOCK Q

CLR

.^[T^-Od-ata

13

J

Figure 4: Consisting of two inverter sections, three exclusive-OR gates, and a multiplexer, the address-descrambling circuitry undoes the internal address scrambling done by the Optic RAM. The soak circuit makes the Optic RAM light-sensitive by depriving it of refresh cycles.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 27

Figure 5: The circuitry for transmitting the pixel data to the host computer and for generating the interrupt states that allow data to be read from the pixels in the IS32.

28 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

output of NOR gate IC15d is high. This sets the multiplexer's enable input high and drives the multiplexer's outputs low. The high NOR-gate (IC15d) output also forces a low state at the inverter output IC18d, which forces the outputs of the four AND gates IC23a, b, c, and d low. These AND gates stand between the present-address bus and the IS32's four low-order address inputs. Thus, the Optic RAM's address inputs remain low, and the refresh function is performed on only address 0. When SOAK goes inactive-high, the multiplexer and AND-gate outputs are enabled and the refresh addresses reach the Optic RAM so that the entire chip is refreshed, making it insensitive to light.

Transmitter and Interrupt-Generator Circuit

This circuit, shown in figure 5, transmits the pixel data serially to the

host computer, inserting start and stop bits where appropriate, and generates the INT and INT signals for fetching the pixel information from the IS32.

At the heart of this circuit is the ripple counter, IC4, enabled when the

The output of the

Micro D-Cam is a

digital signal; it cannot

be used to directly drive a composite-video monitor.

Micro D-Cam has been commanded to transmit data. It inhibits the interrupt generator when start and stop bits are being transmitted (preventing accessing of the Optic RAM) and enables the interrupt circuit when it is transmitting data. The transmitter's frequency is determined by the datarate clock. During each clock cycle

only one start, stop, or data bit is transmitted.

The interrupt generator is enabled by both the ripple counter (IC4) and the data-rate clock, but the interrupt cycle itself is clocked by RAS. Because the purpose of the interrupt cycle is to fetch a single pixel for transmission, only one pixel can be transmitted on each clock cycle. The rising edge of the data-rate clock enables the interrupt circuit. The next falling edge of the RAS waveform initiates the interrupt cycle, causing a pixel to be read from the Optic RAM. The INT signal feeds back into the interrupt circuit, resetting the interrupt enable.

When RAS goes low again, the interrupt cycle is terminated. The next falling edge of the data-rate clock enables the interrupt circuit again (unless a start or stop bit is to be transmitted). Thus, only one pixel is transmitted during each data-rate

*LT BIT | >

IC7

74C04 IC2

74C08

RAS'[^>

intO

IC5

™C86 !£!

j 74C00

INTO

13

rh

12

QO Ql Q2 Q3

-v'y'v'y' 1

10 5

Al Vcc Bl B2 B3 B4 CO ... C4

IC3 74C83

A2

A3 A4 SI Z2 S3 Z4

■5V ?4

D Q

IC6 74C74

CLOCK Q

CLR

-5V

*

Q4 Q5 0.6 Q7

16 lh 14 13

8 12

15 rh

10 5

Al VCC Bl B2 B3 B4 CO C4

IC27 74C83

A3 A4 Zl 22 Z3 Z4

DO Dl D2 D3

J

15 rh

D4 D5 D6 D7

IC9 74C08

+ 5V

Li£J v

IC15 74C02

PR

D Q

IC24 74C74

CLOCK Q

CLR

-oeo?

+ 5V

-| ]> NEXT- ADDRESS CLOCK

H >LINE

-\ ^LINE

Figure 6: The adder circuit allows the Micro D-Cam to keep track of the proper values for the row, column, and refresh registers.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 29

Photo 3: The control circuitry for the Micro D-Cam image camera is shown here in prototype form mounted in an input/output slot in an Apple II Plus computer.

Photo 4: The IS32 Optic RAM, a 64K-bit dynamic memory device specially packaged with a quartz lid for optical use in image-sensing applications, is made by Micron Technology Inc., 2805 East Columbia Rd., Boise, ID 83706, (208) 383-4000.

Number

Type

+5V

GND

Number

Type

+5V

GND

IC1

74C00

14

7

IC17

IS32

16

8

IC2

74C08

14

7

IC18

4069

14

7

IC3

74C83

5

12

IC19

74C174

16

8

IC4

4017

16

8

IC20

4069

14

7

IC5

74C86

14

7

IC21

74C32

14

7

IC6

74C74

14

7

IC22

74C374

20

10

IC7

74C04

14

7

IC23

74C08

14

7

IC8

74C74

14

7

IC24

74C74

14

7

IC9

74C08

14

7

IC25

74LS161

16

8

IC10

74C374

20

10

IC26

4040

16

8

IC11

74C157

16

8

IC27

74C83

5

12

IC12

74C86

14

7

IC28

74CO0

14

7

IC13

74C164

14

7

IC29

74C74

14

7

IC14

74LS74

14

7

IC30

MC6850

12

1

IC15

74C02

14

7

IC31

74LS245

20

10

IC16

74C374

20

10

Table 2

Power wiring

for integrated circuits

in the Micro D-Cam.

clock cycle.

The WIDEPIX circuit is used to help compensate for the mismatch in aspect ratios of the Optic RAM and most computer graphics screens. The Optic RAM has a ratio of 2.5:1, compared with the 4:3 aspect ratio of most cathode-ray-tube (CRT) displays, and the pixels are not square. If the image data is displayed on a screen with an aspect ratio that close to 1:1, the image will appear to have been squeezed horizontally. The WIDEPIX circuit helps compensate for this by causing each pixel to be transmitted twice, doubling the width of the image. The circuit is enabled when the Micro D-Cam is transmitting and the WIDEPIX command line is high. This causes the flip-flop IC8a's output to toggle on every data-rate-clock cycle. This flipflop inhibits the interrupt cycle on alternate data-rate clock cycles. During data-rate-clock cycles in which the interrupt is inhibited, the pixel from the previous interrupt cycle is transmitted agairu

The LINE and LINE signals indicate that the column-address register has reached terminal count, meaning that the last column has been scanned. These signals, when active, inhibit the occurrence of further interrupts during the transmission of the current byte so that the value of the last accessed data bit is repeated to fill out the bits in the byte. This guarantees that the next byte transmitted will start off with information from the next row, i.e., that no single byte will contain picture information from two rows. When the stop bit is to be transmitted, assertion of the LINE signal at one input of exclusiveOR gate IC5b causes an interrupt request, and assertion of LINE at the input of the NAND gate IClb ensures that the interrupt flip-flop is enabled. This "dummy" interrupt is used to increment the row-address register. The pixel that is accessed during this cycle is blanked by the transmission of the stop bit.

Adder and End-of-Frame Circuit

The adder and end-of-frame section, shown in figure 6, adds the

30 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

proper increments to the row, column, and refresh registers and generates signals indicating end-of-frame (EOF) in the Optic RAM.

When any one of the address registers drives a value onto the presentaddress bus, the adder circuit receives this value, adds a 0, 1, or 2 to it (depending on the control inputs RAS, LINE, ALTBIT and INT), and places the sum onto the next-address bus. When the refresh register is active, the INT line causes a 1 to be added each cycle. During interrupt cycles, the row and column registers are active. The adder sequences these registers through the Optic RAM in a "column-fast" mode, i.e., the adder adds 0 to the row address and 1 to the column address until the end of the column (or end of the line) is reached. The adder then adds a 1 to both the row and column, thus incrementing the row register and resetting the column register to 0.

The ALTBIT input simply adds an extra 1 to the value on the presentaddress bus during interrupt cycles; thus the row and column registers are incremented by a total of 2 rather than 1.

Control and Use

The software routines that control the Micro D-Cam are menu-driven. While the camera is running, several real-time commands are available to alter the operation of the camera from frame to frame. The real-time options are displayed on the screen.

When the camera is first turned on, you start the image-gathering process by selecting one of the options from the menu offered by the software, which I'll discuss in detail next month. If everything is working properly, an image of what the Micro D-Cam is seeing is shown on the computer's video-display screen. If the display screen remains dark, the exposure interval may be insufficient; this situation may be remedied by increasing the exposure time. If the exposure time is excessive, the screen will be white. This situation may be remedied by decreasing the exposure time or changing the aperture on the lens. Eventually, a clear picture will

\J

THRESH

1

255

254

tr

Ul

m

5 Z

z 5

_l O o

-J <

o

CO

I

3.

4 3 2

1 0

16

DIN

2

15

3

14

WRITE

RAS

4

13

AO

5

12

Al

6

11

A2

7

10

vcc

8

9

255 -128 PHYSICAL

127- 0 ROW NUMBER

vSs

CAS

A6

A3

A7

CELL DIMENSION: 0.0085mm X 0.0215mm ARRAY DIMENSION: 1.088mm X 5.504mm (NOT DRAWN TO SCALE )

Figure 7: A diagram of the topology and pinout configuration of the IS32 Optic RAM (not to scale). Each of the two cell regions, visible through the quartz package lid, contains a 128by 256-cell array.

appear on the computer's screen as you reach the proper adjustments.

Next Month:

In part 2, we'll look at the software you'll need to read the Micro D-Cam's images, including a complete listing for the Apple II Plus, and I'll explain the computer interface and how the Micro DCam communicates with its user.m

Steve Ciorcia (POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033) is an electronics engineer and computer consultant with experience in process control, digital design, nuclear instrumentation, product development, and marketing. In addition to writing pr BYTE, he has published several books.

Special thanks to Carl Baker and Jim Herrud of Micron Technology for their contributions to this project.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project kits, circle 100 on the reader service inquiry card at the back of the magazine.

The following items are available from: The Micromint Inc. 561 Willow Ave. Cedarhurst, NY 11596 (800) 645-3479 (for orders) (516) 374-6793 (for information)

1. Complete Micro D-Cam unit including interface card, extension cable, IS32 Optic RAM, lens, remote housing, operators manual, and utility software. Specify Apple II (Plus or E), or IBM Personal Computer.

Assembled and tested $295

2. Same as Item 1 except in kit form. Specify Apple II or IBM Personal Computer version.

Complete kit $260

3. IS32 Optic RAM sold separately IS32 each $42

4. RS-232C-interfaced Micro D-Cam for general use. Call for price and delivery.

Please add $4 shipping and insurance in continental United States, $20 overseas. New York residents please include 7 percent sales tax.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 31

Innovative technology brings you quality color printing

for only $599

The technology of the all-new Transtar 315 color printer revolutionizes color impact printing! Unlike old-fashioned printers needing multiple passes with pins to print color, the Transtar 315 employs an innovative 4-hammer print head to allow 7 colors and more than 30 shades to be printed in a single pass!

A unique 4-color diagonal ribbon maximizes the efficiency of the 315's color imaging and enhances its simple reliability. Built by Seikosha, the most experienced manufacturing company of the famous Seiko group, the Transtar 315 is available now and has been designed to be compatible with the IBM, Apple I l/l le and Franklin personal computers. An optional PICS card also allows Apple and Franklin users to simply depress the 315's "copy" button to print any highor low-resolution screen without exiting a program!

Transtar is bringing the technology of tomorrow to you today. Your future in color printing is only $599 away.

Transtar

P.O. Box C-96975, Bellevue, Washington 98009 Circle 455 on inquiry card.

I

►

Portable computers are definitely the wave of the future. Incorporating new design concepts, innovative hardware, and easy-to-use software, these diminutive machines are bound to change • ay we think about computers. This

mth's theme articles will take you on a guided r of the industry, the main features portables offer and how to choose from among them, and the computers themselves.

Practically every major computer manufacturer has introduced, has plans for, cr is in the process of introducing a portable computer. Not a month goes by that BYTE doesn't get wind of a new portable computer system. According to the Venture Development Corporation's report, "The Portable Briefcase Computer and Terminal Industry, 1982-1987: A Strategic Analysis," portable computer sales are expected to reach more than $4 billion by 1987. That figure is just for briefcase and transportable computers; it doesn't include hand-held computers.

This plethora of portables gives buyers more computing power and convenience for their money than ever before, But it also means that selecting a portable computer for personal or business use is wore involved than ever. Each manufacturer has a different design philosophy for producing a portable. Sorting through the number of features and options available on the portables makes selecting the right one for your needs even more difficult than choosing a desktop computer.

This issue will help to eliminate some of the confusion surrounding portable computers. In addition to Mahlon Kelly's analysis of the Radio Shack Model 100, we'll take a look at the Pied Piper, a briefcase CP/M system; the powerful HP-75; and the Access Matrix portable, which some disparagingly refer to as the "Swiss army knife" of portables, while others swear by its conveniently built-in printer and acoustic modem. We also review the Kaypro II and its big brother, the Kaypro 10, with its built-in 10-megabyte hard disk; you'll see zuhy these portables are giving the Osborne a run for its money. The Corona Portable PC, which comes under one reviewer's scrutiny, is described as an IBM-compatible portable that goes beyond being a mere clone.

In addition to system reviews, this issue offers in-depth views of the larger issues that affect the portable marketplace. A comprehensive article on CMOS technology explains how improvements in chip-fabrication technology have brought down the price of CMOS RAMs. The problems of moving delicate equipment are addressed in "The Challenge of Hard Disk Portability." To top off the issue, you can read about how the designers of the new Gavilan portable computer decided on which features to include in their computer.

To start you off, the article that follows offers a general overview of the portable field and covers some of the major features of portable computers, their pros and cons, and how to choose the portable that best suits your needs. The Portable Computer Comparison Table starting on page 36 lists the latest portables available and their specifications.

—Stanley J. Wszola

ptember 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 33

How to Choose a Portable

Photo 1: The Sharp PC-1500 is a typical pocket computer.

Factors to consider before you take the plunge

Just a year and a half ago the Osborne 1 portable microcomputer had no competitors. Today at least 50 portables fight for a share of the market, and new machines are announced almost daily.

There's definitely something going on out there, and it bodes well for the consumer. Manufacturers, trying to outdo the competition, are offering better, more powerful, and more attractive portable computers. It's the free market at its best. The only prob

by Stanley J. Wszola

lem with this abundance of portables is that buyers often don't know where to begin. To that end, we'll start with an explanation of what a portable computer is and then explore its various components. While that won't tell you which portable to buy, it will provide some signposts to help you make an informed choice. (For a directory of portable computers, see table 1.)

The sudden appearence of portable computers results from a con

vergence of technologies. Many features found on portable computers have been used and refined on products such as digital watches and pocket calculators. In addition, the products of the years of research and development that went into creating today's desktop microcomputer have finally come together in the portable computer. What we have is reliable hardware and proven software in a machine that can be shuttled easily from office to home or wherever. Por

34 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

table computer users include business people who like the flexibility of working at home or on the road, scientists and engineers who take their portables into the field for onsite computer applications, and people who simply like to take their computing power with them.

What Is a Portable?

A portable computer is, of course, a computer first and foremost. It must have a central processing unit, memory, a method for data entry, a device for or method of displaying data output, and usually a means of storing data.

A portable computer must be easy to carry from place to place. Don't confuse "portable" with "transportable." Any computer can be transportable if you have a big enough truck. For the purposes of this article, a portable computer is one that can be carried by one person—but not necessarily easily carried. Currently portable computers can be divided into three rough categories:

Pocket computers: These can be characterized as pocket-size, batterypowered, lightweight computers with a 1-line display, limited memory (0.5 to 10K bytes), and usually BASIC in ROM (read-only memory). Most use cassette tape for data storage. The keyboards on these computers are not suitable for touch-typing, and the 1-line display is adequate only for simple programming. Many of these computers can accept accessories (i.e., printers, serial- and parallel-port interfaces, and modems) to increase their usefulness. A good example of an adaptable pocket computer is the Sharp PC-1500 pictured at left.

Briefcase computers: As the name implies, these computers are small enough to be placed in a briefcase. They usually have a 4- to 8-line display, a full-size keyboard, provision for increasing internal memory, serial and/or parallel ports, and AC or battery power. Most briefcase computers feature BASIC in ROM, and some include applications programs for word processing, telecommunications, and appointment scheduling. Data storage can involve micro- or full-size cassette tapes, auxiliary floppy-disk

drives, or bubble and CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory cartridges. Most have full-size keyboards that are suitable for touch-typing. Their light weight (5 to 10 pounds) and small size let you use them almost anywhere. One example of a briefcase computer is the Radio Shack Model 100.

Transportable computers: These are the heavyweights of the portablecomputer field in terms of size, weight, and capabilities. I've used the term transportable because some socalled portable computers are nothing more than a boxed desktop computer with a handle on top. Most are the size of a small suitcase, weigh 15 to 40 pounds, and usually have a CRT (cathode-ray tube) display with one or more floppy-disk drives. Most

Any computer can be

transportable if you

have a big enough

truck.

use CP/M-80 or CP/M-86 and MSDOS operating systems. These computers can do anything the desktop models can do, but their portability is limited by the necessity for AC power or a heavy battery pack. The Osborne Executive is a transportable computer.

Power Sources

The growing use of low-power CMOS RAM (random-access read/ write memory) chips and CMOS microprocessor chips, such as the 80C85 used in the Radio Shack Model 100, has decreased dependency on AC power sources. Batterypowered portables can be used almost anywhere. But batteries can be a curse as well as a blessing; they add overall weight to the package and always run out just when you need them most.

Most portable computers can run from 2 to 10 hours before they need a recharge. Battery life depends on the power requirements of the computer, the length of time it has been operating, and the rating of the battery. Some portables have low-voltage

indicators to alert you when the batteries run low. The transportable models are more power hungry than the smaller portables. The CRT and the disk drives in the transportables require a lot of energy.

Some briefcase computers use CMOS memory chips and an auxiliary nickel-cadmium battery to preserve data in memory if the main batteries fail. For example, the nickelcadmium batteries in the Model 100 can maintain data for 8 to 30 days, depending on how much memory the computer has. This gives you an extra margin of safety if you are unable to replace or recharge the main batteries right away.

Many transportable computers have auxiliary battery packs as options. Of course, you still face the problem of carrying the batteries as well as the computer. Finally, some manufacturers offer an optional auto adapter, which lets you plug your computer into your car's cigarette lighter. They recommend using the computer with the engine off to eliminate lost data due to voltage spikes and surges. That's just as well; you don't want to be downloading a program and downshifting at the same time.

Video Displays

The new portables use one of three types of displays: CRT, LCD (liquidcrystal display), or ELD (electroluminescent displays). CRTs have been around for a long time and are a proven medium. LCDs, although limited in their ability to display graphics, are lightweight and don't consume too much power. The newer ELDs have the same display capabilities as CRTs with an extra advantage—their flat shape makes them ideal for use in portables. I'll explain each in detail.

The most commonly used display for portable computers is the reliable, flexible, and easy-to-use CRT Most users are already familiar with it. Its primary disadvantages are a bulky shape and high power consumption. The CRT itself, a large, fragile glass tube, must be protected from harsh environments and airport baggage

handlers.

Text continued on page 44

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 35

Manufacturer/Location Model

Size (Inches)

Weight

Power Supply

Price

Access Matrix Corp. San Jose, CA Access

16.5 by 10 by 10.8

33 lbs.

AC

$2495

Adcock Johnson Fort Worth, TX Model 3000 (TRS-80 Model III in a briefcase)

191/2 by 141/2 by 8V2

28 lbs.

AC

$2895

Athena Computer and Electronics Systems San Juan Capistrano, CA Athena 1

33/8 by 11% by 141/2

15 lbs.

batteries or AC

$3950

Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ Model FP-200

121/2 by 21/4 by 8%

4 lbs.

batteries or AC

$499

Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ Model FX-700P

6V2 by 23/8 by3/8

4.2 oz.

batteries or AC

$99.95

Casio Inc. Fairfield, NJ Model FX-801P

6% by 31/2 by 3/4

9 1 oz.

batteries or AC

$149.95

Columbia Data Products Inc. Columbia, MD Columbia VP

18 by 16 by 8

32 lbs.

AC

$2995

Commodore Business Machines Wayne, PA Executive 64

14% by 14V2 by 5

27.6 lbs.

AC

$995 to $1495

Compaq Computer Corp. Houston, TX Compaq Portable Computer

20 by 151/3 by 8V2

28 lbs.

AC

$2995

Computer Devices Inc. Burlington, MA DOT 3000B

18 by 143/4 by 71/2

31 lbs.

110 or 220V AC (optional battery pack)

$4344

Compal Beverly Hills, CA Electric Briefcase

9 by 20 by 15

26 lbs.

AC

$1995

Computershop Cambridge, MA STAR-Lite

16 by 16 by 7V2

34 lbs.

AC

$2695

Computer Systems St. Clair Shores, Ml PC/8088

19 by 16 by 71/2

25 lbs.

AC (optional 12V DC batterypower supply)

$3388

Corona Data Westlake Village, CA Corona Portable PC Models PPC-1 and PPC-2

20 by 20 by 8

30 lbs.

AC

$2395

Digital Microsystems Oakland, CA DMS-3/F Fox

17V2 by 143/4 by 73/4

30 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$3995

Digital Microsystems Oakland, CA DMS-15

17V2 by 143/4 by 73/4

36 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$7495

Table 1: The portable computer comparison table.

Type of Microprocessor

Z80A

Z80A

NSC-800 (low-power Z80)

proprietary

proprietary

proprietary

8088

6510 (optional Z80 for CP/M)

8088

8088

Z80A

Z80A

8088

8088

Z80A

Z80A

36 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Operating System

RAM Memory Min./Max.

Mass Storage Type, Size

Display Type, Size

Color or Graphics

Software Included

Comments

CP/M-80

64K

2 51/4-inch

floppy-disk drives

7-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

Perfect Series and Fancy Font

TRS-DOS 1.3

48K min., 64K max.

2 5V4-inch fioppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 64 characters by 16 lines

n.a.

n.a.

CP/M-80

68K

1 megabyte RAM disk, optional 5V4-inch floppy-disk

LCD,

80 characters

by 4 lines

n.a.

JRT Pascal, Profit Plan, Mini-Vedit

n.a.

8K min., 32K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

20 characters

by 8 lines

n.a.

built-in electronic spreadsheet

n.a.

2K min. 2K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

20 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

program library for math, science, finance, other uses

Casio BASIC

2K min. 2K max.

n.a.

LCD,

20 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

program library for math, science, finance, other uses

CP/M-86 MS-DOS

128K min., 256K max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

graphics

Perfect Series, Home Accountant Plus, Fast Graphs, and others

IBM PC compatible

Commodore DOS

64K min. 64K max.

1 or 2 51A-inch

floppy-disk

drives

7-inch CRT, 40 characters by 25 lines

16 colors

and

graphics

n.a.

compatible with all software for the Commodore 64

Compaq-DOS (same as MS-DOS)

128K min., 512K max.

1 or 2 51/4-inch

floppy-disk

drives

9-inch CRT,

25 lines

by 80 characters

graphics

n.a.

IBM PC compatible

MS-DOS

128K min., 704K max.

2 31/2-inch floppy-disk drives

5- by 9-inch CRT, 25 lines by 80 characters

graphics

n.a.

IBM PC compatible, optional built-in modem and printer

CP/M-80

64K

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

n.a.

CP/M-80

64K min., 1 MB max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

Perfect Series

S-100 system bus with 4 expansion slots for peripherals

MS-DOS

64K min., 512K max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

7- or 9-inch

CRT,

80 characters

by 24 lines

color and graphics

n.a.

IBM PC compatible with optional color CRT

MS-DOS or CP/M-86

128K min., 512K max.

1 or 2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives .

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

graphics

GSX graphics interpreter, Multimate word processor and an assembler

IBM PC compatible

CP/M-2.2

64K min., 64K max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

n.a.

n.a.

can link with HiNet local-area network, HiNet electronic mail

CP/M-2.2

64K min., 64K max.

2 51/4-inch

floppy-disk

drives,

1 15-megabyte

hard-disk drive

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

n.a.

n.a.

can link with HiNet local-area network, HiNet electronic mail

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 37

Manufacturer/Location

Model

Size (Inches)

Weight

Power Supply

Price

Type of Microprocessor

Dynalogic Info-Tech Ottawa, Ontario Hyperion

181/3 by 111/3 by 8%

18 lbs.

120 or 240V AC

$3395

8088

Dynalogic Info-Tech Ottawa, Ontario Hyperion Plus

181/3 by 11V3 by 8%

21 lbs.

120 or 240V AC

$4995

8088

Epson America Inc. Torrance, CA Epson HX-20

111/3 by 8V2 by 1%

3 lbs., 13 oz.

batteries or AC

$795

Dual 6301 CMOS

Gavilan Computer Corp. Campbell, CA Gavilan Computer

11% by 11% by 2%

9 lbs.

batteries or AC

$3995

8088

GRID Systems Mountain View, CA Compass

11% by 15

by 2

10 lbs.,

121/2 oz.

110 or 220V AC

$9210

8086, 8087

Hewlett-Packard Palo Alto, CA HP-75C

1V4 by 5 by 10

26 oz.

batteries or AC

$995

CMOS HP Series 80

Jonos Anaheim, CA Escort C1100

171/4 by 13i/4 by 71/4

25 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$3995

Z80A

Jonos Anaheim, CA Escort C2100

171/4 by 13V4 by 71/4

25 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$3995

Z80B

Management Techniques Inc. Boston, MA Escort Assistant

7V2 by 17/4 by 131/4

25 lbs.

AC

$3995

Z80

Management Techniques Inc. Boston, MA Escort Administrator

71/2 by 17V4 by 13V4

25 lbs.

AC

$5995

Z80

Micro Source New Lebanon, OH M6000P-Voyager

17 by 20 by 7

32 lbs.

120 or 220V AC

$3900

Z80A

Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL Zorba 2000

171/2 by 5 by 9

21 lbs.

AC

$1995

Z80

Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL Zorba 2000/4

171/2 by 5 by 9

21 lbs.

AC

$2495

Z80A

38 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

Operating System

RAM Memory Min./Max.

MS-DOS

256K min.,

256K max.

MS-DOS

256K min.,

256K max

n.a.

16K min.,

32K max.

MS-DOS

80K min.,

336 K max.

INGRID

256K min.,

(proprietary) or MS-DOS

256K max.

proprietary

16K min., 24K max.

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M

CP/M

64K min., 320K max.

64K min., 320K max.

Mass Storage Type, Size

Display Type, Size

51/4-inch

floppy-disk

drive

7-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

7-inch CRT, 80 characters by 25 lines

microcassettes, 35K/side

LCD,

20 characters by 4 lines

3-inch

microfloppydisk drive

LCD,

66 characters

by 8 lines

348K nonvolatile bubble memory

6-inch ELD, 80 characters by 24 lines

magnetic card, n.a.

LCD,

32 characters

by 1 line

64K min.,

2 51/4-inch

9-inch CRT,

128K max.

floppy-disk

80 characters

drives

by 25 lines

128K min.,

2 3V2-inch

9-inch CRT,

128K max.

floppy-disk

80 characters

drives

by 25 lines

64K min.,

2 31/2-inch

9-inch CRT

64K max.

floppy-disk

80 characters

drives

by 24 lines

64K min.,

2 31/2-inch

9-inch CRT

64K max.

10-Mb hard-disk

80 characters

drives

by 24 lines

64K min.,

2 51/4-inch

9-inch CRT,

512K max.

floppy-disk

80 characters

drives

by 24 lines

51/4-inch floppy-disk drive, DS/QD

2 5V4-inch floppy disk drives, DS/DD

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

Color or Graphics

graphics

graphics

graphics

Software Included

graphics Microsoft BASIC

Comments

IBM PC compatible, can be upgraded to Hyperion Plus level

Microsoft BASIC, IBM PC compatible Multiplan, Inscribe, with built-in direct ln:touch connect modem

Skiwriter wordprocessing program in ROM

optional wordprocessing

GRID-PLAN, -PLOT, -FILE, -TERM, -WRITE

built-in 24-column dot-matrix printer

communications scheduling and electronic spreadsheet packages in capsules

built-in modem, software update and more file storage in GRID Central mainframe computer

text editor, time of day, scheduler, optional HP-IL interface loop for printer, digital cassette drive, and CRT adapter

BASIC-80, Multi-Plan, Spellbinder, Spellcheck

optional dot-matrix printer attaches to back of computer

(see above)

BASIC-80

(see above)

(see above)

Multiplan, Spellbinder, Spellguard

(see above)

BASICZ, Wordstar, 6 expansion slots

Calcstar,

Mailmerge,

Spellstar, Superfile,

Archivist,

6 expansion slots

word processor, spelling checker, spreadsheet, database manager mailing list, and CBASIC

(see above)

can add 8086 processor for IBM PC compatibility

optional 8088 coprocessor and and internal 300- to 1200-bps modem; can read other disk formats.

optional coprocessor and internal 300- to 1200-bps modem; can read, write, and format disks for 30 different microcomputers.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 39

Manufacturer/Location Model

Size (Inches)

Weight

Power Supply

Price

Type of Microprocessor

Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL Zorba 2000/8

17V2 by 5 by 9

21 lbs.

AC

$2495

Z80A

Modular Computer Systems Inc. Ft. Lauderdale, FL Zorba 2000/16

171/2 by 5 by 9

21 lbs.

AC

$2995

Z80A, 8088

NEC Electronics Chicago, IL PC-8201

11% by 8V2 by 21/2

3.8 lbs.

batteries or AC

$675

80C85

Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA Kaypro II

19 by 16 by 8

26 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$1595

Z80A

Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA Kaypro 4

19 by 16 by 8

26 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$1995

Z80A

Non-Linear Systems Solana Beach, CA Kaypro 10

19 by 16 by 8

27 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$2795

Z80A

Olympia USA Inc. Somerville, NJ Portable Computer OL-H004

1 'A by 9 by 3%

21 oz.

batteries or AC

$380

proprietary

Olympia USA Inc. Somerville, NJ Portable Computer OL-0008

11/2 by 9 by 3%

21 oz.

batteries or AC

$480

proprietary

Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA The Executive

201/2 by 13 by 9

28 lbs.

AC

$2495

Z80A

Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA Executive II

201/2 by 13 by 9

28 lbs.

AC

$3195

8088

Osborne Computer Corp. Hayward, CA Osborne 1

201/2 by 141/2 by 81/2

23 lbs., 8 oz.

AC

$1795

Z80A

Otrona Corp. Boulder, CO Attache

Panasonic Co. Secaucus, NJ Hand-Held Computer RL-H1800

12 by 131/2 by 53/4

1 by 9 by 3

18 lbs. 21.9 oz.

120 or 220V AC

$3995

Z80A

batteries or AC

$380

proprietary

Panasonic Co. Secaucus, NJ JR-800

101/4 by 5% by 1%

1 lb., 10 oz.

batteries or AC

$499.95

80C85

40 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

Operating System

RAM Memory Min./Max.

Mass Storage Type, Size

Display Type, Size

Color or Graphics

Software Included

Comments

CP/M

64K min., 320K max.

2 5V4-inch

floppy-disk

drives,

DS/QD

9-inch CRT, 80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

word processor, spelling checker, spreadsheet, database manager mailing list and CBASIC

optional 8088 co-processor and internal 300- to 1200-bps modem; can read other disk formats.

CP/M,

CP/M-86,

MS-DOS

64K min. 512K max.

2 51/»-inch floppy-disk drive, DS/QD

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

(see above)

optional internal 300- to 1200-bps modem; can read other disk formats.

proprietary

16K min., 64 K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

40 characters

by 8 lines

n.a.

built-in text processor and communication software

optional 32K bubble memory cartridge

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

MBASIC, SBASIC, Profitplan, PerfectWriter, -Speller, -Calc, -Filer

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

2 51A-inch floppy-disk drives, DS/DD

9-inch CRT, 80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

MBASIC, SBASIC, Profitplan, PerfectWriter, -Speller, -Calc, -Filer

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

51/4-inch floppy-disk drive, 1 10-Mb hard-disk drive

9-inch CRT, 80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

MBASIC, SBASIC, Profitplan, PerfectWriter, -Speller, -Calc, -Filer

proprietary

4K min., 4K max.

n.a.

LCD,

26 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

proprietary

8K min., 8K max.

n.a.

LCD,

26 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

CP/M, UCSD Pascal

128K min., 256K max. (with coprocessor)

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

7-inch CRT, 80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

Wordstar, Mailmerge, Supercalc, Personal Pearl, CBASIC, MBASIC

MS-DOS,

CP/M-86, UCSD Pascal

256K min., 384K max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

7-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

(see above)

IBM PC compatible

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

2 5'/4-inch floppy-disk drives

5-inch CRT, 52 characters by 24 lines

n.a.

CBASIC,

MBASIC,

Wordstar,

Mailmerge,

Supercalc

optional double-density disk drives

CP/M

64K min., 156K max.

2 51/4-inch

floppy-disk drives

51/2-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

graphics

BASIC-80, Wordstar Plus, Charton, Valet

modular construction allows 1-hour repair

n.a.

8K min., 8K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

26 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

proprietary

16K min., 24K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,'

32 characters

by 8 lines

n.a.

n.a.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 41

Manufacturer/Location

Model

Size (Inches)

Weight

Power Supply

Price

Type of Microprocessor

Peripheral Systems Marlton, NJ Eagle

18 by 171/4 by 8

18 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$3495

Z80A

Quasar Franklin Park, IL Quasar Hand-Held Computer

31A by 89/0 by 11/4

14 oz.

batteries or AC

$329

6502

Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX PC 1

67/8 by 23/4 by "/16

6 02.

batteries or AC

$149.95

proprietary

Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX PC 2

7iy,6 by 33/8 by 11/e

1 lb.

batteries or AC

$199.95

proprietary

Radio Shack Fort Worth, TX TRS-80 Model 100

11% by 81/2 by 2

4 lbs.

batteries or AC

$799

80C85

Sarasota Automation Sarasota, FL Husky

91/2 by 8 by 13/4

4.5 lbs.

batteries or AC

$2995

Z80

Seequa Computer Annapolis, MD Chameleon

18 by 15V2 by 8

28 lbs.

110 or 220V AC

$1995

8088

Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ PC-1250

55/6 by 23/4 by%

4 oz.

batteries or AC

$110

proprietary

Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ PC-1500

73/4 by 1 by 3%

2 lbs.

batteries or AC

$300

proprietary

Sharp Electronics Corp. Paramus, NJ PC-5000

1213/16 by 12 by 3y,6

11 lbs.

batteries or AC

$2995

8088

SKS Computers Inc. Columbus, OH SKS 2502 Nano

15% by 18% by 6V2

30 lbs.

AC

$2495

Z80A

SKS Computers Inc. Columbus, OH SKS 252 Pico

15% by 18% by 6V2

22 lbs.

AC

$2495

Z80A

SMC Corp. Atlanta, GA Compucase

51/2 by 18 by 13

25 lbs.

AC

$7995

Z80A

SORD Computer Tokyo Japan M23P

171/4 by 157/6 by 53/16

16 lbs. 8 oz.

110 or 220V AC

$2595

Z80A

STM Electronics Corp. Menlo Park, CA Pied Piper I

20%

by 10"/5 by 4

11 lbs.

115 or 230V AC

$1299

Z80A

42 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Operating System

RAM Memory Min./Max.

Mass Storage Type, Size

Display Type, Size

Color or Graphics

Software Included

Comments

CP/M

64K min.,

156K max.

2 3V2-inch floppy-disk drives

7-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

graphics

electronic spreadsheet,

spelling checker, word processor, inventory control

optional built-in modem and hard-disk drive

n.a.

2K min., 8K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

32 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

1.9K min., 1.9K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

24 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

2.6K min., 16K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

26 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

proprietary

8K min., 32K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

40 characters

by 8 lines

n.a.

built-in text editor, scheduler, address handler, and communications program

built-in direct-connect modem

CP/M

16K min., 144K max.

n.a.

LCD,

32 characters

by 4 lines

n.a.

n.a.

MS-DOS or CP/M-86

128K min., 700K max.

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

9-inch CRT. 80 characters by 25 lines

graphics

MBASIC,

Perfect-Writer,

-Calc

IBM PC compatible

na.

2.2K min., 2.2K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

24 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

16K min., 20K max.

cassette, n.a.

LCD,

26 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

n.a.

MS-DOS

128K min., 256K max.

128K bubblememory cartridge

LCD,

80 characters

by 8 lines

graphics

word processing, optional printer, electronic floppy-disk drive, spreadsheet, modem, and cassette database man- recorder ager and scheduler

CP/M

80K min., 80K max.

2 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives

5- by 9-inch

CRT,

80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

Perfect Series

optional 80186 microprocessor

CP/M

80K min., 80K max.

2 31/2-inch floppy-disk drives

5- by 9-inch

CRT,

80 characters

by 24 lines

n.a.

Perfect Series

optional 80186 microprocessor

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

5V4-inch

floppy-disk

drive

gas plasma, 50 characters by 12 lines

n.a.

n.a.

CP/M 3.0

128K min., 128K max.

2 31/2-inch

flopppy-disk

drives

LCD,

80 characters

by 8 lines

color and graphics

SORD BASIC, PIPS

optional port for bitmapped graphics with color or monochrome monitor

CP/M

64K min., 128K max.

51/t-inch

floppy-disk

drive

n.a.

graphics

Perfect-Writer, -Speller, -Calc, -Filer

requires a monitor or television screen, optional LCD with 80 characters by 2 lines

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 43

Manufacturer/Location Model

Size (Inches)

Weight

Power Supply

Price

Type of Microprocessor

Sunrise Systems Inc. Carroltown, TX KP-C8

16 by 9 by 2

41/2 lbs.

batteries or AC

approx. $2000

NSC800A

Teleram Communications White Plains, NY Teleram 3000

13 by 93/4 by 3V2

8 lbs., 13 oz.

Built-in rechargeable 12-V battery (3-10 hrs.)

$2995

Z80L

Televideo Systems Inc. Sunnyvale, CA Teletote 1

18 by 8 by 15

23 lbs.

AC

$1499

Z80A

Texas Instruments Inc. Lubbock, TX CC-40

9V2 by 5%

by 1

22 oz.

batteries or AC

$249.95

TMS 9995

'

Toshiba America Inc. Tustin, CA T100

I6V2 by 4 by 11

n.a.

AC

$1995

Z80A

Universal Data Inc. Clarkston, Ml UDI-500

11 by 13 by 3%

12 lbs.,

13 ozs.

batteries or AC

$3995

LH5080 (CMOS Z80), 1805

But the advantages of the CRT outweigh the disadvantages. First, it is a luminescent display—it produces light. Therefore, it can be used under poor lighting conditions. Second, it is extremely flexible. Given a monitor with sufficient resolution, you can display any type of image upon it, including color, such as with the Commodore Executive 64. Finally, there's enough software available to take advantage of that flexibility.

The second most popular form of display is the small, lightweight LCD, which usually requires little power and is relatively immune to damage. One disadvantage is that an LCD's response time is slower than that of a CRT display in terms of speed required to write and erase a character on the display. Additionally, the LCD bit-mapped graphics are at best crude because the individual pixels (picture elements) aren't small enough to give sharp definition. And at temperatures below freezing, the LCDs may slow down even more or stop altogether.

The Sharp PC-5000 has the largest LCD currently available on a portable computer, 8 lines by 80 characters (see photo 2). Whether such a display is large enough for effective work is a matter of personal taste. Portable computers with a 1-line display are minimally usable. The HP-75 has a 1-line by 32-character display. The Epson HX-20 (see photo 3) has 4 lines by 20 characters. The Radio Shack Model 100 has an 8-line by 40-character display. You can work with all of these displays, but they are only a fraction of the size of a standard CRT display of 80 characters by 24 lines. You should carefully consider the display size in terms of your particular application and choose the portable that best fits your needs. Word processing on a 4-line display is awkward at best.

Finally, the new ELD and gasplasma display technologies provide still another choice. ELDs use a chemical coating and a wire grid placed between two glass plates. The chemical coating emits light when an

AC voltage is applied to the wires. Alphanumeric characters can be formed by applying the voltage to the correct sequence of wires. The gasplasma display is similar to the ELD except that a gas fills the space between the two plates. The Grid Compass computer has an ELD screen. ELDs combine the advantages of the CRT and the LCD. They can display a full 80 characters by 24 lines, offer good bit-mapped graphics resolution, and their flat shape makes them ideal for portable applications. The only disadvantage is that both their price and power consumption exceed the level of other displays. For now, field testing will have to determine whether the electroluminescent and gas-plasma displays are economical and reliable enough to replace the CRT display for portable computers.

Data Storage

Developments in data-storage technology have enabled portable computer users to take their data along

44 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Operating System

proprietary

RAM Memory Min./Max.

80K min., 144K max.

Mass Storage Type, Size

microcassette, 512K

Display Type, Size

LCD,

40 characters by 6 lines or 80 characters by 3 lines

Color or Graphics

color and graphics

Software Included

built-in word processing, calendar, communications, and auto-dialer

Comments

optional flat-pack expansion box for 8088 microprocessor and floppy-disk drives

CP/M

64K min., 64K max.

256K nonvolatile bubble memory

LCD,

80 characters

by 4 lines

n.a.

Teletalk

communications

program

optional portable disk drive can read Apple, Osborne, and IBM formats; optional office station with CRT, disk drive, and 8 ports

CP/M

64K min., 160K max.

51/4-inch

floppy-disk

drive

9-inch CRT, 80 characters by 24 lines

graphics

Wordstar, Visicalc

includes mouse port

proprietary

6K min., 16K max.

n.a.

LCD,

31 characters

by 1 line

n.a.

22 applications packages

optional plotter, printer, and stringy-floppy drive

CP/M

32K min., 64K max.

2 51/4-inch floppy-disk drives

LCD,

40 characters

by 8 lines

graphics and color

Word Right

word-processing

package

optional CRT display

CP/M, Micro DOS

64K min., 256K max.

2 31/2-inch floppy-disk drives

LCD,

40 characters

by 8 lines

n.a,

Vedit text processor and communications package

built-in 300-bps modem and card slot for use with RCA CMOS microboards

with them. The newer half-height 5V4-inch and 3:/2-inch floppy-disk drives have as much storage capacity as the older 8-inch drives. Hard disks are also becoming portable. For example, the Kaypro-10 has a built-in 10-megabyte hard-disk drive. Some portables feature bubble-memory cartridges for convenient long-term data storage.

Memory is the working medium of any computer, and portables are no exception. Yet portables, because they incorporate the latest technology, offer more memory options than standard desktop computers. You can have a portable with CMOS RAM, bubble-memory cartridges, mini- or micro-floppy- disk drives, or hard disks. Each option has its own particular advantages and disadvantages.

CMOS memory is widely used in briefcase computers because of its

Photo 2: The flip-up 80-character by 8-line LCD screen on the Sharp PC-5000 is only one-third the size of a standard CRT screen.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 45

Photo 3: Space limitations on the front panel forced the designers of the Epson HX-20 to use a 20-character by 4-line display.

Photo 4: The Kaypro II has the ability to read and write to a variety of disk formats.

low power consumption. The recent improvement in chip-manufacturing technology has lowered the price and increased the performance of these memory devices. CMOS chips are still slower in operation than corresponding TTL (transistor-transistor logic) memory devices, but their speed is improving. In actual use the speed of a CMOS memory chip does not adversely affect the operation of a portable computer.

Bubble-memory cartridges have been around for a while but haven't been widely used because of their high price. But, like CMOS memory, their price is dropping and their use is increasing, especially for the briefcase computers. Bubble-memory cartridges offer several advantages over other storage media such as floppy disks. They operate like a floppy-disk drive but much faster; they have no moving parts and no disk-drive head to move from track to track. Data is stored in the cartridge as a pattern of magnetic bubbles, and when the cartridge is removed or power fails, the stored data is retained. The cartridges do not require an auxiliary battery to retain data. They require very little power to operate and are much more rugged than conventional floppy disks.

Floppy disks are still very much the medium of choice for people who work with portable computers. They are widely used, dependable, and have a broad base of available software. With the introduction of half

height and microfloppy-disk drives, floppy disks remain the primary data-storage medium. The disadvantages of floppy disks include occasional incompatible recording formats for 5V4-inch disks and the confusing differences between the various standards for the microfloppy-disk drives.

Before buying a portable or transportable computer, find out if it can read and write to disks from other computers. The Kaypro II (see photo 4), for example, can read and write to disks created with a Xerox 820-11. And the Kaypro Users Group has software available that will enable the Kaypro II to read other disk formats.

Rather than carry a lot of floppy disks, you can opt for a portable with a built-in hard-disk drive. Portables such as the Kaypro-10 (see photo 5)

Photo 7: The Columbia VP is one of the best of the IBM-compatible computers.

with its 10-megabyte hard disk and the Starlite HD20 (see photo 6) with its 20-megabyte hard disk can serve users with very large data-storage needs. Both have a staggering amount of storage for a portable computer system and can handle almost any application.

Hard-disk-drive manufacturers carefully studied the typical environment of a portable computer and have developed drives that have special shock mountings and headpositioning controls to withstand shock and vibration. For example, both the Kaypro-10 and the Starlite HD20 have utility programs to position the read/write head in a "safety zone" on the disk that is isolated from the data tracks; if a head crash occurs while the computer is in transit, you will probably be able to recover your data. In addition, the read/write heads have been redesigned to be lighter and less prone to shock.

Hard-disk drives are an expensive option, but their price is dropping. However, they are heavier than floppy-disk drives and consume more power because the disk is constantly spinning while it's on. Another potential problem is the possibility of data loss due to a head crash. This occurrence is more serious with a hard disk loaded with great quantities of data than for a set of floppy disks.

For most of the transportable computers that use the Z80 micropro

46 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

1 * 1 i V|

jt^UllUIUI*»I*I 1F»> -■' SB

KH|

I yjp^ 4

Photo 5: With its JO-megabyte hard disk preloaded with the bundled software, the Kaypro-10 can store 50 disks' worth of information.

Photo 6: The Starlite HD 20 offers a staggering 20 megabytes of storage in a portable computer.

cessor, the de facto operating system is CP/M. Compatibility is reasonably assured regardless of the type of computer, magnetic media, or display used. Practically every major software application package is available in a CP/M format. By using a standard operating system, you have access to a tremendous number of programs, programming utilities, and languages.

But the issue of compatibility becomes much more complicated when computer manufacturers try to make their computer emulate the functions of another machine, as is the case with the many IBM Personal Computer work-alikes. This continues to be a confusing issue because three levels of compatibility have emerged.

Incompatible disk formats or different-size media characterize the first level. For example, the DOT computer uses an 8088 microprocessor and runs MS-DOS, but it uses the Sony 3V2-inch floppy-disk drives, which are not compatible with the standard 5V4-inch drives used on the IBM. As a result, you would have some work to do to transfer programs from the IBM to the DOT computer.

The second level is data compatibility. Most "IBM-compatible" computers fall into this category. With a data-compatible portable, you can transfer data created on an IBM disk to a portable computer. But you cannot transfer the program used to create those data files. For example,

you can create a data file with an electronic spreadsheet program on the IBM and use that data on a compatible portable as long as you have the same version of the spreadsheet program for the portable.

The last level of compatibility includes computers that are "almost a clone." These systems, such as the Columbia VP (see photo 7), offer the same graphics capabilities and keyboard as the IBM and use the same software. They differ from the IBM PC only with respect to the information stored in ROM. The PC has a copyright notice in its ROM. Some programs such as Visicalc only work correctly after locating the copyright notice in ROM. Most software will work correctly, but in some cases you need to get a version of the program specifically tailored to your computer. Before choosing a portable, find the software you want, and then make sure it runs on the computer you like.

Software

Bundled software is a great value. It lets you get the computer up and running as soon as you take it home. Manufacturers usually offer wordprocessing, electronic spreadsheet, database-manager, and perhaps communications packages. Some portable computers have as much as $2500 worth of software bundled with the hardware. Bundled software also enables you to try the various programs before you buy a complete system.

But don't let the lure of bundled software sway your decision on which portable computer to buy. You may not like a particular software package that is included with the portable computer you choose. Selecting software is sometimes a very subjective decision. The software and hardware must combine to meet your needs. If they don't do what you need, you shouldn't buy them.

Defining the Workplace

When considering the purchase of a portable computer, ask yourself one more question, "Where do I need a computer most?" Do you really need a heavy-duty CP/M system that can be transferred from the office to home? Or do you need a computer that can go on the road for data collection in the field? You may be the ultimate computer junkie who likes to work in pajamas in bed at 2 o'clock in the morning. Your ideal working environment is critical in your choice of a computer.

Summary

Choosing a portable computer isn't easy. The number of portables and the variety of available features make the choice a tough one. But with the right background and some in-depth research, you'll be able to find one that suits your needs. ■

Stanley J. Wszola is a BYTE technical editor.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 47

Rana's disk drive was

twice as good as Apple's

with one head.

•>.,♦.

""* H

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V

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■

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m m

■ ■

Now we have two.

We added another head so you won't have to buy another disk.

That's the beauty of a double sided head. A floppy disk which allows you to read and write on both sides. For more storage, for more information,

for keeping larger records, and for improved performance of your system. That's what our new Elite Two and Elite Three offers. It's the first double headed Apple® compatible disk drive in the industry. And of course, the technology is from Rana. We're the company who gave you 163K bytes of storage with our Elite One, a 14% increase over Apple's. And now with our high tech double sided heads, our Elite Two and Three offers you two to four times more storage than Apple's. That's really taking a byte out of the competition.

We put our heads together to give you a superior disk drive.

We designed the Elite Three to give you near hard disk capacity, with all the advantages of a minifloppy system. The double sided head operates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of 652K bytes. It would take 4!/2 Apples to give you that. And cost you three times our Elite Three's reasonable $849 price tag.

Rana's double sided heads give Apple II superior disk performance power than second generation personal computers such as IBM's.

It takes 4'/2 Apples to equal the capacity of our superior Elite Three.

The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytes and 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making a real hit with users who need extra storage, but don't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, it takes 2V2 Apple drives to equal the performance of our Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave it to Rana to produce the most cost efficient disk drive in the world.

We've always had the guts to be a leader.

Our double sided head may be an industry first for Apple computers, but nobody was surprised.

They've come to expect it from us. Because Rana has always been a leader. We were the first with a write protect feature, increased capacity,

Your word processor stores 5 times as many pages of text on an Elite Three diskette as the cost ineffective Apple.

and accurate head positioning. A first with attractive styling, faster access time, and the convenience of storing a lot more pages on far fewer diskettes. We were first to bring high technology to a higher level of quality.

So ask for an Elite One, Two, or Three. Because when it comes to disk drives, nobody uses their head like Rana.

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® Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Circle 379 on inquiry card.

Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers.

BYTE September 1983 49

The Microminl MPX-16 Microcomputer System.

As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine, November 1982.

Also featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, November, December 1982 & January 1983.

These are all the tools you'll need

to build the world's most powerful

single board microcomputer.

The Micfomint MPX-16. Put one together tonight.

i

Once assembled, the most useful tool will be your own imagination. The possibilities are limitless. Micromint will help you tailor the MPX-16 system to your particular needs and budget. Purchase the MPX-16 as a bare pc board, as a semi-kit with all the IC sockets, I/O connectors and discreet components wave soldered to the pc board, or as an assembled and tested unit.

• Directly boots CP/M-86 or MS-DOS.*

• Runs all CP/M-86 or MS-DOS * applications programs.

On board features.

• IBM PC bus compatible with 9 expansion slots.

• Intel 808816-bit microprocessor.

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor.

• 256K bytes on board memory.

• Up to one megabyte of system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM.

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports.

• Three parallel I/O ports.

• Floppy disk controller for 51/4" or 8" single or double density disk drives.

• Four independent DMA channels.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts.

•Available Soon. Circle 290 on inquiry card.

Micromint

The System with the Winning Combination.

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines. Inc. CP M-86 is a trademark ol Digital Research.

To get the MPX-16 op and running only requires one disk drive, power supply and serial terminal.

• MPX-16 single board computer assembled, tested and burned in with 64K bytes of RAM, CP/M-86

or MS-DOS operating system * $1,895.00

' • MPX-16 with 256K bytes of RAM $2,135.00

• MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered pc board) less IC's $595.00

• Complete kit of IC's burned in and tested with 64K

bytes of RAM $595.00

With 256K bytes of RAM $800.00

• MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board, silk screened

and solder masked $300.00

• CP/M-86 Operating System on 51/4" or 8" diskette.. $200.00 • MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including

oower supply harness $300.00

•' MPX-16 Technical Reference and User's Manual $50.00 Call for current pricing on serial terminals, floppy disk drives, metal enclosures, hard disk systems, etc.

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MS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft Corp

High-IQ Modems

A new generation of intelligent modems lets users concentrate on applications rather than on modem-interfacing details

With the incorporation of sophisticated microcomputers, highdensity RAMs, and advanced communications ICs, the so-called dumb modem is being replaced by a new generation of intelligent modems. These modems not only offer features that enhance data-communications applications, but also can determine the parameters of the systems in which they're installed and adjust their operation to meet system requirements. Some models, for example, can learn such system specifications as a host computer's bit speed

by Stephen Durham

and parity and set their own operation accordingly.

The high degree of "intelligence" contained in this new generation of modems allows telephone links between computers to be operated virtually unattended. This capability makes possible a wide range of new telecommunications applications, including electronic mail, central-database access, remote diagnostics, and remote-peripheral sharing.

The level of intelligence incorporated into modems determines their ability to disappear into the back

ground of your computer system and to provide unattended communications capability.

By and large, while most of these new-generation high-IQ modems provide such features as automatic dialing, automatic answering, and automatic disconnecting, they do not take full advantage of the advanced microprocessor and memory technologies with which they are built. Largely ignored are a wide range of what can be called "system configuration" problems, which result from differing transmission proto

Photo 1: A command-driven auto-dial, auto-answer modem (Cermetek's Info-Mate 212A).

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 51

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

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MICROSOFT MOUSE 145.00

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DBASE II 395.00

WORDSTAR 264.00

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VIDEX VIDEOTERM 80 COLUMN . 219.00 MICROSOFT PREMIUM PAK. . . . 469.00 MICROSOFT 1 6K RAMCARD.... 69.00

KRAFT & T.G. JOYSTICKS 44.00

QUENTIN APPLEMATE DRIVES. . 235.00 SUPER 5 THIN LINE DRIVES .... 265.00 WIZARD BP016K BUFFERED INT. 139.00

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All products are in factory sealed packages. We guarantee all items for 30 days. Within this period, delective merchandise returns must be accompanied by RMA number. All other returns will be subject to a 10% restocking fee. For prepaid orders there will be a 3% shipping charge, S5.00 minimum. There will be an additional $4.00 surcharge on COD orders. Cash or Cashiers Check is required on COD orders. Calif, residents add 6.5% sales tax. Prices subject to change without notice.

cols, differing modem bit rates, lack of automatic dial-mode selection, conflicting parity states, and the lack of any means of testing the computer, the modems, or the transmission line to determine where potential failures could occur.

The traditional solution to systemconfiguration problems has been no solution at all. Hence, the user has been left to take care of all those nasty little details by either tweaking the hardware or reconfiguring specific application programs. In neither case is the modem operating procedure transparent to the user.

How well intelligent modems perform system-configuration functions depends not so much on how sophisticated and advanced the builtin microprocessor is or on how advanced the applications software used by the computer to operate the modem is but on the efficiency and cleverness of the modem's firmware design. In other words, the degree to which a modem performs such functions depends on how transparent its implementation can be made to the user by incorporating functions into the internal operation of the modem itself.

While the price difference between a dumb modem and an intelligent modem is still substantial, it is much less so between a moderately intelligent modem and one with a maximum of transparency. That's because the ability of an intelligent modem to perform is not a function of how much expensive and sophisticated electronics hardware it uses but of how much thought has gone into its overall design and into the internal firmware instructions that tell the microprocessor what to do. To determine a modem's IQ and therefore how easily it can be integrated into a data-communications system, you can examine its ability to handle autodial, auto-answer, and auto-disconnect operation as well as automatic system-configuration tasks.

Auto-Dial Operation

First, consider modem auto-dial operation, which is much more complex than simple automatic generation of dial tones or rotary-dial

pulses. The modem must resolve all of the call-failure conditions that commonly exist when dialing to allow its host to make efficient use of the communications facility. Common call-failure features include line busy, no modem-answer tone, voice answer, no answer (constant ringing), no dial tone, and inability to break dial tone.

These functions are roughly equivalent to the functions of an operator making a call, including lifting the telephone handset, waiting for the correct dial tone or tones, dialing each digit of the telephone number in proper sequence, waiting while the phone rings until the dialed number answers, hanging up and possibly redialing later if the number is busy or if the call has not been answered after a reasonable length of time, and hanging up the handset at the end of the completed call.

When properly implemented, the auto-dial feature dramatically increases line utilization.

Auto-Answer Operation

When integrated into a modem, an auto-answer feature enables the modem to be placed in the answer mode automatically upon receipt of a telephone-line-ringing signal. A modem with this feature makes it possible for data transmission to occur between a remote terminal and a computer or another terminal interfaced to a modem with auto-answer capability without operator intervention at the receiving end. A modem with auto-answer capability is also useful in timesharing installations where a large calling population calls a number of computer dial-in lines on a random basis.

Auto-Disconnect Operation

An auto-disconnect feature permits a modem to either disconnect if a carrier signal is not maintained after a data call has been set up or upon command from the host computer. This feature is useful in preventing the tie-up of expensive computer facilities due to such things as wrong-number calls, failure of the distant party to disconnect from a timesharing system, or line failures.

52 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

THE FORTH SOURCE

TM

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Stable - Transportable - Public Domain - Tools You need two primary features in a software development package a stable operating system and the ability to move programs easily and quickly to a variety of computers. MVP-FORTH gives you both these features and many extras. This public domain product includes an editor, FORTH assembler, tools, utilities and the vocabulary for the best selling book "Starting FORTH'. The Programmer's Kit provides a complete FORTH for a number of computers. Other MVP-FORTH products will simplify the development of your applications.

MVP Books - A Series

□ Volume 1, All about FORTH by Haydon, MVP-FORTH glossary with cross references to fig-FORTH, Starling FORTH and FORTH-79 Standard. 2nd Ed. $25

□ Volume 2, MVP-FORTH Assembly Source Code. Includes CP/M® , IBM-PC® , and APPLE® listing for kernel $20

MVP-FORTH Software - A Transportable FORTH

□ MVP-FORTH Programmer's Kit including disk, documentation, Volumes 1 & 2 of MVP-FORTH Series (All About FORTH, 2"" Ed. & Assembly Source Code), and Starting FORTH. Specify D CP/M, □ CP/M 86, □ CP/M +. LI APPLE,

^ □ IBM PC, G MS-DOS. O Osborne, □ Kaypro. □ H89/Z89. & □ Z100. □ TI-PC, □ MicroDecisions, IJ Northstar,

□ Compupro, □ Cromemco $150

□ MVP-FORTH Cross Compiler for CP/M Programmer's Kit. Can also generate headerless code for ROM or target

CPU $300

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□ MVP-FORTH Fast Floating Point for APPLE Programmer's Kit. Includes 9511 math chip on board with disk and documentation. $400

□ MVP-FORTH Programming Aids for CP/M, IBM or APPLE Programmer's Kit. Extremely useful tool for decompiling, callfinding, and translating. $150

D MVP-FORTH by ECS Software for IBM-PC or ATARI® 400/800. Standalone with screen editor. License required. Upgradeable $100

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Enhanced virtual system $150

Programming Aids $150

Meta Compiler $150

MVP-FORTH operates under a variety of CPU's, computers, a ting systems CP/M® disks can be supplied 8", SS/SD, 37

and 40

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operating systems CP/M- Uioi\o wi uo auppneu l> , joiou. oihu lormat or 5'/a for Osborne® Northstar® Micro Decisions'* Kaypro® or H89/Z89® Specify your computer and operating system **•

FORTH DISKS

FORTH with editor, assembler, and manual.

□ APPLE by MM $100 n IBM-PC by LM $100 G APPLE by Kuntze $90 q nova by CC| 8» DS/DD$150

□ ATARI® valFORTH $60 Q 280 by LM $50

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□ HP-85 by Lange $90 p viC FORTH byHES. VIC20

□ HP-75by Cassady^$150 cartridge $60

Enhanced FORTH with: F-Floating Point, G-Graphics. T-Tutorial. S-Stand Alone, M-Math Chip Support, MT-Multi-Tasking, X-Other Extras, 79-FORTH-79 " 1 APPLE by MM C Extensions for LM Specify

F.G, 8.79 $140 IBM, Z80. or 8086

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Requires LM FORTH disk. TUTORIAL by LH, includes - ulr,or qnnn h„ nF n y NEW

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Installation Manual for fig-FORTH Source Listings of fig-FORTH, for specific CPU s and computers. The Installation Manual is required for implementation. Each $15

[11802 G 6502 G 6800 G AlphaMicro

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Ordering Information: Check. Money Order (payable 10 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS. INC ). VISA. MasterCard. COD's $5 extra. No billing or unpaid PO's. California residents add sales lax Shipping costs in US included in price Foreign orders, pay in US funds on US bank, include for handling and shipping by Air: $5 for each item under $25. $10 tor each item between $25 and $99 and $20 tor each item over $100 Minimum order $1 5. Ail prices and products subject to change or withdrawal without notice. Single system and/or single user license agreement required on some products. DEALER & AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED

MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS, INC.

PO BOX 4656

MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA 94040

(415)961-4103

Circle 310 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 53

300/1200-bps operation FCC Part 68 registered telephone-line interface (DAA)

Serial modem command interpreter Intelligent command protocol Auto/manual dialing Five dialing procedures: DIAL LAST, IMMEDIATE, ALTERNATE, FROM MEMORY, or UNTIL ANSWERED

Fifty-two 32-digit telephone numbers or log-on message memory locations 32-digit last-number-dialed storage DTMF (dual-tone multifrequency) and pulse-dialing: adaptive or interpretive selection of DTMF or PULSE-DIALING Auto/manual answer Auto speed select Auto parity select Call-progress-tone detection: DIAL, BUSY, RING-BACK, MODEMANSWER TONE, and THE HUMAN VOICE Eight diagnostic test modes

Table 1: Info-Mate 212A features.

Figure 1: The adaptive-dialing procedure, in which tone-dialing is preferred. If the local telephone equipment does not accept tone-dialing, the intelligent modem uses pulse-dialing.

Automatic System Configuration

What good is a highly intelligent modem if its installation into the host terminal or computer system is unmanageable or difficult? While it's not absolutely essential in an intelligent modem, automatic system configuration does make such devices much easier to use. And incorporating this capability into the modem does not add significantly to its cost.

It is not uncommon to encounter computer- or modem-option incompatibilities during installation. Such parameters as serial speed, data bits per word, parity, and stop bits per word can initially have settings that prohibit data transmission through the modem. An installer can, of course, get out the users manuals of all the equipment involved and, through a detailed process of positioning option straps on each machine, effect a compatible installation. Many times, however, determining the specific parameters that are not aligned can be complex, especially for someone who is not an expert in communications technology.

System-configuration features en

able a modem to be installed and used by a nonspecialist in communications, assuring that the modem user can concentrate on data-communication application problems instead of modem compatibility.

A Typical High-IQ Modem

Typical of the more advanced "high-IQ" modems now becoming available is Cermetek's Info-Mate 212A, shown in photo 1. This modem's architecture bears a strong superficial resemblance to others now on the market.

Where it does differ, however, is in the nature of the instructions incorporated into its firmware. As shown in table 1, this 212-type intelligent modem incorporates not only the standard automatic dial, answer, and disconnect features but a wide range of system-configuration enhancements as well. All of these features may not be necessary for any one application, but the degree to which they are implemented in a modem is a good indicator of how much thought and design went into the modem.

The Info-Mate modem automatically selects tone- or pulse-dialing, as shown in figure 1. Tone-dialing is preferred, but if it is not accepted by the local telephone equipment, the modem falls back to pulse-dialing. After dialing is completed, the modem monitors the following callprogress conditions and reports them back to the host data terminal or computer over the serial RS-232C link: dial tone, busy tone, ring-back tone, modem-answer tone, and voice. Each call-progress signal detected is indicated to the host through a serial status message.

The host can direct control over the selection of pulse- or tone-dialing through the DIAL command. Call-progress monitoring can also be deleted under host-command control, which enables the modem to auto-dial on telephone systems that use nonstandard call-progress tones. This method of dialing is generally referred to as "blind" dialing, but a more accurate term would be "deaf" dialing. In either the automatic or blind-dialing modes, the modem supports the following dialing pro

54 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Teletek's New Combo Could Make You A Hero!

The SBC-II could be just the right ingredient for your latest concoction. The newest member of Teletek's family of multi-user, multi-processing S-100 products, the SBC-II essentially combines, or "sandwiches" two Teletek SBC-I's into one board. The SBCII provides the capability to support two users from one standard size IEEE-696/S-100 slave board.

The SBC-II maintains full performance for each user with an independent CPU (Z80A or Z80B), 64K RAM, Serial I/O, and FIFO communications port to the system master. The system integrator benefits by getting complete support for two users for the price of one board.

TurboDOS and MDZ operating systems will support combinations of SBC-I's and SBC-ll's offering system design efficiency and flexibility never before possible.

If you're hungry for value and efficiency, order an SBC-II from Teletek. You'll love every byte.

.«

\

4600 Pell Drive Sacramento, CA 95838 (916) 920-4600 Telex 4991834 TELETEK Dealer inquiries invited.

©Teletek 1983

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

Command

Command Summary

Description

<com> Answer <CR>

Force oft hook and answer call

< com > Break n<CR<

Send break, n x 250 ms

<com> Count n<CR>

Ring and ring-back counter: 0—ignore ring signal, 1..9—answer after n rings; give up dialing after n + 4 ring-back signals

<com> Dial s<CR>

Dial last, immediate, from memory, next number, or until answered

<com> End<CR>

Hang up immediately

<com> List<CR>

List stored telephone number or log-on messages

<com> Message n<CR>

Send stored log-on message or messages to the remote modem

<com> New n<CR>

Set new value of command character <com> to n

<com> Originate <CR>

Force off hook and enter originate data mode

<com> Program n<CR>

Set internal modem options

<com> Query <CR>

Return modem status

<com> Reset <CR>

Reset modem options to defaults

<com> Store n 's'<CR>

Store telephone number or log-on message at location n (32 characters maximum)

<com> Test n<CR>

Start/stop modem tests

<com> Unlisten n<CR>

Set modem to LISTEN or UNLISTEN to commands during data transmission

<com> Zzzz<CR>

Make modem quiet

Table 2: Info-Mate 2T2A command notation.

Command Notation

Description

<com>

Command character; defaults to control N at powerup but can be set to another character with the NEW command

<LF>

Linefeed

<CR> [ J

Carriage return Optional parameter

[ ]"

Optional parameters that may occur 0 to n times

n...m

Specifies the inclusive set n through m

<SP>

Space

< letter >

A...Z or a...z

< command

>

Command, including argument if needed

<n>

Number

< quote >

Single quote or apostrophe

< number >

Dialed-number string

Table 3: A

description

of the

Info

-Mate 212A's commands.

cedures: dial last number, dial immediate, dial from memory, dial alternate number(s), and dial until answered. All modem functions are controlled

by ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) encoded commands issued from the host terminal or computer over the serial RS-232C interface.

The Info-Mate automatically adapts to the host's speed (110, 300, or 1200 bps) and parity (odd, even, mark, and space) using a simple training sequence. To train the modem, you must send the sequence "XY. The modem uses the trained speed to originate calls at either 110, 300, or 1200 bps. On answering calls, the modem automatically adapts to the transmitting modem's speed but sends a serial change-speed status code to the host at the old speed before switching.

Command Structure Is the Key

Key to an intelligent modem's ability to protect the user from the dirty details of its operation is its command structure, or its ability to interpret commands from the host. In this context, the Info-Mate supports 16 different host commands (see table 2), each of which is preceded by a single command character < com >. Each command line is terminated by a carriage return < CR >. Multiple commands can be placed on one line and separated by commas. Table 3 describes the commands available.

Each command consists of the command character followed by the command word, a delimiter, all arguments, and then the closing carriage return or comma. The maximum length of any command line, however, is 40 characters. Two examples of commands include the following:

<com> DIAL '(408) 996-1010'

<CR> <com> DIAL '(408) 996-1010',

QUERY <CR>

In both cases, the notation < com > is equivalent to the single command character. The delimiter separating the command from the arguments is always a space. Only the first character of the command is significant. All remaining characters are ignored up to the first space following the command. In other words, DIAL and DANCE are treated identically by the command interpreter. Both uppercase and lowercase characters are accepted. You can transmit the command character itself by sending it twice in a row— < com > < com > —if

56 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 23 on Inquiry card.

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the modem is in the middle of a data call. Two other methods of transmitting the command character exist: changing it to another character and then transmitting the former command character, or placing the modem in the UNLISTEN mode to be discussed and then transmitting the character.

If an argument is not given in the command, the modem assumes the default value as the argument. The arguments are all ASCII numbers and/or characters. The numbers themselves are ASCII-encoded hexadecimal (0 to 9 and A to F) characters. All commands are absorbed by the modem, which means it doesn't send them on through the telephone line.

Once a command is received by the modem, it returns a status message to the host. These status messages are framed as follows:

< com > < status character > <LFxCR>

A command character precedes each message to let the host know that the message regards status and not data from a remote modem. All status messages are made up of a single status character, except for those resulting from the commands LIST, QUERY, and DIAL. These three commands are necessarily longer to return command information. Table 4 summarizes the Info-Mate's repertoire of status messages.

Dialing Command Variations

There are five basic variations of the dialing command: dial last, dial immediate, dial-immediate alternate, dial from memory, and dial-frommemory alternate. All dialing commands can initiate either DTMF or rotary-pulse dialing.

Each dialing variation refers to a number string as a source for the number to be dialed. For immediatetype dialing commands, the number string is supplied with the command, whereas the dial-last- and dial-frommemory-type commands refer to number strings previously entered into the modem.

Along with the telephone digits, the number string can contain con

58 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 192 on Inquiry card.

trol characters that direct the InfoMate to dial adaptively or interpretively using tone- or pulse-dialing. Pause or wait characters can also be inserted that enable tandem dialing through PBXs or carrier facilities such as MCI or SPRINT. Table 5 shows the characters allowed in the number string. Table 6 shows some typical number strings.

After a dialing command is given to the Info-Mate, it interprets the appropriate number string to determine how the dialing process should proceed. As the number is dialed, the dialed number string is returned to the host in the form of a status message:

< com >< NUMBER > <LF><CR>

This message enables the host to follow the progress of the number dialed.

During the dialing process, if the modem is directed to pause and wait for the dial tone, and if the tone is not found after 5 seconds, the modem aborts the call, returning a number string that terminates with the failedpause-for-dial-tone character. In addition to this character, a NO DIAL TONE status is returned:

<com> < TERMINATED NUMBER

STRING >< LF >< CR > <com> X <LF><CR>

After a call has been successfully dialed, the modem monitors the telephone line for call-progress tones. If the number string is terminated with a Z, however, the modem takes no further action. Instead, the modem is left OFF HOOK, with its modulator silenced. Employing this OFF-HOOK mode is typically how you would use the modem to initiate a voice call.

Phone Number Storage

The modem can store as many as fifty-two 32-character strings, either phone numbers or log-on messages, or a combination of both. Each entry is stored by sending the following command from the host to the modem:

Status

Description

<com>A<LF> <CR>

Data call answered

< com >B<LF><CR>

Busy number reached

<com>D<LF> <CR>

Modem disconnect

< com > N < LF > < CR >

No answer or command failure

< com >R<LF><CR>

RING-BACK tone or ring signal

<com>V<LF> <CR>

Voice received

<com>W<LF> <CR>

Modem answer but host is at wrong speed

<com> <LF> <CR>

Command-complete acknowledgment

<com>?<LF><CR>

Command-entry error

<com><DIALED

NUMBERxLF> <CR>

Number dialed

<com> <H1H2> <LF> <CR>

H-|H2 represent hexadecimal status of the program

register

Table 4: Info-Mate 212A status

messages.

Character

0...9

Number-Strinc Positions

Meaning

Dialed digits

1

* and #

1

Dialed digits, tone only

A

2

Adaptive dialing; pauses for dial tone, then automatically selects tone- or pulse-dialing for the remaining numberstring digits. At the beginning of each number string, adaptive dialing is assumed unless otherwise specified.

T

2

Pauses for dial tone, then dials the remaining digits in the number string using DTMF tones

P

2

Pauses for dial tone, then dials the remaining digits in the number string using pulse-dialing

TB

4

Inserts a blind wait of 2 seconds into the dialing sequence without monitoring dial tone, then continues to dial the remaining digits in the number string using DTMF tones

PB

4

Inserts a blind wait of 2 seconds into the dialing sequence, then continues to dial the remaining digits in the number string using rotary-type pulses

B

2

Inserts a 2-second pause in the dialing sequence

0

2

If the number string is terminated with an "0," only the modem-answer tone is monitored for call-progress after dialing

Z

@ )

2

If placed as the last character in the number string, the modem terminates the dialing command without going into the originate-data call mode. The modem stays OFF HOOK with its modulator squelched

2

Placeholding characters

<SP>

Spaces are illegal

Table 5: Permissible dialing-string characters.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 59

Circle 412 on inquiry card.

RS-232

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A general purpose real-world interface: connects to ANY computer or terminal via RS-232

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Number Strings

767-1111

T767-1111 P767-1111 BT767-1111

TB767-1111

PB767-1111

PB767-1111Z

"raA(408)745-0450 T9P7771234T12345T4087671111

Meaning

Dials 767-1111 and adaptively selects tone- or pulsedialing, if unspecified adaptive dialing is assumed

Dials 767-1111 using tones after pausing for dial tone

Dials 767-1111 using pulses after pausing for dial tone

Dials 767-1111 using tones after waiting 2 seconds. After dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem answer tone.

Dials 767-1111 using tones after waiting 2 seconds. After dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem answer tone.

Dials 767-1111 using pulses after waiting 2 seconds. After dialing, call-progress-tone detection is limited to modem answer tone.

Same as previous number string except after dialing 767-1111 the modem does not go into the originate-data mode. It stays off hook with its modulator squelched, waiting for the next command. This is very useful for placing voice calls.

Tone-dials 9 after pausing for dial tone, then adaptively selects tone- or pulse-dialing to dial 745-0450. This is a typical format used for dialing tandem calls through a PBX.

Tone-dials 9 after pausing for dial tone, then waits for dial tone again before pulse-dialing 777-1234. After pausing for dial tone a third time, the number 12345 is tone dialed. Finally, after a fourth pause for dial tone, the number (408) 767-1111 is tone dialed. This is a typical number string used for calling through long-distancecarrier facilities such as MCI or SPRINT. It should be noted that the number string is 31 characters long, one less than the maximum allowed.

Table 6: Typical dialing commands.

<com> STORE < LETTER > 'MESSAGE' <CR>

In this command sequence, LETTER specifies one of fifty-two 32-character memory locations. Although it can be a word of any length, it must begin with an alphabetical letter (A to Z or a to z). The message to be stored—MESSAGE— can be a telephone number or a logon message, but it must be bounded by single quotes or apostrophes. Any character except <com>, QUOTE, and Control-H can be embedded between the quotes, even < CR > and <LF> characters. QUOTEs are reserved as delimiters, while ControlH or the backspace key is used to backspace over entry errors. If a <com>is entered in the message, the entire command is aborted and a new one is begun.

The @ sign is a special storage character that, when entered as the first character in the message, inhibits dis

play of that memory location when using the LIST command. Only an @ is listed as a placeholder, which is meant to ensure log-on or password-message security.

To list the numbers or log-on messages stored in the modem, a host need only send the following command to the modem: <com> LIST < CR >. In response, the list appears on the video screen, with the last number stored listed first, followed by as many as 52 stored number or log-on-message locations.

For example, to send a message stored in location A to a remote modem for database-password access, the following command would be sent to the modem:

<com> M A <CR>

As many as 16 letters can be specified within the message (M) command. After the message referred to by the first letter, the modem sends the sec

60 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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"This relational data base system in perhaps the finest value in software today. You include an easy-touse screen formatting utility and a powerful forms processor that truly make setting up a data base a task easy enough for any user." Scott M. Baker

Assistant Manager, Heathkit, Jericho, NY

Automatic Screen Design (ASD): This feature permits you to specify the design of a form (which may be multi-page) that you wish to use for data entry and data viewing. You simply layout ascreen mask and within seconds, without any programming, a data entry program can be generated.

See DataVu'" at your local software dealer. We also have a demonstration system up and running. You can dial in and try most of the DataVu™ features. Call us for more information.

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Automatic Menu Generation: This feature permits you to design your own menus in which each option in the menu may invoke an executable program or a batch file. You simply layout the menu pages, and within seconds, without any programming, your menu program can be generated. This allows you to construct user-friendly menu-driven packages.

Report Generation: Reports generated from your data base(s) that become routine and have enduring value may be specified by you in detailed format to the Report Generation feature. It is designed to retrieve information from the data base with simple statements and perform arithmetic operations.

Relational Data Base Management:

Having established data base(s) through use of the ASD feature, you may use tine Relational Data Basefvlanagementfeature to manipulate and retrieve these data. This feature supplies 12 commands and four utility programs to support activities like Select, Sort, Index, Join, Reformat, and so on.

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BYTE September 1983 61

Query-Status Table

0

OFF HOOK asserted

c

carrier detected

H

high speed (1200 bps)

s

self-test enabled

A

analog loop test enabled

R

remote originated digital loop

D

digital loop locally enabled

U

UNLISTEN mode enabled

X

modem Xecho's transmitted data

z

remote digital loop enabled

/X1X2

current hexadecimal TEST error count

Table 7:

Query-status symbols.

ond referenced message, and so on. Each message can be any length but must begin with an alphabetical letter. Only the first letter is interpreted to determine which one of the fiftytwo 32-character memory locations is selected. Messages sent are not displayed in order to protect the log-on password security.

Questioning the Modem

At any point during the operation of the modem, it is useful to determine its current status. With the InfoMate, status can be determined by entering the following command:

<com> QUERY <CR>

If modem status is normal, the message <com> OCHSARDUXZ/ X1X2<LF><CR> is sent to the host system. Each character has a specific meaning, as shown in table 7. If a period (.) replaces any of the status characters, it implies the negative or opposite status condition.

Testing the System

No matter how sophisticated or intelligent the modem, if, for some reason, you cannot communicate your data, all the features in the world are no help at all. When a failure occurs, it is normally a rather long and drawn-out process to deter

Info-Mate Test Modes

When a problem occurs during transmission of a message over your modem, you can direct the Info-Mate 212A to perform any of eight self-diagnostic tests. The test numbers shown in parentheses replace the argument n in the test command described in the main text.

Analog loop tests (0,1). In these two tests for the originate and answer modes, respectively, the host's transmitted data is modulated and looped back through the modem's demodulator, and the resultant received data is transmitted to the host. This mode lets you determine if the modem and data-terminal host are operating correctly together by checking to see if the received data matches the transmitted data.

Analog loop self tests (2,3). These two tests are similar to me analog loop tests, except that the modem transmits a pseudorandom data pattern in place of the host data. It then checks to see that the correct data pattern is received. These tests check the modem itself.

Digital loop test (4). This test loops the demodulated received data back to the transmit modulator, enabling the modem to retransmit all data sent to it from a remote modem.

Remote digital loop (5). In this test, a remote modem rather than the local modem is requested to begin the digitalloop test. The procedure enables the host computer to send data through the local modem to the remote modem and inspect the returned data for accuracy. This test verifies that both local and remote modems and the telephone line are operational.

Remote digital loop self test (6). This test is the same as the remote digital loop test, except that data from the modem's internal random pattern generator and checker is substituted for the host's data.

Self test, end-to-end (7). In this test, the local modem sends a pseudorandom test pattern to the remote modem and expects to see that same pattern from the remote modem. This test can isolate data errors down to the direction of transmission.

mine where in the system the error has occurred: in your modem, in the telephone line, or in the other modem. This diagnostic process is simplified considerably in the InfoMate, which can perform any of eight different tests (see box, "Info-Mate Test Modes") upon transmission of the command < com > TEST

n < CR >, where the argument n indicates the appropriate test mode.

To Listen Or Not to Listen

The Info-Mate's on-board command interpreter supports two operational modes: LISTEN and UNLISTEN. In the LISTEN mode, host commands are decoded and executed. But in the UNLISTEN mode, host commands are transmitted just like data and are not interpreted. This mode allows the modem to ensure total data transparency. A unique algorithm allows the host terminal or computer to dynamically direct the modem to move in or out of the LISTEN mode.

Either of these modes is initiated using the UNLISTEN command: < com > UNLISTEN n<CR>, where n is either 0 or 1.

When n = l, the modem does not listen for commands in the data mode. When n = 0, the modem does not listen for commands in the data mode until the host transmits a break (a start bit, all-0 data bits, and a 0 stop bit). Thereafter, the modem listens for the host until it is commanded to again UNLISTEN. The host's break signal is absorbed by the command interpreter and does not pass through to the phone line. This command assures that inadvertently embedded commands in blocks of data sent through the modem do not affect the data transmission. Both binary and ASCII files can therefore be passed through the modem with complete data transparency ensured.

Quiet, Please

Finally, there is the ZZZZ command—< com >ZZZZ n <CR> — which, appropriately enough, makes the modem quiet. When the command is given, the modem silences its transmitter and stays OFF HOOK. This command typically serves as a transition from data mode to voicecommunication mode. To return to the data mode, the ORIGINATE or ANSWER command may be issued.■

Stephen Durham is director of applications and advanced product planning at Cennetek Microelectronics (1308 Borregas Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94089-3565).

62 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

The Professional's Editor for Program Development Word Processing Source CodeTranslations

Widely acclaimed as an editor, VED1T has evolved to be much more. Only VED1T offers the combination of a versatile full screen editor integrated with a powerful command language. For the first time you'll be able to perform complex, yet useful, text manipulations that are virtually impossible with other editors or word processors. Plus, its customizability and hardware support ensure that VEDU will be perfectly matched to your individual needs and to any microcomputer you are ever likely to own.

With two modes of operation, VEDIT never compromises its speed or ease of use for its power and sophistication. As one reviewer (Bradford Thompson, BYTE) wrote: 'If this review gives you an appetite for simplicity while editing, then VEDIT is well worth considering.' Its command language, based on TECO, is virtually a text oriented programming language, allowing command macros to be created, loaded and saved on disk. Yet its simplicity allows even a novice to perform tasks beyond the capabilities of any word processor.

VEDIT cuts programming time in half - with multiple file handling, macro capability and special features for Pascal, PL/1. C', Cobol, Assembler and other languages. And it can help with source code translations (example ZILOG to/from INTEL translator macros are included). A complete line of translators will be available by the year's end.

Word processing is a snap with word wrap, paragraph and print functions. Command macros free you from tedious search/replace operations. Hundreds of search/replace on dozens of files can be performed by VEDIT without waiting or intervening.

VEDIT easily configures to your favorite keyboard layout. Use any function or cursor keys you wish. It optimally supports nearly every 8080, Z80 and 8086 computer.

Go ahead and expect a lot from VEDIT. Its performance and our support will satisfy your most exacting needs.

To order, please specify your 8080, Z80 or 8086 microcomputer, operating system and disk format.

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CP/M and MP/M are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. MS-DOS and Softcard are trademarks of Microsoft TRS-80 is a trademark of Tandy Corporation. IBM is a trademark of International Business Machines.

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BYTE September 1983 ' 63

Introducing A 16-Bit

Microprocessor System

Designed To Expand

Your Knowledge.

Here's How You Can Learn 16-Bit Technology. And Graduate To One Of Today's Most Powerful And Advanced Microcomputers.

Now you can master 16-bit technology with an all-new Advanced Microprocessor course. And build hands-on experience with the only 16-bit microcomputer specifically designed for the hobbyist, working engineer and student.

Advanced Microprocessor Course

This all-new self-study course (EE-8088) provides indepth coverage of 16-bit, state-of-the-art! technology.

You will gain a thorough understanding of microprocessors from this 1200 page course. In 10 easy-to— understand units, starting with

microcomputer basics, you'll cover all phases of 16-bit microprocessing. Assembly language. Program writing. Addressing modes. Dynamic and static RAM. And hardware interfacing.

And by using your 16-bit Trainer/Learning Computer for hands-on experiments (over 60 included), you'll gain actual circuit interface and software programming experience with an 8088 microprocessor system.

Trainer/Learning Computer

A unique combination of design features makes this versatile microprocessor system much more than a "teaching machine." Use it as a trainer with the Advanced Microprocessor course. Use it as an experimental design computer. And use it to run a wide variety of

16-bit software-including

Z-Dos, Multiplan, Z-Basic,

Condor File Manager,

L and much more.

In its most basic form, the Trainer/ Learning Computer is a 16-bit, cassette-based microcomputer. Its unique design features access ports and solderless breadboards to allow you to build interfaces, design and modify circuits, or simply experiment with the inner workings of the microprocessor system.

The basic system has an 8088 processor, 32K ROM (including assembler, editor and debugger) and 16K RAM.

Heathkit

The unit also features a serial I/O printer port, cassette interface and a detached 95-key keyboard (including 16 function keys and a numeric keypad) which generates a full ASCII character set. It's available either in kit form or factory assembled.

And you can take advantage of the system's H/Z-100 computer design heritage by easily upgrading it to a disk-based, 16-bit microcomputer that will run H/Z-100

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Learn on it. Design with it. Use it as a 16-bit computer.

It's the only 16-bit microprocessor system specifically designed to integrate theory with a hands-on understanding of how 16-bit computers work. And it's from Heathkit/Zenith Educational Systems, the world-leader in problem-solving courses, trainers and accessories to help you learn state-of-the-art technology.

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r

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ED-199

Developing a Truly Portable

Visicalc

Now you can use an electronic worksheet on your HP-75 portable computer

One of the most flexible and useful tools busy professionals can have in a portable computer is an electronic spreadsheet. In addition to providing standard analysis capability, a spreadsheet can help keep track of travel expenses, sales transactions, and data collection in the field, and answer urgent "what if" questions for the user on the run.

With the goal of providing such capability, Hewlett-Packard's Portable Computer Division decided to adapt Visicorp's popular electronic spreadsheet, Visicalc, to the HP-75 portable computer. The primary objective was to provide a truly portable version of this powerful software while retaining its close compatibility with other Visicalc products. Users already familiar with Visicalc will quickly recognize its characteristic features in the adapted version.

Another design criterion was to take full advantage of some of the HP-75's sophisticated capabilities—in particular, the computer's multiplefile structure in RAM (random-access read/write memory), which permits a variety of file types: BASIC programs, text and appointment files, and, with the introduction of Visicalc, worksheet files. This structure per

by William T. Johnson

mitted development of some unique Visicalc features, including multiple worksheets in RAM, data references from one worksheet to another, and formulas in cells that call BASIC programs. In addition, BASIC programs can operate on worksheets.

To meet these criteria, an HP software team generated all-original code. The result was a 32K-byte plugin ROM (read-only memory) module that connects to one of the HP-75's three expansion slots. To speed development, the team programmed the functional shell (VCBASIC) in 11K bytes of BASIC. VCBASIC is supported by 21K bytes of assembly language that assist in speed-critical areas and allow interaction with the HP-75 operating system. Assembly support for VCBASIC is called via keywords, which also enable other BASIC programs to create and manipulate worksheets. Table 1 lists those keywords and their functions.

The Portable Environment

The HP-75 provides the power and sophistication of a high-level-language computer in a portable system. Measuring 10 by 5 by VA inches, it weighs 26 ounces and is fully battery operated. The unit features a

single-line, 32-character LCD (liquidcrystal display) and has a built-in Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop (HPIL), so it can be used with a fullsized video display and other peripheral devices (see photo 1). A built-in magnetic card reader can be used for storing RAM files, or a digital cassette connected through the HPIL can be used for mass storage.

Standard memory consists of 16K bytes of CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) RAM, expandable to 24K bytes. The 48Kbyte BASIC operating system includes time- and appointment-mode capabilities. The keyboard is fully redefinable and overlays are available for special user needs. The HP-75 can also run BASIC and assembly language from up to three plug-in ROM modules with as much as 32K bytes apiece.

To adapt Visicalc to this portable environment, the design team had to decide how to implement the singleline display as a window into the worksheet while preserving the program's character. It chose to have the display show one cell of a worksheet at a time. Each cell can be accessed using either standard cell coordinates or user-defined labels for column and

66 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 1: Visicalc spreadsheets can be viewed on the HP-75's single-line display, on a video monitor, or on printouts.

row headers. Pressing the Time key toggles between a cell's default headers (columns A, B, C, etc. and rows 1, 2, 3, etc.) and such userdefined headers as January, February, March (columns) and Rent, Auto, Taxes (rows). Similarly, touching the Appt key toggles between the resultdisplay mode for a cell and the formula-display mode.

For example, suppose the column C header is defined as March and the row 4 header is Expenses, which covers the sums of items in rows 1 to 3. If March expenses were $1000, this figure can be accessed by using either the default coordinates:

C4: 1000

or the user-defined coordinates: March * Expenses: 1000

You can also choose to view the formula that was used to calculate the $1000 figure, either in terms of default headers:

C4: SUM(C1 . . . C3)

or as more meaningful, user-defined headers:

March * Expenses:

SUM([March * Rent] . . . [March" Taxes])

A problem that arises with this arrangement is how to examine a cell's entire contents when they exceed the 32-character capability of the LCD. If you are viewing (not editing) the worksheet, arrow keys move the window framed by the display from cell to cell, across the columns or up and down the rows. Then, within a cell, the Run key scrolls the contents for

ward and Shift-Run scrolls them backward. To help you read very long contents, Tab and Shift-Tab keys cause the contents to skip forward or backward across the display one window length at a time. However, during the editing of cell contents, movement within the cell is controlled by the arrow keys.

To gain the full benefit of using the portable spreadsheet, you must also be able to use peripherals freely, as with a conventional desktop system. To permit such use, the HP-75 Visicalc must use the HPIL capability to full advantage. Provisions have thus been made to vary column width for video and printer outputs and to set line length and width parameters for HPIL video interfaces. A special printing option allows column-order listings of all the formulas used in a worksheet, along with their cell coordinates. Finally, Visicalc was also

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 67

made compatible with the HP-75 mainframe COPY command to permit storing worksheets on a magnetic card or digital cassette tape.

Product Design

Rather than running as a program, Visicalc was added to the HP-75 as another operating mode, along with Time, Appt, and Edit. One advantage of this approach is that the Attn key does not halt Visicalc but instead always returns you to the top operational level. The top level is used for viewing the spreadsheet and entering the other two operational levels, cell-entry and command. Several operations can be carried out at the top level, including window movements. In addition, a Go To operation moves the window directly to the cell specified, and an alternate window can be defined to allow single-key toggling between two closely related cells.

The cell-entry level is entered automatically by merely selecting a cell and beginning to enter data. Full cell editing is allowed during cell entry; user-defined headers in formulas can also be entered there. Several functions are available at the cell-entry level to help create formulas, including AVERAGE, which computes the average of numbers in a list; MAXL, which computes the maximum value of numbers in a list; and SUM, which computes the sum of numbers in a list. Moreover, you can create additional extension functions using BASIC programs that can be used in formulas in the same manner as standard cell-entry functions.

You enter the command level by pressing the slash (/) key, which brings a command menu onto the display. Commands are then chosen by pressing the corresponding letter keys, which include D (deletes the column or row in which the cell display resides), M (moves the column or row within the worksheet), R (replicates cell entries across a column or row), I (inserts a blank column or row), and H (enters userdefined headers). Using BASIC programs, you can also define extended commands, which then have their own letters added to the command

Keyword

Description

ACTIVES

returns the file name of the active worksheet

AVERAGE

returns the average of a list

BLANK

blanks a cell

CALLVC

similar to the HP-75 CALL statement

CELLTYPE

returns the type of a cell

CHOICES

returns the legal choices from a message

CLRLCD

clears the LCD

CLRSCR

clears the video

COL

returns the column number of a coordinate

COLWIDTHS

returns a local column width

COORDS

returns a coordinate given the column and row

CURSOFF

turns off the cell cursor on the video

CURSON

turns on the cell cursor on the video

DECOMPS

returns a formula from Visicalc scratch space

DELCOL

deletes a column in a worksheet

DELROW

deletes a row in a worksheet

DIRS

returns file names chronologically

DSPS

returns the name of the DISPLAY IS device

DUMP

sends a worksheet to the printer or video

ENDVC

ends Visicalc

ERROR

returns the value ERROR

FIRSTREFS

returns the first cell reference in a formula

GETFORMAT

returns a local format from a cell

GETFORMULAS

returns a formula from a cell

GETLABELS

returns a label from a cell

GETSETUPS

returns a printer-setup string from a worksheet

GETSTATUS

returns status information from a worksheet

GETVALUES

returns a value from a cell

GETWIDTH

returns a local column width from a worksheet

HIGHS

returns a string that is highlighted

IN CAT

checks the existence of a file

INLINES

extends keyboard input capabilities

INPBUFS

returns the contents of the input buffer

INPPTR

returns the position of the edit cursor

INPWIN

returns the position of the first character in the LCD window

INSCOL

inserts a column in a worksheet

INSROW

inserts a row in a worksheet

INTERPS

calculates a formula in Visicalc scratch space

IRFLAG

returns the cursor type

LEGAL

checks the syntax of a coordinate

Table 1: These 82

keywords were developed in assembly language to support VCBASIC.

menu. (This capability will be discussed later in more detail.)

To program these capabilities expeditiously, Visicalc was broken down into functional modules. One module, for example, handles toplevel functions and another defines special-key functions. Each command-level function has its own module. Additional support modules perform functions that are generally transparent to you, including video support, user interface and memory management, and parsing, interpreting, and decompiling formulas.

Many of these functions can be invoked using the keywords developed in assembly language to support VCBASIC. The capability to implement user-defined column and row headers was integrated into all modules.

Product Development

As much of the software as possible was developed in BASIC because that language is easier than others to write, debug, and modify. Its disadvantages are that it is not compact, presenting ROM space constraints,

68 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Keyword

Description

MARK

marks a cell reference as being relative

MAXCOL

returns the maximum column from a worksheet

MAXL

returns the maximum of a list

MAXROW

returns the maximum row from a worksheet

MEAN

returns the mean of a list

MESSAGES

returns a message

MINL

returns the minimum of a list

MOVCOL

moves a column in a worksheet

MOVROW

moves a row in a worksheet

NA

returns the value NA

NEXTREFS

returns the next cell reference in a formula

PARSE

converts a formula into its internal form

PRT$

returns the name of the PRINTER IS device

PRWIDTH?

returns PWIDTH

PUTFORMAT

puts a format into a cell

PUTFORMULA

puts a formula into a cell

PUTLABEL

puts a label into a cell

PUTRLABEL

puts a repeating label into a cell

PUTSETUP

puts a printer setup string into a worksheet

PUTSTATUS

puts status information into a worksheet

PUTVALUE

puts a value into a cell

PUTWIDTH

puts a local column width into a worksheet

RCLVAR

recalls variables

RECALC

recalculates a cell or a worksheet

REPLICATE

performs replication

ROW

returns the row number of a coordinate

SETWIN

sets the LCD window

SOURCE

establishes the source range for REPLICATE

SPEW

displays the internal form of a formula

STOVAR

stores variables

SUM

returns the sum of a list

TARGET

establishes the target range for REPLICATE

UNMARK

unmarks marked cell references

UPCOL

returns the column boundary to be displayed or printed

UPROW

returns the row boundary to be displayed or printed

VALCHK

similar to the HP-75 VAL function

VC

runs Visicalc

VLENGTH

sets the length of the video

VWIDTH

sets the width of the video

WAITKEYS

similar to the HP-75 KEYS function

WINSIZ

returns the size of the LCD window

WORKSHEET

specifies the active worksheet

nor does it effectively perform speedcritical calculations. Many functional modules that would eventually be converted to assembly language, at least in part, were initially sketched out in BASIC. An example of how this approach was followed can be seen in the development of the parser module.

The parser's role is to check for proper syntax of formulas entered into worksheet cells. One problem is that a variety of nonstandard syntactical combinations are possible. A formula can, for example, include user

defined headers, such as

January " Remain: [Net Pay] - [January " Expenses]

or include cell references to other worksheets:

April * Sales: 1.02*[April * Sales]:FY1982

where FY1982 is the name of another worksheet in RAM. It can also include calls to BASIC programs, such as

Group A' std dev:

STD ([Group A]l . . . [Group A] 47)

where STD is a program that calculates the standard deviation of a list of parameters. Making a first pass in BASIC permitted rapid development of the parsing algorithms needed to take into account all these combinations. Assembly-language subroutine calls to the HP-75 mainframe parser were then used to gain speed in critical areas.

Once assembly language had been used to develop display and keyboard-control keywords, BASIC proved adequate for producing the LCD user interface for each functional module. Care was taken in designing key functions to optimize user friendliness. For example, to alleviate potential confusion over the dual role of arrow keys, a flashing cursor appears when the arrows are used for cell editing, and no cursor appears when, in the top level, arrows are used to move the display window about the worksheet. Similarly, the split-window feature of other Visicalc versions was adapted by creating an alternate window that can be accessed via one keystroke. Assembly language was also needed to program other support modules such as memory management.

The memory-management module stores worksheet data in a compact format as it is entered into cells. Each data item is matched to its cell location by a pointer table. A goal of the design was to return every usable byte to the user. Visicalc overhead in RAM, plus HP-75 operating system overhead, is approximately 4600 bytes, which means that you have either 12K bytes (with standard HP-75 memory) or 20K bytes (with the HP 82700A memory module added) available to store worksheets and other files. Even the coordinate location 0,0 of the pointer table was utilized, providing an intercept for BASIC programs at start-up, cell entry, and end of Visicalc. This efficient memory management thus permits the HP-75's 20K-byte RAM to hold 31K bytes of HP-86/87 worksheet in

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 69

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formation or 27K bytes of HP-85 worksheet information when the system is used in conjunction with HP-85, 86, and 87 personal computers.

Although the maximum allowable number of rows or columns is 255, available RAM determines the practical limits on the size of worksheets. How much of this space is actually available depends on how many cells are filled as well as the information in them. An empty worksheet of any size requires only 22 bytes of memory. As cells are filled in, the memory-management module dynamically reconfigures the worksheet to accommodate the data into a rectangle just large enough to include the highest-numbered column and row that contain filled cells.

The interaction between VCBASIC and assembly language in a functional module can be illustrated using the Insert command to insert a new column. VCBASIC first sets up the following prompt in the LCD:

Insert: Col Row

After the C key is pressed, a VCBASIC routine checks to see that this input is valid and branches to the appropriate line in the functional software shell. Assembly language, meanwhile, provides VCBASIC with necessary information on the spreadsheet—using the keyword MAXCOL, which returns the last active column on the right—and performs the required memory management for a column insert, using the keyword INSCOL. The line of VCBASIC that initiates the inserting of a column is thus IF MAXCOL < 255 THEN INSCOL C, which translates into: "If the maximum column number in the worksheet is less than 255, then insert another column at the current column position designated by the VCBASIC variable C."

Using Keywords

A total of 82 keywords have been developed in assembly language to support VCBASIC. Some, such as those just described, are involved in memory management. Others are

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Listing 1: A BASIC program for recording travel expenses.

10 ! travel expense data collector - wtj - 05/11/83

100 CLRSCR e WORKSHEET "trvlexps" g M*=STR*(MAXCOL-2)

105 INPUT "Enter day number: ",M«;N

110 N=INT(N> e IF N<1 OR N>9 OR N>MAXC0L-1 THEN BEEP g GOTO 105

120 FOR C=l TO MAXCOL-2

130 IF C=N THEN 3O0

140 NEXT C

150 DISP "Please Mait "

200 INSCOL C e PUTFORMAT C,1,4 » PUTFORMAT C,2,4

205 PUTLABEL C,0,"Day "SiSTR*(.N> S PUTRLABEL C,8,"-" g PUTRLABEL C,20, "-"

20B C*=CHR*(64+C)

210 PUTFORMULA C, 9, "sum < "SiC*J<"3 "fcC*!c"7> "

220 PUTFORMULA C, 21, "sumC'fcC*!." 11. . . "8.C«<" 19) "

230 PUTFORMULA C, 23, C*&"9+"S<C*fc"21 "

300 C*=GETLABEL*<C,0>

305 FOR R=l TO 2

310 V*=GETLABEL*<C,R>

320 DISP COORD*(C,R,5>;": "; 9 INPUT "",V*; V* e PUTLABEL C.R,V*

330 NEXT R

400 B=3 e E=7 » GOSUB lOOO

410 B=ll © E=19 e GOSUB 1000

490 DISP "End of program"

500 END

1000 FOR R=B TO E

1010 IF CELLTYPE<C,R>=6 THEN V*="" ELSE V*=GETVALUE*(C,R,O)

1020 DISP C00RD*(C,R,5> ; ": "; P INPUT "",V*;V*

1030 ON ERROR GOTO 1050

1040 PUTVALUE C,R,V*

1050 OFF ERROR e NEXT R

1060 RETURN

Listing 2: An empty travel-expense worksheet.

Travel Expense Report B3/05/30 23:45:33

TRVLEXPS

A

B

C

1 Day 1

Total

1

date

2

ci ty

3

air

.00

4

auto

.00

5

mi 1eage

.00

6

parking

.00

7 B 9

addtrans

.00

Transpor

.00

.OO

lO

11

room

-OO

12

brkfast

.OO

13

lunch

.00

14

dinner

.OO

15

bus conf

.00

16

porter

.00

17

laundry

.00

18

phone

.OO

19

addlodge

.OO

20 21

Lodging

.00

.OO

22

23

Expenses

.00

.00

Listing 3: A filled-in worksheet of travel expenses.

Travel Expense Report S3/05/30 23:47:10 TRVLEXPS! Day 1 Day 2

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

date

ci ty

air

auto

mi 1eage

parking

addtrans

Transpor

room

brkfast

lunch

dinner

bus conf

porter

1aundry

phone

addlodge

Lodging

Expenses

i May 4

May 5

May 6

May 7

May 8

: SF

SF

LA

LA

Prtlnd

i 217.87

112.34

256.lO

586.31

45. 13

12.47

45.32

102.92

11. 54

2.45

10.34

24.33

! 5.00

6.00

11. OO

13.39

15.12

15.OO

43.51

! 279.54

28.31

174.OO

15. 12

271.lO

768.07

35.57

43-67

48.89

48.89

177.02

i 5.87

4.33

7.89

5. 13

23.22

! 12.65

10.03

5.12

7.56

3.77

39. 13

15.34

21.44 30. OO

17.76

16.34

70.88 3O.O0

7.00

5.00

12.OO

6.70

12.00

18.70

12.72

4.62

14.62

31.96 .OO

: 89.15

121.17

84.28

104.54

3.77

402.91

! 368.69

149.48

258.28

119.66

274.87

1170.98

used in the parser and decompiler or for user-interface support. Together these keywords comprise what could be called a spreadsheet language, which provides the programmer with the tools to access and manipulate HP-75 Visicalc worksheets from BASIC programs. Use of this powerful language extension is fully described in a programmer's reference manual included with the Visicalc software. The use of keywords can best be in

troduced by an example. The BASIC program in listing 1 uses the spreadsheet language to prompt you for travel-expense items and enters the collected data into the appropriate worksheet cells. Listing 2 shows the initial appearance of the travelexpense worksheet.

The BASIC program uses keywords to create and open the worksheet "trvlexps" (line 100) and to prompt you for day entry number. If a new day number is specified, the program

expands the worksheet by inserting a new column and puts the appropriate formulas into the new column (lines 200 to 230). Next, the program steps through the worksheet, accessing column and row headers and current cell entries, then prompts for more information using the worksheet headers and the cell data as default values. Finally, the program puts the collected inputs into the worksheet (lines 305 to 1060). An example of a completed travel-expense worksheet appears in listing 3.

Calling BASIC Programs

BASIC programs can be called from cell formulas because HP-75 Visicalc uses its own interpreter in assembly language instead of the HP-75 mainframe interpreter. In addition, this module also interprets VCBASIC (Visicalc thus interprets itself) and a Visi-command BASIC program that extends the Visicalc command set. Using this interpreter gives Visicalc two important types of control. First, it allows Visicalc to intercept any errors from called BASIC programs, so that you are returned to the worksheet and not locked out. Second, it prevents the Attn key from halting VCBASIC and therefore exiting Visicalc.

Calling BASIC programs from formulas in cells introduces a new

72 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 4: This investment-analysis zuorksheet includes worksheet formulas.

Investment analysis on the sale of property. 83/05/31 14:51:11

INVEST

A

B

c

: amount

numt

er

period

1

cf 1

-4850.00

11/BO

2

cf2

-180.00

12/BO-06/B1

3

cf3

-192.00

07/81-10/81

4

cf4

-310.00

11/81

5

cf5

-192.00

1 1

12/81-10/82

b

cf6

-350.00

11/82

7

Cf7

-192.00

9

12/B2-OB/83

B

9

10

total

-11378.00

<

cash invested

11

selli

nq

25000.00

12

balance

-10767.00

13

closi ng

-2290.00

14

15

net

11943.00

<

cash returned

16,

17

IRR

2.40

7.

per

year

18

NFV

-1174.33

7.

00

7. discount

Worksheet

f orfflUl as:

83/05/31

14

52:25

INVEST

amount"total: Al«B1+A2*B2+A3«B3+A4«B4+A5*B5+A6*B6+A7»B7 amounted osi ng: -.1«A11+210 amount~net: Al1+A12+A13

amount"IRR: TVM(1,2,Al A7,A15,Bl...B7,1)*12

amount "NFV: TVM(2,2.A1 A7,A15,B1 B7, 1 . B18/12) * < 1+B18/ (12»100) >~SUM<B1 B7)

dimension in spreadsheet capability and is a unique feature of HP-75 Visicalc. Again, the easiest way to introduce this capability is through a brief example, this time a program (listing 4) for analyzing investments.

Here, calls are made in two formulas to the custom program TVM (time value of money). In cell A17, TVM is called to calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) realized by sale of property. In cell A18, TVM is called to calculate the net future value (NFV) of the cash returned, assuming a 7-percent discount rate. The multiple-file-structure capability is used here for passing parameters between a worksheet and a BASIC extension function. At recalculation, TVM reads the worksheet values written to a data file named VISIDATA and returns the calculated value back to the worksheet cell through that file.

Other BASIC programs can also be called from the command level of HP-75 Visicalc, although the process is somewhat more complicated. First, a change must be made in the com

mand-level prompt. This prompt is built from message 21 (command) and message 22 (DFGHIMPRVW-) in the Visicalc ROM. The keyword MESSAGES is used by VCBASIC to access these messages. Alternative messages can be accessed through MESSAGES if they reside in the text file named VISIMSGS. By entering a replacement for message 22 into VISIMSGS:

22 DFGHIMPRVW-E

the command-level prompt will appear as

Command: DFGHIMPRVW-E

The final letter E provides the hook needed to call a BASIC program that defines a new command-level function. Such "Visi-command" programs are numbered sequentially in the order of the letter or letters that follow the hyphen in the commandset message. Pressing the letter E in response to the new command-set

74 September 1983 <E> BYTE Publications Inc.

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Complete User Control Even better, it can do the controlling automatically based on the data coming through it. The user can make up his own commands to access every trick the printer is capable of, plus some of our tricks as well . . .

Multi-Printer Switcher

Most people use two printers: a matrix printer and a letter quality printer. The Printer Optimizer can connect as many as three printers to a single computer output, with switching at the press of a button or upon receipt of a user defined command.

1. £*rtt>eH*» 3» EnhaHced 4. italic* 5 « Twwes Compaq

Job Controller

The Printer Optimizer can change the order in which jobs are printed, with multi-copy and selective reprinting, cutting down computer use as well as the number of forms changes.

Jtftogbjt?

LETTERS INVOICES CHECKS

Creative Problem Solver

It can pause for paper changes, shrink spacing, translate languages, provide an X-ray of incoming data, cleanup the appearance of a spreadsheet. . .

and my (PRINTER

becomes...

and my PRINTER

because (turns on bold & italics

Feb .00

Feb: n/a

Mar 5.45

Mar: 5.45

before

after

add headings to a listing or graphics to a letter, send printer output through a modem . . . creative applications are endless. And yet the Printer Optimizer is as easy to use as a telephone auto-dialer.

Actually Exists

The Printer Optimizer is also competitively priced, has a one year limited warranty, and is available through business computer dealers worldwide. Other Products

We also make two fine typewriter adaptors for IBM Electronics and Olivetti portables.

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message above would call a userwritten BASIC program called VISICM1. If another letter were added, it would call VISICM2, and so forth.

Visi-command programs define a set of commands that act as extensions of those defined in VCBASIC. They provide the means by which you can customize Visicalc in an unprecedented manner. Using this capability, for example, you can command the sorting and alphabetizing of data by column or row. Worksheets can be translated into other data formats. Considerable amounts of text can be entered and then formatted. Other possible command extensions include plotter and printer graphics output, creation of schedule charts, and utilities for collection and management of data.

The Resulting Product

The final HP-75 Visicalc package contains the 32K-byte plug-in module that supports the features described here, an owner's manual and a pro

grammer's reference manual, and a keyboard overlay indicating redefined keys used with Visicalc. In addition, magnetic cards provide you with a sample worksheet, a sample BASIC program (that solves for internal rate of return), and some BASIC Visi-command programs for use with the command-extension feature. Command extensions provided include sorting, alphabetizing, and clearing data from worksheets.

The HP-75 Visicalc offers at least five unique features: (1) the first spreadsheet capability on a fully portable personal computer that can also operate as a desktop system, (2) the ability to define extended functions as BASIC programs, (3) the ability to extend the feature set for special applications, (4) the ability to overlay multiple worksheets in RAM, and (5) the ability to automate the creation and manipulation of worksheets from BASIC programs using a spreadsheet language.

The designers anticipate that by combining sophistication and por

tability, this new version of Visicalc will find a wide market. First-time users of an electronic spreadsheet will be able to use most of the important product features within a few hours, and sophisticated users can take advantage of its hooks to develop enhancements for an almost unlimited variety of special applications. In addition to providing the features described here, the portable Visicalc can support multilingual prompting for international markets. In short, the HP-75 Visicalc provides the active professional with worksheet capability that can be used almost anywhere. Its unique features promise to set a new standard for power and convenience in software designed for the truly portable computer market. ■

William T. Johnson, a research and development engineer at Hewlett-Packard's Portable Computer Division (1000 NE Circle Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330), headed the team that designed the HP-75 Visicalc.

AZTEC C — ' C ' PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM PORTABLE SOFTWARE APPLE CPIM IBM

Shipping: COD. day delivery, add

2nd day delivery, or Canada, add $5. Canada 2nd day or US next $20. Outside North America, add S20, and for 2nd day add S75

fgtfss.*

o*e<

-»*

5»PP°

76 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

This time, select

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/ ^

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MICRO

If you guessed that a Practical Peripherals Micro-buffer™ printer buffer saves time, you're right. For the way it works, this inexpensive product is the most practical addition to your microcomputer system ever.

With Microbuffer, you don't have to wait for your printer to finish before you resume using your computer.

Data is received and stored at fast speeds, then released from Microbuffer's memory to your printer.

This is called buffering. The more you print, the more productive it makes your workflow.

Depending on the version of Microbuffer, these buffering capacities range from a useful 8K of random access memory — big enough for 8,000 characters of storage — up to a very large 256K — enough for 256,000 characters of storage.

78 BYTE September 1983

Practical Peripherals makes stand-alone Microbuffers for any computer and printer combination, including add-on units especially for Apple II computer and/or Epson printers.

Each has different features like graphics dumps and text formatting besides its buffering capabilities. You can choose one that's just right for your system.

Best of all, they're built to last and work exactly like they're supposed to.

If you're still guessing whether you can afford to have one, talk with any computer dealer. That's the best way to find out how practical a Practical Peripherals Microbuffer is.

Practical Peripherals, Inc.

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Circle 361 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 79

The Gavilan— A Full-Function Portable

Computer

CMOS logic, LCDs, and increased integrated-circuit density helped designers fit the computer and its printer into a briefcase

Gavilan Computer Corporation designed its mobile computer to meet the needs of the traveling professional. The company's main goal was to create a completely self-contained, full-function computer system small enough to slip into a briefcase and light enough to be easily carried.

The self-powered Gavilan (see photo la) has a full-size keyboard and numerical keypad, an easy-touse display, and an internal memory large enough to support popular applications. In addition, it has removable mass storage, a modem, and serial port, and can perform everyday computer functions such as word processing and number crunching with well-integrated software. The system comes with an add-on printer that uses 8V2-inchwide paper and everything is built into a case that measures approximately 11 by 17 by 3 inches (see photo lb).

Design Criteria

At Gavilan, we decided that several criteria had to be met if the mobile computer was to be useful to

by F. John Zepecki

the traveling professional. The computer had to be able to run for a long time on an internal battery pack (ideally, for at least 8 hours without recharging), yet it could not weigh more than 15 pounds. It had to have a standard QWERTY keyboard with a numeric 10-key pad (we felt that

The Gavilan's mouse is

actually a touch panel

formed by two parallel

resistive membranes

separated by spacers.

miniature keyboards did not lend themselves to touch typing) and a bit-mapped display that could reproduce at least 8 lines of text as well as graphic symbols and icons. The computer also had to have 64K bytes of memory expandable to 1 megabyte, a built-in or add-on cassette for disk storage, an integrated modem, a serial port, and a printer. Furthermore, it had to support a standard operating system.

Incorporating all these features into a small package was not as much

of a problem as anticipated because of the industry's progress in increasing integrated-circuit density, the availability of CMOS logic, and the perfection of relatively large-area flat liquid-crystal displays (LCDs).

A Portable 64- by 400-Pixel Display

To ensure the usefulness of the new computer's display, we agreed that it would have to present considerable amounts of data without scrolling. Furthermore, a graphics capability was essential to support anticipated applications.

A 24-line, 80-character LCD would have been ideal, but no such displays were available. Eventually a 64- by 400-pixel bit-mapped LCD was decided upon.

Resident firmware was then developed to produce lines of 80 characters. And, because the display is bitmapped, icons and other graphic elements can be displayed.

Use of the large LCD complicated the design of the display controller. Because crystal fluid's persistence is shorter than the time it takes to scan through the display's 64 pixel rows, the LCD is divided into the horizon

80 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

tal halves of 32 rows each, and the drivers are multiplexed so that both halves are scanned simultaneously. As a result, the display controller supplies two data streams, one for each half of the display. This way, the display's 64 rows are painted in the time it takes to paint 32 rows.

Although getting an 8-line, 80-character display in the limited space available was an achievement, an 8-line page restricted our ability to process lengthy files. To simplify this, a special Zoom function was added in firmware. The Zoom function presents an outline image of a document with the positions of the eight active lines shown in a rectangular overlay. Using this function, the overlay can be placed anywhere on the page outline, and the enclosed eight lines are displayed by a single-stroke command. Conventional scrolling is also available through a set of pressure-sensitive scroll keys located on a panel above the keyboard. Because an 8-line display might not be ideal for all applications (even with Zoom), additional provisions make it possible to feed a 24 by 80 composite video signal to an external monitor.

The LCD, its logic, and associated row and column drivers are housed in a separate assembly attached by

hinges to the computer case over the keyboard. A pair of spring-loaded posts at opposite ends of the keyboard raise and lower the display for easy viewing. The display lowers for stowing as the keyboard cover.

The mechanical interface is made by hinges fastened to the top of the posts and bottom, or screen side, of the display lid (see photo 2). The electrical interface is provided by a ribbon cable in one of the posts. To operate the computer, the user pushes a button on the right side of the case, releasing the posts, which lift the bottom of the display lid above the top of the computer case. The lid then swings manually into an upright position. Mechanical detents providing 15-degree indexing beginning at 90 degrees let the user lock the display into a comfortable viewing angle. When the user is done computing, he or she folds the display lid over the keyboard and pushes the case until it locks in place.

The Gavilan has a typewriter-like keyboard with full-travel keys on the industry-standard 3/4-inch spacing. The keyboard meets the DIN standards for home-row height and angle. A numeric 10-key pad was integrated into the keyboard design to suit the needs of the mobile executive.

Photo la and lb: The Gavilan mobile computer offers a full-size, full-travel keyboard with a numeric 10-key pad and a fold-up 8-line, 80-character liquid-cnjstal display. The snap-on printer adds less than 5 inches to the computer's length, yet provides 50 cps throughput onto standard plain paper. The computer and printer fit easily into a standard-size briefcase and weigh less than 15 pounds.

Photo 2: Keys to the user-friendliness of the Gavilan's packaging are the two spring-loaded posts and the hinge assemblies that attach the display housing to the computer. The posts permit the housing to form a cover that seals the keyboard when not in use yet rises to lift the display into its operating position.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 81

Photo 3: Memory expansion is provided in the form of unique capsules that contain the appropriate memory chips and the boards required to support them.

An Electronic Mouse

To make the new computer more user-friendly than a conventional desktop machine, we used a mouse rather than an individual cursor and function keys. With a mouse, symbols and icons could simplify user access of the applications software.

Because the size of the system didn't lend itself to the use of a handheld mouse, a pressure-sensitive touch-panel electronic mouse was developed.

The Gavilan's electronic mouse is actually two parallel resistive membranes separated by spacers. The sheets in the membrane assembly are scanned so that the location of any contact closure is quickly determined and encoded. To operate the mouse, the user presses a finger against the touch panel and moves it in the direction he wants the cursor to move. The direction and speed of finger travel are determined through membrane scanning and encoding. Finger speed is converted into distance by a squares algorithm. Thus, a short but rapid finger movement can send the cursor across the entire display. Conversely, very slow finger movement results in pixel-bypixel cursor movement, providing precise control of the cursor position. The location of the finger's contact with the touch panel is unimportant.

The touch panel supports software presenting various directories. The user selects a listing, positions the cursor next to it, and taps the panel to execute the selected action. The listing is then highlighted in reverse video. The cursor does not have to be in a specific location; it need only be positioned in the cell containing the desired listing.

The entire panel above the keyboard is a membrane assembly. On either side of the centrally located touch area are pressure-sensitive function keys that call up menus, scroll the display, and permit other communications with the processor. The panel is covered with a layer of mylar that should wear indefinitely.

Expandable Memory

The basic Gavilan has 64K bytes of user RAM (random-access read/write memory); 32K bytes are housed on the main printed-circuit board, and the remaining 32K bytes are supplied in a special capsule designed to fit into the limited space available. This memory provides better protection for the circuitry than plug-in cards or chips.

Inside each capsule is a pair of printed-circuit boards (see photo 3). The edge of one board protrudes from an opening in the capsule's bottom and serves as a male connector.

There are four mating connectors used for capsule inserts on the main printed-circuit board in the left-rear corner of the computer, next to the 3V2-inch floppy-disk drive.

Levers are built into the top of each capsule to facilitate removal of the capsules from their mating sockets. (Lack of space prohibits manual removal of the capsules from the sockets.)

A lithium-thionyl-chloride battery in each capsule provides memory backup. With ordinary use, the battery will last more than a year. The condition of each lithium battery is monitored through an A/D converter by a resident 80C51 CMOS singlechip microcomputer. When the battery needs to be replaced, the 80C51 signals the computer, which notifies the user through a message on the display. The contents of the capsule can be loaded onto disk before the battery is removed. Replacement of the battery involves little more than swinging out the bracket in the capsule's side and swapping batteries.

Although each expansion capsule contains 32K bytes, the memory is mapped as 64K bytes, with the remaining 32K bytes in ROM (readonly memory) on the main board. This ROM holds the Gavilan operating system. Although mapping the operating system into four expansion modules may seem redundant and wasteful, it provides much faster response to commands because the processor doesn't have to go somewhere else to pick up operating instructions. Even more significant, mapping the operating system into the memory space of all the capsules permits them to be used as applications modules containing both programming and operating-system instructions. Plugging in a capsule with an applications program in ROM converts the computer into a dedicated business machine preprogrammed to provide user support with no other instructions. If more than one applications capsule is installed, the program names appear in the main desktop, or directory. In this case, the touch panel is used to select and execute the desired application.

82 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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PC Saver was tested to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) specification 50719B0, Category A.

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PC Saver. Total Insurance

PC Saver guards both against transients from the wall current and those generated by devices (e.g. printers) connected to the same outlet strip.

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CAPSULE CONNECTORS

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MODEM CONNECTOR

Figure 1: Packing a 16-bit microcomputer complete with a 360K-byte floppy disk and fullsize keyboard into an 11.4- by 11.4- by 2.7-inch case required some creative packaging. In the layout of the Gavilan, the 3V2-inch floppy disk is mounted crosswise at the right rear ivith access through the right side of the case. In front of the disk-drive access port on the right side of the case jacks are located for connection to the built-in modem and for an external 24-line by 80-character monitor. The enclosure at the left-rear corner reserves space for up to four-plug-in memory capsules. The main board fills most of the bottom of the case. Resident memory is contained on two boards mounted above the main board between the disk drive and the keyboard. Above the memory boards is the display controller board.

Internal Layout

Most of the Mobile Computer's electronics are on the main printed-circuit board on the bottom of the computer's 11.4- by 11.4-inch interior (see figure 1). These electronics include the DC/DC converter, the connectors for interfacing the printer and/or the second disk drive, an RS-232C port, a keyboard, an integrate d-mouse/ function-key touch panel, and a 300-bit-per-second (bps) modem with auto-answer and auto-dial. The modem accepts domestic frequencies in accordance with Bell 103 and European frequencies in accordance with CCITT V.21.

Two memory boards housing 48K bytes of resident ROM containing the display messages and the operating systems and the 32K bytes of user RAM are mounted above the main board and are interfaced by

connectors. These memory boards are located between the battery pack housing and the capsules' housing.

A third board stacked above the two memory boards contains the display controller, which can support not only the computer's own display, but a wide variety of other LCDs. Included in the controller is a proprietary gate array that accesses a local memory to map the display screen, which can be either the computer's 8 by 80 LCD or a 24 by 80 external CRT monitor. Selection of the display format is made under software control via the touch panel.

The computer uses a 3V2-inch floppy-disk drive, which offers the ideal combination of large storage capacity and small size. The drive is mounted crosswise at the right rear of the case with disk access on the right side.

84 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 4: The batten/ pack consists of W Vi-D nickel-cadmium cells, seven of which are in tubular form beside the disk drive and memory capsule enclosure. The remaining cells are housed side by side in an upright position in the space between the disk drive and the capsule enclosure.

Because no industry-standard microfloppy format existed, we initially chose a 3-inch drive for the computer. It was originally the only microfloppy compatible with 5V4-inch drives in terms of rotational speed, disk format, and controller interface. Since then, however, other compatible 3V2-inch disk drives have become available and may become the industry standard. With that in mind, mechanical provisions were

made so that many different sub-4-inch microfloppy drives can be mounted to the case. The disk controller was also designed to be compatible with any of these drives. Disk access is through a detachable bezel that is easy to replace, simplifying drive changes during assembly.

Making It All Work

The Mobile Computer uses 10 V2-D nickel-cadmium cells that power a

DC/DC converter, which in turn produces the voltages required to power specific components or subassemblies (see photo 4). The 12-volt battery's capacity is great enough to continuously power all the electronics and the disk drive in typical intermittent service for at least 8 hours on one charge. The battery can be recharged to 80 percent of capacity in less than IV2 hours.

Originally, the DC/DC converter was unable to supply enough power to operate the battery pack for 8 hours. The problem was caused primarily by the NMOS 8088 processor's large power draw. Because there was no way to reduce the 8088's power consumption during operation, a scheme was devised to shut down the 8088 when it was idle. Upon completion of its task, the 8088 writes its internal states into memory and then powers down. When action is again required, the 8088's off-state is interrupted and it powers up.

The 8088 determines which circuits need power and which do not. It turns off power to circuits that have nothing to do (most notably the microfloppy's spindle motor during periods when the disk is not being accessed).

The 8088's power-down feature and its ability to control energy use in other circuits enable the DC/DC converter to supply the required 8 hours of power.

To maximize conversion efficiency while minimizing the size of the DC/DC converter, a flyback circuit converter was used. This converter supplies various voltages to power the logic bus, the EIA interface, and the disk drive. The main nickel-cadmium battery is monitored by the 80C51 microcomputer through an A/D converter (as are the expansion capsules' lithium batteries), which signals the user through the 8088 and the display when it's time to recharge the batteries.

Size and weight limitations prohibited putting a charger in the computer itself, but a separate battery charger comes with the Mobile Computer. The charger can operate the computer while recharging the batteries. The 80C51 monitors the bat

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

85

/

^V~>- A. /' /"

2^p

<" r'fJ

' 7f

Only

the Texas Instruments

Professional Computer

offers these 7 advantages

that add up to more computer

for your money

If you're a smart business professional, you want a business computer that gives you the most productivity power for your dollar. For you, Texas Instalments has the answer: the TI Professional Computer. With seven obvious advantages that make buying TI make sense.

The Disk Storage Advantage.

The TI Professional Computer gives you standard 320K floppy disk storage. That's twice the standard data storage of the leading competitor.

The Function Key Advantage.

We give you ] 2 function keys that you can easily preprogram to make your work simpler and easier. The best the competition can do is 10 or fewer function keys.

The Keyboard Advantage.

Our standard touch-typing layout makes word processing as easy as sitting at a typewriter. The separate numeric and cursor control keypads let you isolate information and enter numbers for spreadsheets more quickly. And with our isolated edit/ delete keys, you'll never have to

worry about accidentally erasing valuable data.

The Monitor Advantage.

Our monitor gives you 40-50% better resolution than the leading personal computers. Which means you get clearer displays that are easy on the eyes. And some of the sharpest graphics possible today.

The Software Advantage.

There's software available now for the TI Professional Computer that meets virtually every professional and small business need. And with our memory expansion board, you can use advanced integrated software like Lotus 1-2-3 ™ to help you do several kinds of work without changing programs.

The Expandability Advantage.

Our standard features like the floppy disk controller and printer support are built-in so they don't take up the valuable expansion slots you'll need for adding optional features like communications and up to ten megabytes of hard-disk storage. Which leads to one of our most exciting advantages...

The Future Enhancement Advantage.

No one wants to buy a personal computer that's already on the road to obsolescence. That's why we're developing exciting new features that you can easily add to your TI Professional Computer—like speech recognition. Imagine being able to say, "Spreadsheet, please" and having it appear instantly on your monitor. This and more will be available this fall.

One additional benefit makes the TI Professional Computer especially attractive — the price. Feature for feature, dollar for dollar, you'll get more computer for your money.

Get the business computer that puts these benefits to your advantage. Visit your TI authorized dealer or write: Texas Instruments Data Systems Group CA, Dept. 062B1, P. O. Box 402430, Dallas, TX 75240. Or call toll-free: 1-800-527-3500.

*

Texas Instruments

Creating useful products and services for you.

Copyright (Q 1983 Texas Instruments

1-2-3 and Lotus are trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation

261477 -Rl

BYTE September 1983 87

Photo 5: The snap-on printer is housed in a case measuring 11.4 by 4.9 by 3 inches and weighs about 5 pounds including its self-contained battery pack. In spite of this small size and light weight, the printer can handle standard plain paper.

tery through an A/D converter during recharge, and at the appropriate terminal voltage or temperature it reduces the charging rate to a trickle to protect the cells.

The printer presented another power problem. The printhead and paper-feed motors required so much power that the battery pack would have had to be twice the size and weight of the one required to power just the computer itself. Although the larger pack could have been ac

commodated, there was little reason to burden a user with the extra weight. An analysis of computer usage patterns indicated that a builtin printer wasn't essential—it could be a peripheral.

Without the printer, the computer case is 11.4 inches square and less than 3 inches high, and it weighs about 9 pounds.

A Snap-on Printer

The separate printer is housed in

Photo 6: To conseive space and minimize power consumption, a thermal print head is used. Unlike other thermal printers, however, the Gavilan printer prints on plain paper. The key is a special thermal transfer ribbon contained in a pop-out cartridge, which can be removed when thermal paper is used.

a box with the same cross section as the computer. It can be snapped onto the computer's back panel, providing both a mechanical and electrical interface (see photo 5). The electrical interface consists of an edgecard plug on the computer's rear panel mated with a jack on the front of the printer's case. The mechanical interface uses a latching arrangement that provides easy connection and disconnection and a high level of holding tension. The final design uses two spring-loaded clamps (one on each end of the printer's front panel) that bite thin stainless-steel brackets on the computer's rear panel. The combination of the spring loading and the slant of the brackets provides a mechanical attachment between the two units that, in effect, makes them a single package. The mechanical interface is so strong that lifting the computer from its front edge will also raise the printer as if it were built into the same case.

The printer's dimensions are 4.9 by 3 by 11.4 inches, allowing it to be carried in the same standard-size briefcase as the rest of the system. It is a plain-paper thermal graphics type with a special ribbon that transfers dye to plain paper when it is heated. The ribbon rides in a special cassette between the paper and the 16-wire ceramic printhead (see photo 6). The same mechanism that advances the printhead also advances the ribbon; when the ribbon is being used, the printer prints in one direction. When used with thermal paper, however, the ribbon cassette can be snapped out of the printer, which then operates bidirectionally. Unidirectional and bidirectional printing and printhead temperature are controlled by a resident microprocessor, which also manages character formation, the input buffers, and handshaking with the computer.

A standard ASCII character set, along with special characters for six foreign languages, and a graphics character set are contained in ROM. The printer operates at 50 cps (characters per second) with or without the thermal transfer ribbon. Throughput is faster with thermal paper, however, because of the

88 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

FOX GELLER

"The products make the difference'.'

^^aves you 80-100% of programming using dBASE II." QUICKCODE is for business executives, businessmen, accountants, salesmen, anyone who wants to make dBASE II faster and easier to operate.

QUICKCODE is a program generator. A computer program that writes computer programs. Think of it as a 'translator' that sits between you and your computer telling it what you want and saving you from having to write a program ever/time you want to get something done. If you own or use dBASE II, or ever plan to, you need QUICKCODE by Fox & Geller.

"QUICKCODE is a well-written, easy-to-use program generator for dBASE

BYTE MAGAZINE

Vr ith dGRAPH, the high-quality, easy-to-use

'graphics package from Fox & Geller, you tap the full power of

your computer to produce a wide variety of graphs and charts in

color. And there's no special knowledge or prior programming

experience required.

dGRAPH is for businessmen, future analysts, sales managers, division supervisors. Information is presented graphically, comparisons are easier to make, stories more impactful, arguments more convincing. Simply stated, it will make you more effective.

"dGRAPH can add dramatically to one's ability to manage, analyze and present data."

Fox & Geller, Inc. 604 Market Street Elmwood Park, N.J. 07407 (201) 794-8883

Circle 186 on inquiry card.

BYTE September lM 89

Complete C Tight Code No Royalties Library Source

• C - The Language for Professional Programmers: C combines full control of the machine with the best productivity features. C is used by:

IBM Bell VisiCorp Digital Research MicroPro Wang Microsoft

• A Complete Implementation - C86 includes all of the features described by Kernigan and Ritchie. C86 delivers portability, consistency, FULL C.

• Extensions include long identifiers and additional data types.

• Tight code is produced by C86. Only needed code is linked from the library. The January 1983 Byte benchmark shows C86 as the fastest.

• No Royalties are payable to us on C programs you sell.

• Library Source provided includes UNIX I/O support, interface with and control of the Operating System and of hardware, all functions described in K & R, a Mathematics Library, and a Trigonometry Library.

• Overlay Support allows development of large programs.

• Assembler may be used to write a function. Macro support can increase productivity. Programs are ROMable.

• Our Update Policy helps you to keep the Best Personal Computer C Compiler for the 8086 as the technology improves.

See your Dealer for:

□ Free Information: "C86 Product Description" NC

□ "The C Programming Language" by K & R $ 25.00

D "The C86 User Manual". 35.00

□ C86 Compiler Diskette and Manual 395.00

We support all common formats under PC-DOS, CPM-86, MSDOS

and MPM-86.

VISA and Master Card accepted. They Say It All... We Do It ALL

Computer Innovations

10 Mechanic Street Suite J-104 Redbank, NJ 07701 201-530-0995

C86 is a trademark of Computer Innovations, Inc. CPM-86 and MPM-86 are trademarks of Digital Research. MSDOS is a trademark of Microsoft. PCDOS is a trademark of International Business Machines.

Prices subiect to change without notice.

bidirectional-printing capability. The printer weighs about 5 pounds including the internal battery pack, which consists of 11 sub-C size nickel-cadmium cells. The integrated computer-printer package weighs 14 pounds.

The printer's battery delivers about 60,000 characters between charges. The computer charger will also recharge the printer's battery pack. Control lines handled through the computer-tq-printer interface permit the 80C51 to monitor the printer battery's charge and discharge just as it. does the computer's.

A Snap-on Second Disk Drive

A second disk drive with a self-contained battery pack is housed in a case about the size of the printer. A dual-drive system consisting of the computer and the second drive (in place of the printer) will also fit easily into a briefcase. The second drive can include an additional 128K bytes 'of main memory. The computer's 80C51 monitors the voltage and temperature of the add-on drive's battery as it does the battery in the printer. The add-on drive's rear panel is equipped with the same electrical and mechanical interface as the computer, so the printer can be snapped on to form a mechanically stable, fully integrated computer system with nearly a megabyte of removable mass storage and an 8V2-inch-wide plain-paper printer.

We feel the Gavilan meets virtually all the computing needs of the traveling professional. This computer is enhanced by a proprietary operating system that enables applications software to take full advantage of the system's hardware. In addition, off-the-shelf MS-DOS programs will run on the system. By integrating these elements plus expanded memory, a snap-on second disk drive and printer, and an external monitor into a single system, we believe the Gavilan mobile computer rivals conventional desktop computers. ■

F. John Zepecki is vice-president of hardware engineering at Gavilan Computer Corporation, 240 Hacienda Ave., Campbell, CA 95008.

90 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 95 on Inquiry card.

We deliver

the

information

to you...

...today, within reach of your telephone, there are information utilities with almost any data you could ask for.

If you have Crosstalk and a modem, you have what it takes to hook almost any business microcomputer into this incredible information network.

The most widely used communications program available, Crosstalk helps your computer transfer data to and from other microcomputers, dial-up mainframes, and information data bases that provide data to the public.

CRO

JWIALK

You can gather the world's latest news, look over the most recent hourly stock prices, check an airline schedule and make a reservation, get the recipe for Chicken Kiev, find out the weather forecast for Paris or Peoria, do research on the wines of Bordeaux, or answer complex legal questions.

Almost anything you need to know is now within your reach.

Crosstalk Is available for most small business computers including IBM, Victor, Texas Instruments and DEC. See your nearest computer retail store, or write for the details.

Microstuf, Inc. 1845 The Exchange Suite 140

Atlanta, GA 30339 (404)952-0267

Crosstalk is o Trademark of Microstuf, Inc.

The Source is a Trademark of Source Telecomputing Co.

CompuServe is o Trademark of H6R Block

IBM is a Trademark of IBM. Inc.

Victor Is a Trademark of Victor Technologies

Texas Instruments is a Trademark of Texas Instruments

DEC is a Trademark of Digital Equipment Corp.

Circle 302 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 91

t courtesy of ISSC 1-86 is a registered Irademark of Digital Research VTIOO is a

TEK

GRAPHICS DESKTOP PRODUCTS

THE GRAPHICS STANDARD

Powerful text editing. High-speed graphics. Color copies. The new desktop family from Tek!

VT100 text editing and PLOT 10 color graphics are now packaged as basic desktop units and priced from $3995 complete.

Tek's new 4100 Series desktop terminals answer a range of resolution, screen size, color palette and local intelligence needs. All three feature outstanding 60 Hz noninterlaced displays and rapid 16-bit graphic processing speeds.

As simulated. Tek's 60 Hz refresh rate and bright phosphors result in a flicker-free image with perceivably better definition than that provided by 30 Hz terminals quoting greater pixel densities.

Standard capabilities include 38.4K baud communications; easy color selection from the keyboard; 4096 x 4096 addressable display space; a separate display surface for alphanumerics or communications dialog; and compatibility with ANSI X3.64 screen editors, including DEC VT100 extensions.

Each offers an unconditional, oneyear on-site warranty. Tek Warranty-Plus extends this coverage two additional years at minimal cost.

For less than $1,600, you can add Tek's compact, plug-compatible 4695 Color Graphics Copier. With a palette of up to 125 shades, the 4695 lets you reproduce graphic and alphanumeric displays on report-size paper or transparency film at the push of a button.

4105

4107

4109

Display Size 330mm (13")

330mm (13")

483mm (19")

Displayable Colors Graphics 8 Alphanumeric 8

16 8

16 8

Palette 64

64

4.096

Resolution 480x360

640x480

640x480

Segment Memory

128K Bytes

256K Bytes

Price $3,995

$6,950

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Warranty-Plus $195

$295

$395

r^r

All 4100 Series terminals feature programmable keyboards with innovative Joydisk for convenient graphics input.

At any time, you can plug into Tek's new 4170 Local Graphics Processing unit. The

CP/M-86-based 4170

provides up to 886K RAM for standalone programming and pre- or postprocessing—to help you conserve host power while you build upon a central data base.

Factor in compatibility with Tek PLOT 10 software and 4110 Series terminals, and you'll discover the first desktop graphics that you can't outgrow. Call your Tek Sales Engineer for a demonstration. For the number, or for literature, contact:

U.S.A., Asia, Australia, Central & South America, Japan

Tektronix, Inc. RO. Box 4828 Portland, OR 97208 Phone: 800/547-1512 Oregon only: 800/452-1877

Europe, Africa, Middle East

Tektronix Europe B.V. Postbox 827 1180 AVAmstelveen The Netherlands Telex: 18312—18328

Canada

Tektronix Canada Inc. PO. Box 6500 Barrie, Ontario L4M 4V3 Phone: 705/737-2700

Tektronix

COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

Inside CMOS Technology

Photo 1: The die for the 80C51, with the functions of the various sections identified.

How CMOS devices are manufactured and a look at three of them

by Martin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan, and Joe Altnether

94 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

CMOS (complementary metaloxide semiconductor) has often been called the ideal technology. It has low power dissipation, high immunity to power-supply noise, symmetric switching characteristics, and a large supply-voltage tolerance. But CMOS has rarely been used for advanced VLSI (very-large-scale-integration) microcomputer designs. Because of the complexity of the CMOS process, the ICs (integrated circuits) produced have traditionally had a relatively poor price/performance ratio.

As a result, CMOS was used only in applications that required low power and were neither performance conscious (such as in calculators and watches) nor cost conscious (many military applications, for example). Suddenly, however, all major semiconductor companies have announced either advanced CMOS products or the intention of designing their next generation of highperformance microprocessors using CMOS technology.

What has happened to make CMOS both affordable and high performance? For one thing, the dominant VLSI technology, NMOS (n-channel metal-oxide semiconductor), is rapidly approaching the process complexity of standard CMOS. It is not unusual nowadays for NMOS technology to have up to four transistor types with different operating characteristics. Much of the complexity of this process is added simply to help VLSI designers keep the operating power of their circuits under control.

Second, CMOS circuit designers are being more selective in the use of static CMOS logic. Critically placed dynamic logic, creative circuit design, and use of modes that offer varying degrees of power consumption are all tricks designers are using to maintain the advantages of CMOS.

Finally, aggressive reduction in CMOS transistor size is being used to bring CMOS performance in line with that of NMOS. As a matter of fact, many manufacturers are developing CMOS as a derivative of their advanced NMOS processes. This not only improves CMOS performance

levels but also boosts reliability and reduces development costs.

The Evolution of LSI

Early LSI circuits were built with p-channel MOS transistors, which permitted high-circuit densities yet were relatively slow and difficult to interface to normal integrated circuits, such as TTL (transistortransistor logic). As an example, the 1103-type IK by 1-bit dynamic RAM (random-access read/write memory), circa 1971, required its inputs (address, controls, and data) to swing between 1 and 15 volts (V) although its output was measured in millivolts—hardly TTL compatible! About 1974, NMOS came to the rescue. It provided faster speed, and most of its inputs and outputs were TTL compatible.

Low power

requirements are a

major advantage of

designing a system

that uses CMOS.

NMOS was more difficult to manufacture than PMOS because contaminants would vary the thresholds of the n-channel transistors, causing deviations in speed and performance. But this problem was quickly overcome through ultraclean processing rooms, and NMOS became the workhorse technology because it cost less to manufacture, was easy to use, and had good speed-power characteristics. And NMOS technology had potential for greater improvement of its speed-power characteristics through scaling (or shrinking) of the silicon devices. The result of this scaling was HMOS (highspeed NMOS), which accomplished three objectives: increased speed, reduced power, and increased density.

Over the past 10 years, the reduction in transistor size has, at the device level, increased memory density by a factor of 64, increased speed

by a factor of 3, and reduced power consumption by a factor of 100. However, the scaling cannot continue ad infinitum because of resolution limitations of the photolithographic equipment used to make the circuits as well as breakdown mechanisms within the devices. More important, even before these limitations are reached, heat dissipation will prohibit major enhancements with NMOS. Heat generation increases exponentially with transistor count, and, at densities approaching 150,000 transistors per integrated circuit, special cooling measures are required. This heat can accelerate failure mechanisms within the silicon, reducing device and system reliability. To hurdle this barrier, lowpower devices must be used.

The Importance of Power Consumption

The development of NMOS was spurred on by the semiconductor industry's drive to produce highvolume, large-capacity memory devices, for which high density, rather than low power consumption, was the primary concern. As VLSI began to emerge, however, power dissipation became a limiting factor in continued increases in NMOS packing densities. Thus, the semiconductor industry turned to CMOS as a potential alternative.

CMOS achieves its low power dissipation through the use of both pand n-channel transistors (hence the name "complementary"). Essentially, no DC power is dissipated in either logical state, and AC power occurs only during the relatively short switching period. Because most circuitry in a complex design is active only 10 to 20 percent of the time, CMOS achieves a dramatic reduction in power dissipation compared with NMOS, which continually dissipates DC power whenever an operating voltage is applied.

Low power requirements are a major advantage of designing a system that uses CMOS. Reducing power requirements has a domino effect that often substantially reduces the cost of the end product:

September 1983 £ BYTE Publications Inc. 95

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Figure 1: A comparison of NMOS and CMOS technologies. Figure la shoivs the schematic diagrams of an inverter as implemented in both NMOS and CMOS. A hypothetical input waveform and the resulting transistor currents are shown in lb and 1c.

•low power allows smaller, lowercost power supplies to be used

• power distribution in the system is simplified

• cooling fans can be eliminated

• printed-circuit boards can be packed more densely and can thus become smaller

With smaller power supplies, denser circuit boards, and no fans, smaller cabinets can be used, resulting in savings in chassis and enclosure costs. Also, power fail-safe and hand-held

use become possible if battery operation is feasible.

Basic CMOS Operation

To truly understand the promises (and problems) facing both the CMOS VLSI digital designer and the CMOS systems designer, one must first understand some CMOS fundamentals.

Figure 1 compares the circuit diagrams and current characteristics of both an NMOS and a CMOS inverter. The NMOS inverter uses an n-channel depletion-mode transistor

as the pull-up device (which drives the output line high) and an n-channel enhancement-mode transistor as the pull-down device (which drives the output line low). The pull-up transistor is used as a load; its operation approximates that of a constant current source. The pull-down transistor is used as the switching device; when active, it discharges the load, and when inactive it lets the pull-up charge the load. MOS loads are primarily capacitive and include the parasitic capacitances of the inverter itself, interconnect capacitances, and the thin-oxide capacitances of all the gates the inverter is driving.

Let's note several characteristics of an NMOS inverter. When the pulldown device is turned on, it not only has to sink the current from the capacitive load, but it also has to sink the current supplied by the pull-up load device. Even in the quiescent state this current component from the pull-up device still exists. Because logic gates spend most of their time in the quiescent state, this quiescent current accounts for up to 90 percent of the total power dissipated in NMOS VLSI designs; the remaining 10 percent is switching or dynamic power.

A second related characteristic is that the inverter's output voltage in the low state, V0i, is dependent on the ratio of the impedances of the pull-down and pull-up devices. This ratio affects the noise margin and switching speed and is generally around 4:1. Such a ratio results in a Vol on the order of 0.2 V to 0.3 V. It also causes asymmetric switching characteristics: the fall time of the inverter is significantly faster than its rise time.

The CMOS inverter uses a p-channel enhancement-mode transistor as the pull-up device and an n-channel enhancement-mode transistor as the pull-down device. In a CMOS inverter, both the pull-up and pulldown transistors are used as switching devices. When the input changes from low to high, the p-channel device shuts off and the n-channel transistor discharges the load. When the input changes from high to low, the n-channel device shuts off and

96 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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To putyour

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printing terms

The Facit 4510 Low Cost 80-column Serial Matrix Printer is a thoroughbred micro printer. Engineered for quality and professional computer outputs. Facit 4510 fully configured features most printer options as standard. State-of-the-art micro-processor concept and a 2K-work buffer accepts printing data as fast as your computer can send it. Versatility comes from industry compatible interfaces - both parallel and serial RS-232-C.

Block graphics and pin graphics secure optimum system performance and give complete printing freedom.

Emphasizing multifont and high resolution capabilities including 8 national character sets as standard.

Fan fold tractor feed, single sheet and telex roll with friction feed completes your thoroughbred micro printer. The Facit 4510.

a

nucr0

proc«

sSors

E)Z^TrZi^

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

235 Main Dunstable Road

P.O. Box 828 Nashua, N.H. 03061.

Phone: (603) 883-4157.

Europe: S-105 45 Stockholm, Sweden. Phone: (8) 7386000.

GATE DELAY

(m]

1.0

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

CMOS NMOS

SCALED CMOS SCALED NMOS

0.1 1.0

POWER/GATE (mW)

Figure 2: The speed versus power consumption characteristics of NMOS and CMOS technologies. Note the advantages gained by scaling (reducing the size) of the integrated components.

(3a)

the p-channel transistor charges the load. While almost all current from the CMOS inverter is used to charge or discharge the load, a small current component does not flow through the load. This is a result of the fact that both the p-channel and nchannel transistors are on for a short period of time during the input voltage transition. This current component is typically less than 10 percent of the total inverter current, though it depends greatly on the rise and falj times of the input signal.

With no quiescent power component, a CMOS inverter's dynamic power dissipation represents only a

(3b)

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Figure 3: Cross sections of transistors formed by each of the four major CMOS processes. Figure 3a is a p-well bulk CMOS transistor; figure 3b shows an n-well bulk device; figure 3c is an example of a twin-tub bulk CMOS transistor; the transistor in figure 3d is formed using silicon-on-sapphire technology.

small fraction of an equivalent NMOS inverter's power dissipation. Also, the CMOS inverter is a "ratioless" design, having only one transistor active after an input transition. This lets V0i go all the way to ground potential, resulting in better noise tolerance than NMOS inverters. It is also a simple matter to design CMOS circuits with outputs that have equal rise and fall times. While this is important in some circuits, it is generally not taken advantage of in VLSI designs because it requires greater chip area.

For NMOS and CMOS technologies with similar transistor dimensions and gate oxides, gate delays are essentially identical. The speedpower products for such a set of NMOS and CMOS technologies are shown in figure 2. This graphically illustrates the tremendous power advantage CMOS offers when used in high-performance VLSI designs.

While CMOS enjoys significant electrical advantages over NMOS, it does have a cost disadvantage. One small factor is the larger number of process steps needed to fabricate a CMOS device. More significant is the larger die required because CMOS has lower gate density.

CMOS Technologies

Figure 3 shows the four major CMOS technologies in use today: pwell bulk, n-well bulk, twin-tub bulk, and silicon-on-sapphire (SOS). Pwell CMOS uses a p-type diffusion into an n-type bulk silicon substrate to form an n-channel transistor. The p-channel transistor is built directly in the bulk. This is the original CMOS technology, which has many years of good performance and reliability behind it.

The n-well CMOS process starts with a p-type substrate. N-type material is diffused into it to form the n-well in which p-channel devices are built. N-channel devices are built directly in the bulk substrate. An nwell CMOS process is usually derived from an advanced NMOS process. It also permits a highly optimized n-channel transistor, which yields a slight performance advantage over a p-well CMOS process.

98 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Taxan monitorsengineered for style! and performance1

Styled to compliment Apple, IBM and most other personal computers, and designed to fit in any office or home.

TAXAfM offers a complete line of monitors including

green and amber, ultra-high resolution

monochrome, plus medium and high

resolution RGB monitors

$lftXAI\l features the 410-80,

80 column and RGB Card to

interface with the Apple He.

TAXAIM monitors stand alone

Circle 459 on inquiry card.

See your loca.

dealer, or call us for details

TSK Electronics Corporation 18005 Cortney Court City of Industry, CA (>I71H (213) 810-1291

=THI

■ ■ ■■

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dha:

jhes 1

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west

pi

fe. V*. IV

=PUI

*CM

ma

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5,013

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785

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15,433

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1,300

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500

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730

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788

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564

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Columbia system, 2-320K

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3.650

Gemini 10

309

WyseWY-300

.020

Columbiasystem12meg

4.119

2.172

Gemini 15

454

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635

Columbia portable CALL Corona desktop, 2-320K 2,375 Corona desktop, hard disk 3,495

2,445 1,970 1,781

Gorilla Banana

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NEC2010

199

1.395 995

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Corona portable, 2-320K

CorvusConcep!,256K Epson OX-10 Valdocs

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NEC3510

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NEC 7710

1.900

Altos Accountant

899

2,650

NEC 8023

499

BPI CALL

Eagle H Eagle 1620

1,575 2,999

IBM PERIPHERALS

Okidala80 Okidata82A

317 385

CYMA.each module Graham Dorian, ea. mod.

345 420

Eagle 1630

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Kertlronics 5150 Keyboard 189

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480

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CALL

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604

Open Systems, ea. mod.

568

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4,648

Quadlink

549

Okidata93P

830

Peachtree CALL

Morrow Micro D.MD-1*

755

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993

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B-83-9

The Purchasing Agent Philosophy,

Part 3:

• In general, i

's best to buy only computers that are easily upgraded to

add RAM. hard disks and improved

CPUs.

THE

PURCHASING AGENT. INC.

M

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Twin-tub CMOS combines n-well and p-well technologies by diffusing both an n-well for the p-channel transistor and a p-well for the n-channel transistor. The twin wells are usually formed in a lightly doped n-type substrate. While it is a slightly more complex and costly process than either n-well CMOS or p-well CMOS, twin-tub CMOS has the advantage of being able to optimize the performance of both the n-channel and pchannel devices. Thus, this process gives the highest overall performance of the bulk CMOS technologies.

The highest performing CMOS technology is SOS. Silicon islands are grown on an insulating sapphire substrate. N-channel or p-channel transistors are then built on the islands. High performance is achieved due to the significant reduction of parasitic capacitance. SOS also offers good gate density because no parasitic bipolar transistors are around to cause a phenomenon called latch up. Unfortunately, SOS devices are difficult and expensive to manufacture. For example, unused sapphire wafers cost approximately 10 times more than bulk silicon wafers.

While CMOS suffers a cost penalty of about 20 percent due to process differences, it generally suffers more significantly because of die size. (While processing steps have a linear relationship with cost, die size has an exponential relationship.) CMOS dies are larger than equivalent NMOS designs even when aggressive transistor scaling is employed. Three major factors contribute to this: the area used in trying to prevent latch up, CMOS logic-gate structure, and static design techniques.

Latch Up Prevention

Bulk CMOS technologies have parasitic bipolar transistors that, if improperly biased, can cause a phenomenon called latch up. This potentially destructive action results from triggering an SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier) formed by the transistors and can cause extremely large currents to flow. Figure 4 shows the construction of the parasitic SCR in an n-well bulk CMOS device.

100 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 373 on Inquiry card.

Victor.

How a first name

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Start with the fact that Victor speaks virtually all Western languages. Fluently. And, you can adapt Victor's keyboards to either language or business specific applications.

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^mmf m rwo weeks.

(4a)

vcc

GND TO SUBSTRATE STRAP

VCC TO n-WELL*

STRAP

p-CHANNEL n-CHANNEL

TRANSISTOR TRANSISTOR -TERMINAL TERMINAL

UJ UJ

"WELL Vj T1

n-WELL

p-SUBSTRATE

Figure 4: Parasitic SCR in bulk CMOS can cause latch up. Figure 4a shows how the parasitic transistors are formed in the silicon; figure 4b is a diagram of the equivalent circuit.

Two well-defined conditions must exist before latch up can occur. First, for the SCR to be triggered, IR„e„ or IRsut must be greater than or equal to 0.7 V. This forward-biases the baseemitter junctions of the parasitic bipolar transistors. Second, to sustain the latch up condition, the product of the |8s (gains) of the two bipolar transistors must equal at least 1.

In order to minimize the chance of one of the SCR's transistors being forward-biased, every attempt is made to reduce the resistance values as much as is feasible. This has the effect of requiring significantly larger injected currents before the SCR can be triggered. To reduce the resistance values, guard rings are used in the circuitry. (Guard rings are low-resistivity connections to the supply voltages placed around the CMOS p-channel and n-channel transistors.) While guard rings reduce the SCR bias resistor values, they also increase the

space between n-channel transistors and p-channel transistors (thus reducing the gate density). To somewhat minimize this effect, particularly sensitive areas (like VLSI component's I/O pins) are heavily guard ringed, while the more protected internal circuitry is less so.

A less controllable method of preventing latch up is to try and decrease the /3s of the parasitic transistors. While the vertical pnp transistor's /3 is set by the process design, the lateral npn transistor is more directly controllable. Its /3 can be drastically reduced by increasing the nwell-to-n+ diffusion spacing (or pwell-to-p+ diffusion spacing in pwell technology). This method reduces the /3 by increasing the width of the transistor's base. While this is an effective way of decreasing the gain of the parasitic structure, it also reduces the gate density.

In bulk CMOS technologies, to

102 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 103

\

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When Performance Is A Factor...

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Circle 400 on inquiry card.

"TuiboDOS is a Registered Trademark of Software 2000 Inc •CPM is a Registered Trademark ot Digital Research

(5a)

vcc

_J

n

L

n —

J

n

—*-(

(5b)

i r

vCc

j

£

L "

1 r

(5c)

vcc

(5d)

vcc

J

vcc

L

L^y

f

Figure 5: A comparison of typical logic gates in NMOS and CMOS form. Figure 5a is an NMOS NOR gate, while figure 5b is a CMOS version; figure 5c is an NMOS NAND gate, and figure 5d is a CMOS version.

give absolute protection against latch up is not only tremendously expensive in silicon area, but it is also virtually impossible. CMOS designers sacrifice area to ensure there is enough margin in their design to protect it from latch up in normal operating-system environments.

Logic-Gate Structures

Gate densities are also reduced in CMOS because standard CMOS logic gates are built from more transistors than their NMOS equivalents. Standard CMOS logic-gate design has a 1:1 ratio of n-channel transistors to p-channel transistors. For example, the two input gates shown in figure 5 take four transistors in CMOS and only three in NMOS. The relative density decreases as the number of inputs increases. For example, threeinput gates require six transistors in CMOS and only four in NMOS; four-input gates require eight transistors in CMOS and only five in

NMOS, etc. As a matter of fact, it is rare to have a standard CMOS gate with more than three inputs because the self-loading and the transistor stack make the structure inefficient in both speed and area. On the other hand, it is not unusual in NMOS to have gates with as many as eight inputs.

Static Design Techniques

A final reason for the lower CMOS gate densities is the use of static logic (modern VLSI NMOS microcomputer designs rely heavily on dynamic circuitry). Dynamic circuitry essentially uses a small capacitor as a latch to store logic values. This technique saves both area (by reducing the number of transistors in a gate) and power (by reducing the number of gates in structures like latches, flipflops, shift registers, etc.). Employing dynamic design can reduce an NMOS latch's area by 30 percent and its power consumption by 50 percent.

However, the problem with dynamic circuitry is that the capacitor used to store the logic value is leaky and will, over time, discharge and lose its data. This is the same problem faced by dynamic memory designers. The solution is to periodically refresh the capacitor, which forces a minimum operating frequency to be adhered to.

CMOS can also use dynamic circuitry, especially to increase the ratio of n-channel transistors to p-channel transistors. Because static CMOS designs have a 1:1 ratio of n-channel to p-channel transistors, being able to increase this ratio will have the effect of giving CMOS a higher gate density (but the minimum operating-frequency characteristic of dynamic circuitry often conflicts with the CMOS potential of absolutely minimizing power). Therefore, while true static CMOS design does give the lowest possible power consumption (by allowing the device to operate at frequencies all the way to DC), dynamic CMOS designs, being more dense and resulting in smaller die sizes, tend to be more cost-effective. Thus, two trends are developing in the use of CMOS for VLSI microcomputer design.

Designers of the next generation of 16- and 32-bit microprocessors are choosing CMOS. Here, the goal is not to operate at the lowest possible power level but rather to keep the operating power under a maximum level for cooler junction temperatures, higher performance levels, and the ability to use standard low-cost packages. In these designs, extensive use is made of dynamic logic. The ratio of n-channel transistors to pchannel transistors is often as high as 3:1.

Designers of 4- and 8-bit singlechip microcomputers are choosing CMOS to accommodate a host of new portable, hand-held, and ultralow-power applications. Here, the goal is to minimize the operating power levels consistent with the performance required by the application. In the simpler microcomputers, true CMOS static logic is used—their simpler structure still allows a relatively small die size, while the low-performance applications they

106 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

are appropriate for allow low operating frequencies. On the other hand, the more complex, higher-performance, single-chip VLSI components still make maximum use of static logic but are forced into dynamic logic for large arrays to keep the die cost down.

Future CMOS

CMOS will be the technology of choice for VLSI microcomputer designs. For one thing, with the advent of hundreds of thousands of transistors on a die, CMOS is the only technology that offers a cost-effective solution to the power-density problem.

A second and more subtle future issue is reduced supply voltage. As MOS transistors continue to be scaled to smaller dimensions to eke out further performance and density advances, the standard 5-V supply voltage must be reduced, if only for internal circuitry, to limit substrate current and hot-electron effects. CMOS is better suited for lower sup

ply-voltage operation because its switch point is a fixed percentage of the supply voltage. Also, due to its "ratio-less" structures, CMOS enjoys better noise tolerance than NMOS, another important factor at lower supply voltages.

Finally, CMOS has made and will continue to make major strides in its relative cost disadvantage to NMOS. Where CMOS formerly sold at as much as a fourfold premium, today it is selling at somewhat less than twice the price of comparable NMOS devices. With its continued use of standard, low-cost packaging technology as well as the more creative use of dynamic circuitry and hybrid static/dynamic designs, CMOS will rapidly approach the cost of NMOS. As a matter of fact, several major semiconductor manufacturers have stated that CMOS/NMOS price parity will occur this decade, and some manufacturers say it will happen as early as 1985. When CMOS and NMOS cost the same, why would anyone buy NMOS?H

A CMOS Single-Chip Computer: Intel's 80C51

by Martin B. Pawloski

Intel's 80C51 is an interesting example of how the static logic versus dynamic logic trade-off was made in an actual product design. The 8051 is an 8-bit, single-chip microcomputer with 4K bytes of ROM, 128 bytes of RAM, two 16-bit counter/timers, multilevel interrupt control, 32 I/O pins, full-duplex UART (universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter), and on-chip oscillator and clock circuits. A die with the sections identified by functions is shown in photo 1 on page 94.

The CMOS version of the 8051, called the 80C51, is targeted at a number of applications that require both high performance and low power consumption. In areas like telephony, automotive control, industrial control, and portable instrumentation, the 80C51 operates at or near its maximum speed, even if only for short intervals. (For example, most real

time applications need an externalinterrupt response time of less than 100 microseconds (/xs); more demanding applications require better than 10-/zs response. While the response must be quick, and the interrupt routine executed quickly; the processor spends a significant portion of its time idle.)

Once the performance requirements of the application are known, it is possible to specify a minimum operating frequency. For the 80C51, a hybrid static/dynamic design was proposed that allows a minimum die size and includes various modes of operation to minimize power consumption.

First, the only areas of the design that were made dynamic were the (very large) ROM and Control arrays. These arrays contain almost 50,000 transistors and constitute a major portion of the die. By making them

Circle 316 on inquiry card. >

Get the

total

picture.

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Microsoft languages

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The largest market for 16-bit software. Over 95% of all 16-bit microcomputers run Microsoft, operating systems, languages, or both.That means your programs written in Microsoft languages find their market in the largest installed base of 16-bit systems.The IBM- PC, and systems from Wang, Zenith, DEC, Victor, Altos, Texas Instruments and Radio Shack, to name just a few. And, if you're working with Microsoft operating systems and languages, you'll find that it's far easier to transport software between systems. A full range of languages. The versatile MSBASIC interpreter and the fast MS-BASIC compiler, Microsoft Business BASIC and MS-COBOL for business use. MS-FORTRAN for scientific and engineering applications. Microsoft C, a complete C, that provides a productive alternative to assembly language. And MS-Pascal, a high-level language compiler specifically designed for microprocessor system software implementation. All these languages are compatible with ANSI or ISO standards. A total programming environment. Compatible languages. Operating systems. Utilities. Plus complete support. All the tools you need to write software that sells Leadership in micros. Microsoft wrote the first BASIC for the

first production microcomputer. Since then, we've added a full range of 8-bit and 16-bit languages, plus the MS™-DOS and XENIX™ operating systems. What's more, we are constantly enhancing both languages and operating systems. And we make those enhancements available to our customers. That means Microsoft programming languages are state-of-the-art programming tools. Tools that allow your applications programs to reach more systems. More effectively. More information? See your Microsoft dealer for complete information on Microsoft's 16-bit languages and operating systems. Or, write for our booklet/The Microsoft Language Family." A family of tools that give your programs access to the largest installed base of 16-bit systems.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

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Microsoft is a registered trademark. i MS. XENIX and the Microsotl logo are trademarks ol Microsoft Corporation.

Normal

Vcc Supply

Operating

Operating

Power Down

Voltage

Frequency

Mode

Idle Mode

Mode

Product

Technology Range

Range

(Ice Max)

(lcc Max)

(Ice Max)

12 MHz Max

24 mA

3 mA

50 pA

80C51

CMOS 4-6 V

1.2 MHz Min

2.4 mA

0.3 mA

50 ^A

8051

HMOS 4.5-5.5 V

12 MHz Max

150 mA

—

20 mA

1.2 MHz Min

130 mA

20 mA

Table 1: A comparison of the CMOS and NMOS versions of

the 8051.

dynamic, an area savings on the order of 40 to 50 percent was accomplished.

Second, the processor, all the peripheral functions, the RAM, and the I/O ports were made static. This allowed two modes of operation other than normal operating mode: Idle mode and Power Down mode.

Because in many applications the processor does nothing more than wait for an event to happen, in the Idle mode the major clocks of the device are stopped and only smaller ancillary clocks operate to drive the peripheral counter/timers, externalinterrupt control, and the serial channel. When one of the peripherals generates an interrupt, the processor clocks are restarted and instruction execution resumes in the interruptservice routine. The Idle mode reduces power consumption by almost an order of magnitude.

In Power Down mode, all the clocks inside the device are shut off and only the internal 128 bytes of RAM are "kept alive." The only current consumed is a minute amount due to

pn-junction leakage. Static logic was designed in the peripheral sections in order to support this mode because no clocks are available to refresh dynamic logic. In both the Idle and Power Down modes, special provisions are made for the dynamic circuits in the ROM and Control areas to enter a pseudostatic condition that prevents any extraneous power consumption due to voltage drift on capacitive storage nodes.

Table 1 compares the NMOS 8051 to the CMOS 80C51. The 80C51, designed in Intel's HMOS-derived nwell process called CHMOS, is less than 10 percent larger than the NMOS design and consumes only 15 percent of the normal operating power. More significant power savings are possible by operating the 80C51 at lower frequencies or by using the Idle mode.

Martin B. Pawloski (5000 West Williams Field Rd., Chandler, AZ 85224) is involved in the product planning, definition, and implementation of both NMOS and CMOS single-chip microcomputers at Intel Corp.

Z80 in CMOS Clothing: National Semiconductor's NSC800

by Tony Moroyan

A CMOS processor particularly suited to portable-computer applications, National Semiconductor's NSC800 incorporates features typical of state-of-the-art NMOS devices with low-powered, high-density, surface-mounted packages (with both leaded and leadless chip carriers).

Internally the NCS800 has the same instruction set and complement of registers as Zilog's popular NMOS

processor, the Z80. Externally, the NSC800 features a multiplexed data and address bus like that of Intel's 8085 processor. It dissipates only 5 percent of the power that NMOS devices in its performance class do, and yet it is capable of operating at speeds up to 4 MHz.

The chip is fabricated using National's P2CMOS process, a silicongate technology that achieves high

Circle 317 on inquiry card. >

Read the fine print.

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CP/M, CP/M Plus, the CP/M Card and CBASIC arc either trademarks or registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc. WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International Corporation. SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim Corporation. Condor is a trademark of Condor Computer Corporation. GSX-80 is a trademark of Graphics Software System. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. 01982 Digital Research Inc.

Circle 15 on inquiry card.

density by employing one level of metal for interconnection and two levels of polysilicon. (Future products will incorporate two levels of metal for further density improvements.)

A major feature suiting the NSC800 to modern computer applications is its compatibility with the wealth of available Z80-based software. Indeed, Z80-based development software, operating systems (such as CP/M), high-level languages, and applications programs will run without modification, and with no speed penalty, on an NSC800 system. This compatibility is a tremendous advantage for the small-systems builder.

With the Z80 architecture, the programmer has 158 instructions with 10 addressing modes, 22 programmable registers, 256 directly addressable I/O locations, and a 64K-byte memoryaddress space. In addition, the multiplexed bus frees some of the IC's 40 pins for use in implementation of extra functions not found on the Z80. These include:

•three additional interrupt lines for faster interrupt-response times •two special status lines for decoding processor states •an onboard clock generator •a power-save feature for further reducing power consumption

The Multiplexed Bus

The NSC800's multiplexed bus uses 16 lines to transfer 16 address bits and 8 data bits. The upper 8 bits of the address bus are present on lines A8 through A15; lines ADO through AD7 carry the 8 data bits and the lower 8 address bits, at different times. Systems can use the multiplexed bus, or the buses can be separated into a 16-bit address bus and an 8-bit data bus. All NSC800 family components (including the NSC810 RAM-I/O-Timer, the NSC830 ROMI/O chip, and the NSC858 UART) have a multiplexed-bus structure and thus can interface directly with the NSC800. The ALE (address latch enable) control strobe of the processor controls bus demultiplex timing.

The multiplexed bus requires onethird fewer bus lines to interconnect devices, resulting in reduced circuitboard complexity. (8085-type peripherals and many memory devices support this type of multiplexed bus.)

Interrupts

Three of the IC's freed pins have been used to provide more interrupts than the Z80 offers. The standard NMI (nonmaskable interrupt) and INT (multimode interrupt) are compatible with the Z80 and 8080.

The NMI is used as the highestpriority interrupt line and is useful during, for example, power failure conditions, for which the processor must be alerted for graceful powerdown operations. NMI is an edgesensitive input line and causes a direct restart to memory location 0066 hexadecimal.

The INT input has three modes: 0, 1, and 2. Mode 0 corresponds to the 8080 method of interrupt handling. An interrupting peripheral places a restart instruction on the data bus, and the processor then executes the instruction, usually a call to a subroutine. Mode 1 provides transfer to an automatic restart location (0038 hexadecimal). Thus, in small systems the peripheral need not strobe the restart instruction onto the data bus. With mode 2 interrupts, the processor reads a vector from the interrupting device; that vector is used with the contents of the I register to create a pointer to the address of a table entry that contains the interrupt-handler-routine address. This interrupt is maskable on or off and is controlled by system-interruptenable flip-flops inside the NSC800. These can be set by software, as they are in the Z80.

The remaining three interrupt lines, RSTA, RSTB, and RSTC, provide three different but fixed restart addresses. These lines are similar to the 8085 interrupts and are also maskable under program control.

Power Modes

In many applications, power consumption is so critical that it is help

Circle 318 on inquiry card. >

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ful to put the NSC800 into a standby mode whenever possible. A single power-save input pin suspends processor operation and reduces power consumption by 50 percent. The NSC800 can be held in the powersave mode indefinitely: internal register contents are saved during this time, and the processor can resume operation without interruption. This feature does not stop clock operation, however, so some power is still consumed. With additional circuitry, even the clock can be suspended for maximum power reduc

tion. The new 6-MHz NSC800 (available in the first half of 1984) will have this feature built in for ultralow power dissipation.

The power-save line can also be controlled by a switch to create a single-step function. When the switch moves to the normally open (NO) position, the processor executes one instruction, suspends operation, and waits for the switch to return to its normally closed (NC) position.

Another NSC800 extra pin freed up by the multiplexed-bus structure permits an on-chip clock generator,

which reduces system component count and cost. In place of an external clock-generator chip, the NSC800 requires only a crystal or RC-oscillator circuit to produce the system clock. A final difference from the Z80 is that the NSC800 has an extra bit in the refresh register used to automatically refresh 64K-bit dynamic RAM chips without any extra logic.

Tony Moroyan is marketing manager for the NSC800 family in the Microprocessor Group at National Semiconductor Corp. (2900 Semiconductor Dr., Mail Stop D3667, Santa Clara, CA 95051).

A Look at CMOS Dynamic Memory

by Joe Altnether

The fast-growing portable-computer market is placing severe demands on semiconductor memory. For optimum system performance, these components must limit their power dissipation to suit battery operation and backup, and they must achieve the high data bandwidths and increased speeds needed for fast processing and high-resolution graphics. As the market reaches a projected $4.8 billion level by 1987 (a tenfold increase over 1982 levels), these requirements will combine to fuel the use of high-performance CMOS dynamic RAMs.

One architecture that can increase the speed of a CMOS dynamic RAM incorporates static-column address decoders: static circuits perform the selection of the column address of the RAM. Previously, this architecture has not been used with dynamic RAMs because of the increased power consumption of the static circuits over that of the dynamic circuits, and the advantage of low power consumption would have been lost. But with CMOS, the increased power consumption is negligible.

Memory-device Architecture

RAMs are organized internally as rows and columns of storage cells. Data access occurs at the intersection of a row address and a column address. In dynamic RAMs, the row

and column addresses are multiplexed to reduce package size and pin count: the row addresses are clocked into the device with the RAS (row address strobe) signal, causing one row of data (1 bit from each of the 256 columns in a 64K-bit dynamic RAM) to be fed into the 256 internal sense amplifiers. (Because of the low internal signal levels, each column must have an associated sense amplifier to sense and restore memory-cell data.) Next, column addresses are presented to the device and clocked into it with the CAS (column address strobe) signal. These column addresses are then decoded to select one of the 256 bits. Faster access and cycle times are obtained within a row (or "page") after the first access to it because the 256 bits within the row continue to reside in the sense amplifiers and need not be refetched. Reapplying only column addresses, then, in what is known as Page Mode operation, provides fast serial accesses and can increase cycle times by a factor of 2.

The CMOS dynamic RAM can incorporate static-column circuits to provide performance equivalent to that of high-speed static RAMs. With CMOS, the static-decoding circuits reduce the internal number of clocks by a factor of 3, eliminating the need to allow for setup and hold times of signals with respect to clocks and the need to compensate for timing skews

due to process variances. With staticcolumn circuits, precharge times are drastically reduced (in Page Mode operation of the Static-Column-mode device, precharge time is reduced from 30 nanoseconds [ns] to 5 ns). This precharge time reduction and the faster access times typically increase the memory's bandwidth to 20 MHz. (Performance of memory discussed here is based on the experimental 64K-bit CMOS dynamic RAM that Intel presented at the ISSCC conference in February 1983.)

With static-column architecture, two different types of Page Mode operation are possible: Static Column mode and Ripplemode. Static Column mode uses the RAS line and row addresses in the conventional manner, but once the row has been selected, data can be accessed merely by changing column addresses. As with a static RAM, column addresses must remain stable and valid for the entire address access cycle. Access time is measured from column addresses rather than the occurrence of CAS. (Typically, access from column addresses is 30 ns; from CAS, it is 10 ns.)

In operation, CAS is used to place the output in a high-impedance state or to activate an output buffer. CAS can be held active during the entire page cycle. In fact, it is possible to keep CAS permanently active (i.e., grounded). During a write cycle,

112 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

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however, addresses as well as data are latched by CAS or WE, whichever occurs last. Operation is identical to that of an NMOS dynamic RAM in this case. This action ensures that the data is written into the proper memory location.

Although Static Column mode provides fast, easy accesses, speed at the system level is limited by how fast addresses for the next cycle become valid; the time to generate and stabilize the addresses must be added to the cycle time. Increased system speed can be obtained by using Ripplemode. With this mode, staticcolumn circuits are again used to obtain access from valid column addresses, but the addresses are latched on the falling edge of CAS, removing the requirement for addresses to remain valid throughout the entire cycle. As a result, during the current cycle addresses for the next cycle can be set up or pipelined.

Column addresses enter the RAM through the internal address latch. This latch, controlled by CAS, provides flow-through operation. When CAS is inactive, the latch is open, and addresses pass through continuously to the static-column decoders. Any change in address is transmitted immediately to the decoder. Consequently, access to the RAM is again measured from valid column addresses. The latch captures the current address on the fall of CAS, permitting the system address to change while the access occurs. CAS also serves as an output enable on the data output. Static Column mode and Ripplemode both permit continuous data streams up to 20 MHz.

CMOS technology and staticcolumn architecture provide more than low power consumption and high bandwidth. In addition, staticcolumn decoding simplifies system design by eliminating critical timing relationships while providing higher system speed. Access from column addresses gives usable speed for single random accesses within the RAM. Also, the CMOS technology enhances reliability by incorporating a mechanism to significantly reduce soft errors. Finally, increased stored charge creates larger internal signal

114 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 314 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 278 on inquiry card.

levels, which can more easily be differentiated from noise. As a result, the CMOS dynamic RAM has wider operating margins and system reliability is improved.

Power Consumption

At the system level, dynamic memory has three components of power: active, standby, and refresh. The system's power consumption is defined as

P=V{M1A+KIS+NIR)

where P = system power, V = voltage (5.5 V worst case), IA = active current, IA = standby current, IR = refresh current, M = number of active devices, K = number of devices in standby, and N = total number of devices.

CMOS reduces the first term, the active current, relative to NMOS by a factor of 2. In addition, the lower active current reduces supply voltage transients, thus simplifying printed-circuit-board design and reducing decoupling-capacitor

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requirements.

The second term, standby current, is also reduced by a factor of 2 at TTL input levels. Driving the RAS signal to a CMOS level (VDD-0.5 V) places the device in a low-power-standby mode and typically draws 10 microamperes (/iA)—a factor of 50 reduction over NMOS!

Refresh current, the third term in the equation, is cycle-time dependent. Current increases with the frequency of refresh. In dynamic RAMs, data is stored on a capacitor that must be replenished or recharged every 2 or 4 milliseconds (ms). This refresh time is a function of the stored charge and the leakage current. With the CMOS dynamic RAM, the cell storage capacitance is 0.125 picofarad (pF) compared to 0.040 pF to 0.085 pF in an NMOS dynamic RAM. This low capacitance, coupled with lower leakage currents, permits the CMOS refresh period to be extended to 64 ms in standby.

At the standard 128 refresh cycles/2 ms (equivalent to a 15.625-/is refresh period), the NMOS device draws about 4.8 milliamperes (mA) and asymptotically approaches the standby current of 4 mA as the refresh period approaches infinity. Even eliminating refresh entirely only reduces the current to 4 mA, which is only a 16 percent improvement. As a result, extending NMOS refresh does not significantly reduce the system's power consumption.

Contrast this characteristic to the improvement CMOS offers. At 15.625 US, the CMOS dynamic RAM draws approximately 10 percent of the NMOS current, or 0.42 mA at TTL levels. Extending the refresh period reduces the current asymptotically to the standby current of 0.05 mA. At a 64-ms refresh period, the current is reduced to 0.15 mA, a 300 percent reduction. When battery powered, the CMOS system has a 10 times longer life than does the NMOS system, and an extended refresh mode offers another fivefold improvement. A 256K-byte CMOS memory can retain data for nearly one week on only AA nickel-cadmium (nicad) cells—more than sufficient for most portable systems.

116 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 261 on Inquiry card.

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Circle 155 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 117

High-Speed Applications

Ripplemode and Static Column mode are ideal for applications involving high-speed buffers, telecommunications, and graphics. Bitmapped graphics systems would seem to be a natural fit with Page Mode operation. However, this was not always the case. Prior to the Intel 2164A 64K by 1-bit NMOS dynamic RAM, it was difficult to retrieve all 256 bits within a single row of memory because of the RAS-low time limitation of 10 /xs. Even with a Page Mode cycle time of 125 ns, to retrieve all 256 bits would require 32 lis—three times longer than allowed. The 2164A extended the RAS-low time to 75 /xs, permitting the extraction of all 256 bits during a single Page Mode cycle.

At the end of the cycle, the device cannot be reaccessed again until after a certain off-time allows internal nodes to be precharged to be ready for the next cycle. As a result, the 2164A can stream data at greater than

a 7-MHz rate continuously. This function matches the timing and operation of low-performance, bit-mapped graphics memories. One 2164A, for example, can map all the data for the 256 by 256 matrix of a graphics display During the horizontal scan time, the RAM performs a Page Mode cycle and one full line is displayed. During retrace time, the memory must be refreshed and can be updated with new data if required. This type of update is relatively slow; consequently, it limits the speed of animation on the screen because the processor has access to the memory only 25 percent of the time.

To increase resolution, more lines, each with more pixels, must be used. By performing two sequential Page Mode cycles from two different RAMs, pixel densities to 512 bits per line can be achieved. As pixel density increases, the memory cycle time must decrease to paint more pixels on a line in the same amount of time. This cycle-time limitation plus the fact that memory can be updated

only during blanking has precluded dynamic RAMs from use in higher-resolution graphics displays. These systems are usually built with high-speed, expensive static RAMs. With Ripplemode, memory update during screen display time, also known as cycle stealing, is possible. As an example, a 512 by 384 display requires 512 bits/line and 1 bit every 67 ns. Data is read from four memory devices in a series of eight Ripplemode reads each. Data is temporarily stored in a video-output register file and then shifted to the video screen at a rate slower than the Ripplemode reads. Following this, enough time is available to perform an update cycle before the next eight Ripplemode reads are performed to continue screen refresh. Eight was the number chosen to minimize the time the processor must wait to update the memory. In addition to this cycle stealing, which updates during display time, memory updates are also performed during blanking. Along with this system, a similar sys

MegaPlus II & l/O-Plus II The Ultimate Expansion for IBM PC or XT

The AST Research Mega Plus II™ has three functions standard: Parity checked and fully socketed memory up to 256k in 64k increments; clock/ calendar with battery back-up for automatic loading of time and date when the computer is turned on; and asynchronous communication port (RS232C serial) which can be used as COMI or COM2, [DTE fora printer, or DCE for a modem). Also included is SuperDrive™ "electronic disk" software. This program builds "disk drives" in memory which access your programs at the speed of RAM. You get SuperSpooler™, print spooling software. It operates your printer while you continue to work with your computer. Options include a 100% IBM compatible parallel printer port (can be configured as LPTI. or LPT2), and a second RS232C asynchronous port fCOMl or COM2). Three MegaPak'" options can plug onto your MegaPlus II "piggyback" style to give you an additional 128k or 256k of memory, or a game port.

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Optional is a second asynchronous port |DTE. or DCE|, a parallel printer adapter, and the best game paddle adapter on the market. It is an IBM standard game port, but it can also use Apple compatible paddles and joysticks. Options are all socketed so they may be added later should the need arise.

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118 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

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Our 12 inch diagonal non-glare CRT, 5 different methods for controlling text or data entry, Protect Mode where defined screen areas may be set to prevent data entries by the system operator, Smooth Scroll Feature that

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You don't need a terminal — you need what a terminal does. ET-2000's terminal can fulfill all of your needs in addition to being especially adaptable to your present system, regardless of the particular brand. Efficiency and flexibility are what ET-2000 stand for, so we want you to make a comparison. In fact, we welcome it. Because we are absolutely sure that when you do compare, MACROTRON SYSTEMS CORP. will come out on top! At $795.00, let ET-2000 terminals alleviate your present headaches by modernizing your system without breaking your budget.

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tem was built using 2164As with Extended Page Mode operation. Each system used an iAPX 86 processor and similar software. A comparison of both systems showed the CHMOS (complementary high-speed metaloxide semiconductor) system to have a 42 percent higher drawing speed. Animation on the CHMOS system was vastly improved.

Usable Speed

Memory design using dynamic RAMs has always been a challenge. Although multiplexing addresses does reduce the package pin count and increase system density, it limits the access and cycle times in the system. To access a dynamic RAM, low-order row addresses are presented and latched into the dynamic RAM with RAS. Row addresses must be held for a period tRAH after the fall of RAS to guarantee proper operation. Next, the addresses must be changed to high-order column addresses and latched into the dynamic RAM with CAS, creating a timing window tRCD, which is the RAS-toCAS delay.

Within this window, the designer must guarantee row address hold time, change the addresses, and account for any timing skew on the CAS signal. If column addresses are valid at the maximum specified tRCD, access time tRAC is measured from the high-to-low transition of RAS.

The cycle time is the sum of the access time and the cycle precharge time tRP. The access time is a function of tRCD, which has contradictory requirements. It must be as long as possible to simplify system design and at the same time as short as possible to enhance system speed. Cycle time is affected directly by the length of tRP.

Static-column operation eliminates the tRCD problem. After row addresses have been latched into the RAM, the second portion of the access begins from valid column addresses. In other words, column access does not wait for CAS to become valid, but operates in a fashion similar to that of a static RAM. This is due to the flow-through operation of the CAS latch. CAS serves only to latch the

addresses and to provide an output enable. Access from valid column addresses simplifies design by removing the CAS signal from the critical timing path.

Systems using dynamic RAMs are typically CAS access-limited because controllers generate timing signals in discrete clock increments. A CMOS dynamic RAM system might operate at 8 MHz without Wait states. Using any other 64K-bit dynamic RAM would require the injection of one or two Wait states, resulting in a corresponding performance penalty. Consequently, the advantage of higher processor speed is negated without the high-speed dynamic RAM. For systems incorporating either discrete or LSI controllers, the CMOS dynamic RAM simplifies the system design and offers higher system performance.

High Reliability

Soft errors are random, nonrecurring failures caused by ionizing radiation present within the environment. All matter contains small amounts of radioactive material. Alpha particles emitted by an IC's packaging material can penetrate the enclosed circuit. As they do so, they generate hole-electron pairs. Any high-impedance node in the vicinity sensitive to 1 million electrons may be affected, because the difference between a 1 and a 0 (known as the critical charge) is about 1 million electrons. Consequently, data in one cell could change from a 1 to a 0 or vice versa. Correct data can be rewritten into the affected cell and the memory will again function correctly, thus the term "soft error."

When first discovered during tests of 16K-bit dynamic RAMs, soft errors occurred at a rate five times greater than catastrophic or hard-error failures. While device designers worked to eliminate the alpha-particle sensitivity, systems designers added error-correcting circuits (ECC), which increased system reliability, but the systems were larger and more expensive due to the additional components required. Also, the system had to test and correct the data, slowing the system's performance. All this

120 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

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was due to soft errors. Obviously, what is really required is the elimination of soft errors.

CMOS technology offers such a solution. The CMOS dynamic RAM cell is built on an n-well in a p-substrate, creating a p-n junction or diode at the boundary. When alpha particles create hole-electron pairs in a CMOS device, something else occurs. First, the n-well is very shallow, and the majority of hole-electron pairs are created in the p-substrate. Holes cannot transfer across the reverse-biased p-n junction, which

acts as a barrier to soft-error effects. Any electrons that do cross the junction are gathered at the +5-V node away from the storage cell. The probability that sufficient hole-electron pairs are created within the n-well that cell upset could occur is so low that the soft-error rate of CMOS dynamic RAMs is typically orders of magnitude below that of their NMOS counterparts.

High storage capacitance also plays a role in the reduction of soft errors. The number of stored charged electrons representing a 1 or a 0 is direct

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VISA

ly proportional to the storage capacitance. Higher capacitance equates to more stored charge, which in turn increases the critical charge. The critical charge is the number of particles that differentiate a 1 from a 0. Increasing the critical charge beyond 1 million electrons significantly reduces the susceptibility to soft errors. This, in addition to the n-well mechanism, reduces the soft-error rate to much less than 0.001 percent per 1000 hours.

Studies were performed to compare reliability of systems with and without error correction for both NMOS and CMOS dynamic RAMs. The results show one surprise: at 256K bytes and below, the CMOS system without ECC is more reliable than the NMOS system with ECC, because of the cycle-time dependence of soft errors. In small systems, the memory is accessed more frequently, and the probability of a soft error is increased. With a soft-error rate at the very minimum 100 times less than NMOS, the CMOS dynamic RAM does not experience this effect.

Systems below 256K-byte capacities benefit by the elimination of ECC circuits from a cost, performance, and simplicity-of-design standpoint. First, ECC increases the access time of the system by 50 ns to check and correct data. Assuming a 120-ns RAM access, ECC increases the access by 42 percent. Moreover, the penalty on cycle time is even greater, especially when you are writing a single byte into a 2-byte word. In this instance, data must be accessed and corrected, the new byte merged into the word, and check bits generated. Finally, the system must write the new data into memory. Added to this are any system-timing skews. As a result, a 200-ns cycle time stretches to a 335-ns system cycle time or an increase of 68 percent. Therefore, using a CMOS dynamic RAM not only improves system reliability but enhances system speed and simplicity of design. ■

Joe Altnether is technical marketing manager at Intel Corp. (2111 N.E. 25th Ave., Hillsboro, OR 97123).

122 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 133 on inquiry card.

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If your Apple or Franklin isn't giving you all the power you need, it's not rotten. It just needs to be juiced up. With a Starfire™ Winchester hard disk drive from Corona.

It leaves Apple DOS in the dust.

For starters, the Starfire gives you all the power inherent in a hard disk drive. Lightning speed (up to 10 times faster than a floppy), enormous storage capacity (5 and 10 megabytes), and superb data reliability.

With none of the bottlenecks, headaches and hassles of floppy drives.

But even better, it makes Apple DOS infinitely friendlier, faster and more powerful.

A lot more slices from the pie.

Our version of Apple DOS is so powerful and friendly it's like getting a whole new computer. You can work with files up to 400K. Boot into any program from the hard disk. And run programs with a single keystroke.

We've added other features from the Corona PC, our own 16-bit desktop and personal computers. You can automatically selectively backup your volumes. Partition the disk and run up to 16 different operating systems, including Apple DOS, Pascal and CP/M?

And depend on our DataGuard™ and FailSafe'" data protection systems for the disk reliability and data integrity you need.

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And if you're running programs that use a lot of K's, you're still okay because we don't use any of your main memory.

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So if your Apple is being squeezed, juice it up with the Corona Starfire hard disk.

For the name of your nearest Corona dealer, just call us toll-free at 800-621-6746. Or write Corona Data Systems, 31324 Via Colinas, Westlake Village, CA 91361. (213) 991-1144.

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© Corona Data Systems 1983. li tm Digital Research. 2: tm Visicorp (needs

Transporter from Omega Microwave), 3: tm Stoneware. 4: tm Ashton-Tate

Teach vou

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126 BYTE September 1983

Circle 407 on inquiry card.

The Challenge of Hard-Disk

Portability

How DMA Systems designed a removable hard-disk unit for the transportable generation

by David A. Sutton

In the Old West, Winchesters were designed to be portable. They could survive weeks in dusty scabbards and still function efficiently when the need arose. These days, portable Winchester disks operate under different constraints to perform different tasks.

This is an account of the portability issues encountered by one harddisk-drive manufacturer, DMA Systems, and of the design decisions its engineers reached.

Why does a transportable computer need a hard-disk drive? Because many of us need to transfer the power of our desktop computers to other locations, and we don't want to sacrifice software or hardware capability in terms of speed and storage capacity. Ideally, the capabilities of a hard-disk unit should be available whether the system is transportable (requires AC power) or portable (requires battery power).

A designer of a portable hard-disk system confronts a difficult task if reliability, speed, and capacity are to be preserved. The most difficult challenge designers face is developing truly portable hard-disk drives for away-from-the-office data storage, program loading, and backup storage.

Photo 1: The read/write head assembly developed for DMAs fixed/removable hard drives.

Quasi-Winchester

The challenge of combining both removability and portability in a single Winchester-type device means that designers must grapple with the fact that a removable-only cartridge drive (or the removable portion of a fixed/removable drive) is not a Winchester in the classic sense. In 1973, IBM developed Winchester technology and dropped the flying height of the head from 80 microinches to as low as 15 microinches above the disk. This low flying height dictated the characteristics we now consider typical of a Winchester—heads and

disk in a sealed environment, heads that land on the disk prior to flying, lubricated media, and stringent airfiltration systems. These controls enable the head to fly lower and the drive to achieve Winchester flying heights.

IBM's original 30-30 project (30 megabytes fixed, 30 megabytes removable) presumed that the only way to guarantee a contaminationproof disk surface for the low-flying Winchester heads was to package heads and disks together in a sealed environment. The cost of a removable Winchester "pack," therefore, would have to include the cost of a complete set of heads and a head-carriage mechanism. It was an impractical approach then and is even more impractical for microcomputers.

In any situation in which a disk drive may be moved, it's equally impractical to have the heads settle onto the disk area during power-down. Allowing the head to touch the media risks damage to both the data on the disk and the head itself.

Hazards of Portability

A portable hard-disk cartridge drive faces a triple set of hazards: to the cartridge, to the drive, and to the combined cartridge and drive

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 127

(operating or not operating). Cartridge and drive are both part of an electromechanical assembly that must deliver years of reliable service without requiring maintenance. It would certainly be asking too much of any user to seat the cartridge with anywhere near the level of care used in a factory clean room to align a sealed Winchester disk-and-head assembly. Instead, a drive designer must assume that both cartridge and drive, of either fixed or removable type, will be subject to every conceivable kind of abuse:

• shock and vibration that can cause head or disk-surface damage or cause data to be lost because the balance between aerodynamic lift and head-loading force has been disturbed or because the heads have been thrown off track by spurious sideways movements

• contamination (dust, cigarette smoke, moisture, or chemical fumes) that enters the cartridge or collects on the heads and actuator arm when the cartridge has been removed from the drive

• strong electrical or magnetic fields that can make data and software unreadable

•unsophisticated or unauthorized users who are convinced that their principal mission in life is to enforce Murphy's law personally

Shrinking Size and Costs

As if these challenges were not enough, cartridge-drive designers must face the fact that the requirement for portability or transportability will only encourage the demand for smaller drives (or greater capacity within the same drive envelope). A designer's task is to maintain reliability and performance. As disk size drops, data density steadily increases, making it all the more difficult to maintain repeatability (the capability to read recorded data when a cartridge is inserted in a drive) and interchangeability (the capability to record data on one drive and read it when the cartridge is inserted into another similar device).

In a cost-conscious market, little allowance is given to the difficulties a

drive designer must overcome in this ongoing quest for miniaturization. Instead, the belief prevails that "If it's smaller, it should be cheaper." Maintaining reliability and enhancing performance means that a designer must rethink every aspect of the drive assembly and electronics:

•the read/write heads •the disk media and motor •the head-positioning servo system •the data separator

• the drive enclosure

• the cartridge design

In designing its Micro-Magnum fixed/removable and removable-only drives, DMA Systems attempted to address all of these needs. Charting unknown waters, DMA engineers expected the worst (and have rarely been disappointed).

As disk size drops,

data density steadily

increases, which makes

it difficult to maintain

repeatability and

interchangeability.

Contamination Control

One concern of designers has been the control and removal of contaminants that could cause severe head and media damage or destroy the integrity of recorded data. DMAs solution to this problem is the highcapacity, closed-loop, recirculating air system for a "double half-height" fixed/removable drive.

A preliminary purge cycle removes all the contaminants that may have entered the drive when a cartridge is inserted. The impeller-drive system then continues to move all air in the drive through a recirculating filter at least once per second. The filter unit was designed to last for five years with no filter changes.

Both the drive and the cartridge have self-sealing doors to keep contaminants from entering their respective compartments and to ensure a clean head-disk interface. Whenever

the spindle motor is turned off, the head assembly is completely withdrawn into the drive and the door seals the head-port opening. The cartridge also has a door to protect the head opening and a clamp that secures the hub against the cartridge to prevent foreign substances from entering the cartridge.

Most of the contaminants that enter the system were already inside the cartridge when it was inserted into the drive. The purge cycle removes most of these and also raises the pressure in the cartridge so that any air leaks vent outward and no further contaminants may enter the cartridge. Any loss due to leakage is made up by air pulled into the system through a breather filter.

Head Design

A consistent head-to-media relationship is an absolute must for data integrity and device reliability. The head and disk must maintain their critical distance, yet head and disk surface must not physically touch. This premise is overlooked in the design of most 5V4-inch Winchester disk drives—a fact that becomes critical when transporting the drive introduces the opportunity for violent head-to-disk contact.

When the disk is in a cartridge that is being pushed in and out of several drives, or even in and out of the same drive on a daily basis, elimination of head-to-disk contact is essential. Therefore DMA developed the Cushion-Aire head assembly (photo 1) to allow a Winchester air bearing to be loaded dynamically onto a spinning cartridge disk. Because the head never starts or stops touching the disk, there is no head ringing on the disk, no head-landing on top of contaminants after purge cycles, no damage to heads during transit, and no accidental jostling of the system during use.

Though nickel-zinc-ferrite and manganese-zinc monolithic ferrite heads are commonplace on larger Winchester drives, both present drawbacks when incorporated into a 5V4-inch design. At the data densities required, the signal output of nickelzinc-ferrite heads is unacceptable,

128 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

How to mate your Apple ran

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and watch your Apple® II or II Plus take off.

Imagine running VisiCalcf DB Masteif Applesoft, Apple Fortran or Pascal without long delays. With the Titan Accelerator II, your Apple II or II Plus runs these programs a true 3V2 times faster. The Accelerator II also runs your Franklin, Basis and other Apple II compatibles 3V2 times faster. This faster computer response time means less waiting for you and an increase in your productivity.

This Titan exclusive has its own fast 6502 processor, 64K of high-speed memory and built-in fast language card. It is transparent to your software and is hardware compatible with most standard peripherals. And you can turn if off from the keyboard to run your Apple at regular speed.

Find out how to run faster and increase your productivity without breathing hard. For information on the Accelerator II and other Titan microcomputer products, see your computer dealer or contact-. Titan Technologies, Inc., P.O. Box 8050, 3990 Varsity Dr., Ann Arbor, MI 48107; Telephone (313)973-8422.

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Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp, Inc. DB Master is a registered trademark of Stoneware, Inc.

Circle 390 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 129

and manganese-zinc heads are only marginally acceptable. Furthermore, monolithic heads have inherently less signal output due to their relatively long flux path. To remedy the signal strength problem—and to provide less parasitic inductanceDMA chose to develop a composite head employing a discrete manganese-zinc core, glass-bonded into a ceramic Winchester-type air-bearing enclosure.

Embedded-Servo Head Positioning

To overcome errors that might occur in head tracking due to thermal expansion, cartridge interchange, friction in the cartridge, offset due to drive tilt, and disk runout, the DMA engineering staff employed another proven large-disk technique: embedded-servo head positioning.

The embedded-servo technique eliminates any requirement for head alignment and is, in fact, a key to the successful use of hard-disk cartridges. Servo codes embedded (i.e.,

recorded) on the disk guide the drive heads to the proper position by sending signals to the mechanism controlling the read/write head as the head passes over the disk. This technique enables the drive to actually adjust the head position in the event of errors due to heat expansion or other factors.

Embedded-servo positioning requires two steps. First, course positioning allows the proper track to be located. Embedded-servo data is prerecorded on the disk during the manufacturing process and is typically contained in the first 26 bytes of each sector on the disk. The servo code contains data for each track number on the disk. As the head crosses a track, it reads the servo data and a software routine calculates a demand velocity based on the difference between current track location and target track. Head speed is controlled, in effect, by a linear-motor servo that receives continuous analog input from the drive's control electronics.

In the second step, the fine-posi

tioning servomechanism locates the read/write head within a half-track distance of the desired location. Prerecorded signal segments A and B define the fine-positioning servo bursts. The edges of signals A and B are recorded along the center of the tracks so that a head centered exactly on a track will read equal amplitudes from both segments (see figure 1). If the head is off center, one amplitude will read higher, the other lower. The difference is detected and used as an error signal to drive a linearmotor positioner to seek and maintain the proper track center-line position.

Drive Electronics

Shrinking the control electronics to the limited volume of a 5 % -inch drive was no small task. This mission was complicated by the circuitry for the embedded servo and voice-coil head positioner.

We developed a dual microprocessor-controlled system to conserve space as well as to partition functions

The Most Promising Duet For An Orchestra*

Our duet is perfect for a single user system* The same duet performs even better in a multi-user orchestra.

MCM*80:

S-100 Single Board Computer ■ Single or multi processor capability i Programmable master or slave selection

■ Redundant processor manipulation

■ 4MHz Z80A or 6MHz Z80B CPU ■ 64K RAM and 2K EPROM with n

■ 2 serial, 2 parallel, 4 timer ports ■ Bi-directional interprocessor channel ■ Dual mode serial ports interface ■ Multi-layer PCB construction CAO5 Circle 236 on Inquiry card, f

DCM * 80: S-100 Disk Controller

Module ■ 8" and/or SV*" floppy disk

controller ■ SASI (ANSI, SCSI) hard disk

host adapter ■ Single and double density,

single and double side ei Software

implementation on CP/M'

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TM of Digital RMoarch, Inc. ■ TM of Software 2000, Inc.

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Zenith Z-29 Smart terminal CALL

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128K RAM, two floppies, 2 Ser. & 1 par.

ports, software CALL

IBM PC CALL

Portable Computer

Corona PPC-1 128K RAM, one 320K

floppy, monitor, and serial

port CALL

Columbia, Televideo CALL

AST, Quadram, LNW cards CALL

^J

PRINTERS

BANANA 50 cps 215

IDS

Microprism 110 cps, 84 x84 graphic, pin &

friction feed, ser./par 459

Prism 132 200 cps, 132 col 1,100

with graphic 1,180

with graphic, color, friction . . 1,590

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Okidata ml 83a 625

84 Par 960

92 500

93 840

MT 16DL 160 cps 620

MT 1602 200 cps 1,393

C.ITOH Prowriter I par 410

8600 two colors 1,050

Toshiba P1350 1,525

•Letter Quality*

Dynax 15 1 3 cps (Brother) 520

Brother HR-1 12 cps 785

Silver Reed 699

Transtar 130 727

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C.ITOH F-10 Starwriter 40 cps. . . .1,185

NEC 7710, 7730 2,150

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flume 11+ 40 cps 1,400

MONITORS

Zenith

Amdek

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ZVM-123 12" green 115

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color I 13" 340

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color IV 720x400 1,070

300 green 149

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color monitor 330

Amber 149

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Houston Instrument dmp-29 1,795

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DMP-41 & DMP-42 CALL

Hi pad Digitizer CALL

Amdek XY plotter, 1 pen 665

6 pens 1,095

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w/digitizer for IBM 2,500

Tandon Drive 100-2 260

COMPUTER CHANNEL COMPUTER CHAN

Q O

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3 8" Double Sided/Double Density Flexible disk g frj drive Qume & Shugart Compatible hj

g M2894-63 1.2MB drive 380 g

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3 8" dual M2894 drives subsystem pt

o (assembled) 1,130 g

Technical manual.

.25

hj Dual drives signal cable 50

3 Slimline bare drive 8" 410O

hrj (compatible w/Cromemco 64FDC) g

o Dealers Welcome a

Ej IDS Microprism printer $459 ra

g Sanyo Color Monitor 680 0

SI Hazeltine Espirt III 665 t£

COMPUTER CHANNEL COMPUTER CHAN

Prices subject to change. American Express, Visa/Mastercard add 3%. F.O.B. point of shipment. 20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Personal checks take 3 weeks to clear. COD on certified check only. N.Y. residents add sales tax. Manufacturers' warranty only. International customers, please confirm price before order. Accept P.O. from Fortune 500, schools and gov't.

Computer Channel TELEX:

21-55 44th Road 429418

Long Island City, NY 11101 CSTNY

For information CALL (212) 937-6363 To order CALL 1-800-331-3343

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 131

Circle 294 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM • CippkZ 'TRS-80JZ£SO*'/HEfiJW

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CDC 9409 DOUBLE-SIDED. 48TPI, 320/360KB . 245 landon

TM100-2 DOUBLE-SIDED. 48TPI. 320KB 235

TM101-4 DOUBLE-SIDED. 96TPI. 640KB 295

5V4" Vl HEIGHT INTERNAL MOUNTING FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVES (INCLUDES STRAP KITS TO MOUNT IN FULL HEIGHT FOOTPRINT) 6 MS. STEP RATE landon TM50-2

DOUBLE-SIDED. 48TPI (2) DRIVES FOR 395

QUMETRAK 142

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m 4 DRIVE ADAPTOR CABLE .

Call

PC DOS SOFTWARE UTILITIES FROM TALL TREE

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IBM PC DOS 2.0 35

WINDRIVE ENABLES USE OF WINCHESTER

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JETDRIVE ENABLES IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC DISK FOR IBM PC DOS 2.0 35

J UTILITIES INCLUDES J FORMAT-2, WINDRIVE

& JETDRIVE 95

/pc\CONTROL DATA

G 5/CORPORATION DISKETTES

1242-00 5M" SINGLE-SIDED. SINGLE/DOUBLE

DENSITY, WRITE PROTECT NOTCH & HUB RING (Box ol 10) Special 19.95

1244-00 5V4" DOUBLE-SIDED, SINGLE/DOUBLE

DENSITY, WPN & HUB RING ... (Box of 10) Special 29.95

— 8" SINGLE OR DOUBLE-SIDED,

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CippkZ DISK DRIVES

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(714) 632-8512

^^^ 305 S. State College Blvd. ^55^ Suite 135 I Anaheim, CA 92806

EMBEDDED

DATA

B

TRACK 101

A

| USER

TRACK DATA

TRACK 100

B

TRACK 99

A

SECTOR

INDEX

AND

TIMING

FIELD

COARSE POSITION TRACK NUMBER

FINE POSITION

Figure 1: This diagram shows how the servo data is embedded on the disk to facilitate precise positioning of the heads over the tracks.

and simplify the hardware. One microprocessor is dedicated to I/O (input/output) status purposes including front-end function, safety checks, and fault algorithms. This microprocessor also preformats all SEEK commands into the form required by the second microprocessor, which controls all the internal command lines of the embedded-servo system.

The second microprocessor also receives embedded-servo information from a servo decoding unit—a custom, large-scale integrated circuit (LSI)—which gives the microprocessor the information required to perform the basic disk-drive servo functions: track following and seeking, rezeroing, and loading and retracting of the heads.

Partitioning these operations between two microprocessors helps achieve faster overall system response. For example, the second microprocessor may perform a SEEK while the first continues to handle all interface and safety functions; two microprocessors can handle emergency situations faster than a single processor.

Two custom LSI gate-array chips were also developed to achieve the needed packing density and to manage the servo data while protecting it from any accidental overwriting.

The first gate-array chip is committed to servo control of the spindle

and is a 200-gate array that includes spindle-motor commutation circuits, a spindle-speed control servo, a speed-safety function, and a 10-MHz crystal oscillator. The second, an 800-gate array IC, decodes the digital information within the embeddedservo fields. Erase-gap detection, sector decoding, the location of index marks, track timing checks, and sample pulses for fine positioning of the heads are all controlled by this chip. If the drive were ever to overwrite the embedded-servo fields, data could be irretrievably lost. To prevent this, a series of hardware and software safety checks works to protect both the embedded-servo fields and the data on the disks. The decoding gate-array chip checks hardware before clearing the way for a WRITE operation. The heads can respond within microseconds to any unsafe condition spotted by the gate-array chip. Software checks are also written into the drive firmware to enable the WRITE functions. The software will not proceed with a WRITE operation until two successive embedded-servo sectors have decoded the same track identification and no fault conditions have been found in the drive.

Packaging and Power Drain

In almost every respect, currently available hard-disk Winchester drives can meet the requirements imposed

132 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Don't lake no for an answer!

WINCHESTER CARTRIDGE DISK DRIVES FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

Feature

DMA Systems 51/4" Drives

3.9" Drives

Other

5% "Drives

Now in production

yes

no

no

Data interchange

yes

no

no

Contamination control

yes

no

no

Retractable heads

yes

no

no

Standard cartridge

yes

no

yes

40 ms access time

yes

no

no

5 Mb capacity (formatted]

yes

yes

yes

Capacity growth capability

yes

no

no

Removable-only drive

yes

yes

yes

Fixed/Removable drive

yes

no

no

A comparison of Winchester cartridge disk drives shows there's really no comparison.

Only DMA Systems allows you to interchange data between drives.

Only DMA Systems has a unique retractable head that ensures data integrity by never touching the disk.

Only DMA Systems has a selfsealing clean air system that prevents contaminants from reaching the data — even after thousands of insertions.

And only DMA Systems gives you a choice of fixed/removable or removable-only drives. Both models match mini-floppy front panel dimensions and adapt to existing 5)4" Winchester drive controllers.

What's more, DMA Systems is the only manufacturer delivering

microcomputer Winchester cartridge disk drives.

But DMA Systems drives don't just outperform other cartridge systems. They outperform all other types of microcomputer backup.

Consider the alternatives...

Floppies have low capacity, poor reliability and slow access time.

Streamers are unreliable and k can't provide random access.

There's only one drive manufacturer who can answer "yes" to all of your needs: DMA Systems.

For more information write DMA Systems, 601 Pine Avenue, Goleta, CA 93117 Or call [805] 683-3811, Telex 658341.

DMA

S«-i-»STEfVIS

Just what the industry needs.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 133

Circle 162 on inquiry card.

V

LOWER PRICES!

NO HIDDEN CHARGES • DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED Visa/MasterCard—NO CHARGE • Free UPS Shipping

ctppkz

PRINTERS

SOFTWARE

LIST EAGLE

MICROSOFT

MuhiDlan (DOS)

Mulligan |C PMI *

Mutti-iool Budget Planning (DOS)

Multi-tool Financial Anal (DOS)

Typing Tutor

SURRA ON-LIN t

Screenwriter II

Screenwriter Prol

The Dictionary

EPf IV

General Manager

Cannonball Blitz

Pegasus It

Crossfire

Frogge'

Jawbreaker

Marauder

Threshold

Ultima II

VIDEX

Applewnlef IIPre-Bool V-Calc 80 Pre-Boct V-Calc80Pre-BootwMem

HARDWARE

MICROSOFT

16K RAM card Sattcard (CP'M Board)

TO PRODUCTS

Apple II Joystick Apple II Trak-Ball Apple II Gamepaddles Apple II Select-a-Pon

VIDEX

Enhancer II

Function Strip

Vidioterm w Sottswitcfi

Ultralerm (Hew)

Ultraterm Manual

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TO PRODUCTS

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MICROSOFT

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SORCIM

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T.M.

SOFTWARE

TO ORDER:

BY PHONE: Order toll free, we honor M/C and Visa (No extra charge). NO HIDDEN CHARGES. TX Residents no tax on software (5% all others). Sorry, no COD.

BY (MIL We will accept Cashiers Check and M/O. Personal checks allow 2 weeks. Please include telephone number. Write for your free catalog and price list

RETURNS: All sales final for games. 10% restock6121 Stuebner Airline Houston, Texas 77091 ing fee on returns.

ORDER DEPT.:

ORDERS ONLY TOLL FREE

1-800-231-0616

TEXAS RESIDENTS

INFORMATION

713/692-7100

ALL BRANDS ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS' * REQUIRES Z-l ALL PRICES

We'll Match Any Advertised Price in this Magazine)

V

/ / /

*

RES Z-80 S0FTCARD A

SUBJECT TO CHANGE AT

V aVaTaV.

C. ITOH

Prownter. 10.' 120 CPS, PAR

Prowriter. 10, 120 CPS SER l*b 378

Prowrrter 2 15 " 120 CPS. PAR 995 Ml

Prownter Z. 15. 120 CPS. SER 995 728

Starwriter F-10. 40 CPS. PAR or SER 1895 1170

Printmastw F-10.55 cps par or SER 1995 1575

Printer Plotter, 4 Color. 10, PARSER 695 Ml C. ITOH ACCESSORIES

SUrwrilerF-IOTraciof 325 250 QORILLA

Banana Printer. 50 CPS. P"S 115

High-Resolution. Green 12 H STAR

Gemini - 10X. 10." '20 CPS (Hew) 325

Gemini- 15. 15V?. 100 CPS «S

STX-80. 60 CPS. Thermal Printer 170 We carry a lull line 0! disks, prmtwheels and much more call or write1 Specify needs

DISKETTES

ELEPHANT

5vrss>oo(iO) 22

5V* DS'DD 21 WORDSWORTH (Ivtlntu Qukty)

5'/* SS DD 2«

5Vi" DS'DD 30

Disk Flip-File 5". (50 Disk Cap) 21

Disk Flip-File 8 (50 Disk Cap) 31 APPLE COMPATIBLE DRIVES •US

Controller Card 75

MODEMS

AHCHOR

Signalman Mark 1. 300 Baud. Direct. RS232 12 LEXICON

LEX fl 300 Baud. Acouslic 135

LEX II. 300 Baud, Acoustic WBal 14S

SYSTEM SAVER FAH (APPLE) 75

oVTt>NrUTtR

B1 » B ' ...._„

DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

• Full Olivett typewriter warranty

• Idikied A r J NOW

$495

plus shipping

FEATURES

• Typewriter operation with nothing to disconnect • 10, 12 or 15 characters per inch switch selectable • Portable with carrying case • Entire interface mounted internally in the Olivetti Praxis 30 typewriter • Underlining • Cables available for most computers • Service from Olivetti dealers • Centronics compatible parallel inpLit • Built in self test • Cartridge ribbon • 2nd keyboard switch selectable.

CBYTE WRITER

125 NORTHV1EW RD., ITHACA, N.Y. 14850 (607) 272-1 132

by portability or transportability. They are reliable devices with builtin safety features and a high tolerance for abuse. But two issues still need to be addressed: packaging and power.

It is too early to say how the drives will ultimately be integrated into portable or transportable systems. Now, they are packaged as separate accessories that connect with a short cable to the back of the computer. This means that, for the first time, designers of small hard-disk drives will be concerned with appearance and with an exterior that can withstand scratches, heavy weights, and an occasional drop off a desk. Manufacturers will also be pressured to further decrease size and weight, anticipating the day when hard disks are the standard storage medium for portable and transportable computers and have moved inside the "box" to take the place of fading floppy disks.

Most hard-disk drives were designed for integration into a desktop or console cabinet, with no real limitation on the power required for driving the high-speed spindle. Drives now draw more than an ampere of current and dissipate up to 30 watts of power. This would quickly drain any battery pack that a user would be willing to carry. Therefore, despite any designer's best efforts to reduce power requirements, true portability is still unobtainable. Computers with hard-disk storage are still restricted to locations with external power sources, including the 12-volt cigarette-lighter jack available on most automobiles.

Despite this reservation, however, there is no question that the harddisk cartridge will soon be a feasible storage medium for every class of small computer. In terms of convenience, capacity, and removability, it may soon be the only viable alternative. ■

David A. Sutton is the engineering vice-president of DMA Systems (601 Pine Ave., Goleta, CA 93117). Prior to working at DMA, he worked at General Electric and helved found Information Magnetics Corporation.

134 September 1983 © BYTE Publications I

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

Zeus 4 because...

If you're buying a small business computer, there are a few things you ought to know. A lot of things.

You can spend several thousand dollars and still have a system that won't expand with your business growth. So we took this ad to point » out the facts about Ze/ns4...

at the same time. Single processors bog down with simultaneous use. Plus, the Zejus 4 gives you total flexibility in computing with true sharing of data (not just passing from one to the next) in a complete multi-user environment The operating features

available to Zejus 4 users. Write us for a free software directory.

... because you can buy the Zeus 4 for less than $1,300 per user including Winchester.

... because multi-user is better than multiple single users.

Once you grow beyond your own personal computing needs for business, it no longer makes sense to buy a single user computer.

The cost alone—aside from the inefficiency of not being able to share data and to compute interdependently in an office environment—makes this option obsolete.

The Ze/us 4 allows up to eight users to work from one system at the same time. Each can have his own terminal, CPU, and active memory. Each shares ample file storage including floppy backup. And each has a second port for his own printer or telephone modem.

... because multi-processor is better than single processor.

With the Ze/js 4 multiprocessor there is no loss in power or speed of operation when several users compute

A

Ze

and speed of the Zejus 4 leave single-processor units in the dust. (We have documented benchmark data to support this—write us and we'll send it to you.)

... because standard programs are better than non-standard programs.

You can use your Zejus 4 right away because OSM provides you with industry standard word processing software, electronic spread sheet, and a powerful data base management system. In fact, there are over 5,000 standard CP/M* and MP/MM programs

r

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

When you think of what you'd have to put out for eight personal computers, the Ze/its 4 Computer looks pretty good. Even when you add the cost of terminals and other peripherals, you can't

beat the Zejus 4's cost effectiveness. Plus ifyourZejLts4ever needs maintenance, OSM covers you on its Limited Warranty and Replacement Plan through nearly 200 nationwide locations of RCA Service Corporation. If these reasons sound compelling to you, act now to see a Zejus 4 in action at your local OSM dealer. To find the dealer nearest you please call 1-800-538-5120 or in California, 415-961-8680. Or write to OSM at the address below. We want you to learn more about Zejus 4. Because. asm Your power to expand.

OSM Computer Corp., 665 Clyde Ave, Mountain View, CA 94043 USA

Ze/is4 isa trademark of OSM Computer Corporation. CP/M is

a registered trademark and MP/M is a trademark of Digital

Research. Incorporated© 1983 OSM Computer Corp. S&H

Yes, I want to know more about the Ze/iS 4 because...

Name

Company

Address

City/State/Zip

Circle one: Dealer Distributor OEM Retailer End-user

Send To: OSM Computer Com., 665 Clyde Ave. Mountain View, CA 94043 USA

THE VICTORY FACTOR. MICROCOMPUTER ARCHITECTURE WITH NO END IN SIGHT.

Real UNIX Power. Real-Time Speed.

Victory Computer Systems announces the FACTOR-the first 16-bit multi-CPU computer that gives you pure UNIX programming power with real-time response. We did it with a system architecture that simultaneously implements an entire array of 16-bit single board computers. Each SBC has its own MC68000'" CPU, 256 kilobytes of dual-ported RAM, and VRTX'"— a rugged, real-time software-onsilicon operating system that switches

tasks in as little as 100 usee. So now you can run several UNIX programs at once. Or use your FACTOR to monitor automated equipment while simultaneously processing words and data for up to 24 fully supported users.

The VMEbus. Faster by a factor of 10.

The FACTOR'S CPUs communicate over the VMEbus—an advanced new backplane design with 6 card slots, 4 bus arbitration levels and 32-bit address and data paths. At 20 megabytes per

second, the non-multiplexed VMEbus is an order of magnitude faster than the bus implemented in today's most popular microcomputer systems. Even if you don't run a factory, the FACTOR'S speed will mean faster throughput as your computing needs grow. And growth is what the Victory FACTOR is all about.

Exponential Growth. FACTORED-ln.

The FACTOR'S expansion-oriented architecture will take you far beyond today's performance horizons. In pro

UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. VRTX is a trademark of Hunter & Ready Inc. Ethernet is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. MC68000 is a trademark of Motorola Inc. UNIPLUS is a trademark of Unisofl. Inc. Z80 is a trademark of Zilog, Inc. CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research, Inc. 'The VMEbus is supported by Philips/Signetics, Mostek, Motorola and Thompson-CSF.

cessor power. In multi-channel industrial I/O flexibility. In on-board memory. In built-in mass storage options. In the number of fully supported users. And there's no end in sight.

In designing a multi-user system with real-time speed, you've always had many factors to consider.

Now there's just one.

We've got more to tell you about the Victory FACTOR. To get the whole story, give us a call today.

System Hardware:

D Each single board computer with: 16-bit

MC68000 CPU, 256 Kb dual ported RAM, VRTX real-time executive in PROM. 8 RS-232C serial ports, and a Centronics-compatible parallel port.

□ New international standard 20 Mb/sec VMEbus.*

□ Optional 1 Mb RAM expansion board.

□ Mass storage: Hard disk, floppy disk, and removable cartridge hard disk built-in. (29-104 Mb UF)

□ Fully supports Motorola 2 MHz I/O bus and industrial control interface cards.

□ Alphanumeric terminals in green, international amber, or color.

□ Graphics terminals in monochrome or color.

□ Optional coprocessor board for concurrent execution of CP/M'" on four Z80's, each with its own 64Kb RAM.

System Software:

D UNIX (UNIPLUS") operating system (includes "C"

language). D VRTX real-time operating system standard in PROM.

□ Available languages: SMC Basic: Fortran 77; Pascal (IEEE Standard); RMCOBOL ANSI 74 Standard (Ryan-McFarland).

□ Ethernet'" local area network interface.

□ 3780, and 3270 data communications protocols.

Outside CA: 1-800-221-2419 Inside CA: 408-295-4600

Or TELEX 176-431 ANS; VICTORY SNJ OEM QUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

THE ARCHITECTURE OF INTELLIGENT COMPUTING.

©Copyright 1983 Victory Computer Systems. Inc.

VICTORY

COMPUTER 545TEMS INC.

2055 GATEWAY PLACE SUITE 300 SAN JOSE, CALIFORNIA 95110

Circle 472 on inquiry card.

B^SIS

Some people drive

fine German machines to work.

Some people drive them once they arrive.

The tradition of high quality, high performance German craftsmanship and engineering is legend. And while we most often see that tradition in action on America's streets and highways, it is in America's business offices that its future holds the most promise.

The BASIS 108 is the proof.

This powerful small business computer passes higherpriced competitors with ease. Its dual processors —for CP/M® and Apple II® compatibility — open up the largest library of microcomputer software and plug-in peripherals available today. This unique combination also provides compatibility with other popular languages, including Pascal™ and LOGO.

The detached keyboard is a work of art and practicality. Lightweight and low profile, it features a full one-meter cord for comfortable operation on your desk— or your lap. There's a full 128-key ASCII character set. Fifteen user-definable function keys that can provide access to 60 distinct functions. A nine-key cursor control block. And a convenient eighteenkey numeric pad. For special applications, you can also

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The Radio Shack TRS-80

Model 100

The power of this machine resides in the strong integration among the built-in software packages

I first laid my hands on a TRS-80 Model I back in 1978, and I was amazed at what it could do. It

by Mahlon G. Kelly

seemed obvious to me (and to many others) that the microcomputers that were then appearing—TRS-80, PET,

'

■raaaaoaaV

Photo 1: The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100.

Apple, and their ilk—would revolutionize how many of us do our work. Five years later, it's hard for me to remember what it was like not to have a microcomputer in my office.

I have used more than 20 brands of microcomputers. All had their advantages and disadvantages and most did what was expected of them, but none excited me like that first generation—until now. The excitement is back: the TRS-80 Model 100 is the precursor of another revolution.

The Model 100 is very different from its predecessors: the portable and pocket computers. The portables, all more than 20 pounds in weight and with delicate disk drives, aren't suited to go wherever you want. The pocket machines can be easily carried around but are inadequate for large jobs because of their limited keyboards, displays, memory, and speed. I have often dreamed of a computer—one that had a typewriter keyboard and a useful screen display—that I could hold in my lap, carry from office to office,

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 139

and use for jobs I would otherwise do on my desktop machine.

The Model 100 is just what I wanted, a fine stand-alone machine that is also ideally suited for hooking up to other computers, either directly or over the phone. With its excellent text editor, you can use it as an electronic scratch pad and then exchange its contents with machines that have more storage, you can use it to transfer data between incompatible machines, you can use it as a remote terminal, you can use it to gather

field data, or you can simply use it as an excellent stand-alone machine.

Physical Description

The Model 100 is a little under 2 inches thick and about the size of a typical sheet of typing paper (see photo 1). The top surface has a fullsize keyboard and an LCD (liquidcrystal display) showing 8 lines of 40 characters each that can be adjusted for clarity at various viewing angles. Around the edges are several sockets and switches, which should give you

Ttuie tip jour LA36

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• 20 mA Current Loop interface

• Top of Form

• Adjustable Margins

• Double wide characters

• Parity selection

• Optional APL character set

Over 5,000 DS120 units are now being used by customers ranging from the Fortune 500 to personal computing enthusiasts. In numerous installations, entire networks of terminals have been upgraded to take advantage of today's higher speed data communications services. LSI microprocessor electronics and strict quality control ensure dependable performance for years to come. When service is required, we will respond promptly and effectively. Best of all, we can deliver immediately through our nationwide network of distributors. Just give us a call for all the details.

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an idea of the power of this computer. There's an on/off switch, two switches for the modem (one for choosing originate or answer mode and another for choosing between a direct connection and an acoustic coupler), and a push button for reset. It also has sockets for a power transformer, a bar-code reader, a tape recorder, a DB-25 connector for RS-232C communication, a modem connection to a phone line, and one for a cable to a Centronics-compatible printer. The transformer and cables aren't included, but they're inexpensive. On the bottom are sockets for additional ROM (read-only memory) and a bus connector, both of which hint at things to come.

Power can come either from an AC outlet or from four AA alkaline batteries. Either source continually charges nickel-cadmium (nicad) cells that maintain the memory. The four AA cells will last about 20 hours; a light on the top warns when they're low. If they run down, the nicads will maintain the information already in the computer for many days. A switch on the back disconnects the nicads when the machine is going to be stored, but that will delete all the information in the memory.

The Model 100 is available with 8K bytes of RAM (random-access read/ write memory) for $799 or with 24K bytes for $999; more can be added for a total of 32K bytes. Files and programs remain in memory until they are deliberately killed. This sharing of memory makes the 8K-byte version of the machine virtually unusable for anything serious.

Keyboard

The keyboard is as good as any I have used on a microcomputer or terminal. It's of standard size and the feel is excellent. There's nice audible feedback on each key, and the autorepeat feature has a natural feel to it. A touch-typist will be right at home. Besides the normal typewriter keys (including a Caps-Lock), it has six special keys. Control and Escape keys are available mainly for use with the telecommunications program. The Model 100 itself also responds to control characters—for example, Con

140 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

Modem, schmodem.

If you're thinking about getting a modem, you're thinking about getting information.

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And once you're on-line, Scanset XL lets you save information directly to your personal computer or printer. No need to waste valuable access time for data manipulation. Who knows? With the money you save, you may decide to explore some of the other 1200 available data bases.

Or, use Scanset XL for simultaneous voice and data communications. It's an extraordinary new way to exchange verbal and visual ideas when the facts, alone, don't speak for themselves.

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Scanset and Scanset XL are trademarks ol Tymshare. Inc.

SOURCE is a mark oi Source Telecomputing Corporation, a subsidiary of The Readers Digest Association, Inc. Dow Jones News/Relrieval is a trademark of Dow Jones & Company Inc CompuServe is a trademark ol CompuServe. Inc. Comp'U'Store is a trademark of Comp-U-Card of America, Inc

trol-H sends a backspace and Control-I does a tab. There's also a Tab key, although you cannot define the settings.

The Num key latches in the down position and redefines a cluster of keys on the right half of the keyboard as a keypad for data entry. In some ways this is nicer than a separate keypad, because your fingers are always near the Enter, Backspace, and other keys. Code and Grph sit to the right and left of the space bar. They let you type in special graphics and alphabetic (foreign-language) symbols that are represented by ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) numbers higher than 127. The keyboard has different characters for both shifted and lowercase Code and Grph modes. Unfortunately, because these are not standard characters, they won't be recognized by most printers.

Above the main keyboard are 16 special-function keys, eight of which are definable. The right-hand four are arrow keys for moving the cursor. I find them awkward to use; a cluster would be much better. To their left are four permanently defined keys: a Pause/Break key that makes a program pause or stop, a key for sending material to the printer, a Label key that causes the definition of the software-controlled keys to be displayed on the bottom of the screen, and a Paste key that's used with the text editor. The eight left-hand keys are definable, serving different purposes with different software.

The only problem I have found with the keyboard is that, when it's sitting on top of a desk, your thumb is likely to hit the lower edge of the case before it actuates the space bar. It's better if you put something under the back of the case to tilt the keyboard, but it would have been nice if the lower edge of the case had been slightly cut away. Others have complained about the popping noise the keys make when they're pressed. Some people, however, don't mind the sound the keys make: when I loaned the machine to a student to use during an exam, none of his neighbors complained.

Software

The way that the programs in ROM are integrated with each other and the machine makes the Model 100 revolutionary. Contained in 32K bytes of ROM are the BASIC interpreter, a versatile text editor, a telecommunications package with advanced features that supports both RS-232C hook-up and 300-bps (bits per second) modem communication, a schedule book, and an address book. The address book also contains the phone numbers for the auto-dial modem.

When you first turn on the machine, you see a menu with the files and programs, the time, day, date, and the available memory. Five programs (BASIC, TEXT, TELCOM, ADDRSS, and SCHEDL) are in ROM. Two RAM files, ADDRS.DO

The way that the

programs in ROM are

integrated with each

other and the machine

makes the Model 100

revolutionary.

and NOTE.DO, are needed if the address and schedule books are to be used. Files are designated by three suffixes: .DO(cument), .BA(sic), and .CO(mmand). A broad reverse-video cursor covers the file names and is moved by the arrow keys. Pressing Enter either executes the program pointed to by the cursor or, for a .DO file, enters the text editor and loads that file into it.

Microsoft is selling the operating system and BASIC to others, and this system may become a de facto standard. The NEC notebook computer that has recently been introduced is very similar, partly because it uses much of the same software.

Text Editor

The text editor is the most commonly used program. It's used to create and edit documents (including the files for the address and schedule books), and it also serves as the

BASIC editor. It's simple but very versatile; it is not a word processor, however. When a document is printed, it is presented exactly as it occurs in the memory; no provision is made for page control, variable margins, and the other things that a word processor should do. But a simple BASIC program can be used to format a file (see listing 1).

The text editor is simplicity itself in concept. Only eight things can be done: text can be inserted, marked, deleted, copied, or searched for; the cursor can be moved; and files can be saved to or read from tape. No typeover mode is available. To replace text, it must first be deleted, by either backspacing over it or by marking it and then cutting it out. Being permanently in an insertion mode may be confusing if you're used to more typical text editors, but the strangeness soon goes away. When pressed by themselves, the arrow keys either move the cursor up or down or one character to the right or left. They can also be used to scroll through the text. Pressing Shift and an arrow key either moves to the top or bottom of the screen or one word to the right or left. Pressing the Control key and either horizontal arrow moves the cursor to the beginning or end of a line; with the vertical arrows, Control moves to the top or bottom of the document. When supplemented by the Find function, the arrow keys make it easy to position the cursor anywhere in the text.

Cut-and-paste operations are just as easy. Pressing the key marked Sel (for select—function key F7) and then moving the cursor makes everything that the cursor passes over appear in reverse video. Text can be "unmarked" by pressing the Break key, moving the cursor back over the text, or pressing the Sel key again. Pressing Cut (key F6) removes the marked text, saving it in the paste buffer. If you press Copy (key F5), the text goes to the buffer but isn't removed from the document. At any time, pressing the Paste key puts the contents of the paste buffer into the document in front of the cursor.

I do have some criticisms of the editor. It's easy to find a string, but

142 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 1: A Model 100 BASIC program to format text output. This program was placed in the public domain by Ed Juge of Tandy.

1 'NEWPRT.100 Ed Juge 04/19/83

2 '<GRPH>p causes forced end of page

3 'Defaults for Margins (L,R), print 1 ' title or, page 1 (HD$) and line

5 ' spacing (LS) exist in line 20,

6 '

7 '

to cls:clear20oo:s=o:files 20 l=io:r=65:hd*="Y":ls=i

30 C$=STRINGt(60,32);LN=0:PG=l

10 GOSUBlOOtlNPuT'.DO file to print "!N$

50 GOSUBlOOtlNPuT'Margins (L,R) ",L,R:iFL=0THENL=l

60 L$=STRING$(L-l,32):GOSUB100:iNPUT"Line Spacing (1/2) "JLS

70 GOSUB100,'INPUT"Enter page title",H$

80 GOSUBlOOIINPuT'Title on Pg,l (Y/N) "}HW

85 OFENN*FORINPUTAS1

90 GOTO110

100 PRINT02O5tC$:PRINT@205,""f tRETURN

110 CLS:iFH*=""THEN PHt=L$+DATE*!GOTO140

120 PH$=STRINGt(R-8,32)+DATE$

130 FH*0""THENKIM(PW,L,(LEN(W)))=H$

HO IFr©$="Y"ORHD$="y"THENGOSUB 360!PR$=L$

160 PR$=Lt

170 IFLN>=50THENGOTO330

180 F0RJ=LEN(PR$)T0R

190 PR$=PR$+INFUT$(1,1>

200 IFEOF(1)THENCLOSE tEN=l:GOTO280

210 IFRIGHT*(PRt,1)=CHRt(10)THENPF=1IGOTO270

220 IFRIGHT*(PR*,l)=CHR*(128)THENPR*=4.EFT$(PR*,J-l):GOTO330

230 NEXTJ

210 IFMID$(PR$)J,1)=" "THEN260

250 J=J-i;GOT0240

260 NX»=MID*(PR$,J+l>R):PR$=rlID$(PR$tl,J):GOTO230

270 PR$=LEFT$(PR$,LEN(PRt)-2)

280 IFMID*(PR*,L,3)=" "THEN300

290 IFHID$(PR$,L,1)=" "THEN PR$=f1ID*(PR$,2,LEN(PR$)):GOT0290

300 LPRINTPR$:LN=LN+i:iFEN=lTHEN330

310 IFLS=2THENLPRINTtLN=LN+l

320 pr$=l*+nx$:nx$="m:goto 170

330 for ji=lnto65:lprint:nextji:pg=pg+i

310 ifen=1thenmenu

350 IFX$O""THEN360 Q5EPRMei60(""}{INPUT" <ENTER> = next page, <N> - nonstop"}X* 360 CLSJLPRMPHtlLPRIrflUr'Page "JPG

370 lprint:lprint:ln=i:gotoi8o

there is no provision to find a string and replace it with another. Second, it's awkward to add text from other files ("boiler plate" paragraphs and so on). The easiest way is to leave the document, enter the other file, and mark and copy the text to the paste buffer. You can then reenter the original document and paste in the text (that's not as hard as it sounds). You can also add text from tape, but that's really awkward and slow. It would be nice to have a command to insert or append text from other files.

Another problem is that when you add text to the middle of a fairly long file (2000 to 3000 characters) it's easy to type faster than the characters appear on the screen. Because there's a type-ahead buffer, your input won't be lost. Nevertheless, the delay is disconcerting, and long segments of inserted text must be proofread after the screen catches up. However, if you're typing at the end of the file, you can't type faster than the screen will display. In order to insert text into the middle of a very large file, I

144 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 2: A Model 100 BASIC program that determines the length of a Model 100 text file; it will not work on program files.

5 CLEAR 1000!fl=0:B=0:PRINT:FTLES:ON ERROR GOTO 200 10 INPUT "Mhat's the file"iF*

20 as

30 OPEN Ft FOR INPUT AS 1

10 IF E0F(1) GOTO 100

50 FRINT80," "

60 LDO(PUTtl,A»

70 A=A*LEN(A«>

80 Efc8*l:PRINT80,B

90 GOTO It

100 PRINT "File ";CHR»(27)t"p"»F»*CHR«(27)»"q conUins"iA;>jtes"

110 PRIXT"or";lNT<A/i>;"gor*; 3r*riB;"recards,"

120 CLOSEIGOTO 5

200 PRINT "Error no."iERR

210 GOTO 5

find it easier to insert text at the end of the file, mark it to be cut, and then paste it in where it belongs.

A further problem, and one that doesn't apply to just the text editor, is that there's no way of knowing how much memory is occupied by each file. Listing 2 is a BASIC program that will tell you how long a text file is, although it won't work with BASIC programs.

Finally, when you edit a file you're working directly with the text stored in memory. With disk-based editors, if you make a mistake you can reload the original file. If you do so while editing a file in the Model 100, the mistake is permanent. It's a good idea to save the file to tape or to another file before you edit it. (This rather important point is not mentioned in the documentation.)

The small LCD screen isn't as nice for editing as a 24-line by 80-character video display, but when you get used to it it's not inconvenient. I wrote this article on the Model 100 and then sent it to my Li\TW-80 computer for final editing and printing (using the Newscript word-processing program). By embedding the proper Newscript formatting commands in the text itself, the file was ready for printing as it left the Model 100.

Address and Schedule Books

These two programs, ADDRSS and SCHEDL, are virtually identical in what they do, and presumably they share the same ROM. They both simply find a block of text that contains a certain string of characters. The block, which can be someone's

address and phone number or a description of an appointment, is a long string that ends with a carriage return. The address function accesses a file named ADDRS.DO (which also contains the numbers accessed by the automatic dialing procedure in the communications software) while the schedule program looks at one called NOTE.DO. But the similarity and simplicity of these two programs don't negate their usefulness. You can, for example, create a list of items that have been flagged with special characters; when you search for the special characters, all flagged items will be displayed. The items could be appointments with your boss or the addresses and phone numbers of your field representatives. The files are created with the text editor and can be sorted and rearranged with fairly simple BASIC programs. It's also possible to send the found items to a printer.

Telecommunications

If the address and schedule programs are simple, the communications software (TELCOM) is the opposite. It's not hard to use, it just does so many things that it's hard to describe. When you move the menu cursor to TELCOM and press Enter, you go to mode 1 of the telecommunications package. Four possibilities are then offered by function keys Fl through F4: Find a name and phone number in the address file, Call the number to log on to a host, Stat, which lets you define the RS-232C parameters, and Term, which goes into mode 2, the terminal mode.

Let's look first at how you might sign on to a bulletin board system at 300 bps, with the number already in the directory. To use the modem you need a special cable. One end plugs into the Model 100, another into a wall jack, and the third is a socket for your phone. Although the manual is a bit confusing about this, telling you to plug the cable into your phone, the connections are obvious. The modem cable package is a great bargain. At less than $20, it includes an hour each on the Dow Jones and CompuServe information utilities.

The RS-232C parameters must first

146 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

©Ota>o

The Universal Operating System! Finally, once and for all.

The UCSD p-System* from SofTech Microsystems isn't like any other operating system you've ever used.

Why?

Because the p-System is the only truly portable, universal operating system ever developed, that's why. It's equally at home with all popular personal computers. Such as an IBM PC or Displaywriter, an Apple, a DEC, an HP, an Osborne, a Philips, a Sage, a Tandy, a TI, you name it. It lets you develop applications that are portable to 8-bit as well as 16-bit micros.

And we don't mean portable just at the source code level, either.

We mean you can develop your program on virtually any micro, compile to object code, and it's totally transportable. So you can design programs once, and you've designed for the entire market.

The p-System then actually broadens your potential customer base. With no significant reinvestment in programming time. You can reuse program components

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At SofTech Microsystems, we saw an industry-wide need for an efficient OS that could honestly call itself universal. So, in 1979, we delivered just that. The UCSD p-System. And we've been delivering ever since.

As an applications developer, we think you owe yourself an OS that lets you broaden your market base and develop higher quality applications faster, less expensively, more dependably and more efficiently than ever before.

All at the same time. All on one micro. Thanks to the p-System, finally, once is enough. For product information or information on how to get a copy of the p-System Application Catalog, call or write to us at SofTech Microsystems.

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'Universal Operating System is a trademark of SofTech Microsystems Inc.. UCSD p-System is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California

Circle 406 on inquiry card. byte September 1983

147

Data Rate

M

Modem (internal)—operates at 300

bps

1

75 bps

2

110 bps

3

300 bps

4

600 bps

5

1200 bps

6

2400 bps

7

4800 bps

8

9600 bps

9

19,200 bps

Word

Length

6

6 bits

7

7 bits

8

8 bits

Parity

0

Odd parity

E

Even parity

N

No parity

I

Ignore parity

Stop

Bit

1

1 stop bit

2

2 stop bits

Line Status

E

Enable XON/XOFF

D

Disable XON/XOFF

Pulse Rate

10

10 pulses per second

20

20 pulses per second

Table 1: RS-232C parameters that can be

specified by using the Stat key from within

the TELCOM communications program.

be defined (if that hasn't been done). If you hit the Stat key and enter M8I1E,10, you tell the UART (universal asynchronous receiver/ transmitter) that the modem will be used (M), a word will be 8 bits (8), parity will be ignored (I), there's 1 stop bit (1), XON and XOFF protocols are enabled (E), and the phone will be dialed at 10 pulses per second (,10).

Table 1 shows other possibilities. Suppose the name of the bulletin board is "mousenet". Press the Find key, type "mousenet", and the name and phone number will be displayed from the address file. If it's wrong, you can hit M (for more) to see if there's another mousenet; if you change your mind, you can press Q to quit. If you press Call, the number will be dialed; when the modem tone is received, you'll be switched into mode 2, the terminal mode, connected to the host. Only pulse dialing is supported. Most tone-dialing systems will also support pulse dialing, but if you're using a ROLM or PBX system that requires tones, then the

number must be dialed manually.

While in terminal mode, you receive whatever comes from the host and you are presented with four possibilities on the function keys. Pressing the Prev key will display the previous eight lines of input, in case what you want has scrolled off the screen. Pressing Full will change between full and half duplex. Pressing Echo will send everything to the printer as well as the screen. The last two keys, Down and Up, let you send and receive files. Press Down and you'll be asked for a file name. After you enter it the word "Down" will appear in reverse video, and everything you receive will be stored in the file. When you press Down again, the file will be closed and its contents saved. That's much simpler than downloading a file with a disk-based system.

Uploading a file to a host is just as easy. Press the Up key and you're again asked for a file name. When you enter it, you're asked for a width; when you answer that, everything in the file is sent to the host, with car

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148 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Key

Meaning

?

Waits for a specified character to be received by the Model

100

=

Pauses tor 2 seconds

!

Immediately precedes a "?" or " = " when those characters

are to be transmitted

to the remote computer

Sends the following character as a control character (e.g., *

K sends a Control-K)

Table 2: Codes for use when automatically logging onto remote

computers.

riage returns entered at the nearest space to the width you defined so that words will not be broken in the middle. That's all there is to it. When you're done, just press the Bye key and the Model 100 will hang up.

There are several other possibilities in the way TELCOM can dial the phone. First, if you want to call a number that's not in your directory, just press Call while in mode 1 and type in the number. If you're calling a computer, you must put the symbols "<>" after the number to tell the Model 100 to wait for a modem tone. If there's no answer, hitting Break will hang up. You can also call people instead of computers using the address directory and TELCOM: just don't put " <>" after the phone number in the address file. You must pick up the phone before dialing is finished, or the Model 100 will immediately hang up when it's done dialing. The Model 100 can act as an auto-dialer with many, many numbers.

The Model 100 will also log on to the computer for you if there's a coded message between the angle brackets (<>) at the end of the number. Because the code is a bit complicated I won't describe it here (see table 2), but it's fairly easy to use with almost any host.

Making a connection to phone lines can be done in two ways: with an audio coupler or by direct connection. Both work via the same socket, but a switch on the left side of the Model 100 chooses between a direct connection and an acoustic connection. Auto-dialing is possible only in direct-connect mode. The audio coupler lets you use the modem if you're someplace that doesn't have modular jacks on its phones.

The telephone communications capability of the Model 100 is better

than I have seen for any dedicated terminal. It lacks a few of the things available in the more sophisticated terminal programs available for larger microcomputers (translation tables and macro transmission, for example), but the deficiencies are slight.

Although not well described in the manual, one of the most important abilities of the Model 100 is that it can transmit data directly from memory into another microcomputer at rates up to 19,200 bps. Direct transmission to another computer is much needed because the small memory space of the Model 100 forces you to transfer files elsewhere to make more space available in the machine. Although programs and data can be stored on tape, it's quicker, more convenient, and more reliable to transfer them to another machine. The ability of the Model 100 to combine its power with that of a desktop machine is one of this computer's greatest assets.

Exchanging data by direct connection to another computer is similar to doing it over the phone except you must connect the Model 100 to the other computer through the RS-232C port. Because both machines try to send data on pin 2 and receive it on pin 3, you must use a "null modem" (a cable with the wires to pins 2 and 3 reversed on one connector) to connect the computers. You can buy one from Radio Shack for about $30, or you can make one from two DB-25 plugs and an eight-conductor cable. Solder it together so that pins 2 and 3 are crossed over while pins 1, 4 through 7, and 20 are connected directly.

Once the two computers are hooked together, you just have to specify the right data rate via the Stat key. For example, the "5" in the Stat parameter "57E1E" would set the

data-transfer rate to 1200 bps (see table 2). Then when you press the Term key, you can upload and download data just as for telephone communications, but much more quickly. Of course you need the proper software for the larger machine, but a wide variety of programs are available for most microcomputers. You can use the Model 100 as a terminal, either by direct connection or via a 300-bps modem connection, for any computer that supports an RS-232C port. I have used the Model 100 with mainframes, minicomputers, and several microcomputers (CP/M systems as well as my own LNW-80) at rates up to 19,200 bps. You can also transfer data using BASIC programs. Using the Model 100 as a terminal has one problem. Data can come in faster than it can be scrolled by the screen. That's usually not a problem at 300 bps or when you're typing, but at faster rates the input can actually overflow the input buffer. When that happens characters are lost. The best way to avoid this is to be sure the host doesn't send linefeeds after a carriage return, thus preventing the scrolling of the screen. The information will be hard to read because it all appears on one line, but it will all go into the file that's being saved. Because of this problem, the Model 100 cannot completely replace a highspeed data terminal.

Some Applications

For me, the TELCOM communications software is the most useful part of the Model 100, and I suspect it will be for many others. In fact, although I can use four TRS-80s, several CP/M machines, and an LNW-80, since I bought the Model 100 I have used it more than any of the other machines. Maybe my experiences will show you how useful this machine can be.

One of the best uses for the Model 100 is in transporting data. I have always suffered when transferring data from a CP/M machine in my office to my LNW-80 at home. Now I can just dump a data file from the office machine to the Model 100, take the Model 100 home, and upload the data to the LNW. At 4800 bps, it takes about 2 minutes at each end, includ

150 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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ing hookup, to transfer any file (Visicalc file, text file, or any other kind of ASCII data) that fills a 32K-byte Model 100. And of course it works with any microcomputer that has an RS-232C port.

Another application is shown by the way I did this article. I wrote a lot of it on the Model 100 while traveling. At my destination, I simply sent the text to our university's mainframe computer. When I got home, I downloaded the text to my LNW-80 and printed it using the Newscript word-processing program.

The Model 100 seems almost ideally suited to engineers, foresters, and anyone else who works in the field. In my own research, I regularly fill out data forms while in the field. I have a little program in the Model 100 that asks me for the data, stores it in an array, and sends it to disk on my office computer, which then prints the form, including the data, that I

For me, the TELCOM

communications

software is the most

useful part of the

Model 100.

used to fill out in the field. I no longer have to key the data in by hand at the office, and the Model 100 takes care of a lot of the tedious calculator work that I used to do in the field.

By itself, the powerful combination of the text editor and the telecommunications package makes the Model 100 worth its price. But the software I have described so far is only the tip of the iceberg. The Model 100 has what may be the most powerful BASIC interpreter yet written for a microcomputer.

BASIC Interpreter

The Model 100's BASIC, like the BASIC for all other TRS-80s and like the rest of the operating system on this machine, was written by Microsoft. It is as complete and extensive a version of Microsoft BASIC as is available for any machine, and it has a number of enhancements specifically for the Model 100. Its execution

152 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 451 on Inquiry card.

Circle 157 on inquiry card.

speed (as judged by a number of benchmark programs) seems to be as fast as or faster than that of the Model III. And this BASIC does all its calculations, including transcendental functions such as sin and log, in double precision (14 digits). You may be confused if you're used to other TRS-80 BASIC or Microsoft interpreters; several statements have different syntax, especially those for opening files, and you must set the number of I/O (input/output) files and the top of memory using MAXFILES and HIMEM statements—the Model 100 does not ask any questions about files and memory when you enter the interpreter.

I cannot review all aspects of the BASIC dialect here. Table 3 summarizes all the statements. A rough count gives 5 operators and 39 statements that are not included in the very powerful Model III extended disk BASIC.

The added arithmetic operators are " \ " and MOD, both of which pertain to integer division. The MOD operator gives the remainder (5 MOD 3 = 2) while " \ " gives the truncated quotient (9\2 = 4). Surprisingly, " \ " is not on the keyboard—you have to use the Grph key and a minus sign. The added logical operators are XOR, EQV, and IMP. XOR does an exclusive or—when one bit is 0 and the other is 1, the result is 1. With EQV, when either both bits are 0 or both are 1, the result is 1. With IMP, the result is 1 unless the first bit is 1 and the second is 0. These new operators can often replace several awkward comparison statements.

Three new numeric functions are CRSLIN, which returns the line where the cursor is located; POS, which returns the column position of the cursor; and MAXRAM, which returns the amount of RAM installed in the computer.

One of the most significant additions to Model 100 BASIC is the use of extended-interrupt commands. Older versions of BASIC had only one—ON ERROR GOTO would make a branch when an error occurred. This BASIC adds four new ones: ON COM GOSUB branches

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 153

Numeric Functions

ABS—Returns absolute value

ASC—Returns ASCII code of a string

ATN—Computes arctangent

CDBL—Converts to double precision

CINT—Converts to integer

COS—Computes cosine

CRSL1N—Returns vertical line position of cursor

CSNG—Converts to single precision

EOF—Returns end-of-file status

ERL—Returns the line number of latest error

ERR—Returns the error code of latest error

EXP—Computes natural exponential

FIX—Truncates to a whole number

FRE—Returns current amount of available memory

INSTR—Searches a string for a substring

INT—Converts to integer

LEN—Computes length of a string

LOG—Computes natural logarithm

LPOS—Returns column position of print head within the printer

buffer

MAXRAM—Returns Model 100 RAM size

PEEK—Returns value at a memory address

POS—Returns column position of cursor

RND—Returns pseudorandom number

SGN—Returns algebraic sign

SIN—Computes trigonometric sine

SQR—Computes square root

TAN—Computes tangent

VAL—Converts string to numeric value

VARPTR—Returns memory address of a variable

String Functions

CHR$—Returns ASCII character

LEFTS—Returns left portion of a string

MID$—Returns middle portion of a string; may also be used on

the left side of the equal sign to replace the middle characters in

a string

RIGHTS—Returns right portion of a string

SPACES—Returns a string of spaces

STRS—Converts a numeric value to a string

STRINGS—Returns a string of characters

Table 3: A summary of TRS-80 Model 100 BASIC statements.

Simple Control Commands

CALL—CALL is used to execute a machine-language subroutine

from BASIC; allows more parameters than USR

IF. . .THEN. . .ELSE—Tests relational expression, then performs

THEN clause if the expression is true or performs ELSE clause (if

present) if expression is false

FOR. . .NEXT—This command gives BASIC a looping structure;

an optional STEP value may be included

GOSUB—Causes the BASIC program to execute the subroutine

beginning at the line indicated, and then returns to the statement

following the GOSUB when a RETURN statement is encountered

GOTO—Causes the BASIC program to branch to the line

number indicated

ON. . .GOSUB—Branches to appropriate subroutine

ON. . .GOTO—Branches to appropriate line

Interrupt Commands

ON COM GOSUB—Calls a subroutine when the computer

receives data over the RS-232C line

ON ERROR GOTO—Branches to an error-handling routine if

some error occurs while the program is executing

ON KEY GOSUB—Calls a subroutine if you press one of the

eight definable function keys

ON MDM GOSUB—Calls a subroutine when the computer

receives data over the modem

ON TIMES GOSUB—Calls a subroutine when the real-time clock

reaches a certain time

RESUME—Resumes program execution after an error; RESUME

ends the error-handling routine

Graphics/Sound Commands

BEEP—Causes the sound generator to emit a tone for about Vz

second

LINE—Draws a line on the screen; optionally may draw a box

(outline or filled)

PRESET—Turns off an LCD pixel

PSET—Turns on an LCD pixel

SCREEN ON/OFF—Locks or unlocks the screen label line

SOUND—Outputs a tone of specified pitch and duration

SOUND ON/OFF—Enables or disables sound during cassette

loads and while the Model 100 is waiting for a carrier signal from

the telephone modem lines

Listing 3: A BASIC program demonstrating the use of the ON TIME$ extended-interrupt command. This program sounds an alarm when the Model 100's internal clock reaches 15:37 (3:37 p.m.).

10 ON TIItEt="15!37:00" GOSUB 100 20 TD€« ON

30 as

10 PRINT B4,QR»(27H"p "+TIME«+" "4CHM(Z7)t'V

50 GOTO 10

100 PRINT"press enter to stop 3larn" { BEEP

110 M»DKEY»

120 IF M«"" GOTO 100

130 as 1 RETURN

when something comes in over the RS-232C interface, ON MDM GOSUB does it when the modem receives something, ON KEY GOSUB branches when a function key is pressed, and ON TIMES GOTO

makes a branch at a specified time. The potential usefulness of these commands should be obvious; listing 3 gives an example. The various interrupts can be enabled and disabled by commands such as MDM followed by ON, OFF, or STOP.

All the graphics and sound commands are new. Sounds of varying tone and duration as well as beeps can be produced, individual pixels or points on the LCD can be turned on and off, and lines and boxes can be drawn between any two sets of x,y coordinates; the box can be either an outline or filled. The LCD screen has a resolution of 260 by 64 pixels.

Perhaps the most radical new fea

ture is the use of the OPEN statement. We usually think of OPEN and CLOSE statements being associated with disk files. What's OPEN doing in a machine that doesn't use disks? Any RAM file and any peripheral device can be declared as a file for output and input. You can write to a file in memory just as you would write to a disk file. RS-232C and modem I/O are handled by declaring the device to be a file. Even the screen can be treated as a file for output, as can the printer. For example:

OPEN "LPT:" FOR OUTPUT AS 1

sends all output for file number 1 to

154 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Other Commands

CLEAR—Clears all variable values, closes all open files, and optionally reserves string and high memory space CLS—Clears the screen CLOAD—Loads a BASIC program from tape CLOAD?—Verifies a cassette load of a BASIC program CLOADM—Loads a machine-language file from tape CLOSE—Closes open files by number, or all files COM ON/OFF/STOP—Enables or disables communications interrupt

CONT—Continues program execution after a STOP command or press of Break key

CSAVE—Saves a BASIC program on tape; program may be saved in compressed or ASCII formats

CSAVEM—Saves a machine-language program on tape, using start, end, and entry addresses DATA—Defines a data set within a BASIC program DATES—Prints or sets current date in MM/DD/YY form DAY$—Prints or sets current day of the week DIM—Defines array size EDIT-Edits a BASIC program END—Ends BASIC program execution ERROR—Simulates an error in a program FILES—Prints the names of data and program files stored in RAM

FRE—Returns the amount of memory available to BASIC HIMEM—Returns highest memory address available to BASIC INKEYS—Returns any keyboard key currently pressed INP—Returns a value from a CPU port INPUT—Inputs data from keyboard INPUT #— Inputs data from a file

INPUT$—Inputs a number of characters from keyboard or from a file

IPL—Defines a BASIC program to run whenever the Model 100 is powered up KEY—Defines function keys KEY LIST—Lists function key definitions

KEY ON/OFF/STOP—Enables or disables function key interrupts KILL—Erases a RAM file LCOPY—Copies the screen text to the printer LET—Optional assignment statement LINE INPUT—Inputs a string from the keyboard LINE INPUT #—Inputs a string from a file LIST—Lists the current program to the screen LLIST—Lists the current program to the printer LOAD—Loads a BASIC program from RAM, cassette, communications port, or modem for execution

LOADM—Loads a machine-language file from RAM or cassette LPRINT—Prints data to the printer LPRINT USING—Prints formatted data to printer MAXFILES—Specifies the maximum number of files your program can have open at one time

MDM ON/OFF/STOP—Enables or disables modem interrupt MENU—Returns to the Model 100 menu MERGE—Combines two BASIC programs; one of the programs will be in current memory, the other will come from RAM, CAS, COM, or MDM

MOTOR ON/OFF—Turns the cassette motor on or off NAME. . .AS—Renames a RAM file NEW—Erases the current program

OPEN—Opens a RAM, CAS, COM, LCD, LPT, or MDM file for I/O

OUT—Outputs a byte to a port POKE—Loads a value into memory POWER—Controls the automatic power-off feature POWER CONT—Prevents automatic power-down POWER OFF—Turns power off; if optional RESUME is added, execution continues where it stopped before power was turned off

PRINT—Prints data to the screen (abbreviated as "?") PRINT ©—Prints at specified position on screen PRINT #—Prints data to a file

PRINT USING—Prints formatted data to screen or file PRINT § USING—Prints formatted data to a file READ—Reads a data set within a BASIC program REM—Indicates an unexecutable comment RESTORE—Allows DATA items to be reused; the optional line number specifies which line the DATA pointer is to be set to RUN—Runs a BASIC program. May include loading the program from RAM, cassette, communications port, or modem. The ,R option tells BASIC to leave open files open. RUNM—Loads and executes a machine-language program from RAM or CAS

SAVE—Saves the current program to RAM, cassette, communications port, LCD, printer, or modem. Optional ",A" may be used to store an ASCII file to RAM or cassette. Other devices automatically save in ASCII.

SAVEM—Saves a machine-language file to CAS or RAM STOP—Stops program execution TAB—Skips to specified column with PRINT or LPRINT TIMES—Displays or sets the current time TIMES ON/OFF/STOP—Enables or disables the time interrupt

the printer. This type of file routing is usually available only in the most powerful operating systems for the most expensive microcomputers and minicomputers.

Several other useful new commands are available. KEY is used to define the function keys. KEY LIST puts the definitions of the functions onto the screen. FILES shows the available files. Two new tape commands, LOADM and SAVEM, are for loading and saving machine-language programs. A particularly important command, one that will be used mostly in direct mode, is NAME, which lets you rename a file. Three commands start with POWER.

They specify how soon the power should be turned off (if at all) if the computer isn't used or if it shouldn't be turned off; one turns it off from within a BASIC program and gives you the option of resuming the program when the machine is turned back on. MAXFILES, normally placed at the beginning of a program, specifies how many files will be used. TIME$, DATES, and DAY$ contain the time, date, and day of the week respectively.

An especially useful BASIC command (normally used as a direct command) is IPL. It lets you specify that a particular BASIC program should be run when the Model 100

is turned on. It allows a form of customization. As such, it can be used to turn the Model 100 into a turnkey computer that automatically runs a given program.

Although BASIC programs can be directly typed in, they are edited using the text editor. If you type EDIT 100, you enter the text editor with line 100 as the text. Any range of line numbers can be specified, although because it takes some time to convert the tokenized program to ASCII, programs should be edited in small pieces. If you try to return to BASIC and there is an error in the format of the edited program, you'll be given the error message "Text 111 Formed"

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 155

and you will have to correct the problem before you can reenter BASIC. A danger exists here: it's possible to make the edited program so screwed up that you can't find the error and you can't even get out by hitting the Reset button. (On the Model 100, reset is really a forced break, not a hardware reset.)

If you're used to Microsoft's usual interpreted BASIC editor, this one takes some getting used to. It's easy to use and very powerful, but it lacks some things a programmer would want. For example, there's no way to renumber a whole program. And if you renumber a statement with the editor, it will be moved in the listing, but other statements that refer to it will not be changed. That's a very quick way to create hard-to-find errors. It also has no cross-reference utility that will show you where variable and line references occur. In other words, the editor remains a text editor and not a program editor tailored to BASIC programs. A nice feature is that you don't have to explicitly save programs: they remain in memory even when you return to the main menu unless you type "NEW. Also, if power is turned off while a program is running, the Model 100 will resume running it when the power comes back on.

Technical Details

The manual says absolutely nothing about the system operation of the Model 100—not even a memory map. By the time you read this, however, you'll be able to order a service manual from any Radio Shack

store through its national parts division, and a users technical manual is forthcoming. Anyone who wants to understand how the Model 100 works must have either the service or technical manual.

The following has been gleaned from a preliminary draft of the Model 100's service manual, which I recommend to anyone who wants to know about the machine's inner workings.

The Model 100 has five main integrated circuits. The microprocessor is an Intel 80C85, which is a CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) chip that uses the same instruction set as an 8080. A parallel

The powerful combination of the text editor and the telecommunications package makes the Model 100 worth its price.

I/O chip, an Intel 81C55, connects the microprocessor to the outside world; it handles the printer, keyboard, clock, buzzer, UART, and modem. The tape deck connects directly to the 8085, as does the bar-code reader. The UART is an Intersil IM6402, which can be programmed in BASIC by OUT statements. The modem chip is a Motorola MC144T2, also easily programmed. The clock chip is an NEC /iPD1990AC, and it also can be accessed with machine language. The Model 100 uses many more I/O

ports than do the other TRS-80 computers. The display, keyboard, clock, UART, modem, and buzzer are all controlled by I/O calls. The service manual gives the proper port addresses.

The system has a 40-line bus, with three of the lines not used. The bus includes all the 8085's address, data, and control lines plus optional control lines for an I/O unit and separate RAM.

The 80C85 can directly address 64K bytes of memory; 32K bytes are in low memory as ROM, the ROM that contains the operating system. The ROM in the extra socket can be bankselected (i.e., it replaces the 32K-byte hard-wired ROM) using an OUT call. RAM can be installed in four DIP (dual-inline pin) sockets; each socket holds a custom-made DIP package that contains four 2K-byte chips wired together (see the lower left corner of photo 2 on page 158). Thus, even with only four sockets for the RAM, 16 address lines are needed. You'll never be able to install standard RAM chips in the Model 100—they aren't what the computer expects to see in the sockets.

Documentation

By now it should be obvious that I think the Model 100 is one of the best microcomputers ever made. The documentation is its only major flaw. It's clear that a lot of work went into producing the manual, which is intended for the first-time user, and clear explanations are given for each software module. Unfortunately, the most elementary points are explained

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156 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 487 on Inquiry card.

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over and over again, while some important points are either left out or hidden in the repeated explanations. The manual's index is inadequate—I wasn't familiar with the MOD operator in BASIC and it's not in the index. It took me 10 minutes to find it in the text. Many other things are left out. Another problem is that the manual doesn't encourage the user to understand why he or she is doing something. Anyone can learn to make good use of the Model 100 in an hour or two by using the manual, but it is poor at helping you to use the full capabilities of the machine. Even the page numbering is messed up: pages 134 and 135 are reversed.

Finally, the manual does a poor job of showing what the Model 100 can really do. Although an experienced computer user would know that you can easily manipulate text files with BASIC programs, the manual doesn't mention it. The method for inserting boiler plate that I described earlier isn't even mentioned, although it's an almost essential feature of the editor. No mention is made of using the machine to transport data between two other machines, and RS-232C hookup information is relegated to the appendix, where one is led to believe that the Model 100 can be connected only to a Radio Shack Model II, III, or 16.

Some of the following points are either omitted from the manual or are so obscurely buried that they'll be missed by most users. This is probably not a complete list:

• Escape sequences work with strings in BASIC programs. Escape and "p" forces output to be in reverse video while Escape and "q" puts it back. Other escape sequences apparently do other things, but I've not been able to find out what. •The buzzing noise during a tape save or input can be turned off (or on) by typing SOUND OFF or SOUND ON while in BASIC. •It's possible to force a cold restart of the Model 100 by simultaneously pressing the Ctrl, Pause, and Reset switches. This wipes out every file saved in memory and is equivalent to moving the memory switch on the back of the machine. •When setting up telecommunications parameters with the Stat key, the dialing pulse rate must be set to either 10 or 20 pulses per secondno other values work.

Other Complaints

The Model 100 is a well-thoughtout machine, but it's not perfect (although most of its problems are trivial).

Some enhancements are provided in other BASICs that are not included here. Perhaps the most glaring deficiency is the lack of any attempt to provide for structured programming. The simple addition of a WHILE. . WEND statement and the ability to call named subroutines would have been appreciated by many programmers. Some have asked for BCD (binary-coded deci

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mal) arithmetic, which allows many more decimal places but not such large numbers. Personally, I prefer the present system.

Another deficiency is the lack of any indication of file size or status. It would also be nice to have files dated when created and marked when updated.

Although much mention is made of the use of machine-language programs and there's even a nice CALL command in BASIC, there's no way to write a machine-language program other than by poking it into memory—a process that is tedious for short programs and impossible for long ones. Although an assembler is in the works, independent software vendors will be handicapped in their ability to create Model 100 software until it becomes available.

Finally, a few things are just missing. Although almost every use of the function keys is shown on the bottom "label" line of the LCD, function key F5 in the terminal mode, which sends all terminal interaction to a printer, is not labeled. A worse problem is the inability of the terminal program to send a true "break" signal. Luckily, most newer host computers use a Control-C instead.

But the few deficiencies are negligible compared to the machine's tremendous ability. I was unable to find any real bugs, and I understand that the software has been more thoroughly tested than anything else Radio Shack has released.

The Future

The Model 100 just begs for additions and enhancements, both by Radio Shack and by independent suppliers. The existence of a ROM socket, the bus connector, and a socket for a bar-code reader all speak of things to come. A Tandy executive was reluctant to tell me exactly what to expect, but it's not hard to make some guesses.

Because of the machine's limited memory, the most obvious addition would be a mass-storage device. A good candidate would be one or two microfloppy-disk drives. Even better would be some sort of bubble-memory device. It should be possible to

158 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 244 on Inquiry card. ■

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package 1 or 2 megabytes of bubble memory in about half the volume occupied by the machine itself. But the turmoil in standardizing microfloppies and the cost of bubble memory will probably prevent those options. I'll bet something's coming along, however, and I expect that independent suppliers will get into the act as well.

Another obvious addition would be some sort of compact printer. Although the Model 100 now provides for printer output, it's a bit hard to carry any satisfactory printer around in your briefcase. Present technology should allow design of a unit no larger than the computer itself—and Tandy is one of the larger printer manufacturers around.

An accessory that I would really like to see is a multichannel, 12-bit analog-to-digital converter. The Model 100 is ideally suited for data acquisition in industrial and field applications. This market is smaller than for a printer or disk drive, but the Model 100 could be used as a remote data logger that would be bet

ter than anything else produced, even units in the above-$20,000 price range.

The Model 100 presents tremendous possibilities for use by the disabled. If Baudot codes could be sent with the terminal program, it could serve as an inexpensive terminal for the various phone communication services available for the deaf. And its size makes it ideal for use with a head-stick by a quadriplegic. I was disappointed to see that some key combinations require two hands; the keyboard could have been designed for use by an amputee. Perhaps the most far-out fantasy would be a microcomputer for use by the blind. The keys could have braille caps, and it should be possible to design a flat plate like the LCD with tactile "bumps" that present a braille version of the visual display.

As for software, a book/software product called the Model 100 BASIC Language Lab should be available from Radio Shack by the time you read this, and I understand that personal-productivity and personal

finance programs are in the works, with business-application software following. And, of course, it doesn't take much insight to guess that there'll be some games available.

Whatever Tandy chooses to sell as accessories for the Model 100, it is certain that programmers and hardware suppliers will recognize the tremendous market presented by this machine. I expect to see a proliferation of hardware and software addons that make those available for most other microcomputers seem sparse. As all those Apple ads tell you (and the TRS-80 ads should as well), it's the available body of hardware and software that really makes a microcomputer useful.

Conclusions

I first saw a Model 100 sitting next to a radio-controlled toy car at a Radio Shack store; I quickly passed it off as a toy as well. It was only after reading about it and playing with one for about an hour that I realized how powerful a machine this is. Sadly, it is probably true that a lot of people

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who could make excellent use of the Model 100's abilities still think of it as a toy. It's too bad that Radio Shack is associated with toys and CB radioits computers, especially the Model 100, are as good as or better than anything available at much higher prices.

I am told that it took a little more than a year from the time the Model 100 was conceived until the first units were on the market. I'm amazed by that. The Model 100 shows tremendous planning and foresight. It can do things that desktop microcomputers of several times its price cannot. The software is extremely well designed and innovative. It has the best features of a disk-based system while using only RAM storage, and the software is so well integrated that it is practically effortless to use the machine for a variety of applications. The Model 100 has a few faults, such as the documentation, but they are minor when one looks at the system as a whole.

Perhaps the most telling test of the Model 100 is that since I bought one I have cut my use of larger machines by about half. I actually prefer to use the Model 100 instead of either an LNW-80 or a TRS-80 Model III for text editing. Even more telling is that at least one executive at Tandy said he uses the Model 100 more than his TRS-80 Model 12 and Model 16 combined.

The Model 100 microcomputer is the first of a generation of really portable machines. Undoubtedly a host of imitators will appear, and some of them may be on the market by the time you read this (the NEC notebook computer, using a very similar Microsoft operating system, was announced while I was writing this article). But the combination of hardware and software in the Model 100 will be hard to beat. I doubt that, even several years from now, I will regret having bought one of the earliest Model 100s on the market. ■

Mahlon G. Kelly (268 Turkey Ridge Rd., Charlottesville, VA 22901) is Associate Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of Virginia, where he studies the environments of lakes and rivers. His other interests include freelance writing and the application of computers to environmental research.

162 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 367 on inquiry card.

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169

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274

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BYTE September 1983 165

The New Microfloppy Standards

Only media specifications are settled at this point, but de facto standards for disk drives are already emerging

by Thomas Jarrett

Photo 1: The Shugart SA300 3Vi-inch microfloppy-disk drive (on the right) next to a 5Vt-inch disk drive.

166 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

One of your next computers will probably have a microfloppy-disk drive that uses a 3V2-inch hard-shell cartridge with an automatic shutter. It will also be compatible with the standard interface for 5V4-inch disk drives. More than 30 companies are now supporting this emerging standard in the sub-5V4-inch disk, or "microfloppy," market as a result of an agreement on disk media between the Microfloppy Industry Committee (MIC) and Sony Corporation earlier this year. While the disk drive and media specifications have been presented to the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3B8 committee on microfloppies, they will probably become a de facto standard in the marketplace before they gain official acceptance.

Already, many portable computer manufacturers have adopted the 3V2-inch disk drive as a standard. The sales of 5V4-inch disk drives are still increasing, particularly now that half-height drives are appearing in products, but experts predict that 3V2-inch disk drives will soon outsell any other size.

Microfloppy Applications

Microfloppy-disk drives are small, light, inexpensive, and powerful, representing the newest wave of miniaturization in computer mass-storage peripherals. Their range of applications includes memory typewriters, new office equipment, scientific and engineering instruments, the next generation of smaller portable computers, and other uses still on the drawing boards.

Because of strong market demand for smaller, more powerful components and systems, the greatest potential for microfloppies is in portable computers. They offer better performance and the same capacity as 5%-inch floppy disks in a smaller and less expensive package. While today's "portable computers" are more easily transportable than desktop models, drives and media will contribute to the development of truly portable computers. Microfloppies are also suitable for any application in which 5V4-inch disks are used.

Reductions in the size and/or cost of silicon chips, displays, and disk drives lead to many new applications for small computer systems. The new semiconductor chips, cheaper memory, flat-panel displays, and sub-5V4-inch floppy-disk drives can help make for a system small enough to be carried in a briefcase. As a result, microfloppies may usher in a new era of freedom from the workplace.

The Advantages of Microfloppies

One of the most crucial factors that determines the cost and size of microcomputers is peripheral storage. In some cases, disk drives account for 60 percent of the cost of a microcomputer system. Today's most popular and powerful microcomputers have two floppy-disk drives, which increase a system's volume and weight considerably. Microfloppy-disk drives, which are one-quarter the size and one-half the weight of conventional 5V4-inch disk drives, consume 50 percent less power.

The microfloppy drives now on the market store from 358K bytes to 1 megabyte per disk; 500K bytes is typical. This is raw, unformatted storage capacity that is typically reduced to a 320K- or 360K-byte format compatible with the IBM Personal Computer disk format. This capacity is less than some of the new high-capacity 5V4-inch disks now appearing on the market, but it is equivalent to most standard 5V4-inch disks.

As microfloppy drives are integrated into consumer products, systems designers and OEMs (original equipment manufacturers) will take advantage of the 3V2-inch disk's size, price, and performance to create new uses beyond those of 5V4-inch drives.

Another advantage microfloppies offer is carrying convenience. Early market research revealed that people want disks that can be carried in a pocket or purse. But because microfloppy disks are easy to transport—and therefore easy for inexperienced users to damage—the disk and drive manufacturing companies are supporting a hard-shell cartridge. Further, most disks have an auto

matic shutter that closes over the media surface when the disk is removed from the drive. Thus the "floppy" in microfloppy is no longer accurate. Such protective measures help ensure that beginners who don't know the meaning of computer messages such as "BDOS Error—bad sector" will not have to learn about them the hard way.

Industry Standards

Standards are essential to the efficiency and growth of every segment of the computer and electronics industry, and microfloppy drives and media are no exception. Standardization lowers costs to manufacturers, OEMs, and consumers alike by allowing the mass production of interchangeable parts. Standards also eliminate the need for expensive redesigns.

Disk and drive manufacturers can compete within the framework of an established standard. That way, OEMs and systems houses won't fail to support a customer if their main source does not have parts available. They can fall back on second sources of standard parts.

When microfloppies were first announced, the market was flooded with incompatible products. Hitachi, Matsushita, and Maxell introduced a 3-inch disk drive and media; Tabor and Dysan presented a 3%-inch drive with soft-jacketed disks that Seagate Technology later supported; Sony introduced a 3V2-inch drive that both transferred information and rotated twice as fast as the standard 5%-inch drive; Canon had a 3.8-inch drive; and more recently, IBM introduced a 4-inch drive. Disk-media manufacturers were endorsing several disk sizes, but most of the support was behind the 3V2-inch format.

The Microfloppy Industry Committee

The Microfloppy Industry Committee (formerly called the Microfloppy Standards Committee) was formed in May of 1982 to establish a microfloppy media standard. The committee announced its activities at the National Computer Conference in June 1982 and opened its member

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 167

3.7 IN

AUTOMATIC SHUTTER HEAD ACCESS WINDOW

DISK

POSITIONING HOLE CHUCKING HOLE

CENTERING HUB PLASTIC CASE

WRITE PROTECT FEATURE

BACK VIEW

Figure 1: The SVi-inch disk cartridge endorsed by the Microfloppy Industry Committee has a hard plastic case and an automatic shutter.

ship to any interested party. Shugart Corporation was among the original four members of the committee, which by April of 1983 included 22 leading disk-drive, media, and personal computer manufacturers.

In September 1982 the MIC proposed the adoption of a 3V2-inch hard-cartridge disk standard to the ANSI X3B8 committee on microfloppies. By then Sony had begun to ship its own version of a 3V2-inch drive and hard cartridge. The Sony media and the MIC's proposed standard for 3V2-inch media, while similar, differed on four main points: the number of tracks (concentric circles) on the disk, coercivity, thickness of the iron-oxide coating, and the type of shutter used to protect the head access window, where the disk drive reads and writes information on the disk.

The Sony drive had 70 tracks of information, while the MIC proposed 80 tracks as standard. Both used metal hubs in their disks to improve centering tolerance. The coercivity of the Sony medium was 580 oersteds (a unit of magnetic resistence), while the MIC had suggested 650 oersteds. Sony's oxide layer was 100 microinches thick, and the MIC's proposal

specified 40 to 50 microinches. The thinner oxide layer and higher coercivity allow higher recording densities to be used without sacrificing reliability.

Sony's first shutter on the disk was a simple metal slide that the user had to manually open before inserting the disk into the drive then manually close after the cartridge was removed. That procedure required touching the area around the head access window and possibly ruining the disk. Also, the shutter could slide open accidentally, exposing the head access window to contaminants.

The MIC design, in contrast, includes a spring-loaded autoshutter that automatically opens upon insertion of a cartridge into the drive and automatically closes when the cartridge is ejected. An actuator inside the drive controls the opening of the shutter and loads the read/write head(s) onto the media. This system reduces the possibility of putting the disk into the drive incorrectly and the chances of media damage due to the disk shutter being open when out of the drive. The MIC hard cartridge also has a sliding mechanical writeprotect tab instead of a detachable plastic write-protect tab, which can

get lost. See figure 1 for an illustration of the MIC 3V2-inch hardcartridge standard.

The most significant development in the microfloppy media standards issue was the compromise agreement Sony and the MIC reached in January 1983. The two groups agreed on 80 tracks per side of a disk, a coercivity of 625 oersteds, and an oxide thickness of approximately 60 microinches. Thus, important progress was made toward solving the thorny issue of microfloppy media standardization. Sony will be manufacturing a second-generation product compatible with the MIC cartridge and will continue to support its original drive and media. Sony will also use an autoshutter on its new media.

The agreement between the first company to ship production quantities of microfloppies and a committee of leading U.S., European, and Japanese manufacturers adds weight and momentum to the effort to establish a single microfloppy configuration as the standard. Table 1 lists the members of the Microfloppy Industry Committee and the supporters of the various disk sizes.

The Microfloppy Competitors

From the beginning, size has been the most basic bone of contention among the microfloppy-drive manufacturers. Four disk sizes ranging from 3 to 4 inches have been proposed, and each one has its supporters.

The 3-inch disk drive: The Hitachi/Matsushita/Maxell 3-inch drive has a 5V4-inch interface and an automatic shutter on its rigid-case disk. Hitachi has not announced any volume agreements with American computer makers yet, although many Japanese manufacturers are lined up behind this proposed standard. Gavilan Computer Corporation introduced its new portable computer with Hitachi's 3-inch drive but has since decided to use the 3V2-inch microfloppy. Maxell is owned by Hitachi and is therefore associated with this group. Matsushita is supporting the 3V2-inch drive as well as the 3-inch drive.

168 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

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31/2-inch with

3V2-inch with

3-inch

31/4-inch

Shugart interface

Sony interface

4-inch

Canon

Brown Disc Alps

Computer

IBM

Fuji

Dysan

Citizen

Devices Inc.

Hitachi

Seagate

Control Data Corp.

Hewlett-Packard

Jicoh

Soroc

Epson

Jonos

Matsushita

Tabor

Formmaster

RCA

Maxell

Fuji

SKS

Micro Peripherals Inc.

Gavilan Computer

Sony

Mitsumi

Sankyo

Sord

Nihon

Sony

Tandon

Sankyo

Sord

Universal Data

Sanyo

Tandon

Systems

Teijin

TEAC

Tokyo Denki

Toshiba

Apple Computer Atari Athana BASF

Cii Honeywell Bull Dennison Kybe I Dobbeiin Boeder Matshusita

Media Systems Technology

f Memorex

Microfloppy j

Mitsubishi

Industry /

Nashua Corporation

Committee \

Olivetti I Otrona

Phillips I Remex I Shugart

Spin Physics

TDK

Verbatim

Wabash

Xidex

YE Data

Table 1: The

various companies supporting the different

microfloppy-disk sizes

Note

that some manufacturers are offering more than one type of microfloppy.

The 3-inch drive has two potential problems. First, because the disk is so small, both sides of it must be used to achieve a capacity of 500K bytes. Because the drive has only one read/write head, this is currently accomplished by reading one side (250K bytes) and then flipping the disk over. The company recently announced a double-sided drive that will access both sides of a disk (500K bytes) at the same time. Second, in order for 3-inch drives to achieve a 1-megabyte capacity, a track density of 200 tracks per inch would have to be used. This would significantly reduce the reliability of an open-loop drive. See Table 2 for more technical comparisons between the different microfloppy drives.

3V*-inch disk drive: The Tabor/

Dysan/Seagate 3%-inch disk also has slightly less recording area than the 3V2-inch disk. This is the only group that does not offer a hard-shell cartridge because its 3 y*-inch disk is covered by a more traditional soft envelope. These companies feel that the price of their disks will be more competitive because of the less expensive soft jacket (which uses existing 5%-inch disk technology and has fewer parts). Dysan owns portions of Tabor and Seagate and has financial ties to Brown Disc, so it is not unusual to see these companies together. They have not announced any volume deals on their drives. The 3 Vi-inch disk drive: The 3y2-inch disk format has twice the available recording area of the 3-inch disk. Higher-capacity drives are already

170 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 4 on inquiry card.

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□ Call tor shipping charges, free catalog, and other low software prices.

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□ Quantky discounts available. D Prices may change.

BYTE September 1983 171

Unformatted

Single or

Track-to-Track

Vledia Size

Capacity

Double- Dimensions Media

Transfer Rate

Tracks Access Time

Bits

Tracks

Company

(inches)

(bytes)

-sided (inches) Covering

(kilobits/sec.)

per Surface (milliseconds)

per Inch

per Inch

Hitachi

3

500K

Double 1.62 by 3.6 by 6.0 Hard

250

80 3

8946

100

Tabor

31A

500K

Single 1.62 by 4.0 by 5.5 Soft

250

80 10

9250

140

Shugart

3V2

500K

Single 1.62 by 4.0 by 6.0 Hard

250

80 6

8204

135

Tandon

3'/2

1000K

Double 1.62 by 4.0 by 6.0 Hard

250

80 3

8776

135

Sony

31/2

1000K

Double 2.0 by 4.0 by 5.1 Hard

500

80 12

8717

135

IBM

4

358K

Single 2.62 by 4.5 by 6.6 Hard

333.3

46 40

6865

—

Table 2:

Specifications for some

of the different microfloppy-disk drives

being announced as improved media and head-positioning technologies become available. Most 3V2-inch disk drives use only one side of the disk to store 500K bytes. Adding a second head, a simple redesign of the present drive, will create a 1-megabyte double-sided drive. Sony and Tandon have already announced this upgrade as well as versions of their drives with both the 5V4-inch interface and the Sony interface. Tandon has announced a $310 million agreement with a major microcomputer manufacturer (rumored to be IBM) for its disk drives (probably the

3V2-inch disk drive with the 5V4-inch interface).

Sony started delivering the first microfloppies in 1980 in one of its word processors. The company has since offered the microfloppy in its SMC-70 microcomputer. HewlettPackard placed a $30-million order for Sony microfloppy drives and recently announced that it had sold 25,000 drives in its various products, among them the Series 200 Model 16 microcomputer, which accounts for half of the estimated 50,000 microfloppy drives that have been sold so far. Computer Devices uses Sony drives

in its Dot microcomputer; RCA uses them in development systems; Sord, Jonos, and Universal Data Systems all use Sony Drives in their portable computers.

Sony will continue to manufacture and support its older drives, but now that the company is offering the new 3V2-inch drives with the MIC media and Shugart interfaces, it is debatable how many manufacturers will stay with the older Sony disk format or the Sony interface.

IBM's 4-inch disk drive: While the 4-inch IBM disk has more recording area than the 3V2-inch disk, it is too

The

intelligent keyboard for relaxed programming and handling

Your AMERICAN #ppKz, needs an adequate partner get him

The Best

Just a crosscut of ALPHA'S abilities

32 Functionkeys tor storing up to 310 characters. F. e. a

complete commandfile under one button with or

without breakpoints or handshake 3 character - sets directly creatable in the keyboard

like WordStar, PASCAL, CP/M or whatever you use.

Select your set by pushing button Z1, Z2 or Z3. MSB key for setting 8th bit (graphic) 2 Hardware keys for RESET Key switch: Keyboard/computer communication on/off

The intelligence inside helps you:

- it stores and lists out everything you programmed in the ALPHA

- it protects you from making mistakes

- it interfaces your computer to your ALPHA whet her you communicate parallel or seriell

More to come with your inquiry

ALPHA

ilabttn#ermanp Quality is our business

AFC Computer P.B. 90 31 69, 5000 Kflln 90, Phone (221) 83 80 00, Telex 8873254, West-Germany. - We accept VISA and Master Charge

M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research. Inc. ■ Trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. ■ IBM'1 is a trademark of IBM Corporation. ■ Pascal™ is a trademark of the Regents of the University of California at San Diego

172 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 560 on inquiry card.

GIVE YOUR COMPUTER A HAND

UDMOO-The Best Hand-Hel Computer Terminal on the Market Today {

The collection of data at the source provides you with faster turn-around time, no retranscnption cost, better service to your customer and possible improved cash flow The UDI-100 isyour means of cap italizing on these advantages-ata cost-justified investment.

Offers all these features:

• CMOS Memory

• LCD Matrix Display

• Heavy-Duty Case

• Powered by Four AA Batteries

• Custom Design Available

• 10.75x4.5x1.5 Inches

• 276K 8 Bit Byte Memory

• Two Lines of 32 Char Display

• Two-Way Communications

• Real Time Clock

• Alpha Numeric Keyboard

• Bar Code Wand Readers Code 39, UPC-A & E

• Easy to Use Program Generator

• Custom Program Available

• 21 Ounces Light

THE CARRY-ALONG COMPUTER

t9^d^ /> For more information, write or call: UNIVERSAL DATA, INC. A Division of Phyle Industries Limited WiM^jQ 3960 Ortonville Road (M-15)»Clarkston, Michigan 48016 CQfr§$> (313) 625-0158 •1-800-521-1056

Circle 469 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 173

big to fit easily in a shirt pocket and doesn't offer systems integrators enough of a size incentive to replace 5V4-inch disks. The IBM drive presently stores only 358K bytesless storage capacity in a larger package than a 3V2-inch drive. It has a slow (40-millisecond) track-to-track access time, and both the data-transfer rate and the interface are nonstandard. Until this drive is used in an IBM product, it probably won't go far.

The most popular interface for microfloppy-disk drives is the standard 5V4-inch Shugart interface used on most 5V4-inch floppy-disk drives. This standard defines the data and control lines and specifies a disk rotation of 300 revolutions per minute (rpm) and an information transfer rate of 250K bits per second. Disk drives that use the 5V4-inch interface can be easily interchanged. Systems integrators can then use the new microfloppies directly in place of the

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For last delivery, seno certified check, money order or call 10 arrange direct dank wire transfer Personal er company checks require two to three weeks to clear Prices subject to change without notice: call lor latest prices Prices include 3% cash discount, N.Y. residents add sales tax. Qantex is a trademark ol North Atlantic Industries. Inc. CP/ IvT is a trademark of Digital Research All sales subject to our standard sale conditions (available on request) Call lor shipping charges. Above prices do not include cuslomization or installation DBase II is a trademark ol Ashton Tate. P.O.'s accepted upon our credit approval; calf for prices and terms.

older 5V4-inch drives. Computer manufacturers in turn can take advantage of tried-and-true technology (their existing computers and the proven reliability of 5V4-inch interfaces) while getting to the market first with smaller, faster computer systems.

The new microfloppy-disk drives access information on the disk quickly. Transferring that information out of the drive and into the computer, however, can be a slow process. Systems designers may feel limited by the Shugart interface transfer speed of 250K bits per second when they want to use the new, faster microprocessors and memory that microfloppy-disk performance can't keep up with. That's one of the major reasons why Sony is offering its 600-rpm 3V2-inch disk drive with a Sony interface that can transfer information at 500K bits per second, effectively twice the speed of the Shugart interface and the same as double-density 8-inch disk drives.

Case Study of a Microfloppy

Shugart Corporation's entry in the microfloppy field is the SA300, a single-sided drive that stores 500K bytes on a 3V2-inch disk (see photo 1). The SA300 measures 1.6 inches high, 4 inches wide, and 6 inches deep and weighs only 1.3 pounds. The drive is extremely quiet and has only nine moving parts because of its efficient, brushless direct-drive DC motor, which eliminates the need for belts and pulleys. It records with the JV1FM (modified-frequency modulation) method at a density of 8204 bits per inch and 135 tracks per inch, with 80 tracks per side. Track-totrack access time is 6 milliseconds. The SA300 uses +12 volts when the disk is being accessed, dissipating less than 8 watts. In a standby mode it uses +5 volts and dissipates less than 4 watts, producing about onethird less heat than standard 5V4-inch disks. In portable computer systems this translates to less draw on a battery pack and thus longer operation without recharging batteries. The lower heat dissipation also means that parts last longer.

In terms of its interface and the

174 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

Circle 372 on inquiry card.

Thinking about a 1200 Baud Phone Modem?

You need time.

And PRO-MODEM 1200 has it. A Real Time Clock/Calendar combined

with an intelligent full 212A 300/1200 baud telephone modem. Plus

the capability to expand into a full telecommunications system.

Much more than just a phone modem.

When you're on-line, time is money. PRO-MODEM helps you

save. By monitoring the duration and cost of your phone calls.

By sending and receiving messages at preset times when the

rates are lower. Unattended. With or without your computer.

Compare the $495 PRO-MODEM 1200 with any other modem on the market. For example, you'd have to buy both the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 plus their Chronograph for about $950 to get a modem with time base.

And PRO-MODEM 1200 does more. It lets you

build a full telecommunications system with

features like Rep Dialer, Incoming and Outgoing

Message Buffering, Mailing List, Help Mode,

Programmable Operating Instructions, a

12-Character Alpha-Numeric Time and

Message Display, and easy to use

PRO-COM Software.

There isn't space to describe it all here.

See your local dealer for complete

details now. It'll be well worth

your time. And money.

Prometheus Products, Inc., 45277 Fremont Blvd., Fremont, CA 94538, (415)490-2370

i ki m

m

Pro-Modem 1200 from LT

7 1

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System 6/16B $5395

System 8/16C $6895

System 8/16 68K $6895

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All Systems include SORCIM'S SUPERWRITER, SPELL CHECKER, MAIL LIST & FORM LETTER PROGRAMS.

INTERFACE!* 3-5 Serial A&T $445

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RAM-16 64K8/16ASJ $415

RAM-21128KB/16AST $825

CPU 68K W/CP/M & 4th AST $790

CPU 8086/87 AST $567

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DISK JOCKEY-DMA CONTROLLER W/CP/M S.MBASIC $480

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configuration of the disk track density and layout, the Shugart SA300 is compatible with computer systems that use standard 5V4-inch disks. Consequently, it can be plugged into any system that has previously used standard 5¥4-inch disks. Plug compatibility enables systems designers and OEMs to use the latest technology in data storage while preserving their investment in their existing hardware and software. And alleviating drastic redesigns helps keep costs to the end user to a minimum.

Standards for the Future

Of the four competing disks, the 3V2-inch hard-shell cartridge is becoming the de facto standard. Its media is safer and more reliable due to the hard case and automatic shutter. At the outset, consumers will have to pay up to $7 per disk for this added safety, but with mass production the prices will quickly be competitive with 5V*-inch disk prices. The 3V2-inch disk is small enough to fit into a shirt pocket and large enough to hold a megabyte of storage without taxing present disk technologies. Just as the audiocassette replaced reel-to-reel tapes, the 3V2-inch disk could become a mass-marketing phenomenon.

The compatibility and portability of the 3V2-inch disk drive with the Shugart interface also bodes well for its success. The 5V*-inch-compatible interface, it should be added, protects investments in existing software and disk controllers.

Marketplace acceptance will ultimately determine the standard for the next generation of sub-5V4-inch drives and media. But the compromise agreement between Sony and the MIC, along with hard-shell media protection, a plug-compatible standard interface, and a potential for enhancements, make the 3V2-inch Shugart-interface disk drive the leading contender for the title of industry standard. ■

Thomas Jarrett is the microfloppy marketing manager at Shugart Associates (475 Oakmead Pkwy., Sunnyvale, CA 94086).

176 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 386 on Inquiry card.

High resolution, low cost graphics should be more than a retrothought.

w

try settle for a low resolution retrofit graphics termin when you can have a VISUAL high resolution terminal with quality and reliability built in. And at a cost that makes retrofits overpriced.

The VISUAL 500 and VISUAL 550 emulate the Tektronix" 4010/4014 but cost only about half as much. And they provide 585(V) x 768(H) resolution for sharp text and graphic display on a large 14" screen without the need to add boards or change the CRT. This superior resolution offers the ideal vertical to horizontal dot density ratio of 1:1 for balanced images and reduces the "stairstep" effect you get with most retrothoughts.

The VISUAL 500 provides selectable emulations ■% of the DEC VT52,' Data General D200, Lear Siegler ADM3A," and Hazeltine 1500 terminals. The VISUAL 550 is DEC VT100' protocol-compatible as well as a character or block mode terminal which complies to the ANSI X3.64 standard.

Call or write for a free comprehensive reference booklet on graphics terminals including a glossary of graphics buzzwords.

_

^TnT

See for yourself

Visual Technology Incorporated

540 Main Street, Tewksbury, MA 01876

Telephone (617) 851-5000. Telex 951-539

Circle 474 on inquiry card.

VISUAL 500/550

VISUAL

RETROTHOUGHTS

DIGI1

SELANAR

SG100

500

550

VT640S

VT640

DQ650S 240

DQ650M 480

iPUJS

SG200

SG480

Vertical Resolution

585

585

240

480

240

240

480

Horizontal Resolution

768

768

640

640

800

800

1225

1225

780

Dot Density Ratio

1:1

1:1

1:2

1:1

1:3

1:1

1:4

1:4

1:1

Screen Size

14"

14"

12"

12"

12"

12"

12"

12"

12"

Tektronix 4014 Compatible

STD

STD

NO

NO

NO

STD

NO

STD

STD

Data Tablet Support

STO

STD

NO

NO

OPT

OPT

NO

NO

NO

Vtulti-Vendor Printer Support

STD

STD

OPT

OPT

OPT

OPT

OPT

OPT

OPT

8 Dir. Cross Hair Cursor

STD

STD

NO

NO

NO

NO

OPT

OPT

OPT

Programmable Function Keys

STD

STD

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Tilt/Swivel Enclosure

STD

STD

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

NO

Compatibility

VT52

VT100

VT100

VT100

VT100

VT100

VT100

VT100

VT100

ADM3A

VT52

VT52

VT52

VT52

VT52

VT52

VT52

VT52

H1500

ANSI

D200

X3.64

PRICE (suggested list*)

$2,495

2,695

3,025

3,355

3,025

3.510

2,890

3,390

3,190

"fietrothougnls price includes DEC VTI00" terminal based on published information as of 4/1/83.

System Review

The HP-75 Portable Computer

This briefcase computer from Hewlett-Packard has powerful real-time scheduling capabilities

by Rowland Archer Jr.

The HP-75 marks Hewlett-Packard's entry into the midpriced portable computer fray. Truly a portable computer, the HP-75 includes a full-featured BASIC interpreter, a text editor, a real-time clock/calendar, and an appointment scheduler (see photo above).

Low-power CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) memory (16K bytes, upgradable to 24K) retains files, programs, and the appointment calendar when the machine is switched off (only the display actually powers down). A rechargeable battery pack keeps the HP-75 running for about 20 hours of active use before it needs to be recharged.

Magnetic cards are used to save and restore programs and data files. Each card holds about 1300 bytes. Op

tional peripherals, such as a video-display driver, a digital cassette recorder, and a thermal printer, can be connected through the HP-IL (Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop) port on the back of the HP-75.

Display

The HP-75 has a 1-line, 32-character liquid-crystal display (LCD). System software provides automatic horizontal scrolling through a 32-character window, up to a maximum line length of 96 characters. All visible ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) characters (uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and punctuation) can be displayed by the HP-75, with or without underlining. It also contains a

178 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

set of special characters: graphics symbols, a partial Greek alphabet, and several characters needed to support foreign languages, such as the umlaut over the o. Using a computer with a 1-line display takes some getting used to, though the software makes it more tolerable. Commands such as LIST (list a text file or a BASIC program) cause the text to pause automatically after displaying each successive line. The duration of this pause can be set by a command.

Keyboard

The keyboard contains 65 keys in a standard QWERTY layout. All of the 256 possible 8-bit character codes can be generated from the keyboard. Each key repeats automatically when held down. Three special keys marked TIME, APPT, and EDIT can be pressed at any time to switch into the clock/calendar display, the appointment-scheduling program, or the text editor, respectively. The FET key can be used to fetch the message associated with the most recent error. DEL deletes single characters; CLR clears entire lines. Four arrow keys are used to move the cursor within the current line or to the next or previous line.

The keys give tactile feedback and an audible click when they are pressed, but they have a very short travel. I did not find the keyboard suitable for fast touch-typing; the calculator-like buttons are too small and require too much pressure. However, I would guess that they will remain highly reliable, based on their similarity to HP calculator keys.

A very flexible keyboard reprogramming feature lets you assign a string of characters to any one of 194 valid key codes and key combinations. For example, you could assign a set of BASIC keywords to all the ASCII control characters, so that pressing CTL (control) plus a key would enter an entire keyword. The current set of keyboard definitions is drawn from a file called keys. You can maintain keyboard redefinition files on magnetic cards or in-memory files.

Magnetic Cards

As many multiple program and data files as memory permits can be stored in the HP-75. If you need to store additional files, you can use the built-in magnetic card reader. Magnetic cards are also used to transfer software between machines. Several sample programs come with the HP-75 on prerecorded cards.

The magnetic cards store 650 bytes on each of two tracks for a total of 1300 bytes. You can read or write cards by pulling them manually through a slot in the lower right-hand corner of the machine, as prompted by the system software. It took a while to find the right speed to pull the cards through the reader. Warning messages tell you if you pulled too slowly or too quickly, but only within a limited range of the correct speed. Outside this range, you get a warning of bad read/write. My machine may have had some problems with the card reader, as it would sometimes give an error as soon as I pushed the RTN (return) button; according to the manual, there

At a Glance

Name

Hewlett-Packard HP-75C Portable Computer

Distributor

Hewlett-Packard Corvallis Division 1000 Northeast Circle Blvd. Corvallis, OR 97330

Dimensions

II ya by 6 by 1 % inches; 1 pound, 10 ounces

Features

Rechargeable battery pack; AC adapter; 16K bytes of memory; HP proprietary microprocessor; 65 keys; HP Interface Loop; full ASCII plus graphics, some Greek letters, some European-accented roman letters; I line of 32 characters on liquid-crystal display

Other peripherals

Built-in magnetic card reader

Expansion features

User memory to 24K bytes total; three plug-in ROM sockets; HP Interface Loop peripherals including video display, digital cassette, and thermal printer

Software

BASIC interpreter, text editor, file manager, clock/calendar, and appointment scheduler

Price

S995

Documentation

360-page, softcover, 3-hole punched Owner's Manual with complete operating instructions, tutorial, table of contents, and index; quick-reference manual not received for review

Audience

For programmers and professionals in need of a portable computer with appointment scheduling, editing, and BASIC programming capabilities

is supposed to be about a 5-second delay before it presents an error message.

The HP-75 automatically computes the number of cards needed to save a file and prompts you to insert them one by one. When you read a file back from cards, you do not need to read the tracks back in the order you wrote them, as long as you read all the tracks at least once.

Hardware Expansion

The HP-75C comes with 16K bytes of RAM (randomaccess read/write memory) in addition to 48K bytes of ROM (read-only memory). I tested an HP-75D, which includes an additional 8K bytes of RAM, for a total of 24K. Most of this is available for user programs and data; my machine showed 22,463 bytes free after a system reset. If you buy an HP-75C, you can purchase the 8K bytes

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

179

of RAM later and simply plug the module in behind the battery compartment.

Three slots on the front of the HP-75 accommodate ROM modules, which can add new functions to the system. There were no details supplied with the review machine on these functions, but reference is made in the owner's manual to expanding BASIC with new features.

The rear of the HP-75 contains an HP-IL port (see "The Hewlett-Packard Interface Loop," by Robert Katz, April 1982 BYTE, pages 76-92). This is a two-wire expansion bus used by HP for connecting peripherals such as a digital cassette recorder, a thermal printer, and a video interface. The same peripherals used by the HP-41C hand-held computer can be used by the HP-75.

File System

An in-memory file system is the basis for storage of text files (or documents) and BASIC programs. Files can be created and modified, renamed, deleted, and copied to magnetic card or any other device on the HP-IL. File names can have as many as eight characters. Files can be protected in two ways: First, a BASIC program can be made private, in which case it can be run and deleted, but not listed or edited. Second, a password can be supplied for any file when you copy it to a card; that card cannot be read unless you supply the correct password.

The system knows about five types of files: BASIC programs, text files, appointment files, LEX files, and interchange files. Appointment files are managed by the appointment-scheduler program. LEX files are language-extension files. They add new commands to BASIC or the operating system. Interchange files are standard-format (not specified) files used to exchange information with other computers. A command is provided to transform files between BASIC, text, and interchange formats.

Text Editor'

The HP-75's text-editing capabilities are used by all the other software (BASIC, appointment scheduler, clock/ calendar program, and filer). This line editor is both powerful and easy to use.

You can move a blinking block cursor across the line with the left and right arrow keys. Characters can be changed by typing over them. One key deletes the character under the cursor, and another key toggles the editor in and out of insert mode, which lets you insert characters between existing characters.

The two modes of text editing are for BASIC programs and documents. BASIC program statements are checked for valid syntax as they are entered. Both file types require line numbers before every line of text. These line numbers are used to specify a line or range of lines to be listed, printed, moved, deleted, and renumbered.

Appointment Scheduler

The appointment-scheduling program makes extensive use of the clock/calendar system. The HP-75 software is set up so you can switch between editing a BASIC program or text file, running the appointment scheduler, and checking or setting the time, all without losing any work in progress in another mode. By pressing the APPT key, you switch to the appointment-scheduling program. If an appointment is due, it will appear in the display with the time and date underlined for emphasis. If no appointment is due, you are given a template to use to create a new appointment:

Day Mo/Dy/Yr Hr:Mn AM #1N !Note

You fill in the day, date, and time fields to indicate when your appointment comes due. There is a lot of flexibil

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Requires 8" floppy drive. (415) 324-9114 TWX: 910-370-7457 467 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 2, Palo Alto, Calif. 94301

180 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 304 on inquiry card.

More documentation? Go to a book store."

"Training? Call a computer school."

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"Technical support? Call the publisher."

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BYTE September 1983 181

ity and ease of use here; you can fill in the day and time only, and the program will automatically supply the date of the next occurrence of that day. Similarly, the day will be supplied if you fill in the date and time.

The #1 field specifies the alarm type. Nine different types of alarms are provided, from quick beeps to urgentsounding sirens. The alpha character is the appointment type: N stands for normal; R specifies a repeating appointment, in which case a new appointment will be automatically rescheduled at a given interval in the future as soon as this one comes due. A is like R, but you must acknowledge the due appointment before a new one will be scheduled. !Note can be anything you want. Typically it will describe the appointment or reminder, such as "phone home." You can also schedule a BASIC command (including RUN program) to be executed when the given time arrives.

When an appointment comes due, the HP-75 will take one or more actions depending on what it is doing at the time. If you are using the machine for something else, the alarm will sound and the letters APPT will show at the bottom of the display. When you are finished using the machine, the action associated with that appointment will be done (either the Note displayed or the BASIC command executed). If the display is turned off when the appointment comes due, the alarm sounds and the action is immediately performed.

I don't think average executives will forgo their secretarial support and carry an HP-75 around all day to keep their schedules. On the other hand, I think that this facility could form the basis for a powerful real-time control system. The relative immunity to power failures and the ability to schedule the execution of BASIC programs provides a great deal of flexibility for a home control system.

Immediate Mode and BASIC

When the HP-75 is in EDIT mode, you can enter arithmetic expressions to be evaluated. This is referred to as calculator mode and is like the immediate execution mode supported by most BASIC interpreters. The RES (result) function is always equal to the result of the last expression evaluated, handy for long calculations. You can assign values to variables in this mode, and the variables so defined will be kept separate from program variables. I found this concept a bit strange and prefer having one pool of variables shared between programs and calculator mode.

All arithmetic is carried out in decimal format, meaning no precision is lost in conversion between an internal binary format and an external decimal display format. You can enter numbers as long as 13 digits; all values are rounded to 12 places before storage. The range of legal value is -9.99999999999E499 to + 9.99999999999E499. The smallest positive number is + IE-499; the smallest negative number is -IE-499.

Variable names can be one letter or a letter followed by a single digit. Four types of simple variables are allowed: REAL, SHORT, INTEGER, and STRING. REAL

182 September 1983 @ BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

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Listing 1: This sample program in HP-75 BASIC illustrates the userdefinable function (DEF FN).

10 DEF FNA$

20 H$ = TIMES

30 H = VAL(H$[1,2])

40 IF H > 11 THEN FNA$ = 'PM' ELSE FNA$ =

50 END DEF

AM'

numbers have the full precision given above. SHORT numbers take up less space, having five digits plus a twodigit exponent, giving a range of -9.9999E99 to +9.9999E99. An INTEGER can have five digits, ranging from -99999 to +99999. A STRING can be of any length up to the amount of memory in the machine. One- and two-dimensional arrays of each numeric type are allowed, but there are no string arrays.

A very complete set of numeric- and string-manipulation functions is included with the HP-75. Logical operators include AND, OR, EXOR (Exclusive OR), and NOT; HP's scientific bent shows up in its selection of trigonometric functions, which goes beyond the usual sine, cosine, and tangent functions to include arc sine, arc cosine, arc tangent, cosecant, secant, and cotangent. Arguments can be in degrees or radians, and functions to convert between degrees and radians are provided. A built-in constant approximates pi to 12 places. String

functions can find the length of a string, search one string for another, convert lowercase to uppercase, and convert numbers to strings and vice versa.

There isn't enough space here to describe the BASIC in detail. I can say in general that it has many features, and I found nothing that did not work as advertised. Most HP-75 features can be controlled from within a BASIC program, giving the system a lot of flexibility and power.

For example, the user-defined-function capability (including multiline functions) lets you define a function that returns the string AM if the time is before 12:00 noon, or PM if it is 12:00 noon or later (see listing 1).

TIMES is a built-in function that returns a string containing the current time (based on the 24-hour clock), such as 10:07:42. Line 30 converts the first two characters (10 in this case) to a number representing the hour of the day. Line 40 sets the value of the function to PM or AM based on a comparison to 11 a.m. If your BASIC program contains a call to FNA$, AM or PM will be supplied according to the time of day.

More BASIC Features

A BASIC program can contain as many as 1001 timers. Each timer can be individually set to delay an event for anything from fractions of a second to centuries. The ON TIMER #<n>, <delay> <statement> statement will set the <delay> for timer number <n>, and execute

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<statement> every <delay> seconds. It is possible to write a program that runs, establishes some timers, and turns the machine off, but keeps the timers active. When a timer runs out, the specified action will occur.

A single program can access up to 9999 files; in practice, the actual limit will be determined by available memory. Data is stored in a file by a succession of BASIC DATA statements. Each data statement has a line number, and you can specify a line number in a READ statement to start reading data from any line in the file. Entire arrays can be written and read using a single statement. For example, to write the two-dimensional array A(,) to file number 1, just type "PRINT #1; A(,)".

Programs can call other programs, which in turn can call others up to the limit of available memory. Variable values are passed between programs by writing them to a file.

Hewlett-Packard has provided good debugging capabilities. The TRACE statement can display the line number of the executing statement and (optionally) the value of any simple numeric variables changed in that statement. Programs can be stepped through one line at a time; each line is displayed before it is executed. You can use ON ERROR GOTO and ON ERROR GOSUB statements in your program to take action when an error occurs. The ERRN and ERRL functions return the error number and line number in which the error occurred.

Documentation

The HP-75 comes with a hefty manual (larger and heavier than the HP-75 itself) packed with 360 pages of information about the machine. The manual is well written and organized. The first three chapters provide an overview of the system, with hands-on examples that familiarize you with the editor, clock/calendar, appointment scheduler, and file system. This is an introduction for the beginner, yet it has you doing useful things fairly quickly.

The second part of the manual contains seven chapters that cover every part of the HP-75 in detail, except BASIC, which is covered later. Keyboard redefinition, connec

tion of HP-IL peripherals, immediate mode numeric calculations, use of the card reader, and all the details of the clock/calendar and appointment scheduler are discussed.

The third part of the manual contains seven chapters describing HP-75 BASIC. Numerous examples are provided to facilitate learning. Some examples are on prerecorded magnetic cards; others give you practice typing in a program.

Eight appendixes cover accessories, warranties, a summary of keyboard and display usage, the HP-75 character set, memory requirements of various system functions, machine defaults, a table of legal abbreviations for keywords, error conditions, listings of prerecorded programs, a glossary, and a syntax summary. The manual ends with a detailed subject index and instruction-set index.

According to the preface, there is a smaller, more portable reference manual that summarizes the HP-75's commands; this would certainly be a useful adjunct to the machine.

Conclusion

This is a well-integrated and powerful machine. I did get an opportunity to use it with the optional digitalcassette and thermal-printer devices, and they work smoothly and effectively. The HP-IL loop works well and enables the computer to communicate with other HP peripherals. However, it does tie you to HP's devices, rather than letting you use devices that interface to standard serial or parallel ports such as modems.

Overall, I am very impressed with the quality of construction and programmability of this machine. If you are interested in a single-vendor solution to your needs for a very portable computer with powerful real-time scheduling capabilities, you should look closely at the HP-75. ■

Rowland Archer ]r. (5420 Loyal Place, Durham, NC 27713) earned a master's degree in computer science from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and is software development manager for a major computer manufacturer. He has written several articles and reviews for BYTE.

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186 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Prices subiect to change without notice SHIPPING: UPS add $2.00 plus

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BYTE September 1983 187

System Review

The Access Portable Computer

This portable offers all the hardware a computer user could want in

a small package

by Terry Kepner

Would you buy a computer primarily because it comes with almost all the hardware you'll ever need? The Access Matrix Corporation is betting you would. The Access portable computer includes all the components most users find necessary: a full-sized detachable

keyboard, a 7-inch (diagonal) amber display two doubledensity disk drives; an 80-column dot-matrix printer; acoustic and direct connect modems; two RS-232C ports; one IEEE-488 port; one 8-bit parallel port; a composite video output jack, and an 8-inch disk driver interface. All this hardware comes in a package that weighs just 33 pounds (see photo 1).

Also included with each Access computer is a complete set of software: Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc, Perfect Filer, PFONT, CP/M 2.2, Microsoft's MBASIC, and Digital Research's CBASIC.

Setting up the Access is easy: open the shipping box, lift out the computer, and plug in the power cord. If you're familiar with CP/M, you can start using the computer and its software right away. The users manual includes a short tutorial on CP/M but if you're unfamiliar with the program you'll need another source of information to learn CP/M's intricacies.

The Hardware

The Access features a 4-MHz Z80A microprocessor and 64K bytes of dynamic RAM (random-access read/write

Photo 1: The Access portable computer system with its keyboard detached.

Photo 2: The Access printer mechanism with its plastic cover removed.

188 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

memory). A separate Z80A controls the video display, the real-time clock, and the keyboard interface. The printer uses two other microprocessors (an 8741 and an 8749), and an 8749 controls keyboard scanning. An additional 4K-byte RAM is used for the system monitor, two 4K-byte system EPROMs (erasable programmable read-only memory) hold the bootstrap firm, and one 256-character EPROM is used as the display generator.

The 7-inch amber screen has 24 lines of 80 characters featuring the full 96 ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set, both uppercase and lowercase. The characters on the review unit were made up of 5- by 7-dot patterns within an 8 by 11 matrix (the specifications sheet incorrectly stated that the characters are 7 by 9 in a 9 by 11 block). The characters are difficult to read on a 7-inch screen, but, according to Access Matrix, the production units will have 6- by 8-dot characters (a 25 percent size increase), making the characters much easier to identify. A twentyfifth line on the screen is reserved by the system as a status information line.

The separate processor for the video display makes it possible to assign attributes to the screen. These include inverse video; blinking characters; underlined and double-underlined characters; and half-intensity and full-intensity display characters. It is also possible to define the cursor as either a line or a block, blinking or not blinking. Even special features, such as protected and unprotected fields; insert/delete characters or lines, and erase and other useful functions, can be assigned to the screen.

The Access's video display was designed to emulate the Soroc 120 video terminal and will respond to the control codes used by the Soroc.

Keyboard

The keyboard is full-size and low-profile. In addition to regular typewriter keys, a block of 15 keys does double duty as either a numeric keypad (with plus, minus,

and equals signs) or as a set of 15 special-function keys. The keyboard also has cursor-control keys, Caps Lock, Tab, Backspace, Escape, Control, Control Lock, Clear Screen, Print Screen on Printer, Delete, and Video/ Printer On/Off-line keys.

When moving the computer, you can fold the keyboard up over the screen. When the computer is in use, the keyboard can be attached or detached from the main unit. When detached, the cord between the keyboard and the terminal stretches 4 feet. The cord's reach allows the user ample room to situate himself comfortably when an auxiliary monitor is attached to the computer.

A tilt stand is built into the two front feet of the computer to lift the video display to a comfortable reading height and angle.

Printer Unit

The printer mechanism is an Epson MX-80, one of the most popular dot-matrix printers (see photo 2). Friction feed moves the paper, and the unit prints bidirectionally at 80 characters per second. Four column widths are available: 80 (normal mode), 40 (expanded mode), 132 (compressed mode), and 66 (compressed-expanded mode). The printer mechanism can print standard ASCII characters (both uppercase and lowercase alpha) as well as 73 graphic characters and special characters in a 9 by 9 dot matrix. For charts and diagrams, it can print dotaddressable graphics.

The platen control knob, located below the printer dust cover, is a geared wheel that you turn. Controlling the printer off line (linefeeding, formfeeding, and setting top of form) is done through software commands from the keyboard. A $40 tractor feed is available as an optional extra.

Mass Storage

The disk drives, mounted to the immediate right of the video-display terminal (see photo 3), are 5V4-inch,

Photo 3: The front of the Access—note the 7-inch screen, two halfheight drives, and the disk compartment.

Photo 4: A telephone handset in the acoustic modem cups.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 189

At a Glance

Name

Access Portable Computer

Use

General-purpose computing, word processing, programming, spreadsheet, and file management

Manufacturer

Access Matrix Corporation 2159 Bering Dr. San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 263-3660

Size

1614 by 10 by 10% inches

Weight

33 pounds

Standard Features

Hardware: 7-inch (diagonal) amber display (80 characters, 25 lines), dual 184K-byte disk drives, dot-matrix printer, acoustic and direct connect modems, 64K-byte RAM, two RS-232C ports, one parallel port, one IEEE-488 port, composite video output, 8-inch disk-drive interface, and detachable keyboard. Software: Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Calc. Perfect Filer, MBASIC, CBASIC, PFONT, TELCOMU (communications program), Systems Utilities, CP/M 2.2

Documentation

Manuals for the Perfect programs. Access Manual (three-ring binder)

Price

S2495

Options

Uninterruptible power supply, S239: tractor feed for printer, $40: double-sided disk drives, S100 each: carrying case (not yet available): softcover (S30), hardcover ($130). shipping case (S250)

half-height units. Each single-sided double-density drive has a formatted capacity of 184K bytes, organized as forty 18-sector tracks with 256 bytes per sector. To the right of the two drives is a recess in which you can store about 10 floppy disks. At the front of the recess is a lip that prevents the disks from falling out. Additional doublesided double-density drives with more than 700K bytes of storage on line can be added if more storage space is needed.

Communications

The acoustic modem is mounted behind the printer and is designed to accept a standard Bell telephone handset (see photo 4). On the back of the Access computer, behind and below the acoustic modem, are the two modular jacks for direct connection to the phone line. By placing the Access in line between the telephone and the wall jack, you can use your phone normally or use the computer to auto-dial and connect to another computer. Of course, the auto-dial and auto-answer features will not work if you're using the acoustic

Photo 5: The rear panel of the Access showing (left to right, top): poioer cord storage compartment, on/off switch, and fan. Bottom panel (left to right): bidirectional parallel port, two RS-232C serial ports, external video monitor jack, and IEEE-488 port.

coupler. The modem can be operated from 0 to 300 bits per second (bps), full or half duplex.

The Access computer has two RS-232C ports that support any data rate from 61 to 9600 bps. The two ports, labeled port A and port B, are terminated with DB-25 connectors. Port A is electronically connected to the direct-connect phone jack, so that any information arriving over the phone appears at port A. Incoming phone information can be monitored on a terminal and/or an RS-232C printer attached to port A. Port B is a general-purpose serial port.

The 8-bit parallel port can be configured as a Centronics-compatible printer port for external printers or as a bidirectional port for connecting to outside peripherals.

Power Option

An optional combination battery pack and uninterruptible power supply (UPS) affords both convenience and true portability. Not only does the UPS provide 1 hour of emergency battery-power backup, it also incorporates a line filter to eliminate power surges and voltage spikes. The UPS can be recharged from standard 115- 220-; and 12-volt supplies (your car's electrical system can power the Access).

Hardware Hassles

I have a few complaints about the review unit. First, the latch that holds the keyboard closed is an invitation to broken fingernails. To open the keyboard, the user must press down on its edge and bend the plastic case while simultaneously pulling the keyboard forward and outward to release the metal retaining pin. In terms of engineering, this latch is not only inelegant, it is inept! I was not the only one who found this inexcusableAccess Matrix has informed me the latch mount has been redesigned to eliminate this problem.

My second gripe concerns the carrying handle, which is not mounted over the computer's center of gravity. When you move the computer, it tilts forward instead

190 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

S lOOAVorld News

MACROTECH International Corporation

20630 Lassen Street, Chatsworth, California • 213-700-1501

NOW 1 MEGABYTE MAX FOR ALPHA MICRO

CHATSWORTH-June 30, 1983-Mike Pelkey, Macrotech International President, announced today that a special version of MAX is now running in Alpha Micro Systems.

This special version is available only through Soft Machines of Champaign, IL. (217) 351-7199. Howard Ogle of Soft Machines stated, "The new AM-MAX1 runs full speed with all three Alpha S100 machines'.' Ogle also said, "The AM-MAX1 is not only the most economical memory for Alpha, but the most versatile as well. The system is even faster with Soft Machines' 'GO FAST' disk cache utilities'.' Howard ogle

Bob Rubendunst of Soft Machines reports, "Every MAX is shipped with software that greatly simplifies implementation on bank switched systems. Also included are detailed installation instructions and diagnostic programs'.'

Dealer inquiries and orders should be directed to Bob at Soft Machines. M

%F

MAX SERIES GAINS WIDE ACCEPTANCE

CHATSWORTH-June 30,1983-S100 systems manufacturers, integrators and users have been ordering and implementing MAX for a wide variety of environments and applications. These environments would include both 8- and 16-bit processors. Typical examples would include graphics and virtual disk implementations.

These environments include 16 bit systems such as those manufactured by Empirical Research Group, Dual Systems, Compupro, Cromemco, Lomas and Seattle. MAXh&s been used in non IEEE/696 systems such as Alpha Micro.

These MAXusers have taken advantage of the density, high speed and low cost per bit to bring large system memories to S100 buyers.

Ralph Ring of Compatible Systems Engineering of Annandale, VA, (703) 941-0917 has used 4 AfciYboards in a dual system UNIX* environment. Mr. Ring stated, "My application required a 4 megabyte system memory. Quarter meg boards were impractical, the MAXiS ideal for this system'.'

Systems builders are using the M-1 option to utilize large memories in 8-bit environments. Using the MAYboard in this environment means using a single board for all memory needs. This includes functioning as system memory, virtual disk or cache memory. Some of these 8-bit environments include Compupro, CCS, Tarbell, IMS & Ithaca Intersystems.

M3 translates the 16 logic bits from an 8-bit processor into 24 physical address bits. This

MACROTECH Moves

CHATSWORTH-June 30,1983-Macrotech has moved to larger facilities located at 20630 Lassen St., Chatsworth, CA 91311. The new phone number is (213) 700-1501. 'Due to a healthier marketplace and a ph^r.^/.iiviial demand for the MAX series, larger facilities were necessary. This permits additional staffing, increased producand -usiomer support levels',' said

Mike Fwlkj

jisiut/ii.. of Ma^iuiech. M

©1983 Macrotech International Corporation.

Virtual Disk for CP/M 86*

Dan West, Westcom Systems

BURBANK-June 30, 1983-Most of the CP/M 86* application programs available today fail to take advantage of the possible one megabyte address space. Virtual Disk for CP/M 86* will convert this unused space into RAM resident disk capacity for greatly improved disk access processing. The easily installed Virtual Disk 86 software module has been added to Macrotech's applications software available to owners of MAX series and 128ST memory boards. M

opens up the system to a 16 meg address space. Using software provided in the manual, virtual disk can be implemented using CP/M 2.2? CP/M 3.0? or MP/M 2* operating system.

If you think about it—quality, price, performance, and the reputation of Macrotech International—it's no wonder so many demanding systems builders have used MAXseries dynamic memory. The S100 world's only full function one megabyte IEEE/696 memory.

Virtual Disk Gives MAX Split Personality

BURBANK-June 30,1983-"Many current operating systems permit MAXto double as both virtual disk and system memory," stated Dan West of Westcom Systems. As an example, an MP/M 2.1* system using MAX-M could be configured as a 512K system memory and a 512K Vdisk. A typical CP/M 3.0* configuration could be 256K of system memory and up to 768K Vdisk. CP/M 2.2* of course, only permits a 64K system memory, leaving the balance for a virtual disk. With MAX, or the 128ST, both functions can run simultaneously in a single memory board. M

"CP/M 2,2. CP/M 3.0, CP/M 8ft and MP/M 2.1 are registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of Hell Labs.

Circle 270 on Inquiry card.

of hanging level. When set down, the keyboard edge strikes the surface before the rubber feet. Not only is this disconcerting, the unit could receive quite a jolt if the carrier misjudges the surface clearance.

Third, the folks at Access must design a more secure cover for the printer mechanism. The present plastic cover pops off whenever brushed against. And, finally, the entire unit should have some sort of carrying case because the backplate is a perforated metal panel and the external connectors (RS-232C, parallel port, etc.) are exposed (see photo 5).

Software

In addition to CP/M 2.2, Access Matrix includes the following software with the computer: Perfect Writer, a word processor; Perfect Speller, a spelling checker; Perfect Filer, a file manager; and Perfect Calc, an electronic spreadsheet. Two high-level languages are also included: Microsoft's MBASIC and CBASIC from Digital Research. The manuals for these programs are softcover, perfect-bound books, with complete descriptions, examples, and indexes. They also contain summary cards of the commands.

Along with these "canned" programs, Access Matrix includes some "custom" software—programs expressly tailored to the Access portable. The two most important are a telecommunications program and a print control program.

The telecommunications program (TELCOMU) gives you control over the RS-232C ports and the modems. It lets you select the operating modes, ports, and UART settings. The main failing of TELCOMU is that it isn't complete. Several features listed in the menu aren't explained in the manual, and several features mentioned in the manual cannot be implemented. In fairness, the manual is stamped preliminary and the final version may correct these failings.

PFONT, the print control program, is a subset of the text formatter, Fancy Font, and could be used instead of the formatter built into Perfect Writer. PFONT lets you control the usual functions: margins, headers and footers, vertical and horizontal page centering, line centering, page length, tabs, and page numbering. PFONT is important because it offers a number of print fonts: Roman (8, 10, 12, 18, and 40 point), bold Roman (10,12, and 18 point), italics Roman (10,12, and 18 point), script (12, 18, and 20 point), sans serif (8, 10, 12, and 18 point), italic sans serif (12 point), and Old English (18, 20, and 40 point). These are in addition to the 10 fonts available on the standard Epson printer. PFONTs can be combined on a single line (as can Epson fonts). However, you cannot mix PFONTs and Epson fonts on one line.

CP/M Utilities

Other programs supplied with the Access include a configuration program to change the defaults of the video monitor, printer, RS-232C ports and parallel port; a program to set the correct time and date on the system clock; a program to format and copy disks; and a program to display a disk file on the monitor.

Summary

The Access is a complete, portable, hardware/software system designed for the average user. Its main drawback is that its TELCOMU program and accompanying documentation are not complete.

In spite of this and its hardware problems, which are being corrected, the Access is a system I can recommend to anyone needing full computer support in a (trans)portable package. ■

Terry Kepner is a full-time programmer and writer who has had articles published in BYTE and other periodicals. He can be reached at FOB 481, Peterborough, NH 03458.

There are 130 computer books in our September issue.

Don't miss the 20-page B. Dalton catalogue of books on computers— a read)' reference to personal, business and advanced computers, software, programs, languages, word processing and games. It's at the centerfold of the September SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, a single-topic issue devoted to The Dynamic Earth. Recognition of continental drift two decades ago brought on a revolution in geology that has given us a deep new understanding of the dynamics of our planet. That's the story we unfold in this issue. On sale September 1.

People who know books know^CC JC^w'C

BOOKSELLER

192 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 391 on inquiry card.

success

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Perfect

It's really two \ system!

Powerful, automatic formatting plus simple on-screen manual editing.

Only Perfect Writer gives you both.

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It does the work so you don't have to.

You probably don't want to know how a word processor works.

In fact, even setting margins, tabs, chapter headings, and other format details, is something you shouldn't have to worry about.That's why we developed automatic formatting for Perfect Writer.™ It's powerful enough to do much of the work for you, so you don't have to think about it.

Simple, Edit-Time Formatting Software:

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Dedicated Print-Time Formatting Systems:

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Only Perfect Writer"

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Simple, on-screen formatting

Automatic print-time formatting

Professional word processing in minutes.

You don't have to be an expert to produce professional word processing in minutes. Perfect Writer™ supplies over 100 commands for instant results formatting your document. Set tabs, align margins, adjust spacing or indent and number lists — all automatically. For business letters. Memos. Reports.Technical

Document Formatting

Print time formatting AUTOMATIC:

Just write. Perfect Writer™ does the rest for you. Document design formats such as footnotes, indexing, tables of contents, and

report formats—they're all automatic.

Screen formatting MANUAL:

What you see is what you get.

Manually control the screen and print exactly

what's there.

Only Perfect Writer™ does both!

papers. Personalized mass mailings. Even books.

Advanced formatting features like automatic indexing, table of contents and footnotes are built in.

Simple on-screen editing.

If you have a special format in mind? A quick note or document design you may want to use only once? No problem. Perfect Writer™ also includes simple on-screen editing and formatting—just like the system you're probably most familiar with. Your printed document will look exactly like the document you design as you write. What you see is what you get. Some expensive dedicated word processing systems offer automatic formatting features. Others offer simple manual screen formatting. Only Perfect Writer™ gives you both.

Full-power function keys.

All Perfect Software™ programs can be configured to take best advantage of the sophisticated features offered with today's computers and smart printers.

You can use all of your function keys— including the more than 50 function keys on the IBM-PC. Perfect Writer™ fully utilizes printers with proportional spacing, too. Print with a choice of up to six typefaces.

Writer

>rd processing n one.

Finally. A word processing program for any computer in your office.

SMART PRINTERS

Perfect Writer is the most compatible word processing program.

Everything you compose with Perfect Writer'"— every chart, every table, every document — evevythm g can be used by virtually any other word processing program or dedicated word processing system.

That's because Perfect Writer™ uses true ASCII data files to store your documents. ASCII is the computer industry standard. It's read and recognized by computer systems worldwide, regardless of disk format or size, whether it's used locally or sent over telephone lines.

Spreadsheets can be included.

Want to illustrate your Perfect Writer™ document with a financial table or graph that's stored in a Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet? You can —easily. In fact, you can even edit the numbers for your Perfect Writer™ document without disturbing the original Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet. That's Perfect Software's™ fully integrated programs at work.

Split screen editing.

You can view and edit two documents on the screen at the same time with Perfect Writer's™ unique split screen feature. One simple command moves you easily between documents. And you can even review a spreadsheet while editing up to six other documents! It makes the preparation of complex documents easier than ever before.

DISK DATA COMPUTERS/

FORMATS COMMUNICATIONS MAINFRAMES

Check your spelling as you write with Perfect Speller.™

Perfect Speller's™ in-text spelling checker finds spelling errors and typos at a rate of 4,000 words per minute. (That's 20 pages every three minutes!) Then, at a single command from you, Perfect Speller™ lists the misspelled words or marks errors in the text of your document.

Self-teaching software makes it easy.

Perfect Writer's™ document design tutorials are matched to the easy-to-read user guide. Eight lessons are included. Learn how to handle form letters, how to write business correspondence, and how to create your own special spelling dictionary. On-line reference and English prompts provide assistance anytime you've got a command question. All tutorials are software-based, interactive programs to make learning easy and fun.

Available for all IBM PC-DOS• and MS-DOS80 CP/Mscomputers.

When you upgrade to new hardware, Perfect Writer™ keeps right on working. All text files are transferable. No other software works with a wider range of personal computers. In fact, Perfect Software™ will soon be available for all of the most popular 8-, 16-, and 32-bit computers.

Only Perfect Writer™ offers you this much flexibility. Write your own success story today. With Perfect Writer.™

Perfect Software; Inc.

Perfec

Up to seven assoc plus multiple \

For successful solutions in financial planning.

Perfect Calc™ makes it easy.

Perfect Calc™ gives you the financial planning and analysis tools for success. Automatic associated spreadsheets. Built-in accounting and financial tools. Easy commands.

And only Perfect Calc™ features on-line associated spreadsheets plus split-window display.

With Perfect Calc's™ multiple window display, you can see two different spreadsheets at the same time. Change your figures and see how the result ing variations affect each spreadsheet. Up to seven spreadsheets on-line at once.

Multiple Spreadsheets

Associated Spreadsheets AUTOMATIC:

No double work— use any information you

choose simply by referring to other spreadsheets. Move information, formulas or whole spreadsheets freely between multiple

spreadsheets. Permits fill-in-the-blanks

automatic forecasting and planning. 16 built-in

application programs are included.

Spreadsheet Consolidation MANUAL:

Simple cut-and-paste spreadsheet entries. Line, column, or whole spreadsheet

additions from any one of seven on-line spreadsheets are also easy with Perfect Calc™

Only Perfect Calc™ does both.

Cost of Goods

How Perfect Calc's™ multiple file association really pays off.

A good example is the built-in Income Statement Program.The income spreadsheet automatically reads from three other spreadsheets: Cost of Goods Statement, General and Administrative Expenses Statement, and Sales Expenses. All four are on-line simultaneously. All you do is fill in the blanks.

Then use all that information to perform an instant analysis and illustrate the results of potential budget cuts or increases. You change just one spreadsheet using the fill-in-the-blanks style. Perfect Calc™ automatically takes care of the rest.

Setting up the Perfect" spreadsheet!

Entering titles, labels, and additional information on your spreadsheet is easy with Perfect Calc™ It recognizes words automatically and handles them correctly without any special commands. If you want to use numbers — like dates— for item labels, that's easy, too.

Individually variable column widths add flexibility in setting up your Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet. And once you've developed one spreadsheet,you can use it as a template for other applications. Simply refer to it.

Self-teaching software.

Easy, software-based lessons are included to make learning spreadsheet techniques simple.The lessons are matched to guides in the user manuals so

tCalc

ited spreadsheets ndow display

Sixteen applications built in. And that's only the beginning.

you can follow along in the text. Because you learn on the computer at your own pace, there's no pressure to perform.Try new applications when you are ready.

Perfect Calc's built-in programs:

(Add custom applications as you like.)

Income Statement Program • Cost of Goods Statement Sales Expense Statement .General and Administrative Expenses • Cashflow Assessment Program •Accounts Receivable Worksheet "Accounts Payable Worksheet Payroll Analysis Program .Stock Portfolio Evaluation Program • Real Estate Analysis • Chi-square Analysis Professional Fee Analysis • Family Budget • Financial Net Worth Program • Check Register Progratri Individual Tax Return Analysis Program

The most complete applications.

Perfect Calc™ is the only spreadsheet you can buy with 16 applications built in. Standard paper and

pencil financial tools are ready to use. All you do is fill in the blanks.

Just a simple command is all you need to start working. And on-screen tutorials and English prompts give you assistance whenever you need it.

Handy cursor commands.

You can move the cursor easily to the top of a column, beginning or end of a line, to the page before or after—with a single command.

And you can go back and forth between two spreadsheets on split- screen display with just as much ease.That makes multiple spreadsheet handling easier than ever before.

The most compatible spreadsheets.

Perfect Calc"' data is stored in true ASCII files— the files read and recognized by every computer system. So, it's simple to use a Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet in a Perfect Writer™ report or letter. Or, build graphic displays using the information in one of your spreadsheets.

All the functions you needand more.

You get standard functions for financial, scientific, and engineering applications plus an expandable functions library which allows you to add new formulas as you like. You can write your own complex applications programs by writing it on a Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet and

taking advantage of the powerful associated files feature.

Put the solutions for success to work for you.

Using simple plain-English prompts and on-line references, you can do sophisticated forecasting and planning in minutes.

Automatic associated spreadsheet information management. Standard spreadsheet calculation and consolidation. Only Perfect Calc™ gives you both.

Start planning for success today with Perfect Calc"

Perfect Software, Inc.

Success in manai

The powerful records management solution for the personal computer user.

Put information to work for you.

Most information management systems are either too small or too difficult to use. Now there's Perfect Filer.™ It's an executive management information system that's easy to use. You can keep track of mailing lists, clients, sales, merchandise, names and addresses, and much more.

Easy to get started.

Two ready-to-use data entry forms are provided so that you can begin using Perfect Filer™ immediately. One is for individuals, the other for companies and organizations.You only type important information once. Perfect Filer™ does the rest for you. No special training is required, and your entire staff can use it.

On-line references and English prompts provide

Information Management

Data entry forms AUTOMATIC:

Use Perfect Filer's™ built-in data entry forms

to create your own records file. All of the

parameters have been pre-defined. Just enter

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Information management

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Create custom data bases with ease.

You can build an entirely new structure or

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NSTANT DATABASES AND REPORTS

assistance when you have questions.Tutorials are included for improving your skills with Perfect Filer.™

Personalized form letters.

Use Perfect Filer™ together with Perfect Writer's™ powerful word processing features to add a personal touch to mass mailing letters. You can even tag different groups within one mailing list so that their letters include special paragraphs, subsections or operator-typed comments.

And Perfect Filer™ remembers nicknames, titles—even your special salutation for clients or friends.

Generate mailing lists. Form letters. Specialized record-keeping forms and sorted lists. You can choose from the two data entry forms provided or from seven data entry groups.

■< Creating custom data bases J has never been this automatic.

Single-keystroke data entry menus do the work for you. You enter your data just once on a blank Perfect Filer™ data entry form—whether it be client addresses, direct mail sorting codes, payment records, inventory, or standing orders.

Perfect Filer™ makes successful information management simple.

t Filer

[formation ment.

The integrated software solution.

When you learn one program, you've learned them all.

Perfect Software™All of the most-asked-for business and personal computer applications in one complete package. Word processing. Financial planning. Mail management. Records keeping. Solutions to all those everyday problems in one simple, integrated software package.

Each Perfect Software™ program works efficiently with the others. All share common file structures. They all use the same command structure, so when

PERFECT WRITERS

PERFECT CALC''

you learn one program you can use them all. And all with software-based self-teaching programs.

Perfect Writer.'" Perfect Calc™And Perfect Filer.™ Each a powerful program with dozens of extra valuepacked features included.Together, they're the top performing software solution available on the market:

Common control commands. Learn one Perfect Software™ program and you've learned them all.

Manual/Automatic functions. Every Perfect Software™ program includes automatic "smart" functions. Intelligent software performance. Also powerful

manual operations for the ultimate in flexibility and performance.

Available for IBM-PC DOS?CP/M* and MS-DOS. Perfect Software™ runs on most 8-, 16-, and 32-bit computers available today.

Self-teaching software. Learn at your own pace without perfect filer' pressure to perform.

Solutions for success.

You get more performance, more flexibility and more automatic functions with Perfect Software™ than with conventional software packages. Best of all, you get solutions that save you time and effort. Easy to learn —all Perfect Software™ programs work alike and are fully interactive for greater productivity and ease of use.

Perfect Writer™ is rated #1 by Personal Computing, and called "the most comprehensive word processing package" by Esquire magazine. It was given the highest marks of any software on the market in the latest InfoWorld review of word processing programs. Perfect Calc™ has been unmatched for spreadsheet performance. And all Perfect Software™ offers the added productivity of fully integrated software.

Our advanced programming design offers you the highest level of software compatibility and "intelligent" automatic features. It's Perfect Software™ for today's problems. And tomorrow's solutions.

Perfect Software; Inc.

The Rebate

Get up to $160 back on four Perfect Software" packages

The first software company to offer personal computer owners a fully integrated easy-to-use software library offers you an excellent reason to buy now.

Act today! Offer good on all retail purchases from September 1 through October 31,1983.

Simply clip the coupon and visit your local participating computer dealer.

The Rebate

Gel up to $160 back by mail when you □ Perfect Writer™ $50 □ Perfect Speller™ $30 buy all four Perfect Software™ packages.

I have enclosed the sales slips on the □ Perfect Filer™ $30 □ Perfect Calc" $50 purchased products as indicated.

Please send my rebate to:

NAME

ADDRESS.

CITY.

STORE NAME WHERE PURCHASED.

.STATE.

_ZIP_

DISK SERIAL NUMBER! Sl.

This offer is valid only on retail purchases of Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller. Perfect Filer, and Perfect Calc made from .September I In (Ictober 31, 1983. Mail yourcoupon to: Perfect Software Rebate 211 West Erie Street, Chicago, IL 60610.

Purchases made as pan of computer manufacturer's original equipment are not eligible.

Offer is limited to one J160 rebate per person or household.This form may not be mechanically reproduced. Oiler [onus not available by mail. Requests must be postmarked no later Hum November 15, 1983. Allow 4-6 weeks for Shipment Void where prohibited, taxed, or restricted bv law.

Perfect Software, Inc.

Solutions for success.

702 Harrison Street, Berkeley. CA 94710

Perfect Software, Perfect Calc, Perfect Writer, Perfect Filer, and Perfect Speller are trademarks of Perfect Software, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft. IBM PC-DOS is a registered trademark of International Business Machines,

System Review

Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40

Portable notebook computers hold more promise than performance

by David Ramsey

The microcomputer revolution caught everyone by surprise. When the first Altairs became available, no one had any inkling that personal computing would be more than an expensive hobby for eccentrics. Things didn't work out that way of course. And now we're on the verge of a submovement: the portable computer revolution.

In this article we'll take a look at two of the many portables available today: the Epson HX-20 and the Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40.

The Epson HX-20

The Epson HX-20 is the Japanese computer that was going to set America on its ear. It didn't, although its brisk early sales were encouraging. After an initial spurt of interest, people began to note that no accessories or software were available for the machine. In an unusual case of Japanese marketing failure, Epson had the lap computer market to itself for almost a year and did nothing with it.

Fortunately, it looks as if a truckload of new software and peripherals for the HX-20 is just around the corner. Epson has recently upgraded the standard $795 machine, which now includes the formerly optional (at $160) microcassette drive and a simple word processor called Skiwriter. Disk drives for the machine are due out before the end of the year, and a telecommunications ROM (read-only memory) should be available by September.

The basic machine contains two 6301 processors, CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) implementations of the 6800 architecture that run at 614 kHz. One processor handles computing chores while the other handles I/O (input/output). Included in the stan

dard machine are 16K bytes of RAM that can be expanded to 32K with the addition of the $150 expansion unit. The standard 40K-byte ROM includes BASIC, the routines to drive the printer and microcassette drive, and the small word processor. BASIC and the word processor share the same addresses—the application not in use at the time is bank-switched out. (See the "At a Glance" box.)

Epson's goal with the HX-20 was to provide a complete portable computer system that includes a printer and mass storage. The HX-20 has a 60-key, full typewriter keyboard, a 4-line by 20-character LCD (liquid-crystal display), and a 20-column impact dot-matrix printer (which is, incidentally, the smallest impact dot-matrix printer in the world). It is also equipped with RS-232C (albeit through a DIN connector) and serial ports and a computer-controlled microcassette mechanism for program and data storage.

The display has an important capability not found in competing machines: the ability to act as a window on a "virtual screen" of arbitrary size. Theoretically, a screen of up to 255 rows of 255 columns can be supplied; realistically, however, the 64K bytes of memory that would require don't exist in the machine. Still, allocating an 80 by 24 screen is as simple as typing WIDTH 80,24 in BASIC. You can use the cursor keys to move around the virtual screen with scrolling in all directions, and various control keys provide larger (more than a single character) jumps in any direction. The display is also dotaddressable as a 120 by 32 array, and commands to plot points and draw lines are included in the BASIC.

Along with the standard typewriter keyboard, the HX-20 has three dedicated keys (Break, Pause, and

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 193

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At a Glance

Name

Epson HX-20 Notebook Computer

Manufacturer

Epson America Inc. 3415 Kashiwa St. Torrance, CA 90505 (213) 539-9140

Price

S795

Dimensions

11.3 by 8.5 by 1.7 inches

Display

20-character by 4-line liquid-crystal display

Keyboard

Typewriter style

Software

BASIC, Skiwriter (a word processor)

Memory

I6K bytes of RAM

Included Interfaces and Peripherals

Microprinter, microcassette, RS-232C interface, bar-code interface, external cassette interface, system bus connector

Documentation

Two-volume BASIC Tutorial and Reference Manual, A Guide to Operations, Skiwriter and microcassette manuals.

Menu) and five user-definable keys that shift to provide 10 functions. System assignments to the function keys allow manual control of the microcassette drive and printer. Interfaces for an external cassette recorder and bar-code reader are also provided, although the former will probably not be used much now that the microcassette drive is standard.

Built-in Software

The HX-20 comes with BASIC in ROM and a small word-processing editor called Skiwriter. Also in ROM are a small machine-language monitor and routines to drive the microcassette, printer, external cassette (including motor control), and serial and RS-232C interfaces. The BASIC, which is supplied by Microsoft, is a fairly standard implementation that supports both single- and double-precision real numbers as well as integers. Epson adaptations include specifying the position of the cursor anywhere on the virtual screen, commands to control the microcassette, and commands to set and read the time-of-day clock/calendar incorporated into the machine. A TONE statement allows precise control of the duration and pitch of notes through the HX-20's piezoelectric speaker.

A notable extension to the BASIC is its ability to load, save, and merge programs to and from the microcassette, external cassette, RS-232C port, or serial port. If you have a larger computer with a serial port, you can edit BASIC

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 195

code for the HX-20 on it, connect the two machines, and easily download the text of the program.

The BASIC editor is impressive. Just move the cursor anywhere on the virtual screen, type your changes (using INSERT and DELETE if necessary), and press RETURN to resubmit the line. Why don't we have editors like this on our Apple and Radio Shack machines?

When the HX-20 is turned on, the screen displays a menu of up to 10 options. The standard machine displays three choices: Monitor, BASIC, and Skiwriter. At this point you also have the option of pressing Control-® to initialize the machine (i.e., clear memory and reset the clock). BASIC programs may be given titles, which will appear as part of the menu until the title is removed or the program is erased. Pressing a menu number immediately executes the desired application.

The HX-20 has an in-memory program and data file system. Five program partitions—PI through P5—exist, and you can switch between them by entering LOGIN (partition). The memory allocation among the partitions is completely dynamic: any program can expand to fill available memory. In addition, a user-controllable area known as the RAM File, an area of memory whose size is chosen by the user, serves as a random-access data file. The command DEFFIL (record size), (offset) defines the behavior of the special GET and PUT statements. The first parameter defines the size of the record, while the second defines how many bytes into the RAM file record 0 begins. Several files of differing record lengths can be kept in memory at one time.

Built-in Peripherals

The HX-20 is alone in the lap computer market in providing both a printer and mass storage as parts of a standard unit. The little printer is nothing short of amazing: it prints 20 columns on plain paper and consists of four print wires spaced equidistantly across the 20-character

width of the platen. As the printer prints, the head wobbles back and forth until one horizontal line of dots is printed. The paper then advances one dot, and the process is repeated. The procedure sounds slow, but the printer finishes a little more than one line per second. The printer is controlled by BASIC LPRINT and LLIST commands. For those cases in which you need more than a microprinter, any printer with a standard serial port can be connected to the HX-20 and used for listings and printouts.

The HX-20 supports the microcassette drive with a minimal set of commands. LOAD and SAVE take care of program storage; WIND winds the tape until the (software) tape counter reaches a specified value, and serial data files can be written by opening the cassette as a file and using the INPUT# and PRINT# statements. A random-access file could theoretically be implemented by determining the amount of tape each record took and using the WIND statement to position the tape before reading and writing, but the procedure would probably be too slow to be useful.

I admit to ambivalence about the microcassette drive. On one hand, it's very handy to have integrated mass storage. On the other hand, it's a pretty minimal implementation. My principal objection to the microcassette implementation, however, is that it's basically just the standard audio recorder moved onto the machine. Convenient, yes . . . but how about keeping directories on the tape? How about a real operating system so I can catalog the tape?

In Epson's defense, the company does provide a set of BASIC programs for manipulating a simple directory on the tape. The program builds a directory by scanning an entire tape at the normal read speed (which takes 15 or 30 minutes, depending on the tape length) and then placing a directory at the start of the tape. The same program then lets you select a directory entry for loading

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Circle 350 on inquiry card.

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and winds directly to it. But the slow scanning process must be repeated every time you want to update the directory, and there's no protection against a program growing to overwrite its immediate neighbor. In my opinion, what the HX-20 needs most is an enhanced operating system for its tape drive. Hewlett-Packard does far better with the HP-75, and it doesn't even have the advantage of working with a capstan drive.

The RS-232C port implements lines 1 through 8 of the RS-232C standard on a DIN connector. Espon supplies as options two cables with DB-25 connectors; one has pins 2 and 3 reversed for use with a modem. Although Epson offers a fine CX-20 acoustic modem, no terminal program is commercially available for the HX-20 at present. I've written a terminal program that drives a Hayes Smartmodem through the serial port. The serial port supports a variety of data formats—the user can set the bit-per-second (bps) rate (110 to 4800), the number of bits, parity, and type of handshake, although the very standard XON/XOFF software handshake protocol is curiously absent and must be handled in software. Programs using the port with systems that expect this protocol must query the buffer status to determine the number of characters and transmit XON and XOFF where appropriate.

The serial port obeys the signal level standards for RS-232C but implements only pins 1 through 5. The bps rate goes to 38,400. In Japan, this connection is used for

the TF-120, a dual 5V4-inch floppy-disk drive. Epson is working on a drive for the American market that is due to appear before the end of the year. It is rumored to contain its own Z80 processor and a fair amount of CMOS memory. The TF-120 requires AC power, but Epson has said that new peripherals for the HX-20 will be battery powered, which almost certainly means sub5-inch drives. Rumor also has it that a larger LCD will be a plug-in option.

Ski writer

Skiwriter, a small word-processing program on a 2764 ROM, was written by Kenneth Skier, who also wrote all of the HX-20 manuals and was one of the programmers for Wang's word processor. Now standard on the machine, Skiwriter is also available as a separate product for those who bought earlier versions of the HX-20.

Skiwriter is well designed and easy to use. A simple program, it offers only three output formatting commands: line spacing and left and right margins (defaults are 1, 10, and 70, respectively). The user enters text in free format, and words wrap at the boundary of the 20column screen. Horizontal scrolling is not used, presumably because it would make reading a document on the screen more difficult.

Skiwriter lets the user mark, copy, and delete blocks of text, find (although not replace) strings, and reset the format (line spacing and margins) at any point in the

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198 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 83 on inquiry card.

niV^c1

More micro software is jg^F written for Hayes than for any other modems!

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NOTE: More and more software is being written for Hayes modems everyday. Please let us know if you would like to have your program included in our next software directory.

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

TELEGAMMON

Allows users to play backgammon with players at distant locations.

Mail To: Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. Attention: Marketing Services, 5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30092.

Name

Address. City

. State.

.Zip.

Please send additional information on:

□ Smartmodem 300* ** D Smartmodem 1200* **

□ Smartmodem 1200B* (plug-in board for IBM PC)

D Micromodem He* (for Apple computers)

(J) Hayes *

*FCC approved in U.S.A.

* *DOC approved in Canada.

©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

THE HA

A disk is built with certain safeguards. The technology is widely known. That's why most disk makers offer guarantees that the product you receive comes to you error free. We at Memtek Products are concerned that the minidisk remains error free, once put into use. Every time you use it. After exposure to dust, cigarette smoke, fingerprints, even wear caused by your computer. And so, we have built safeguards around the disk, as well.

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document. This last feature is useful for setting off sections of documents. You can also insert formfeeds into the document at any time. Skiwriter has two 16-byte buffers whose contents are sent to the printer before printing (for the preprint buffer) and after printing (the postprint buffer). That way, the user can put control and escape sequences in these buffers (which are normally filled with nulls) to get the printer to a particular state. I think Skiwriter would be much more useful if it let you insert control and escape sequence commands directly in the text.

When you make an error, Skiwriter beeps. You can continue, but pressing the Help key displays a help screen detailing the error. This is a nice touch, especially for people who have little previous computer experience.

You can save and restore documents to either the microcassette or an external cassette, and documents can be printed on the internal microprinter or through the RS-232C port. Documents can be read in from either cassette and appended to the document in memory, a useful feature.

You can't use Skiwriter to edit BASIC text, but the standard HX-20 BASIC editor is so good that you don't really mind.

[Editor's note: Skiwriter may be available for other microcomputers in January 1984. . . .R. M.]

The Monitor

The machine-code monitor comes as a pleasant surprise, especially for those who enjoy digging into the (undocumented) workings of a machine. The monitor uses the physical screen only—you're limited to the 20 by 4 display—and normally displays the contents of the A and B accumulators in the index register, stack pointer, condition code register, and program counter. The following single-keystroke commands are available:

B Return to BASIC

K Set the "keystack sequence," a group of keystrokes that is automatically executed whenever the HX-20 is turned on

D Dump memory (in hexadecimal)

G Execute a routine in memory with optional breakpoints

S Set new memory values—used for entering data in hexadecimal

X Display and (optionally) change register contents

R Read a file from external cassette, microcassette, serial port, or ROM

V Verify file saved on device

W Write file to device

A Return starting and ending addresses of file as well as the entry point

Documentation

Four manuals are supplied with the HX-20: a twovolume BASIC Tutorial and Reference Manual, a Guide to Operations, and Skiwriter and microcassette manuals. All

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Circle 467 on Inquiry card.

September 1983 g BYTE Publications Inc. 203

are complete and well written. The Guide to Operations is a profusely illustrated work that gently guides the neophyte. Topics such as the virtual screen and the concepts of "programs" and "data" are handled very well. Overall, I'd have to rate the documentation high.

Summary

The HX-20 has a lot of potential. The introduction of the Radio Shack Model 100 has given the HX-20 very stiff competition, and compared to Radio Shack's 40 by 8 display, the HX-20 looks primitive. But Epson's new wave of peripherals and software, if introduced in a timely manner, will probably save the machine. Currently, its big selling points are the integrated microcassette and printer, features no other portable offers yet.

The Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40

I tried to be unbiased and objective about this machine, I really did. I kept reminding myself what a notebook-sized BASIC computer would have meant to me just a few years ago. And the price of the TI CC 40 is only $250.

But there's no clock. No file system. Only one BASIC program at a time can reside in memory, and the user can work with only about 5200 bytes of that. And the keyboard is vile.

There's also no cassette interface. If you want to store programs or data, you have to buy the TI wafertape drive. The CC 40 offers neither built-in storage nor a standard audiocassette interface. It could be argued, however, that you can buy a CC 40, the optional wafertape for mass storage, and another 16K bytes of memory, and still have an inexpensive computer. Unfortunately, none of these accessories was available at the time this review was written.

The CC 40 has a 31-character display, a sort-of-type

writer keyboard, and a separate numeric/cursor keypad. The keyboard spacing is so small that it's essentially impossible to touch-type on it. The Shift and Control keys lock for one keystroke—to type an uppercase character, you press and release the Shift key, then press the character key. There's only one Shift key; the space normally occupied by the right-hand Shift key is taken up by the Return key.

The CC 40 does make a dandy scientific calculator, and perhaps that's the market it should be aimed at. Good scientific programmable calculators cost about as much and are not nearly as powerful as the CC 40. Up to 10 user-definable key sequences can be entered, and the Playback feature recalls the line last entered on the display for editing and resubmission. All BASIC keywords can be entered with a two-keystroke sequence (FUNC followed by another key), which is handy considering how difficult it is to type on this machine. There is a slot for ROM or RAM cartridges in the upper-left corner of the machine. None were available at the time of this writing.

Built-in Software

The TI BASIC included is a good extended BASIC with several interesting features, among them a subprogram capability (with local variables); an ACCEPT statement that combines the functions of the normal INPUT statement with automatic positioning of input and length and type checking; a PRINT USING and IMAGE capability that allows some elaborate output formatting; and some real oddities such as SETLANG, which sets the output language for system messages. The standard computer includes English and German, so you can set your error messages to be displayed in German if you wish. Some ROM cartridges presumably offer the option of other languages.

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The Microtext module is a program pack containing not only firmware but a second serial port sothat both your printer and modem can be connected at the same time. Microtext can be configured for any serial printer that will work with the Color Computer, even if it requires line feeds! But even if you don't have a printer, you can keep a permanent copy of your data by storing to cassette tape. Also, any Radio Shack/Centronicscompatible parallel printer may be used by adding the Micro Works' P180C parallel interface.

For those of you with special terminal applications, Microtext has selectable parity; it sends odd, even, mark or space. With mark parity (which is default) you can send to computers requiring either seven or eight bits. All 128 ASCII codes can be sent. Exchange programs with other Color Computer users! Basic programs may be downloaded from other computers or timesharing systems.

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204 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 293 on inquiry card.

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At a Glance

Name

Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40

Manufacturer

Texas Instruments Inc. POB 53

Lubbock, TX 79408 [800) 858-4565

Price

S249.95

Dimensions

9.2 by 5.7 by l inch

Display

3l-character by l-line liquid-crystal display

Keyboard

Miniature typewriter style

Language

BASIC

Memory

6.2K bytes of RAM

Peripherals

Printer/plotter. RS-232C interface, wafertape digital tape drive. Hex-bus interface, socket for ROM cartridges

Documentation

One 280-page manual

Peripherals

The CC 40 includes an integral Hex-bus interface, which TI describes as "a medium speed (6000 bytes/second) 4-bit interface." The Hex-bus is used to connect peripherals such as the wafertape drive (which oldtimers may remember as the Exatron stringy floppy) and printer.

Documentation

The CC 40 is accompanied by a single manual describing the computer and explaining BASIC. About twothirds of the bulk of the manual is BASIC reference. Several appendixes describe the ASCII code, error messages, the internal structure of the machine (including memory maps), and warranty and service information.

Summary

The redeeming feature of this machine is its low price. Virtually all of its competition vastly outstrips it in power and features. If you don't need portability TI's own 99/4A home computer will give you much more memory, color graphics, sound, and lots of expansion capability for a mere $99. The CC40's true utility cannot be judged until at least some of the peripherals and software become available. ■

David Ramsey is a programmer in the Concept group at Corvus Systems Inc. (2029 O'Toole Ave., San Jose, CA 95131).

206 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 315 on inquiry card.

Actual Size Unretouched Output

COLOR THAT PEAKS FOR ITSELF

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They "paint" in strong, vibrant colors to help display the ups and downs of complex data quickly, point out changes, show trends, and make your point unforgettable, because color communicates. You can produce output quality such as you see in this beautiful graphic representation of the ocean floor made at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

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System Review

The Pied Piper Portable Computer

Briefcase styling and low cost in a Z80 machine

by Seth P. Bates

Resembling a small, thin attache case, the Pied Piper packs 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory), a single disk drive, and the Perfect Software package into a 12-pound portable computer system for $1299. Because it lacks an internal display device, this lightweight system will cause less muscle strain. To see your work, you must use an external monitor or television set. So although this computer won't do you much good while you're on the road, it delivers a low-cost Z80A system that is easy to move from one location to another.

General Observations

The Semi-Tech Micro (STM) Electronics Corporation designers intended the Pied Piper to be truly portable and immediately usable. The exclusion of the monitor was a decision the machine's designers expected to appeal to those who don't like the thought of carrying the added weight of a video display and its power supply. Even the smaller monitors in the Otrona and the

Photo 1: A prototype Pied Piper portable computer with optional second disk drive, monitor, and printer.

Osborne systems add considerably to the bulk and weight of a computer system. Possibly because of a recent drop in prices of LCDs (liquid-crystal displays), the company plans to offer a 2-line by 80-column display in the near future. Until then, however, an RF modulator provides an inexpensive way to use your television with the computer. You can also plug an 80-column monitor in directly.

To further reduce the weight of the system, its designers eliminated a second drive. Instead, a Mitsubishi drive with 784K bytes of formatted capacity is included. With this high density, a single 5V4-inch floppy disk holds Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, and the Perfect Formatter/Printer software as well as the CP/M command library, with over 400K bytes remaining for user program storage. The single drive increases the time required to transfer files between disks. For example, making a backup copy of the system disk took 8 minutes. One method of avoiding this lengthy procedure is to use the TRANSFER utility when you back up a recently updated text or data file. With this shortcut, a single-disk system works well at home and on the road, but for extended use in the office, a second floppy-disk drive or a hard disk soon becomes a necessity. An additional 784K-byte drive conveniently plugs into a connector on the back panel to provide extra disk capacity.

The company wisely planned for user expansion by including interfaces for both this drive and a hard-disk drive on the motherboard. Two expansion slots will also eventually house serial interfaces and modems. STM offers a serial board and plans to introduce several others, including an integral auto-dial/auto-answer 300-bps modem and dual serial ports on a single board.

The Pied Piper is easier to use than any other computer I know of. Its simple operation, bundled software, and clear documentation make it an ideal first system for business users. The 78-page users manual isn't indexed but includes a thorough table of contents and is logically organized, which makes locating informa

208 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 2: The production version of the Pied Piper computer. The indicator lights for power and disk drives were last-minute additions.

tion a simple task. By writing clearly and from a novice's point of view, the authors present a document particularly suited to the needs of a first-time computer user. The manual contains instructions for starting the Pied Piper and connecting it to a television set or a monitor as well as descriptions of all the major CP/M commands. Guidelines for basic disk usage and file management are also included.

For novices, the Perfect Software Primer provides a well-written guide to Perfect Writer, Speller, Filer, and Calc. The primer and its accompanying files not only help you learn about the software but also tell you which of the many lesson files you can safely delete from your working disk. This manual, however, suffers from one fault not shared with the rest of the documentation—it's hard to read. Apparently, the company produced it with a dot-matrix printer on 8V2- by 11-inch paper then reduced it to 7 by 9 inches to conform to the dimensions of the other documentation. It's nice to have everything the same size, but I'd rather be able to read the manual.

Problem Solving

The Pied Piper is manufactured for STM in Hong Kong and tested at several points during manufacture and shipping. One test includes dropping the system from nine feet while it's in the carton and dropping it from three feet without the carton. I didn't notice any problems that might have resulted from the testing. But after three hours with a prerelease version of the Pied Piper, I noted several potential problems with the documentation and the system's case. However, in the release version of the machine, every item on my list had been fixed, including a revision of the documentation. The only other problem was some interference with a wireless telephone. After locating the problem in the radio unit, I concluded that the shielding for the Pied Piper may not be adequate for use near those phones.

Although the company believes its testing will

eliminate any problem units, it does offer an extended warranty through Xerox Service Centers at $199 per year for those who like a little extra insurance. The service centers promise a 16-hour or two-business-day turnaround on all repair work.

The Perfect Software Package

The four bundled software programs leave me with favorable impressions. Especially impressive were the ease of use, carry-over command structures, and the thorough implementation of the program's features. Only Perfect Filer seemed scant in its features, but it doesn't claim to be a true database system. With its selection of this package of software, STM appears to have correctly addressed the needs of the Pied Piper's intended user. This factor should figure strongly in the machine's success.

Perfect Writer. After two hours I felt comfortable with this package. During that time Jerry Pournelle's comments about word processors that are continuously "nattering" at you seemed appropriate. Perfect Writer uses two lines at the bottom of the screen (called the Mode Line and the Echo Line) to inform you of the status of the system. At least half of this information isn't necessary, the rest of it is essential, and none of it can be altered to fit your particular needs. Most troublesome, however, is that each time you press a key, the cursor appears momentarily at the end of the Mode Line. This is very irritating, and the reason for it escapes me. I have learned largely to ignore it, but some users may not adjust to it well at all.

Other aspects of Perfect Writer are more noteworthy. The designers did an excellent job of thinking out the command structure ahead of time. An example is the set of commands for cursor movement. In general, where a Control code is used for local and small-scale movement, equivalent Escape codes are used for largerscale movements. For example, where Control-P and

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 209

Control-N get the previous and next lines, respectively, Escape-P and Escape-N access the beginning of the previous and next paragraphs. An implementation such as this makes it easy to remember most commands.

Perfect Writer, like all of the Perfect packages, is menu driven. If you want to get back to the previous level of menu at any time, the Escape key does the job. ControlY will "Yank back" the last text alteration. Control-G

At a Glance

Name

The Pied Piper I

Manufacturer

STM (Semi-Tech Micro) Electronics Corporation 525 Middlefield Rd., Suite 130 Menlo Park, CA 94025 (415) 326-6226

Price

S1299 (includes software)

Processor

Z80A

Memory

64K bytes of RAM

Storage

5 'A -inch floppy-disk drive, 784K bytes

Input/Output

Centronics-style parallel printer port, software-selectable 40- or 80-column display output, video modulator output plug (an external modulator is required), removable power cord

Keyboard

Full-sized—61 keys; 94 printable characters; Escape, Control,. Delete, Backspace, and cursor-control keys.

Dimensions

20.2 by 10.8 by 4 inches

Weight

12 lbs.

Software

Perfect Software package including Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Filer, and Perfect Calc; CP/M 2.2; Pied Piper utilities

Documentation

Pied Piper I users manual, 78 pages; Perfect Software Primer, 1 7 pages; Perfect Writer/Speller manual, 380 pages; Perfect Calc manual, 346 pages; Perfect Filer manual, 188 pages

Accessories

External second disk drive (including software): S550.00 10-megabyte hard-disk drive: to be announced

Carrying case: S49.95

Printer interface cable: S39.95

Monitor stand: S39.95

Serial interface: S120.00

RF Modulator (Astec) S59.95

will "Go back" to before the last unexecuted command (a command in progress); take care not to confuse it with the letter G (Go), which starts an operation selected from a system menu.

Perfect Speller. Proofing with Perfect Speller is fantastic. Words you use frequently can be added to the dictionary, and special dictionaries can be constructed for different projects. Once the program locates misspelled words, it asks you to provide a one-key code indicating whether to mark it for correction, add it to the dictionary, or ignore it. When this is done, you exit directly to Perfect Writer and move through your text to each marked word, correcting your spelling as you go. As yet, Perfect Speller hasn't failed to find a misspelled word.

Perfect Filer. It takes longer to learn Perfect Filer, and some of its advanced features, like reformatting an existing database, require a two-disk system. Still, the program comes with several built-in systems that business users will find immediately useful. As an added bonus the tutorials on modifying existing field and record formats make it simple to develop new databases from the existing ones.

Perfect Calc. While I didn't spend as much time with this program, Perfect Calc appears to include all the major features offered by other spreadsheet packages. The control and command structure remains consistent with the other Perfect programs, reducing learning time. Tutorials in the software manuals assist novices in grasping the basics needed to start using the system. In addition, as with Perfect Writer and Filer, the program disk includes sample files to modify, so you can learn to use the system with a minimum of lost time and effort. Several useful sample spreadsheets are the Family Budget program, the Financial Net Worth program, the Check Register program, and the Individual Tax Return Analysis program.

Conclusion

The Pied Piper offers real business features at toy prices. Although a few of its features might have been designed differently, as with any machine, STM offers a good system for the money. Models II and III are already in the works, and one of them is a 16-bit machine. These additions to the line, along with the promise of the 2-line LCD option, make the Pied Piper's future look bright. ■

Seth P. Bates is assistant professor in the Division of Technology at San ]ose State University (San ]ose, CA 95192) and president ofTeknos, a small firm that does systems integration.

The Pied Piper uses its own disk format. Software in this format is available from selected distributors. Currently available are MBASIC, Pascal, FORTRAN, dBASE II, FPL, Bottom-line Strategist, Wordstar, Condor, T-Maker III, Supercalc, and the American Training Institute training packages.

210 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

NEVADA

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"If you want to learn or teach someone FORTRAN, this is the package to buy" ACCESS. March/April 1983.

Perfect for teaching FORTRAN. Perfect for learning FORTRAN. Perfect for Scientists and Engineers. Based upon the ANSI-66 standards (FORTRAN IV). advanced features include IF.. THEN... ELSE constructs, COPY statement, CHAINing with COMMON, TRACE style debugging and 150 verbal error messages. What's more, you can intermix in-line FORTRAN and Assembly Language statements for those special Micro needs! Get yours today. Diskette comes with 214-page manual.

NEVADA

PILOT

Why has Nevada PILOT become so popular7 It's definitely easier to learn than BASIC. The documentation (114 pages) by Professor Starkweather is exceptional! And, it meets all the PILOT-73 standards with many new features, including a built in full-screen text editor.

Perfect for training, testing, virtually all programmed instruction and word puzzle games. Order yours now! Diskette and manual come with 10 FREE programs.

NEVADA

EDIT

"A well-thought-out product with excellent documentation and an astoundingly low price." Microcomputing, May 1983.

Now. high quality text editing for micros. Nevada EDIT is great for program editing, as it was designed specifically to create COBOL. BASIC, and FORTRAN programs. It's a character-oriented full-screen video display text editor.

Simple to configure. You can customize tab stops, default file type, keyboard control key layout, and CRT by menu selection.

CP M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research. Inc 1HS-80 is a registered trade mark ol Tandy Corp Apple It is a trademark ol Apple Computer Inc Osborne is a registered trademark o! Osborne? Computer Corp Xerox 8?0 is a trademark ol Xerox Corp Kaypro is a trademark ol Non linear Sys Heath Zenith is a trademark ol Heath Corp IBM is a trademark ol International Business Machines Corp Nevada COBOL Nevada FOR I HAN Nevada PILOT Nevala EDIT and t His Computing arc tradrrinaiks ol FHti. Computing Inc r- 1983 Ellis Computing Inc.

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Nevada COBOL is based upon the ANSI-74 standards with many advanced features. It's field-proven with thousands of users world-wide in Business, Government and Education. The excellent documentation (165 pages) is used as a classroom text at a number of colleges.

Because of Nevada COBOL's superior design, it requires about half the memory of competitive COBOL compilers This major advantage is just one reason many business programmers are switching to Nevada COBOL.

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Nevada FORTRAN and Nevada COBOL are now available for the Commodore-64 from Commodore Business Machines, Inc.

To make our software available to even more micro users, we've slashed our prices. What's more, we're offering a money back guarantee. If for any reason you're not completely satisfied, just return the package — in good condition with the sealed diskette unopened —within 30 days and we'll refund your money.

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MAIL TODAY! To: Ellis Computing, Inc. 3917 Noriega Street San Francisco, CA 94122 (415) 753-0186

The CP/M* Operating System, an 8080/8085/Z80 microprocessor, and 32K RAM are required.

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□ TRS-80 Mod I with CP/M (a 4200 hex □ TRS-80 Mod I/Mapper

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Shipping/Handling Fees Add $4 00 lor the lirst package and $2 00 for each addilional package OVERSEAS add S15 00 lor Ihe lirst package and $5 00 for each additional package Checks must be in u S lunds and drawn on a U.S bankl

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BYTE September 1983 211

System Review

The Kaypro II

Dependable hardware and extensive software make this affordable

portable a winning package

by Roger Fager and John Bohr

One industry pundit insists that for a microcomputer system to be successful, it need only be adequate—which is to say complete, reliable, standard, and inexpensive. The Kaypro II from Non-Linear Systems epitomizes these homely virtues.

A complete system encased in aluminum, the Kaypro II contains a single-board computer, two 5 V\ -inch floppy disks, and a 9-inch (diagonal) green-phosphor video screen that displays 24 lines of 80 characters. A 6-foot coiled cord hooks a high-quality, 76-key detach

Photo 1: The Kaypro II portable computer.

212 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

able keyboard to the Kaypro's chassis. It uses a Z80 microprocessor running at 2.5 MHz and has 64K bytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) plus an RS-232C serial port and a Centronics-compatible parallel printer interface.

The Kaypro II comes bundled with extensive software, including CP/M 2.2 and the Perfect Software series: Perfect Writer (a word processor), Perfect Filer (a database program), Perfect Calc (an electronic spreadsheet), and Perfect Speller (a spelling checker). In addition, the manufacturer supplies Profit Plan (a simplified spreadsheet) and two forms of BASIC: S-BASIC, which is structured, compiled BASIC, and MBASIC, the de facto standard, interpreted BASIC. To round out the software package, Kaypro II includes The Word Plus (a powerful spelling checker) and several game programs.

Hardware

On examining the machine we immediately noticed that the Kaypro IPs hardware is solid and obviously designed for transport. When you want to move the Kaypro II, the keyboard snaps onto the case to form an 18- by 15%- by 8-inch suitcase that weighs 26 lbs. Heavygauge aluminum surrounds and shields the keyboard and the main chassis.

Inside the case, Non-Linear Systems' test-equipment expertise is readily apparent. The major subsections are

firmly mounted to the case, far apart from each other. Not only does isolating components provide space for air circulation and heat removal, it also makes all the major components readily accessible for examination and repair.

The layout of the main circuit board (see photo 2), suggests that the system was designed as four subsections. The main computer subsection consists of the Z80 microprocessor, the ROM (read-only memory) chips, and 64K bytes of dynamic memory. The floppy-disk-control subsection consists of a 1791 disk controller and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) support chips. The I/O (input-output) subsection includes two Z80 PIOs (parallel input/output devices), a Z80 SIO/0 (serial input/output device), TTL buffers, and connectors. The final subsection is the digital part of the video generation system: 2K bytes of static RAM for screen memory and a character-generator ROM. The chips are socketed and easy to get at.

Surprisingly, the system clock rate is only 2.5 MHz (a rate of 4 or 6 MHz is possible with a Z80A or Z80B and corresponding support chips). At least one other potential hasn't been tapped: each of the PIO chips can support an additional 8-bit parallel port. This means that with existing hardware the Kaypro II could easily drive an IEEE-488 port to supplement the parallel and serial ports already available. The IEEE port could be im

Photo 2: The main printed-circuit board of the Kaypro II.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 213

At a Glance

Name: Kaypro II

Manufacturer

Kaypro Division Non-Linear Systems Inc. 533 Stevens Ave. Solana Beach, CA 92075 (619) 755-1134

Dimensions

Folds to an 18- by 8- by 15/2-inch suitcase-like metal box with a handle; weighs 26 pounds

Components

A Zilog Z80 microprocessor running at 2.5 MHz; 64K bytes of dynamic RAM and 2K bytes of screen memory; an 80-column by 24-line green-phosphor display with brightness control: a selectricstyle keyboard with numeric keypad; two single-sided, doubledensity 5 'A-inch drives, each with a capacity of 193K bytes (formatted); RS-232C serial and Centronics-compatible parallel ports

Software

CP/M 2.2; the Perfect Software family: Perfect Writer (word processor). Perfect Files (database). Perfect Calc (spreadsheet), Perfect Speller (spelling checker), tutorial disks; The Word Plus (Spelling checker); Profitplan (spreadsheet); MBASIC (Interpreted BASIC with Games); S-BASIC (structured, compiled BASIC); system utilities.

Documentation

System manual; standard CP/M manual; Perfect Software manuals; The Word Plus and Profitplan manuals; S-BASIC and MBASIC manuals (language descriptions)

Price

S1595

Options

Vinyl and nylon cases

plemented by software routines to do the timing for the various control lines. This would enable the Kaypro II to interface directly with intelligent test equipment.

Despite those two missed opportunities, the computer is dependable and well laid out and runs coolly even over long periods of use.

Human Interface

The detached keyboard has contoured keys and a standard IBM Selectric layout supplemented by these special keys: ESC, CTRL, Line Feed, Tab, Caps Lock, Backspace, DEL, and four cursor keys. The numeric keypad has its own period, comma, and Return keys. An LSI (large-scale integration) chip within the keyboard generates serial signals, which are communicated through a 6-foot coiled cord with modular telephone-handset-style RJ12 connectors on both ends.

The 9-inch green-phosphor display gives a sharp, stable image in an 80-character by 24-line format. In addition to the ordinary ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) charactersupper- and lowercase, numerals, and punctuation—the Kaypro II displays the Greek alphabet. The only graphics available are simple character graphics.

Storage

The Kaypro II comes with two double-density singlesided disk drives, each of which provides 193K bytes of storage (see the text box on "The Kaypro 4 and the Kaypro 10" for other configurations). The floppy-disk drives can read and write disks in Xerox 820 format; therefore most CP/M software is available to the Kaypro owner. Software is now available from Kaypro to read other 5V4-inch disk formats (including those of the Osborne 1 and Radio Shack Model I).

Hardware Hardships

A machine of this weight needs a comfortable handle; however, the Kaypro's handle will cut two parallel grooves into your hand if you carry the system for more than a short time. A well-designed, padded handle would be a considerable improvement.

Perfect Writer's multibuffer

memory architecture allows you to

edit as many as seven documents

at one time, transferring sentences

or paragraphs between them.

The Kaypro II's lack of environmental seals is also a problem. There are no covers for the interface jacks, and the air circulation holes at the top can serve all too well as inlet ports for rain when the system is moved. The unsealed junction of the keyboard and case also invites contaminants into the keyboard circuitry and floppy disks. (The manufacturer offers a protective vinyl cover as an extra-cost option.)

Unfortunately, the Kaypro II provides no means to carry its software treasure. For convenience, some other portable computers have integral disk holders.

Software

Non-Linear Systems, aware that the typical user is not a computer professional or hobbyist, has wisely selected a package of user-friendly software. Purchased separately, Perfect Writer, Perfect Filer, Perfect Calc, Perfect Speller, Profitplan, MBASIC, S-BASIC, Word Plus, and CP/M 2.2 would cost much more than the Kaypro II package.

Perfect Writer

Perfect Writer uses a distinctive command structure for inserting, editing, deleting, and replacing text. The program is similar to the text editor MINCE, which in turn is based upon a mainframe editor called EMACS. As with these forebears, not all of your document needs to be in memory; the virtual memory technique uses a disk swap file to extend the size of a document up to or beyond 64K bytes' worth of characters. Another im

214 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

How can your microcomputer talk to an IBM mainframe?

CLEQ

The communications features of the CLE0-3270 Software package allows your microprocessor to emulate a cluster of IBM terminal devices.

You don't even need to change software on your mainframe computer, because for all it knows, it's communicating with a 3271-12, 3275-12, or 3276-XX cluster. And the program will accommodate up to 8 terminals.

The CLEO software provides the cluster emulation and makes the ASCII devices look like an IBM 3278 CRT and 3287 printer.

If your IBM mainframe doesn't support remote 3270 clusters, you need remote batch communications. CLEO-3780 Software is your answer.

For full details contact Phone 1, Inc., 461 North Mulford Road. Rockford, IL61107; phone (815) 397-8110.

Circle 358 on inquiry card.

—

Standard Features^CLEO 3270

• Bisynchronous 3276-2 protocol to 9600 baud

• SDLC 3271-12 and 3275-12 protocol

• Up to eight line cluster activity

• Selectable control unit address

• User install program for various CRTs

• 3278 emulation for ASCII CRTs

• Available for CP/M™. MP/M™, MsDOS™, TurboDOS™, Unix", and Xenix™.

• Coded in C language

• 3276-12 protocol, coming soon

Standard Features^CLEO 3780

• Point-to-point and multipoint communications

• Available for CP/M™, MP/M™, MsDOS™, TurboDOS™. Unix™, and Xenix™.

• Supports transparent mode

• Coded in C language

CLEO

CP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research. Inc. MP/M is a Trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

TurboDOS is a Trademark of Software 2000. Inc. Unix is a Trademark of Bell Labs

The Kaypro 4 and the Kaypro 10

by Arthur A. Little

Time waits for no man and certainly for no microcomputer reviewer. Since this review was completed, Non-Linear Systems has revamped its product line for 1983 with two nezv system configurations (the Kaypro 4 and Kaypro 10), new software offerings, and a different pricing structure. The noiu "venerable" Kaypro II is quite a bargain because NLS recently dropped its suggested retail price to $1595, a $200 reduction.

The Kaypro 4 is essentially an upgrade of the earlier model. Like its forebear, the Kaypro II, the Kaypro 4 is a portable, CP/M-based system with 64K bytes of RAM and two double-density floppy disk drives. The three major differences are that (1) it has doublesided disk drives (each offers 380K bytes of storage), (2) it is packaged in a dark gray case, and (3) it costs $1995. A minor, if inexplicable difference, is in the product name. NLS has shifted from using roman numerals (e.g., II) to arable numerals (e.g., 4)—a change not without historic precedent.

The big news is the Kaypro 10, which incorporates an internal 10-megabyte hard disk as well as one double-sided, double-density, half-height floppy-disk drive (380K bytes of storage). The Kaypro 10 itself is an upgrade of the Kaypro 5, a 5-megabyte hard-disk portable shown in 1982 but never produced in quantity. The Kaypro 10, including software, will put you back only $2795.

First, let's look at the hard disk. The physical 10-megabyte disk is divided into two logical devices of 5 megabytes each, called drives A and B. The 5Vi-inch floppy-disk drive is drive C. Drives A and B are each subdivided into 16 user areas (i.e., AO, Al, . . . A15 and BO, B1,...B15). As delivered from Kaypro, the unit has the following files recorded on the hard disk:

User 0: Kaypro and CP/M utility programs

User 1: Perfect Writer word-processing program

User 2: Profitplan electronic spreadsheet

User 3: Perfect Calc electronic spreadsheet

User 4: Perfect Filer/Individual Member Data Base

User 5: Perfect Filer/Organizational Member Data Base

User 6: S-BASIC

User 7: MBASIC and Games

You can add or delete files to suit your needs as long as you stay within the 5-megabyte limit per logical drive. Note that user areas do not have predefined storage limits—each user area takes from the 5-megabyte common pool.

One file, SAFETY.COM, is hard-disk-specific. Before ending a

session with the Kaypro 10, run the SAFETY program. This utility moves the hard disk's read/write heads to an unused area of the hard disk prior to powerdown. Therefore, even if the heads were to hit the surface of the hard disk, no damage would occur to an area on which data was stored. Running this program is a must for those who will be taking the Kaypro 10 out into the real world and a should for the rest of us. (It would have been nice if this procedure had been incorporated into an automatic shutdown process.)

Aside from the single drive, the exterior of the Kaypro 10 looks much like its predecessors, especially the Kaypro 4. Both systems share the same no-nonsense, gunmetal-gray cabinet and all-black keyboard. One welcome addition is an integral wire stand for the front of the unit that tilts the display up to a comfortable viewing angle. Also, the carrying handle has been redesigned to be more compact. Because of the hard disk, the designers included a fan for cooling the interior components. The whole system weighs 31 pounds, as compared with 26 pounds for the Kaypro 4.

The back panel shows evidence of some changes also: the pozver cord is removable, there are connectors for one parallel port and two serial ports (one printer and one modem), there is a jack for a light pen, the brightness control has been moved to the back, and the Reset button has been moved to a more accessible location.

In addition to the 80- by 25-character display, the Kaypro 10 has these graphics capabilities: draw/erase a line, draw/erase a pixel, inverse video, half-intensity, blinking, graphics characters (2- by 4-pixel matrix), cursor positioning, and cursor on/off. The display is treated as a matrix 100 pixels high by 160 pixels wide. S-BASIC has special commands that draw geometric figures such as circles, rectangles, squares, and bars.

Non-Linear Systems includes a prodigious amount of applications software with each system. In addition to all of the programs supplied with the Kaypro II, the firm is offering Wordstar as an option to the Perfect Writer program. There is also a neiu utility that will read and write disks in the formats of several other popular computer systems—at the moment, it can transfer data to and from the Osborne 1, the Xerox 820/11, and the TRS-80 Model I. There is reason to believe that another 10 or more formats are on the horizon.

Arthur A. Little is a technical editor for BYTE.

pressive feature is multibuffer memory architecture, which allows you to edit as many as seven documents at a time, transferring sentences or paragraphs between them. A split-screen feature allows any two documents to be viewed simultaneously.

The documentation for Perfect Writer is excellent. The manual leads you through the program's capabilities one step at a time, always building on previous knowledge. The editing routines are presented in tutorial form with illustrations of the commands (such as CTRL and ESC key sequences), and there are abundant examples of edited documents.

Although the documentation is helpful, the program

itself is annoyingly unforgiving of mistakes. Perfect Writer may terminate suddenly if you type in a wrong control code, wiping out your newly created document. The "delete sentence" command will hang up the system if there are no more periods in the file, which could occur when you edit toward the end of your document. Perfect Software is aware of the problem, and later revisions should eliminate this problem—an example of practice making perfect, no doubt.

Perfect Filer

Perfect Filer enables you to create a database record as long as 1024 characters, enter data under cursor-key

216 September 1983 © BYTE Publications. Inc.

The TTX-1014 Desktop Daisywheel.

Professional Printing. Personal Price.

Just $649 buys a letter-quality, daisywheel printer.

You don't need a big-business budget to make your microcomputer's hard copy look like a million dollars. The TTX-1014 Desktop Daisywheel delivers true letterquality, professional printing for just $649.

$649. Complete. The TTX-1014 comes complete with features that most printers offer only as expensive, extra-cost options. Like a pinfeed-forms guide. Plus built-in RS232C serial and Centronicstype parallel interfaces—both standard.

Performance. Not Problems. The compact TTX-1014 is built to handle all your letter-quality printing needs. Pinfeed forms? No problem. The TTX-1014 lets you use forms from 2 1/2 to 14 1/2 inches wide. Want a different typeface7 No problem here, either. The 100

character ASCII printwheel can be

changed in seconds... and extra

daisywheels are available in computer stores and major retail outlets everywhere. And you can quickly select pitch (10, 12, or 15 characters/inch) and linespacing (3, 4, or 6 lines/inch) by program control or built-in switches. All that plus logic-seeking, bidirectional printing at up to 14 cps. And all for $649.

Built Business Tough. In business, dependability counts. And the TTX-1014 is built to stand up to the rigors of business applications. At a typical 25 % duty cycle, business users can look to a full 3000 hours of printing before servicing is required. And in home use and other light applications, the TTX-1014 can deliver many years of trouble-free operation.

Professional printing. Personal price. The TTX 1014-Desktop Daisywheel. Professional performance for just $649. Try one at your dealer's today.

TTX

$649 is manufacturer's suggested retail price

Teletex Communication Corporation

3420 East Third Avenue Foster City, California 94404 415/341-1300 TX:349420

Circle 442 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 217

\bu'll never have a better reason to begin shopping by mail:

IBM RAM BOARDS

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control, use up to five sort keys, and print out any subset of your stored records in form letters, mailing lists, or specialized forms. You can also change the format of a database without losing your data. Because Perfect Filer is fully menu-driven, you don't have to be a programmer to handle these rather sophisticated tasks.

As examples of how to construct your own file managers, two predefined database templates accompany Perfect Filer: an individual member mailing list (name/address/phone/busphone/organization) and an organizational mailing list (org/address/phone/contact/comment).

Another uncomplicated menu-driven subprogram enables you to define a subset for search (for example: all New York names entered after November 1982). The results of the search can be output to the display, printer, or disk file for use in Perfect Writer.

The Perfect Software programs

share commands, facilitating

crossover learning from one

application to the next.

Perfect Calc

The electronic spreadsheet, Perfect Calc, displays an entry window of 8 columns by 24 rows on a 52- column by 255-row worksheet. Perfect Calc features cursor-key directed movement, instant recalculation of formulas, and a Help menu.

The master disk supplies 29 formatted spreadsheet templates with applications varying from checkbook balancing to income-tax calculation. The users guide suggests that they "may require modification to meet your particular needs." This is an understatement because many of the templates contain bugs. For example, the accounts-receivable worksheet formulas call for variables from accounts-payable entry sheets, and the Payroll analysis set depends on a spreadsheet, "payfacts.pc," which Perfect Software has not included.

Still, Perfect Calc itself is comfortably bug free. It has the same split-screen, virtual-memory, multibuffer editing features as Perfect Writer. The control commands are identical, except that there are extensions for the editing of columns. You can pass entries or blocks of entries between any number of spreadsheets, and a powerful "associate files" option links the formula calculation and calling into memory of separate sheets. Although the Kaypro II does not do graphics, Perfect Calc allows you to format a bar graph as varying strings of asterisks. The user manual is written in jargon-free English and is well illustrated.

The biggest disappointment is the lack of communication between the Calc and Filer programs. If you need totals in Perfect Filer, which does not perform arithmetic, you have to transfer the numbers individually to a Calc file using split-screen editing, then key the totals back by hand.

The Perfect programs in the Kaypro II package were

4 Circle 19 on inquiry card.

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designed as an integrated package and share command structures, format, and an overall functionality. This means that there is considerable crossover learning from one program to the next—a boon to users. Perfect Software is not perfect, but considering the price, portability, and commitment to improvement, it is very good indeed.

Profitplan

Kaypro also includes Profitplan from Chang Laboratories. This spreadsheet program is appropriate for simple applications: data and formula entry are fairly straightforward, but once you make a "what if" projection, you can't restore your original spreadsheet.

The Word Plus

Although Perfect Speller is still included in the Kaypro II software package, it has been largely superseded by The Word Plus from Oasis Systems. The Word Plus lists words it doesn't recognize and asks whether they need correction. It can display the words in context and will generate a list of likely corrections at your request. Next, it automatically makes the corrections in your text and writes an updated file to disk. The program will even "learn" new words and add them to its dictionary for future use.

Furthermore, The Word Plus displays total word count, frequency of occurrence, homonyms (such as colonel and kernel), anagrams (debug and budge), and lists of rhymes.

It also assists in solving crossword puzzles and playing Scrabble. These word-puzzle routines are so intriguing and so much fun that The Word Plus may interfere with your time management; sooner or later you will lose a whole morning playing with them.

The 45,000 words of the main dictionary were selected on the basis of frequency of occurrence and frequency of misspelling and were checked for accuracy by proofreaders and by existing lexical programs. In addition, you can create specialized dictionaries (e.g., legal, medical or scientific terminology) and specify them at run time.

Because the S-BASIC manual lacks illustrations of actual code, it takes some trial and error to type certain

S-BASIC statements in a way that pleases the compiler.

Down to BASICS

MBASIC from Microsoft is so widespread within the microcomputer world that we need only say that this interpreted BASIC works as expected and makes a huge software base available to the Kaypro owner.

The S-BASIC compiler is an interesting mixture of BASIC syntax and Pascal control structures. BASIC programmers may find little need to change their programming methods except that variables must be declared. (However, if they want to write more readable, debug

Microrubble

How long could your business survive if your computer were suddenly reduced to a smoldering pile of microrubble? If it were stolen? Or tampered with?

For as little as $35/yr SAFEWARE provides for full replacement of all hardware, media and purchased software after a low $50 deductible.

You're covered against fire, theft, accidental damage, earthquakes, and damage in transit. SAFEWARE even covers power surges, the second leading destroyer of microsystems. And, in the event of a claim, you'll get fast replacement. So you can be back in business almost before the smoke clears.

To find out more, or to obtain immediate coverage, call the toll free number. Or write: Columbia National General Agency, 88 E. Broad Street, Columbus, OH 43215.

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Circle 387 on inquiry card.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 221

System Saver

The most important peripheral for your Apple II and He.

HI

For Line Surge Suppression

SYSTEM SAVER provides essential protection to hardware and data from dangerous power surges and spikes. Dangerous voltage spikes are clipped off at a safe 130 Volts RMS/175 Volts dc level. High frequency noise is smoothed out before reaching the Apple II.

For Cooling

Today's advanced peripheral cards generate more heat. In addition, the cards block any natural air flow through the Apple II creating high temperature conditions that

substantially reduce the life of the cards and computer itself. SYSTEM SAVER's fan exhausts 15 cubic feet of air per minute.

For Operating Efficiency

SYSTEM SAVER contains two switched power outlets. SYSTEM SAVER efficiently organizes your system so that one convenient, front mounted power switch controls SYSTEM SAVER, Apple II, monitor and printer. The heavy duty switch has a pilot light to alert when system is on. You'll never use the Apple power switch again. Also available m 220/240 Volt. 50/60 Hz.

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gable, and maintainable code, the means are there.)

S-BASIC offers good internal documentation with its variety of commenting structures. Variables can be declared and documented on the same line, and COMMENT. . .END allows a whole block of comment lines to be entered. S-BASIC supports interactive programming with an assortment of INPUT statements, and a single instruction outputs an entire block of display lines. Its "advanced structured techniques" show a strong similarity to Pascal: WHILE. . .DO; REPEAT. . . UNTIL. . .; CASE. . .OF. . .END; as well as procedures and functions which allow parameter passing and recursion.

Boolean variables are fully implemented although there is not a separate boolean type. A statement such as FLAG = (X < Y) will work whether FLAG is declared as integer, real number, or string. In the latter case, a string that begins with "Y," "y," "T," or "t" is evaluated as true. You might use the variable in a routine similar to the following:

INPUT1 "DO YOU WANT DOUBLE WIDTH

PRINTING"; FLAG IF FLAG THEN DOUBLE.WIDTH

S-BASIC aims to be a tool for the experienced programmer of structured languages, improving on Pascal by adding string variables and random-access file I/O and dispensing with its tedious punctuation (a = b replaces a : = b;). It does not have Pascal's power in describing data types, however. There are no pointer variables, sets, records, or scalar subrange variables.

Parameters in a procedure are used somewhat differently First, all parameters are of the pass-by-value type. In other words, none of the arguments of a function or procedure can be altered by it. While this may not meet the approval of Pascal purists, I feel that the resulting independence of modules is an aid to program structure. S-BASIC handles the problem of a multivalue function by using global variables. Remember that microcomputer programming is not a likely environment for a major team software project. The clarity of a program that will take up only 60K bytes of memory is not going to suffer from a few extra global variables. Furthermore, arrays are not allowed as parameters. Also, a parameter declaration is not permitted to have the same name as a global variable or as a variable local to another procedure.

Software Problems

The current S-BASIC manual, although an improvement over the original, does not have sufficient illustrations of actual code, so it takes a certain amount of trial and error to type some of the statements in a way that pleases the compiler. The following statement, which is meant to call up the execution of a separately compiled program, is an example:

chain "b: program com"

222 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

INTRODUCING THE SAFT

STANDBY POWER SYSTEM. IT KEEPS

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WHEN THE LIGHTS GO OUT.

It the power fails while you're reading this ad, everything your computer knows could be lost.

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This statement produces run-time errors until you discover that the file name must be typed in uppercase letters. The manual does not make this clear.

Another problem is a statement with more than 65 characters. The compiler uses a linefeed as the delimiter of a program statement, and neither the manual nor the Kaypro II users guide hints that specifying Perfect Writer's "normal" mode is the way to turn off word wrap.

Compiler error messages are noticeably weak. For example, "$$$$$$$ Cannot process this / Statement error" is the only message covering a large class of syntactical errors in REPEAT, WHILE, ELSE, and CASE statements. Incredibly, S-BASIC has no test for an end-of-file condition. Thus, a program will crash unless you take the trouble to define a counter field that you increment when you write a new record. 'Modulo' and 'odd' functions have been omitted for the sake of economy, leaving the programmer to grapple with integer-division expressions.

Aside from these rough edges, writing structured code was easy and natural. With improvements, S-BASIC could be highly suitable for introducing microcomputer users to the advantages of structured programming.

The Company

When you are buying a computer, your scrutiny should not end with the hardware, software, and documentation. The company matters, too. Non-Linear Systems has been around for a long time. In the 1950s the company president, Andrew Kay, invented the digital voltmeter, and Non-Linear has been a major supplier of portable test equipment for the last 30 years. His son, David Kay, is product manager for the Kaypro line. They seem genuinely committed to customer service and are well organized for it. As part of this customer support, Non-Linear Systems publishers Pro-Files, a Kaypro users magazine. Pro-Files is available free for one year to Kaypro owners.

Conclusion

If Kaypro II is the answer, then the question might be, "What is the best value in a practical portable computer?" Though it has some limitations, the Kaypro II is both good and affordable. For $1595 you get an extensive software package with high-quality documentation, standard hardware that works all the time, a fine keyboard, an 80-character display, standard interfaces, and good floppy-disk drives. That's what we call "best value."■

Editor's Note: Shortly after this review was written, Non-Linear Systems announced that it has changed its corporate name to Kaypro Corporation. Non-Linear Systems will become a division of the parent company.

Roger Fager is associate professor in the Physiology Department at the University of Virginia School of Medicine in Charlottesville.

John Bohr has a degree in mathematics and is a part-time computer science student.

224 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 499 on inquiry card.

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Mix words with your pictures.

DR Graph lets you write comments on your graphs, too. You not only control the size and color of the type, but also have four different typestyles to choose from. Write your own legends and titles. Or add additional text right onto the graph— exactly where you want it. Plus, its 8 color and 6 pattern fills provide customized highlighting. So, your presentation graphs will be as professional as you are.

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DR Graph works with today's leading microcomputers, as well as with a wide range of printers and plotters. All you need is Digital Research's GSX™ graphics enhancement for your computer's operating system. Contact your computer manufacturer, or stop by the CP/M Library™ at your computer shop for an eyeopening demonstration. Call 800-227-1617, ext. 400 (in California 800-772-3545, ext. 400) for a free, full-color brochure.

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Circle 149 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 225

Product Description

The Corona Portable PC

A new -portable IBM PC-compatible computer with an eye-catching

display

by Rich Malloy

If you've attended any of the recent computer trade shows, you've probably seen a reasonably priced portable computer that rapidly flashes a series of eye-catching pictures across a very high contrast green display screen. This machine, the Corona Portable PC (photo 1), along with its sister desktop version, the Corona PC, offers stiff competition to the numerous machines compatible with the IBM Personal Computer.

Corona Data Systems, the manufacturer of the new systems, is one of the several start-up companies spawned by the IBM PC. It was founded two years ago by Dr. Robert Harp, who a few years earlier had been the founding wizard of Vector Graphic. Before announcing its new line of IBM-compatible systems, the new company was known primarily for its hard-disk drives.

The two Corona machines are very similar. The portable has an 8088 microprocessor, 128K bytes of memory, one or two half-height double-density double-sided floppy-disk drives (storing 320K bytes each), a 9-inch high-contrast green monochrome display screen with graphics capabilities, a serial port, a parallel printer port, four IBM-compatible expansion slots, and a fairly sizable bundle of software: Microsoft's MS-DOS operat

m^

\v\\

Photo 1: The Corona Portable PC, a portable IBM PC clone with a high-contrast display.

ing system and GW-BASIC language, Softword Systems' Multimate (a word-processing program), and PC Tutor, a program to teach you how the system works. The price for all this is $2945 for the two-disk-drive model (the one-disk-drive model is $400 less). The computer weighs 28 pounds and measures 9.6 inches high by 18.8 inches wide by 19.8 inches long.

The desktop machine (photo 2) has everything the portable has except that it has a 12-inch screen instead of a 9-inch screen. It will use standard-height disk drives until more half-height drives become available. The twodrive desktop model sells for $2995. The one-drive unit is $400 less.

Because the machines are so similar, it is hard to talk about one without discussing the other. But in keeping with the theme of this issue of BYTE, I'll restrict my observations to the portable version. Bear in mind, though, that most comments apply equally to both models.

Compatibility

The first thing to think about when considering an IBM-compatible computer is, "How compatible is it?" Despite many manufacturers' claims, it is very difficult, and illegal, to produce an exact copy of the IBM Personal Computer. For the machine to be legal, at least some of its parts have to be different (for instance, the copyright notice). It is essential to find out that the software (or expansion hardware) you need will run on the machine you are interested in.

The Corona portable comes with the MS-DOS operating system (essentially the same as IBM's PC-DOS), and Digital Research's CP/M-86 is offered as an option. Any program that is written for MS-DOS or CP/M-86 should run on the Corona. Any program, however, that accesses IBM's proprietary ROM (read-only memory) routines to drive the display and keyboard may not run on the Corona or most of the other IBM Personal Computer clones. The best way to test this, of course, is to try to run your favorite IBM Personal Computer program on the Corona.

226 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

For this Product Description I did not have time to do an exhaustive test of the software written for the IBM Personal Computer, but I was able to test one of my favorites, Peachtree Software's Peachtext, configured for the IBM PC, at the spring Comdex show in Atlanta.

After watching an MS-DOS program called PC Tutor running on the Corona, I discreetly asked if I could try to run a Peachtext disk that was in my pocket. The people at the Corona booth hemmed and hawed a bit, but they finally led me to a desktop version of the machine off in the corner where no one would see it should it fail. Their hesitancy was unnecessary. The disk booted up without a problem, and a few keystrokes later Peachtext was processing a text file.

This was, of course, far from an acid test of compatibility, which will have to wait for a future issue of BYTE. But it is a test I highly recommend: take a program you like and see if it actually works before you buy.

Video Display

As mentioned earlier, the most eye-catching feature of the Corona is its green monochrome video display. It has an extremely high contrast, which seems to reduce eyestrain. Photographs may not capture its clarity, so I recommend you visit your local computer store to have a look.

The screen, which also has graphics capabilities, can display 25 lines of 80 characters. According to Corona Data Systems, each character is formed on a 16- by 13-pixel (picture element) grid. That's 16 pixels wide, not high! The horizontal size of the pixels is presumably half that of the vertical size. If you consider that there are 80 characters per line and 16 horizontal pixels per character, the effective horizontal resolution is an incredible 1280 pixels!

Like the IBM Personal Computer, the Corona Portable PC supports two levels of intensity for each character. It also supports reverse-video characters, underlining, and blinking.

Graphics

The aforementioned high-contrast screen is coupled with high-resolution graphics capabilities (640 by 325 pixels). Unfortunately, this is not the same format as the IBM color/graphics display-adapter board (640 by 200 pixels). But the IBM color/graphics board can be plugged into one of the expansion slots, thus giving the Corona more compatibility with programs such as Lotus Development's 1-2-3.

The Corona graphics format is supported by an extra set of BASIC commands in its GW-BASIC interpreter. It should also be supported by the GSX graphics interpreter that can be attached to CP/M-86. GSX (Digital Research's Graphics System Extension) promises to give its users a layer of compatibility in graphics, the same way CP/M gave us a layer of compatibility for general 8-bit software (see reference 2). When CP/M-86/GSX software becomes available, the Corona should be able

to run it.

Two other nice features of the Corona are that graphic images can be placed anywhere on the screen, regardless of text-character placement. And graphics information can be placed anywhere in memory. This allows for the quickly changing pictures I mentioned at the beginning of this article.

Keyboard

The Corona Portable PC, like many of the new personal computers, uses an IBM-like keyboard from Key Tronic (see reference 1). This keyboard has a layout similar to that of the IBM Personal Computer, but has an indicator light for the Caps Lock and Num (numeric) Lock keys. It also has a much lighter "feel" for each keystroke and it does not make a loud click as the IBM unit does.

Key Tronic makes two versions of its keyboard. On one, the layout of the keys is exactly the same as that of the IBM. On the other, the keys are arranged in a more traditional layout; that is, the left Shift key is to the immediate left of Z, and the Return (or Enter) key is just to the right of the quotation marks key. These positions are more in line with other keyboards used in the United States.

Corona Data Systems originally offered the exact IBM key layout, but recently it decided to offer the more traditional keyboard because many users had requested it. This is a prime example of the adaptability of smaller companies. I wish IBM could display similar flexibility in its choice of components.

Durability

A prime factor in the selection of a portable computer

Sipmi fj"5. I > '

: t ! ■ ' i ' i * t*\ ' \ Yi

Photo 2: The Corona PC, the desktop version of the Corona portable. The unit shown here has half-height floppy-disk drives, but most units will be shipped with regular-height drives.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 227

is its ability to survive travel. The unit used at the Comdex show offered evidence of the Corona's ruggedness. The Corona prototype I saw had been subjected to some rough handling on an airplane flight, enough to break off the front panel. Another prototype was not available, so the broken one had to be used. During the show, the front panel had to be propped up against the machine. But despite what must have been a fairly severe blow, the prototype still worked. Let's hope the mass-produced versions fare as well.

Multimate

Multimate, the word-processing program that comes with the machine, is somewhat similar to the software Wang Laboratories uses on its dedicated word processors. Developed by Softword Systems of East Hartford, Connecticut, Multimate is fairly powerful and has the ability to merge letter files with address files.

Options

One of the options for the Corona Portable PC is Cor

At a Glance

Name

The Corona Portable PC

Manufacturer

Corona Data Systems 31324 Via Colinas. Suite 110 Westlake Village. CA 91361 (800) 621-6746

Size

19.8 inches long by 18.8 inches wide by 9.6 inches high

Weight

28 pounds

Hardware

8088, 16-bit processor; 128K bytes to 512K bytes of memory; 9-inch green phosphor display, 80 by 25 characters, reverse video, underline, blinking, high-intensity, 640 by 325 pixels; Key Tronic keyboard with modified IBM-PC key layout; mass storage: 1 or 2 half-height floppy-disk drives, 320K bytes each; interfaces: RS-232C serial port, Centronics parallel printer port; expansion: four IBM-PC compatible expansion slots

Software

MS-DOS operating system, GW BASIC interpreter, Multimate word processor, PC Tutor

Options

Extra memory, !28K-byte modules, S295 each; second floppy-disk drive. $450; hard-disk drive, 10 megabytes, S2695

Documentation

Four 3-ring binders, 8/2- by 5/2-inch pages. User's Guide, MSDOS Reference Manual, Microsoft BASIC Manual, and Multimate Manual

Price

PPC-1 [one fioppy disk), S2545 PPC-2 (two floppy disks), S2945

ona's hard-disk drive, which was developed for the IBM Personal Computer. A 10-megabyte hard disk in its own case will sell for $2695.

Up to 512K bytes of memory can be placed on the main circuit board. The standard unit contains 128K bytes, with each additional 128K bytes costing $295.

The four expansion slots on the Corona are not needed to produce a minimal working configuration. The main board of the Corona already includes the video-display interface, the disk-drive interface, serial and parallel ports, and a large amount of memory. Thus, the four slots are left open for cards that will actually expand the system. According to Corona, any IBM Personal Computer card should work. Again, a thorough test of this will have to wait.

Possible Shortcomings

One possible shortcoming of the Corona is its lack of a spreadsheet calculator program in its bundle of software. Such programs have proven to be very popular, and some potential customers may be put off by the requirement of having to buy a spreadsheet separately. Also, some popular programs such as Lotus's 1-2-3 may not be compatible with the Corona's graphics format. You will have to purchase IBM's color/graphics adapter board and a monitor, or wait for a Corona-graphicscompatible version to come out.

Comparisons

Simply speaking, the Corona is an IBM Personal Computer clone, and it is very tempting to compare the copy with the original. If we make the assumption that the quality is equivalent (which may or may not be valid), the pricing offers an interesting comparison. The twodisk-drive version of the Corona costs $2945. An equivalent IBM configuration costs $3800—$2100 for the basic one-drive unit plus $500 for the second drive, $250 for the graphics board, $200 for a monochrome monitor, $120 for the printer port, $120 for the serial port, $170 for an extra 64K bytes of memory, $300 for a word-processing program, and $40 for the operating systems. Even the Compaq portable IBM clone, with a similar configuration, would run about $3900.

Summary

The biggest selling point of the Corona is its fine display. It's a good machine with an attractive price. If you need a general word-processing machine with a keyboard that's easy to get used to and a screen that's easy on your eyes, then the Corona may be for you.B

References

Glasco, David B. and Murray Sargent III. "Using IBM's Marvelous Keyboard." BYTE, May 1983, page 402.

Langhorst, Fred E. and Thomas B. Clarkson III. "Realizing Graphics Standards for Microcomputers." BYTE, February 1983, page 256.

Rich Malloy is a senior technical editor of BYTE.

228 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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A Report on the Consumer

Electronics K ^

Show ^

*>

"\ ^

A bird's-eye view of the latest offerings

A single event dominated the Consumer Electronics Show held in Chicago: the introduction of the Adam, Coleco's personal computer (see the photo above). Just as the Osborne computer once revolutionized the personal-computing marketplace by bundling applications software, languages, and all the basic hardware except a printer for $1795, Coleco now offers a computer system with more standard features than seem possible for $599.

The Adam personal computer contains a Zilog ZSO microprocessor with 80K bytes of RAM and a word processor in ROM. A full-sized keyboard has a diamond-shaped cursor pad, function keys, and built-in numeric pads on the two standard game controller units. According to Coleco, a 512K-byte digital data pack system will rival the transfer rate of a floppy disk. The speed of the bidirec

230 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

by Phil Lemmons

tional daisy-wheel printer included with the Adam is less than 15 characters per second (cps), but that doesn't detract from the sharp quality of the characters. The standard Adam lacks a monitor but can use a television screen as a 40-column display and offers an optional 80-column card for those who buy a monitor. The Adam is CP/M-compatible, and Coleco promises to make the most popular CP/M programs available on digital data packs. The company also claims its BASIC is source-code compatible with Applesoft. And if the computer features aren't impressive enough, don't forget the Adam's ability to run games written for Coleco's line of game machines.

The Adam wasn't the only important machine introduced at CES. Atari presented four new machines based on a 6502C microprocessor

running at 1.79 MHz. The least expensive of these was the $199 600XL featuring 16K bytes of RAM expandable to 64K bytes and 24K bytes of ROM. In addition, a CP/M module is available as an accessory. Atari also introduced the 1027 letter-quality daisy-wheel printer for the low price of $349.95. The 1027 prints at 20 cps, faster than Coleco's printer by 5 cps. The 1027, the Atariwriter word-processing cartridge, and the 600XL computer are bundled as a word-processing system for $599.95. But keep in mind that the keyboards of all the new Atari machines have only 62 keys, no cursor-control keys, and only four function keys. That's understandable, for the price, but for word processing the Atari can't compare with the Coleco Adam keyboard or the Video Technology Laser 3000, which I'll describe shortly. Atari's 800XL has 64K bytes of RAM and

produces output to drive a monitor, whereas the 600XL has output for a television only. Both the 1400XL and 1450XLD contain a built-in 300-bitper-second modem and a speech synthesizer but the 1450XLD adds a built-in disk drive to the package.

More Machines

Spectravideo improved its 318—a Z80 running at 3.6 MHz—and introduced the more powerful 328 (see photo 2). Although the 328 lacks the earlier model's built-in joystick, it provides cursor-control keys, a numeric pad, and five programmable function keys. The 328 has 48K bytes of ROM expandable to 96K bytes and 80K bytes of RAM expandable to 256K. The standard ROM contains BASIC, a word processor, a terminal program, and on-line documentation.

Tomy introduced its 16-bit, $129.95 Tutor, a microcomputer that is based on the TMS 9905 microprocessor (see photo 3). Tomy's promotional effort stressed that the Tutor can instruct children without parental supervision. The machine features a rubber keyboard, and a disk drive is available.

The fastest 6502 machine on view was the Video Technology Laser 3000 (see photo 4), which runs at 2 MHz. The machine's keyboard features cursor-control keys, a numeric pad, and eight programmable function keys. A plug-in Z80A cartridge enables the machine to run CP/M software, and its 64K bytes of RAM are expandable to 192K bytes. The Laser 3000 has an Apple-compatible mode, and Video Technology says that two custom large-scale integration chips replace more than 100 discrete integrated circuits that would otherwise be necessary. The chips also perform video processing, memory management, and system control. The Laser 3000 displays 80 columns of text and has 560 by 192 pixels (picture elements) in the color-graphics mode. Standard items include fourchannel sound generation, a Centronics parallel-printer port, and a cassette interface. Although the machine can support as many as four disk drives with 164K bytes, neither

Photo 2: The new 328 from Spectravideo.

Photo 3: The Tutor from Tomy.

Photo 4: The Laser 3000 from Video Technology, which runs at 2 MHz, was the fastest 6502 machine at the CES Show.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 231

Photo 5: The Unisonic Wafer-Driven Home Computer System is based on the wafer drive from Entrepo.

the disk controller nor a serialcommunications port is included as part of the standard equipment.

Unisonic displayed a Wafer-Driven Home Computer System (see photo 5), one of the many machines that uses the wafer drive from Entrepo. The wafer drive evolved from continuous-loop recording tape, formerly called a stringy floppy.

General Consumer Electronics introduced a keyboard and light pen for use with the Vectrex Graphic Computer System, its 6809-based

game system. GCE also demonstrated programs that used the light pen to compose and edit music and to generate animated graphics. The software helped produce animation by interpolating lines between those drawn with the light pen. The light pen sells for about $40, and the basic system's price has dropped to $100 without a keyboard.

Texas Instruments displayed a cosmetically improved version of the TI 99/4A but declined to announce the forthcoming 99/8. The 99/2, which

was announced at the winter CES in January, has been discontinued.

Commodore demonstrated Magic Desk, a desktop manager for the Commodore 64 home computer, dropped prices, and once again introduced its Executive 64 portable computer, which looks just as good now as it did at the winter CES and at the National Computer Conference. The Executive 64 is a portable Commodore 64 with a 6-inch color monitor and one or two disk drives in a compact 27-pound package. It does not come equipped with a printer. The price for a one-drive system with 64K bytes of RAM is $995. An optional Z80 cartridge permits running CP/M programs.

Standard Miracles

As of summer CES 1983, the only low aspect about the low end of the personal computer market is the price of the systems. The one possible exception concerns the speed of mass storage. Depending on how fast the wafer drives and digital data packs prove to be in normal use, people may demand the speed of random-access storage devices as standard equipment in their home computers. The company to be the first to introduce a $600 system that includes both a floppy-disk drive and a letter-quality printer may be the next market leader. ■

Phil lemmons, West Coast Bureau Chief of BYTE, can be contacted at BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111, (415) 398-7990.

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232 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The Next Five Years in Microcomputers

Our user unlocks his crystal ball and becomes a seer

I've told this story before, but it's worth repeating. In 19541 was invited to the University of Illinois to see the ILIAC, which at that time was the world's most powerful computer. Housed in a gymnasium, it was supported by the world's largest air-conditioning system.

ILIAC was a vacuum-tube machine. Two undergraduates had the singular job of rushing about inside ILIAC with shopping carts full of tubes; when one burned out, they'd replace it. It did all its calculations three times and took a majority vote on the answer, because a tube might burn out while it was making a calculation.

For all that, time was scheduled on ILIAC months in advance; it really was the world's most powerful machine.

The TI-59 programmable scientific calculator is considerably more powerful than ILIAC was.

That development took 30 years, but technology always accelerates. Barring nuclear war, there should be nearly as much change in computers in the next 10 years as there was in the preceding 30.

When you try to predict trends, you're usually too far out over the short run and too conservative over the long haul. Still, we can see where the computer revolution is taking us: by the year 2000, anyone in the West who seriously wants to will be able to get the answer to any question, the

by Jerry Pournelle

answer to which is known or calculable.

That's a pretty strange world, but it's nearly inevitable. Microcomputers will contribute to that world: they'll be the link between the big machines and the ordinary citizen. Having stepped that far out, let's get closer to home and look ahead five years.

When the micro world first started, it was all one community: hobbyists. The last time NCC was held in Anaheim, everything—all the microcomputers, software, hardware, support people, the whole works—was hidden away in one back room at the Disneyland Hotel.

Like pariahs. As if AFIPS (American Federation of Information Processing Societies, which sponsors NCC) was ashamed of us.

This year's NCC is dominated by microcomputers. The old high priests of the computer industry may still dislike us, but they can't ignore us.

In those days, hobbyists dominated the micro world. If you weren't a hobbyist, if you were just a user like me, you were not only rare, you had no choice but to team up with one of the wizards. You didn't just walk into a store and buy a computer system. Good equipment was put together, often from kits.

That's all changed now. One of the people who changed it was Adam Osborne, who packaged a working system with enough software to make it useful and sold the whole

works—machine, software, and all— for about half what anybody else charged for a comparable package.

That's one of the currents in the micro stream. Another is represented by Bill Godbout and his Compupro team. They sell advanced equipment. Compupro machines are widely used for software development, but you still have to know something about microcomputers, or have consultants who do, in order to take full advantage of the Compupro line.

Another trend is represented by Apple's Lisa: not really all that advanced, maybe even overpriced when you consider what's inside the machine, but sold to a market that's interested in the convenience. Lisa doesn't really compete with Osborne or Compupro; as far as I can see, Lisa is cutting into a market that's used to paying a lot more than $10,000 for machinery. This is the computer as executive perk.

Clearly then, trends will affect the Godbouts and the Osbornes quite differently, and those two won't be the whole story either. Microprocessors are going to appear in all sorts of ways that won't be recognizable as computers. Home appliances, cars, television sets, home security systems, games, and a lot more—all those industries will be affected.

In other words, there's no such

This article is based on a presentation given at the 1983 National Computer Conference. Dr. Adam Osborne was the other speaker at the presentation.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 233

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thing as "the" future of the microcomputer industry; it's a bit like asking someone in 1950 to talk about the future of the transistor. We can look only at broad trends.

Adam Osborne is interested in the mass market and predicts that most micros will, in the next few years, be sold to people who don't want computers at all. They only want machines that do things.

He may be right, although—given the trends toward making "computer literacy" the new buzzwords and requiring an understanding of computers for graduation from college and perhaps even high school—one could argue that Osborne has misread the trend. In any event, I'll stay mostly with things that look and act like computers.

Hardware

We can sum up the hardware trend in one sentence: more capability for less money. That trend will accelerate.

Memory: the price of memory has fallen every year. When I first bought Ezekial, my late friend who happened to be a Z80,16K bytes of highquality (Industrial Micro) static memory cost more than $500. That's $31.25/K. Today, top-quality static memory (Compupro) costs $995 for T28K bytes, or $7.77/K. Dynamic memory has become more reliable, and it's a lot cheaper. This month's BYTE advertises deals such as 256K bytes for $795, or $3.10/K.

I can do even better than that. I have a Macrotec dynamic board: a full megabyte for $1983 list. That works out to $1.94/K. These are advertised retail prices for single quantities.

The next generation in memory requires some new technology; it won't be enough to simply glue a batch of the 64K-byte chips together. However, there's absolutely no reason to suppose the new technology won't be forthcoming, either from here or from Japan. Thus we can in confidence say that five years from now memory will cost no more than 15 percent of what it does now. The smallest machines will have a full megabyte; most will have a lot more.

Ten-megabyte microcomputers will be common.

ROMs: ROMs will be cheaper, too, so that it will be easy to have ROM software as part of a computer package. Instead of programs on disks, machines will have their operating system, text editor, and other commonly used stuff built in, the way BASIC was built in on the old TRS-80 Model I.

Use of ROMs as a means for distributing software may cut down a lot on piracy.

EROMs (erasable read-only memory) will let you do things like reconfigure the keyboard and otherwise customize the system. You do that once and forget it.

Mass storage: I've titled this section mass storage rather than disk drives. I think floppy disks will be with us in five years, but they may largely be relegated to their original purpose of transferring information from one machine to another, rather than as a mass-storage device.

Incidentally, my engineering advisers predict that in five years both the 8- and 5 % -inch floppy disks will be a dying breed; they'll be replaced by some kind of hard disk, possibly the cartridge Winchesters, and one of the vest-pocket disk systems. The vest-pocket (3V4- to 3V2-inch) disks would already have made great inroads into the 5V4-inch market if the industry could agree on some kind of standard.

Note the trend in disks. Ezekial's disk system—two drives, controller, interface, and cables—cost $2000 for 241 x 2 = 482K bytes of storage, or $4.15/K. This month's BYTE advertises Compupro double-sided quaddensity disks with controller at $1595; for that you get 2.2 megabytes, 2200K, or $0.73/K.

The trend in hard disks is just as dramatic. Five years ago, you couldn't afford hard disks. Now, George Morrow will sell you 16 megabytes formatted, with controller, for $1595; that's $0,099, less than a dime per K!

Of course other mass-storage devices are available. We have bubble memory, battery-backed memory, streaming tapes, disk cartridges, and such like. We don't need to know pre

234 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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cisely what we'll be using five years from now. We can, however, be sure that it won't cost more than a nickel a K, and will probably be a lot less; and it will be fast.

Five years from now it won't be worthwhile building a micro with less than 10 megabytes of mass storage.

CPU: an interesting race is going on: which chip will dominate the next few years? The leading contenders are the 8086 and its successors versus the 68000. The Z8000 seems to have dropped out of contention. The 16032 is a dark horse, with very interesting chip architecture.

Most analysts believe that the 8086, followed by the upward-compatible 2-86, possibly followed by more upward-compatible successors, and the 68000 are the chips to watch. Which one you ought to go with is a financially important decision, but it's not crucial to our analysis.

We're pushing out to the limits of VLSI (very-large-scale integration) technology, but there are bound to be breakthroughs. If we assume CPU complexities will go up by only a factor of two while the price is cut in half, we get a fourfold increase in bang for the buck.

Linking: the main problem with Ethernet is that it's expensive. That won't last. I don't mean that the hardware for Ethernet itself will necessarily fall in price, although that's very likely; I do mean that hardware for linking computers together into networks will be made steadily more available.

Some engineers think the RS-232C system, carried to its full potential, will be more than sufficient. Others reject that. Few, however, believe we won't have reliable, fast, and low-cost intersystem communications hardware well before 1988.

For example, I fully expect one day to talk to my editor in New York while we both have text on our screens. I'll use a light pen, or something similar, to mark my text, and my editor will see the same thing happen on her screen, but we won't have to give up our voice communications to do that. The limiting factor here isn't computer technology,

it's the phone company.

Other stuff: Pournelle's Law: Iron is expensive, but silicon is cheap.

Modem hardware, memory-management units, system support, math chips, voice-recognition units, and all that paraphernalia will get cheaper and more plentiful.

The trend in printer equipment isn't quite as dramatic. In 1978 I paid about $3000 for a good letter-quality printer. I'd have to pay about $2000 today, and I'd be surprised if I didn't have to pay at least $1000, possibly $1500, in 1988.

Impact printers require a good bit of machined metal, and that gets more, not less, expensive. The cost of chips has dropped enough that printers can be smarter and still be less expensive, but there's a minimum that mechanical equipment isn't likely to fall below.

However: machines that are a combination of laser printer and copy machine are available this year for about $15,000 in quantity one and about $7000 in quantity 1000. The usual trend is for this year's quantity 1000 price to be next year's quantity one price. Within five years, laser printers that will also be your office copy machine will be available for no more than letter-quality printers cost today. This will give us amazing capabilities for producing cameraready copy, complete with variable typefaces and excellent graphics.

Bottom line on hardware: hardware costs less for more capability. Total systems costs are coming down.

In 1977 Ezekial, my first Z80 machine, cost about $12,000, including software, systems integration, letterquality printer, modem, cables, and a maintenance contract. He was a very advanced machine for his time.

In 1983 Zeke II cost about $8500. In speed and other capabilities, Zeke II is at least twice as powerful as Zeke I was. He's three times as fast, has a 1200-bps modem, twice as much memory, and almost 10 times as much disk storage. He has more and better software. Yet he costs only 75 percent as much.

If all I wanted was enough equipment for word processing, I could save even more by getting an

236 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 237

Osborne, the communications pack, and a tolerable printer. I'd still end up with as much system as Zeke ever was, all for $3500 or so. That's 30 percent of what I paid for Zeke, but the same capability.

That trend will obviously continue. In five years you should be able to get a full business-quality system for what home computers cost now; while microcomputers that will do nearly all that the $100,000 minicomputers can do will be available for less than $10,000. Notice that I'm using real dollars, with no adjustments for inflation.

Software

The general statement is simple: software is going to be cheaper, more universal, and easier to use.

For instance, right here at this show Epson America is showing some pretty radical software: it's Chris Rutkowski's Valdocs system, which in effect uses the text editor as an operating system.

The Valdocs concept is certainly

headed in the right direction. You turn on the machine and it comes up in the text editor. If you want to call a friend, you push a couple of keys and you're in communications, either by voice (by picking up your phone) or computer-to-computer. If you want to see today's schedule, you push another button. You can get a printout of your next week's appointments. Another button uses your computer as a desk calculator.

In theory, you don't have to refer to the documentation; you find out how to use Valdocs with online help.

That's where software is going. It isn't there yet, because (in my judgment) the Z80 isn't fast or powerful enough to support all that work with tolerable speeds. No matter. The hardware exists. I think it would be easy to get Valdocs working like a striped ape on a machine like the Eagle 1600, for example, with its hard disk and fast screen.

Other trend-setting programs are on display out there. Lotus 1-2-3 is moving in the right direction. So is

Visi On. Richard Frank's people at Sorcim haven't yet integrated Superwriter and Supercalc, but that's only a matter of time.

Voice-controlled systems are available, and of course there's Apple's Lisa.

They're all headed in the same direction: making very complex programs easy to use. They integrate the computer directly into people's lives and make it accessible to people who aren't interested in learning CP/M and BASIC; this trend will accelerate.

Prices will inevitably fall: as the market base expands, it will be possible to make large profits from moderately priced software. Books, after all, sell for less than $25, but there's no shortage of people willing to write them, and some of us make a fair living writing books. Software development will be the same.

As software prices fall, support levels will fall: documents will be better, there will be more and better online help features, and the need for expensive people to answer tele

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8608 Wilbur Ave. North ridge Ca. 91324

Availability on some items limited-Prices subject to change. All items in factory sealed cartons, covered by factory warranties.

We accept cash, cashiers check. Shipping added to all orders. California residents add sales tax.

APPLE PRODUCTS

16K Memory Card $55.00

Microtek Magnum80 $179.00

Videx 80 Col $249.00

Microsoft Z-80 $249.00

Microsoft Premium System $469.00

Add-On Drive $240.00

Kraft Joystick $48.00

Grappler+ $119.00

System Saver $74.00

PRINTERS

Okidata 82 $399.00

Okidata 83 $639.00

Okidata 84p $949.00

Okidata 84s $999.00

Okidata 92 $490.00

Okidata 93 $810.00

C.ltoh 8510ap $379.00

C.ltoh 8510bd $499.00

C.ltoh 1550p $675.00

C.ltoh 1550s $735.00

C.ltoh F10-40 $1199.00

C.ltoh F10-55 $1489.00

Nee 8023 $399.00

Nee 7710 $1965.00

Nee 7730 $1965.00

Toshiba P1350 $1495.00

MODEMS

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $211.00

Hayes Smartmodem1200 $499.00

SPECIALS

New Videx Ultraterm .. $295.00

Head Cleaning Kit $17.00

Smith-Corona TP1 .... $499.00

Comrex Cr-1 S $699.00

Diablo 630 $1670.00

Cool Time w/clock $69.00

(Like System Saver but with real time clock)

Axlon 320K Ramdisk .. $579.00 TDK 8" SS/SD (box of 10) . $23.00 TDK 8" DS/DD (box of 10) . $25.00

EPD Surge Protectors

Lemon $48.00

Peach $69.00

Lime $78.00

Orange $95.00

MORE MODEMS

Hayes Micromodem 2 $279.00

w/term. program $315.00

IBM PRODUCTS

AST Combo Board $345.00

Quadram 4 Function Board ... $270.00

Tandon 100-2 Disk Drive $268.00

Datamac Hard Disk Drives

6 Megabyte $1195.00

12 Megabyte $1595.00

18 Megabyte $1995.00

MONITORS

Taxan Green $139.00

Taxan Amber $149.00

Taxan RGB Med-Res $329.00

Taxan RGB Hi-Res $499.00

Apple Interface CALL

Amdek Color 1 $299.00

Amdek Color 2 $399.00

Amdek 300G $139.00

Amdek 300A $159.00

Nee 1201 Green $169.00

Nee 1205 Amber $189.00

Nee Composite Color $299.00

TERMINALS

Televideo 925 $695.00

Televideo 950 $895.00

Axlon Datalink $289.00

238 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 496 on inquiry card.

How Dow Jones News/Retrieval Makes Learning Fun For The Oertells

The Oertell's have discovered there's something enjoyable for about the way the kids are learning to become computer

every member of the family in Dow Jones News/Retrieval®. literate, which will be so important later on in their lives."

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personal investment decision-making," explains Harold control over my investment decisions than ever before."

Oertell. "But since the service was installed, the whole „ . _, . ., . _, . „_

family is enjoying it in ways I never imagined." But there is one problem. As Ronald puts it, Sometimes I

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But the sports data base for Ronald and the movie reviews for Ingrid are the real passion. "Some times I'll go into the encyclopedia," confesses Ronald, "just for an excuse to go into sports later. They've got everything."

For Elinor, the News/Retrieval shop-at-home service "makes it easy to comparative shop. But I'm most excited

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phones will disappear. Companies that can't do it right the first time won't survive.

Programming languages are getting more accessible, and a lot of people will learn to program. A few years ago, hardware was available, and some people took advantage of it to start new companies. The result was Altos, and Apple, and some other outfits you've heard of.

A number of well-known software houses started the same way

That will happen again and again over the next five years as development-quality systems become available at popular prices. Languages are falling in price: I've recently been told of a BASIC compiler for less than $100. JRT Pascal isn't likely to be the only high-level language for less than $50.

As micros become more powerful, imagination and program design gets more important than the ability to write efficient code. If you can make your program easy to use, who cares how elegant it is? Not very long ago, what was important was the ability to do fantastic tricks in assembly language. When memory gets cheap, however, it's not worth paying computer wizards to write memoryefficient code.

Even now, what's really important is the ability to describe needed programs—to write what my mad friend MacLean called a metalanguage description of a program. Coding Visicalc so that it would run on an Apple was really brilliant work; writing the same program in Pascal to run on the Sage 68000 is a student exercise.

Some other discontinuities are just around the corner. For example, within the next five years, probably a lot sooner than that, someone is going to build what amounts to a LISP machine for micro prices. A lot of software is being written in LISP: text editors, spelling programs, that sort of thing, and also a lot of teaching programs. A lot of artificial intelligence people will suddenly be able to write programs with a potential market of tens of thousands of copies.

The educational potential of com

puters hasn't even been touched. In my judgment, it's better that kids program computers than that the computer programs the kids; I've never been wildly fond of so-called programmed learning. On the other hand, the use of computer games to teach valuable lessons has hardly been exploited at all. There's potential for a billion-dollar industry in educational software, but first it has to be created.

Will Micros Really Rival Minis?

Answer: yes.

There are some definite hardware limits to microcomputers. You can do only so much with a single chip before you run into fundamental problems. Those limits won't matter, though, because of parallel processing. Concurrent CP/M-86 is just now catching on; when people realize just what you can do with concurrent processing, it will really take off.

Example: the Valdocs program I mentioned earlier tries to do everything by overlays. When you call the scheduler, or address book, it saves off your text automatically. It effectively logs you out of the editor, and you're limited by the speed of your disk drives.

With concurrent processing you won't have to do that, arid programs to accomplish all that Valdocs does, and more, won't be hard to write, especially with a language like Modula-2 to write them in.

A few years ago, those of us who like peering into the future said that the trend was toward "one user, one CPU." We believed that multiuser systems were swimming against the current.

Now I think it's clear: we're headed not just for "one user, one CPU," but several CPUs for each user. We haven't even begun to wring out the potential of parallel processing.

The kind of multiuser system I see coming gives each user several CPU chips connected through a bus and capable of doing concurrent processing; quite a lot of memory; a terminal; and some kind of disk drive, quite possibly a small Winchester. His operating system will allow concurrent processing, so that he can ap

240 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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pear to be several "virtual terminals"; one of those terminals has his text editor, another his scheduler and card-file box, another is connected to an electronic-mail network.

Locally he'll be connected to other users through a network that lets him share use of a laser printer and a really big hard disk with tape backup.

The only difference between what I've described and a VAX is that the micro system will be a lot easier to use, and it will be cheap.

The trend, then, is clear: micros will get more like minis at the same time their prices are falling, while

higher-level languages will be more widely available and cheaper.

That's significant, because the trend will be toward portability and modularity It won't be necessary to start over when writing a new program. Programmers can bring over a number of modules intact and just write new stuff. They'll also be able to understand their programs.

Meanwhile, we'll see a trend toward making graphics available to a wider and wider group of programmers. You won't have to be a wizard in order to write decent graphics. Languages like Modula-2 really lend

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themselves to this, and I expect in the next couple of years to see Modula graphics modules offered for sale to programmers. Graphics statements in many BASIC languages are available right now. The Otrona has them, and the Zenith Z-100 even has color statements in its BASIC.

All this will make graphics available to the business and educational programmer as well as to the gamer.

Games

Speaking of games: Larry Niven and I are at this moment writing a game around our book Inferno. I notice that Infocom, the company that markets Zork and various other script-driven interactive games, has sufficient cash flow to take out really big ads now.

We can expect to see a lot more of this, and gaming rights will become as important to authors as their foreign rights. If you couple video disks to interactive games, you get a possibility of a whole new entertainment form, a story in which the reader can participate. I notice that's already happening in certain comic books, where you're instructed to turn to different pages depending on your decision at various points in the story.

Videodiscs, languages like PILOT, and new cheap, fast processors can create a new entertainment field. I'm not sure when it will happen, but it can't be too long before you can buy a videodisc and game cartridge that lets you be the central character in a Star Wars adventure, and when it comes time to fly your ship, or shoot the bad guys, you actually control the ship and the gun turrets: combining interactive fiction with an arcade-type game.

Miscellaneous

So far I haven't even said anything about new languages or trends toward programs like PEARL and The Last One, so-called programwriting programs. Both trends will continue, of course. Computerassisted programming is one of the goals of the artificial intelligence community. This too will contribute to the software explosion, driving it to the

242 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

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Here's an affordable way to switch up to eight RS-232 ports in any interconnection. Any port can select any other port, with up to four pairs of ports communicating at the same time. Pushbuttons define each port as either DTE or DCE, for quick and easy installation.

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Circle 484 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 243

logical limit: if you can describe what a program does, you can write the program.

I do not think we will reach that limit in five years; but we will have moved a surprisingly long way toward it.

Talking Computers

I've seen some spectacular things done in this field, but I don't really have a good feel for how quickly it will develop. Certainly the hardware will be available. It already is. The difficulty is in devising crashproof software. That's going to depend a lot on

the AI community, and predicting the state of AI is a risky business. They're always going to have a breakthrough Real Soon Now.

Then they get one, and things change rapidly.

Specifics

I'll make a few guesses based on the above analysis.

I'll make a guess that there's a 50 percent probability that by 1988 Dr. Osborne's company will be selling machines that talk and listen. The odds are 4 to 1 that Compupro will have such machines.

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Interactive fiction and script-driven games will be a significant part of the entertainment industry. Old-line firms like Doubleday and Ballantine and Random House will publish and distribute these games, and they'll be sold in B. Dalton bookstores.

Word-processing systems will outsell typewriters.

The telephone company will offer an information utility service.

Information utilities will be a lot easier to access and will make available a lot more data. We won't quite be to the point where anyone who wants to can get the answer to any question, but we'll be approaching it.

Someone will begin to worry about the kinds of information available and will want to restrict such things as the formula for mustard gas and how to make botulin toxin. A lot of lawyers will get rich arguing about this.

The ability to ask questions and know where to find information will be at least as important as memorizing facts, and some educational theorists will notice that. Lord knows what kind of crazy fad that will start. There's no predicting what a PhD in education can dream up.

Within five years we'll see computers included as part of television sets. When you buy a TV, you'll get the computer.

There will be a noticeable trend toward "The Electronic Cottage": more people working at home with communications by computer. They'll go to the office perhaps one day a week.

Finally: about five years ago, John McCarthy of Stanford bought a Heathkit color television. The intention was to have a robot build the television set.

As of this year, the robot hasn't even been able to open the box.

Within five years, John's robot will certainly have opened the box and removed the components. I doubt that it will have built the set—but I won't give long odds.B

jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer and current science-fiction writer who loves to play with computers.

244 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

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Here they are-the ^erSOftheSecond zf™ Games Contest rne good news is ^at all the games are outstanding The bad news is that almost all of them were written in assembly-ianguage code, which means their nstmgs are too long to Include in BYTE. Portu. nately, however most of the authors are making the games available on disk (see the text box for details). We've compiled a °rlef dossier on each winner.

by Gregg Williams

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Photo 1: The Akihabara quarter in Tokyo.

Update on Personal Computing in Japan

Battery-powered systems, optional communications, and attractive packaging highlighted the Japan Microcomputer Show '83

The Japan Microcomputer Show '83, held May 25-28 at Ryutsu Center in Tokyo, showed more low-end home computers, notebook-sized and hand-held computers than the more expensive desktop machines. All but a few of the machines at the show were on display and on sale in Akihabara—Tokyo's electronics quarter—before the show opened. Nevertheless, the thousands of Japanese who packed Ryutsu Center each day were just as intensely interested as those who attended the larger Japan Data Show last October.

New Personal Computers

The most striking new machine, the Canon X-07 Handy Personal Computer, combines battery power, attractive packaging, and intermachine communication through inexpensive optical couplers (see photo 2). For a base price of $445 (104,800 yen at 235 yen per dollar, but prices in the United States are generally higher than the exchange-rate equivalent), Canon provides a Z80-compatible NSC800 CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) microprocessor, 20K bytes of ROM (read-only memory) containing an interpretive BASIC, and a 4-line by 20-character display. A compact dot-matrix printer costs about $192. The X-07's RAM (random-access read/write memory) is expandable to 24K bytes and ROM to 42K bytes. Further memory expansion comes in the form of "memory

by Phil Lemmons

cards," which resemble credit cards and fit into a slot in the bottom of the computer. These cards contain ROM, battery-backed CMOS RAM, or a combination of the two. A 4K-byte RAM card costs about $42, while a card containing 8K bytes of software in ROM and 4K bytes of RAM costs about $64. The keyboard is not quite large enough for adult touch-typists. Indeed, the X-07 measures only about 8 by 5 by 1 inch and weighs just over 1 pound.

The X-721 optical coupler plugs into the machine at left rear and costs $42.

Photo 3: The Casio-FP 200.

Machines using the optical (infrared) couplers can communicate directly through the air, using BASIC statements to send data between machines. A printer attached to one machine prints data transmitted from another. One exhibit at the show depicted students in a classroom transmitting answers during an exam to a teacher's X-07. Indeed, the classroom seems to be one of the major targets of this machine. Shared software cards would reduce the cost per user to reasonable levels, perhaps making a room full of X-07s the least expensive intercomputer communications system available.

Usually, software availability is a problem for new computers, but a software house called dB-SOFT was promoting a series of five cassettes of business programs for the X-07 and another five of games. The business cassettes covered credit calculations, other financial calculations, sales management, inventory management, and marketing management. The business cassettes cost about $16 each, while the game cassettes cost about $12.

Two other attention grabbers are the Casio-FP 200 (see photo 3) and the National (Panasonic) JR-800. With a few changes, the FP-200 could challenge the NEC PC-8201 among Japan's full-keyboard, batterypowered portables. The FP-200 keyboard is large enough for touch-typing but seems to have a rollover problem. The 8-line by 20-character dis

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 251

Photo 4: The National JR-800.

play is only half as large as the PC-8201's but much larger than the Epson HC-20's display.

When introduced, the FP-200 had only two pieces of software, a BASIC in ROM and another programming language called CETL (Casio Easy Table Language). CETL seems more like Visicalc than a traditional programming language.

Although an FP-200 with 8K bytes of RAM and 32K bytes of ROM costs only about $300 (as against the PC-8201's $590), without additional software, specifically a text editor, the FP-200 cannot offer serious competition for the PC-8201 or the Radio Shack Model 100 as an electronic notebook. The omission of a text editor and the presence of a keyboard rollover problem are hard for some visitors to Japan to understand because they frustrate a major application of the machine (namely, text editing), but an American computer scientist living in Tokyo was not surprised. He pointed out that most Japanese have never used a typewriter. Most business correspondence in Japan is still handwritten. The Japanese are moving directly from handwriting to computing, and their language's large character set has prevented the emergence of a standard keyboard. A typewriter keyboard, for the present, may not

sell any more machines in Japan than the smaller keyboards on hand-held machines.

Another interesting batterypowered machine present both at the show and in Akihabara is the National JR-800 (see photo 4), called the Panasonic JR-800U in English promotional literature. At a list price of 128,000 yen (roughly $550), the JR-800 is an impressive concentration of computing power. The processor is a 63A01V, an 8-bit CMOS microprocessor compatible with the Motorola 6801. The system has a full QWERTY keyboard, a numeric pad, and 10

programmable function keys. Each programmable key can hold two values; the second set is accessed with the shift key. Unfortunately, you must also use the shift key to move the cursor left or down because the keyboard has only two cursor control keys. The keyboard is a little too small for touch-typing and has only a tiny space bar, which is placed awkwardly at the lower right where a second shift key might be expected.

The JR-800's liquid-crystal display (LCD) can show 8 lines by 32 columns. While a little smaller than the PC-8201's display, the JR-800's is almost as easy to read and ranks among the largest hand-held-computer displays. The JR-800's other features include a built-in calendar/clock, 16K bytes of user RAM expandable to 24K, 20K bytes of ROM containing BASIC, 1552 bytes of video RAM, and a five-octave music function with a dynamic speaker. The JR-800 will run for 25 hours on batteries, weighs only 1% pounds, and measures 10% by 5% by 1% inches. Options include a graphics printer, an I/O (input/output) interface unit, and expansion cartridges. The only software on view at the show or in Akihabara was the builtin BASIC language. The BASIC does calculations up to 20 digits with an exponent of ±153. The optional printer costs about $150 and weighs a little over 1 pound.

Photo 5: The Logitec AT-1000.

252 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 6: The Seikomap.

A Portable Network?

A unique portable was introduced by a smaller Japanese firm named Logitec, which is related to Kanto Denshi, a trading company. Called the AT-1000 (see photo 5), the machine uses the 6301, a CMOS 6801 microprocessor, and has 32K bytes of ROM and 32K bytes of CMOS RAM expandable to 576K bytes. The AT in AT-1000 stands for "active terminal," but the system really differs from both computers and terminals as we know them. Although it contains its own microprocessor, the AT-1000 cannot do any processing until you insert an AT-100, a hand-held terminal with 32K to 64K bytes of CMOS RAM. The AT-1000 can hold six of these. The AT-100 includes a 2-line by 16-character LCD and from 32 to 64K bytes of CMOS RAM. AT-lOOs can be inserted into one of the two slots in the front of the AT-1000 or one of the four slots in back. Once the AT-lOOs are inserted, the host machine can function as a multitasking, multiprocessing portable under the control of the AT-100 processor located in its first slot of the AT-1000. AT-lOOs can serve as microprocessors or simply pass data to the AT-1000 for transmission through its RS-232C serial port. An AT-1000 packed with AT-lOOs is like a local area network in a lunch pail. Logitec promotional literature uses the metaphor of the kangaroo and its young to explain the physical relationships among the parts of the system. Because there is no such thing

as an applied kangaroo, however, the metaphor does not enlighten us about the intended applications of the AT-1000. Kanto Denshi spokesmen mentioned insurance as a possibility.

While the current AT-100 is based on the 6301 microprocessor (CMOS 6801), future models may be based on CMOS versions of the Z80 or the 6502. That opens the possibility of turning the AT-1000 into a CP/M or Apple-compatible machine.

Unlike most of today's batterypowered portables, the AT-1000 uses a cathode-ray-tube display rather than an LCD. As a result, the AT-1000 runs for just three hours on a single charge. The display measures only IV2 inches (diagonally) but tilts up and is legible through its viewing glass. Amazingly enough, the tiny screen will display 20 lines of 64 columns or 10 lines of 32 columns. The system has video output to drive a larger monitor when AC power is available.

The ROM contains an interpretive BASIC that resembles Microsoft BASIC.

Some of the AT-1000's features seem well designed for American use. The

detached keyboard has a coiled connector that permits a wide range of motion, a full QWERTY set of keys, plus six programmable keys, four cursor keys, and Menu, Insert, Delete, and Break keys. The Logitec machine has interesting possibilities but needs a microprocessor capable of running existing American software if the machine is to sell in the United States.

Home and School Computers

Several new computers targeted for home or school use drew crowds at the show. Seiko showed its Seikomap (see photo 6), which would look equally at home in the classroom or the living room. The basis of the system is the MAP-1010, a Z80A computer with 24K bytes of ROM containing BASIC and 32K bytes of RAM. TV interface and color graphics are standard, as is a builtin cassette drive for mass storage. The keyboard has four programmable function keys, four cursor keys, and a numeric pad. The system unit has a switch to select between two monitors and a knob to set the volume of the speaker. Disk drives, a printer, a graphics tablet, and a joy

Photo 7: Toshiba's Pasopia 5 and Pasopia 7.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 253

Photo 8: The Fijitsu FM-7.

stick are available. The Seikomap-1030 I/O unit provides interfaces for all these devices.

Six CAI (computer-aided instruction) cassette packages for elementary school children were prominently displayed in the Seiko booth. The price of the system unit and keyboard, about $417, seems appropriate for both home and school. The industrial design, much like that of stereo components, would look good alongside the family television.

NEC displayed its new PC-8000 Mark II, its recently introduced portable PC-8200, and the rest of its

line-from the PC-2000 hand-held computer to the PC-9800 and N5200 16-bit machines. In the United States, the N5200 is called the Advanced Personal Computer. There has been speculation that NEC would either sell both the APC and the 9800 in the United States or replace the APC with the 9800. Shunzo Hamada, assistant general manager of NEC's EDP Small Systems Division, dismissed those rumors in an interview at NEC headquarters in Morinaga Plaza, Tokyo. "We will not sell the PC-9800 in the West," he said. "The next 16-bit computer that we intro

Photo 9: The Fijitsu FM-11.

duce in the United States will be an entirely new machine that responds to the challenge of the IBM PC recently introduced here in Japan." That version of the IBM PC, the 5550, has very high resolution graphics and greater mass storage than its American cousin.

Toshiba showed its new Pasopia 5 and Pasopia 7 (see photo 7), both Z80A-based machines that support color graphics. The main difference between the two systems is that the Pasopia 7 also generates music over a range of six octaves. The Pasopia 7 has 64K bytes of user RAM, 56K bytes of video RAM, 16K bytes of operating system in ROM, and another 32K bytes of ROM containing T-BASIC 7. The system can display 25 lines by 80 columns or 20 lines by 40 columns. The highest graphics resolution is 640 by 200 pixels. With two disk drives and a monochrome monitor, the Pasopia 7 costs about $1350 in Japan. A 14-inch color monitor adds about $300 to the cost.

Fujitsu's major entrant in the low end of the market is the FM-7 (see photo 8). According to some sources in Japan, this machine is already the second-best-selling system in the domestic market. Fujitsu is fond of the 6809, the 8-bit processor with internal operations done in 16 bits. Like most Fujitsu microcomputers, this one contains a 68B09, but it also has a Z80A processor. A 44K-byte ROM contains BASIC. The FM-7 has lots of RAM-117K bytes plus 64K for BASIC and 64K for video. The base price is about $540. A 640- by 200-pixel color monitor costs $430. A floppy-disk drive adds another $420. For about $1800, you come away with a powerful two-drive system, color graphics, and ample memory.

Fujitsu also displayed the impressive FM-11 (see photo 9), with a 2-MHz 68B09E, an 8-MHz 8088, and a 4-MHz Z80A as microprocessors. The FM-11 also has 128K bytes of RAM expandable to 1 megabyte, 76K bytes of RAM set aside for BASIC, and 192K bytes of video RAM. When the 8088 is playing central processing unit, the 6809 manages the graphics. That and the abundance of memory

254 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

make the color graphics run like lightning, even at a resolution of 640 by 400 pixels. Fujitsu sells MS-DOS and CP/M-86 for the 8088, CP/M for the Z80, and three operating systems for the 6809: OS-9 (a multitasking system with window management) and the more familiar FLEX and UCSD Pascal. Prices are attractive, but Fujitsu probably will not sell the FM-11 in the United States.

The japan Microcomputer Club

With its Information Center on the top floor of the 10-story Omron personal computer store in Tokyo's Ginza, the Japan Microcomputer Club has 28 branches in Japan and a membership of 8000. The Information Center has meeting rooms, seminar classrooms, and a library of software, books, manuals, and magazines. The club has 11 different microcomputers.

Its avowed goals are promoting popularization of microcomputers and technical advancement among members. The method of achieving technical advancement is somewhat

Photo 10: The Sharp PC-5000.

more formal than American practice. The Japan Microcomputer Club gives a qualification test, issues licenses, and assigns members to one of four grades. Grade 1 is top level and requires more than five years of experience. Grade 4 is the lowest, and it requires "efficient manipulation of a personal computer." Grade 3 requires "highly experienced operating and programming," and grade 2 requires "wider and higher experience in hardware and software."

The club's sixth annual "Micro-Contest" had the theme "Intelligent Micro-Robot and Microcomputer Art" and awarded 13 prizes. The technical prizes were for a colorand sound-sensing robot made by Naotaka Yokoyama and a shapeselecting robot made by Tadashi Hino. Yokoyama's robot, NAOTA 3, can recognize, interpret, and act upon traffic signals—red, yellow, and green.

Market Trends

In general, the emphasis continues to be on more functional batterypowered machines, greater integration with video and home-entertainment equipment, attractive consumer packaging of systems and accessories, and a surprising degree of interest in optical communications.

The allocation of the crowded shelfspace in Akihabara's personal computer stores suggests that NEC is still leading the sales race. The most popular 16-bit personal computer, the PC-9801, seems to be the focal point

Photo 11: The Sharp XI in a store display.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 255

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of domestic 16-bit software development. Photo 1 on page 250 shows a stack of boxed PC-9801s waiting for customers on a street in Akihabara. NEC's PC-8201 dominates the portable market, attracting much more attention than the pioneering Epson HC-20. Tomihiro Matsumura, associate senior vice-president of NEC, said the company will develop smaller and more powerful battery-powered portables and may market those models, rather than the 8200, in the United States. Asked whether these would have microfloppy-disk drives, Matsumura said that NEC's advanced CMOS technology would render that unnecessary. But he added, "Compactness is very important in home computers." The PC-8000 Mark II and PC-8801 8-bit systems are seen everywhere. Sharp's position appears to have

improved over the past six months. Its battery-powered portable, the PC-5000, with 8-line by 80-character LCD and bubble-memory cartridges appeared at the Microcomputer Show '83 (see photo 10) and enhanced Sharp's position in the office market. The Sharp XI, introduced last October and seen in photo 11 in an Akihabara store display, enjoys great popularity among 8-bit customers. Expect to see further integration of video and home computing equipment with slick consumer packaging. Making a color television that turns into an RGB (red-green-blue) monitor at the flick of a switch gives Sharp a clever way to let its home computer marketing benefit from existing channels for consumer electronics. The idea also saves consumers the expense of buying a redundant color CRT. Sony's SMC-70, also an impres

sive machine, could challenge the Sharp X 1 by reducing its price and widening its marketing to include the home as well as the office.

The Sanyo MBC-55, an 8088-based machine with attractive consumerelectronics styling (see photo 12) does not appear to have been widely distributed since its introduction in October. The Toshiba Pasopia 16, the Hitachi Basic Master 16000, and the National Mybrain 3000—three attractive 16-bit systems introduced in October—appear in many stores in Akihabara but not in numbers to rival the NEC PC-9801. The Mitsubishi Multi-16 seems to be somewhat popular.

Published survey results confirm the apparent trends in Akihabara. The Nihon Keizai Shimbun Market Share Survey for 1982 shows NEC's share of the personal computer market growing to 45%. Sharp ranks second with 17%, and Fujitsu finishes third with 12%, almost double its 1981 percentage. (These figures are in terms of production from April 1981 through March 1982).

Nikkei Personal Computing (April/ May 1983) reports that as of December 1982, NEC had 34.3% of the market for business microcomputers, followed by Fujitsu's 11.8%, Sord's 9.6%, and Sharp's 7.8%. (These percentages reflect installed systems rather than annual production). The NEC PC-8001 and PC-8801 were by far the most popular machines in December 1982.

The magazine also explains that the most commonly reported operational and organizational problems with microcomputers in Japan were the time-consuming nature of input (reported by 42.2% of those surveyed), difficulty in programming (also 42.2%), and insufficient corporate understanding of microcomputers (37%). While the problem of input may be worse in Japan because of the size and complexity of the character set, the latter two problems are probably just as common in the United States. ■

Phil lemmons, West Coast Bureau Chief of BYTE, can be reached at BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

256 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The Unix Tutorial

Part 2: Unix as an Applications-Programs Base

A look at the availability of applications programs for the Unix operating system and customizing Unix for individual users

by David Fiedler

Last month, we examined the birth and growth of the Unix operating system from Bell Laboratories and looked at some Unix commands and how they fit together in simple and consistent ways. This article presents commercially available applications programs for Unix systems and illustrates some ways to make Unix more useful to you from both a user-interface and an applications perspective.

Almost as soon as Unix started becoming popular, people lined up on either side—for it or against it. Many self-proclaimed authorities felt that Unix would never make it in the commercial marketplace because it was unfriendly, too slow, lacked commercial features, and had no applications software.

In many respects, they were right, although perhaps they had their own reasons for implying these conditions would always hold. The people who have been around Unix for years know that besides being an ideal program development environment for computer professionals, it is also a powerful and flexible operating system for using applications programs.

Unix offers multiuser and multitasking capabilities, a hierarchical file system, I/O (input/output) redirection, and hundreds of utilities, such as electronic mail and typesetting. The appearance of Unix to the user and the structure of its commands can be customized to suit the sophistication of each user. The availability of Unix on microcomputers like the Apple Lisa, IBM Personal Computer, and TRS-80 Model 16 is directly related to its portability. This is due in large part to the C programming language used to write the Unix operating system. Most

applications programs and utilities for Unix also tend to be written in C.

The Change in Languages

Some of us remember when advocating structured programming, writing readable documentation, and using a computer terminal instead of a card punch were considered revolutionary or at least seditious acts. Then a few years ago, almost every software engineer was frantically studying Pascal, which was then clearly the wave of the future, or so it seemed. Pascal would be the universal structured language, suitable for any project; school children would learn it instead of BASIC; Pascal programs would be the same everywhere; be able to write Pascal and you would always have a programming job. If I didn't know that the same had been claimed for PL/I, I might have been fooled. Today, of course, we know "better": we have Ada. But I digress.

Pascal does have its virtues, but not enough of them. The C programming language, however, has just the right extra features needed to make it a viable candidate for widespread acceptance: the ability to manipulate pointers to information, the de facto standard system interface provided with Unix, and fast-running and compact code. The biggest plus for C is the instant portability of programs not only between separate Unix systems running on different processors, but also between other operating systems and Unix. Admittedly, the expectation of a huge market for Unix applications is the biggest push behind C. In contrast, the chief operating system associated with Pascal has been the UCSD p-Sys

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 257

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tern, with no special attributes other than portability and a lackluster history in the commercial market.

I don't claim that C will be the universal language. C is too cryptic for many people, too close to assembly language for others. It's not as terse as APL, but it's not the gothic novel that COBOL is, either. C is just a very good language for what it was designed for, namely, systems programming—writing operating systems, device drivers, compilers, high-speed utility programs, and the like. For writing quick and easy general-purpose programs, BASIC is the popular choice. Engineers and scientists will continue to crunch numbers with FORTRAN, and Big Business will probably use COBOL until the end of the century. For those are the stated purposes of these languages; like an athlete, each excels in its own special area.

Assembly language will continue to be necessary for those things that cannot be done in C, which raises the question, why doesn't someone just make a computer that uses C as its assembly language? In 1981, BBN Computer Company did just that. The BBN C Machine was billed as "the first computer optimized to execute the C language." It uses 17 addressing modes while implementing often-used C constructs in microcode. An implementation of a similar machine as a single silicon integrated circuit is not far off; possibly the Bellmac-32 processor from Western Electric will be the closest to this. In fact, now that AT&T has announced that the central kernel of Unix will not be changed, Unix on a chip is not far off, either.

With the Unix kernel on a chip, a reasonable implementation of Unix could be built with about two dozen main integrated circuits, such as eighteen 256K-byte RAM chips giving a full half-megabyte of parity-protected memory, a microprocessor, a memory-management device (if not included on the microprocessor), the kernel chip, a Winchester disk controller, and serial port controller. Bearing in mind the dropping prices of Winchester disks, this could mean an end-user price of $2500 to $5000 for Unix-based computers—just about the range I've predicted for AT&T's systems.

Where Are the Programs?

Some industry watchers are still leery of Unix, waiting for the promised applications programs, friendlier and more capable than those available on current 8-bit computer systems.

Patience, say I. We have to remember the classic sequence of events that goes along with any major new phenomenon in the computer field.

First, the hard-core computer people discover the product. From 1975 to 1979, Unix and C were known to comparatively few students, computer scientists, and advanced users.

Next, a few entrepreneurs notice the product's potential. Between 1979 and 1982, firms such as Whitesmiths Ltd., Interactive Systems, and Onyx Systems began selling Unix-related hardware and software. The computer press started to print articles discussing Unix and why pro

258 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 500 on inquiry card.

grammers liked to use it.

Then, marketing panic develops around the product as it gains mass appeal. The market begins to be saturated with similar products whose differences can hardly be distinguished by the untrained observer. Beginning in 1982, dozens of companies, ranging in size from one-man firms to the IBM Corporation, have offered Unix, Unixbased computers, Unix look-alike software, and a smattering of applications.

Finally, the shakeout occurs. By this time, the largest companies have split up the lion's share of the hardware market by dint of service, advertising, and cut-throat competition. The best software has emerged from rough beginnings or has been written recently in response to the cries of the end users. For Unix, this period is only now beginning and will most likely continue for a number of years.

As I've said, this series of actions is not new. It happened in the S-100 industry a few years ago, it is happening in the portable computer market now, and it happened in the mainframe and minicomputer business a decade or so ago. Notice how stable the applications software market is in the minicomputer and mainframe industry and how few different operating systems are widely used on the 8080/Z80 class of processors. These markets have now settled down, and the needs and wants of hobbyists have been superseded by those of the folks in three-piece suits. This is generally better for the average businessperson wanting to use computers.

Unix, however, is still basically in the stage of market panic. Until software firms with a great deal of capital invest their people's time in creating the kind of software the market desires, the only software available will be that which programmers want to write. Because many C programmers— typically systems programmers by nature—often feel that applications code is beneath their dignity, they will not write it willingly; they have no personal interest in it. And frankly, C is a lousy language mmmm—^mmmmmtmmm^mammmmmm^m„^mttm^mtmtmmm^mm

For Unix, the shakeout period is

only now beginning and will most

likely continue for a few years.

for writing accounts-receivable programs. Therein lies the reason for the general lack of applications software in C, and therefore for Unix. But good old portability, along with AT&T, saves the day again.

I mention AT&T because it has planted a small army of programmers (2500 or so) in and around Lisle, Illinois, for the express purpose of creating supportable, marketable programs for use on Unix machines. Expect a small mountain of code from that source! Generally, however, many of the classic applications programs now available on Unix systems are written in classic applications languages: COBOL and BASIC. Companies such as Ryan-McFarland, Silicon Valley Software, and Science Management Corporation have simply ported compilers

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Operating System; Processor

Description

American Business Systems Inc. 3 Littleton Rd. Westford, MA 01886 (617) 692-2600

$1000 to

$1500

each

RM/COBOL

Xenix, Unix; Z80, Z8000, 68000,

TI990

Business Accounting Control System: accounts payable, accounts receivable, general ledger, payroll, order and inventory management, financial modeling program, report writer

BIS Software Ltd.

York House

199 Westminster Bridge Rd.

London, SE1 7JT

England (01) 928-3551

$20,000

RM/COBOL, C

Unix System III; Onyx, 68000, Plexus, Perkin-Elmer

BONDAID: written for international bond market, gives information on history, parity, floaters, yields position and pricing in international bond market

Computer Masters 25 West 39 St. New York, NY 10018 (212) 221-3016

$8000

RM/COBOL

Unix, Oasis, CP/M, MP/M

Marker: garment industry vertical market package: accounting and inventory programs

Cyma Corp. 2160 East Brown Rd. Mesa, AZ 85203 (602) 835-8880

$1095 to $2795

C-BASIC

Cromix, Unix

general ledger, accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, inventory, Time Billing for Professionals, other vertical market packages

IRIS Systems Inc. 225 West 30th St. National City, CA 92050 (619) 474-2010

$500 to

$650

each

COBOL

Uniplus+, Unix V7; 68000, PDP-11, VAX

ACUITY: general ledger, payroll, accounts payble, accounts receivable, order entry, inventory management, customer order processing, fixed assets

Lime Tree Computer Systems 1 Penn Plaza New York, NY 10001 (212) 594-6172

$700

RSTS, RSX-11, RT-11, Unix, PDP-11

labor and job tracking for manufacturing support

MBSI

Dover Rd,

Willow Hill Building

Chichester, NH 03263

(603) 798-5700

$1000 each

RM/COBOL

CP/M, MS/DOS, Unix; 68000, 8080, Z80, 8088

accounts payable, accounts receivable, general ledger, payroll, sales analysis, order entry/inventory

Open Systems Inc. 430 Oak Grove Minneapolis, MN 55403 (612) 870^3515

$595 each

COBOL, BASIC

Xenix for Lisa or Altos, CP/M, MP/M, MS-DOS, RMCOS, Oasis; 8080, 8086, 68000

accounts payable, accounts receivable, general ledger, sales order processing, payroll, inventory, job cost control, global report writer

Quadratron Systems 14542 Venture Blvd. Suite 205

Sherman Oaks, CA 91430 (213) 789-8588

$295 to $495

C

Unix; 68000

Vertical Market Packages for Ad Agencies: estimating, cost tracking, billing, bookkeeping. Electronic Calendar emulates Day-Timer scheduling reminder

Scientia Computer Applications 5001 Beach Rd. -06-25 Golden Mile Complex Singapore 0719

not available

C

Unix

shareholder register, accounting, DBMS with report generator, mailing list/membership program

Unisoft Inc. 303 West 42nd St. New York, NY 10036 (212) 327-6800

$400 to $800

Unix, Venix, Xenix; PDP-11, VAX, Z8000, 68000, 8086

Viewcomp: spreadsheet designed specifically for Unix, has macros, bar graphs, choice of absolute, relative, or computed coordinates.

Urban Software Corp. 330 West 42 St. New York, NY 10036 (212) 736-4030

$385

C

Unix, Xenix; PDP-11, 68000, Z8000, 8086, VAX

Leverage: mailing list/information manager, can print letters or labels, on-screen search capability

Table 1: A sample of business

applications

programs available for the Unix operating system.

for their languages (RM/COBOL, SVS Basic-Plus, and SMC BASIC) to Unix- based computers. Then, programs that have been available on various minicomputers for several years are moved to the new machine and recom

260 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

piled—and almost magically, you can buy applications on Unix. Tables 1, 2, and 3 show some of these programs and

their sources. Keep in mind that, in the rush to be the

Text continued on page 267

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Company

Price

Operating System; Processor

Description

Touchstone Software Corp. 909 Electric Ave, Suite 308 Seal Beach, CA 90742 (213) 594-9266

$495

Unix; 8086, VAX, PDP-11, Z8000, 68000

MIMIX: lets you run CP/M operating system with special help for new users

Virtual Microsystems Inc. 2150 Shattuck Ave, Suite 720 Berkeley, CA 94704 (415) 841-9594

$3500 Unix, RT-11, IAS, RSX-11, RSTS, VMS, AOS, RDOS

The Bridge: lets you run CP/M binary code

Table 2: Operating-system emulators for Unix.

Operating System;

Company

Price

Processor

Description

Applied Technology Ventures Inc. $500

Unix;

Uniword: spelling, global substitutions, customized form letters,

610 National City—E 6th Bldg.

68000, PDP-11

Undo key, menu driven

Cleveland, OH 44114

(216) 589-0525

Computer Methods Ltd.

$2000 to

Unix V7, System III or V,

XED: has spelling checker, math, spreadsheet and mailing list

POB 709

$7500

Berkeley 4.2, Xenix,

capabilities, works over 1200 bps modem

Chatsworth, CA 91311

Uniplus + ; VAX,

XPR: formatter processes output of XED for precision line printers

(213) 998-7979

PDP-11, 68000, Z8000, 8086

Handle Corp.

$200 to

Unix, Xenix;

Handle Writer: with modules for word processing, mail merge,

140 Mackinaw Rd.

$500

Hewlett-Packard, 68000

spelling checker, graphics capability, document writer,

POB 7018

each

(8086 underway)

table of contents and indexing, calculations, document manage

Tahoe City, CA 95730

ment, security function key driver

(916) 583-7283

HCR

$750

Unix V7 or System III;

HCR/EDIT: upwards compatible with ed (the standard Unix

10 St. Mary St.

PDP-11

editor), uses standard control keys, termcap library

Toronto, ON M4Y 1P9

Canada

(416) 922-1937

Horizon Software Systems

$750

Unix System III and

Horizon Word Processor: editor, formatter, document manager,

185 Barry St., Suite 4821

look-alikes

embedded format commands including: headers and footers,

San Francisco, CA 94107

pagination, super- and subscripts, typesetting, menus, window

(415) 543-1199

into file for text editing, report, document, cut and paste, English language commands.

Information Nexus Ltd.

$450 to

Unix; PDP-11, 68000

NEX: horizontal scroll, dynamic window size

6272 West North Ave.

$750

changing, error recovery

Chicago, IL 60639

(312) 637-7995

Info Sciences Dept.

$200

Unix V6, V7, and 32V;

"e": enhancement of ned (new Unix editor), can edit multiple files

The Rand Corp.

PDP-11, VAX

at once, recovery from system crashes, on-screen justify, fill. Can

1700 Main St.

manipulate files while in editor

Santa Monica, CA 90406

(213) 393-0411

The Santa Cruz Operation

$750

Unix, Xenix; Z8000,

Uniplex: menu driven, cut and paste, file looking,

500 Chestnut St.

Altos, PDP-11, Lisa

user-configurable

Santa Cruz, CA 95060

(408) 425-7222

Softest Inc.

$500 to

Uniplus+, Xenix,

LEX: menu-driven, proportional spacing, mass mailing document

555 Goffle Rd.

$750

MS-DOS;

merge, calculator, spelling dictionary

Ridgewood, NJ 07450

68000, 8086/8088

(201) 447-3901

Table 3: Word processors and

full-screen

text editors.

262 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Up to 16 users can be accommodated easily. The power supply and cooling system have been designed for straightforward, plug-in expansion. ...AND FAST... Best of all, TurboDOS'" takes full advantage of the

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BYTE September 1983 263

Quark introduces

A deceptively simple solution to your word processing dilemma.

If you're serious about word processing on your Apple*lle, you may be bewildered by the sheer number of programs available. And a tad perplexed by their claims and promises. After all, a glamorous package that says "easy to use," may not even be easy to open.

The dilemma is real. And Quark is happy to provide the solution.

A proven program for serious word processing.

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For example, there's virtually nothing to memorize. Because principal editing functions are identified on a unique keyboard template

— and nineteen, easy-to-install, replacement keycaps.

Changing keys is quick and simple, too. Just slide our special keycap remover over the key

— twist — and pull. Your new keycaps can be in place in less than two minutes.

A flexible tool to increase your productivity.

But don't be deceived by Word Juggler lie's disarming simplicity. The program packs the powerful features you need to quickly perform the most complex editing tasks.

Characters, words, even entire paragraphs can be deleted with a single keystroke. There are search and replace keys. Block move and copy keys. And you always have instant control over page length, margins and any other formatting parameters.

Document display and print out are easy, also. One keystroke displays your document on the screen. Another prints it. And whether

Word Juggler lie

you need to print only specific pages, multiple copies, or even documents too large to fit in memory, Word Juggler lie can easily accommodate you.

A clever way to foil Mr. Murphy.

Even the best of us occasionally forgets when "i" does not come before "e" — and even the most agile fingers can press the wrong key. So you should also give serious consideration to Quark's new Lexicheck™ lie — a spelling checker with a highly compressed, 50,000 word dictionary.

Accessed from within the word processor, this program lets you virtually eliminate typographical errors and common misspellings. Lexicheck lie will scan your document at up to 8,000 wpm — then highlight, in context, the first occurrence of any word it does not recognize.

If the word is correct, as in the case of industry jargon or abbreviations, you can simply add it to your personal dictionary. If the word is actually misspelled, you can swiftly correct it.

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Operating System;

Company

Price

Processor

Description

Computer Software Design Inc.

$850 to

Xenix; TRS-80

Data Ace: relational database, English query commands,

1911 Wright Circle

$2500

Model 16

demonstration disk $20

Anaheim, CA 92806

(714) 634-9012

International Software Enterprises

$2200 to

Unix, Xenix; PDP-11,

MDBS: English-language queries, report writer can physically

85 West Algonquin Rd., Suite 400

$20,000

8086, Z8000

cluster related records, encryption capabilities, password access

Arlington Heights, IL 60005

code facilities, data validation, written in C

(800) 323-3629

Logical Software Inc.

$5000

Unix, Xenix,

Logix: interactive programming, database management, report

1218 Massachusetts Ave.

UNOS

and form generation, educational license available, database

Cambridge, MA 02138

for engineering

(617) 864-0137

Rod Manis

$250

Unix, Uniplus + ; 68000

/rdb: uses Unix utilities; accounting and manufacturing

1300A Space Park Way

packages available, written with the database

Mountain View, CA 94043

(415) 967-7778

Pacific Software Mfg. Co.

$1395 to

Unix System III,

Sequitur: relational DBMS, integrated word processing, can

2608 Eighth St.

$12,000

CP/M, CDOS, Isis,

recover earlier versions of changed records, report generator,

Berkeley, CA 92710

North Star DOS

built-in screen editor, written in C

(415) 540-0616

PHACT Associates Ltd.

$250 to

Unix and

PHACT-dbrms: relational database manager, data dictionary,

231 East 11th St.

$950

look-alikes, Idris,

ISAM and relative record access, written in C

New York, NY 10003

MS-DOS; 68000, Z8000,

(212) 420-1512

8086, VAX, PDP-11, Perkin-Elmer

Relational Database Systems Inc.

$4000

Unix and

Informix: relational database, audit trail and recovery, report

1208 Apollo Way, Suite 503

look-alikes

writer, other packages to go with it

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

(408) 746-0982

RHODNIUS Inc.

$5000

Unix V6, V7, and 32V,

Mistress: educational license, relational database, with report

POB 1, Station D

PWB, Zeus, Xenix; VAX,

generator, user-friendly query language, Unix shell interface,

Scarborough, Ontario

Onyx, ZILOG System

two C language interfaces, report writer, interactive interface,

Canada M1R 4Y7

8000, Perkin-Elmer

small-to-medium database

(416) 922-1743

Science Management Corp.

$595

Unix; Onyx, IBD

Idol: interactive, menu driven, can have passwords, audits,

Proprietary Systems Div.

Series/1, TI9900,

documentation control, statistics report

POB 6800

Mercator 8086, Basic 4,

Bridgewater, NJ 08807

Rexon Pertec

(201) 685-9000 / (800) 526-3968

Unify Corporation

$3000

Unix; VAX,

Unify: menu-driven, interactive, applications and development

9570 Southwest Barbur Blvd.

PDP-11, 68000, 8086

tools include menu handler, automatic data entry, query by

Portland, OR 97219

forms, report generator, and SQL—a structured query language

(503) 245-6585

based on IBM's Sequel 2 relational language.

A.I. Wasserman

$200

Unix; VAX, PDP-11

Troll: relational DBMS with screen editor

Room A16

(educational

University of California

licensees of

Medical Info Science

Unix only)

San Francisco, CA 94134

(415) 666-2951

Table 4: Database management systems for the Unix operating system

first with Unix-based applications, some of the software brought from larger and faster computers may not have been redone so as to make the best use of Unix features, or it may tend to use system resources more heavily on a smaller system. As always, it pays to investigate software carefully before betting your business on it.

The tables should not be viewed as all-encompassing but rather as a guide to general availability.

Database Management Systems

Except for ported applications, the first business programs to appear on a new system such as Unix are

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 267

AGS Computers Inc.

111 Broadway

New York, NY 10006

(212) 962-4646

American Institute for Professional Education Carnegie Bldg. 100 Kings Rd. Madison, NJ 07940 (201) 377-7400

Computer Technology Group Inc.

Telemedia Inc.

310 S Michigan Ave.

Chicago, IL 60604

(312) 987-4000 / (800) 621-3155

Institute for Advanced Professional Studies 55 Wheeler St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 497-2075

Integrated Computer Systems

3304 Pico Blvd.

POB 5339

Santa Monica, CA 90405

(213) 450-2060 / (800) 352-8251

International Technical Seminars 520 Waller St. San Francisco, CA 94117 (415) 621-6415

RLG Corp.

1760 Reston Ave., Suite 508

Reston, VA 22090

(703) 471-6860

Structured Methods Inc.

7 West 18th St. New York, NY 10011 (212) 741-7720

Technical Education Research Centers

8 Eliot St.

Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 547-3890

User Training Corp.

POB 970

Soquel, CA 95073

(408) 354-6433 / (415) 321-0889

Table 5: Companies that give training or courses on Unix, its utilities, and applications programs.

generally database management systems (DBMSs). This is partly because they are more interesting to write than accounting packages and partly because they are used as building blocks for general applications. A DBMS is a system of programs that can be thought of as a highspeed interface between data stored on a computer system and applications code. With a DBMS, a skilled programmer can create, fairly quickly, a set of applications programs in a fraction of the time it would take to write them otherwise. The programmer is freed from the necessity of maintaining the data files and just has to worry about the relationships among the data items

themselves. The true DBMS is not a predefined program for managing data, therefore, but a base for creating applications.

While a complete guide to selecting a DBMS would be out of place here, your first step should be to decide how much programming you wish to do and how flexible your needs are. A simpler data management system, often implemented as a mailing list package, may be all you require. This type of application may be found in table 1, while table 4 summarizes information about some of the true DBMS systems available for Unix-based computers.

Using Applications on the Unix System

If you're the type of person who learns to use a new computer by plugging it in and trying it out, you probably don't have to enroll in any sort of formal training course to use Unix. Many other people will be exposed to Unix in the next few years who have never used a computer before. This fact is responsible for the sudden appearance of quite a few organizations that will teach you or your staff how to use Unix more effectively (see table 5). Most of these firms do their instruction in seminars and will do in-house courses; a few, such as International Technical Seminars, the Institute for Advanced Professional Studies, and Structured Methods Inc., specialize in actual hands-on work with a Unixbased computer. User Training Corporation's courses are self-taught using audiodigital technology, which combines an instructor's voice with an actual session shown on your display screen, while the Computer Technology Group features video-tape-based training.

My experience in training people with a wide range of expertise how to administer Unix systems, however, leads me to point out the following: It is not always a good idea to teach everyone how to use the system all at once.

Many businesses that will be buying Unix computers, especially small businesses, will have little or no experience with multiuser systems. With single-user microcomputers such as Apple or CP/M systems, it is fairly easy to control system use. Just limit computer access to those who must perform the work. When you begin putting terminals around the office connected to a central Unix facility, more people will get a chance to use the new machine, passwords will be passed around, and some people will experiment more than others. At this point, those who have some knowledge of the system are the most dangerous in terms of system integrity and security (i.e. not having your sensitive files looked at, changed subtly, or even removed). Deliberate malicious acts are not the worry here—it's mistakes made while experimenting that can be dangerous (naturally, this doesn't apply to software development environments where the highest priority is that your programmers learn the system). We have found that in many organizations this is also the critical time when backup procedures are still not totally worked out.

Is this a plea for a return to the days of keeping or

268 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Lowest Software Prices

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Medical (PAS-3) $849

Dental (PAS-3) $849

ASHTON-TATE

S^OO dBASEII...

*T f f call for price

dBASE Users Guide $29"

Friday! $265

Financial Planner $595

Bottom Line Strategist.. $349 ASYST DESIGN/FRONTIER Prof Time Accounting.... $549

General Subroutine $269

Application Utilities $439

DIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M 2.2

Intel MPS $135

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S-1CQ TRS-80 Model II

U%7 rp&T)

Micropolis $175

DRS or QRS or RTL $319

MDBS PKG $1999

MICROPRO

SpyQ WordStar

$"17Q Mail Merge

WordStar/Mailmerge $399

WS/MM/SpellStar $549

SORCIM

'179

SuperCalc I

?199

SpellStar

$98

CBasic-2

Display Manager $319

Access Manager $239

DataStar $249

InfoStar $349

ReportStar $254

Wordmaster $119

Supersortl $199

CalcStar $129

MICROSOFT

$OACk Basic-80

SQOQ Basic Compiler $O^Q Fortran-80 $C^Q Cobol-80

Multiplan $219

M-Sort $175

$449

PL/1-80

$159

BT-80 $179

MAC $85

RMAC $179

Sid $65

$90

Z-Sid

DeSpool $49

CB-80 $459

Link-80 .' $90

FOX & GELLER

Quickscreen $135

Quickcode $265

565

DUtil

DGraph $265

MICRO DATA BASE SYSTEMS

Knowledge Man $429

HDBS $595

MDBS $1099

MuSimp/MuMath $224

MuLisp-80 $174

ORGANIC SOFTWARE

Textwriterlll $111

Datebookll $269

Milestone $269

OSBORNE (McGraw/Hill) G/L. or AR & AP, or PAY.. . $59

AM 3 $129

All 3 + CBASIC-2 $199

Enhanced Osborne $299

PEACHTREE G/1.A/R,A/RPAY,INV(each)$399

P8 Version Add $234

Peachcalc $249

Peach pak

(G/L, A/R, A/P) $349

STAR COMPUTER SYSTEMS G/L.A/R,A/P,Pay(each).. $349

All 4 $1129

Legal or Property Mgt... . $849 STRUCTURED SYSTEMS Business Packages (call)

SuperCalc II $265

Act $157

SUPERSOFT

Ada $270

Diagnostic II $89

Disk Doctor $89

Forth (8080 or z80) $149

Fortran $319

Ratfor $79

C Compiler $225

Scratch Pad $266

StatsGraph $174

Analiza II $45

Disk Edit $89

Term II $179

Utilities I or II $54

SOFTWARE DIMENSIONS/ ACCOUNTING PLUS

1 Module $399

4 Modules $1499

All 8 $2799

UNICORN

Mince or Scribble (each). $149

Both $249

The Final Word $270

WHITESMITHS

"C" Compiler $600

Pascal (inol "C") $850 |

"PASCAL"

Pascal/MT+ Pkg $429

Compiler $315

SPProg $175

Pascal Z $349

Pascal/UCSD 4.0 $349

DATA BASE

dBASEII Call 4??

Friday $265

FMS-80 $799

FMS-80-1 $399

Condor I & III Call

Selector $689

Superfile $159

"WORD PROCESSING"

Perfect Writer $389

WordSearch $114

SpellGuard $139

Peachtext $289

Spell Binder $349

Select $495

The Word $65

$145

The Word Plus

Palantier-1 (WP) $385

"COMMUNICATIONS"

Ascom $149

BSTAMorBSTMS $149

$-fOQ Crosstalk $QQ Move-it

"OTHER GOODIES"

Micro Plan $419

Plan 80 $264

Target PlannerCalc $79

Target Financial Modeling. $299

Target Task $299

MicroStat $224

Vedit $130

MiniModel $449

StatPak $449

Micro B+ $229

String/80 $84

String/80 (source) $279

ISIS CP/M Utility $199

Lynx $199

Supervyz $95

ATI Power (tutorial) $75

Mathe Magic $95

CIS Cobol $765

Forms II $179

Basic $149

Zip MBasic, CBasic (each) $129

ASHTON-TATE

(See CP/M Ashton-Tate) BRODERBUND

G/L (with A/P) $444

Payroll $355

INFO UNLIMITED

EasyWriter (Prof) $155

EasyMailer (Prof) $129

Datadex $134

MICROSOFT

Softcard (Z-80 CP/M). . . . $249

Fortran $179

Cobol $549

Tasc $139

Premium Package $549

RAM Card $89

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Final Word $264

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Edix $15!

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Trans 86 $115'

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MBasic Compiler (MSDOS). $329

Cobol (MSDOS) $649

Pascal (MSDOS) $42»

Fortran (MSDOS) $429

"C" (MSDOS) $429,

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VisiCalc $21S

Visiplot/trend $25S

Visidex $219

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Optimizer $174

Desktop Plan $259

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BM983

«:;

Company

Price

Operating System; Processor

Description

Logical Software Inc. 55 Wheeler St. Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 864-0137

$10,000

Unix; Onyx, VAX

Softshell: menu/full-screen or Shell-like operation. Source code only, for OEMs primarily

Quadratron Systems Inc. 14542 Ventura Blvd. Sherman Oaks, CA 91403 (213) 789-8588

$295 to $495

Unix; 68000

Configurable Menu System: screen development package; can act like Fortune menu system with window extensions

Schmidt Associates 7 Mt. Lasser Dr. San Rafael, CA 94903 (415) 499-8001

$400

Unix; 68000

/menus: configurable menu system, to make Unix easier for novice; good for administration and maintenance

Softest Inc. 555 Goffle Rod. Ridgewood, NJ 07450 (201) 447-3901

Table 6: Menu systems or

$250 Unix; PDP-11,

68000, Perkin-Elmer

Unix Shell replacements that present a

Menu Creation/Interpretation System (MCIS): error recovery, user profiles, inter-menu linking; easy to reconfigure

simple view of Unix for the novice user.

dinary people away from the all-powerful computer? Hardly; just a cautionary note to those who are just beginning to administer a system of their own. Skeptics would do well to note that there are various ways of totally incapacitating a Unix system by a single command line. The point is that people who only have to do word processing might be better served, especially at the beginning, by a system set up so they can only do word processing.

This is fairly easy to do. On any standard Unix or lookalike system, it is possible to force a particular person's log-in account to execute a given program rather than the Unix Shell program itself, as is normal. Thus, secretaries could be restricted to a word processor and data-entry personnel to an appropriate portion of the database system. Or users could be given an account that lets them choose among several different applications programs by means of a Shell program that they cannot exit without logging off the system. Users of Unix System III and later versions can also be assigned a restricted Shell, known as rsh, which prevents them from using someone else's directory, redirecting output of commands, or using commands other than those permitted by the system administrator.

As people learn more about the system, their access to other commands can be expanded as necessary. Properly handled, this expanding access technique is useful in exposing people gradually to the power of Unix, without overwhelming them with the sheer number of commands and options or opening the system to many novice users all at once. Some Unix-based systems are using this technique already; for example, the Fortune 32:16 computer implements the entire user interface as one large menu system that allows even a novice to follow logical steps in performing tasks previously reserved for "experts," such as adding new users, back

270 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ing up the system, and installing new software. Meanwhile, expert users can bypass the menu entirely.

This type of menu facility can be created on any Unix machine by a competent programmer, but it may be easier to start from an established base. Table 6 lists a number of commercially available menu systems for a range of computers. While these are most useful to an OEM (original equipment manufacturer) or system house wishing to create a better working environment for clients, they might well come in handy for end-user organizations as well.

Aside from adding menus, you can customize your Unix environment in many different ways. For instance, one of the biggest complaints some people make about Unix is the way the commands are named. The terseness that characterizes Unix is certainly most apparent in command names like cp, mv, cat, and Ipr. If you don't like them, it's perfectly possible to change them. By becoming a super-user, you can just go into the /bin directory where most commands reside:

$su

Password: I cd /bin

# mv cp copy

§ mv mv rename i mv cat type mv: not found

# rename cat type

# rename Ipr print

(you forgot that you renamed the mv command)

This will work, but imagine the confusion that would result when someone else attempted to use the normal terse command names. A more reasonable solution is to create new links to the command names, which essentially allows the same file (a command is, after all, just

an executable file) to be called by more than one name.

Text continued on page 274

Nine Thousand Nine Hundred & Ninety Dollars.

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Look at that price again. We were a little skeptical at first, too. But after checking out totals we knew we'd finally done it: developed a multiuser, 8-16 bit high performance, obsolescence-proof computer. Complete with dBase II,™ SuperCalc-86,™ and MP/M-86™for under $10,000. Expandability's a breakthrough, too. You can add four additional users for just $600 each, plus terminal.

Is it 8 bit or 16 bit? Yes.

Like you would expect of a Gifford computer system, it can run any combination of 8 and 16 bit CP/M® programs simultaneously. So, on top of all the thousands of 8 bit CP/M programs available, you'll also be able to take advantage of any of the faster 16 bit programs... and run them at the same time. And

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There's lots more to tell, but if you're a business or technical professional looking for a high performance, multiuser computer that features expandability and dependability, plus complete service and support at an incredibly low price, stop looking and cut the coupon. And by all means, wait for our brochure before you make any investment. I

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Gifford Computer Systems is a Full Service CompuPro Systems Center.

tTHl

UTER SYSTE

1922 Republic Avenue, San Leandro, CA 94577 (415) 895-0798 A division of G&G Engineering I'D LIKE THE WHOLE STORY. Please send me your brochure.

Name Title

Organization M/S

Address

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_ State.

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BY-N

GIFFORD COMPUTER SYSTEMS □ SAN LEANDRO, CA (415) 895-0798 □ SAN FRANCISCO, CA (415) 391-4570 □ LOS ANGELES, CA (213) 477-3921 □ MIAMI, FL (305) 665-9212 □ HOUSTON,TX (713) 877-1212 □ AMHERST, NY (716) 833-4758 □

Circle 193 on inquiry card.

Make your 212A

• ii

272 BYTE September 1983

for half the cost.

Your Design Problems are Over

Now available to you are the LSI circuits and software know-how needed for your own design and implementation of an operational Bell 212 A compatible modem - all from one experienced source, Exar.

Exar Delivers the Solution

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But, Exar does not stop there. In order to implement these devices into a compatible Bell 212A modem, we have devised a simple and cost effective trouble-free way to evaluate them in a system. Exar can provide you with a modem evaluation kit including these three devices, along with all the necessary supporting components, PC board, schematic and operating instructions to minimize your design task.

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With our LSI components, you get a modem for about half the money you would normally spend for a finished board and reliability is improved because our LSI circuits reduce the number of necessary parts and the space to house them.

PSK),V.23 (1200/75 BPS FSK) and V26 (2400 BPS PSK).

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CONTROL LOGIC

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Z EXAR

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For telecommunications, industrial, medical and military IC applications ... EXAR Goes One Step Further.

Circle 178 on inquiry card

BYTE September 1983 273

The difference between an extra link and a copy of a file is that creating a link creates a new directory entry that points to an existing file and doesn't take up extra space in the file system. This is especially handy when creating links to large files like multimegabyte databases.

However, this prevents ordinary users from creating their own programs with these names. So the easiest way is to change the order in which the Shell searches directories for your commands. This affects no one else, requires no special permissions, and can be changed at any time, but you must set up a new directory:

# mkdir /alias (create special directory for links to system files)

H chmod +rwx /alias (allow users to create their own alias files)

(chmod 777 for those with older systems) (create some new names for system utilities)

§ In /bin/mv /alias/rename

# In /bin/cp /alias/copy

it In /bin/ed /alias/edit

$

$ echo $PATH

:/bin:/usr/bin

$ ed .profile

?.profile

a

PATH=:/alias:/bin;/usr/bin

w 27

q

$

(become a regular user again) (show current execution search path)

(create file to be executed at log-in time)

(search /alias directory before system default)

Interface your IBM*-PC

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Firmware interpreter

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Why must you be a super-user to do this? The /bin directory is generally on a different logical file system than the users' personal directories. Due to the way the link command works, you can't link across different file systems, so it is impossible for a regular user to create a set of links under that user's home directory to system files.

What about the $PATH we used? Like the other variables beginning with a dollar sign ($), this is interpreted by the Shell. The $PATH may be shown (with the echo command) or changed at any time, much like an ordinary variable in C or BASIC. And .profile is simply a file that the Shell executes if the file is found in your home directory when you log in; it's expected to hold a number of Shell commands and is typically used to set up your terminal characteristics and default execution path. It can be changed easily and so is ideal for starting novice users off with certain programs. Another popular Shell variable to modify is the prompt, which you can change to whatever you want in the following manner:

$ PS1="Yes, master:" Yes, master:

The .profile is called .login on systems using code developed at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) or derivations from that code. UCB systems will also have a Shell command called alias that performs the same function as this $PATH modification. Otherwise, if you wish to accomplish aliasing (rename commands) on an individual basis without being the super-user, it is necessary instead to make each new command simply a one-line shell program:

$ cd (go to your home directory)

$ mkdir bin (create a personal command directory)

$ cd bin (go to it!)

$ echo 'mv $" > rename (put the system commands in your selected

file names) $ echo 'cat $*' > type $ echo 'grep $" > search

$ echo 'pr -w132 $' |lpr &' >lp (refer to last month's article)

$ chmod +x ' (make these files executable, or chmod 744)

$ cd .. (go back "up" one level to home directory)

$ ed .profile (modify your .profile to include the new directory)

27 c PATH=:$HOME/bin:/alias:/bin:/usr/bin

w 38

q

Because this is something any user can do, variations of this technique are usually discovered eventually by anyone who wishes a customized environment. Naturally, these short shell programs can be made longer; perhaps setting up particular files or directories to be used,

274 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 65 on inquiry card.

wabash

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Now get Wabash Quality at a CE Price

For over 17 years, Wabash has been making high quality and dependable computer products. Wabash diskettes are made to provide error-free performance on your computer system because every diskette has been totally and hypercritically tested. Since you can now buy Wabash computer products directly from CE, the world's largest distributor of magnetic media, you can now get maximum savings on every order. You can even order toll-free.

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SSSD = Single Sided Single Density; SSDD = Single Sided Double I DSDD = Double Sided Double Density; SSQD = Single Sided Quad I DSQD = Double Sided Quad Density; TPI = Tracks per inch.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

Part#

CE quant. 100 price per disk(S)

F111

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Wabash diskettes are packed 10 disks to a carton and 10 cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100 disks to a case without envelopes or labels. Please order only in increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. With the exception of bulk pack, we are also willing to accommodate your smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are available in increments of 10 units at a 20% surcharge above our 100 unit price. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 500 or more disks at the same time and deduct 1 %; 1,000 or more saves you 2%; 2,000 or more saves 3%; 5,000 or more saves 4%; 10,000 or more saves 5%; 25,000 or more saves 6%; 50,000 or more saves 7%, 100,000 or more saves 8%, 500,000 or more saves 9% and 1,000,000 or more disks earns you a 10% discount off our super low quantity 100 price. Almost all Wabash diskettes are immediately available from CE. Our efficient warehouse facilities are equipped to help us get you the quality product you need, when you need it. If you need further assistance to find the flexible disk that's right for you, call the Wabash compatibility hotline. Dial toll-free 800-323-9868 and askforyour compatibility representative. In Illinois or outside the U.S. dial 31 2-593-6363 between 9 AM to 4 PM Central time.

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To get the fastest delivery from CE of your Wabash computer products, we recommend you phone your order directly to our Computer Products Division and charge it to your credit card. Be sure to calculate your price using the CE prices in this ad. Written purchase orders are accepted from approved government agencies and most well rated firms at a 30% surcharge for net 30 billing. For maximum savings, your order should be prepaid. All sales are subject to availability, acceptance and verification. All sales are final. All prices are in U.S. dollars. Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice. Out of stock items will be be placed on backorder automatically unless CE is instructed differently. Minimum prepaid order is $50.00. Minimum purchase order$200.00. All shipments are F.O.B. Ann Arbor, Michigan U.S.A. No COD's please. Non-certified and foreign checks require bank clearance.

For shipping charges add $8.00 per case or partial case of 100 8-inch flexible disks or $6.00 per case or partial case of 100 51/4-inch mini-diskettes for U.P.S. ground shipping and handling in the continental U.S.A.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1002, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Visa or Master Card, you may call and place a credit card order. Order toll-free in the U.S. Dial 800-521-4414. In Canada, order toll-free by calling 800-265-4828. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigan dial 313-994-4444. Telex anytime 810-223-2422. Order your Wabash diskettes today.

Copyright 91983 Communications Electronics'" Ad #U12483

Order Toll-Free! 800-521-4414

In Michigan 313-994-4444

TM

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error-free diskettes

COMMUNICATIONS ELECTRONICS™

Computet Products Division

818 Phoenix □ Box 1002 □ Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. Order TOLL-FREE 800-521 -4414 or outside U.S.A. 313-994-4444

BYTE September 1983 275

Ishell: A Unix Information-Retrieval System

Ishell is a simple data-retrieval system comprising a data file of logical records and the associated Unix Shell command files that process the data file and produce a formatted report. Implemented with selected system utilities found on Unix, Ishell may be used to keep track of almost any kind of data, from a project development team's ideas-and-documents file to a writer's drafts of different articles and their reference documents.

Each record in the data file consists of a series of physical records. The first physical record contains up to four fields: the logical record identification number, a capital N (standing for name or title), the record title, and an optional locator field. Subsequent physical records contain three fields: the logical record ID, a capital K (for keyword), and a freeform content line. Tor example:

000199:N:Spectragraphics: work file cabinet 000199:K:System 1250—a 16-color raster or graphics display 000199:K:system that emulates the IBM 3250 graphics display 000199:K:system. Local or remote configuration, supports 000199:K:up to 4 workstations per controller or up to 64 000199:K:workstations per channel controller.

The logical record ID—000199, in the example—is a sequentially assigned number that links together the physical records into one logical record. It has meaning only to the Shell programs and never appears in the output. The record title and locator field— Spectragraphics and work file cabinet in the example—are context dependent and may be used to describe the data entry and a particular physical (i.e., noncomputer) location where the source data may be found. The locator field, in particular, permits anyone who may access the data file to find further information on the data.

Using Ishell

The data file is called ishell.data, and it may be edited with any standard text editor available. You must assign a new logical record number for each product or project to be entered into the system. Following the format of the previous example, a short article may be entered, and keywords may be input on lines of their own. This

will facilitate later retrieval by use of the dictionary file ishell.dict, which may be created by running the program create.dict.

You search the data file by following three steps. First, find the appropriate terms to search for by looking in the dictionary file. Next, edit the file awk.search to contain the string to look for by using a proper Boolean equation. Then run the ishell program, which will automatically display the information thus found. The output file ishell.out contains this information and may be printed or edited further.

Program Logic Flow

The commands used in the Ishell information and retrieval system are shown in listing 1. The ishell file contains all the commands necessary to perform the search. The awk.long program creates one long physical record for each set of logical records with the same record ID in the data file. The output is directed both to the ishell.long file and to the search program awk.search. This program creates a sorted list of record ID numbers matching the search criteria called ishell.list, which is then joined to the ishell.long file and piped to sort to create the ishell.sort file. Finally, the awk.short and awk.out programs are used tofortnat the selected output file ishell.out and direct it to the terminal.

Improvements

Ishell is not a fast or particularly user-friendly system, but it does illustrate the concept of developing a useful tool with Unix utilities. Much faster searches, if quality of output is not important, may of course be done by searching the data file for a particular keyword using grep, finding the matching record ID numbers, and using grep again for those ID numbers, thereby finding all associated entries.

A Shell or C program could easily be constructed to accept and prompt for user input, automatically assigning record ID numbers and adding the N and K fields. Menus and prompts for keywords to search on could be added. But as it stands, Ishell will run on virtually any Unix or Unix-like system as is; just type in the programs given in listing 1 and your data.

or sending a series of control sequences to a terminal or printer. Once you learn how easy it is to set up things the way you want, you are likely to be more interested in creating your own small applications programs.

Some Real Examples

The classic example of a "home-built" application on Unix is that of the personal phone directory. I'll show you how this can be done and suggest some methods of improving it as we go along. Then we'll explore some more elaborate applications that can be constructed using standard Unix utilities.

A phone directory can be as complex or as simple as you wish. I've seen some people go to the trouble of writing a program that would format names, addresses, and

phone numbers and provide menus for selection by category. Most people will just want something simple to understand and use. The simplest directory is merely a file of names and phone numbers:

Joe Blow (201) 666-1913 Ella Fitz (415) 339-9001 Ada Lovelace (800) 543-7895 Rosanne Rosannadanna (212) 986-1717 Anna Stasia (201)310-4697 Tricia McMillan 44(01) 276-709

After creating your file, which I'll assume is named phonelist or something similar, the simplest way to retrieve data from it is to use the string-and-pattern finding pro

276 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1: Command files for Ishell, a simple data retrieval system. Programs copyright © 1983 Access Technology Inc.

XBhelli

rm lohell.liet ishell.long iahell.out ishell.sort

awk -f awk.long ishell.data 1 tee ishell.long I awk -f awk.search > ishell.list ^oin -jl 1 -j2 1 -ti ishell.list ishell.long I sort -fti +2 -3 >iihell.«ort awk -f awk.short ishell.sort | awk -t awk.out [ tee ishell.out | cat

create.dieti

awk -f awk.dcreate ishell.data | sort -u >dict.tmp cat ishell.nam* diet.trap > ishell.diet rm diet.tap

awk.dcreatei

begin irs - "i") (if (32 -- "N")

[print S3 > "ishell.name" next

)

{print 33

awk.longi

BEGIN {P3 - "i" ; (if (NR — 1)

^ (printf ("*ai prev - 31 next

"%Si", 31, 32, 33, 34)

J else {while (31 l- prev) (print* ("\n")

printf ("%si" "%si" "%bi" "%si", 31, 32, 33, 34) prev - 31 next I

}

[printI ( "%B: )

awk.out i

BEGIN {

PS - "i" OPS « *i"

print "ISHEU, Data File Selections" printf ("\n" ) printf ("\n") prev - oooo) [if (31 l- prev) (printf ("Sn") print 32

prev - 31) else print 32)

awk.shorti

BEGIN (PS - "i" j OPS (i-3

record - 31 while (i <- HP)

(printf ("\n"> printf ("%si" 4+i

%a: ", record, 31)

)

)

awk.searchr

BEGIN [PS - "i" i OPS - -i" (if (30 - /[Ggjraphic/)

(printf ("»ai\n", 31)) I

print "0000!")

gram, grep:

$ grep Joe phonelist

Joe Blow (201) 666-1913

$ echo 'grep $1 phonelist' > phone (create a Shell program)

$ chmod +x phone (make it executable (or use chmod 744))

$ phone Anna (and try it out)

Anna Stasia (201) 310-4697

This is easier to type, and you don't have to remember the name of the phone file. But suppose you're in a different directory when you want to look up someone's number? We have to build the fully qualified name of the file into the phone command, so that it should now read:

grep $1 $HOME/phonelist

Using the Shell variable $H0ME (which is equivalent to spelling out the entire name of your actual home directory) not only saves typing but lets the system do the thinking, keeping the program as general as possible. You can substitute your home directory for the $H0ME used here, but that's not recommended because system administrators have been known to move things around over the weekend. Besides, this keeps even your Shell programs portable: you can use them as is on another system or allow your friends to copy them without having to do a lot of editing. Speaking of your friends, maybe you don't want anyone else to see your personal phone list:

$ chmod go= phonelist $ Is -I phonelist -rw-— 1 dave $

(or chmod 600 phonelist)

184 Apr 14 16:25 phonelist

Now nobody but you (and the super-user) can read your phonelist. But the super-user can't read what he doesn't know about! Renaming your file to .phonelist will work on most systems so that listing your files won't reveal it exists (don't forget to change your phone program too) because files and directories whose names begin with a period are not shown by Is unless a special option is used.

It must be noted at this point that the grep program is sensitive to upper- and lowercase; in particular, you can't type phone anna and expect to get Ms. Stasia. Care must therefore be taken when entering the command line. If you don't want to continually press the shift key, you can convert the entire phonelist file to lowercase:

You can find all the New Jersey listings just as easily: $ tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]" < .phonelistxemp

$ grep 201 phonelist

Joe Blow (201) 666-1913

Anna Stasia (201) 310-4697

$

The first improvement to be made is to make a command that knows the name of the phone number file:

(translate all letters found, in order)

$ mv temp .phonelist

$ phone joe

joe blow (201) 666-1913

$ phone anna

rosanne rosannadanna (212) 986-1717

anna stasia (201) 310-4697

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 277

The second example above shows that this conversion also means less precision in interpreting your requests. But sometimes "too much" output can be helpful. If you add the name of each person's company or job title to their entry in your "phone book," you can search by this information as well as name. Or adding the address (make sure you keep one entry to a line) allows you to search by city or state. This extra information comes in handy when you forget the exact name of the person you were looking for but know some other information about her or him:

letter package called Leverage (see table 1) implements data entry and screen formatting with C programs and uses grep for searches, nroff for creating form letters, and awk programs for printing formatted lists and labels. Other firms have similar products, some of which use fewer system utilities and more proprietary programs; these tend to be more expensive but have better performance. If you don't mind a bit of typing, a simple yet complete data retrieval system can be built using standard Unix utilities (see the text box "Ishell: A Unix Information Retrieval System").

joe blow (201) 666-1913

ella lib (415) 339-9001

ada lovelace (800) 543-7895

rosanne rosannadanna (212) 986-1717

anna stasia (201) 310-4697

tricia mcmillan 44(01) 276-709

kokomo travel agency

audiotape testing

structured programming group

snl newsbreak

salty czardine company

mouse computer inc.

If you wish to develop this idea further, look at the options available to you using some more Unix utilities, such as awk, sort, cut, and paste. These, along with the programming constructs available as part of the Shell, can provide you with all sorts of fancy formatting fun. Data entry may be controlled by another Shell program or a C program especially written for this purpose.

Such usefulness has not gone totally unnoticed by the commercial community. For instance, a mailing list/form

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A Few More Programs

A word or two should be written about awk. This is a C-like string-handling language that is used for manipulation of data files; in particular, it is good for writing quick programs that scan for strings, rearrange data fields, and take action based on the contents of a file. Again, see the Ishell text box for some examples of awk programs.

Mentioned earlier, the programs developed at Berkeley (usually referred to as UCB) have been a major addition to the world of Unix software. One of the most useful UCB programs is the screen editor vi, which has spread throughout the Unix community so quickly that AT&T is now distributing it with Unix System V. The UCB CShell was created as an alternative to the standard Unix Bourne Shell developed by Steve Bourne at Bell Labs. The C-Shell has several unique features, such as the ability to repeat or edit previous commands, the aliasing mechanism described before, and expansion of various special characters to save typing. Other UCB programs include more, which lets you read a file a screenful at a time; finger, which displays detailed information about each user on the system; and apropos, which helps you search the online programming manuals for information by keyword. Most UCB programs have been created specifically for the purpose of making people's work with Unix easier.

We've examined some more Unix commands and facilities and some of the diverse applications available on Unix-based machines, seen how to customize the environment, and tasted the flavor of home-built applications. Next month's article will examine some of the currently available computers running Unix, the different software implementations of Unix, and what can be expected in the next few years. ■

Thanks to Rosemary Simpson, director of educational systems at Access Technology Inc. for the ISHELL material, to Rob Cohen at Polymorphic Systems Inc. for the use of its Pixel computer, and to my wife Susan for digging through back issues of Unique and compiling the tables.

David Fiedler (Infopro Systems, POB 33, East Hanover, NJ 07936) is the editor of the monthly newsletter Unique: Your Independent UNIX and C Advisor and the magazine UNIX Review. He is also an analyst for The Perchwell Corporation, a consulting firm assisting management of companies using Unix.

278 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 63 On inquiry card.

Circle 111 on inquiry card.

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Way back in 1534, a Venetian scholar wrote a text that standardized the techniques of modern bookkeeping. And up till 1979, there weren't a lot of real improvements in the way people did spreadsheets. You still had to enter all your figures by hand. Run all the totals yourself. And when you had to make a few changes, you had to run the totals all over again.

Then along came a program that let you create spreadsheets on a personal computer Without touching a pencil. Oradding anything by hand. Best of all, this new program gave you the freedom to look at your balance sheet a dozen different ways if

you felt like it. Because all you had to do was change one figure, and the computer would refigure everything else for you. Automatically.

Like most breakthrough ideas though, this original spreadsheet program had a few things that definitely needed improvement. For instance, all the columns had to be the same width. And the entire system took about 20 hours to learn.

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Today, we've gone even farther. After talking with thousands of customers, we've found a lot of important new features you'd like to have. And we've built them into the world's most advanced spreadsheet.

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1981

1979

1534

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STATEMENT

SALES

JAN 1000

FEB 1100

MAR

121

COST

300

330

363

GROSS R&D

700

160

771-1 176

B47 194

MARKETING ADMIN.

200 140

224 151

231 163

TOTAL

INCOME

500 200

551 219

608 239

143

c

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9

_INEQME_STATEMENT

NET SALES

COST OF GOODS SOLD

GROSS PROFIT

RESEARCH ?< DEVELOPMENT

MARKETING ADMINISTRATIVE

TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES

INCOME BEFORE TAXES

INCOME TAXES

NET INCOME

Itll take you 10 minutes to

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With SuperCalc2 you get all kinds of features that have never been possible before. Like custom formatting capabilities. Automatic consolidation. Sorting. And more. Take a look at the spreadsheet below, and you'll see just how much we're giving you.

Best of all, we made it just as easy to use as the original SuperCalc. There's a self-paced starter guide that shows you exactly what to do,

step by step. And an AnswerKey™ that gives you instant help right on the screen. Because of these features, you can actually create your first spreadsheet in 10 minutes flat. Even if you've never used a computer before.

SuperCalc2 is available for the IBM PC and XT Where it can run in full color With full memory. Even on hard disk. It's also available for CP/M, CP/M-86, MS DOS and other operating systems, so you can use it with most popular personal computers.

But with all its advanced features, SuperCalc2 is the same price as the original SuperCalc. Only $295, suggested retail. We're also offering SuperCalc for only $195. And an upgrade to SuperCalc2 whenever you're ready.

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COMPANY CONSOLIDATED MONTHLY PAYROLL

Calendar/date capabilities.

Percentages.

Today's Date Payroll Start Date

4/15/834/ 1/83

Deduction Percentages

Fica 6, 700'/.

SDI ~~T

Days this period Recalculate YTD Y/N

Gross

Total

,87,

User-set decimal places.

Net YTD

Emp# Employee name

Adams

Status

Salary

Deduct

Pay

$1,100.00 < $82.50) $1,017.50

Gross

$6,200.00

49 84 92

Beckette

Johnson

Jones

S S M

/$750.00 ( $56.25) $693.75 $5,250.00 $850.00 ( $63.75) $786.25 $5,950.00 $900.00 ( $67.50) $832.50 $6,300.00

12 19

45

Samson Santos Smith

$560.00 ( $42.00) $518.00 $3,920.00 $650.00 ( $48.75) $601.25 $4,550.00 $700.00 ( $52.50) $647.50 $4,900.00

^

Total # employee

7 Floating $ signs.

Embedded commas.

Total Gross Salaried (100's) Total Deductions (10f3's) Total Net Pay <100's)

$55 1

$_4" 1 Negative numbers in ().

$51.0

Arrange reports numerically or

Numbers in 100s or 1000s.

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Just Rewards for Programmers

In the microcomputer industry, it's not always obvious how to divide up the profits

To paraphrase Gilbert and Sullivan, the programmer's lot is not a simple one. Some have superstar status, and others crank out code for a weekly paycheck. Some work for equity, others earn royalties based on retail prices that range from a few dollars to hundreds of dollars. Dividing up the profits is done in many ways. But the issues that burn in programmers' and publishers' minds are the same: who gets the money, and who handles pricing, distribution, and marketing?

The corollary, "Who ought to get the money?" depends on the originality of the idea, who developed it and whether it changed, the difficulty of the coding and who did it, and the breadth of distribution and marketing and who manages and funds it. Arrangements vary enormously within the industry. Let's look at a few examples drawn from actual events.

Eagles Nevelstorm shut down the computer and began locking up. Once ff-L again, he was the last

one to leave the office. The company had sure changed since he and a few others put old Dynamodata on the market a couple of years before. Some things were good—for one, the company's newly hired product manager seemed to like the idea the design team had conceived. A fully integrated multiwindow, artificially-intelligent, mouse/touchpad/voice-driven, omnitasking, full-color graphic videotext communications program was finished. That should satisfy

by Barbara Robertson

the marketing guys, thought Eagles. And it looked as if the team could actually produce the product, what with all the money available for people and machines from Dynamodata's profits. Of course, the programming team wouldn't be seeing any royalties on this one, but the programmers' salaries and benefits were good, and the product's success might mean the company would go public. Eagles wondered if the new programmers had been offered stock options when they were hired. He'd heard they had to work a year first, but there didn't seem to be any hard-and-fast rules yet.

In this case, the idea is a marketing department decision that has been refined by a design team and product manager and will be programmed, documented, marketed, and distributed by other members of the company. The product clearly belongs to the company. The programmer can negotiate for rewards within the range of traditional corporate benefits: salary and stock options. Here the programmers are not stars but part of a team. In this environment, programmers and designers are in the same position as most inventors working for large corporations. The corporation owns the copyrights.

Inside an ivy-covered garage in East Suburbia, California, foe MachineffZi code debugs the last

routine for Superprogram. Superprogram Manuals line the hallways of his house, proof sheets for the first ad are on the bulletin board, and a carton of blank disks sits in the comer

ready for the orders to start rolling in. It's been a long, hard year. The house is mortgaged to the hilt, but the program is done, and it's all his—every last dollar that rolls in. That is, if anyone sees the little ads he has placed in the back pages of several magazines.

Joe Machinecode's case is easy. The program is his idea, and as long as he does all the work and invests only his own money, he determines the price and reaps 100 percent of the profits. While this may seem an ideal arrangement, it's becoming more difficult for such "garage" software producers to compete, and Joe may find that he doesn't have the same talent for business, marketing, and customer service that he does for programming. Let's look at two ways Joe might get help and what will happen to his 100 percent in each case.

First, let's assume that Joe decides the documentation needs to be improved, so he hires Chris, a writer. Chris makes suggestions about the user interface that Joe incorporates into the program and also introduces Joe to a product manager at the General Enormous Software house. General Enormous Software decides to buy exclusive rights to the products. Joe pays Chris a flat fee, takes the rest of the money, and moves to a tropical island.

Meanwhile, General Enormous Software does market research studies, modifies the program to meet those studies and fit in its product line, mounts a massive advertising campaign, puts the product and

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 283

Circle 99 on inquiry card.

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W. Douglas Maurer

By far the most complete, most professional and best written of the many books available today on the assembly language of the APPLE computer. The LISA assembler for the APPLE II is completely described, and there is an extensive section on debugging methods. The book contains300 exercises (with solutions to half of them), making it an excellent selection for a college or high school text, or for independent study. A knowledge of BASIC (or FORTRAN or PASCAL) is assumed, but no hardware knowledge is required. A diskette, which requires a LISA assembler, is available for use with the book. September, 1983. $17.95. 0-914894-82-X. Diskette, $15.00. 0-914894-85-4.

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its documentation in a box, and ships it to distributors who have no trouble putting it into shelf space already set aside for General Enormous in the retail stores. The product, which sells for twice the price Joe had in mind, is a great success. It's named Program of the Year in Computer Trade Weekly, and after two years its gross sales reach several million dollars. The software house makes a profit of 40 percent.

Would Joe have been better off on his own? How much more would he have made if he had negotiated for a share of royalties or kept some distribution rights rather than agreeing to sell the exclusive rights to his program? And what about the writer who improved the user interface and introduced Joe to General Enormous? Did she deserve a share in the profits, too? Or did the contributions made by General Enormous far exceed those of Joe and Chris?

Let's forget about General Enormous for a moment and follow Joe on an alternate route as he decides to sell his program to a software publisher. After making a number of phone calls, Joe learns that before publishers will consider buying his product, they want a onepage proposal that describes the product, outlines the market for it, details what compensation Joe expects to receive, and gives his background and qualifications. The publisher notes that only one out of every 200 programs submitted is usually accepted. Joe's proposal makes it through the first round at a publisher. He submits the documentation for the second round, and finally he gets to show his program. On acceptance, the publisher draws up a contract fdr exclusive rights that entitles Joe to a 10 percent royalty based on wholesale revenue.

Next, the publisher's documentation department rewrites and packages the manuals, the marketing department makes design changes that Joe implements with the help of the in-house programming staff, and Joe adds several changes of his own with the consent of the marketing department. The publisher signs an OEM (original equipment manufacturer)

agreement with a major hardware vendor, giving the vendor exclusive rights. The product's success seems guaranteed. The hardware vendor determines a retail price that is considerably higher than the publisher's wholesale cost.

Did Joe get his fair share? What if his royalty had been based on the retail price? Could he have retained some rights? After all, the product was his original idea, and he did most of the programming. The software publisher, on the other hand, contributed to the design, and the company's marketing expertise resulted in the OEM contract that ensured a large sales volume.

Mary came up with the idea for Spelldata Dumptruck in the midjfO die of rush-hour traffic

on the way to work one morning. Because she didn't know the first thing about programming, she talked the idea over with Rob, and he agreed to write the code in his spare time. As soon as Rob had a good working demo of the program, he and Mary realized they had some decisions to make. It looked as if it might take years to complete the program on a spare-time schedule.

Starting a company didn't sound like much fun. Neither Rob nor Mary knew the first thing about marketing, distribution, or attracting venture capital, but they knew that they wanted to continue working on the product. They decided that even a modest royalty on a lot of sales would be preferable to 100 percent of a few sales and a lot of headaches. So they took their demo to a publisher. The publisher, well-funded and full of sparkling show-business ideas, agreed to give them an advance against royalties to complete Spelldata Dumptruck and introduced them to a programmer who could help them get it finished quickly. The publisher agreed to give Rob and Mary full credit, use their names in the promotion, package the product, determine pricing and marketing strategies, and provide distribution.

How are the profits divided in this case? The idea is Mary's, but without Rob's programming expertise, it would never have become a reality. And because the code is the product, Rob might argue that he deserves

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half or more of the royalty money. Some people argue, however, that unless the programming is especially creative, Rob occupies essentially the same role as a ghostwriter and deserves pay but no royalties. And what about the programmer brought in by the publisher—should she get credit in the promotion? Who pays for her time?

Rob and Mary have further complicated the question of how to apportion profits (and perhaps increased their potential profits at the same time) by taking the product to a software publisher interested in promoting the product beyond the traditional marketing channels. Rob and Mary's names are used in the promotions, and if the product is a success they'll soon see Spelldata T-shirts and little stuffed Dumptrucks in the stores. How much of the profits do they deserve for each T-shirt and stuffed Dumptruck that's sold? And if Rob and Mary's names become household words as a result of the product promotion, how will superstardom affect the royalties they can

demand on their next product?

Walt Wizard, masterful money handler, and Tom Brightman, wellff^t known program de

signer, met at one of those cocktail parties that make big computer shows almost worth attending. It didn't take them long to realize that they had the same idea in mind for a new product and that they were a potentially great team. The Wizard knew what had to be on the screen and in the reports, and Tom could write the system design specs. The Wizard would attract the financiers, and together they could build a company that would skyrocket if they could move fast enough. They knew the product's success depended largely on getting it into the market very quickly, and the one person who could do the job was Sam Supercoder, a programming genius at implementing complex ideas in assembly language. Sam looked at Tom's design specs, suggested some improvements to which Tom and the Wizard agreed, and finished coding in three days, which gave them the edge they needed. The Wizard took the finished product to a group of

venture capitalists who gave the threesome start-up money in return for 49 percent of the company.

In this case, all three will share in the profits and help determine pricing by virtue of their equity ownership in the company they're building. But how should the 51 percent share be split among them? The original idea came from Tom and the Wizard. Tom wrote the design specs, but all of them contributed to the design. How much is the Supercoder's contribution worth? After all, he got the product to market within the time frame.

Susan Smart had been working as a computer programmer and sysffD terns analyst for a

management consulting firm during the day and spending all her spare time designing a microcomputer software system. When she had a reasonably good plan down on paper, she approached Clyde Dealmaker with her idea. Clyde convinced a management team to invest its time and enough money for Susan's salary and start-up costs on his

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assurance that the venture capitalists would soon be eating out of their hands. The management team liked Susan's concept but soon came up with an entirely new user interface for the program that they felt had a better chance of success. Susan improved the design and began writing code.

As it turned out, Clyde was wrong about the venture capitalists. The management team, desperate to recoup its investment of time and money, sold the program idea to a hardware vendor, who would use an in-house software team to develop it.

In this case, the idea for the program was Susan's, but the program changed considerably after she brought it to Clyde. No coding was done beyond what was needed for a demo, and because Susan was paid a salary, she assumed little risk. Clyde invested time, but no money. The management team, which contributed to the design, invested its own money and time without compensation. Was the vendor's decision to buy the program based on the management team's interface design or Susan's original concept? Who should profit from the sale ?

Alternate Arrangements

There are probably as many stories as there are programs. Programmers are faced with several complex alternatives from which to choose, and they don't have much help in choosing. Going to work for a major software house for a salary and stock options is one. This option means a lower risk for the programmer and potentially lower gain. Working for a start-up company for a salary and equity usually translates to higher risk and potentially greater gain. Employment agents may be able to offer some help in negotiations.

If, however, a programmer decides to develop a product, the issues get muddy. How much is the idea worth? How much are the coding, documentation, marketing, and distribution worth? George Tate of AshtonTate, a software publisher that also develops in-house software, notes that advertising and marketing are now by far the biggest costs in bringing a product to market, exceeding the costs of

research and development. This factor is bound to have some effect on the price.

Traditional software publishers such as AshtonTate, Digital Marketing, Software Publishing, and Information Unlimited Software offer independent software vendors a variety of choices, among them buy-out agreements, licensing agreements, stock offerings, and royalty arrangements. The amount of money publishers are willing to pay depends on the amount of work done by the author, anticipated market share, and pricing. However, there is no clearcut formula. Some software publishers may be willing to help develop a program if the idea has market potential, but most prefer to take on a product that's near completion. All will assume documentation, marketing, distribution, and pricing responsibilities.

New software producers like Electronic Arts and International Microcomputer Software Inc. offer programmers another choice. Some will promote the authors and give them status and possibly even some control. Electronic Arts calls itself an "association of electronic artists" and puts the software authors' names on the cover of the software package. IMSI, for example, lets authors hire and fire their product managers.

Software producers tend to pay higher royalties than software publishers, but the amount of royalties and advances varies widely. It might seem that with a software producer the programmer can become a superstar. But what happens when a producer comes up with the idea or if he asks a famous mystery writer, sports car driver, or tax analyst to design a product? Will the programmer share equally in the royalties and fame?

Changing Rules

Clearly, it's not always obvious how to divide up the dollars. In the complex, undefined microcomputer software industry, the rules change as fast as the technology. Both the amount of the royalty and the basis on which royalties are paid vary from one publisher to another. Royalties

can be based on wholesale revenues, gross profits, or retail prices, and it takes an expert to assess the best arrangement. Unfortunately, however, a programmer whose expertise lies in software development cannot become an overnight expert in contract law, marketing research, and distribution.

Peter Sinclair of Software Publishing, a company that develops inhouse software and markets software from independent vendors, says that the independent software producers he sees are often naive not because they haven't done enough background work but because no clearinghouse for information exists. The book hasn't been written yet. And while many standards of excellence exist as guides for programmersproposed graphics standards, communications standards, and even operating system standards—there are no established algorithms for the business and marketing sides that will guarantee programmers a fair share of the profits. Many programmers learn the hard way that it's not unusual for someone else to make a fortune from their genius.

The book publishing, recording, and movie industries have agents and standard contracts. Now agents are emerging for software authors, but standards for determining the value of ideas and programming remain undefined. Programmers as a group need to exchange information, perhaps through electronic bulletin boards and networks as a means of establishing those standards. It might be worth some programmer's time to set up a database and begin collecting information.

Until programmers themselves begin to address these issues, they can never be sure of getting just rewards for their work. But programmers would not be the only ones to benefit from standard business practices. Software houses would have a more stable basis for determining prices, and greater price stability would benefit consumers.■

Barbara Robertson is a technical editor in BYTE's West Coast Bureau (BYTE/McGraw-Hill, 4th Floor, 425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111).

288 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Computer Graphics

If you are an engineer or designer, film producer or cartographer, imagery analyst or medical researcher, or employed in aerospace, architecture, energy, education, manufacturing or medicine...

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A C Language Primer

Part 2: Tool Building in C

by James Joyce

It is difficult to say whether C has become so popular because it is the major language Unix is written in or because it is in its own right a clean, small, highly expressive language. C allows programmers to write programs that package assignment expressions inside a logical test, as in this example:

/*--- copy.c Use preprocessor variable for EOF --*/ #define EOF -1 main () {

int byte;

while ((byte = getchar() ] putchar (byte);

!= EOF)

In this case the while statement makes the program one executable statement in length. It copies characters until EOF (end of file) is reached. Such economy does have its disadvantages in that obscure C code is fairly easy to write. A programming language purist can rightly accuse C of inviting side effects in coding. But to the C language veteran, the side effects are desirable and should be treated with proper respect.

The proper C program is organized into functions, one of which must be named main. When a C program executes, control is given to main first. As we saw in Part 1, it is common practice in C to organize particular aspects of processing into functions called by main.

In this second and final part, we shift our emphasis from language fundamentals to the important concept of tool building in C. As we write programs we will be alert to code that could be packaged into a generalpurpose function and employed in solving more than one problem.

Arrays of Characters

Because C contains no built-in function to read an

entire line of input, it could be called a rather primitive language. Yet part of C's elegance and appeal is due to its encouragement of tool building. You can build a routine to read a line of input and package it as a function named getline that you can then use whenever the need arises. The next two examples develop a slightly modified version of the getline function found on page 26 of Kernighan and Ritchie's book The C Programming Language (Prentice-Hall, 1978). The first example focuses on character arrays, and the important work is done in main.

/*--- getline.c To illustrate character arrays —*/

#defineEOF -1

define NL ' \n'

#define EOS ' \0' /* A •/

^define LIMIT 1024

main ()

{

int byte, index;

char line[LIMIT]; /* B */

for (;;) { /* C */

for (index = 0; index < LIMIT - 1; index++) { 1*0*1 if ((byte = getchar()) == EOF) break; /* E */

else if (byte == NL) break; else linepndex] = byte;

}

if (byte == EOF) break; else if (byte == NL) line[index++] = byte; linefjndex] = EOS; /* F */

printf("%s", line); }

}

This example begins by defining several preprocessor variables; the backslash-zero combination inside single

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 289

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quotes in line A is C notation for a byte of all zeros, by convention the end-of-string maker in C. In C, any single byte of data inside single quotes tells the compiler to use the value of the byte as an integer. Character strings are enclosed in double quotes, as they are in the printf statements used in earlier examples.

In line F the end-of-string marker is assigned following the last character in the array just before it is printed. The %s format code indicates that the line is a character string. To verify that the zero byte is needed, run this example without lines A and F. Be sure to enter more than one line in assessing the effect of not having the end-of-string marker.

Line B shows how arrays are declared in C. The brackets distinguish arrays from functions. As mentioned in Part 1, a preprocessor variable is used to specify the array bounds; thus you can easily change the value throughout the program simply by changing the preprocessor command.

Line C shows a for loop that, undisturbed, will run forever. You can exit the loop using the break command if the end-of-file character is reached. Note that break on end-of-file occurs twice here, once to exit the for loop in line D, and once to exit the for loop in line C.

The for loop beginning with line D gets one character at a time and puts it into the array. The value of index starts at zero because arrays in C start at zero. The limit of the array must be adjusted down by one to compensate. The expression LIMIT-1 is calculated only once, at compile time.

There are three conditions for exiting this inner loop: if the array is full, as tested for in line D; upon reaching end-of-file, as in line E; and upon reading a newline character. If these conditions do not exist, the byte is added to the array.

The next example illustrates the use of arrays as function arguments. The code in the inner loop of the previous example is the heart of the next version of getline. Preprocessor variables are defined in getline because they are used there, although they could have been defined with the others at the beginning of the code for main.

/*- getline2.c To package getline as a function -*/

#define ALLD0NE 0 #define LIMIT 1024

main()

{

char string[LIMIT];

}

while (getlinefstring, LIMIT) != ALLD0NE) printf("%s", string);

getline(line, toobig) /*— To read a line into an array —*/ #define NL '\n'

290 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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292 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc

#define EOS' \0' #define EOF -1

char line[ ]; int toobig;

I* G*/

{

int byte, i;

for (toobig— , i=0; i < toobig &&

(byte = getchar()) != EOF && (byte != NL); ++i){ line[ i ] = byte;

/* H */

it (byte == NL) line[ i++ line[ i ] = EOS; return( i);

byte;

/* I */

The parameters of getline are defined in line G and the subsequent line. Note that these declarations are made before the brace that contains the body of the function. The declaration for line as a character array lacks a number in the brackets because the true array will be handed to getline, and its length will have been determined in main.

Parameters in C are passed not as addresses of locations in the calling routine, as in many languages, but as their values. Consequently, values given to getline may be changed by code in getline without affecting their counterparts in main. If we pass simple arguments, such as the constant 1024 or a variable such as byte, a copy of the value is given to the function. If we pass an array, however, the address of the array is passed to the function rather than the contents of the array.

One consequence of this approach is that we can write getline as we did, but if we wrote a similar functionsay, getbyte(byte)—we would hand the function the current value of byte as a parameter and, upon return, the value would be unchanged. To programmers this means that functions return only one value, and that is through the return statement. All values passed as parameters become copied into areas local to the function. If you pass an array as a parameter, you will actually be passing a pointer to the array (that is, its address). We'll return to this in the section introducing pointers in C.

Now let's look at what the user would see as the program code is being compiled.

$ cc -v -o getline getline2.c getline 2.c;

Preprocessing

Compiling

Assembling Loading $

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The first line asks that cc (the C Compiler) be run, with the option -v indicating that each stage of the compilation process is to be reported as it is entered. The -o option tells cc that the executable version of the program is to be stored in a file named getline. When the processing is complete, the shell returns with its prompt: $. To execute the program you need only type its name and press the Return key. Then give it some data:

$ getline

This is some normal data.

This is some normal data.

$

Here a line of data was typed, followed by a Return and then the end-of-file signal Control-D. Two lines appear because the first line is the Unix shell's transcript of what you typed and the second line is getline's output.

In the example that follows, a line is typed, but instead of pressing Return, Control-D is typed at the end of the line:

of what you typed runs on the first >, getline's output continues on the same line until the second >, and the shell's prompt appears at the end of the line. On a video terminal, the cursor would be waiting at the end of the line for you to type another command line.

The Switch and System Statements

The last control structure we'll discuss is switch, which allows a multi-way decision via an elegant construct. We introduce switch with the system statement, which enables you to issue commands to the host operating system from your C program. Our example issues Unix commands, but that's because the system on which the program runs is Unix. Properly implemented, the system function simply hands the host operating system a pointer to a character string containing a command, then returns control to the user's program. The example that follows is a simple but suggestive help program for C programmers.

/*- switch.c Demonstrate switch command and system call -*/

$ getline

Here I type Control-D > Here I type Control-D >$

Everything seems run together, but that is because we typed Control-D instead of Return. The shell's transcript

#define BLANK

■ ■

#define EOF

-1

#define NL

'\n

#define TAB

T

main()

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294 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 306 on inquiry card.

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SDSystems

greet()

int byte = 0;

greet();

if ((byte = getresp())

EOF) system ("exit");

}

printf("\n");

switch (byte) {

case ' c': system ("man cc"); break;

case ' b '; system ("man cb"); break;

case ' I': system ("man lint"); break;

case ' m ':system ("man make"); break;

default: system ("echo Uh — please rerun the program");

break

}

getresp() /*-- Get nonwhite character from input ---*/

{

int byte;

for (;;) {

if ((byte = getchar()) == EOF) break; else if ((byte != BLANK) &&

(byte != TAB) &&

(byte I= NL)) break;

}

return (byte);

printf("\n");

printff'Online help for C programmers: \n \n");

printf("Type For help about \n");

printf(" \n");

printf(" b the C beautifier program \n"); printfj" c the C compiler \n"); printfj" I the lint program to help portability \n"); printf(" m the make program to maintain code \n"); printfj" \n Your request? ");

The function greet is just what its name implies and need not be discussed in further detail here. The packaging of getresp into a function may seem unnecessary, but it was done primarily to make a point about the human engineering of software. Some users of interactive programs type a space or even press Return before entering a response, just as someone about to give a talk in front of a group may blow into the microphone before speaking. Good human engineering of software allows for such responses. While we're on the subject of human engineering of software, note, too, the space after the question mark inviting a request. The space not only makes the message more readable but makes it more inviting to answer than if the space were not there.

Upon return from getresp the value of byte is tested and,

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296 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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298 BYTE September 1983

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if it is an end-of-file character, the function system executes the Unix command, given as a character string, "exit". The exit system call to Unix is the usual way of terminating a process. The other system calls are to print pages from the Unix Programmer's Manual or to use echo to print a message to the user. Though printf could have been used instead of a system call to echo, the point was to illustrate system. Of particular note is that the shell scans the command it is given for metacharacters, except character-delete and line-kill, just as if the command had been keyed at your terminal.

The switch statement evaluates the expression in parentheses—which must evaluate to an int—and transfers control to the case matching the value, resuming execution with the statement following the case keyword. For example, if byte contains a c, it will match the first case, and the system call will be to print the manual pages for cc, the C compiler. The break statement afterwards keeps execution from continuing with the next system call to print the pages for cb, the C beautifier program.

You might think of switch as switching you to a matching case, where execution resumes. The case values mark places in the code, like labels, to which control is transferred. By pairing a break with each case, you isolate each case's treatment. The default keyword in a switch catches all other instances beyond the ones matched earlier. If default is not in the switch, unmatched cases cause no action, as if the switch were not there. As Kernighan and Ritchie note in their discussion of switch, it is best always to put a break after the last case, so that if a new case is added later execution will not accidentally "fall through" to the newly added case.

Pointers

To some people, an aura of mystery surrounds pointers, as though there were some trick to them. Pointers are variables that have addresses as their values, just as an integer variable has integers as its legal values or a character variable has characters as its legal values. The following example is a version of hello.c that has been rewritten to introduce pointers.

/*-- point.c To introduce pointer variables — */

the message to be printed.

Line C gives us some insight into how printf works as a function. The control string we give to printf is stored away by the C compiler, and its address is given as the first argument to printf. As a result, printf sees just what any function in C sees—a list of values; here, the list contains a pointer to character string. We can take this point one step further:

/*— point2.c More on pointer variables —*/

#define NL' \n'

main

char 'message;

message = "Hello, world!%c"; printf(message, NL);

/* D */ /* E */

In this example, we use the control string pointed to by message to print the newline character. The %c is replaced by ' \n', just as if the character string had appeared in the call to printf. So you've already seen pointers in C several times so far without knowing it!

Pointers are common in C programs that manipulate strings or arrays. Here is an adaptation of the function that copies a string, from Kernighan and Ritchie's book.

/*-- strcopy.c Pointers used to copy a string -*/ tfdefine BIG 1024 main()

}

char 'original, copy[BIG];

original = "This will repeat once. \n"; strcopy(copy, original); printf(original); printf(copy);

/*A7

main()

{

char 'message;

}

message = "Hello, world! \n" printf(message);

I* A*/

/* B */ /* C */

strcopy(tostr, fromstr)

char *tostr, 'fromstr;

{

while ( *tostr++ = *fromstr++

/* use: fromstr is copied to tostr */

The declaration in line A places an asterisk before message, indicating that message is a pointer to a character variable. In line B, what looks to be the assignment of a character string to message is the assignment of the address of the literal "Hello, world! \n" to message. There are no operations on entire arrays or strings in C. In line C the only argument is message, indicating the address of

Line A draws attention to the close relationship between arrays and pointers. Here original is a pointer to a character string and copy is a declared array. Yet in the call to strcopy the names appear side by side, and in the definition of strcopy both are declared as pointers to characters. Array references in C translate to pointers to the array plus the appropriate offset.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 299

The work in strcopy is done in the condition for the while—yet another instance of the terse code often found in C programs. We will read it from the inside outward. The character pointed to by fromstr (think of the asterisk as representing the phrase "pointed to by") is copied to a location pointed to by tostr. After this copy is done, the two pointers, tostr and fromstr, are incremented. The value assigned also becomes the value of the expression in parentheses. When the end-of-string marker is copied to tostr, its value, 0, becomes the value of the expression for the while. In C this means "false," and the while loop ends. The semicolon marking the body of the while is lined up under the w to tell a human reader that the body of the while is empty.

You might want to alter this program to see what happens when both copy and original are declared as pointers. The run-time errors are amusing enough to encourage several tries. If copy is declared as a pointer rather than as an array, the value it contains is undefined; where it will store the characters assigned in the function is anyone's guess. You might run this version through lint, which checks the style of programs, to see what it thinks of the code.

Next, let's look at how a function can return a pointer to a character string. The function in the next example is a model for functions that, given an integer, might return the corresponding month or part-name or job title—the uses are many, and the present example is perhaps one of the simplest. As indicated in line A, the

function's type must be declared in main if it returns noninteger values.

/*--- weekday.c Introduce static variables and ? : construct -*/

main()

char *weekday();

printff'l was born on a %s\n", weekday(4));

/* A */

char *weekday(number) /*--- return pointer to name of weekday --*/

int number;

{

static char *day[] = { /* B */

"Oopsday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday",

};

return((number < 1 || number > 7) ? day[0]: day[number]);

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The function weekday returns a pointer to character data, and it must be declared as such. Until now, our functions that returned anything returned integers, the default in C. The strategy behind weekday is that the integer will be the index into an array of pointers pointing to character strings containing the names of weekdays. That is, the value of day[4] is the address of the character string Thursday.

The declaration of day as an array of pointers to character data has several aspects worth noting. First is the word static, which refers to the storage class for the array of pointers. Normally in C, local variables in functions are allocated each time the function is called and deallocated when the function is exited. These are automatic variables. If you want the variables in a function to remain allocated after the function is exited, you must specify that the variables be static.

We certainly want the names of the weekdays and their pointers to stay around. If they disappeared after the return from the first call, subsequent calls would not have them or would have to reinitialize the array. C circumvents this by prohibiting aggregate initialization of automatic variables. If you omit the static declaration, the C compiler will complain, and compilation will not be successful.

The number of elements in the array is not specified within the brackets. Because the array is initialized in its declaration, the compiler will count the number of elements and allocate that much space. Again, you should note that pointers to the names are the values being stored in the array day rather than the names themselves.

The return statement contains a rarity in programming languages, a ternary (three-item) operation. Parts one and two are separated by a question mark, and parts two and three by a colon. The expression in parentheses is evaluated, and if its value is true, part two is executed. If the expression is not true, part three is executed. This is similar to an if-else construct, but it is working at the level of an expression rather than as a full-fledged control structure. The condition tests whether number is outside the range of a valid weekday number (between 1 and 7), and, if so, returns a pointer to the string Oopsday. Otherwise it returns a pointer to the name of the weekday. The ? : construct is both powerful and compact. You might rewrite weekday without it to see how much less readable the code becomes.

Structures

Structures did not enter the language until 1973, but they cap the major developments of C. A structure is like a record in Pascal or levels in COBOL Data Division entries. These next examples show a transcript of part of a Unix session using Mark Horton's script utility to record what appeared on the video display. Here a program using structures is listed using the cat command (think of cat as being short for "copy all text"), then compiled, and finally run to produce the output of three

/*A7

m

names and telephone numbers. /* struct.c Show an array of structures —*/

main()

{

static struct list { char *name; char * number; } phones[3] = {

"Jim Joyce", "415-621-6415", "Time" , "415-767-2676", "Story" , "415-626-6516"

};

int i;

for (i=0; i<3; i++)

printf("%12s%12s\n",

phones[ i ].name, phones[ i ].number); }

The program listing starts with the by-now-familiar comment line having as its first word the name of the file—the absolute minimum that good documentation practice requires. Line A begins the structure's definition. The keyword struct announces that a structure is being defined. It is a static variable, and the structure will be initialized at compile time. We recently saw a variable declared static; now we can state a generality about initializing arrays and structures: automatic structures and arrays cannot be initialized. If you try to compile this example without the keyword static, the C compiler will complain:

"struct.c", line 9: no automatic aggregate initialization

The name list at first looks like a variable but is really a structure tag. Using a structure tag, you can declare other variables as being a structure having the form described in the structure tagged list, without having to enumerate the members. The structure has two members, both pointers to characters: name and number. Line B names the structure as phones, and we note that phones is an array. What we have created is an array of structures. Others might simply call phones a table.

The assignment operator here, as in the previous example, indicates that the variable phones is to be initialized. The three lines following are pairs of strings; the C compiler will store them somewhere safe and then put their addresses in the structure members, the first corresponding to name and the second to number. The elements are separated by commas, with each "line" of the structure on its own line; this format helps readability.

In the printf statement we see how to access the members of the structure. The name of the structure is given first, then a period to separate the two tokens, and then the member name. This example is admittedly contrived to show a simple example of a structure and how

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 301

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to access members. We could have written the printf as

printf("%12s, %12s \n", phonesp]);

with the same result.

Quite apart from the topic of structures is the control string for the printf. The %12s specifies that the output string is to be 12 characters long. Surprisingly, the strings are justified at the right margin in the field, as we see in the resulting output:

$ cc -o struct struct.c

$ struct

Jim Joyce 415-621-6415 Time 415-767-2676 Story 415-626-6516

This format conversion is simply part of printf. To have the string output justified at the left margin, we would write °/o—12s. Page 147 of Kernighan and Ritchie's book details the options.

Going Further in C

By now you have seen quite a bit of the programming language C, but not all of it by any means. As you may have noticed, the examples have gradually increased in complexity and sophistication. By now you should have enough experience with the language to write useful programs and to learn more of the language from Kernighan and Ritchie. Among the topics you will want to read more about are preprocessor facilities, structures, and the Unix system interface. You might consider adopting the approach that has guided the examples you have seen here; that is, write programs for yourself that focus on the language feature you are learning. Then, once your example is working, modify it to introduce deliberate errors so you will recognize them later.

Another valuable tool for learning C is Alan Feuer's The C Puzzle Book: Puzzles for the C Programming Language (Prentice-Hall, 1982). When you get a copy, be sure to add the missing right brace at the end of the program on page 53. Then key in each example and run it, taking care to include spaces, tabs, and blank lines where Feuer puts them.

The puzzles in Feuer's book are working programs that illustrate the major aspects of the language: operators, basic types, included files, control flow, programming style, storage classes, pointers and arrays, structures, and the preprocessor. The second half of the book offers a step-by-step discussion of just what the programs do, with helpful diagrams for the puzzles about pointers. Do let me know about other simple examples of C constructs that should be shared, and there may be a followup article in the future. ■

James Joyce is president of International Technical Seminars Inc. (520 Waller St., San Francisco, CA 94117) and founder of the Unix Bookstore.

302 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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User's Column

Eagles, Text Editors, New Compilers, and Much More

Important items of information from our ingenious insider

by Jerry Pournelle

I surrender. Next week I'm going out to buy an IBM Personal Computer, rotten keyboard and all. (Of course I'll use Jim Baen's Magic Keyboard on it; I haven't gone completely mad.)

Obviously there's a reason: software compatibility. Over in one corner there's four cubic feet of unevaluated software, much of which won't run on anything but an IBM PC.

Although a lot of machines claim to be 100 percent IBM PC compatible, I've yet to have one arrive at Chaos Manor. Now true: some of the machines we have, such as the Eagle 1600 with hard disk and the Eagle PC, have some awfully strong points compared to the genuine IBM. In fact, compared a feature at a time, I think I'd prefer the Eagle, which is faster and has a much nicer keyboard. A lot of our PC-type software runs quite well with the Eagle.

There's the Compupro 10-MHz 8086; Tony Pietsch has just dreamed up a new method whereby we can boot PC-DOS (the disk operating system for the IBM PC) off 5V4-inch disks even though the primary disk system for the Compupro machines is 8-inch. A fair amount of PC software will run with that machine, as

well as, naturally, our Compupro 8085/8088 dual processor.

We also have the Zenith Z-100, which has a number of features in common with the PC. Some PC-type software runs fine with the Z-100.

Alas, a lot of stuff doesn't run with Eagle, Z-100, Compupro, or anything else we have around here. Some of that software looks pretty nifty. Then too, my contract for the Inferno game based on Inferno (Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle, Pocket Books) calls for it to run on an IBM PC. Finally, I keep getting letters from readers concerning the genuine IBM PC: "Try it, you'll like it."

So I'm going to try it. While I'm at it, I'll try to buy the absolute minimum from IBM itself and get my disks and memory and such like from less expensive sources; that should give me something to write about and justify the expense.

The Eagle 1600

We've had the Eagle 1600 for about a month and it runs fine. Eagle justifiably brags about how easy it is to get this machine out of the box and up and running. It took us about 5 minutes.

The 1600 has a 20-megabyte hard

disk that contains all the operating system and applications programs: the machine boots off that disk. When it comes up, you have a choice of Eaglewriter, which is Lexisoft's Spellbinder text editor; Eaglecalc, which is a general-purpose spreadsheet; backing up the hard disk; exiting to the PC-DOS operating system; or shutting down the system.

Incidentally, that last choice retracts the hard-disk head and protects the system. The Eagle documents insist that you use that method whenever you turn off the system, and they warn you that if you shut down without going through the regular shutdown command sequence, you can damage things. The documents don't say what will happen if you have a power failure and can't use Eagle's orderly procedure. In my case what happened was nothing; the system worked fine after two blackouts.

Spellbinder is a more than adequate text editor with all the usual text-editing commands. I have friends who work for the U.S. Congress; they've been using Lexisoft's Spellbinder editor for a couple of years and are well pleased with it. A lot of special-function keys are on the Eagle's keyboard, and this version of

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 307

Spellbinder has been tailored to use them, making Eagle with Eaglewriter at least as easy to use as most dedicated word processors. I still prefer Zeke II and WRITE, but I'm pretty set in my ways.

I can recommend the Eagle 1600—with reservations.

On the positive side, the Eagle's keyboard is much nicer than the IBM PC keyboard. It has a better feel, and the key layout is standard Selectric. It's also capable of doing everything the PC keyboard can do. Alas, Logitech's IBM PC Mouse won't work with the Eagle; I understand that both Eagle and Logitech are working on that problem.

Also very much to the Eagle's credit, it's fast, much faster than the IBM PC, and that makes up for a lot. Sorts and spreadsheet recalculations take about half as much time. If you're looking for a PC-like machine that runs much (but alas not, by a long shot, all) of the IBM PC software, check out the Eagles. They're well made, quiet, and likable machines, and they sure are fast.

There are a couple of drawbacks.

First, the Eagle 1600 is big, I mean really massive; the machine itself, without keyboard, measures 19 by 19 by 6 inches. The detached keyboard is also large, 19 by 9 inches, so that the Eagle plus keyboard barely sits on a desk 28 inches deep, and even then things are jammed together. You'll want to think about where to put the Eagle before you buy one; ideally, you'd want one of those workstation tables that has a separate (and lower) shelf for the keyboard. Given that, the Eagle's size won't matter.

Second, the screen's scrolling is not very pretty. When you scroll text, it sort of ripples up and down on the screen. Once it has scrolled, it's rock steady, and the character set is attractive enough. It all depends on what you're used to: some won't find this a problem at all. I do, but recall that my primary machine uses memorymapped video for superfast scrolling and text movement.

Now to my reservations.

First: there's a fatal error in the Eaglewriter I have. The hard disk is disk A:, and a single floppy disk is designated C:. Disk B: does not exist.

However, you can, from within Eaglewriter, try to access all kinds of nonexistent disks. With most, such as E: or M:, nothing happens. However, if you try to access B: for reading or writing, the machine hangs, and you must reset to get back in control. Any text you had in the text editor is lost. Text editors that lose text are not acceptable.

Second, PC-DOS 1.0 and 1.1 have no provision for user numbers or any other kind of structured directory; neither does the Eagle 1600. This means that the hard disk soon fills with programs, directories take a long time to list out, and finding anything becomes impossible.

Third, a lot of programs will run with the Eagle. You can boot Lotus 1-2-3, for example: you hold down the F key while the 1600 is booting up, and it will boot from a floppy disk rather than from the hard disk.

Once you have Lotus 1-2-3 running, the program complains that the Numlock key is depressed and urges you to fix that condition. There is no Numlock key. However, Control-Shift-N will have the same effect

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308 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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s placed before 1 p.m. Manufacturer's warranty applicable merit. Prices subject to change.

STORE - 2720 S. Harbor Blvd., Suite E, Santa Ana, CA 92704

orders placed before 1 p.m. Manufacturer's warranty applicable on all equipCircle 364 on inquiry card.

The Printer Store, 1983

as the Numlock key on the IBM PC.

Alas, those latter two features (how to boot from a floppy and how to numlock) are not documented; indeed, while the documents for Eaglewriter and Eaglecalc are really very nice, the system documentation for the machine itself is plain lousy.

Finally, I can't get Concurrent CP/M-86 to run on the Eagle 1600. That can be serious: see below.

I've told the Eagle people all this, and they claim that by the time you read this all will be fixed, with the possible exception of running Concurrent CP/M-86, and they'll work on that.

Certainly the fatal text-losing error will be fixed now that they're aware of it.

PC-DOS 2.0 has a structured directory system, and one assumes that by the time you read this the Eagle 1600 will have DOS 2.0 or later, making it a lot easier to find files.

Finally, it can't be that hard to write adequate documents for the machine, and they swear they're work

ing on them.

Before you buy an Eagle 1600, check the above points. Otherwise, I can recommend this machine.

Recommended Editors

Ian Morton of St. Paul writes, "As respects CP/M, consider ED. No, don't consider it—wipe it out. Bury it in the Love Canal.

"Surely ED is the most preposterous piece of software ever written."

He's very nearly right. ED is the text editor you get free with CP/M. It's overpriced. No one could do any serious writing, whether creative text writing or programming, with ED.

Mr. Morton asks what editors I recommend.

I have a lot of text editors and have used most of them. The following are my personal preferences.

For text creation, we continue to use WRITE, which is for 8080, 8085, and Z80 machines only. Its strong points are that it is transparent to the point of invisibility and it's very flex

ible. I can write a lot of words in a big hurry with WRITE.

For programming, I continue to use Wordmaster, but that's in large part due to sloth; it's not really the best programming editor available.

Two very good programming editors are Superwriter, by Sorcim, and Vedit, by Compuview. Vedit is by all odds the most flexible programming editor I've ever seen. It is also one of the most complex. The version I've got isn't easy to install, and the instructions for learning to use it aren't at all clear. Ted Green of Compuview swears he's fixing all those problems as a result of my grouches. A lot of good programmers swear by Vedit; one of its best features is multiple buffers; that is, you can store chunks of programs in various places and pull them out into your main file when needed.

Vedit also has excellent macro capabilities; that is, you can go through a long program and make complicated changes with conditions: such things as "If a GOTO statement is

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Includes 5VV floppy disk drive, cabinet, power supply and cable. Standard sized 5'/»" drives Single-sided drive—160K bytes Double-sided drive—320K bytes Double-sided drive—650K bytes (Includes software patch to 1.1 DOS) Half-height Thin Line 5'//' drives Double-sided drive—320K bytes Double-sided drive—650K bytes (Includes software patch to 1.1 DOS)

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310 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 410 on inquiry card.

Chart-Master turns volumes of complex data into easy-to-understand graphics.

"A picture is worth a thousand words." With this simple concept as a building block, Chart-Master is changing the way busy executives, analysts and secretaries look at, interpret and present information. In a fraction of the time required to wade through volumes of printouts, you can

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Values printed at data points; both left and right Y-axis scales; floating legends & bars; both horizontal & vertical formats; exploded pie sections.

produce easy-to-understand bar charts, pie charts and scatter diagrams quickly and dramatically. Chart-Master makes it easy to customize reports and presentations with six different fonts, label placement, proportional pie charts and more.

Menu-driven Chart-Master allows you to enter data and select a chart format at the press of a button. You then preview your selection on your personal computer screen as it would appear in final form. Or, you can review the various Chart-Master grapfite- options to make sure you have selected the most effective format. When satisfied,

you can transfer your selection to paperbr acetate transparencies for a colorful, presentation-quality chart in seconds.

Chart-Master presents a clear picture of the "bottom line," which conveyors of information understand and decision makers appreciate. That's why major corporations like GE, Eastman Kodak, Exxon, Union Carbide, GM, AT&T, DuPont, 3M, Citibank, Motorola, Procter & Gamble, and GTE rely on Chart-Master to translate "volumes of complex data into meaningful information."

Chart-Master supports the IBM Instruments XY750, Panasonic VP Series, Houston Instruments DMP29, Yokogawa PL1000 and Strobe plotters, in addition to the Hewlett-Packard family of plotters, for use with IBM PC and other compatible computers.

The retail price of Chart-Master is $375. For a complete information kit and name of your nearest dealer, contact Decision Resources, Inc., 25 Sylvan Road S., Westport, CT 06880. (203)222-1974.

DecisionResource

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312 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

followed by 456 then change it to GOSUB, and at the end of the line add the following REMARK."

Superwriter, though not as flexible, is much better documented and a lot easier to get running. It too has many positive features and a number of passionate supporters.

I intend a full review of both Vedit and Superwriter as soon as I have stable installations: both are somewhat dependent on what terminal you use, and around here that has changed several times in the past few weeks. By the time you read this, we will almost undoubtedly have converted to either Superwriter or Vedit as our programming editor.

Either Vedit or Superwriter would be adequate for text creation, although I'd hate to have to write this article with either.

Wordstar remains adequate. Used with a machine that's been tailored to it—as an example, the special-function keys for the Otrona have been geared to Wordstar—the editor goes well beyond adequate. Used with a silicon disk, or something like Microcache, Wordstar really wails. If I didn't prefer WRITE, I'd be tempted by Wordstar because there's so much auxiliary software, such as Footnote, and Index, and the like. As it is, I sometimes translate WRITE files into Wordstar so that we can use the auxiliary programs.

Magic Wand, which has become Peachwriter now that it's owned by Peachtree, and Palantir, which was written by the author of Magic Wand, are also more than adequate. Both have very good documentation, including tutorials. They have extensive "auto typer" features, so that you can use them to send "personalized" computer-generated letters to a large mailing list. Each also has "features" I find annoying.

As mentioned above, Spellbinder is much above the average, and a lot of professionals swear by it. You want to get a version configured for the terminal you like, because a good part of Spellbinder's convenience comes from special-function keys; given that, it's quite a good editor, and very possibly what I'd adopt if I didn't have WRITE.

Mark of the Unicorn's MINCE and Final Word editors are quite nice if you're used to MIT's EMACS; if you're not, you might not like them. The commands tend to be complicated, and I don't care for the "philosophy"; that is, Control-f means "forward a space" while Escape-f means "forward a word." This is a mnemonic for some, but a pain for me. MINCE has a million commands; Control-meta-CokeBottle probably means something. Everything else does.

Lobo Users Group

Carl Rankin of Chelsea, Michigan, informs me there's a Lobo users group, Maximul, for those interested in the Lobo Max-80 computer. Barry Workman tends to rely on Ralph, his Lobo Max-80, for a great deal of production work, and he's never had a glitch. As I write this, there's not much software included with the Lobo; otherwise, it would be a strong contender for the best deal in microcomputerland. As it is, it's a lot of machine for the money,

A users group ought to make the Lobo even more valuable. An issue of Maximul's newsletter informs me that for $30 Lobo owners can upgrade their machines to run CP/M Plus. Maximul (POB 19525, Orlando, FL 32814) sells disks of utilities considered especially valuable for the Lobo.

CP/M Source Code

The darndest thing I ever did see is a program called M/PC. Distributed by C. C. Software, M/PC will disassemble your CP/M 2.2x, add comments, and give you a commented source file. You no longer need MOVCPM to change your system, because you can reassemble the source code after making any changes (such as system size) that you like.

Naturally this is mostly useful to the hackers among my readership. For those who can use it, however, it's really neat.

The version I got was sold as an .INT file for CBASIC, along with a whole raft of data files that contain

Circle 374 on Inquiry card. >

Odnt»7040

BOBBB3SB

t

"I hate the Qarrtex 7040 multimode printer;

Since the Qantex 7040 offers absolute compatibility with the Diablo 630 daisy wheel printer, it's not surprising the old gentleman is burned up. After all, now Diablo can be replaced on almost any of todays computers. What's more, all word processing systems having software that supports Diablo can be used with the 7040, protecting your investment.

What makes him boil, too, is the fact that the 7040 can do a lot Diablo can't. Not only is it a letter quality printer, but it performs like an angel for word processing, data processing and graphics.

Qantex 7040 combines both roller and tractor drive and easily handles both continuous form and single sheet documents.

When used for word processing, it gives you all the features of our 7030, such as proportional spacing, justification, auto underline, overprint and bold. You can also choose from up to 3 letter-quality fonts online without changing print wheels.

For data processing, the 7040 prints bidirectionally at 180 or 150 cps, and has 6-part forms capability. For graphics, the 7040 is full dot addressable, has a density of 144 x 144 dots per inch and

offers a full selection of line drawing graphics.

With all its sophisticated capabilities, the 7040 is a workhorse. It has a 500-million-plus character print head and industrial quality construction.

Price? That's got the competition hot under the collar, too. See why. Contact Qantex for details or a demo at 60 Plant Ave., Hauppauge, NY 11788. Call toll-free 800-645-5292; in New York State 516-582-6060

^l north Atlantic

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the comments. M/PC disassembles the CCP (console command processor) and the BDOS (basic disk operating system) of your CP/M. It doesn't attempt to disassemble the CBIOS (customized basic input/output system). However, if you have your BIOS source—and you should—you now have everything you need to really customize heck out of your system.

Clark Calkins of C. C. Software says this is a goofy way to distribute a disassembly of CP/M, but he has no choice; else he'd be violating Digital Research's copyright.

You must run the program; it took about an hour with a 2.5-MHz Z80 and regular disks. With a 5-MHz 8085 and M-Drive pseudo disks (memory that your computer thinks is a disk drive; it's wonderful) the disassembly is a lot faster. I found this sufficiently interesting that I was willing to help Mr. Calkins and compiled his program with CB-80; it now runs in about 11 minutes on his system. I presume it would go in half that time

on mine. I presume he now supplies the compiled .COM file as well as the .INT file.

M/PC sells for $35, and if you're at all interested in what's going on in your system, it's worth it.

Hacking Up Your Kaypro

If you like customizing your keyboard, it turns out to be simple with the Kaypro II. Daniel Wiener of Simi Valley, California, writes:

The Kaypro allows you to redefine the cursor (arrow) keys and the 14-key numeric pad by assigning any hexadecimal codes you want to them. . . .

I took advantage of this by simply setting the eighth bit: the keypad 0 was changed from 30 to BO; Enter was changed from 0D to 8D; etc. Normal operation is not affected, since the eighth bit is usually ignored. But now the Enter key is potentially distinguishable from the Return key.

Next I bought a neat little program called Smartkey ($60 from Heritage Software Inc.). It intercepts keyboard calls to the CP/M BIOS, and allows you to redefine any key as a string of commands and/or characters.

He uses this to redefine various keys for use with text editors. I'm trying to see if we can do that to redefine escape sequences sent by terminals like the Telewidget; that would really be useful. So far we haven't been able to do it. Even so, Smartkey is a good value for those who like customizing their systems.

Appli-card for Apple

The PCPI 6-MHz Appli-card is a one-card solution to running CP/M on the Apple. Being very fast, you notice the speed improvement over the Microsoft Softcard. The Applicard has a one-disk copier program, letting you copy any CP/M Apple disk. My boys installed it, and they use it a lot.

The Appli-card converts the Apple to 70-column video, with uppercase and lowercase. (These work only when the Apple is under CP/M.) Running it is simple: put in the CP/M master disk, and it boots as CP/M; put in any other disk, and it boots as

Graphics Plus

GRAPHICS-PLUS is a field installable enhancement board tor the popular Zenith1 Z19 video terminal adding many powerful features found only on terminals costing much more. GRAPHICS-PLUS provides Tektronix2 4010 compatible vector drawing graphics, VT1003 compatible 80 and 132 column display formats, off-screen scrolling memory, programmable function keys, "Plain English" menu-driven Set-up mode, and a host of other enhancements. Installation can be accomplished within 15 minutes using only a screwdriver.

GRAPHICS-PLUS

an enhancement

For Z19 Terminals

from

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• Tektronix2 4010 Compatible Graphics 512 Horiz by 250 Vert Resolution

- 80/132 Col and 24/49 Line Text Displays Seven Page Off-Screen Text Memory Menu-driven "Plain English" Set-up Mode 16 Programmable Keys-128 Chars Each Optional Hardcopy Port

• Simple Field Installation 1 ™Zeni,h.

1 TM Zenith

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GP-19 Upgrade for Z19 Terminal S 849

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314 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 326 on Inquiry card.

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3^ruAf 9^ni is a software package for CP/M and IBM PC compatible systems; no special hardware or installation is required. With ^emcy $&*t you use your favorite editor or word processing package to create a file to be printed. Include as few or as many formatting directives as you desire. Then use ^omcy 3><vrU to print your file.

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Circle 405 on inquiry card.

an Apple. Because the Appli-card has its own onboard memory, you can have up to a 64K-byte CP/M system.

In fact, this is in essence a one-card computer that turns your regular Apple into a kind of terminal. You can think of it as a computer that happens to use parts of the Apple.

Incidentally, when running under Appli-card, Reset forces a CP/M cold boot, giving you a way out of some programs. Under regular Apple DOS, Reset may not do anything at all, and sometimes the only escape is to turn the machine off . . .

Epyx's New World

Reviewed by Richard Pournelle, age 12, a user.

"New World is about the conquest and colonization of the New World. There are three countries: Spain, France, and England. You may play a one-, two-, or three-person game.

"The main flaw is that Spain is the weakest country, but when you play a one-player game you always get Spain. The computer gets France and

starts with 16 colonists, while Spain has only 2.

"The game is rather slow. Sometimes if you hit Return when you are not supposed to, it stops the game and you cannot restart it. Also, at one time, for no reason at all, it took away my chance to go on an expedition.

"The graphics are very nice, also the way the letters are written is very nice. I don't like it much when you have to play against the computer, but if you play a three-person game it is fun. It is sort of a family-type game. On a rating of 1 to 10 I would give it a 5."

Book Learning

When I first got involved with microcomputers, there weren't a lot of choices about programming languages; you used BASIC, which was cumbersome and slow, or you used assembly language, which was fast but hard to learn.

Assembly language is one (fairly large) step up from what the computer itself knows. That is: in BASIC

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if you want to add two variables, you say something like

LET A = A + B

while in assembly language you must find the address of A, move the number into the accumulator, find the address of B, add what's at that address into the accumulator, then take the result and store it where you found A. Of course that's what the BASIC statement did, but higherlevel languages spare you the gory details.

It's now possible for computer users to get along without ever learning assembly language, which is just as well, because assembly-language programs are by definition not transportable. (In the example above we assume there is an accumulator, which isn't true of all systems; even where the instructions are similar, an assembly program written for one kind of machine is highly unlikely to run on another.)

However: if you're after fast and efficient programs that don't waste memory, there's nothing like assembly language. Fortunately, some fairly good books on the different assembly languages are available. I'm not competent to judge the merits of most of them. However, I have done some 8080 and Z80 assembly-language programming, and for those I found the best reference works to be the Osborne/McGraw-Hill books by Lance Leventhal.

Leventhal's books have an introductory section explaining what assembly languages are and why they're important. Even so, they wouldn't be my first choice as elementary texts—but I would be sure to get the proper Leventhal book at the same time I bought the elementary textbook, because his examples are clear and his books are very complete.

Leventhal has written a whole series of these works covering just about every microcomputer chip. As it happens, I've known Lance Leventhal since I served as his unofficial high school adviser in Seattle in the early 60s. I therefore have some confidence that all his books will be as good as the ones I can read.

316 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 426 on Inquiry card:

Now your computer can say anything and say it well. Introducing the Votrax Personal Speech System.

Quite articulate.

Friendly to humans.

The unlimited vocabulary Votrax Personal Speech System is the most sophisticated, low cost voice synthesizer available today. Its highly articulate text-to-speech translator lets your computer properly pronounce conversational words at least 95%

44

of the time.

For all those unusual words and proper names, you can define an exception word table and store your own translations. And remember, the entirely self-contained Votrax PS System gets your computer talking without using any valuable computer memory.

Built-in versatility.

Much more than just a voice output device, the Votrax PS System lets you mix either speech and sound effects or speech and music. A programmable master clock and 255 programmable frequencies give you unmatched control of speech and sound effects.

The Votrax PS System offers user expandable ROM for custom applications, user downloadable software capability and sound effects subroutines for easy user programming. Its programmable speech rate provides more natural rhythm, while 16 programmable amplitude levels give you greater control of word emphasis.

Actual size: 12.2" x 4.5" x 2.6"

Designed to look like a printer to your computer, the Votrax PS System is extremely easy to use. It can be used in tandem with your printer without an additional interface card. Both serial and parallel ports come standard, allowing you to connect the Votrax PS System to virtually any computer. Speech, music and sound effects are

only a PRINT statement away.

What to say after "Hello".

Businesses will appreciate spoken data transmission, narration of graphic displays and unmanned, oral product demonstrations. Spoken verification of data input will make computers much easier for the blind to use. School children can receive comprehensive

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computer instruction with voice textbooks as well as spoken drills and testing. And then, late at night, you can make those adventure games explode.

A quick list.

Q Highly articulate Votrax text-tospeech translator.

D 255 programmable frequencies for speech/sound effects.

D 16 amplitude levels.

□ Simultaneous speech and sound effects or speech and music.

3 8 octave, 3 note music synthesis.

□ Serial and parallel interface standard. □ User programmable master clock.

□ User defined exception word table.

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for custom applications.

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□ 3,500 character input buffer: subdivisible for a printer buffer.

□ Internal speaker and external speaker jack.

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© VOTRAX 1 982

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Circle 476 on inquiry card.

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*

0

He has also produced a book of Z80 assembly-language subroutines. These can be copied out of the book and used as part of larger programs. They all look useful. For some strange reason, the subroutines given in the book aren't listed until page 163. The listing there is complete enough, once you find it.

There's a good section on programming practices and another on common errors. Both would be better for an analytical table of contents. The other books in the series have excellent analytical contents tables; I can't think why this one doesn't.

Don't let that stop you from getting the book, though; if you're writing in Z80 assembler, it's just about guaranteed to save time and frustration.

Floods of Programs

We get a lot of programs. For some reason, a lot of them come packaged in a rather odd way.

Typically, in these cases, the documents are printed on cheap paper offset from a Spinwriter. We read the documents two or three times, and sometimes we figure out what the program does. Sometimes, though, we're just out of luck. We're fairly sure it does something, but we can't quite puzzle out what.

The documents are generally written by a programmer. Typically they say, "Here's this program. I use it a Jot, so it's easy to use. I like it, and you will too. It's set up to run on a TzQ-820 terminal running off the Z-79 chip; it might not run on your system, but just use DDT to patch it in the usual way, and I'm sure you'll love it."

Needless to say, every office has suitable receptacles for stuff like that . . .

More Licensing Agreements

Ralph McElroy of ZXY Controls sends his candidate for the Most Absurd Licensing Agreement of 1983. It looks to be a leading contender.

It's from Avocet Systems Inc., apparently for an 8048 cross-assembler. Under this agreement, you promise to destroy all the software within five days if Avocet cancels your license.

Avocet explicitly warrants absolutely nothing if you use its program with any non-Avocet software (such as CP/M). If the disk is no good and you respond quickly enough, Avocet might replace it, although it doesn't have to.

The agreement also incorporates a "Statute of Limitations" as follows: "7.6 Statute of Limitations. No suit shall be brought on an alleged breach of this Avocet Warranty more than Twelve (12) months following delivery of the SOFTWARE to LICENSEE."

Apparently, no one has told its lawyer that a statute is an act of a legislature, not a term in a contract. Ah, well.

It also says that if you open the package and don't sign, you'll be deemed to have signed the warranty anyway. If you do sign, you're to send the company the make, model, and serial number of your computer; naturally you've agreed to use its product on one and only one machine. The agreement doesn't say you can take the output of the crossassembler and use it on another machine; one presumes Avocet will allow this because otherwise the product is useless.

There's enough of this sort of thing that I'm contemplating an award each year in the April issue of BYTE for

Most Absurd Licensing Agreement Silliest Documentation Most Obscure Document

Readers are encouraged to send me candidates. The award is guaranteed to be valueless and in bad taste. It should be much coveted.

Happy Endings

Some time ago I got a copy of a letter to Bill Godbout from an information systems company in Quebec. It was written in much better English than my French.

The problem was that the company had bought a Compupro system and it wouldn't boot. The Canadian company it had bought the system through was either unwilling or unable to help. Godbout's people tried, but over the phone they

couldn't figure out what was wrong (I don't know if Chris or Peggy speaks French; if not, they must have really had a time of it) . . .

The company sent another letter to Godbout. "Because we found it so difficult to proceed only by phone and mail, we decided to find somebody who wanted to receive us. We contacted Micro-Computer Technology Corp. in Florida and they accepted."

The consultants soon discovered that the ROM (read-only memory) chip sent with the Disk 1 controller was for software version E, while the CP/M system received was version F.

The letter continues, "As our system was now working, we bought an M-20 hard disk from Pragmatic Design with a Disk 2 controller and an extra RAM16 board. ... it is important to have centers that are responsible and friendly like MicroComputer Technology.

"We are now running our system with CP/M-86 and Pascal MT + 86 for nearly one month and we are very happy. The system is the fastest microcomputer we ever saw. I want to let you know how happy we are to arrive at the end of problems with our system."

When ordering equipment across international boundaries it's especially important to work with systems integration people who know what they're doing. Many of the problem stories I hear—and all of those concerning Compupro equipmentinvolve international transactions. If you intend to mix equipment, be especially careful you're dealing with people who know what they're doing.

Not long ago I read in Infoworld the sad story of a lawyer who decided what equipment she wanted (it wasn't what I'd have recommended) and proceeded to purchase it by ordering parts from three different places, each of which had a special price. She saved a few hundred dollars that way, but the result was horrible.

What did she expect? As someone later commented about her case, if you decided you wanted a Harvester engine, Fisher body, Bendix brake

318 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

system, Saginaw steering, and shopped by mail for all these by price alone—would you expect to have a working car when you got done?

S-100 bus systems have nearly become standardized; but it's just not true that randomly selected S-100 systems are certain to work together, unless they're really and truly IEEE-696 standard (and not just "696 compatible"). Even then you want to know what you're doing.

Know what you're doing, or deal with those who do, and you can assure yourself of a happy ending, at ultimately lower costs.

Zenith Z-100/IBM PC Compatible

This is going to get a little technical. Sorry, it's important.

Victor Wright of Louisville, Kentucky, has a Zenith Z-100 and has done considerable research on which IBM PC programs will run on it.

In CP/M and Zenith ZDOS, the BIOS is a program on the so-called system tracks of your master disk. It is read into the machine when you first turn it on (or reset). The 8088 chip allows a total of 256 different interrupts. ZDOS uses interrupt 21 to make BIOS calls: such things as "Read a character from the keyboard," or "Close file," or "Rename file," or "Print a character to the console," etc. This is all explained in some detail in the BIOS source code, which is furnished with ZDOS.

Alas, IBM built the CBIOS for the IBM PC into ROMs. That has its good points, but it also causes some problems because you can't make changes.

Here's where the incompatibilities come in: although PC-DOS uses interrupt 21 just as ZDOS does, it also uses a number of other interrupts that call the BIOS directly—and those are not implemented in the Z-100. The result is that programs for the IBM PC that use interrupts below 20 hexadecimal will blow the Z-100 skyhigh.

The upshot, according to Mr. Wright, is that if you're contemplating PC software for the Z-100, test it before you buy it or else be certain that it doesn't use interrupts below 20 hexadecimal. I'm not en

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 319

I '■ ■ I ',,/■■ I , in i . . . My

The Chaplin character licensee! by Bubbles, Inc., S.A.

Congratulations. We published your program.

The envelope, please. There's an acceptance letter inside. And a check that could have your name on it. (If we select your program, that is.) But remember. We pick our winners carefully.

Because the software we publish for the IBM Personal Computer has to be good enough to complement IBM Personal Computer hardware. (See the box at right.)

Like our hardware, this software should be simple to use. Friendly. Fast. And written to help satisfy the needs of the individual.

Our Personal Editor is a perfect example. A versatile text file editor, it not only helps the user save time, but lets him easily self-tailor a task with definable function keys. And it sets a standard of excellence.

Of course, every person will use the IBM Personal Computer differently. That's why we plan on publishing many different programs.

Entertainment programs. And educational programs. And business programs. And personal productivity

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For more information on where co boy the IBM Personal Computer, tall 800-447-4700. In Alaska or Hawaii, 800-447-0890.

Items Reviewed

Appli-card

$295

Smartkey

$60

Persona] Computer Products Inc.

Heritage Software Inc.

16776 Bernardo Center Dr.

2130 South Vermont Ave.

San Diego, CA 92128

Los Angeles, CA 90007

(619) 485-8411

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CB-86

$600

Superwriter

$295

Digital Research

Sorcim

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2310 Lundy Ave.

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San Jose, CA 95131

(408) 649-3896

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Compilable Business BASIC

$600

Vedit

$150

Microsoft Corporation

Compuview Products Inc.

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Critical Connection

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USS Enterprises

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Eagle

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Eagle Computers

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Zenith Z-100 Computer

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M/PC

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New World

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tirely certain how you can make sure it doesn't use those, short of asking the program's author; few dealers would know.

We've found that some PC programs run on the Z-100 and some don't. Lotus 1-2-3 doesn't, although by the time you read this there may be a Z-100 version of it. IBM PC Pascal runs fine. CBASIC and CB-86 for the PC work.

A sufficiently clever programmer could probably rewrite the ZDOS BIOS to make the machine entirely compatible. I've heard rumors of a ROM for the Z-100 that would do the same job, but I don't yet know where to get one. Incidentally Mr. Wright concludes, "I certainly won't trade my Z-100 for any other computer."

While we're on the subject of the Z-100, one of my major complaints about it is that the big color monitor is both too big and has no controls

whatever. At NCC I saw a new color monitor working with the Z-100. It's smaller, sharper in image, and has full controls. Anyone contemplating a Z-100 ought to insist on seeing the new screen.

There's also a persistent rumor that next year Zenith will bring out a version of the Z-100 with a detachable keyboard. I sure hope so; the Z-100 keyboard is much nicer than the IBM PC keyboard, but it's attached to that really big machine; it would be a lot easier to use if the keyboard were detachable.

One Way to Tame a Telewidget

I've made no secret of my difficulties with the Back Tab key on my Televideo 950; because it is placed outboard of the Shift key and just below Control, it's very easy to hit by mistake.

Several readers took pity on me

and sent little plastic gizmos called "keylocks." They look like little plastic horseshoes. It's not at all obvious how they go on—one must have faith that they will go on before you can put them on—but they sure do the job. It's now impossible to depress the Back Tab key on both our Telewidgets. This greatly improves my temperament.

Incidentally, we're probably going to abandon the Televideo for the Zenith Z-29 terminal. I'd probably have done that already except that NCC and other stuff interfered with getting my favorite text editor installed on it properly. We like the Z-29 a lot, and anyone contemplating purchase of a terminal really ought to look at one.

Creeb File

I like the new manual sizes used by IBM and Digital Research, really I

322 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

SuperSof t BASIC Compiler

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for CP/M-86, MS DOS, and PC DOS

Compatible with Microsoft BASIC

The SuperSoft BASIC compiler, available under CP/M-86 and MS DOS, is compatible with Microsoft* BASIC and follows the ANSII standard. If you want to compile BASIC programs under CP/M-86, PC DOS, and MS DOS, SuperSoft's BASIC compiler is the answer.

Greater accuracy with BCD math routines

If you have used other languages without BCD math, you know how disconcerting decimal round off errors can be. For example:

With IBM PC*

With SuperSoft

BASIC

BASIC with

BCD math

10 A=.99

10 A=.99

20 PRINT A

20 PRINT A

30 END

30 END

Output: .9899999

Output: .99

As you can see, SuperSoft BASIC with BCD provides greater assurance in applications where accuracy is critical.

SuperSoft's BASIC is a true native code compiler, not an intermediate code interpreter. It is a superset of standard BASIC, supporting numerous extensions to the language. Important features include:

• Four variable types: Integer, String, and Single and Double Precision Floating Point (13 digit)

• Full PRINT USING for formatted output

• Long variable names

• Error trapping

• Matrices with up to 32 dimensions

• Boolean operators OR, AND, NOT, XOR, EQV, IMP

• Supports random and sequential disk files with a complete set of file manipulation statements

• IEEE floating point available soon as an option

In addition, SuperSoft BASIC has no run time license fee. SuperSoft's line of fine language compilers includes FORTRAN, BASIC, C, and Ada.

SuperSoft BASIC lets me run compiled BASIC programs under either CP/M-86 or MS DOS.

*SuperSoft BASIC is compatible with Microsoft BASIC interpreter and IBM PC BASIC. Due to version differences and inherent differences in compilers and interpreters some minor variations may be found. Machine dependent commands may not be supported. The vast majority of programs will run with no changes.

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan. TEL. (03J-4375371. Telex: 0242-2723.

European Agent: SuperSoft International Ltd., 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TE. TEL. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

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Microsoft is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

BYTE September 1983 323

do—but why couldn't they have given us some blank paper properly punched? I have discovered that stationery stores have several not-quite 8V2 by 11 sizes of notebook paper, and only one is the proper size for adding to the new manuals. Alas, whichever one I buy is not the right one.

Meanwhile, I have got some review software that is bundled in a notebook that is yet another size, neither full 8V2 by 11 nor the smaller size favored by DR, nor even 9Vi by 6 which I brought home by mistake . . .

Please, fellows?

Language War

The war between Digital Research and Microsoft is heating up, now that Digital Research is heavily into languages and Microsoft is marketing the MS-DOS operating system. It's hard to say who's winning, although it is clear that Digital Research made some terrible mistakes in the marketing of its CP/M-86.

The IBM PC can run the Microsoft MS-DOS (called PC-DOS) or Digital Research's CP/M-86. Neither actually comes with the machine, but nearly everyone buys PC-DOS. You could buy CP/M-86 at extra cost, but that

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cost was high; consequently, fewer than 5 percent of PCs were sold with CP/M-86, and Digital Research found itself squeezed out of the fastestgrowing microcomputer market.

Like The Empire, DR has struck back: first, it's dropped the price of CP/M-86 for the PC to something less unreasonable. Second, it put out CB-86, its CBASIC Compiler, to run with MS-DOS. Third, it developed Concurrent CP/M-86, which is the most exciting new operating system I've yet seen. Note: I've recently learned that all DR languages will now run with PC-DOS.

Concurrent CP/M-86 is a way of making your IBM PC get instant schizophrenia: you can make it run up to four jobs at once. As an example, you can write a text file and start it printing; then, leaving that run, you can bring back the editor and edit another file. Unlike "spooler" programs, this method works without distracting you.

You can compile a long program while simultaneously editing another; look up data in one file while editing something else entirely; and in general be up to four separate users without having separate terminals or equipment. I expect Concurrent CP/M-86 to become very popular with PC users.

That was Digital Research's move. Microsoft, meanwhile, has challenged DR's popular CB-86 CBASIC Compiler: it's brought out Microsoft Business BASIC.

Business BASIC is a recognizable outgrowth of regular Microsoft BASIC, but it has a number of features obviously derived from CBASIC. It even comes with a program suggestively named CTOMB that will convert CBASIC source files into MS Business BASIC.

Business BASIC is both interpretive and compilable. Like CBASIC, it requires no line numbers; referenced lines must be identified, but that can be by a label rather than a number. However, that's for the compiled program only; if you want to run the program interpretively, you still must use numerical line numbers for every line.

A number of features formerly in

324 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

SuperSof t FORTRAN

For CP/M-86, MS DOS, IBM PC DOS; and CP/M-80®

SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer to the growing need for a high quality FORTRAN compiler running under CP/M-86 and IBM PC DOS. It has major advantages over other FORTRAN compilers for the 8086. For example, consider the benchmark program used to test the IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld, p. 44, Oct. 25, 1982. (While the differential listed will not be the same for all benchmark programs, we feel it is a good indication of the quality of our compiler.) Results are as follows:

IBM FORTRAN: SuperSoft FORTRAN:

38.0 Seconds 2.8 Seconds

In its first release SuperSoft FORTRAN offers the following outstanding features:

1. Full ANSI 66 standard FORTRAN with important extensions

2. Standard data types, double precision, varying string length, complex numbers

3. Free format input and free format string output

4. Compact object code and run time support

5. Special functions include string functions, dynamic allocation, time/date, and video access

6. Debug support: subscript checking, good runtime messages

7. Full IEEE floating point

8. Full 8087 support-available as option ($50.00).

Program developers:

SuperSoft's family of FORTRAN compilers means you can write your programs once and they will run under CP/M-80, CP/M-86, and MS DOS. This lets you get your applications running fast no matter what the environment.

At last, a FORTRAN compiler that works great on my 8086, 8087, and 8088 and Z-80 based systems!'

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CP/M-80 and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research, IBM PC is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp.

Japanese Distributor: ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan, Tel. (03(-4375371. Telex: 0242-2723.

European Agent: SuperSoft International Ltd., 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TE. Tel. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441. Micro-G.

SuperS ft

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PO Box 1628 Champaign. IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

The current compiler allows 64K code space and 64K data space with expansion anticipated in future releases.

Circle 422 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 325

CBASIC have been added to the Compilable version of Business BASIC. The language has been made modular, meaning that you can compile chunks of it and link them together at a later time; this is a great boon for developing large programs. Business BASIC allows multiple-line functions. Another new feature is external subroutines called "subprograms"; they're similar to Pascal procedures. Both functions and subprograms can be called by name; you don't have to "GOSUB."

Enough differences exist between MS Compilable Business BASIC and DR Compiled CBASIC to make impossible any simple comparison. MS Business BASIC allows compact random-access files that take up considerably less disk space than CBASIC's; but you pay for that by having to learn the dreaded FIELD statement, and LSET, and other horrors. CBASIC's documentation is much better than Microsoft's for Business BASIC; Digital Research has made enormous improvements in its documentation.

Neither language has a noticeable speed advantage. The Microsoft system has some advantages: you can test out various tricks in the interpretive mode, thus finding out quickly whether or not something will work. On the other hand, to do that you have to use line numbers, and

some of the tests you want to perform won't work in the interpretive mode, which can be confusing. Both compilers allow separate compilation and modular program construction.

I have a mild preference for Compiled CBASIC's method of libraries from program modules, and CBASIC does have one very large advantage. The new Compilable Business BASIC lets you chain programs together and create overlay programs. If you're writing programs for sale, however, you must pay Microsoft a royalty for using its run-time library. There is a "free" library module for Compilable Business BASIC, but it does not support chaining programs and putting variables in common. Thus, if you're thinking of creating large programs for sale, you should look into Microsoft's royalty pricing before making a decision.

Both compilers are priced far too high. We can hope that continued competition will remedy this situation: in fact, next month I hope to report on a BASIC compiler that will sell for less than $100.

The Atari Connection

Vincent Cate continues to improve his Critical Connection. This gadget makes an Atari think a CP/M computer system is a set of disks. The only requirement is that your CP/M system have an RS-232C serial port

operating at 19,200 bps. Given that, you needn't buy disks for an Atari; by using the Critical Connection, you can make the Atari believe you have four disks. The really nice part is that you can use 8-inch as well as 5%-inch disks.

Cate's new software package has automatic installation for a number of CP/M systems, including Kaypro, North Star, Sanyo, CCS, Heath/ Zenith, and Morrow. He also explains how to use DDT to install it for other systems; you'd need to know something of what you're doing to do that. Cate's documentation is improved, but it's not what I'd call good. Still, you can puzzle it out, and if you don't want to invest a lot in an Atari system but still want to use disks with it, Cate's Critical Connection is the way to go.B

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' comments and opinions. Send a self-addressed stamped envelope to jerry Pournelle, do BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Please put your address on the letter as well as on the envelope. Due to the high volume of letters, Jerry cannot guarantee a personal reply.

jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer and current science-fiction writer who loves to play luith computers.

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fc*<

AMiat more can I do?"

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BYTE September 1983 327

There's a certain kind of person who buys a Morrow business computer.

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The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor

Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal

Using the 8087, you can speed up most Pascal programs

by at least a factor of three

by Tim Field

Last month we looked at the Intel 8087 Numeric Data Processor (NDP) and saw how to provide software support (M8087.MAC) for the assembly-language programmer using the IBM Macro Assembler. This month we build on the support provided by M8087 to develop a higher level of support for the Pascal programmer using the IBM Pascal Compiler.

This software support package consists of two basic components: PAS87 (listing 1) and P87_INT (listing 2). PAS87 is an assembly-language file that, through the extensive use of the macro-processing capability of the IBM Macro Assembler, builds a set of assembly-language subroutines that are Pascal-callable as standard procedures and functions and provide complete access to the full 8087 NDP instruction set.

P87_INT is a file of Pascal procedure declarations that define all routines found in PAS87 in such a manner that the Pascal compiler can readily access those routines. The

P87 INT file is to be included in any

Pascal program that uses a PAS87 operation.

PAS87 Overview

The best method of providing Pascal support for the 8087 would be to make that support invisible to the programmer. In this approach, if the

The PAS87 software

support lets you

execute 129 individual

8087 instructions.

program executed a "y : = x + z" instruction, the concern whether this was executed using software routines or the 8087 would be immaterial to the user—the compiler would automatically emit the code for the 8087 use. Under this scheme, any standard Pascal program would show some level of performance improvement by a simple recompilation of

the program using a revised compiler. The problem with this approach is that it requires rewriting portions of the compiler. This nontrivial task is beyond the scope of this article.

The PAS87 software support presented here does not provide this "invisible" support. Rather, it lets you execute 129 individual 8087 instructions, each of which is callable as an external Pascal procedure. Because individual 8087 instructions are fairly powerful, you can get a lot of work done with only a few 8087 calls—the biggest drawback is that the user must be conscious of the inner workings and current state of the 8087. As a bonus, direct use of the 8087 lets the Pascal programmer "cheat" the Pascal type-checking mechanism by manipulating data types that the IBM Pascal Compiler does not allow.

The Pascal Frame

When a Pascal procedure or function is compiled, the code produced

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 331

is a typical machine-language subroutine. A standard mechanism (defined in the IBM Pascal User's Manual) specifies how parameters are passed to the procedure or function and how, in the case of a function, a result is returned to the caller. Any time the compiler finds an invocation of a procedure or function, it emits the machine-language code that causes the parameters to be set up properly, calls the subroutine for the procedure or function, and handles the result returned by a function.

The IBM Pascal Compiler provides the means by which we can write our own procedures or functions in assembly language. As long as we meet the parameter-passing requirements established by the compiler, our routine can find and use the parameters passed to it by Pascal; if necessary, it can also return results to Pascal.

A knowledge of frames is needed to modify but not to use the PAS87 file in Pascal programs. If you want to know more about frames, look at the "Internal Calling Conventions" section of the IBM Pascal User's Manual.

PAS87-8087 Support for the Pascal Programmer

The most important initial question in deciding how to support the Pascal compiler to access the 8087 is "How do we want to trade off performance versus code size?" The constant battle in software development is deciding whether to sacrifice some performance to gain in the compactness of the resulting code or to instead sacrifice the code length for maximum speed of execution. The final verdict almost always lies at some happy medium within the boundaries of the two extremes.

For PAS87 the two extremes were these: first, we could develop a single assembly-language subroutine that would receive as parameters the 8087 operation to be performed and any parameters needed for that operation; second, we could develop a separate subroutine for each and every 8087 operation. In the former case, we would have no repetition of

Listing 1: The PAS87 assembly-language file, when compiled and linked to a Pascal program object file, lets the program use the 8087 Numeric Data Processor through procedure calls. To save space, the functions CHK87, EXAM87, GETST, and STATUS have been omitted. Their full definitions, starting with the word PUBLIC and ending with the word ENDP, should be copied into this file from listing 3 of last month's article.

PAGE 64,132

TITLE LISTING 1 - PAS87 Pascal support for 8087

m(tHHH»()IHlH«IHHti(HmH»HHHHHmitfHlHHtlHmH

PASQ7 - This is an asserbly language file that produces the full library of routines callable froi IBM Pascal to itpletent every 8867 NDP operation. This file, once it is asseibled, can be linked with any Pascal prograi which contains the conand C MNCLUDE P87JNT }.

(mtltKMIHH.IKimtiHiHHtHIHtlH(tltttHliHflltm»muH

MEMOP - Macro to eiiit code for «e»ory based operands in 8087 operations. The address to the operand is expected to be a pass-by-reference paraneter from Pascal.

MEMOP MfiCRO PI,

P2

PUSH

BP

MC'J

BP.SP

(10V

6P,IBP*41

pi p;

[BP]

POP

BP

RET

n

EN DM

PASSTACK - Macro that emits code to use pass-by-value paraieter as register (value t to 7) value for 8887 register operation (Uses self-nodifving code to work).

PASSTACK MACRO

Ri.R2.R3

LOCAL

FLAG

PUSH

BP

MOV

BP.SP

MOV

BX,OFFSET FLAG+

MOV

ftL.CS:EBX]

AND

AL,t!F8h

OR

AL.CBP+6]

MOV

CSlIBXJ.AL

JMP

FLAG

FLAB:

Rl R2

R3

POP

BP

RET

T

ENDM

PAGE ; lave to next page on listing

PAS87 - Nacro to produce code for all of the 8087 operations. Each call to PAS87 sets up a separate subroutine which is callable froi Pascal.

PAS87 MACRO P1,P2,P3 IFB <P2> i IF P2 BLANK, MEANS NO PARAMETERS FOR PROC CALL PUBLIC FJP1 F 4P1 PROC FAR PI RET

F &PI ENDP ELSE IFIDN <P2>,<SH0RT> PUBLIC FSHORT.dPl FSHORTJPl PROC FAR MEMOP PI P2 FSHORT dPl ENDP

Listing I continued on page 334

332 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 333

various sections of code, but the code would be complex and would require numerous tests to determine the operation being requested. In the latter case, we would be able to maximize the performance of each interface to the 8087, but the large number of definitions would add to the length of the PAS87 file.

After realizing that the main reason for using an 8087 chip is to decrease program execution time, I found that

I could follow the latter objective without prohibitively adding to the size of the program that uses PAS87. The PAS87 package we are about to look at in detail increases the size of a compiled Pascal program by some 5000 bytes, which will increase the size of the "average" Pascal program by about 12 percent. At the same time, execution speed of a Pascal program making heavy use of the 8087 via PAS87 can be cut by 67 percent or more. This is, in my opinion, an acceptable trade-off.

Dividing the Tasks

At first glance, it appears that we will have to individually write every one of the 129 routines to be included in PAS87. This would be a repetitive and error-prone job, definitely not a task to look forward to. For example,

II different 8087 operations use a short-real memory operand. Each requires identical manipulation of the operand and will differ only on the actual 8087 instruction escape (ESC) sequence.

Because PAS87 is written entirely in assembly language, the power provided by the IBM Macro Assembler as discussed last month indicates that repetitive functions can be handled easily and automatically through the use of macro definitions. This approach works beautifully and greatly simplifies the building of PAS87.

Upon examination, the 8087 operations fall into two basic categories: those that don't require parameters and those that do. For example, the classical stack operation FADD doesn't require parameters. It always operates on two values already in the 8087 system stack. On the other hand, the 8087 operation FADD

334 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1 continued:

ELSE IFIDN <P2>,<L0N6> PUBLIC FL0N6_IP1 FLONG.lrPl PROC FAR (OOP PI P2 FL0N6 i?l ENDP ELSE IFIDN <P2>,(TE«P> PUBLIC FTENP.IP1 FTENP_IP1 PROC FAR HENOP PI P2 FTENP IP1 ENDP ELSE IFIDN <P2>,<«DRD> PUBLIC FHORDJPl FNORD.iPl PROC FAR HEHOP PI P2 FKORD.IPI ENDP ELSE IFIDN <P2>,<ST> PUBLIC FSTJP1 FST_itPl PROC FAR PASSTACK PI P2 P3 FSTJP1 ENDP ELSE IFIDN <M>, (SPECIAL) PUBLIC FSPEC_4P1 FSPEC_4P1 PROC FAR HEHOP PI FSPEC_iPl ENDP ELSE PUBLIC FSTI.4P1 FSTIJP1 PROC FAR PASSTACK PI P2 P3 FSTI_4Pi ENDP ENDIF END IF ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF ENDIF ENDM

! Nod, lets pull in the 8887 sottDare support lacros

ENDIF

ASSUME CSICODE, DSiCODE

CODE SEGMENT

.SALL

DEFINE PASCAL-8087 INTERFACE ROUTINES

PAS87 PASS7 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87 PAS97 PAS87 PAS87 PAS67 PAS87 PAS87 PAS87

FABS

FADD

FADD

FADD

FADD

FADD

FADDP

FADDP

FBLD

FBSTP

FCHS

FCLEK

FCOM

FCDN

FCOM

FCOM

FCOMP

ST.STIi) ST(il,ST SHORT LONG

STIil.ST

SPECIAL

SPECIAL

STIi) SHORT LONG

Listing 1 continued on page 336

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SHORT R_ VALUE requires a

parameter (R VALUE in this case)

that specifies the real number to be added from memory to the top element on the 8087 stack.

Of the 129 operation types that PAS87 supports, 44 don't require parameters. We can make these operations accessible from Pascal through a procedure call that passes no parameters. We can divide the 85 remaining PAS87 operations, all requiring parameters, into four subgroups: 24 operations requiring a real-memory operand, 24 requiring an integermemory operand, 24 needing register numbers (specifying the "i" in ST(i')), and the remaining 13 that can be grouped as needing a special-memory operand type (operations that use operands of 2, 14, and 94 bytes, as well as packeddecimal).

The real-memory, integer-memory, and special-memory operands are passed to and from the 8087 as part of the operation. Because they come in different sizes (including 16-, 32-, and 64-bit integers; 32-, 64-, and 80-bit real numbers; and from 16- to 80-bit special values), it at first appears that PAS87 will have to handle each case in a separate manner. However, if we treat all memory operands as pass-by-reference parameters (where operands, regardless of length, are specified by their 16-bit addresses), the routines in PAS87 do not have to differentiate between the various operand sizes.

The remaining type of parameter to be considered is the registeroperation type. We would like to let the user specify some register operation (such as the 8087 FADD ST,ST(/) instruction) in the Pascal program and pass as a parameter the register number i to be used. The PAS87 operations supporting this type of call would need to look at the register specified and invoke the appropriate 8087 operation.

Because all 8087 register operations are one-way (that is, they leave their results on the 8087 stack and do not return a result), we need not specify the parameter passed to the PAS87 routines as pass-by-reference. Furthermore, because all register opera

Listing 1 continued:

PAS87

FCONP

STli)

PAS87

FCONP

SHORT

PAS87

FCONP

L0N6

PAS87

FCOnPP

PAS87

FDECSTP

PA387

FDISI

PAS87

FDIV

PAS87

FDIV

ST(i),ST

PAS87

FDIV

SHORT

PAS87

FDIV

L0N6

PA587

FDIVP

STli),ST

PAS87

FDIVR

PAS87

FDIVR

ST,STli)

PAS87

FDIVR

STli),ST

PAS87

FDIVR

SHORT

PAS87

FDIVR

LONG

PAS87

FDIVRP

STli),ST

PAS87

FEN I

PAS87

FFREE

STIil

PAS87

FIADD

WORD

PAS87

FIADD

SHORT

PAS87

FICOH

WORD

PAS87

FICON

SHORT

PAS87

FICONP

WORD

PAS87

FICONP

SHORT

PA3B7

FIDIV

WORD

PAS87

FIDIV

SHORT

PAS87

FIDIVR

WORD

PAS87

FIDIVR

SHORT

PAS87

FILD

WORD

PAS87

FILD

SHORT

PAS87

FILD

LONG

PAS87

finul

WORD

PAS87

FINUL

SHORT

PAS87

F1NCSTP

PAS87

F1NIT

PAS87

FIST

WORD

PAS87

FIST

SHORT

PASS?

FISTP

WORD

PAS87

FISTP

SHORT

PAS87

FISTP

LONG

PAS87

FISUB

WORD

PAS87

FISUB

SHORT

PA587

FISUBR

WORD

PAS87

FISUBR

SHORT

PAS87

FLD

STfi!

PAS87

FLD

SHORT

PAS87

FLD

L0N6

PAS87

FLO

TEHP

PAS87

FLDCW

SPECIAL

PAS87

FLDENV

SPECIAL

PAS87

FLDL62

PAS87

FLDLN2

PAS87

FLDL2E

PAS87

FLDL2T

PAS87

FLDPI

PAS87

FLDZ

PA587

FLD1

PAS87

FHUL

PAS87

FNUL

STli),ST

PAS87

FNUL

ST,STli)

PAS87

FNUL

SHORT

PAS87

FNUL

LONG

PA387

FNULP

STli),ST

PAS87

FNCLEI

PAS87

FNDISI

PASS?

FNENI

PAS87

FNINIT

PAS87

FNOP

PAS87

FNSAVE

SPECIAL

PA387

FNSTCK

SPECIAL

PAS87

FNSTENV SPECIAL

PAS87

FNSTSH

SPECIAL

PAS87

FPATAN

PAS87

FPREN

PAS87

FPTAN

336 September 1983 G BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1 continued:

PAS87

FRNOINT

PAS87

FRSTOR

SPECIAL

PAS87

FSAVE

SPECIAL

PAS87

FSCALE

PAS87

FSQRT

PAS87

FST

ST(i)

PAS87

FST

SHORT

PASB7

F5T

LONG

PAS87

FSTCH

SPECIAL

PAS87

FSTENV

SPECIAL

PAS87

FSTP

ST(i)

PAS87

FSTP

SHORT

PAS87

FSTP

LONG

PAS87

FSTP

TEMP

PAS87

FSTSW

SPECIAL

PAS87

FSUB

PAS87

FSUB

ST,ST(i)

PAS87

FSUB

ST(i),ST

PAS87

FSUB

SHORT

PAS87

FSUB

L0N6

PAS87

FSUBP

ST(i),ST

PAS87

FSUBR

PAS87

FSUBR

BT.STIi)

PAS87

FSUBR

ST(i),ST

PAS87

FSUBR

SHORT

PAS87

FSUBR

L0N6

PAS87

FSUBRP

ST(i),ST

PAS87

FTST

PAS87

FNAIT

PAS87

FXflH

PAS87

FXCH

PAS87

FXCH

STIi)

PAS87

EXTRACT

PAS87

FYL2X

PAS87

FYL2XP1

PAS87

F2XHI

HK)H*Ht*l*(Ht**H»H*t*K»H>*»«*tH*fltmtHtH(*»tf»ttftttftfHt

Define soie special purpose routines here. All lust be callable by Pascal.

♦ • »*(*tt immiKHii mttmtt tt in»mnmnnmttiHiHHtnnn

PAGE Procedure CJBMJfl87(VAR X : REAL);

This routine converts a real nuiiber froi IBM fonat to 8087 foriiat PUBLIC C IBH 8887

0688

C.IBM.8087

PROC FAR

0688 55

PUSH

BP

068? 86 EC

NOV

BP,SP

0686 86 6E 06

NOV

BP.CBP+63

068E 8B 46 02

KOV

AX,IBP*2]

0691 3D 0000

CHP

AX,0

No difference between IBM I 8087 "zero

0694 75 06

JNE

CONTIBH

Skip if not zero

0696 83 7E 00 00

CUP

HDRD PTR IBP1,0

Check second word

069A 74 >D

JE

EXITIBH

If zero, exit

069C

contibk:

069C FE CC

DEC

AH

069E FE CC

DEC

AH

06A0 D0 D0

RCL

AL,1

06A2 D0 DC

RCR

AH,1

06A4 D0 D8

RCR

AL,1

06A6 89 46 02

NOV

[BP+21.AX

06A9

EXITIBfl:

06A9 5D

POP

BP

06AA CA 0002

RET

2

06AD

C.IBHJ087

ENDP

i PROCEDURE C_8087_IBn(VAR X I REAL!;

Listing 1 continued on page 340

tions restrict the register to a value between 0 and 7, we know in advance that the pass-by-value parameter of any register operation can be contained within a single word (the smallest parameter passed by Pascal). To summarize, we have divided the PAS87 operations into three main types: those without parameters, those with memory operands, and those with register specifications. We can thus handle all PAS87 operations in one of three ways. This provides a uniform approach that we will take advantage of in developing the macros used to generate the PAS87 code.

PAS87 Macro Generator

Take a moment to look at listing 1— the assembly-language code that produces the PAS87 operations. It consists of three macros (PASSTACK, MEMOP, and PAS87) followed by 129 macro calls to PAS87 (with various parameters, of course). Following these are some assorted utility routines (to be discussed later).

Now look at listing 2, the P87_INT file. This is a file that any Pascal program wishing to access PAS87 operations will use $INCLUDE to incorporate it into the program (see the IBM Pascal User's Manual for instructions on $INCLUDE). This listing defines all EXTERN procedures that access PAS87 routines and thus use the 8087 from Pascal. P87_INT establishes the interface to each PAS87 routine for the Pascal compiler.

A side-by-side comparison of the PAS87 macro calls in listing 1 and the procedure declarations in listing 2 may help in your initial understanding of how the PAS87 macro will work. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the two listings. The macro expansion of the calls in listing 1 builds subroutines that meet the Pascal internal calling conventions. Let's now look at the PAS87 macro and see what happens at assembly time.

The PAS87 macro builds complete subroutines. Each of the 129 PAS87 macro calls in listing 1 results in a full subroutine specification. Notice that each macro call has from one to three parameters. The first parameter is

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 337

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Tighter hub hole specs. We reduced the accepted tolerances on the center hole diameter by 50% (from .001"to .0005") to

Circle 494 on inquiry card.

decrease the risk of head to track misalignment.

Improved signal strength.We coat with a unique magnetic particle that has a signal level almost 20% higher than average. (This was accomplished without any sacrifice in overwrite and peak shift properties.) The resulting "hotter" signal means you're less likely to lose your data if head alignment is less than perfect.

Better finishing. We use proprietary binders and lubricants, and we polish the disk to a higher luster than you're used to seeing. This significantly improves signal performance and assures longer life for the disk drive heads.

More protective jacket.Jacket construction is particularly critical to 96 TPI performance. Xidex has selected a 10 mil jacket that is 33% thicker than the industry average. The jacket not only feels more substantial, it offers greater protection from contaminants, extended handling and extremes in temperature and humidity. Its superior squareness and flatness allow it to slip more easily into the drive and improves double sided head compliance.The all-polyester liner helps the disk to rotate more quietly and with less torque.

Tighter quality control. Product testing must also be a cut above accepted standards. Xidex disks not only go through the most rigorous 100% test procedures, they are also required to pass an additional outgoing quality check of 18 tests.

Xidex disks are 100% certified ... to a higher level than any other product. But many users don't realize that "100% certified" simply means that the disks are certified against dropouts. Disks can fail for other reasons, too. It's only because Xidex controls all three critical areas—coating, physical construction and testing—that we can produce a reliable 96TPI product.

Naturally, our disks also offer a lifetime warranty against manufacturing defects.

HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION CAPACITY.

Xidex's monthly shipments of disks have been soaring since mid-1982. And we're just barely tapping our capability. Our new coating facility will be able to turn out over 150 million disks a year.

Our product line also includes a full line of 48 TPI disks that are superior to anything on the market. Available in 554"and 8" sizes, they are made to the same exacting standards as our 96TPI products.

A WORLD LEADER IN PRECISION COATING.

As one of the largest manufacturers of computer media products, we've been perfecting the art of precision, high speed, volume coating onto polyester since 1969. In fact, we currently coat more polyester media products than all manufacturers of flexible disks combined.

We're also the first vertically integrated American manufacturer of flexible disks in over five years.

If you'd like more information on the most reliable 48 and 96 TPI disks that money can buy, give us a call.We also have a technical paper on 96 TPI disks that's yours for the asking.

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PRECISION™ FLEXIBLE DISKS

BYTE September 1983 339

always the basic 8087 operation that the subroutine is to invoke. These are the same 77 basic operations defined last month in the M8087.MAC assembler software support. In fact, each PAS87 macro expansion will in turn invoke the M8087 macro specified by the first parameter. This means that the PAS87 file in listing 1 requires the M8087.MAC program from last month.

An assembly-language subroutine has three parts: the initial declaration of the routine (consisting of two parts, a PUBLIC ROUTINE_ NAME command that specifies the routine to be made public to external modules and a line of the format ROUTINE_NAME PROC FAR to signify a subroutine of type FAR with the name ROUTINE_NAME), the code that makes up the subroutine, and the closing or delimiting portion of the routine (which has the syntax ROUTINE_NAME ENDP).

PAS87 Naming Conventions

If PAS87 is to produce 129 separate subroutines, we have to come up with 129 unique routine names. The syntax that I use in PAS87 is the following: all PAS87 routine names begin with an F, followed by the type of operation to be performed, an

underscore , and end with the 8087

mnemonic operation name.

The possible types of operations include SHORT, LONG, WORD, TEMP, SPECIAL, ST, STI, and "no op." The first four types refer to the memory operand type used in the operation (for example, the FSHORT_ FADD operation in PAS87 uses a short-real memory operand to execute the 8087 FADD operation). The SPECIAL operation type handles such special operands as the 94-byte control-word operand used in the FLDCW operation.

The ST and STI operation types refer to the register operations. Any register operation of the type f-op ST, ST(i') is considered to be of the ST type. The f-op ST(;'),ST and f-op ST(f) 8087 operations fall under the STI classification. Thus, an FST_ FSUB procedure executes an 8087 FSUB ST,ST(0 instruction. An FSTL_FSUB procedure does the FSUB ST(z'),ST

Listing 1 continued:

; Conver

t real froi 8087 to

IBN fonat

J

PUBLIC C.88B7.

.IBN

86ao

C B887.IBH

PROC FAR

tm

55

PUSH

BP i

06AE

88 EC

NOV

BP,SP i

im

8B 6E U

NOV

BP.IBP+6] i

mi

8B 46 12

NOV

M,CBPt21 i

mb

3D Hit

CHP

AX,8 ;

No difference between

8689

75 86

JNE

CONT8087 i

Skip if not zero

B68B

83 7E it it

CNP

KORD PTR IBP],8 i

Check second nord

86BF

74 8D

JE

EXIT8887 i

If zero, exit

86C1

CONT3087:

06CI

08 08

RCL

AL,1 i

86C3

D0 D4

RCL

AH,! i

S6C5

D0 08

RCR

AL,1 i

06C7

FE C4

INC

AH ;

06C9

FE C4

INC

AH i

86C6

89 46 82

NOV

[BP+2],AX i

86CE

EUT8887:

Utt

50

POP

BP i

86CF

CA 8882

RET

2 i

06D2

C 8887 IBN

ENDP

IBN I 8887 "zero*

0734

FUNCTION CHK87 : INTEGER; FUNCTION EXAN87 I INTEGER; FUNCTION SETST I INTE6ER; FUNCTION STATUS \ INTEGER;

These functions are not listed here but should be included in the PAS87 file. Copy their definitions, starting Hith "PUBLIC..." and ending Kith "...ENDP", fro« listing 3 Df last Bontlrs article.

CODE ENDS END

Listing 2: The P87 INT file. Any Pascal program wishing to use the 8087 should include

the statement { $INCLUDE P87 INT } and should also be linked to the object code version

of PAS87 in listing 1.

*LIST

This file inter-faces any IBM-Pascal program to the 8087

software support library (PAS87) of routines. All 129 B087 routines in PAS87 are declared here as external procedures. By "*INCLUDE"i ng this -file with a Pascal program, the user may access the B087 -from Pascal. Following the PASS7 procedure declarations below are six utility declarations -for utilities also defined in PASB7. (See PAS87 listing for full explanation of these uti1ities).

procedure

F_FABS;

EXTERN;

procedure

F_FADD;

EXTERN;

procedure

FST_FADD(reg : integer);

EXTERN;

procedure

FSTI_FADD<reg : integer);

EXTERN;

procedure

FSHORT_FADD(var r : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

FLONG_FADD<var r : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

F_FADDP;

EXTERN;

procedure

FSTI_FADDP<reg : integer);

EXTERN;

procedure

FSPEC_FBLD(var special : real);

extern;

procedure

FSPEC_FBSTP(var special : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

F FCHS;

EXTERN;

procedure

F_FCLEX;

EXTERN;

procedure

F_FCOM;

EXTERN;

procedure

FSTl_FCOM(reg : integer);

EXTERN;

procedure

FSHORT_FCQM(var r : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

FLDNG_FCOM(var r : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

F_FCOMP;

EXTERN;

procedure

FSTI_FCOMP(reg : integer);

EXTERN;

procedure

FSHORT_FCDMP(var r : real);

EXTERN;

procedure

FLQNG FCOMPfvar r : real);

EXTERN;

Listing 2 continued on page 342

340 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 341

operation. (Note the distinction between FST_JFSB and FSTI_FSUB. The results of these two procedures are different. See last month's discussion for clarification.)

The "no op" type of operation refers to all 8087 instructions that don't have operands. These instructions are characterized by a name of

the syntax F followed by the 8087

mnemonic command. For example,

the F FLDPI procedure executes the

8087 FLDPI operation to load PI onto the 8087 stack.

Given this naming scheme for the PAS87 operations, we can use the MACRO ability to manipulate macro parameter strings to build the name of each procedure from the parameters passed in the PAS87 macro call. In each PAS87 macro call, the first parameter, PI, specifies the 8087 instruction to be executed and the second parameter (if there is one), P2, specifies the "type" of that operation.

The MEMOP Macro

Examining the PAS87 macro now, we see that the macro expansion immediately tests the second parameter of the macro call. If there is no second parameter, then the 8087 needs no operands and we simply establish the procedure entry and exit and issue a call to the M8087.MAC routine.

If P2 equals SHORT, LONG, TEMP, WORD, or SPECIAL, then PAS87 invokes the MEMOP macro. MEMOP inserts the assembly-language code needed to properly pass the address of the operand to the procedure. Listing 3 shows an example of this, the code generated by the expansion of the macro call PAS87 FADD SHORT (here, P1=FADD and P2 = SHORT).

The PASSTACK Submacro

The three types of 8087 register operations (f-op ST(z'), f-op ST,ST(z), and f-op ST(z'),ST) cause PAS87 to invoke the PASSTACK macro. For these register operations, we expect to receive a call-by-value parameter that specifies the register number (0 to 7) to be used for the operation. As a result of this parameter, the proper 8087 ESC sequence must be executed

i nteger); integer);

i nteger); : i nteger);

i nteger) ;

i nteger);

i nteger); : i nteger);

i nteger);

i nteger); : integer); : i nteger);

: integer);

Listing 2 continued:

procedure F_FCOMPP;

procedure F_FDECSTP;

procedure F_FDISI;

procedure F_FDIV;

procedure FSTI_FDIV(reg : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FDIV(var r : real);

procedure FLONG_FDIV(var r : real);

procedure FBTI_FDIVP(reg : integer);

procedure FFDIVR;

procedure FST_FDIVR(reg : integer);

procedure FSTI_FDIVR(reg : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FDIVR(var r : real);

procedure FLONG_FDIVR<var r : real);

procedure FSTI_FDIVRP(reg : integer);

procedure F_FENI;

procedure FSTI_FFREE(reg : integer);

procedure FWDRD_FIADD(var i : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FIADD(var i : integer);

procedure FWORD_FICOM(var i : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FICOM(var i : integer);

procedure FWORD_FICOMP(var i : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FICOMP(var i : integer)

procedure FWORD_FIDIV(var i : integer);

procedure FSHDRT_FIDIV(var i : integer);

procedure FWORD_FIDIVR<var i : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FIDIVR(var i : integer)

procedure FWORD_FILD(var i : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FILD(var i

procedure FLONG_FILD(var i

procedure FWORD_FIMUL<var 1

procedure FSHORT_FIMUL(var

procedure F_FIIMCSTP;

procedure F_FINIT;

procedure FWORD_F1ST(var i

procedure FSHDRT_FIST(var i

procedure FWORD_FISTP<var i

procedure FSHORT_FISTP(var

procedure FLONG_FISTP(var i

procedure FWORD_FISUB(var i

procedure FSHORT_FISUB(var

procedure FWORD_FISUBR<var

procedure FSHORT_FISUBR(var

procedure FSTIFLDtreg : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FLD(var r : real);

procedure FLONG_FLD(var r : real);

procedure FTEtiF^FLD (var r : real);

procedure FSPEC_FLDCW<var special :

procedure FSPECFLDENV(var special :

procedure F_FLDLG2;

F_FLDLN2;

F_FLDL2E;

F_FLDL2T;

F_FLDPI;

F_FLDZ;

F_FLD1;

f_fmul;

procedure FSTI_FMUL(reg : integer);

procedure FST__FMUL (reg : integer);

procedure FSHORT^FMUL(var r : real);

procedure FLONG_FMUL(var r : real);

procedure FSTI_FMULP(reg : integer);

procedure F_FNCLEX;

procedure F_FNDISI;

procedure F_FNENI;

procedure F_FNINIT;

procedure F_FNOP;

procedure FSPEC_FNSAVE(var special :

procedure FSPEC_FNSTCW(var special :

procedure FSPEC_FNSTENV(var special

procedure FSPEC_FNSTSW(var special :

procedure F_FF'ATAN;

procedure F_FPREM;

procedure F_FPTAN;

procedure F_FRNDINT;

procedure FSPEC_FRSTOR(var special :

procedure FSPEC_FSAVE(var special :

procedure F_FSCALE;

procedure F_FSQRT;

procedure FSTI_FST(reg : integer);

procedure FSHORTFST(var r : real);

procedure FLONG_FST(var r : real);

procedure FSPEC_FSTCW(var special :

procedure FSPEC_FSTENV(var special :

procedure F3TI_FSTP(reg : integer);

procedure FSHORT_FSTP(var r : real);

procedure FLOMG_FSTP(var r : real);

procedure FTEMP FSTPIvar r : real);

real rea

); 1);

procedure procedure procedure procedure procedure procedure procedure

rea rea

1) i

l);

al)i 1);

rea real

i); >;

real rea

); l);

EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN EXTERN

Listing 2 continued on page 347

342 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 327 on inquiry card.

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to accomplish the register operation. Therefore, we can have any one of eight variations to the register operation executed.

The obvious method of approaching this would be to compare the register parameter i with each possible value from 0 to 7 and execute the appropriate 8087 command when a match is found (i.e., "IF REG = 0 THEN XXXX ELSE IF REG = 1 THEN YYYY . . ."). But this requires up to seven run-time comparisons for each call. Because these comparisons slow down the actual execution of registerbased PAS87 procedures, I looked for another way around the problem.

Looking at the structure of the 8087 register operations, I made two observations:

1. All register-operation op codes require exactly 2 bytes.

2. The register selection for each of these op codes is encoded in the same manner for all such operations. The low 3 bits of the second byte store the register number (thus allowing for the eight registers that the 8087 contains).

Because all 8087 register operations use the same 3 bits to specify the register in the ESC command, we can do a naughty thing and set up some selfmodifying code. Self-modifying code is tricky and somewhat risky because it relies on changing the machinelanguage code during run time for correct operation. This is dangerous for numerous reasons, not the least of which is that this code must never be put into read-only memory because it could not modify itself and thus would not work correctly.

Let's look at PAS STACK as found in listing 1 and see how it works. The first six instructions make the actual code modification. The line immediately following the FLAG: label (containing Rl R2 R3) is the line of code to be modified. Upon macro expansion of PASSTACK, Rl through R3 will be replaced by the parameters passed, which will in turn cause some M8087 macro to be invoked, resulting in a 2-byte ESC 8087 instruction.

As an example, look at the macro

Listing 2 continued:

procedure FSPEC_FSTSW(var special : real):

procedure F_FSUB;

procedure FST_FSUB(reg : integer);

procedure FSTI_FSUB(reg : integer);

procedure FSHORTFSUB isiar r : real);

procedure FLONG_FSUB(var r : real);

procedure FSTI_FSUBP(reg

procedure F_FSUBR;

procedure FST_F5UBR(reg

procedure FSTI_FSUBR(reg :

procedure FSHORTFSUBR(var

procedure FLQNG_FSUBR(var

procedure FSTI_FSUBRP(reg

procedure F_FTST;

procedure FFWAIT;

procedure F_FXAM:

procedure F_FXCH;

procedure FSTIFXCH(reg

procedure F_FXTRACT;

procedure F_FYL2X;

procedure FFYL2XP1;

procedure F_F2XM1;

; integer);

i nteger); : integer); - : real); : real); i nteger) ;

i nteger) !

procedure F_FSTP; procedure C_IBM_B0B7(var C_8087 IBM(var

procedure ■function f unct i on ■f uncti on f unctlon

( SLIST+

real); real);

CHK87 EXAMS7 GETST STATUS

i nteger; lnteger; integer; lnteger;

EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN;

extern;

EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN;

extern;

EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN;

EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN; EXTERN: EXTERN;

Listing 3: The expanded assembly-language code resulting from the expansion of the macro call PAS87 FADD SHORT.

PUBLIC FSHURT_FADD

FSHORT_FADD PROC FAR

PUSH BP

MOV BP.SP

MOV BP, CBF+6 ]

FADD SHORT CBPJ

POP BP

RET 2

FSHORT FADD ENDP

Begin subroutine FSHORT_FADD

Save caller's frame pointer Set up own frame pointer Move addr to parameter into BP Add short-real memory op to 8087 Restore callers frame pointer Return, discard VAR parameter End subroutine FSHORT FADD

Listing 4: The expanded assembly-language code resulting from the expansion of the macro call PAS87 FADD ST,ST(i).

Begin subroutine

Save caller's frame Access own frame

Get address to second byte of op Cet byte to be changed Clear out lowest three bits Access parameter, set register Save new operation, modify code Clear 8088 internal fetch queue

Execute 8087 operation Restore caller's frame Return, discard parameter End subroutine

PUBLIC FST_FADL> ;

FST_

FADD PROC FAR

PUSH

BP ;

MOV

BP,SP ;

MOV

BX,OFFSET FLAG+2 ;

MOV

AL,CS: C BX 1 ;

AND

AL,0F8h ;

OR

AL, C BP+6 J ;

MOV

CS: CBX1 , AL ;

JMP

FLAG ;

FADD

ST,ST(i) ,

POP

BP ;

RET

2

FST_

FADD ENDP ;

expansion of the PAS87 FADD ST,ST(f) macro call. PAS87 receives PI = FADD, P2 = ST, and P3 = ST(z'). Checking P2, it matches ST and invokes PASSTACK, passing to it PI, P2, and P3. PASSTACK then has R1 = P1 = FADD, R2 = P2 = ST, and R3 = P3 = ST(/). The result of this expansion is given in listing 4. Notice

that the line after FLAG: is now FADD ST,ST(/). This invokes the M8087 FADD macro and results in the 8087 ESC 00H,AX command (equivalent to FADD ST,ST(0)) being assembled. This is then assembled into the machine-language instruction D8 CO (hexadecimal). The lowest 3 bits of the CO byte specify the

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 347

register to be used. Thus, by changing the lower 3 bits of the second byte before executing any register operation, we will change the register used.

The code preceding the FLAG label accesses the second byte of the 8087 operation, adds in the register value passed as the parameter from Pascal (using a logical OR operation), and stores the byte back in memory before executing it. This results in the proper register value being used.

If the use of the JMP FLAG instruction in listing 4 puzzles you (the JMP simply moves to the next instruction because FLAG is immediately after the JMP), look at it as the penalty for using self-modifying code. I spent several long and frustrating days trying to figure out why the PAS87 register operations were not working quite right before I determined the cause of my problem and its solution.

The problem, to make a long story short, is that the 8088 CPU is too efficient. The Intel 8088 and 8086 CPUs have internal instruction prefetch queues that are used to fetch instructions for the CPU before they are actually needed. This greatly improves the speed with which the CPU can execute instructions.

The 8088's internal queue is 4 bytes long—that is, the CPU loads the 4 bytes into the prefetch queue immediately following the one being executed. Look at the code expanded in our example and mentally remove the JMP operation momentarily. The MOV CS:[BX],AL instruction modifies the 8087 register operation (in the example of listing 4, the instruction FADD ST,ST(z')) and immediately executes that operation. However, this MOV instruction modifies the FADD instruction in program memory—an unmodified copy of this instruction is already in the prefetch queue, and it is this copy that is about to be executed. Result: things don't work as expected (a true understatement).

The solution to the problem is the JMP instruction. The CPU will always discard its internal queue and reload it starting with the destination of the jump instruction. Even though the JMP in PASSTACK does not really change the flow of the program, it

348 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

fools the CPU into flushing its internal queue. The CPU then fetches the next instruction after the JMP, which happens to be the correctly modified 8087 register operation.

This problem was almost enough to convince me to change PAS87 to the more straightforward approach of comparing the parameter received from the Pascal caller with the values 0 to 7 and executing the appropriate 8087 instruction. But this would increase the execution time of the register-based procedures, so I stuck with the self-modifying approach. If you would rather not use selfmodifying code, simply rewrite the PASSTACK macro and reassemble PAS87.

PAS87 Design Conclusions

We have now looked at the methods I used to construct the

PAS87 file shown in listing 1. When assembled using the IBM Macro Assembler, this produces a library of Pascal-callable procedures that access the 8087 NDP. Listing 2 (P87_INT) lists the corresponding Pascal procedure declarations for each PAS87 routine.

PAS87 is assembled one time by the user, and the resulting object file is linked with any compiled Pascal object files that need these routines. To access any PAS87 routine, the Pascal program need simply include the statement { $INCLUDE P87_ INT }.

At this point, we have finished the discussion of how PAS87 works. When listing 1 is assembled, all 129 operations for the 8087 are set up as callable procedures from Pascal. To assemble PAS87, you need to have the M8087.MAC file examined last month on the disk. Due to the heavy use of

Listing 5: An IBM Pascal program to repeatedly perform a complicated arithmetic calculation described in the listing. The text describes the results of comparing this program with a similar one that does not use the 8087 for its calculations.

J6 IC

Line*

10

10

10

10

10 10 10

10

11

12 12

4

152

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

18 1?

24

25 26 27 2B 29 30 3!

Source Line IBM Personal Coaputer Pascal Conpiler VI.00

( tTITLE:"Figure 3 : Sanple application of PftS87' } ( $PA6ESIZE:64 $LINESIZE:132 fSYMTAB- SDEBU6- }

PROGRAM F1GURE3UNPUT, OUTPUT)!

{ INCLUDE : 'A:P87_INT' }

{ JLIST+ }

{ NOTE : The above coi«and causes the Pascal compiler to look out to the !

{ A: disk drive for a file named PB7INT. This file contains ;

( all of the PAS97 procedure declarations )

const

>:,y : array [1,.arrsize] of real; loop,size '. integer; result : real;

{ OBJECT OF THIS PROGRAM : to find the sum Df <(pi * t" over all of the arrays x and y }

begin repeat

2) + (eA"x))AA0.5);

HriteCEnter array size : '); readln!size);

( Initialize the t and y arrays with anything. These values have no { special leaning to the». Sinply test values. !•

for loop := 1 to size do begin

Listing 5 continued on page 350

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BYTE September 1983 349

nested macros in PAS87, its assembly takes more than 25 minutes. But this is a one-time cost. After the initial assembly, you simply keep the resulting object file around to be linked with any Pascal program that needs it. The compilation time of a Pascal

program using PAS87 via the P87

INT declaration file is not visibly affected. Listing 5 contains an imaginary Pascal application program that uses the PAS87 package. This program takes two large arrays of real numbers (x and y) and calculates

E Tr(x[i}2 + e"

K0.5

Pascal Type Extensions via PAS87

I need to comment briefly on using PAS87 and the 8087 capabilities to support numeric data types not supported by IBM Pascal. PAS87 provides a way for Pascal programs to bypass the type-checking protection features of the Pascal compiler and perform numeric calculations with a higher degree of accuracy. For example, Pascal does not handle doubleprecision real numbers (64 bits long). If you want to use numbers of this precision, you can do so as long as you are very careful.

Perhaps you have an application that requires greater accuracy than that offered by the IBM Pascal's single-precision real numbers. You would thus like to do all your numeric calculations in double-precision arithmetic. Of course, the 8087 stack mechanism lets intermediate results be left on the stack as 80-bit temporary values. But if you have hundreds or thousands of intermediate double-precision results, you might want to keep them in a standard Pascal array or some other data structure. You can sneak around the Pascal single-precision limitation as long as all input and output operations (using READ and WRITE) occur using standard single-precision Pascal numbers.

For example, suppose you want to set up an array of 100 double-precision real numbers in your Pascal program. You cannot declare in

Listing

5 contii

13

V)

13

33

12

34

35

12

36

37

38

12

39

13

40

13

41

12

42

43

12

44

45

46

47

12

48

12

49

12

58

13

51

13

52

53

54

55

56

57

13

58

59

60

61

62

63

13

64

65

66

67

68

69

13

n

13

71

13

72

73

13

74

13

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

13

83

13

84

X[1oop] ylloop]

:= float(loop);

'.= l/float(loop);

end;

87

Hritelni'Done with initialization')!

( No*, convert whole array from IBM to 8887 format i for loop := 1 to size do begin C_IBf1_8aB7(x[loop3);

C.IBH.8087(y[loop])i end;

writelni'Done hith numeric conversion');

{ Using the 8087, find son froi 1 to 1000i(pi * xAA2 * eAAy) "'0.5); !

F.FINIT! C Initialize the 8037 !

F.FLDZi ( Initialize running su« of calculation }

for loop != 1 to size do begin

F.FLDPI; ( Hove pi onto top of 8087 stack 1

FSHQRT.FLDIxCloop]); ( Move next value of x onto stack }

( No*, we would like to sguare the current value of x (which is on the stack), He can do this via an 8087 "FrlUL ST,ST;0!' operation (tells 8087 to multiply the top of stack by itself and leave result on TOS) }

FST.FNULIJ);

! At this point, the top of 8887 stack contains xA'2 and second slot contains pi. He want to multiply the t*o so execute a simple "classical stack" iultiply which multiplies the top two elements and leaves only result on stack top 1

f.fhul;

(Now, lets find ln(y). Since the 8087 has no operation to calculate this directly, we lust use the formula "In(y) = log\y)/log(e)" with log in base 2. }

FJLDL2E; ( Load log e (base 2) onto TOS !■ F.FLDli ( Let's calculate l/(log e) } F_FDIV; { ST(1) -- TOS/STd) followed by POP }

FSHORT.FLDiytloop]); ( Set y on TOS }

F.FYLI'X; ( Find T0S=ST(1) * LO6(ST(0)) )

£ At this point, the 8087 stack contains three values. The TOS contains the result of lnlyl while the second element contains pi * xAA2. Let's add these together and find square root. Then add result to current running sum which is the third element on the stack >

F_FADD; ( Classical stack add )

f'fSQRT; ( Take square root of result )■

F_FADD; { Update running sum using classical stack add }

end; ( repeat loop }

39

' Now, convert result to IBM number format

12

90

FSHQRT_FSTP(result);

12

91

C_8087_IBh*(result>i

12

92

writelnCFinal value is '.result);

11

93

unti

1 false;

00

94

end.

Errors Harns In Pass One

350 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Pascal DBL : array[l. .100] of

double reals;. You can, however,

declare DBL : array [1. .200] of real;. This tells Pascal to set aside room for 200 32-bit single-precision real numbers. You can then turn around and use this structure to store 100 64-bit numbers on a temporary basis.

You begin to trick Pascal when you call a PAS87 procedure such as FLONG_FST(DBL[0]). This operation will move a long-real value from the top of the 8087 stack into the address that points to the zeroth slot in DBL. The 8087 takes over, moves 64 bits of data from the stack to that address, and returns; note that it moves 64 bits of data, not the 32 bits that Pascal itself associates with DBL(0). Pascal has no idea that anything out of the ordinary has happened. Of course, what did happen is that slots 0 and 1 of DBL have been filled to store the 64-bit value.

As long as you, the programmer, are aware of what has occurred, everything is okay. You simply have to remember that the first long-real will be found at DBL[0], the second at DBL[2], the third at DBL[6], and so on. This technique can be expanded and refined as long as you are very careful. Remember, you are defeating the type-checking mechanisms that make Pascal so nice to use, so beware.

PAS87 Utility Routines

We will now look at the supporting procedures and functions in listing 1

starting with procedure C IBM

8087. They should look familiar because we used them last month. (Actually, the last four, functions CHK87, EXAM87, GETST, and STATUS, are listed only as comment lines. Their full definitions, starting with the word PUBLIC and ending with the word ENDP, should be copied into this file from listing 3 of last month's article.) PAS87 users need these routines to use the 8087 from Pascal.

Recall from last month the different storage formats used to define IBMformat real numbers versus 8087-format real numbers. In IBM Pascal, any real number that is defined as a constant or is input (using

a READ) or output (using a WRITE) must be in the IBM real-number format. On the other hand, all real numbers sent to and received from the 8087 must be in 8087 format. The C_IBM_8087 and C_8087_IBM procedures convert short-real numbers from IBM format to 8087 format and vice versa. These routines convert the short-real number found at the memory location specified— that is, they convert the value "in place," destroying the number in its original format.

It is up to the user to ensure that the values being used in a program are always in the appropriate format. If you move an IBM-format real num

It is up to the user to ensure that the values

being used in a

program are always in

the appropriate format.

ber into the 8087 or print an 8087-format real number, you will be working with or printing incorrect numbers; to make things worse, you may not get any indications that you are in error. As a general approach to handling the format problem, you can try to convert all IBM-format values into 8087 format as early as possible and leave them in the 8087 format until it is absolutely necessary to convert them back to IBM format.

In several programs I have written using PAS87, I was able to make a single conversion from IBM format for all my variables at the beginning of the program and use a special CONV_WRITELN procedure that would automatically convert 8087 numbers into IBM format, print them to the screen, and convert them right back to 8087 format for additional computation. The conversion routines are very efficient, but it is best to avoid too many unnecessary conversions.

(Note that this number-format problem does not affect the use of integer values. The 8087 word-integer format is the same as the IBM integer format.)

The last four functions perform

needed tests on the internal state of the 8087. These are CHK87 (which returns the results of an 8087 compare or test operation), EXAM87 (which determines the validity of the number currently on top of the 8087 stack), GETST (which returns the current stack-top pointer value), and STATUS (which returns the value of the 8087 status word). These were explained in greater detail in last month's article.

Performance of PAS87

The big question is "How much does my application benefit by using PAS87?" In other words, will extensive use of the 8087 from Pascal really be worth the trouble? If you are interested in high performance and you have a number-crunching application, the answer is yes.

As a very simple test, I implemented the program of listing 5, adding some additional commands that let me accurately measure the time needed to execute the program for various sizes of arrays. I then rewrote the program to accomplish the same thing from standard Pascal. Testing the running time (excluding the time to initialize the arrays) for arrays from 500 to 5000 real numbers in size gave an average execution time for the PAS87 implementation that was 65 times faster than the straight Pascal execution time. For example, with 5000 elements the PAS87 implementation took less than 4 seconds to run; the standard Pascal version, however, required more than 265 seconds.

Now this is an impressive improvement. But it is misleading, too, because it emphasizes the very operations that show the 8087 to its best advantage. To be fair, I also tested a long and fairly complex general linear-equation solver library in IBM Pascal, a program with an instruction mix much closer to an average Pascal program you might write.

It is beyond the scope of this article to go into much detail about this program except to say that it uses Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting to factor and solve a set of linear equations. The linear equations

352 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

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BYTE September 1983 353

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are entered in matrix form, factored into their lower- and upper-triangular matrix (LU) components, and then solved.

The 8087-Pascal and Pascal-only implementations of the program were designed to record the times required to factor and solve matrices from 5 by 5 up to 120 by 120 (an upper limit dictated by the 64K-byte data area allotted by IBM Pascal). The 8087 version of the program was written directly from the straight Pascal version so that they are as close to identical in structure as possible.

After timing the programs and analyzing the results, I came to the following conclusions: the use of the 8087 consistently sped up the factorization of the different-sized matrices by a factor of three, and the 8087-based program solved the factored matrix twice as fast as the Pascal-only program. (It took the IBM PC 461.9 seconds to factor a 120 by 120 matrix and another 10.5 seconds to solve the LU matrix. The 8087 cut this time to 154.5 seconds to factor and 5.2 seconds to solve the same matrix.)

This program shows the 8087 contributing a less spectacular but still significant improvement to the execution speed of Pascal programs. The 8087 caused a smaller improvement in this case for two reasons: first, the general-purpose overhead in this program (similar to the overhead in most Pascal programs) does not involve the kinds of functions the 8087 contributes; second, the standard IBM Pascal is already able to do some of the arithmetic in this program (addition and subtraction, for example) quite competitively. As a general rule, computation-intensive programs can

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expect an improvement of 3 to 10 times through the use of the 8087.

Conclusions

The Pascal support package for the 8087 (PAS87) discussed in this article provides access for the user to the full 8087 instruction set. The negative side of PAS87 is that it does require you to fully know the inner workings of the 8087. Because you must understand and manipulate the current state of the 8087, you will be working at a programming level that is about the same level as assembly-language

programming. The unarguable positive side of using PAS87, though, is that it provides a remarkable improvement in execution speed to the Pascal programmer. Thus, PAS87 brings the power of the 8087 to both the experimenter and the programmer who needs extra performance in Pascal programs. ■

Tim Field has a master's degree in computer science from Purdue University. He is currently involved in some freelance technical writing and software development projects for the IBM PC.

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 355

Echonet

Part 1: A Flexible Programming System

This interactive system combines natural language and machinenative code to revolutionize the way we solve problems with

computers.

by C. Bradford Barber

Echonet is an interactive system that lets you manage and create programs in much the same way that we manage and expand our natural language. To do this, Echonet has a dictionary of entries (useful functions) that perform specific tasks. Instead of one programming instruction for a thousand different uses, Echonet has a thousand entries, one for each different use. Echonet entries are defined by other entries and compiled, from those entries, into complete, executable programs. (Note: Last year's version of Echonet used 8080 instructions to define some of the entries. The next version will define all entries in terms of entries. I'll explain the process in part 2.)

Perhaps the most important concept employed by

Next month's article and glossary will define in detail the following terms as they apply to Echonet:

compile data

entry entry definition

indented program indicate

object object name

Echonet dictionary entry name instruction relocatable code

Echonet, though, is the separation of an entry's meaning from its definition: the meaning of an entry is what we understand it to do and what the computer does when it executes the entry; an entry's definition is how

Blackboard

go to blackboard entry

Commands

go to commands entry

Compile

compile relocatable code for the entry

Do

compile and execute the current instruction

Entries

go to ... entries entry

Get

get the contents of stored text

Go To

go to the entry indicated by the current instruction

Help

go to ... help entry

Next

go to the next entry (usually the working entry)

Previous

go to the previous entry

Steno

insert the matching word

Stop

stop execution

Test

go to test text for the entry

Text

store an entry definition into stored text

Work

define the current entry as the working entry

Table 1: The function keys available on the author's Echonet

system and used in this article.

356 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

the entry is described in terms of other entries.

To introduce the system, let us follow Carl, a hypothetical Echonet user, as he develops a program for controlling a robot vacuum cleaner. Then I'll show how Carl creates an instruction (part of an entry) by adding an entry to the Echonet dictionary. Through these examples, you will see that writing entries takes the place of writing and maintaining programs. (Next month I'll describe entry compiling and define how Echonet works.)

The examples are based on an Echonet system that runs on a Z80 microcomputer with 8-inch floppy disks. The computer's terminal is a Heath WH19 with labeled function keys (see table 1). All keys, except for Compile, complete their operation almost immediately.

A Scenario

Carl returns to his computer lab after a week's vacation in the mountains. He turns on his computer and it starts humming. Text appears on the screen. "Oh yes," Carl remembers, "1 was finishing my robot vacuum-cleaner program. Let's see how far I've gotten." Carl presses Compile, but the compiler reports an unknown instruction in his program. Carl presses Entries to find the correct wording for the unknown instruction, edits his program, and again presses Compile.

Let's go over Carl's actions in detail. Here is what he saw after he turned on his computer:

Vacuum one room

repeat for 15 minutes adjust floor brushes for Vacuum check Vacuum nozzle while Vacuum..isStopped do

rotate Vacuum by 90 degrees move Vacuum forward for 3 seconds

This block of information displays an entry in an Echonet dictionary. It shows an entry name ("Vacuum one room") and an entry definition: ("repeat for 15 minutes," etc.). The entry name lets you indicate the entry with an instruction. For example, if an instruction (one line of text) was "Vacuum one room," Carl could position the cursor to that instruction and press the Go To key. The display would then show the entry Vacuum one room.

The entry definition contains six instructions, one instruction per line. The second, third, fourth, and sixth instructions form a sequence by starting at the same column. They also form a subprogram, or indented program, of the first instruction. The indented program repeats for 15 minutes. First, it directs the robot vacuum cleaner to adjust the floor brushes for carpets or hard floor. Second, it checks the vacuum to see if the nozzle is blocked. Third, it rotates the vacuum if the vacuum is stopped by an obstruction. Fourth, it moves the vacuum forward for three seconds.

When Carl pressed the Compile key, he could hear whirring and clicking from the disk drive as Echonet

add TowerRing to HanoiTower

allocate Reference to Integer bytes of MemoryArray

clear the Console screen

clear Number bytes of Buffer

declare type ObjectName of Integer bytes

declare ObjectName a local TypeName

display Entry

for each Entry on EchoDisk do IndentedProgram

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram

load frequently used code

optimize CodeElementArray

wait for Number milliseconds

print EchoDisk

select RamBank

verify EchoDisk and check all TextEntry's

wait until User reads the Console

Table 2: A few of the more than 800 entries from the Echonet dictionary circa October 1982, listed in alphabetical order.

read entries from a floppy disk. In about 20 seconds, a message appeared on the screen: "unknown instruction: rotate Vacuum by Number degrees." Carl remembered an entry for rotating the vacuum cleaner, so he positioned the cursor to the word 'Vacuum" and pressed the Entries key. Almost immediately, the entry Vacuum one room moved to the bottom of the screen and the following entry appeared at the top:

Vacuum entries

adjust floor brushes for Vacuum

check Vacuum nozzle

display room with Vacuum

display Vacuum statistics

lower floor brushes for Vacuum

move Vacuum backward for Number seconds

move Vacuum forward for Number seconds

raise floor brushes for Vacuum

rotate Vacuum clockwise by Number degrees

turn off Vacuum

turn on Vacuum

turn Vacuum left

Vacuum one room

Echonet took the word "Vacuum" and appended "entries" to get "Vacuum entries." Then it found the entry with a matching name in its dictionary. This entry lists other entries that use the Vacuum object. In Echonet, objects serve the same role that variables, arrays, data types, and data structures serve in a programming language. Object names always start with a capital letter.

Entry Names

An entry definition contains instructions that indicate entries with entry names. An entry name describes what an entry does. This is important. It means you can read

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 357

and understand an instruction without reading the corresponding entry definition. Table 2 shows a list of entry names as examples.

If you cannot figure out an entry from its name, you have several options. First of all, many words and objects have Help entries that you can find by moving the cursor to the word or object and pressing the Help key. Here is the Help entry for HanoiTower (which will be discussed further next month):

HanoiTower help

A HanoiTower is one of three towers for displaying the solution of a Hanoi tower puzzle.

The rings on a HanoiTower are called TowerRings.

The first HanoiTower is number 0.

With many keywords and objects you can press the Entries key and see a list of related entries. Carl did this when he wanted to look at the Vacuum entries. You can also read the entry's definition by pressing Go To, or write an instruction and press Do to see what it does.

Let's get back to Carl. His screen showed a list of entry names that use the Vacuum object. Carl scanned down the list to find an entry that would rotate a Vacuum. He found:

rotate Vacuum clockwise by Number degrees

He realized that in his robot program he had forgotten the word "clockwise," so he pressed the key labeled Previous and the entry Vacuum one room (the previous entry) reappeared on his display.

With Echonet, you always work with a screen editor on the current entry, so Carl could quickly change "rotate Vacuum by 90 degrees" to "rotate Vacuum clockwise by 90 degrees." Carl pressed Compile and the compiler successfully generated relocatable code.

The Scenario Continued

Carl presses Test and finds the tests he developed a month ago while working on an earlier version of the vacuum-cleaner program. Now he presses Do. A top-view diagram of a room appears on his screen with boxes showing furniture and a circle showing his robot vacuum cleaner. As the circle moves, it leaves behind a crosshatched pattern. Carl observes that the robot keeps following the same path. He thinks, "Must be something wrong. It keeps turning at right angles. Let me check my program." Carl presses Stop and then Previous. His program reappears. "Oh yes, it shouldn't turn 90 degrees each time. Let me try a prime number." Carl picks 73 degrees; he then presses Compile, Test, and Do. The display fills up with cross-hatching.

When Carl pressed Test, the entry Vacuum one room moved to the bottom of the screen and new text appeared at the top. Carl then saw the following:

test Vacuum one room

show Vacuum on Console during

display room with Vacuum Vacuum one room

display Vacuum statistics

The test screen is another page of text associated with an entry. In this case, it consists of instructions for testing Vacuum one room. The first three instructions model the vacuum cleaner using graphics. The last instruction, "display Vacuum statistics," displays statistics collected while running the model.

Carl positioned the cursor to the instruction "show Vacuum on Console during" and pressed Do. Echonet compiled, loaded, and executed relocatable code for this instruction. A diagram then appeared at the bottom of the screen, showing the position of the robot vacuum cleaner (marked by a circle) in relation to existing pieces of furniture (shown by boxes).

As Carl watched the display, the circle started moving, leaving a trail of cross-hatching behind it. Carl pressed Stop. The cursor returned to the test text at the top of the screen. After pressing Previous, Carl saw:

Vacuum one room (compiled)

repeat for 15 minutes adjust floor brushes for Vacuum check Vacuum nozzle while Vacuum..isStopped do

rotate Vacuum clockwise by 90 degrees move Vacuum forward for 3 seconds

Carl reduced the amount of rotation to 73 degrees and retested the entry.

Commands

7fs last test completed successfully, Carl's robot vacuum cleaner appears to work. Carl presses Previous and then Commands, finds the instruction "store code for Previous

Entry into PROM," loads a PROM into the PROM slot, and presses Do. Carl moves the new PROM to his robot and starts the robot vacuuming. Finally, he has a clean room.

Carl pressed Previous to return to Vacuum one room; then he pressed Commands, and a new entry appeared at the top of the screen:

commands

edit backup text for Previous Entry

edit archive text for Previous Entry

list code for Previous Entry

print text for Previous Entry

store code for Previous Entry into PROM

load code optimizer

The entry commands is a list of useful instructions that act on the previous entry. The third instruction lists relocatable code for the previous entry; a listing helps you fine-tune short entries. The last instruction loads a code optimizer for generating more efficient code.

The entry commands is similar to a menu: You can position the cursor to any instruction and press the Do key. But unlike most menus, you can edit commands

358 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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any way you want to. If you find that you seldom need to list relocatable code, you can move the instruction "list code for Previous_Entry" to a different entry. Similarly, if there is an instruction that you frequently execute, you can add it to commands. Smalltalk provides a similar facility (see the August 1981 BYTE for information about the Smalltalk language).

Carl wanted the fifth instruction, "store code for Previous Entry into PROM." He positioned the cursor to

that instruction and pressed Do. Echonet displayed the following message:

place PROM in PROM slot and press any key

Carl did this; he put the new PROM into his robot and started the robot vacuuming. Everything worked fine.

Creating an Entry

Working the Echonet involves writing and modifying entries. To demonstrate this, I'll describe how Carl would write an entry for "while ... do" instructions. This entry repeats an indented program as long as a conditional clause remains true.

The "while" entry already occurs in the Echonet dictionary, but let us suppose that Carl wants to create it. To do so, Carl first presses the Blackboard key, moves the cursor to the bottom of the blackboard entry, and types "while." He then sees the following on the display:

blackboard

today is 10,18,82 Echonet message0310

benchmark

display solution for 5 TowerRings

while

This entry acts as a scratch pad for new and current work. For example, the second instruction "Echonet message0310" indicates an entry containing messages displayed by Echonet.

Carl next presses the New key and the Go To key. A new, empty entry appears at the top of his screen:

while

Carl presses Work to make this his working entry. Carl decides that while will use an indented program, so he types "IndentedProgram" and presses Entries. The entry while then moves to the bottom of his screen and another entry appears on top:

IndentedProgram entries

do IndentedProgram

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram

if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgramA else IndentedProgramB

for Integer from IntegerA to IntegerB do IndentedProgram

program IndentedProgram

repeat IndentedProgram

repeat Integer times IndentedProgram

360 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Because the "while" instruction is similar to "repeat," Carl moves the cursor to "repeat IndentedProgram" and presses Text. This key stores the entry definition of repeat IndentedProgram into an entry named stored text. Carl presses Next to return to while, deletes a line, and presses Get to recover the contents of stored text. He then sees:

while

label Loop

do IndentedProgram

go to Loop

The while entry now has the same definition as repeat IndentedProgram. Carl returns to IndentedProgram entries by pressing Previous. He positions the cursor to "if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram" and presses Text and then Next. He deletes the line reading "do IndentedProgram" and presses Get. Now he sees:

When Carl pressed Get he inserted the entry definition for if ConditionalClause then IndentedProgram between the first and last line. Carl reverses the instructions "label Exit" and "go to Loop." He positions the cursor one space after the while and types "C." Then he presses the Steno key. This key searches for a word in the entry with the same prefix (in this case, "C") and inserts the rest of that word. Carl types "do I" and again presses the Steno key. Now he sees:

while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram

label Loop

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit do IndentedProgram goto Loop

label Exit

He presses Compile. Echonet renames the while entry to while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram and

compiles the entry. The display now shows:

while

label loop

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit do IndentedProgram label Exit

go to Loop

while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram

label loop

if not ConditionalClause goto Exit do IndentedProgram goto Loop

label Exit

(compiled)

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ML-83A, 120 CPS, 136 col., tractor & friction feed, parallel/serial .$699 ML-84P, 200 CPS, 136 col., 9-pin head, dot addressable graphics, friction & tractor feed, parallel . .$999 ML-84S,above but serial. . SI,059 ML-92P, 160 CPS, 80 col., friction & tractor feed, 9-pin head, 72x72 DPI dot add.graphics, parallel $499 ML-92S, above but serial. , . .S639 ML-93P, 160 CPS, 136 col., tractor & friction feed, 9-pin head, 72x72 DPI dot add. gaphics, parallel $849 ML-93S, above but serial. . . .$969

NEC 8023A, 100 CPS, 80 Col.,Call

Super 5 cp-__

Outstanding dot matrix printer 640 graphic dots/line instead of the usual 480 graphic dots/line found on other printers. 80 CPS, 80 Col., friction & pin feed for 4" to 10" wide paper. Parallel $339

',!'mII l.lli.SJ

Letter quality daisywheel primer 16 CPS, bi-directional, friction feed, parallel interface. Super value $749

Serial interface $789

Tractor $119

EHHEHiEiEH

The intelligent (oiler-quality printer w/48K built-in buffer memory, 17 CPS, bi-directional, auto marain iuslification, universal interfaces SI,195

NEW! Letter quality daisywheel printer. Features an 18 CPS speed, 10/12/15 pitches, 100-character

daisywheel, 13" platen, a graphic mode 8i word processing functions. 2K buffer, 62dB quiet operation. It utilizes the popular IBM Selectric typewriter ribbons. Parallel. . $625

C.ltoh ProWriter 8510AP.120 CPS,

80 col., Graphics, Parallel .. $345 C. Itoh ProWrtier-11 1550, 120 CPS, 136 col., 2K buffer, parallel . .$649

New I Letter quality daisywheel printer with 2-color printing. Logic seeking, bi-directional, proportional spacing, graphic & bold printing,

3K buffer. Parallel $599

Serial interface $649

Cut sheet feeder S249

Tractor $119

Keyboard $195

Ribbons (1 dozen) S49

C. Itoh F-IOStarWriter

40 CPS daisywheel (parallel) $1,099 55 CPS daisywheel (parallel) $1,555 Tractor for F-10 S225

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Executive I - 128K RAM, 7" amber monitor, 2 serial 8t 1 parallel ports, 2 half height drives, plus software —Call

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Memory installed on card— 64K 128K 192K 256K320K 384K

w/Parallel, Serial ports 8i clock $359 $409 S459 S509 $559 $609

Optional Game port - add $35

IZHTfflFn

Amount of memory installed on card 64K 128K 192K 256K

w/siandard features of serial port No. 1 & clock.. $289 $339 S389 $439

w/either parallel or additional serial port No. 2-$324 $374 $424 $474

w/ both parallel and additional serial port No. 2 $359 $409 $459 $509

MegaPak -expendsa fully populated MegaPlus card to 512K .... $335

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Standard card w/one serial port (SI) and clock/calendar $129

Additional Parallel (P), Game (G), or Serial 2 (S2) port add $35 ea.

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Amdek RGB Color II, 13", 560-dot Sale S539

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20 MHz. Made by JVC. Excellent!

List $200.00 $129.00

USI PI-2, 12" green, 1,000 line, 20

MHz $159.00

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Dynax AM121,12" umber. 600-dot 20 MHz.Made byJVC. Excellentl List $250.00 $149.00

Taxan KA12N, 1 2" amber, 800-dot, List $205.00 $150.00

USI PI-3, 12" amber, 1,000 line, 20 MHz $179.00

5VDISK DRIVES for IBM PC Tandon TM-100-1 SSDD 160K .$195 Tendon TM-100-2, DSDD 320K$245 Tandon half height DSDD 320KS255 Teac 55B half ht. DSDD 320K .$275 Panasonic half ht. DSDD 320K 5249

}m&jt

-. 64K IBM PC System, two 320K drives, color graphics card- SCall

B. 64K IBM PC System, two 320K drives, monochrome display, display Si printer adapter $Coll

C. 128K IBM XT System, a 10MB hard disk, a 360K floppy disk, Async. card, monochrome display, display printer adapter SCall

CORONA Computers

Complete with 128K memory, keyboard, hi-res monitor, graphics, serial Si parallel interfaces, MS DOS, GW Basic, PC Tutor, GSX Graphics, Speadsheet & Word Processing Software. Compatible w/most IBM PC hardware & software. Desk ModBl W/2-320K drives $2,549 Portable Model w/2-320K dr. .82,399

HALF HEIGHT DISK DRIVES

for Apple II and Franklin Ace Super 5 (ALPS) 40- track, SS . $239 Super 5 (Teac) 40 track, SS . . 5269 Super 5 (Teac) double sided . . 5365

Control card for SS drive $59

Control card for DS drive .... $69

EASTERN ENTERPRISES, INC.

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364 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

To order, please Prices reflect 2%

t/Miistercartl % by UPS Air

or company checks require 2-3 weeks to clear, ipping, insurance & handling charges are 3% of t. COD's requires 20% deposit. Calif, residents without notice

IJ'l.»HI,l»),l«.I.B.IIia.lMH<J.HJrTrWJ]lTI»:'WTCTnnilRTFl^m¥n

Circle 164 on Inquiry card

He's facing an uphill battle unless you help.

This year, the U.S. Ski Team has given Americans a great deal to be proud of.

Phil Mahre posted his second consecutive overall World Cup title while Bill Koch presented the U.S. with its first ever Nordic World Cup crown. The U.S. Women's team finished the season number one in the world

It's hard to believe that these magnificent athletes should need anyone's help, but they

They need yours. Our Alpine and Nordic teams are not subsidized by the government. Members of the team dedicate years of their lives 1MB training to win. And they depend on you #«■ f°r support.

Please send your tax-deductible donations to the U.S. Ski Educational Foundation, Box 100M, Park City, Utah 84060. Thanks.

do.

BYTE September 1983 365

Circle 170 on inquiry card.

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Now get high resolution touch screen capabilities for your Apple®lle or Apple®ll + with CTA's Soft-Touch™ bezel and interface, it attaches easily to any Apple® Monitor III and comes with all the hardware and software you need to install and operate it.

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Apple' is a registered trademark of AppleComputer, Inc. Soft-Touch is a trademark of Computer Technology Associates.

Total

Execution

Run-Time

Compile and

Time

Size

Size

Load Time

Language

(seconds)

(bytes)

(bytes)

(seconds)

Echonet

13.0

243

763

22.0 (3.7)

Echonet

11.4

216

544

29.0 (4.1)

(optimized)

Digital Research

14.0

242

5977*

112

PL/l-80

BD Software C

15.2

240

3664*

20.7

(version 1.46)

TSW RATFOR

16.5

203

2370*

103

Digital Research

22.7

344

3816

50.8

Pascal/MT+ (v 5.5)

Coral

13.8

n/a

n/a*

n/a

Interactive

18.5

292

897*

n/a

Systems ZC

UCSD Pascal

239.0

282

8282

14

Table 3: Comparison of the Gilbreaths'

prime-number benchmark

as performed under Echonet

versm

other languages. The

languages selected had the best times or sizes running on 4-MHz

Z80 systems. The Echonet com

vile and load times in

parentheses

are for entries that have been recently compiled and so are still

in memory, rather than on disk

. The run-time sizes

marked with

an asterisk (*) indicate that CP/M must be present,

which adds

3580 bytes to the

'Tin-time size.

Carl tests the new entry by pressing Test and typing a small test program:

test while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram

program clear Count while Count < 10 do

display Count

increment Count

Carl now positions the cursor to "program" and presses Do. Echonet displays a line of numbers, one number for each repetition of the "while" instruction: 012345678 9. Carl replaces the 10 with 1 and presses Do, and Echonet displays a single number: 0. Carl replaces the 1 with 0, presses Do, and Echonet displays nothing. The "while" instruction works well. Carl is finished.

Benchmark of Echonet

Echonet outperforms programming systems currently in use: its programs execute faster, its code requires less space, and its entries compile faster. I compared Echonet to other programming systems with the benchmark program published by Jim and Gary Gilbreath in "Eratosthenes Revisited: Once More through the Sieve" (January 1983 BYTE, page 283).

366 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 104 on inquiry card.

Text continued on page 372

You can't reach the top by being a pencil pusher.

It doesn't take much to block the door to success.

A flash of an idea that slips your mind. A note that never gets written.

Now you can erase those obstacles. With the Messenger™ Thought Processor from Lanier. Just touch a button on the unit on your desk, and it activates one of four microcassettes on your secretary's desk.

Use each one for a different subject. Vbu can organize your thoughts as you go along. And first things will get done first.

Plus, you can activate the Messenger from just about any phone in the world. The choice is simple. Be a pencil pusher. Or get the Messenger. And move ahead at the speed of sound.

□ I'd like more information on the Messenger.

Company_

Business Address

Cily_

_Slate_

Zip

I

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Mail to Lanier Business Products, Inc.

1700 Chantilly Drive N.E., Atlanta, GA 30324

Ask your office manager about Thought Processors.

Or call (800) 241-1706. In Georgia, (404) 321 -1244 collect.

Aug. '83 Byte 1 76 G H3

MOVE AHEADATTHE SPEED OFSOUND

rANIER THOUGHT PROCESSING

For a no-obligation demonstration of the Messenger,® the Lanier Thought Processor® that can help you reach the top faster, circle 255

Circle 174 on Inquiry card.

CP/M GRAPHICS SOFTWARE

PLOTWARE-z

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and selected dealers

Listing 1: The prime-number sieve entry used for benchmark comparisons. Listing la is the Echonet entry itself, while listing lb shows the disassembled relocatable code produced by Echonet.

(la) benchmark

uses {{False True}}

Console line <- "10 iterations.", ConsoleBell

repeat 10 times clear Count PrimeSieveFlags size bytes of PrimeSieveFlags <- True

for PrimeSieveFlags size Index's starting at 0 do

if PrimeSieveFlags [Index], true then Prime <- Index + Index + 3 Sievelndex <- Prime + Index

while Sievelndex < PrimeSieveFlags size do

PrimeSieveFlags [Sievelndex] <- False bump Sievelndex by Prime

bump Count

;;Console line <- Prime " is a prime."

Console line <- Count " primes.", ConsoleBell

(lb)

;; Listing for benchmark

0000 11 lxi d,"001

0003 CD call id- 0696

0006 11 lxi d,"000D

0009 CD call id- 0696

uses {{False True}}

Console line <- "10 iterations.".ConsoleBell

oooc

21

lxi

h,000A

;;repeat 10 times

'000F:

000F

7C

mov

a,h

0010

B5

ora

1

0011

CA

jz

'0097

0014

E5

pushh

0015

21

lxi

h,0000

;,'/clear Count

0018

22

shld

*0000

001B

3E

mvi

a,FF

; ;/PrimeSieveFlac

001D

01

lxi

b.lFFF

0020

11

lxi

d,*0002

0023

12

stax d

0024

62

mov

h,d

0025

6B

mov

1,6

0026

13

inx

d

0027

0B

dcx

b

0028

ED

z80

ldir

0029

B0

;;/

;;/for PrimeSieve

002A

21

lxi

h.OOOO

002D

22

shld

*2001

0030

21

lxi

h,lFFF

'0033:

0033

7C

mov

a,h

0034

B5

ora

1

0035

CA

jz

'0092

0038

E5

pushh

368 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing lb continued on page 370

BASF Q(JALIMETRIC™FLEXYDISKS®

BUILT FOR ETERNITY-WARRANTED FOR A LIFETIME.

BASF Qualimetric FlexyDisks® offer you more...an extraordinary new lifetime warranty* The BASF Qualimetric standard is a dramatic new international standard of quality in magnetic media...insurance that your most vital information will be secure for tomorrow when you enter it on BASF FlexyDisks today.

We can offer this warranty with complete confidence because the Qualimetric standard reflects a continuing BASF commitment to perfection...a process which begins with materials selection and inspection, and continues through coating, polishing, lubricating, testing, and 100% error-free certification. Built into our FlexyDisk jacket is a unique two-piece liner. This BASF feature traps damaging debris away from the media surface, and creates extra space in the head access area, insuring optimum media-to-head alignment. The result is a lifetime of outstanding performance.

When your information must be secure for the future, look for the distinctive BASF package with the Qualimetric seal. Call 800-3434600 for the name of your nearest supplier.

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

s

Enter tomorrow on basf today

'Contact BASF for warranty details. © 1982. BASF Systems Corporation. Bedford. MA

Listing lb continued:

0039

003C

003F

0040

0041

0042

0045

0048

0049

004C

004D

0050

0051

0054

0055

0058

0059

005C 005F 0062 0065 0068 006B 006E 006F 0071 0074 0075 0078 0079 007C

007F 0082 0083

0086 0089 008A 008D 008E 008F

0092 0093 0094

0097 009A 009D 00A0 00A3 00A6

2A lhld *2001

11 lxi d,*0002

19 dad d

7E mov a,m

B7 ora a

CA jz '0086

2A lhld *2001

EB xchg

2A lhld *2001

19 dad d

11 lxi d,0003

19 dad d

22 shld *2004

EB xchg

2A lhld *2001

19 dad d

22 shld *200A

;//if PrimeSieveFlags [Index], true then

;///Prime <- Index + Index + 3

; ,7//SieveIndex <- Prime + Index

'005C:

11 lxi

2A lhld

CD call

D2 jnc

2A lhld

11 lxi

19 dad

36 mvi

2A lhld

EB xchg

2A lhld

19 dad

22 shld C3 jmp '007F:

2A lhld

23 inx 22 shld '0086: 2A lhld

;;///while Sievelndex < PrimeSieveFlags size do

d.lFFF

*200A

id- 0DB3

'007F

*200A

d,*0002

d

m,00

*2004

*200A d

*200A '005C

;////PrimeSieveFlags [Sievelndex] <- False

;////bump Sievelndex by Prime

inx shld

23

22

El pop

2B dcx

C3 jmp '0092:

El pop

2B dcx

C3 jmp '0097:

2A lhld

CD call

11 lxi

CD call

11 lxi

CD call

'0000

h

*0000

*2001

h

*2001

h

h

'0033

h h '000F

*0000 id- 0E87 d, "0003 id- 0696 d,"0000 id- 0696

;///

;///bump Count

;///;;Console line <- Prime " is a prime.'

;Console line <- Count " primes.",ConsoleBell

literals for code

0000 0D 0A 96 20 70 72 69 6D 65 73 2E 07 96 0D 0A 96 - primes.

0010 31 30 20 69 74 65 72 61 74 69 6F 6E 73 2E 07 96 10 iterations.

370 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

To find out where we're showing off the P1350 printer, call one of these Toshiba distributors:

DIGITAL ENTRY SYSTEMS 27 Spruce Street Waltham, MA 02154 (617)899-6111

GENERAL BUSINESS COMPUTERS, INC. 2 North Olney Avenue Cherry Hill, NJ 08003 (609)424-6500

INTECH GROUP Royal Commerce Center 2025 Royal Lane Dallas, TX 75229 (214)241-1717

KALTRONICS DISTRIBUTORS, INC. 702 Landwehr Rd. Northbrook, IL60062 (312)291-1220

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING CO. 1377 Main Street Waltham, MA 02154 (617)647-9340

MICRO DISTRIBUTORS 11794 Parklawn Drive Rockville, MD 20852 (301) 468-6450 or (800) 638-6621

MICROWARE DISTRIBUTORS, INC. 20415 S.W. Blanton Avenue Aloha, OR 97007 (503) 642-7679

MONROE DISTRIBUTING CO. 2999 Payne Avenue Cleveland, OH 44114 (216)781-4600

PARAGON SALES, INC 780 Charcot Avenue San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 263-7955

PREMIER SOURCE DISTRIBUTING 1882 McGaw Avenue Irvine, CA 92714 (714)261-2011

STAR DATA, INC 4021 N. 30th Street, Suite 4

Phoenix, AZ 85016 (602)955-9233

SYSPRINT, INC.

7777 S. Central Expressway

Suite 2A

Richardson,TX 75080

(214)669-3666

TRANSALASKA DATA SYSTEMS, INC. 200 Center Court Anchorage, AK 99502 (907)561-1776

In Touch with Tomorrow

TOSHIBA

Nothing shows off

your IBM PC likefoshiba's P1350

Now there's one three-way printer that fully equals the word processing, data and graphics capacity of your IBM PC: Toshiba's P1350.

But the P1350 is more than compatible with PC hardware. It will print programs like Lotus 1-2-3 data processing and graphics output with remarkable character definition*

For even more flexibility, the Toshiba P1350 with Qume SPRINT 5 emulation handles all popular word processing programs. Under software command, the P1350 will print highspeed drafts or switch to letter-quality text and graphics.

The innovation behind this threein-one flexibility is Toshiba's print head. Pin diameter has been reduced to just eight mils. And the number of

pins in the print head has been increased to 24.

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When it comes to graphics, the P1350 really shows its stuff. Whatever your computer displays, Toshiba's P1350 prints.With astonishingly clear definition. And extra-fine reproduction that can only come from a print head capable of 200 million impressions and exclusive 180 by 180 dot-per-inch graphics density pattern.

In Touch with "Tomorrow

TOSHIBA

For further information, contact: Information Systems Division, TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC., 2441 Michelle Drive.Tustin, CA 92680. Telex 183-812.

Then, if that's not enough to pique your interest, the P1350 also features three different fonts.Variable pitch. Subscripts, superscripts and underlining without the need of a secondpass. A super-reliable optional sheet feeder. And more.

So show off your IBM. Or any other personal computer. With the superior quality and flexibility of Toshiba's spectacular P1350 printer.

Distributors on the adjacent list make it easy to find the P1350. Or get more information by calling tollfree, 1-800-457-7777.

*IBM PC to P1350 graphics utilizes PaperScreen and color/ graphics adapter. IBM PC is a Trademark oflnternational Business Machines. Lotus and 1-2-3 are Trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation. ©1983 Toshiba America, Inc.

Circle 453 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 371

Text continued from page 366:

Table 3 compares Echonet with the best language for each measurement. Optimized Echonet uses a code optimizer that removes superfluous load and store instructions. Listing la shows the benchmark entry, while listing lb shows the disassembled 8080/Z80 code produced by the Echonet lister.

As of October 1982, the Echonet dictionary contained 870 compiled entries, 324 text-only entries, and 347 objects. Its capacity is 2000 entries and objects. Its compiled entries include programs that can do the following:

• display solution for Towers of Hanoi puzzle •generate prime numbers using Eratosthenes sieve •optimize register usage for compiled code •print the Echonet dictionary

•sort entry names using a bank of memory

• verify the Echonet dictionary for internal consistency

The benchmark and implemented programs confirm that Echonet is a practical system. The scenarios for Vacuum one room and while ConditionalClause do IndentedProgram show Echonet's flexibility, ease of use, and quick interaction with the user.

Natural System

Underlying Echonet is a natural system, i.e., a system that evolves. For example, the English language forms a natural system, as does the common law—neither was created as a complete unit. English uses many words evolved from a variety of sources, while the common law uses many "judicial decisions based on custom and precedent" (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 8th edition. Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1981).

Let's look at English as represented by Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. The 8th edition was published in 1981. It replaced the 7th edition that appeared in 1963. The 8th edition has already sold over 12 million copies. It contains 150,000 words and 191,000 definitions. Of these, 22,000 words and definitions are new; that's over 10 percent more than the 7th edition.

In English, words are made up by users and then come into common use. If a word becomes widely used,

the editors of Webster's dictionary will probably notice the word and include it in their next edition. The new words are not made up by Webster's editors; Englishspeakers make up and use new words. Then the editors decide if the words meet their criterion of usefulness. In Echonet, entries are like words in a dictionary. Echonet evolves as users write and modify entries; it can evolve in any direction.

Separating Definition from Meaning

Echonet does not use a created language such as BASIC or Pascal. Instead it builds entries out of entries. This is possible because Echonet separates the definitions of entries from their meanings.

English dictionaries also separate definition from meaning. Let's look at one definition of "entry" in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary: "a headword with its definition or identification."

If definition and meaning were the same for English, then substituting definitions for words should not destroy the meaning of a sentence. This is not the case; substitution produces gibberish. To illustrate that point, here are two definitions of the word "entry." The second definition is made from the first by substituting a definition (from Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, 8th edition) for each word of the first:

entry: a headword with its definition or identification.

entry: used as a function word before singular nouns when the referent is unspecified a word or term placed at the beginning [as of an entry in an encyclopedia] used as a function word to indicate combination, accompaniment, presence, or addition of or relating to it or itself a statement of the meaning of a word or word group or a sign or symbol a function word to indicate an alternative evidence of identity.

In natural language, the meaning of a word determines its definition. Behind every definition in a dictionary there is a set of sentences collected from books, magazines, and newspapers. These sentences illustrate the actual uses of words, and hence their meanings.

GRAPHIC Sr

A self-teaching guide of 61 BASIC programs that will show you how to write your own 2D and 3D graphics software: create 2D and 3D shapes, translate, rotate, scale, stretch, clip, remove hidden lines, shade, perspective views, surface intersections, animation, applications to science, business, engineering. Named 'The best book available for micro graphics' by Creative Computing. Special IBMpc version also covers separating text from garphics, hardware requirements and more.

□ Book 'Gnphlc Software lor Mlcroi'-$21.95 D 'IBMpc Graphics'- $24

□ Apple Disk $19.95 QIBMpc Disk $21.95

DATA PLOTTING SI

18 programs to process and display business and scientific data: Pie, bar, stock market charts, histograms, 3D views of surfaces, log plots, semi-log plots, curve fitting, regression, statistical analysis. Data management programs create disk data files, recall, update, list, refile. Special features- text over graphics, auto-scaling, auto-replot when data changes. All programs in BASIC, modular, menu driven, fully explained. Use as-is or modify and combine for custom applications. □ Book 'Dota Plotting Soltwiro lor Mlcroi'-$28.50 L"JApple Disk $19.95 L.'IBMpc Disk $1 9.95

SOFTKITSm: Our publications are called SOFTKITS. They contain ready-to-run programs written In BASIC listed alongside theory, equations and sample problems. This format allows you to learn how such programs are written, modify and combine them lor custom applications, or use them as-ls. Disks (Apple and IBMpc) contain the same programs In Applesoft BASIC or IBMpc BASICA..

372 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 250 on Inquiry card.

In Echonet, the reverse is true: the definition of an Echonet entry determines the entry's meaning. Its meaning is relocatable code that the computer can execute along with data that the computer can access. This relocatable code was compiled from text that defines the entry.

FORTH and Macroinstructions

On first sight, Echonet looks like either FORTH or a macroprocessor. Both define names in terms of other names, but the system underlying each is different from Echonet. In particular, FORTH and macroprocessors equate meaning with definition.

The August 1980 BYTE covered the FORTH language. A FORTH program consists of words in a dictionary. Each word is defined by other words or by some combination of about one hundred primitive words. The computer executes a FORTH word by executing its component words. The meaning of a word—the code that is executed—is the group of words that define a word.

Macroprocessors are available with most assemblers and as preprocessors to many compilers. A macroinstruction's definition consists of a name and text. When an assembler or compiler sees a macroinstruction's name, it replaces the name with the macroinstruction's text. Instead of writing the same text over and over again, the programmer just writes the name of a macroinstruction. The meaning of a macroinstruction—the code that is assembled or compiled—is the text that defines the macroinstruction.

The separation of definition and meaning in Echonet may appear to be insignificant, but its consequences are far-reaching. The separation allows every entry to be defined with entries and objects. This makes Echonet a visible system; i.e., every part of Echonet is defined in the Echonet system.

By separating definition from meaning, the Echonet dictionary can contain many entries without affecting performance. This is not true of FORTH and macroprocessors; as the number of FORTH words or macrodefinitions increases, performance slows down. In Echonet, another entry only takes disk storage, so in

creasing the number of entries does not decrease the performance of Echonet, even if Echonet contains hundreds of thousands of entries. This allows many people to add entries to Echonet over many years.

Summary

I've demonstrated Echonet's operation with scenarios and a benchmark. The key ideas I've tried to convey are (1) that Echonet is an interactive system for managing and creating programs with a dictionary of entries and objects, (2) that every entry in Echonet is defined by entries and objects in Echonet, (3) that the name of an entry is a phrase that describes the entry, and (4) that Echonet is a natural system that separates entry definition from entry meaning.

In your mind, an entry's name should become a symbol for the entry's meaning. Programming becomes a process of design in a symbolic language instead of encoding into a programming language. By separating definition from meaning, Echonet lets you work with symbolic text while the computer works with numeric data.

Echonet is a programming system that responds to the creativity and ingenuity of its users and user groups. Like a natural language, Echonet can grow in elegance and usefulness as the needs of its users develop and change. ■

Brad Barber runs Echo Systems Company (POB 5192, Westport, CT 06881), a one-person research firm. He recently joined ITT Programming as part of a research group that works on coordination systems.

Echonet is a research project of Echo Systems Company. To receive the next EchoNet Newsletter, please send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to Newsletter, Echo Systems Company, POB 5192. Westport, CT 06881.

Acknowledgments

Careful reviews by Terry Baker, Charles Barber, Robin Barber, Earl Gilmore, Chris LeTocq, and Gregg Williams greatly enhanced this article. My thanks to them and to the editors of BYTE for their help and encouragement.

MAIL LIST SOFTWARr

a series of ready-to-use mail list programs arranged in a tutorial sequence that show how to write mail list software: Create random access data files, store on disk, recall, update, sort by zip code, sort in alphabetical order, list, print mail labels. Programs progress step-by-step from elementary file handling concepts and build to ready-to-use mail list software. Perfect for small businesses who want to customize their own software. Programs listed in the book in IBMpc BASICA; disks available for Apple and IBMpc.

Book 'Mill Utt Software for Mlcroa'-S32.50 DApple Disk $19.95 UIBMpc Disk $1 9.95

STRUCTURAL SOFTWARE

11 programs combining structural analysis with graphics: Create a 3D mesh interactively, rotate in 3 dimensions, store on disk. Then recall, do linear and non-linear 3D truss analysis, linear 3D frame analysis using the 'direct stiffness' method. Also do combined stress analysis, calculate geometric properties of beam cross-sections. Truss programs graphically display deformed shape of structure. All programs in BASIC fully documented with theory, equations, sample problems.

DBook 'Structural Anilytlt Software lor Mlcroa'-$42.50 DApple Disk $42.50 DIBMpc Disk $42.50

TO ORDER: Send check on US bank, money order In US funds, VISA/MASTERCARD no with exp date to KERN PUBLICA TIONS, PO Box 1029-BJ, Duxbury, MA 02332. Ad $2 per book 4th cl mail in US and Canada; $4 1 st cl or UPS in US; $4.50 1 st cl Canada; $1 2 air Europe and Central America; $18 elsewhere. For faster delivery call (617)934-0445.

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BYTE September 1983 375

Data File Management

Methods

Organize your files to eliminate confusion

by Robert B. Johnson

Recently, after spending days straightening out the disk files for my personal computing system, I realized the results of improper data file management. At first, managing files for two operating systems, two versions of Visicalc, two versions of a word-processing program, three language packages, and a few applications packages didn't seem difficult. But with the passage of a year, I no longer knew what data files went with what programs, what versions of programs were the most current, or what modifications were installed on what disks. I desperately needed a simple system of data file management that would provide program and data security, continuity of work flow, maximum standardization and software compatibility, and minimal maintenance. To meet these objectives, I designed the following system, which can also successfully handle the needs of a small business. The system described can expand and grow to meet the changing needs of the organization.

Objectives

There are two aspects to the first objective. Providing for program and data security means that a workable system must have backup copies of critical programs and data files so that a minimum amount of time is lost when the inevitable data loss occurs. Security also refers to the need to restrict the dissemination of sensitive or confidential information to only those users who require access to this information to perform their jobs.

The second objective, continuity of

work flow, is the ability of the system to allow easy assimilation of one employee's duties by another. Illness, vacations, promotions, and terminations all require that employees be trained to perform new duties. When all employees are familiar with and use a common system, this continuity of work flow is more easily realized.

The third objective, standardization and software compatibility, is required because of the enormous costs associated with software development. To achieve the greatest degree of compatibility, the data file management system must provide a means of assuring that all programs developed by one user are compatible with the rest of the system. Also, the system must provide a means to evaluate the total impact of contemplated changes before they are made.

To meet the fourth objective the ideal system will provide an efficient way to make changes. All changes, record keeping, and educational or other activities associated with a program or data file that is accessed by more than one user should be performed by a single person (or group of persons) who has been given that responsibility.

System Overview

The system is based on the concept of control services residing at discrete control levels. Each level has its own standards of control that specify such parameters as software and data change restrictions, required password protection, file backup requirements, testing required to verify

changes, etc. Whenever there are two or more users of a given program, data file, or related service, a control entity is established at the next higher level of control to provide and coordinate the required services. Whenever there is a single user of a program or data file, control services for that program or data file are the responsibility of that user.

Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a generalized system with five levels of control. The highest level is the computer network, essentially a communication system linking a number of computer systems. The next level down is the computer system, which is defined as a particular hardware configuration. For data file management in an organization, all computers of the same make and model are considered part of the same computer system. The next level contains the operating system. For our purposes, an operating system is defined as any control program that has more than one application program dependent on it for proper operation of the computer system. The next lower level is for application programs. A typical small business would have application programs to perform functions such as payroll, accounts receivable, accounts payable, word processing, etc. The lowest level is the user level. When there is more than one user on any level, control resides at the next higher level. Programs and data files that have only one user have the least number of controls placed against them in terms of change restrictions. There are procedures that require backup protection for files at the user level.

376 September 1983- © BYTE Publications Inc.

COMPUTER JCTWORK LEVEL 5

TT

■II

COMPUTER SYSTEM LEVEL 4

OPERATING SYSTEM LEVEL 3

APPLICATION PROGRAM LEVEL 2

COMPUTER SYSTEM 1

OPERATING SYSTEM 1

APPLICATION PROGRAM 1

COMPUTER SYSTEM 2

-//

OPERATING SYSTEM 2

APPLICATION PROGRAM 2

COMPUTER SYSTEM N

OPERATING SYSTEM N

APPLICATION

PROGRAM N

USER LEVEL 1

USER 1

-//

USER

TT

CURRENT I

WORKING I

FILE I

(CWF) I

USER N

->

vl/

1

B

1

B

1 6

USER

1

FILE

1

LIBRARY

1 1

APPLICATION PROGRAM WORKING COPIES

SHORT-TERM STORAGE

LONG-TERM STORAGE

USER

PROCEDURES

DOCUMENT

Ji

USER

RECORDS

DOCUMENT

WRITTEN PROCEDURES THAT GOVERN SYSTEM USAGE

WRITTEN DESCRIPTION OF USER'S FILE USAGE

CONTROLLED ACCESS

CENTRAL ARCHIVAL

STORAGE

PERMANENT STORAGE

Figure 1: Data file management system block diagram. The system is divided into five levels, each with its own procedures for control. You must design your own specific and detailed procedures for maintaining the security of your data files and application programs.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 377

PREVENT THE DISASTER

OF HEAD CRASH AND

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The war against dust and dirt never ends. So before you boot up your equipment, and everytime you replace a cassette, disk or drive filter, be sure to use Dust-Off II it counteracts dust, grit and lint. Otherwise you're flirting with costly dropouts, head crashes and downtime.

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It is important to mention that the upper levels were not selected on the basis of stringency of control but to provide convenient control points based on areas of expertise. By convenient control points I mean that it is convenient to provide control at the point where two or more persons are using the same application program. The levels are chosen on the basis of expertise because in a small business it is possible, and more efficient, to have the control services provided by those persons who know the most about a particular area. For example, in a small business the author of an application program should assume the control responsibilities for that program because he or she is best equipped to provide these services in an efficient manner. If programs are purchased from outside sources, it is best to train one person to become familiar enough with the program and its internal usage to provide the control services.

The value of standardization can be easily seen by referring to figure 1. Much control effort can be avoided when only one computer and one operating system are used. Also note from figure 1 that details on file usage are given for the user level only. This is because the file management activities of the other levels are performed by persons who are also users. Therefore, good generalized file management procedures for the user level will automatically take care of the other levels as well.

The User Level

The system presented here relies heavily on the individual users for success. This is consistent with the small-business environment where individual employees are aware of the overall goals of the organization and are familiar with the reasons behind, and importance of, established procedures. Referring to figure 1, a typical user of a computer system would have a filing system that consists of four major parts: a file with one or more working copies of an application program, a current working file, a user file library, and controlled access to a permanent filing system that is shared among all users.

378 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 182 on inquiry card.

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380 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. Circle 280 On inquiry Card.

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS 3.0 DEFINITION OF TERMS 4.0 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

5.0 CONTROL MATRIX

5.1 Control Matrix Code Definitions

6.0 RESPONSIBILITIES

6.1 Control Coordinator Job Description

7.0 USER RECORDS DOCUMENT

7.1 Format

7.2 Update Procedures

8.0 CENTRAL ARCHIVAL STORAGE

Table 1: An outline of the user procedures. This outlines specific topics and should describe your computer, the various levels of control, who is responsible for each level, how to access user records documents, and how and where material is stored in the central archival storage.

The working copies of an application program are files that contain day-to-day copies of programs used in the performance of the user's job. A typical user might have working copies of Visicalc, Pascal, and a word-processing program, for example. There is no need for the user to maintain backup copies of these files because they are available from the person designated control coordinator for each application program.

The current working file is a small file that can contain any program or data file that the user is currently using or developing. It is periodically backed up (approximately once a day) by the user to assure against data loss. About once a week, the current working files are transferred to a user file library for more permanent storage.

The user file library is a collection of files maintained by the user and intended for long-term data storage. The files in this library are arranged in a logical sequence determined by the user and designed to facilitate retrieval of programs and data. The file-naming conventions and volume names used are to be documented in a user records document. Backup copies of the contents of the user file library are maintained by the user.

The controlled access central archival storage is a permanent storage area where critical files, backup copies, and related documentation are permanently stored. Files are stored and removed from central storage in accordance with estab

lished procedures defined in a user procedures document.

The user procedures document is used to communicate to all users the procedures that govern usage of the computer system. The document contains standard operating procedures and methods, definitions required to promote common understanding of the procedures, listings of those persons responsible for the various control activities, and all other information required to enhance the orderly functioning of the system. The user procedure document is maintained at a central location within the organization and is used to communicate information of a general nature to all system users.

The user records document is maintained by the user and communicates, in standard format, critical information regarding the user's files. This document contains file names and descriptions, program names and usage, storage volume directories, naming conventions, storage locations, and other pertinent data related to the user's employment of the system. The user records document is maintained by the user as a general index to his or her filing system; it is also used by persons who may need to access this information in the absence of the user.

The User Procedures Document

The user procedures document communicates procedures required to meet management's goals regarding the use of the computing facilities. It is a working document that should be updated frequently and used as a helpful source of information. The contents of this document depend to a large extent on the nature of the organization, but they can be generalized.

Table 1 is an outline of the contents of a generalized user procedures document. Many of the topics outlined are self-explanatory, while others require additional explanation. Paragraph 4.0, system configuration, should be a block diagram, similar to figure 1, that shows the details of the specific computing facility. It should clearly show the specific control

1.0

USER IDENTIFICATION

2.0

USER RESPONSIBILITY

2.1

Listing of Level 5 Files Under User Control

2.2

Listing of Level 4 Files Under User Control

2.3

Listing of Level 3 Files Under User Control

2.4

Listing of Level 2 Files Under User Control

3.0

USER VOLUME AND FILE-NAMING CONVENTIONS

3.1

Volume-Naming Conventions

3.2

File-Naming Conventions

3.3

File Extension-Naming Conventions

4.0 WORKING COPY VOLUME INDEX

4.1

Volume Names and Descriptions

4.2

Important File Names and Descriptions

4.3

Backup Copy Volume Names

4.4

Storage Locations

5.0

CURRENT WORKING FILE INDEX

5.1

Volume Names and Descriptions

5.2

Important File Names and Descriptions

5.3

Backup Copy Volume Names

5.4

Storage Locations

6.0

USER LIBRARY FILE INDEX

6.1

Volume Names and Descriptions

6.2

Important File Names and Descriptions

6.3

Backup Copy Volume Names

6.4

Storage Locations

7.0

PERMANENT STORAGE FILE INDEX

7.1

Volume Names and Descriptions

7.2

Important File Names and Descriptions

7.3

Backup Copy Volume Names

7.4

Storage Locations

Table 2: This outline of the user records document lists the records an employee or another

■person needs to maintain an orderly set of programs and files for current use.

levels that will be used in the organization as well as all computer systems, operating systems, application programs, and other pertinent features that require control. Include on the diagram the names of the people who will act as control coordinators for each control point. The user procedures document is the place to define responsibilities crucial to the success of the system.

Paragraph 5, control matrix, defines specific procedures that govern control at each level. For example, your procedures may require that each user's current working file be backed up once a week if it contains level 1 files and once a day if it contains level 2, or higher, files. Procedures should be included here to govern such things as: file backup frequency; file backup methods; change restrictions, including approval levels; password protection for files; and verification tests that must be performed after changes or revisions. Procedures for each of these and other relevant control areas must be specified for each controlled area and control level. A matrix of control procedures should result. If the control procedures appear in coded form on a diagram, the

codes should be defined in this paragraph.

Paragraph 6 is a listing of those persons responsible for each control point with a description of the duties to be performed by them.

Paragraph 7 contains the format, update requirements, and other procedures that govern the user records document to assure that all employees are familiar with the document and can use it effectively when needed.

Paragraph 8 contains the procedures that are associated with the storage and retrieval of files from central archival storage.

The User Records Document

The user records document has a general format specified in the user procedures document; it is maintained by the computer system user. This document serves as an index to the user's files and is helpful to both the user and to other persons who may need to access the files. Table 2 is an outline of the essential contents of a user records document. Again, the specifics of the document are dependent on the particular organization.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 381

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Paragraph 2, user responsibility, contains specific information on files the user is control coordinator for. This section should contain volume names, file names, backup volume and file names, storage locations, and the names and locations of historical documents associated with the files under his control.

Paragraph 3 contains the user's volume and file-naming conventions. This section is particularly useful in assisting those unfamiliar with the user's files in locating a particular file or determining file usage. This section should, at minimum, contain: volume-naming conventions, filenaming conventions, and file extension-naming conventions.

Paragraphs 4 through 7 contain the indexes to the user's working copy files, current working files, user library files, and permanent storage files. These indexes contain volume names, important file names, and storage location information.

Conclusion

This outline for the data file management system is adaptable to almost any small business environment. However, the only way to ensure that this system works is to carefully record the procedures that your company's computer users must follow. By clearly recording and presenting these procedures to your employees, you will eliminate many potential problems that could plague your computer. You and your employees will be happier with a computer system that clearly defines the lines of information access. ■

Robert Johnson holds a BS in electrical engineering from the University of Vermont and is president of a computer consulting firm. He can be reached at the Engineers Collaborative, Mears Rd., Milton, VT 05468.

Readers who wish to obtain outline copies of the user procedures document and the user records document should send a check pr $15 and a self-addressed, stamped envelope to:

The Engineers Collaborative

Mears Rd.

Milton, VT 05468

382 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 383

May we interrupt the hoopla with a few facts?

Nothing in the noisy world of multi-user micros fits the requirements of business system integrators like our new desktop system — the MuSYS NET/work 8816™.

The MuSYS NET/work gives you multiprocessor architecture, extensive mass storage facilities (much greater than 8MB) and TurboDOS™, the high speed CP/M® compatible operating system. Gone are the bottlenecks that make shared-processor multi-user systems too sluggish for real world business applications. You'll also appreciate the 128K RAM per user,

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network is $11,995. MuSYS prices include 16 MB formatted Winchester.3 Includes terminals.

384 BYTE September 1983

An Introduction to Layered

Protocols

Understanding layered protocols can help you evaluate network architectures of data-communications products

Product announcements for computers and peripherals increasingly include claims of some sort of networking capability. To understand the network architectures of these products, it is essential to understand the concept of layered protocols. In this article, I'll discuss a reference architecture based on the International Standards Organization's (ISO) model for open-systems interconnection. This architecture provides a framework within which protocol layering can be explained. I will also briefly investigate protocol design issues within the different layers.

The Reference Architecture

Several years ago, the ISO, which is made up of national standards organizations from various countries, recognized the need for a basic framework in which computer networking standards could evolve. A subcommittee (SC16) was appointed to develop a model for "open systems interconnection." The resulting model is called the "ISO OSI model."

The ISO model is intended to be a vehicle for the development of specific standard protocols, but I use it here for its value as an architectural

by Michael Witt

reference model. A reference architecture sets forth a general framework and principles by which a system is designed to operate. The model is presented here in a very simplified form, and I have taken some liberties with it to increase its value in this particular discussion. References 1 and 2 provide a precise, detailed description of the ISO model.

The physical link

resides at the lowest

protocol layer.

Layering, Protocols and Interfaces

Figure 1 shows a layered network in two computers (hosts) connected by a physical communications channel.

At a given layer (layer n), a program communicates with the corresponding layer in another host. This is peer communication. Because communication in a computer network is based on formalized communication protocols, peer protocol is used to describe the interaction of the corresponding layers in a communications

network. Logically, these two layers communicate directly with one another (the dotted line), but in reality all communication must take place at the lowest layer because the only actual physical link is there (the solid line).

Communication between hosts takes place when layer n on the transmitting host formats a message and passes it down to its layer n-1. (Communication between two layers in one host is called an interface. )«The message continues to be transmitted down until it reaches the bottom layer. It is then sent over the physical link to the receiving host. After being accepted by the lowest layer, the message works its way up to layer n in the receiving host.

An analogy can be made here to the type of communication that goes on in an office environment. For example, suppose the president of ABC Company decides that his softball team should play a series of games against the team sponsored by XYZ Corporation. He calls the captain of the softball team into his office and asks her to find out how XYZ Corporation feels about this plan. The softball team captain asks her

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 385

i visit your (!• I rlrici i xsiufvi i i Idle hx-12 slat by > with the IBM color monitor, your eyes will see the difference.

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/M*]S#$ ,v

HOST A

HOST B

LAYER (n + 1)

LAYER n

PEER PROTOCOL

LAYER (/?+l)

( LAYER n S

( LAYER /J

( ENTITY J

LAYER /?

LAYER (/J-l) PEER PROTOCOL

7 ENTITY /

LAYER n

(LAYER (n -1) ) (ENTITY V

LAYER (/J-l)

^LAYER (/7

J) J

\ENTITY S

LAYER (fl-1)

PHYSICAL CHANNEL

LAYER 3

LAYER 3

LAYER 2

LAYER 2

LAYER 1

LAYER 1

Figure 1: A layered networking implementation of two interconnected host computers. Although a given layer (layer n) in one computer should communicate with the corresponding layer in the other computer, all communication actually takes place through the physical channel, which employs layer-1 protocol.

secretary to deliver the message to the captain of the softball team at XYZ Corporation to find out where XYZ Corporation would prefer to play if a series of games is scheduled.

The ABC secretary calls XYZ Corporation, relays the message and adds some information regarding the team's schedule.

When XYZ's softball team captain arrives at the office, his secretary informs him of the challenge from ABC Company, and he checks with the president of XYZ to find out if he may schedule the games. After receiving permission he asks his secretary to tell ABC Company that the challenge is accepted and that the games should take place in the park. The two secretaries talk again, and then ABC's softball captain reports to her president that the offer has been accepted and all arrangements have been made.

In this example, the only physical communication took place when the secretaries talked on the phone. However, there was a logical, or vir

tual, communication between the two company presidents (advancing and accepting the challenge) and between the two softball team captains (arranging the details of the game).

All of the network architectures currently being proposed as standards are based on the layered-design approach

The communication between the layer ns in figure 1 is the same as the communication between the company presidents in the example.

Peer protocols must follow the specifications of the network architecture precisely if information exchange is to be successful, but the interface between layers may be implemented in any way because it does not affect communication between the two hosts.

Circle 480 on inquiry card.

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Random House and the House design are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. IBM and IBM Personal Computer are registered trademarks of International Business Machines, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft, Inc.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 387

APPLICATION LAYER

APPLICATION LAYER

PRESENTATION LAYER

PRESENTATION LAYER

SESSION LAYER

SESSION LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

TRANSPORT LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

NETWORK LAYER

DATA-LINK LAYER

DATA-LINK LAYER

DATA-LINK LAYER

DATA-LINK LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

PHYSICAL LAYER

HOST COMPUTER

INTERMEDIATE NODE

INTERMEDIATE NODE

HOST COMPUTER

Figure 2: The seven layers of the ISO reference architecture.

Using a layered approach to design computer networks is advantageous because the layers are relatively independent of one another and can be replaced without affecting the entire design. For example, if you have a layered network based on an underlying communication facility consisting of numerous point-to-point data links and if a new local networking technology is developed to allow the network to be intraconnected via one high-speed, coaxial cable bus, you only have to redesign the lower, transmission-oriented layers, which deal directly with the specific transmission media and topology. All of the network architectures currently being proposed by various standards organizations and designed by commercial vendors are based on the layered-design approach.

The Layers

The ISO reference architecture (see figure 2) contains seven layers: the physical, data-link, network, transport, session, presentation, and applications layer.

The lower three layers form the subnet. These layers route data through the network from one host to another. The higher layers are concerned only with the dialogue between the communicating hosts (end-to-end communication).

The distinction between the subnet protocols and the higher-level protocols is particularly important when public data networks are involved because it is this subnet that is supplied to the customer by the public data network.

The layered approach is

advantageous because

the layers are relatively

independent and can

be replaced without

changing the entire

design.

The physical layer resides at the level of the transmission medium (referred to also as the link or channel) over which information is sent between two or more nodes in a network.

The basic unit of information sent and received at this level is the "bit" (one binary digit). Bits can be encoded in a variety of ways depending on the transmission medium employed. Transmission mediums include: a particular voltage signal on a wire for a given time period (baseband signaling), a carrier signal modulated at a certain frequency (frequency-shift keying or FSK), phase changes in a modulated carrier (phase-shift keying or PSK), and

coded pulsations of light transmitted over an optical fiber.

One example of an established physical-layer protocol is CCITT's X.21 standard for the connection of a customer's data-terminal equipment (DTE) to the public data network's data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).

The physical channel is imperfect; not all information will be transmitted and received without error. Therefore, the higher layers must have error-detection and recovery measures.

The data-link layer transfers groups of bits, called frames, between adjacent nodes (machines) in a network. To complete this transfer, the data-link layer has two checks to perform.

First, because the data-link layer may receive invalid data from the imperfect physical layer, a checksum (a single calculated value based on a numerical operation involving each information unit in the frame) is usually affixed to each frame as it is sent by the data-link layer in the transmitting node. When the frame arrives at the receiving node, the appended checksum is compared with a checksum generated locally, and if the two don't match, the receiving data-link layer knows that a transmission error has occurred.

Second, because not all nodes in the network can send and receive data at the same rate, the data-link layer must take charge of flow control. Many different data-link-level protocols allow reliable transmission and balanced flow control.

Two popular flow-control link protocols are "stop-and-wait" and "sliding window" protocols. The stopand-wait protocol uses the positive acknowledgment method to control data flow, in which an acknowledgment (Ack) signal sent back from the receiving node to the transmitting node indicates that the transmission was successfully received and that the receiver is ready for more data. Sliding-window protocols assign each frame a sequence number, and both the sender and receiver maintain a "window" of valid sequence numbers. This method is dependent

388 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Can you tell the IBM from the Transtar 130?

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BYTE September 1983 389

on the receiver's ability to process received data while receiving still more data; thus, the transmitter may send several frames (determined by the window size and other factors) without stopping to wait for an acknowledgment. Transmission of data is held up only when the receiver is incapable of further processing. This method is suitable for full-duplex situations (in contrast to the stopand-wait method, which is suitable for half duplex).

In other schemes separate credit frames are sent to the transmitter when the receiver is ready to process more data.

The network layer (the last layer of the subnet) handles routing; it determines what path a message, or packet, will take through the network to get from the transmitting host to the receiving host.

In a network environment, two host computers generally are separated by an arbitrary number of other nodes not directly involved in that particular communication. Any given

node in the network layer must have some way of determining which way to forward data so that it reaches its intended destination.

There are four states of routing protocols: centralized versus distributed and static versus adaptive.

The network becomes congested when the hosts pump data into the network faster than it can be absorbed and delivered.

A centralized routing protocol stores information regarding network topology at one site. Information on how to route packets resides in each node. This routing protocol has the advantage of centralized control and ease of implementation, but it has two disadvantages: the central site becomes vulnerable because the network cannot function if the routing capability is lost, and the higher level

of communications activity around the routing center can present a throughput problem.

In distributed routing, much depends on the sophistication of the network nodes. Simple nodes can only be supplied with a routing table or an algorithm such as flooding. If the nodes are more sophisticated, an adaptive technique can be used.

With a static routing protocol the routing tables are calculated in advance and no changes can be made in network topology without bringing the network down; in adaptive routing there is some provision for recognizing topology changes and incorporating this information into future routine decisions. Reference 8 provides more information on routing protocols.

The network layer must also deal with congestion. The network becomes congested when the hosts pump data into the network faster than it can be absorbed and delivered. Congestion is similar in some respects to the problem of flow control in the data-link layer, and some methods of dealing with it are the same (the issuing of credits, for example). For a discussion of network congestion and techniques for dealing with it, see reference 4 (pages 215-225).

Because few network architectures have implemented the higher-level protocols, explanations tend to get more abstract once you leave the subnet.

The transport layer ensures an error-free end-to-end connection between two or more communicating hosts. This layer, and all of the higher layers, need to exist only on network hosts (machines that take part in endto-end communications over the network).

Although the data-link layer ensures reliable communication over the separate data links, it does not guarantee reliable exchange of data between hosts. Consider the network depicted in figure 3. Hosts A and B are engaged in an exchange of information over the shortest available path (in this case, the solid line through nodes 1 and 2). In the middle of the dialogue, node 2 becomes

390 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Accept no substitutes.

If you're looking to buy a dBASE-like system, you'll really like dBASE II®

dBASE II is the relational database management system (DBMS) we introduced to the microcomputer world in 1980. It was the best, most powerful and easiest-to-use database management system available.

It still is.

You'll wonder how you managed without it.

Because it's so powerful yet so easy to use, dBASE II has become the standard for managing data with a microcomputer.

Doctors and lawyers, accountants and salespeople, stockbrokers and students, big businesses and small are all managing their data better with dBASE II. Books have been written about it. And other microcomputer data handling programs measure themselves against what dBASE II can do.

dBASE II turns data into a company resource

dBASE II starts where file handling systems (such as our own Friday!™) leave off.

You get a running start on your business solutions because dBASE II includes a complete handson tutorial. You can quickly and easily create a full business information system because all of your data is at your fingertips. Using English-like commands, you add, delete, edit, display, print and manipulate your information.

Once you've decided on what you want done, you save the instructions so that even your least experienced personnel can perform the most complex business functions with two words: Do Invoices, Do Payroll, Do anything that needs to be done.

Your data and your programs are independent, so you can change one without changing the other; in fact, change the way you do business without destroying what you've done.

And dBASE II even simplifies conversion from your present system, and can handle data from other programs, or create files that other programs can use.

Circle 40 on inquiry card.

It's the most advanced information management tool available for your microcomputer. And it's only $700 (suggested retail price).

The best selling DBMS known to man.

dBASE II struck a responsive chord in the business community when it was introduced and quickly became the best selling database management system made for any computer, micro or mainframe.

To see why, drop by your nearest computer or software store and ask for a demonstration. Then take a package home and use it for 30 days. If it's not everything we said it was, return it and get your money back.

But we think you'll keep it.

Can over 150,000 users be wrong?

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^SHTON ■TAIE

©Ashton-Tate 1983

dBASE II is a registered trademark and Friday! is a trademark of Ashton-Tate.

BYTE September 1983 391

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The Corona PC's, desktop and portable, give you everything you've ever wanted in an IBMcompatible PC and more. For a great deal less.

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The Corona PC is a 16-bit microcomputer based on the 8088 microprocessor, just like the IBM PC. And like the IBM PC, it runs any software that conforms to the IBM standard.

But unlike the IBM PC, the Corona PC comes with 128K of memory. Supports up to 512K on the main board. Includes a 320K floppy drive, a communication port, a printer port and an improved IBM PC keyboard.

Both the desktop and portable Corona PC's include high-resolution monitors and built-in graphics. Higher character definition makes both models easier to read, and our 640 x 325 pixel highresolution graphics are over 60% better than the

IBM PC. It's a complete system, the standard for microcomputing in the IBM-compatible world.

You can take it with you.

And unlike IBM, we have a portable version.

Its high-resolution, high-contrast 9" display is easy to read. It has all the power and features of our desktop, but lets you take it to the office next door, across the country or just conveniently tuck it onto a comer of your desk.

More expandability.

You may never add a thing to your Corona PC because we've built in so much capability.

But just in case, we've built all the important components into the main system board, leaving the four expansion slots free. And provided an extra large power supply to support any capabilities you may want to add in the future.

RAM-disk for incredible speed.

Our RAM-disk software lets you treat an area of your computer's memory as if it were a disk drive. So you can copy your programs and data into memory, then watch your work get done faster.

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The Corona PC includes the MS-DOS operating system and comes with GW-BASIC, the MultiMate1 word processor and the PC Tutor2 training course. So you can start being productive immediately

And you can nun Context MBA? dBASE Ilf LogiCalc5and LogiQuest? the EasyFamilyf Wordstar7 and the "Star" family, the SuperWare8 series, TI.M?, the VisiSeries10 and Perfect Series11 of programs and most other popular software.

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Or better yet, just grab your hat and head to the nearest Corona PC dealer for a very convincing demonstration.

O corona The Compatible Company

©Corona Data Systems 1983 1: TM Softword Systems. 2: TM Comprehensive Software Support. 3: TM Context Management Systems. 4: TM Ashton-Tate. 5: TM Software Products International. 6: TM Information Unlimited Software. 7: TM Micropro. 8: TM Sorcim Corp. 9: TM Innovative Software. 10: TM Visicorp. 11: TM Perfect Software Inc.

Circle 117 on inquiry card.

ORIGINAL PATH ALTERNATE PATH

Figure 3: A network that could employ adaptive routing to ensure continuing host-to-host communication in the event of a node failure.

inoperable because of hardware difficulties. There are two ways to ensure the connection: the network layer can incorporate some form of adaptive routing and the connection can be rerouted, or the conversation can be restarted.

In either case, the hosts have a problem. If the entire exchange is started over, what does host B do with the packets already received from host A? According to the linklevel protocol the packets are valid, but if they are accepted by host B, there will be duplication when the same data arrives again over the new

path, resulting in an incorrect message.

The situation is as bad if an alternate path (the dotted line through nodes 5, 4, and 3) is established. How does host A know which packet to begin sending over the new path? Host A knows only that the last packet sent reached node 1 without error. There is no way for host A to determine if the packet was received by node 2 before it crashed, much less if it was successfully forwarded to host B.

The transport layer also must concern itself with end-to-end flow control. Many of the flow-control measures in this layer are similar to those in the data-link layer.

In some networks, the subnet provides a virtual-circuit service. This means that when host A wishes to communicate with host B, host A requests that a connection be set up to host B. This connection is called a virtual circuit because once set up, it can be used in much the same manner as a circuit on a circuit-switched network.

In other networks, the subnet provides only a datagram service. Each packet is considered a separate datagram, and each packet must contain the entire destination address (instead of just a virtual-circuit number). When using the datagram service the subnet does not guarantee the order

in which datagrams will be delivered. The transport layer must sequence the data flow.

The session layer sets up, maintains, and closes down sessions (specific periods of communication) between specific layers on different host computers.

The most important responsibility of this level is that of remote log-on, in which a user on one host logs on to a second; that way, it appears to the second host as if the user is local.

Another session-layer activity is bracketing, which prevents execution of a critical database update until all information needed for that update is received, eliminating the chance of a partial update when transmission is interrrupted. An opening bracket indicates to the session-layer protocol that a critical transaction is starting. When the closing bracket appears, it is safe to allow the transaction to be recorded. If the network should crash before the closing bracket is received, no update takes place.

Current networking architectures do not provide a good example of a distinct session layer. In most of the networks that implement the functions described here, those sessionlayer functions are subsumed in the transport and/or presentation layers.

The presentation layer formats the information being delivered. Some presentation activities are data com

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394 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 450 on inquiry card.

pression and compaction, data encryption, file translation, and virtualterminal protocols.

Data compression eliminates repeated characters, such as blanks at the end of a line. This is usually done by specifying what character is to be compressed and inserting a count to indicate how many repetitions occur at a particular place in the text. Com

paction removes data redundancy by encoding the data in an alternate form.

Data encryption is important because information traveling through the public data networks (as a result of satellite broadcasting, microwave links, etc.) is so accessible (see text box below).

Two types of encryption (which

Encryption and Decryption Procedures

In traditional cryptography, plain text (symbolized by the letter P) is passed through an encryption process (E) to produce cypher text (C). To recover the original plain text, it is necessary to pass the cypher text through a decryption process (D). This procedure is illustrated in figure 4.

Encryption and decryption procedures are generally parameterized with a key (K). Two correspondents wishing to engage in a secret communication agree on a key. Their dialogue will be secure (even when encryption and decryption procedures are public knowledge) because no one else knows the key.

The functional notation generally used to describe the encryption process is C-Ek(P), which means that the cypher text C is produced by applying the encryption procedure E, parameterized by the key K, to the plain text P. The decryption process is notated as P=Dk(C). For two correspondents to be able to read each other's messages, it must be true that P=Dk(Ek(P)).

An encryption method is considered symmetric if P=Ek(Ek(P)), meaning that the encryption process and the decryption process are equivalent. One example of such a process is the exclusive OR of the key value with that of the plain text.

There have been schemes proposed that differ from traditional cryptography; the most prominent of these is public-key encryption. Public-key encryption constructs the encryption and decryption procedures so that it is possible to choose a pair of keys Kl and KZ for which P=Dkl(Ekl(P)) holds true, but P=Dkl(Ekl(P)) does not. In other words, text encrypted with Kl must be decrypted with Kl. Kl can then become the public key, accessible to anyone who wishes to send a private message to the owner of K2.

Public-key encryption yields a promising method of obtaining digital signatures. Digital signatures will become important as more and more business is transacted via company networks. They can be implemented as follows: Kl and Kl are again used, however; this time K2 is in a public file while Kl is a user's private key. If the user wants to send a digital signature to his bank, for instance, he encrypts his name (or some other predetermined text) using his private key Kl. In other words, he performs C=Ekl (signature). Upon receiving the message, the bank performs the decryption signature=Dk2(C). If the decrypted signature matches the expected one, the message must have been sent by the authorized user.

PLAIN TEXT

ENCRYPTION PROCESS

•CIPHER TEXT

CIPHER TEXT

DECRYPTION PROCESS

-PLAIN TEXT

Figure 4: An illustration of the encryption and decryption process.

Circle 144 on inquiry card.

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might be placed in a layer other than the presentation layer) may be necessary in a computer network. One is link encryption, in which data is encrypted by the link (or physical) layer as it flows between two network nodes. The other is end-to-end encryption, in which the encryption and decryption take place between the hosts involved and are performed at the transport layer or above.

Link encryption is valuable as a means of thwarting traffic-flow analysis, where an eavesdropper on the network attempts to gain information by reading the source and destination addresses in the packets to find out who is talking to whom, even though he may not be able to determine exactly what they are saying. If the link layer is to encrypt the packet headers to prevent traffic-flow analysis, each node in the network must know the key to decrypt the headers to determine the route of the packet.

It is unlikely that many users would trust their keys to every network node. Therefore, all networks will probably support some form of end-to-end encryption, and networks in which traffic-flow analysis is an issue will also use link encryption.

For an introduction to cryptology as it applies to information systems, see reference 9; also, see reference 10 for an up-to-date look at security measures in a layered-network environment.

The presentation layer must also be able to translate files from the format of one machine to another so that network users may take advantage of files that exist on the various hosts. Possible kinds of translations range from easy to beyond what is now state of the art.

Translation of a print format is relatively straightforward. However, translations of a syntactic nature (for example, moving floating-point numbers or more complicated data structures from one machine to another) are a little more difficult.

The most difficult translations, in which the actual semantics of the data are involved, have only been addressed in limited research settings. One example of this kind of transla

396 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 141 on inquiry card.

tion would be to send an actual applications program from one computer host to another.

The presentation layer is also responsible for virtual terminal protocols. These protocols eliminate the problem that occurs when some terminals in a computer center are unable to accept a program because they use a different sequence of control characters than the others do to position the cursor.

The virtual-terminal protocols define a hypothetical terminal (the network virtual terminal). Mappings are then established between the virtual terminal's defined functions and the real terminal's functions. If the programmer follows the rules established by the virtual-terminal protocols, his program will run on all of the supported network terminals.

See reference 11 for a summary of virtual-terminal protocols currently in use.

The applications layer is responsible for network-wide program applications. No currently existing network has a truly integrated applications layer, but the most important research topics with regard to the applications layer are distributed databases, distributed computational models, and distributed operating systems. Designers of network-wide applications must determine how to distribute functions that traditionally existed within a single computer to two or more network hosts (distributed control).

There are several motivations for having distributed databases. If different subsets of the database are accessed more frequently in different geographic areas, a distributed database will help keep telecommunications costs down. Also, local control of data may sometimes be appropriate for political or business reasons.

There are two basic models for distributed databases: the replicated database, in which all information is duplicated at each site, and a partitioned database, in which the information is divided up among the various sites. Figure 5 shows how a relational database might be distributed among three different sites using these two methods. A parti

(5a)

SITE A

RELATION

1

RELATION

2

RELATION

3

RELATION

4

RELATION

5

SITE B

RELATION

1

RELATION

2

RELATION

3

RELATION

4

RELATION

5

SITE C

RELATION 1

RELATION 2

RELATION 3

RELATION 4

RELATION 5

REPLICATED DATA BASE (5b)

SITE A

SITE B

SITE C

RELATION 1

RELATION 2

RELATION 3

I I I I I

PARTITIONED DATA BASE

RELATION 5

Figure 5: Two methods of distributing a database among three sites. In a replicated database, all information is duplicated at each site; in a partitioned database, the information is divided among the three sites.

(6a) DISTRIBUTED NETWORK

P=PROCESSOR

(6b) LARGE COMPUTER

TASK A

TASK C

^^askbB

Figure 6: A distributed computational model (a) acting as a mainframe as it shares more than one processor per task. Compare this to a single mainframe handling multiple tasks (b).

September 1983 ©.BYTE Publications Inc. 397

tioned database is useful when you know that a certain part of the database (specific relations, for example) will be updated only at a certain location. A replicated database is more appropriate when each individual site will be doing a lot of queries, but updates are infrequent.

Usually, however, the choice is not this simple, and a combination of these models will be used. Many technical problems must be overcome before general-purpose distributed database systems become commercially viable. Some problems will be solved through services provided by the applications layer (see reference 4, chapter 10.1) and some through improved database architecture (see reference 12).

Research on distributed computational models is aimed at developing a way to schedule more than one processor per task in the distributed network, just as more than one task per processor can be scheduled in the central mainframe (see figure 6). This will make it possible to attain a high degree of generality in task/processor binding and will mean that network designers will have the greatest possible latitude in deciding how to distribute applications.

The next step in generalizing the networking environment will be to distribute the operating system

among the computers in the network. It is difficult to determine where distributed computational facilities end and a distributed operating system begins, but the operating system would be more visible to the person who is using the network. See references 13 and 14 for descriptions of two research implementations in these two areas.

Conclusions

Today most network systems implement only a few of the seven layers of communications protocols described here. The ISO OSI model was designed to incorporate a lack of standardization at lower levels, as long as the differences remain hidden from the higher levels of protocol. Consequently, most implementation occurs at the subnet levels where this variation is allowed. And, until more work is done to establish compatible higher-level protocols, the use of networks will remain limited. ■

Michael Witt is a senior systems analyst at Micro Five Corporation (17791 Sky Park Circle, Irvine, CA 92714.)

References

1. ISO/TC97/SC16. "Reference Model of Open Systems Interconnection." Doc. N227, June 1979.

2. Zimmerman, Hubert. "OSI Reference Model—The ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection." IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. COM-28, No. 4, April 1980.

3. Pouzin, Louis and Hubert Zimmermann. "A Tutorial on Protocols." Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 66, No. LL, November 1978.

4. Tanenbaum, Andrew S. Computer Networks. Prentice-Hall, 1981.

5. Cypser, R.J. Communications Architecture for Distributed Systems. Addison-Wesley, 1978.

6. "Systems Network Architecture—Concepts and Products." IBM Manual GC30-3072-0.

7. "Systems Network Architecture—Format and Protocol Reference Manual." IBM Manual SC30-3112-2.

8. Schwartz, Mischa and Thomas E. Stern. "Routing Techniques Used in Computer Communications Networks." IEEE Transactions of Communications, Vol. COMM-28, No. 4, April 1980.

9. ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 11, No. 4, December 1979. Special Issue on Cryptology.

10. Voydock, Victor L. and Stephen T Kent. "Security in Higher Level Protocols: Approaches, Alternatives and Recommendations." NBS Report No. ICST/HLNP-81-19. Prepared by Bolt, Beranek and Newman Inc., 1981.

11. Day, John D. 'Terminal Protocols." IEEE Transactions of Communication, Vol. COMM-28, No. 4, April 1980.

12. Jacov Ben-Zvi. 'The Time Relational Model." PhD dissertation, UCLA, 1982.

13. Shock, John F. and Jon A. Hupp. 'The Worm Programs—Early Experience with a Distributed Computation." Communications of the ACM, Vol. 25, No. 3, March 1982.

14. Millstein, R.E. 'The National Software Works: A Distributed Processing System." Proceedings of the ACM Annual Conference pp. 44-52, 1977.

a message to our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our subscribers material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only those who are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Direct mail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding information of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other information we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect the wishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish to restrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

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398 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 399

Fujitsu, Japans largest computer company, introduces its Micro 16s personal business computer. The Micro 16s combines Fujitsu's knowledge of semiconductor technology and the step-by-step quality control in manufacturing that's made Fujitsu Japan's number one computer company.

You'll find the Micro 16s is a complete system. Its price includes the CP/M-86 operating system, SuperCalc 2™ spreadsheet, Wordstar* word processing program, a high resolution color monitor, and both the Z80A 8-bit and the 8086 16-bit microprocessors.

With the Micro 16s, you can use over 3,000 8- and 16-bit CP/M software programs available today. In addition, MS™-DOS and the multi-tasking Concurrent CP/M™are available as options.

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CP/MKand Concurrent CP/W'are trademarks ol Digital Research Corporation SuperCalc 2M isa trademark of Sorcim* Corporalion. Wordstar* is a registered trademark of MicroPro International MS*is a trademark of Microsolt*

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If you're looking for quality, value, and performance in a personal business computer, ask for the Fujitsu Micro 16s. For more information, call toll free 1-800-MICRO16. Or write Fujitsu Microelectronics, ■■■■■■■ Inc. Professional Microsystems Division, 3320 Scott FUJITSU Boulevard, Santa Clara, CA 95051.

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Programming Quickies

Cipher via Computer

The One-Time Pad

by Theodore Hines, Lois Winkel, Rosann W. Collins, and Francis A. Harvey

Much has been written about codes and ciphers and their many computer applications. Obviously computers can be used to decode messages and to create code books. They can also encipher and decipher messages by means of a previously agreed upon algorithm. In a sense, algorithms are what computing is all about.

A code is a system of symbols or words with meanings previously determined by those exchanging messages. For instance, a set of five-letter groups such as "ASDMN HCTWL DZCHW" might mean "sell our current gold holdings today," with each group standing for a word or phrase in the appropriate code book. A cipher, on the other hand, consists of transforming the original text in accordance with an algorithm previously agreed upon by the message exchangers.

Perhaps one of the most secure enciphering methods of all is the one-time pad system. In this system, sender and receiver have identical note pads, each page of which lists a series of random numbers. The person sending the message sequentially transforms the characters in accordance with the random numbers on the pad's top sheet. The person receiving the message uses the duplicate of that sheet for deciphering the message. The sheets are then destroyed. Because the same random-number sequence is never used twice, and because each character is encoded randomly (making character-frequency analysis impossible), the system is quite secure.

The enciphering/deciphering program given in listing 1 uses a similar system. The message is encoded via a set of random numbers derived by the programming language's (here, Microsoft's MBASIC) random-number generator. In this case, the random numbers are generated in a manner that uses the ASCII (American National Standard Code for Information Interchange) character set above decimal 32 as cipher characters.

Use of the random-number set for encoding prevents decipherment by frequency analysis. But what about the possibility of repeating the same number set used to encode a series of messages? The program presented here uses a keyword or phrase to determine a number to be used for "seeding" the random-number generator. In this

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Programming Quickies.

Listing 1: Enciphering/deciphering program for Microsoft BASIC. The program uses a keyword or phrase as the seed for generating a random-number series; the series is then used as the basis for encoding (or decoding) a message.

0 '

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

165

170

130

190

200

210

220

230

240

250

260

270

280

290

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

330

390

400

410

420

430

440

450

460

470

430

490

500

510

520

530

540

550

560

570

530

590

600

6 10

620

630

640

650

660

670

690

CIPHER PROGRAM Copyright (c) 1931 by Theodore C. Hines

This pros

fairly c1o

It can be

randomizin

However*

' are know n

' randomize

' d e u i s e t h

ram uses an enciphering algorithm which

sely approximates the one-time pad tachniiue.

made more secure by using a personal

9 function.

euen if the keyword and the randomizer

p the algorithm for determining the

r number must be figured out. Users may

eir own algorithm for this purpose.

INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO ENCODE OR DECODE? (E OR D)»A* IF LEFT*(A*,1)="D" THEN 410 IF LEFT*(A*r1)<>"E" THEN 150 INPUT "FILE TO READ FROM? ",A*

I".IfA$

"FILE TO WRITE TO? ",A*

0"r2fA$

OPEN ' INPUT OPEN '

COSUB 620

RANDOMIZE C IF EOFQ) T LINE INPUT* PRINT A* IF A* = "" TH FOR 1=1 TO C=INT(RND( . B=ASC(MIB*( B=B-32 D = B+C

IF D>95 THE D=D+32 B*=B*+CHR*( NEXT I PRINT #2,B* PRINT B* 13* = "" GOTO 230 CLOSE:- PRIN 'DECYPHER INPUT "FILE OPEN "I'M INPUT "FILE IF A*<>"" T GOSUB 620 RANDOMIZE C IF E0F(1) T LINE INPUT* FOR 1=1 TO C =INT(RND( A=ASC(MID*( D = A-C

IF D<32 THE D*=D*+CHR*( NEXT I PRINT D* IF S=l THEN D* = "" GOTO 430 CLOSE: PRIN 'KEYWORD SU LINE INPUT FOR 1=1 TO A=ASC(MID*( C = C+A NEXT I RETURN

HEN 400 1 f A*

EN GOTO 360 LEN(A*) 5)*95)+l. A*tlr1))

N D=D-95 D)

T "CLOSED!": END

TO READ FROM? "»A* A*

TO WRITE TO? "tA* HEN OPEN "0".2rA*: S=l

HEN 610 1» A* LEN(A*> .5)*95)-i-l A*. It 1) )

N D=D+95 D)

PRINT#2> 13*

T "CLOSED!1 BROUTINE "KEYWORD? LEN(A*) A*iIi 1) >

END

■ A*

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Not only does the ABM-83 offer far more features essential in day-to-day data entry and word processing tasks than the 920 or 925, but the ABM-83 provides designed-in end-user ergonomics better suited for a highly productive business environment. Ourcrisper, high resolution display dramatically reduces eye fatigue and our humanly engineered keyboard with sculptured keys provides for greater operator ease and productivity. Standard

with the ABM-83 are 24 user-programmable function keys (non-volatile memory optional).

In addition to the ABM-83 shown, ask about the unique ABM-85H that offers user selectable embedded or non-embedded attributes, 93 graphics and 4 international character sets: all set-ups, 16 programmable function keys and programmable answerback stored in non-volatile memory; up to three pages of additional display (optional), as well as all of the great advantages of the ABM-83. (Third party service by RCA.)

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Distributor and Dealer Inquiries Invited.

Circle 253 on inquiry card.

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Buy ASCI Intelligent Port Expanders

• High Reliability Port Expanders . Multiple Protocol Compatible

• Remote Control Operation . Matrix Switching

• Supports Polling and Queing

. Multiple Inputs/Multiple Outputs

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Altos — Burroughs — Data General — DEC

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and other key manufacturers.

Call 213-793-8979 for special discount schedule for systems integrators.

Advanced Systems Concepts Inc.

435 N. Lake Ave., Dept. B9

Pasadena, CA 91 I o I

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Programming Quickiesmm—^-^^^—

program, the seed is very simply derived by adding together the ASCII values of the characters in the keyword. Much more complex algorithms could be used. The keyword could be varied with each message, or a number from some predetermined sequence (such as pi) could be added to the keyword figure to form the seed. Other bewildering elements might be included, such as starting with an agreed upon nth number in the random series, omitting every nth number, or skipping n random numbers in the table. You could insert a personal randomizing algorithm rather than use the one built into BASIC. Most users could easily adapt the BASIC code given here to their particular machines and applications. Note that TRS-80 Level II BASIC'S randomizer can be given a known seed by poking the seed in the bytes located at 16554 through 16556 (decimal).

Some versions of BASIC (Applesoft and TRS-80 Level II, for example) do not have a LINE INPUT function. This means that either you may not be able to key in commas or colons in the data to be coded or that you'll need to write a new input loop using the INKEY$ or GET functions for inclusion of these punctuation marks in your input string. Similarly, input from a file in these versions of BASIC may ignore information in a sequentialfile record that follows a colon or comma. In this case, you'd need to convert these characters to the ASCII value of some character not in the data or use some other method. The encoding routine must not generate a comma or a colon. (If this puzzles you, drop us a query.)

In a way, the program given here is just a sample of what could be done. Those who have to send their code on paper (instead of in machine-readable form) to the receiver might want to restrict the cipher alphabet to capital letters and to print out the cipher text in five-letter (or so) groups. The computer could simply produce a pair of one-time pads, or the cipher as sent might consist only of numbers—random plus ASCII—rather than being translated into ASCII as is done here.

The enormous effort of trying to crack such a cipher would hardly be repaid by finding out from the local CBBS (computer bulletin board system) or electronic mail that George wants Matilda to meet him at Leon's Lounge at 12:30 or that Al won't go any higher than $250 for the S-100 board in question. On the other hand, the program is easy to implement, reasonably secure, fun to play with, and will cost you considerably less than commercial cipher programs.

As noted earlier, codes, ciphers, and computers seem to go together. If you like this program, you may want to get a copy of David Kahn's The Codebreakers (Macmillan, 1967), an enormously entertaining and informative history. It will also give you lots of ideas for programs. ■

The authors can be reached c/o Lois Winkel, 1113 Hill St., Greensboro, NC 27408.

406 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 561 on inquiry card.

Is your personal computer TOO personal?

Lets face it!

It's difficult to envision a business environment where only one

person needs access to the daily statistics of the business.

The Salesman wants to know if his customer's product shipped.

The Accountant wants to know if the bills are paid.

The Secretary has to get that letter out.

You can't afford to keep

them waiting.

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The unique architecture of the IMS Multiprocessor System allows all functions to be performed simultaneously!

Choose from the IMS family of expandable computers to fit your business.*

•4 user 5000IS System shown. Other IMS systems expandable to 8 and 16 users.

Call or write today for the location of your nearby IMS dealer.

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BYTE September 1983 407

RacKExt 5000"

In a word, a star is bora

PeachText 5000™ has arrived. A complete personal productivity system for word processing, financial modeling, mailing lists and simple data-base management. All at one price-$395.00. And all from Peachtree Software Incorporated.

The quality is unmistakably Peachtree: proven, powerful applications with menu-driven features, easy-to-use documentation and quick access to "Help" prompts. And they're fully interactive.

PeachText 5000 is available for the IBM Personal Computer,™ the COMPAQ Portable Computer,™ the Texas Instruments Professional Computer™ and the Zenith Z-100.

The PeachText 5000 Personal Productivity System includes:

1

Word processing

PeachText™ word processor. PeachText has long been recognized as one of the best in the industry, with sophisticated print capabilities second to none and complete editing capabilities for creating and manipulating a variety of documents. We've made it even better for PeachText 5000.

We've even installed the Random House Electronic Thesaurus™ in PeachText.

Spelling Proofreader. This highperformance package can check a 10,000-word document for spelling and typographical errors in less than two minutes.*

2

Financial planning

Turn your computer's memory into a worksheet for financial and other mathematical analysis. PeachCalc™ will address up to 256K of RAM, so you don't have to worry about your memory space outstripping PeachCalc's capacity. Combine spreadsheets with PeachCalc's merge functions or insert PeachCalc reports

into PeachText documents. You can even use the "Execute" command to set up material from PeachText or other files to be fed into PeachCalc.

3

Data management

List Manager. This module uses Peachtree's state-of-the-art screen manager and index file manager to give you complete control over the design and use of mailing lists, labels and other files or reference aids. Output can be used with the PeachText word processor to individualize form letters or template documents.

Limited Time Introductory Offer

Now PeachText 5000 is available for $395.00. That's right-just $395.00.

And that's not all. With your PeachText 5000 package you will receive:

A free box of 10 Peachtree/WabashS1/^ diskettes to hold the fruits of your new Peachtree productivity,

A coupon to get Peachtree's "Access Pak" for $10.00. The Access Pak, which has a retai value of $525.00, includes Information Access, which allows you to extract information from Peachtree accounting products for use with PeachText

5000 applications. And you get file converter programs to make existing WordStar," Easy Writer™ and VisiCalc™ files usable with PeachText 5000 —because you shouldn't have to suffer because you've waited this long for the complete personal productivity system.

Free 30-day support from Peachtrei Software Incorporated, on return of the registration card.

PeachText 5000 is here. The complete personal productivity system. And it's unmistakably Peachtree.

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

*In actual trials using an IBM Personal Computer and 320K diskettes, Spelling Proofreader checked a 10,024-word document in one minute and 15 seconds, using the standard 20,000-word dictionary supplied with the package. Checking times may vary depending on your hardware.

WordStar is a trademark of MicroPro International Corporation.

Easy Writer is a trademark of Information Unlimited Software.

VisiCalc is a trademark of VisiCorp.

Random House Electronic Thesaurus is a trademark of Random House Inc.

Unmistakably Peachtree

Peachtree^ Software™

Who are the dealers in my area?

Name:

Company:

Address:

City:

^Telephone:.

_State_

_Zip:_

© 1983 Peachtree Software Incorporated an MSA company

3445 Peachtree Road. N.E./8th Floor/Atlanta, Georgia 30326/1-800-554-8900 BYT983

CUBE! FROM

CUBIT. The only game of its kind for the Apple Computer.

Innovative, new and colorful. Cubit offers an extra dimension. It transforms a two-dimensional screen to a 3-D arena. Cubit offers more than just the hand/eye coordination of typical shoot'emup games. It offers fast-moving, action filled, strategy based entertainment. And you don't have to be a concert pianist to handle the controls. Simple to learn, yet enormously challenging to master. Playable with both joystick and keyboard.

For 48K Apple Computers with 3.3 DOS. Enjoyable in black and white, but a whole lot more fun on color monitor.

Look for our next game, to be released soon.

Dealer/Distributors — Please contact us for details on Cubit and our Apple and IBM PC line of products.

Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers, inc.

Micromax Systems, Inc.

6868 Nancy Ridge Drive San Diego, California 92121 (619) 457-3131

See us at forthcoming Applefest and Comdex shows.

—r — —:

INNOVATORS IN MICRO-COMPUTER SOFTWARE

Dealer Inquiries circle 518, all others circle 519

Does Your Printer Work with Wordstar?

Overcome compatibility problems between Wordstar and your printer

You might think it's reasonable to assume that getting a popular wordprocessing program, an equally popular personal computer, and a printer to work together would be a breeze—just plug everything in and

Nothing is ever that simple.

Even with such widely used products as IBM's Personal Computer and Micropro International's Wordstar program, compatibility can be a problem. In this article, I will point out some of the troubles you may face when trying to combine these two with a printer, and I will describe ways to get around these problems.

Printer Pointers

First, you must make sure your printer will work with Wordstar. Unfortunately, there is little standardization in the printer industry, which means that not all printers will work with all word-processing programs.

When you have determined that your printer is compatible with Wordstar, your next step is to connect the printer to the computer. This task will be easier if you break it into three parts: get your computer sys

by Charles Stevenson

tern to work, get it to work right, and get it to work at its best.

To get your system to work, first make sure the printer itself works. Many new printers have a self-test mode. Use this to find out if the printer has survived its trip from the factory to your computer. Be sure that the ribbon and print wheel are properly installed and that other adjustments required prior to first use have been made.

Even slight variations

from printer standards

can wreak havoc with

software.

Next, check that the cable between the printer and computer will work. The IBM Personal Computer usually accepts printers with parallel interfaces. If the printer has a Centronicstype 36-pin male connector, it should mate with the parallel printer cable sold by IBM, but there are exceptions. There is at least one printer on the market with a Centronics connec

tor that requires a special cable because the electrical signals are not on the same pins. A connector with the wrong gender (the Centronics connector on the end of the IBM-supplied parallel printer cable is female) will require a gender-changer cable.

Serially interfaced printers may cause different problems. The asynchronous port on the IBM Personal Computer is defined as a modem port, rather than a printer port. A modem port puts the remote computer in charge while the IBM Personal Computer acts as a terminal, but a printer port assumes that the Personal Computer is running the show. To put your Personal Computer back "in charge," a number of wires must be interchanged through a special cable, not usually supplied by either the printer manufacturer or IBM. To wire your own cable, interchange pins as shown in figure 1.

If the cable still doesn't work during the testing (described in a moment), consult the appropriate manuals to determine what signals are required at each end of the cable. You may need to experiment a bit before you get it right, but your

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 411

TRANSMITTED DATA

Figure 1: A cable must be specially wired to connect the IBM Personal Computer to a printer through an RS-232C serial link. Because both the computer and the printer are set up as data-terminal equipment (DTE), connections must be crossed so that each communicates with data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).

dealer or the printer manufacturer should be able to help you if you can't figure it out. (See reference 3.) When the cable is wired and installed, check to make sure the printer will work with it. You also must make sure that all options that can be selected with switches on the printer are set according to the documentation. Make note of the settings as you may need this information later.

Trying It Out

The first test you should try with your computer and printer is to print a directory. Obviously, if what shows up on the paper doesn't match what shows up on the screen, something is wrong, and you should not proceed until you can print a directory listing. If your printer is connected through the parallel port, typing a Control-P or Control-PrtSc will establish a logical link to the printer so that anything going to the screen will also be printed. A serially connected printer must be activated by two MODE commands from PC-DOS. The first is

MODE COMl:12,8,N,l,P

This means that the printer is set up to run at 1200 bps (bits per second), with 8 data bits, no parity, 1 stop bit, and the printer option. The second:

MODE LPTl: = COMl

switches the output from the parallel port to the serial port. See the PCDOS manual for further details.

If the printed directory is unrecognizable or if nothing prints, then the data rate is probably incorrect. If you get gaps, misalignment of columns, or other printing that is almost right, there is probably a problem with handshaking on the serial port, causing characters to be lost because of buffer overflow. If this has happened, check your cabling. If the cabling seems all right, contact the printer manufacturer or your dealer for help.

Note: printers that are connected through the parallel port can also fail to handshake properly if they are not set to respond to the STROBE line correctly. (This is a control line that signals when data is valid.) The IBM Personal Computer expects the printer to accept data when STROBE is low. In some cases, the printer's strobe input may accept data when high. There may be a switch somewhere inside the printer to invert this signal. If you suspect this to be the problem, change the switch position and try again.

At this point, your system is working and may be working correctly. Next test: find (or create) a text file that will fill at least two pages. After turning the printer on with ControlP (or Control-PrtSc), use the TYPE command from PC-DOS to print the text file. Examine the printout carefully. If you find no errors, such as missing characters or lines, you can be sure the connection is correct.

Run one more test to make sure your system is working right. Using the Install program that comes with Wordstar, select the nonspecific (fixed-escapement) serial printer option for your first attempt at Wordstar (this will appear as the "Teletype-like printer" or "standard printer" option; specify the backspacing capability that is appropriate for your printer.) Run Wordstar and

print the test file on the Wordstar distribution disk (EXAMPLE.TXT or PRINT.TST, depending on the version of Wordstar you have). If this output looks acceptable (don't worry about vertical positioning of subscripts and superscripts or about the lines in the test output that mention character width and line height), run Install once again. This time, select the option appropriate for your printer by name. Then, reenter Wordstar and print the same text file. If your printer can handle all the Wordstar output commands, you will see a remarkable transformation in the printout. Subscripts and superscripts will be in the right places (a little below or above the printing line rather than a whole line space apart). Boldface type will look bold. The lines in the test files that show the effects of changing character width and line height will do so.

If this happens, and if nothing was misprinted or lost, your system is working at its best. If the printout doesn't look right, you may still have a handshaking problem that can only be resolved by the printer manufacturer or computer dealer.

Teletype versus Microspaced Printing

You may wonder why Wordstar prints the file correctly when the printer operates as a Teletype-like device but loses characters when the printer is formatting output for a microspaced specialty printer like a Diablo, Qume, or NEC Spinwriter.

This happens because specialty printers are sent a large number of extra characters to tell it to set the width of individual characters to justify the text. The extra characters cause the buffer in the printer to fill much more quickly with formatted output (occasionally causing the loss of some characters) than it does when the printer output is in the nonspecific (Teletype) mode.

The problem of lost characters may not be discovered when there are only a few pages of text because there may not be enough text to fill the buffer. The larger the buffer, the longer it takes to find out that some

412 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

YOU DAMAGE YOUR COMPUTER, PLUG IT IN RIGHT.

INTRODUCING THE WIRE TREE AC SURGE PROTECTOR, FROM NETWORK

Power surges and voltage spikes. Their causes can be as simple as someone opening your refrigerator, or running a power tool, or switching on a fluorescent light.

But their results can be devastating. They can wipe out your computer's memory. Even damage its sensitive circuits.

That's why smart computer users protect their i—rpersonal computers jjL by pi ugg i ng them r\ r into The Wire Tree from * Networx.

W##i

The Wire Tree

A four Outlet Filtered Power Source

Voltage Constant R.F, Intersurge en- power out- ference tersThe put enters The Wire Tree. Wire Tree.

The Wire Tree has four outlets and provides power surge protection that conforms to IEEE guidelines.

It comes with a bracket to mount underneath your desk or table and has a unique cable support feature which organizes your system's power cords into a neat bundle and moves them out of your way And it lets you control system power from a single illuminated on/off switch. You've invested a lot of time and

1 money in your computer

system. Protect that investment with The Wire Tree. Ask for one at your local computer store.

Filtered power output

Networx, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11237 (212) 821-7555

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 413

Join the dub.

ITM is for those people who want straight

talk about what software is available

in the marketplace and want to buy it at

the lowest prices.

Expertise and low prices are just two reasons

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For complete information on the 8 other

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characters are being lost. (Incorrect cabling is often the cause of this problem.) On the other hand, the raster the data transmission, the sooner the problem will show up. The quickest way to find buffering problems is to reduce the buffer size to the minimum and increase the data rate to the maximum.

Some printers do not have the features the specialty printers have to produce elegant Wordstar printing. (See the sidebar "Necessary Printer Functions for Wordstar.") The problem stems from the two mutually exclusive printer-driver routines in Wordstar. The PDAIS routine requires that the printer understand a small but necessary set of commands, and if the printer does not understand even one of them, PDAIS cannot be used. The PTTY routine can be activated instead of PDAIS, but it has limited expandability. The Wordstar overlay structure prohibits PTTY and PDAIS from being stored in memory at the same time.

Patching Wordstar

Dot-matrix printing technology has produced a great variety of relatively low-cost printers suitable for IBM's Personal Computer. Each of these printers has a number of enhanced printing modes that people would like to use, but there has been little consistency in the implementation of these features. Also, very few of these printers can do all the things required by PDAIS.

Some users have sent program patches (modifications) to Micropro that open up many of these printing modes for Wordstar use, and some patching packages are being marketed by firms other than Micropro. These patching techniques take one of the user-print functions, such as Control-PQ, and extend it to a threeletter control sequence. Doing this requires that every character be intercepted as it is being sent to the printer driver to see if it is, in this case, Control-P. If so, the patch must divert the next character to a new piece of code that checks it for extended capability. These operations make use of a memory area called

414 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

S-100 STATIC MEMORY BREAKTHROUGH

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Finally, you can buy state-of-the-art S-100/IEEE 696 static memory for your computer at an unprecedented savings.

Memory Merchant's memory boards provide the advanced features, quality and reliability you need for the kind of operational performance demanded by new high-speed processors.

Completely Assembled.

These memory boards are not kits, nor skeletons — but top-quality, highperformance memories that are shipped to you completely assembled, burned-in, socketed, tested and insured with one of the industry's best warranties. Superior Design & Quality.

Memory Merchant's boards are created by a designer, well known for his proven ability in advanced, cost-efficient memory design. Innovative circuitry provides you with highly desired features and incredible versatility.

Only first-quality components are used throughout, and each board is rigorously tested to assure perfect and dependable performance.

No Risk Trial.

We are so convinced that you will be absolutely delighted with our boards that we extend a no-risk trial offer. After purchasing one of our boards, you may return it (intact) for any reason within 15 days after shipment and we will refund the purchase price (less shipping).

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• Field-proven operation in CROMEMCO CROMIX* andCDOS*.

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OEM and DEALER inquiries invited.

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The reliability of our boards, through quality-controlled production and proven performance, has enabled us to extend our warranty to a full two years. That's standard with us, not an option. This includes a 6-month exchange program for defective units.

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All Memory Merchant's boards are shipped direct from stock, normally within 48 hours of receipt of your order. Call us at (415) 483-1008 and we may be able to ship the same day.

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Prices, terms, specifications subject to change without notice.

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MORPAT, and code placed in that area is not supported by Micropro. Furthermore, Micropro cannot commit itself to leaving MORPAT in the same place in future versions of Wordstar, so new versions of Wordstar may require new versions of the printer patch code. A worse problem could be created if the user buys another program that connects to Wordstar through MORPAT, resulting in a conflict that might mean that neither enhancement would work. Wordstar was designed for specialty printers. Low-cost matrix printers can provide an inexpensive way of obtaining output from Wordstar, but will never be of the same quality as the engraved-print daisy-wheel and thimble printers. (Be aware, however, that not all daisy-wheel printers can be used as specialty printers under Wordstar. If in doubt, ask your dealer.)

Future Compatibility

Many printer manufacturers are now conferring with software manufacturers before their printers hit the market. Software designers can often detect and report hardware problems, incompatibilities, and design errors in printers in time to get them fixed before distribution. Printer manufacturers who disregard these offers of cooperative assistance run the risk of producing products that never perform satisfactorily in their intended roles.

Cooperative assistance between printer and software manufacturers should help alleviate future compatibility problems among programs, printers, and computers.■

References

1. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build an RS-232C Breakout Box." BYTE, April 1983, page 28.

2. Leioson, Steve. "The Input/Output Primer, Part 4: The BCD and Serial Interfaces." BYTE, May 1982, page 202.

3. Witten, Ian H. "Welcome to the Standards Jungle." BYTE, February 1983, page 146.

Charles Stevenson is chief programmer at Micropro International Corporation (33 San Pablo Ave., San Rafael, CA 94903).

Necessary Printer Functions for Wordstar

In order to use all the features of Wordstar, your printer must accept all the commands Wordstar uses to position the platen. If any one of them is missing, your printer will operate correctly in Teletype mode only, a nonspecific mode that does not include advanced features, such as proportional spacing and subscripts. The user's manual for your printer should tell if the following commands are available:

Set Horizontal Motion Index (HMI) Set Vertical Motion Index (VMI)

These commands set the character width and line height without causing direct motion. HMI is given in HOths of an inch, VMI is given in 48ths of an inch. An increment of 1/60 inch is also allowed, but results are not as satisfactory. The printer must also have minimum and maximum values for these commands. The command must take effect immediately with no restrictions on setting or resetting within a line. Tor example:

Print left to right (LTR) Print right to left (RTL)

There should be explicit commands for each direction. Bidirectional printers without these options may work, but you should check with Micropro. Explicit commands include:

Space Backspace Carriage Return

These must operate in conjunction with printing direction and the setting of HMI. If RTL printing is in effect, a carriage return should set the printing mode to LTR. Some printing directions are:

Linefeed Reverse linefeed Reset printer

If a software Reset is not available, a command that returns the printer to the power-on state must be supplied. Such a command string must not exceed 16 bytes.

Your printer may recognize other commands, such as for shifting between ribbon colors or changing fonts, but these must not conflict with the required commands.

416 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

DISCOVER THE DYSAN DIFFERENCE

Four Reasons Why The Dysan

isWxth Paying For

1

100% Surface • Tested

2

SURFACE BEI-ORE BURNISHING

Advanced Burnishing • Techniques

5.

£)Y10™ Lubricant

4

Only Dysan provides fully usable diskette surfaces that are truly 100% error-free across the entire face of the diskette. An exclusive onand-between the track testing procedure guarantees error-free performance regardless of temperature and humidity distortions or slight head misalignments.

Dysan's advanced polishing methods create a smoother, more uniform diskette surface. This results in better signal quality on each track, less wear on drive heads and reliable access to data after millions of head passes.

Dysan's proprietary DY10 lubricant complements the advanced burnishing process. Both maximize errorfree performance while minimizing headwear. Optimal signal presence is maintained between the head and diskette surface during millions of write/ read interfaces.

DY10 is a trademark of Dysan Corporation

Auto-Load • Certification

Dysan's unique quality control methods reflect technological leadership in designing, producing and testing precision magnetic media. Each diskette is unerringly certified by Dysan built, automated and microprocessor controlled certifiers. Your system and data base will benefit from Dysan's diskette reliability and unsurpassed quality.

W&

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Select from a complete line of premium 8" and 51/-*" diskettes, in single or double densities, certified on one or both sides.

Circle 160 on inquiry card.

Corporate Headquarters:

5201 Patrick Henry Drive Santa Clara, CA 95050 (800) 551-9000

BYTE September 1983 417

NOVATION CATS VS. HAYES

Take a close look at both and you'll discover the Novation SmartCat™ modems give you everything you get with the Hayes Smartmodem —plus some critical extras. OFF-T1IE-SIIELF SOFTWARE

It's a draw. There's a lot of software tor both.

For the Smart-Cats, there's ASCII Express "The Pro,"IM Crosstalk 16,™ Transend'" and more that let you do virtually anything you'd like. No compromises.

ONLY ON THE CATS Instant status report

Place a call and your Smart-Cat knows what's going on every microsecond. Fail to get a dial tone? Your Smart-Cat tells you right now. With Hayes, you can wait through an entire call-answer cycle—then wonder what went wrong.

With special longdistance telephone services, you must wait for dial tone part way through a lona

■' ■: ■

dialing sequence. The Hayes modem relies on a pause—which works if things go just ri^Ht. Smart-Cat waits, detects the tone, then completes dialing. It always works. True, automatic "redialing"

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With Hayes, you need escape and re-entry codes when on-line. With the Cats, just enter a single command —or even string a bunch together. Smart-Cats follow them, then go back on-line. No lost contacts. No lost data. Test everything

The Hayes modem has only internal self-testing. But the Cats do

more. They also test the rest of the communications loop. At 1200 baud, the Cats can automatically run data over the line, through the other modem and back. You know it your modem is right. You know it the rest of the loop is right, too. NOVATION LSI VS. HAYES DISCRETE COMPONENTS

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Our LSI does something else extremely logical. It cuts costs. $595' (NOVATION) VS. $695' HAYES)

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How to make a smarter buy on smart modem

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SSM Microcomputer Products, Inc. • Smart-Cat is a trademark ot Novation • Hayes is a tradename ol Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc. ' Suggested retail prices

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

In-Circuit Emulation for the Apple II Computer

You can convert your Apple into a host for testing a target system's hardware and software

by John D. Ferguson

Without doubt, the easiest method of debugging any microprocessorbased computer system is to access that system through its processor socket. Using in-circuit-emulation (ICE) techniques, the most powerful diagnostic aids currently available, the processor of the unit under test (the target) is removed, and a second microcomputer system (the host) is linked to the target through the target's processor socket.

Emulators are usually associated with expensive microprocessor development systems or equally expensive troubleshooting tools such as the Fluke 9010A (manufactured by the John Fluke Company of Everett, Washington). However, with one simple circuit you can turn your Apple II into a host computer for emulation purposes. This allows it to test hardware and evaluate software in a target system based on a 6502 microprocessor (or one compatible with the 6502).

The Apple II in-circuit emulator is carried on one Apple card. A 40-conductor ribbon cable, terminated in a dual-inline plug, connects the ICE to the target microcomputer (see figure 1). The ICE card gives the Apple limited emulation capability, allowing it to relocate any 2K-byte block of address space in the target system into

the normally free memory area at locations C800 through CFFF hexadecimal in the Apple (see figure 2). The memory region observed in the target system is software selected by writing to an address-select latch. Because this selection is under program control, you can write routines in the host system to test the target system's entire memory map.

With one simple circuit you can turn the Apple II into a host computer for emulation purposes.

Test software can be written in either a high-level language, such as BASIC, or in machine code, and it can be directed at the main functional blocks within the target system: system buses, RAM (random-access read/write memory), ROM (readonly memory), and I/O (input/output) devices.

Routines written in BASIC tend to be inconveniently slow for even the simplest tests. The more effective approach is to write standard test modules in machine code and use a BASIC program to form an overall test strategy that sequences the tests

and guides the user with recommendations if a fault is detected.

In this article I'll describe test modules for exercising the system buses and testing RAM and ROM. Ill conclude with a case study that illustrates how the Apple ICE can be used to test Rockwell International's AIM-65 single-board computer.

ICE Hardware

Figure 3 on page 422 shows a circuit diagram of the ICE card. Address lines A0_to A10 together with control lines R/W, <j>0, and RES pass directly from the Apple to the target system via octal driver chips IC4 and IC5. However, address lines All to A15 in the target system are not obtained from their Apple equivalents but are instead generated by the block-select latch IC3. For selection of the five most significant lines in the target system, a control word is first written to this latch, which is clocked by the Apple I/O SELECT line. Hence, if the ICE was in slot 5, the following short program would set All to A15 in the target system to zero:

LDA #$00 \ sets All to A15 to zero

STA C500 \ activates the I/O SELECT

line in slot 5.

After the block-select latch is con

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 419

1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 I 1,11.11. IF

l.l.l.l.l.l.l.l.FTTT

I I I I I IT' Ft

3Z

i f<~

J-L

TTT IT

B

TARGET SYSTEM

ICE CARD

1 1 1 1 II II 1 II 1 1 Mil II

1 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 1

II 1 II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '

-i-r

1 1 11 II 1 1 ' '

III III II II

APPLE COMPUTER (HOST)

Figure 1: The -processor is removed from the target system, which is then connected to the host via a 40-conductor ribbon cable.

figured, any read or write operations to memory locations between C800 and CFFF hexadecimal in the Apple activate the address decoder chip IC1 and enable the output of latch IC3, establishing corresponding addresses between 0000 and 07FF hexadecimal in the target system.

The address decoder (IC1) also enables the octal transceiver (IC2), allowing data to be either written to or received from the target system. The decoder IC1 might seem unnecessary because I/O STROBE is active low for addresses between C800 and CFFF hexadecimal. However, close examination of I/O STROBE's timing shows that its low state appears too late in the timing cycle to enable slow memory or I/O devices in the target system (see figure 4 on page 427).

TARGET SYSTEM

APPLE n (HOST)

0000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 A000 B0O0 C000 D000 E000 F000

Figure 2: Any 2K-byte block of memory space in the target system can be mapped into the normally empty memory slot from location C800 to CFFF hexadecimal in the Apple.

420 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Test Software

The software required for testing falls into two categories: (1) routines that exercise and test the various functional areas of the target microcomputer—its system buses, RAM, ROM, and I/O devices—and (2) the overall test program, which guides you through the test sequence, calling the functional tests and performing the tasks normally performed by a fault-finding tree (i.e., pinpointing the source of the fault and suggesting a remedy—for instance, "replace IC28'—or initiating a new test to gather more information).

The following section describes the functional tests, providing three routines written in 6502 assembly language. Each program operates on the memory window at locations C800 to CFFF hexadecimal between the Apple and the target system.

Address and Data-Bus Toggle Test

Before launching into complex tests of the system's ICs, test the integrity of the system buses. With a toggle test you can exercise the address and data-bus lines by alternately driving them high and low. Listing 1 on page 427 shows such a test program, which starts by selecting addresses in the binary pattern 10101 ... in the target system. A dummy read is then made to address AAAA hexadeciText continued on page 427

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POLICY

In-stock items shipped within 24 hours of order. Personal checks require four weeks clearance before shipping. No deposit on CO. D. orders. Free shipping on prepaid cash orders within the continental U.S. PA residents add sales tax. All products subject to availability and price change. Advertised prices show 4% discount offered for cash, add 4% for Master Card or Visa. DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 421

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Figure 3: A circuit diagram of the Apple ICE card.

ill September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 5 on inquiry card.

-^Brn union

Telegram

ftLL IBM PC USERS

TOtA YUEN, VP NfflXETWs, ^ ^

^ SEARCH, IHC.

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Circle 214 on inquiry card.

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Circle 389 on Inquiry card.

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Text continued from page 420 mal, placing the high, low, high, low pattern on the target-system bus. The select latch is again accessed and addresses in the binary pattern 01010 ... are selected, followed by a dummy read to location 5555 hexadecimal, thus complementing the previous address-bus pattern. This procedure is repeated 256 times before a similar test pattern is started on the target system's data bus.

Exercising the system buses with this pattern allows the operator to determine, using an oscilloscope or logic probe, whether each line in the target system is drivable (i.e., no lines are stuck high or low) and whether each line is continuous from its source (the processor socket) to its destination on each chip.

A more complex test could also

check for shorts between lines by injecting a characteristic frequency or pattern onto each line. You could then use a frequency meter or oscilloscope to check for corruption between lines.

Toggling the system buses 256 times does not allow enough time for checking even one circuit node. The short routine below illustrates how the bus test (BTEST) is used in the test sequencing program:

180

190

200 210

PRINT "BUS TESTINGPROBE TARGET SYSTEM BUSES"

PRINT "(PRESS SPACE FOR NEXT TEST)" CALL BTEST IF PEEK (-16384) <= 127 THEN 200

By placing the test within a loop that also checks the keyboard, the test repeats until you press the space bar, signaling that further testing isn't needed.

*o clock ~~\ / \ / \

ADDRESS )[ ](

I/O STROBE

CS FROM IC1 (74LS138)

\_r

i

Figure 4: Relative timing of the Apple slot signal I/O STROBE and the CS signal from IC1. Note that the I/O STROBE signal occurs too late for use in selecting the target address bus.

Listing 1: Toggling all address and data-bus lines.

SOURCE FILE: APPTOG

0000:

1

ft***********************************

*****************

*****************************

0000:

2

ADDRESS AND DATA BUS TEST

0000:

3

TOGGLE ADDRESS BUS AAAA-5555

0000:

4

256 TIMES

0000:

5

TOGGLE DATA BUS AA-55

0000:

6

256 TIMES

0000:

7

»**».**»**«********••**•»«•«••****«*

*****************

*****************************

0000:

8

C500:

9

SELECT EQU

$C500

2K SELECT LATCH

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME

IS APPTOG.OBJ0

2100:

10

ORG

$2100

2100.A2 00

11

LDX

#00

SET COUNTER TO ZERO

2102:

12

EXERCISE ADDRESS BUS

2102A9 AA

13

A.BUS LDA

#$AA

SELECT ADDRESSES 10101XXX

2104:8D 00 C5

14

STA

SELECT

2107:AD AA CA

15

LDA

$CAAA

IE AAAA ON TARGET BUS

210A:A9 55

16

LDA

#$55

SELECT ADDRESSES 01010XXX

210C:8D 00 C5

17

STA

SELECT

210F:AD 55 CD

18

LDA

$CD55

IE 5555 ON TARGET BUS

2112:CA

19

DEX

2113:D0 ED

20

BNE

ABUS

REPEAT 256 TIMES

2115:

21

EXERCISE DATA BUS

2115:A9 00

22

DBUS LDA

#$00

SELECT ADDRESSES 00000XXX

2117:8D00 C5

23

STA

SELECT

211A:A9 55

24

LDA

#$55

01010101 ON DATA BUS

211C:8D 00 C9

25

STA

$C900

0100 IN TARGET SYSTEM

211F:A9 AA

26

LDA

#$AA

10101010 ON DATA BUS

2121:8D 00 C9

27

STA

$C900

0100 IN TARGET SYSTEM

2124:CA

28

DEX

2125:D0 EE

29

BNE

DBUS

REPEAT 256 TIMES

2127:60

30

RTS

TOGGLING COMPLETE

*" SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

2102 ABUS 2115 DBUS

2115 DBUS C500 SELECT

C500 SELECT

2102 ABUS

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 427

RAM Checkerboard Test

The basic strategy for testing RAM requires writing a test pattern into memory, reading it back, and checking that both the write and read operations were successful. Many different test patterns can be used; each is sensitive to particular failure modes of the memory. One popular pattern that provides in a reasonable amount of time a test of the read/ write capability of every bit in the RAM is the checkboard test pattern (see figure 5).

Listing 2 shows this RAM test program. In it, a RAM location is selected and 55 hexadecimal (01010101 binary) is stored in the location and then read back and compared. If the comparison fails, the test terminates with the Apple displaying a RAM failure message. If the comparison passes, the location is then tested with the complementary pattern AA hexadecimal (10101010 binary). The test then moves on to the next location and continues until all locations within the window (C800 to CFFF

00

01

10

11

00

0

1

0

1

01

1

0

1

0

10

X

X

X

X

11

X

X

X

X

Figure 5: Checkerboard-testing RAM. Alternate bits are set to 1 and 0 and checked. The pattern is then reversed and checked before moving off to the next row of cells.

hexadecimal) have been exercised and tested.

Before the RAM test in the main test program is called, the memoryselect latch should be written to, moving the RAM to be exercised into the ICE test window. For example, the following program would test

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RAM from 0800 to 0FFF hexadecimal in the target system:

250 PRINT "RAM TESTING

0800-OFFF" 260 POKE SELECT, 08:CALL

RAMTEST

ROM Signatures

The usual method for testing ROMs involves forming a checksum byte based on a sum of all the data within the ROM. However, faults could be concealed by several errors that cancel each other out. A technique that is more sensitive and less likely to mask errors involves performing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) on the ROM contents. It originated in data communications, but more recently it's been used in signature analysis, a relatively new troubleshooting tool pioneered by Hewlett-Packard. Like most jobs in computing, the cyclic redundancy check can be evaluated by either hardware or software. The hardware model proves the simplest to illustrate.

Figure 6 on page 435 shows a typical CRC evaluation circuit using a 16-bit linear shift register with feedback. Each bit of data is fed serially into the register. When the data stream ends, the final binary pattern remaining in the register forms the 4-digit cyclic redundancy check. The feedback paths effectively form a sum to the base 2 between the data fed back and the new data entering and ensure that every bit entering the register contributes toward the final CRC or signature.

An equivalent software routine is presented in listing 3. In this scheme, each byte from the ROM under test is fed serially (bit 0 to bit 7) to the subroutine FEEDBACK, which performs a sum to the base 2 of bits 15, 11, 8, and 6 within the register and the incoming bit. When 16,384 (2K x 8) bits of data have entered the feedback algorithm, the pattern remaining in locations SIGH and SIGL forms the final signature.

To enable checks to be made on

ROMs containing more than 2K

Text continued on page 435

428 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 53 on inquiry card.

®lt£ (Uflmputrr ©intra

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Circle 477 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 429

Listing 2: A ■program to checkerboard-test RAM.

SOURCE FILE: APPRAM

0000:

1

********************

*********

0000:

2

PROGRAM TO CHECKERBOARD

0000:

3

(C800-CFFF)

0000:

4

********************

**********

0000:

5

FDED:

6

GOUT

EQU

FD8E:

7

3ROUT

EQU

FDE3:

8

PRHEX

EQU

0008:

9

POINT

EQU

0000:

10

NEXT OBJECT FILE NAME IS APPRAMOBJ0

2090:

11

ORG

2090:

12

2090A9 00

13

LDA

2092:85 08

14

STA

2094:A8

15

TAY

2095A9 C8

16

LDA

2097:85 09

17

STA

2099A9 55

18

START

LDA

209B.-91 08

19

STA

209D:D1 08

20

CMP

209F:F0 03

21

BEQ

20AL4C BC 20

22

JMP

20A4:A9 AA

23

OK

LDA

20A6:91 08

24

STA

20A8:D1 08

25

CMP

20AA:F0 03

26

BEQ

20AC:4C BC 20

27

JMP

20AF:E6 08

28

OKI

INC

20BLD0 E6

29

BNE

20B3:E6 09

30

INC

20B5A5 09

31

LDA

20B7.O9 DO

32

CMP

20B9:D0 DE

33

BNE

20BB:60

34

RTS

20BC:

35

20BC:

36

ERROR DISPLAY ROUTINE

20BC:

37

20BCA2 00

38

ERROR

LDX

20BE:BD D5 20

39

NEXT1

LDA

20CL20 ED FD

40

JSR

20C4:E8

41

INX

20C5:E0 OF

42

CPX

20C7:D0 F5

43

BNE

20C9A5 09

44

LDA

20CB:38

45

SEC

20CC.-E9 C8

46

SBC

20CE:20 E3 FD

47

JSR

20D1.-20 8E FD

48

JSR

20D4:60

49

RTS

20D5:

50

■ERROR MESSAGE

20D5A0 C5 D2

51

MESS

ASC

20D8:D2 CF D2

20DBA0 CF CE

20DEA0 DO CI

20ELC7 CS AO

TEST RAM

$FDED $FD8E $FDE3 08

$2090

POINT

#$C8

POINT + 1

#$55

(POINT).Y

(POINT),Y

OK

ERROR

#$AA

(POINT),Y

(POINT),Y

OKI

ERROR

POINT

START

POINT + 1

POINT + 1

#$D0

START

#00

MESS.X

COUT

#$0F

NEXT1

09

#$C8

PRHEX

CROUT

CHARACTER TO SCREEN C-RETURN TO SCREEN OUTPUT HEX DIGIT POINTER

;POINT TO C800

START TEST WITH 55

STORE

READ BACK AND COMPARE

DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE AND END

NOW TRY AA

STORE

READ BACK AND COMPARE

;DISPLAY ERROR MESSAGE AND END ;NEXT LOCATION

;END OF BLOCK?(CFFF) ;TEST COMPLETE

;POINTER FOR MESSAGE

MESSAGE TO SCREEN NEXT CHARACTER MESSAGE COMPLETE?

;FAIL ADDRESS TO SCREEN

;C-RETURN TO SCREEN ; AND FINISHED

ERROR ON PAGE "

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY: NO ERRORS

430 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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SUPER STAR, SUPER SIX, SUPER SLAVE are trademarks of Advanced Digital Corp.

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432 BYTE September 1983

Circle 570 on inquiry card.

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3M

Text continued from page 428

bytes, three routines are used. The NSIG (new signature) routine resets the shift register pair SIGH, SIGL to zero and forms a signature on 2K bytes of ROM. In CSIG (continue signature), the shift register is not reset to zero at the start, thus allowing a continuation of a signature for ROMs greater than 2K bytes. The DISPLAY routine shows the contents of the shift register pair SIGH, SIGL in hexadecimal form.

The following listing shows how all three routines can be used to evaluate the signature of a 4K-byte ROM located at B000 to BFFF hexadecimal in the target system:

(6a)

SIGNATURE DISPLAY

DATA

FROM NODE UNDER TEST

/_/ L/ /_/ M /_/ M /_/ M

/ \

320 REM BO HEX IS 176

DECIMAL 330 POKE SELECT176 340 CALL NSIG:REM FIRST 2K

BYTES 350 REM B8 HEX IS 184

DECIMAL 360 POKE SELECT/184 370 CALL CSIG:REM CONTINUE

WITH NEXT 2 BYTES 380 CALL DISPLAYREM

DISPLAY FINAL SIGNATURE

Implementing a Test Program

The Apple ICE described here can be used with a wide range of 6500 microcomputers designed to run at 1 MHz if all the onboard circuitry is controlled by the processor's cp2 clock. The AIM-65, for example, provides an ideal target system, containing as much as 4K bytes of RAM, 20K bytes of ROM, and a wide range of I/O devices—two 6522 VIAs (versatile interface adapters), a 6520 PIA (peripheral interface adapter), and a 6532 RIOT (RAM input/output timer). Figure 7 provides an overview and a memory map of the AIM-65, and a test sequence is shown in listing 4 on page 443. The program begins by testing the system buses, followed by a RAM test on the 4K bytes of RAM and a ROM test that forms signatures for each of the five system ROMs. The test sequence concludes with a check on the user 6522 VIA. For this test, the ports are linked together Text continued on page 444

(6b)

1st BYTE 2nd BYTE 3rd BYTE 4th BYTE 5th BYTE ETC.

LOGIC 1

LOGIC 0 —

Figure 6: A feedback shift register can be used to form a cyclic redundancy check of ROM (6a). Data from ROM is fed in bit-serial (bit 0 to bit 7) byte-serial form into the shift register (6b).

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Circle 234 on inquiry card.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 435

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436 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 468 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 437

Listing 3: A program to evaluate ROM signatures.

SOURCE FILE: APPSIG

0000:

0000:

0000

0000.

0000

0000

0000

0000

NEXT OBJECT

2000.

1900

1901

1902:

0008:

1903:

FDDA:

FD8E:

2000:

2000:A9 00

2002:8D 01 19

2005:8D 02 19

2008:A9 00

200A:85 08

200C:A8

200D:A9 C8

200F:85 09

2011:B1 08

2013:8D 03 19

2016:A2 08

2018:AD 03 19

201B:29 01

2010:8D 00 19

2020:20 36 20

2023:6E 03 19

2026:CA

2027-.D0 EF

2029:E6 08

202B:D0 E4

2020:E6 09

202F:A5 09

2031:C9 DO

2033:D0 DC

2035:60

2036:

2036:

2036:

2036:

2036:

2036:

2036:AD 02 19

2039:10 03

203B:EE 00 19

203E:6A

203F.-90 03

2041 :EE 00 19

2044:6A

2045:6A

2046:6A

2047:90 03

2049:EE 00 19

204C:AD 01 19

204F.-2A

2050:2A

2051:90 03

2053:EE 00 19

2056:6E 00 19

2059:2E 01 19

PROGRAM TO EVALUATE SIGNATURE OF 2KBYTE BLOCK (C800-CFFF) EACH BYTE IS SERIALIZED BIT0-BIT7

FILE NAME IS APPSIGOBJ0 9

10 COUNT

11 SIGL

12 SIGH

13 POINT

14 TEMP PRBYTE CROUT

15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66

ORG EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU EQU

LDA

STA

STA

LDA

STA

TAY

LDA

STA

LDA

STA

LDX

LDA

AND

STA

JSR

ROR

DEX

BNE

INC

BNE

INC

LDA

CMP

BNE

RTS

FEEDBACK ALGORITHM—SUMS BITS 15,11,8 AND 6 WITH INCOMING BIT ON ENTRY 'COUNT' CONTAINS INPUT

START

WSTART

NBYTE

NBIT

$2000

$1900

STORE FOR SUM

$1901

CURRENT SIGNATURE LOW BYTE

$1902

CURRENT SIGNATURE HIGH BYTE

$0008

BYTE COUNTER

SIGH + 1

TEMPORARY STORE

$FDDA

PRINT A HEX BYTE

$FD8E

GENERATE C-RETURN

#00

ZERO SHIFT REGISTER

SIGL

SIGH

BIT

FEEDBACK

NEX1

NEX2

NEX3

NEX4

LDA

BPL

INC

ROR

BCC

INC

ROR

ROR

ROR

BCC

INC

LDA

ROL

ROL

BCC

INC

ROR

ROL

SIGH

NEX1

COUNT

A

NEX2

COUNT

A

A

A

NEX3

COUNT

SIGL

A

A

NEX4

COUNT

COUNT

SIGL

#00

;WARM START

POINT

#$C8

; START OF BLOCK C800

POINT+1

(POINT),Y

;GET BYTE

TEMP

#08

;FOR 8 BITS

TEMP

#01

;BIT0 INTO COUNT

COUNT

FEEDBACK

;APPLY FEEDBACK

TEMP

;READY FOR NEXT BIT

NBIT

;BACK FOR NEXT BIT

POINT

;NEXT BYTE

NBYTE

POINT + 1

POINT + 1

#$D0

NBYTE

;END OF BLOCK? CFFF

;TOP HALF OF SIG ;TEST BIT 15

;TEST BIT 8

;TEST BIT 11

;BOTTOM HALF OF SIG

;TEST BIT 6

;SUM INTO CARRY CARRY INTO BIT0 LBYTE

Listing 3 continued on page 443

438 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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442 BYTE September 1983

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

Listing 3 continued:

205C:2E 02 19

67

205F:60

68

2060:AD 02 19

69 DISPLAY

2063:20 DA FD

70

2066:AD 01 19

71

2069:20 DA FD

72

206C:20 8E FD

73

206F:60

74

*** SUCCESSFUL ASSEMBLY; NO ERRORS

Listing 4: Applesoft BASIC program sequencing tests.

listing 4

ROL

SIGH

RTS

LDA

SIGH

JSR

PRBYTE

LDA

SIGL

JSR

PRBYTE

JSR

CROUT

RTS

;CARRY INTO BIT0 HBYTE

MSB TO DISPLAY ONTO APPLE DISPLAY LSB TO DISPLAY ONTO APPLE DISPLAY C-RETURN

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REM AIM65 TEST ROUTINE

HOME

REM DEFINE SYSTEM ADDRESSES SELECT = - 15100 DISPLAY = 8288

NSIG = 8192

CSIG = 8200

BTEST = 8448

RAMTEST = 8336

PRINT ° "

PRINT "LOADING MACHINE CODE TESTSPRINT "BLOAD APPTESTS"

PRINT " "

PRINT "BUS TESTING-PROBE TARGET SYSTEM BUSES"

PRINT "(PRESS SPACE FOR NEXT TEST)"

CALL BTEST

IF PEEK (- 16384) < = 127 THEN 200

PRINT " "

PRINT "RAM TESTING 0000-07FF"

POKE SELECT,0: CALL RAMTEST

PRINT "RAM TESTING 0800-OFFF"

POKE SELECT,08: CALL RAMTEST

PRINT " ": PRINT " RAM TESTS COMPLETE "

PRINT " "

PRINT "ROM SIGNATURES BLOCKS B,C,D,E,F "

PRINT " "

FOR N = 176 TO 240 STEP 16

POKE SELECT,N: CALL NSIG

POKE SELECT,(N + 8): CALL CSIG

CALL DISPLAY

NEXTN

PRINT " ": PRINT " ROM SIGNATURES COMPLETE"

PRINT " "

PRINT " VIA TEST"

POKE SELECT.160: REM SELECT BLOCK AXXX APRT = 5120LBPRT = 51200 ADIR = 51203:BDIR = 51202

POKE ADIR.0: POKE BDIR.255

REM A INPUT - B OUTPUT

FOR N = 0 TO 255

POKE BPRT.N

IF PEEK(APRT) < > N THEN PRINT "VIA ERROR"

NEXT N

POKE BDIR,0: POKE ADIR,255

REM BINPUT - A OUTPUT

FOR N = 0 TO 255

POKE APRT,N

IF PEEK (BPRT) < > N THEN PRINT "VIA ERROR"

NEXT N

PRINT " ": PRINT " TEST COMPLETE"

END

Listing 4 continued on page 444

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 443

Listing 4 continued:

]RUN

LOADING MACHINE CODE TESTS

BUS TESTING-PROBE TARGET SYSTEM BUSES (PRESS SPACE FOR NEXT TEST)

RAM TESTING 0000-07FF RAM TESTING 0800-OFFF

RAM TESTS COMPLETE

ROM SIGNATURES BLOCKS B,C,D,E,F

B89C A181 F727 B072 8A9E

ROM SIGNATURES COMPLETE

VIA TEST

TEST COMPLETE

Text continued from page 435: with a hard-wired fixture connecting PAO to PBO, PA1 to PB1, and so on. The routine starts by configuring port A as an input and port B as an output. A test pattern is then written out port B and read and checked at port A. The role of the ports is then reversed, and the test is repeated.

This example illustrates some techniques that can be used with the Apple ICE. A more detailed program for the AIM-65 would test the remaining I/O devices, such as the display, printer and keyboard, and more thoroughly guide the user. However, the ideas presented here illustrate the principles behind the techniques and mirror those found in commercial instruments. The Apple ICE is therefore not only a practical fault-finding tool but also an ideal, low-cost, educational aid.H

John D. Ferguson is a lecturer with the Microelectronics Educational Development Centre at Paisley College, High St., Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland.

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444 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Add Multiple Tasks to Your Communication and Control

Program

A special kernel lets your 8080 run multiple tasks concurrently

Robotics, data communications, measurement and control, and computer music are only a few of the microcomputer programming applications that must respond to external real-time stimuli. Handling these stimuli is no problem if only one event occurs at a time and there is enough time between each event to do all the required computing for that task. But real-time problems are seldom so obliging. Often, the computer must handle several events concurrently.

This article describes one way to include concurrency in your programs, so that each simultaneous function can be written as a separate, straightforward task. You achieve concurrency by using a compact set of routines called a multitask kernel, to which each task speaks in a welldefined way. To demonstrate, I will present an 8080 kernel that supports multiple concurrent tasks in programs running under typical singleuser operating systems.

A Split-Screen Display

First, let's explore some multitasking concepts by taking a look at an example program. Suppose you would like to use your computer as a smart terminal for a remote system, but you have a tendency to forget the passage of time, thereby running up a

by Jerry Holter

gigantic bill for computer and telephone services. A possible solution is to display the current time in a large banner format on the upper one-third of the console screen and show the usual dialogue with the remote system on the lower two-thirds. Because you can assume that the processor and the console screen run much faster than the telephone modem, this goal appears reasonable.

Five tasks are chosen to run at the same time; these tasks send keyboard characters to the modem, receive modem input, periodically get the time of day, and display the two parts of the screen. The keyboard task can be written in pseudocode as:

KEYBOARD_TASK: begin repeat

while no key hit

SWAPOUT; get character from keyboard; while modem not ready for character

SWAPOUT; send character to modem; until forever; end;

The routine that enables you to write this task as though it had exclusive use of the processor is called SWAPOUT. This kernel routine takes control from the calling task

and gives it to another task. Thus, one way that the processor can be shared among concurrent tasks is by having them voluntarily relinquish control, with the understanding that they will soon get it back. Of course, the best time for a task to do this is when it is in a waiting mode.

The SWAPOUT routine demonstrates how multiple tasks are made to behave as concurrently executing processes. Each task is assigned its own data area, or stack frame. When SWAPOUT is called, the complete state of the calling task is saved; the state of the task includes the condition of its program counter, machine registers and flags, and everything already on its stack. Then, by switching the stack pointer to another stack frame, the next ready task is restored to the state in which it was preserved, and returned to execution.

Unlike the keyboard task, the other sample tasks (modem receive, time, and display) are not truly independent of each other. They need to communicate somehow; in particular, the display task needs to receive characters for display from the remaining two tasks. Moreover, it needs to know when characters are available. The other two tasks need to know when to send characters. I will explore these two closely related issues of task communication and syn

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 445

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chronization further, but, for now, assume the existence of some kind of buffer mechanism between tasks. The remaining four tasks can then be sketched as follows:

MODEM_RECEIVE_TASK: begin repeat while the modem has no character

SWAPOUT; get character from modem;

put character in bottom buffer;

until forever; end;

TIME_TASK: begin repeat get time in banner form;

put time string in top buffer;

DELAY(one minute); until the end of time; end;

TOP_DISPLAY__TASK: begin repeat

while top buffer empty

SWAPOUT;

get character from top buffer;

show character on top screen; until forever; end;

BOTTOM_DISPLAY_TASK: begin repeat

while bottom buffer empty

SWAPOUT;

get character from bottom buffer;

show character on bottom screen; until forever; end;

A new kernel routine, DELAY, is introduced in TIME_TASK. This routine allows you to postpone a task for a specified time, giving control of the microprocessor to the remaining tasks. Here, it triggers a new time display about once per minute. To implement the DELAY routine, the existence of some type of real-time clock is assumed, perhaps the same one used to handle the time of day. The clock handler calls the kernel routine TICK each time a tick (cycle) occurs. When the time specified to DELAY has elapsed, the delayed task is readied to continue execution.

The availability of a periodic clock interrupt that cycles every few milliseconds also raises the possibility of calling SWAPOUT from the interrupt

448 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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handler. This technique (called timeslicing) would eliminate the need for each task to call SWAPOUT itself. Some new problems would be introduced, however, because the order of task execution is harder to control. What's more, all parts of the system must now be reentrant; that is, they must not use memory cells that are accessible to other parts of the system, except explicitly for intertask communication. An important consequence of this situation is that runtime libraries and operating system calls must be reentrant, which they not always are. A more direct way to eliminate multiple calls to SWAPOUT involves the use of semaphores.

Semaphores

You might notice that in the sample keyboard task, the keyboard is checked many times before a character is finally typed. Calling SWAPOUT prevents getting hung up in a loop, but it seems a waste of microprocessor time to keep swapping KEYBOARD_TASK in and out of execution with nothing accomplished. A better method would forgo execution until a certain event occurs (a key is hit). This facility can be provided by a semaphore, a simple data structure used to signal the occurrence of events and to wait for them. The event associated with a semaphore is agreed upon by the tasks involved; the routines for using it are provided by the multitask kernel.

A semaphore is based on the idea of using a Boolean variable to communicate an event (for example, the real-time clock flip-flop). A way to suspend a task's execution has been added by the inclusion of a link field, which the kernel routines can use to build a list of tasks waiting for the event (see figure 1). This field takes care of one or more tasks that are anticipating an event. But what if lots of events are signaled before they can all be handled? Within reasonable limits, these events can be handled by a counting semaphore, a semaphore whose Boolean variable is replaced by a counter. Each time an event is signaled with nothing waiting for it,

Figure 1: The semaphore data structure consists of a count of the number of times the semaphore has been signaled with no tasks waiting and a link to a list of tasks waiting for signals.

PUT_IN SEMAPHORE

HEAD

TAIL

DATA

COUNT

COUNT

TAKEN_OUT SEMAPHORE

Figure 2: The FIFO buffer. Characters are put into the buffer where TAIL points and removed at HEAD. After each access, the appropriate pointer is advanced; at the end of the buffer, the pointers are wrapped around to point to the first slot.

the counter is incremented. When a task finally gets around to checking the semaphore, the counter is decremented, and the task doesn't need to wait at all.

Using the new semaphore structure, you can rewrite the keyboard task:

KEYBOARD_TASK: begin repeat

WAIT(keyboard_hit);

get character from keyboard;

WAIT(modem out ready);

send character to modem; until forever; end;

The modem-receive task could undergo similar changes, with both tasks using the new kernel routine

WAIT (semaphore). The address of the semaphore is passed to the kernel. If at least one event has occurred, WAIT returns immediately; otherwise, it postpones the task until a routine such as SlGNAL(semaphore) is called to signal the event. In the above example, an interrupt handler could do the signaling, or one task could be dedicated to checking all the devices and signaling the appropriate semaphores.

Intertask Communication

Now that you have semaphores to handle the synchronizing of tasks, you can build ways of moving data between tasks as well. Focusing on the passing of a single character, I will use a circular first-in/first-out (FIFO) buffer of the form shown in figure 2; in this buffer, characters are put in at TAIL and removed at HEAD, advancing these pointers with each access. What's needed is a way to indicate when the buffer is full and when it is empty; you will also want to suspend a task that can't access the buffer at these times.

Both of these needs are met by using a pair of counting semaphores, one to guard the input and one to guard the output. The count fields correspond to the count of characters put in and taken out, respectively. Initially, the input count is 0, the output count is set to the buffer size, and the buffer is empty. The following complementary routines can now be written to access the top and bottom screen buffers:

GET_ONE(buffer): begin

with the buffer specified, do WAIT(PUT_JN); get character at HEAD; advance HEAD; SIGNAL(TAKEN_OUT); return character to caller; end; end;

PUT_ONE(character, buffer): begin

with the buffer specified, do WAIT(TAKEN_OUT); put character at TAIL; advance TAIL; SIGNAL(PUT_JN); end; end;

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 451

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The effect of these routines is to enable tasks to pass characters to other tasks without concern for whether they can be accepted at the moment; likewise, the accepting tasks need not worry about whether characters are available (SWAPOUT is unnecessary). Buffer-space housekeeping is done by the semaphore counts, and through the semaphore links, tasks are postponed if their requests cannot be honored.

Mutual Exclusion

The possibility of tasks interfering with each other may be important not only in conjunction with memory cells used by simultaneous tasks but also with any resource. In fact, the console screen is itself a single resource shared by two display tasks. What makes this condition a problem is that screen operations are divisible; that is, a single console function (such as positioning the cursor) might require several accesses (escape sequences). Each of these accesses might take enough time so that the microprocessor could be executing other tasks while waiting. Thus, the console-screen accesses constitute a critical region of the program—one that needs protection from use by more than one task at a time.

The mutual exclusion of tasks from a critical region can be handily accomplished using a semaphore. The count field of this semaphore takes on only two values: available (1) and reserved (0). A calling task waits at the entrance to the region if it is reserved; upon exit, the region is made available again. The semaphore is initially set to available (1). The following routine is passed either a displayable character or a special code requesting a control function, such as erase line or inverse video on/off:

SHOW_CHARACTER(character,subscreen): begin

WAIT(available);

if necessary, move cursor to new subscreen;

send character or special sequence to screen;

record new cursor position;

SIGNAL(available); end;

452 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Baud rate for console port is acquired automatically.

Floppy disk controller allows the combination of 51A and 8" disk drives, single or double sided, single or double density.

SASI port for hard disk controller with data transfer rate of up to 2Mb per second.

Memory capacity of 256KB ram on board plus up to 32KB of EPROM.

90 line expansion interface with 20 bit latched address bus, 16 bit data bus and all important 80186 control signals.

A high performance ROM monitor is included with all systems.

BIOS for CPIM86* operating system included.

Power requirements:

+ 5 volt, ± 5% at 3 ampere max.

+ 12 volt, ± 10% at 60 milliampere

max.

- 12 volt, ± 10% at 50 milliampere

max.

All this on a board the width of a 5 '/<" drive and only 111A inches long.

Sold in various kit forms from $140-$895. Assembled and tested $1,075. Quantity discounts available. Prices valid through July.

Complete documentation included.

Available Now!

This system is marketed and supported exclusively by: Note: New name, address and telephone number. SLICER COMPUTER INC. 2543 Marshall St. N.E.

CI irCD SLICER COMPUTER INC. 2543 Marshall St. N Z>Llv_LJV Minneapolis, MN 55418 phone (612) 788-9481

Mastercard, Visa, check, money order or C.O.D. orders accepted. Please allow 4-8 weeks tor delivery. •CP/M a trademark of Digital Research Inc.

Circle 402 on inquiry card.

The routine calls WAIT or SWAPOUT between sending characters to the console device. Therefore, other tasks run but cannot enter the critical region until the first calling task is finished.

An 8080 Multitask Kernel

Listing 1 (page 458) shows a set of routines, called MTK80, written in 8080 code for the Digital Research MAC assembler. You can insert the routines into a program along with the included macroinstructions for convenient calling sequences (see listing 2, page 466). Except for the user macroinstructions, all labels include a nonalphanumeric character to reduce conflicts with user symbols. If you use the DELAY call, a real-time (periodic) clock is also required.

If the conditional assembly control symbol INTS? is true, interrupts are disabled on entry and enabled on exit from each kernel routine. This setup ensures that the kernel data structures cannot be accessed by more than one routine at a time (a simple form of

SIGNAL/^ BLOCKED TICK /\ J

WAIT DELAY

READY )

DORMANT

.—^^.SWAPOUT

START

iSWAP0UT\ J \ST0P \ /

stop/

WAIT \ L""" ~~^b DELAY \ / \

\( CURRENTLY V^ I RUNNING /

INITMT ERROR

Figure 3: The MTK80 task state diagram.

mutual exclusion). If STAK7CK is true, the stack pointer is checked to see if it is inside the current frame. If it intrudes upon a neighboring frame at the time it is checked, crucial data has likely been destroyed, so the kernel is abandoned.

The operation of the MTK80 kernel

can be described from three perspectives: the states that tasks enter, the underlying data structure, and the function calls used.

Task States

The state diagram in figure 3 shows the possible states a task can be in (circles) and the routines used to make transitions (arrows) to other states. You would need one such diagram for each task to describe the condition of all tasks in a program. Only one task can be in the running state at a time, and, of course, it makes the function calls to change its own state or the state of another task.

The dormant state applies to tasks that might be in program memory but have no assigned stack frame. When a task initially starts, it is associated with a frame and given control. As the diagram shows, only a running task can stop its own execution altogether and become dormant again. It is not possible to terminate other tasks directly.

Text continued on page 467

DEVELOPMENT HARDWARE/SOFTWARE

GTEK MODEL 7128 EPROM PROGRAMMER

. . : ■ '■■ "■■■■-'■ ■

_^^A^| ^B

' /.:■ ■■Ci-'

t -s*.

^■JP* § m

^^U%1

m #

Hi

^

Microprocessor based intelligence for ease of use and interface. You send the data, the 7128 takes care of the rest. RS-232 interface and ASCII data formats make the 7128 compatible with virtually any computer with an RS-232 serial interface port.

Auto-select baud rate. Use with or without handshaking. Bidirectional Xon/Xoff supported. CTS/DTR supported. Devices supported as of DEC 82. NMOS NMOS CMOS EEPROM MPU'S 2758 2508 27C16 5213 8748

2716 2516 27C32 5213H 8748H

2732 2532 C6716 X2816 8749

2732A 2564 27C64 48016 8741 2764 68766 |2816A 8742

27128 8755 8751

27256

Read pin compatible ROMS also. Automatic use of proper program voltage based on type selected. Menu driven eprom type selection, no personality modules required.

(40 pin devices require adapter) INTEL, Motorola and MCS-86, Hex formats. Split facility for 16 bit data-paths. Read, program, and formatted list commands also. Interupt driven type ahead, program and verify real time while sending data. Program single byte, block, or whole eprom. Intelligent diagnostics discern between eprom which is bad and one which merely needs erasing.

Gtek

INC.

• Verify erasure and compare commands.

• Busy light indicates when power is being applies to program socket.

• Complete with TEXTOOL zero insertion force socket and integral 120 VAC power supply. (240 VAC/50HZ available also)

• High Performance/Cost ratio.

■ •■ Model 7128 PRICE S3B9.00 •••

MODEL 7128 SOCKET ADAPTERS

MODEL 481 allows programming of 8748,

8749, 8741, 8742 single chip processors.

Price S98.00

MODE L 511 allows programming the 8751, Intel's high powered single chip processor.

Price $174.00 MODEL 755 allows programming the 8755 EPROM/IO chip

Pile* $135.00 MODEL 7128/24 - budget version of the 7128, Supports 24 pin parts thru 32K only. Upgradable to full 7128 capacity.

Price $289.00

Non-expandable, very low cost models available for specific devices. MODEL 7128-L1 for 2716 only $179.00 MODEL 7128-L2 for 2732 only $209.00

Also available from stock:

Eprom Erasers UVP model DE-4 . . $78.00

Avocet Systems Cross Assemblers $200.00

RS-232 Cable Assemblies $25.00

Programmable Devices ca||

Complete development systems . $3240.00

Post Office Box 289

Waveland, Mississippi 39576

(601)467-8048

MOVE UP TO TARBELL

Tarbell starts where small systems leave off, providing storage from 1 to 20 megabytes. This means Tarbell is capable of growing with your needs.

Here's what you get in the system: Z80 4Mhz CPU with memory management, timer and full interrupt capability, 2 RS-232 serial ports with handshaking, 64 K bytes of random-access memory, double density floppy disk interface, 2 double density

floppy disk drives, cabinet, power supply, cables and software including CP/M 2.2, CBASIC, Tarbell BASIC and Tarbell DataBase.

Tarbell makes available word processing, inventory control with bill of materials, mailing lists and other business software.

The Tarbell Empire Series is delivered assembled, tested, and with a FULL six-month warranty on parts and labor.

The One-Stop Shopping Service

950 Dovlen Place, Suite B Carson, CA 90746 (213) 538-4251

454 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

Circle 431 on inquiry card.

More than a personal computer.

Its an accountant, word processor and financial planner. Now for only $3,390 per user*

No matter what business or profession you're in, ALTOShas a desktop business computer system that can improve your efficiency—at a price that won't put you out of business.

For example, a typical Altos business solution includes integrated software applications for accounting (including a self-paced, step-by-step, built-in tutorial), word processing and financial planning. They're all easy to learn and use.

You can also choose from hundreds of other applications for attorneys, dentists, doctors, insurance agents, manufacturers, pharmacists, realtors and many more.

Altos systems are designed to grow as your business grows. You can start with a single user and add more users on the same system. Plus you can link hundreds together with a network.

And when you're ready, built-in features let you add more storage capacity, peripherals and communications—even electronic mail and appointment scheduling.

All of our systems are backed by responsive, nationwide service and support through the Customer Service Division of TRW, Inc.

So if your business or profession demands more than a personal computer can deliver, talk to Altos. Call, write or clip the coupon today for a free brochure and the name of your local Altos representative.

Packed with more value for business

□ Please tell me more about the hundreds of uses for an Altos desktop business computer system.

□ My application is

□ Please have an Altos representative contact me.

Name Title

Company Tel

Address

City/State/Zip

Mail to: Altos Computer Systems. Attn: Marketing Services. BT'9

2641 Orchard Park Way. San Jose, CA 95134

800-538-7872 (In Calif.. 800-662-6265)

In Canada, (416) 864-0740.

'Complete five user Altos system for $3,390 per user or $16,950. Price approximate and may vary in your area. Packaged system includes an Altos 586-10 hard disk computer with the XENIX "/UNIX" operating system with the Altos "Business Command Menu Interface,"' five terminals, and the ALTOS ACCOUNTANT (with the built-in ALTOS COMPUTER TUTOR), ALTOS EXECUTIVE WORD PROCESSOR, and ALTOS EXECUTIVE FINANCIAL PLANNER applications. Price does not include printer, cables, installation, taxes, additional training and maintenance.

ALTOS is a registered trademark of Altos Computer Systems. XENIX is a trademark of Microsoft and is a microcomputer Implementation of the UNIX operating system. UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories. c 1983 Altos Computer Systems

COMPUTES SYSTEMS

Circle 22 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 455

One-stop communications. Onestep installation. Smartmodem BWoBandSmartcom II™software aire available now.

Thanks to Smartcom II companion software, telecomputing is a t*Vbreeze. You'll be creating files and sending data in no time.

Need important information from I

' »>main office today? Get it quickl

w efficiently, accurately. From the

computer to yours.

'Illllllllllllllllli

iilllllllllllllii w/M///M/////Mm

Hayes is still leading the way with new telecomputing products. And now combining every bit of sophisticated technology into one communications package for your IBM* PC. Smartmodem 1200B and Smartcom II software. Everything you need. And more.

Whether you're receiving updates from the field, placing orders with suppliers a thousand miles away, or taking advantage of the diverse re sources offered by networks and information services. Let Hayes provide the communications link. With our popular 1200 bps Smartmodem. Now available as a convenient plug-in board for the IBM PC. And packaged with our own communications software.

Smartmodem 1200B. Your computer's telephone. That"s really what it is. A telephone that allows your computer to communicate over ordi ■ nary phone lines at up to 1200 bits per

'inn iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Your computer's telephone.

'iiiiiiiiiiiillllk

"Iilllllllllllllii llliiiiiiiiii

1200 baud modems, Smartmodem 1200B operates at full or half duplex, for compatibility with most timesharing systems.

For those who enjoy designing their own programs, Smartmodem 1200B is controllable using any programming language. But none of that is necessary. Thanks to Smartcom II. The communications program designed by Hayes, specifically for Smartmodem!

Smartcom II companion software. Maximizes Smartmodem's capabilities. Minimizes your effort. The first time out, you'll be creating messages, sending, printing and storing them to disk. Simultaneously.

And when you're on the receiving „® end, your IBM PC will do all the work, completely unattended!

But that's just part of Smartcom II's innovative story. For instance, before you communicate with another system,

second. For speedy, economical transmission of data to any Bell 212A or Bell 103 type modem. And it's the one peripheral that vasdy expands the usefulness of your computer.

Our single board Smartmodem 1200B can be installed by your computer dealer in minutes. It connects directiy to your phone jack, operating with rotary dial, Touch-Tone** and key-set systems. Smartmodem 1200B will dial, answer and disconnect all of your calls automatically. It will even redial your last number upon command

Smartmodem 1200B also features an automatic speed selector, that detects incoming transmission speeds. Along with screen displays to show you its current operating status. And, unlike some

i commana. aisK. bimuita

mAnd when Hayes

Imagine. Your computer can receive, print and store data, concurrently. Without your even Jj being therel

you need to "set up" your computer to match the way the remote system transmits data. With Smartcom II, you do this only once. After that, parameters are stored in a directory on Smartcom II. Calling or answering a system listed in the directory requires just a few quick keystrokes.

You can store lengthy log-on sequences the same way. Press one key, and Smartcom II automatically connects you to a utility or information service.

And if you need it, there's always "help!' One of several special functions assigned to your IBM function keys, this feature explains prompts, messages, etc. to make communicating even easier.

Smartcom II also provides a directory of the files stored on your disk. Letting you create, display, list, name, re-name or erase any file right from the screen.

Like all our products, Smartcom II and Smartmodem 1200B are backed by excellent documentation, a limited two-year warranty, and full support. From us to your dealer to you.

So, see your dealer today. Link up to the exciting world of telecomputing. With Hayes complete plug-in communications package for your IBM PC.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc., 5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30092. 404/449-8791.

Smartcom II is a registered trademark of Hayes Microcomputer

Products. Inc.

•IBM is a registered trademark of International Business

Machines Corp.

"TM of American Telephone and Telegraph.

-1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc

Sold only in the U.S.A.

A complete plug-in communications package for the IBM PC.

Requires an IBM PC with mini' mum 96K bytes of memory; IBM DOS 1.10 or 1.00; one disk drive; and 80-column display. No serial card or separate power source is needed.

Smartmodem 1200B. (Includes telephone cable.)

NOTE: The Smartmodem 1200B may also be installed in the IBM Personal Computer XT or the Expansion Unit.

In those units, another board installed in the slot to the imme diate right of the Smartmodem 1200B may not dear the modem also, the brackets may not fit properly. If this occurs, the slot to the right of the modem should be left empty.

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 459

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Corvus

PC Interface. Cable.

Man

Kraft

Joystick

Microsoft '

128K RAM"

192K RAM Card"

256 RAM Card"

64K RAM"

64K RAM Chip Set" .,.. Programming International

PC-Hayes Cable

DCS

Big Blue

Quadrum

256K QUADBOARD

64K Ouadboard

64K RAM Chip Set

Asynch Adaptor. RS232 .

Ouadcolor!

Symtec

Light Pen

TG Products

Joystick

Trackball

Tendon

TM100-2 Drive

(5W DS)

■ LIST SALE

595 429 595 429

2295 1795

300

70

525 700 875 350 175

35

595

595 395 95 110 295

239

52

379 499 624 249 139

29

449

435 289 75 90 220

Business Comshare

Financial Modeling Dlclronlcs

Random House

Thesaurus

Metasott

Benchmark Mail List

Benchmark

Word Processor

Structured Systems

AP

AR

GL

LIST 325

INV

Order Entry

PR

Database Ashton-Tate

dBASE II

Fox & Heller

Ouickcode

dGRAPH

dUTIL

Organic Dalebook

Language Digital Research

CB86 (avail soon!)

CBASIC 86

CIS COBOL 86 ...

CP/M-86

Concurrent CP/M-86....

Level 2 COBOL 86

Pascal MT+ 86 ..

Pascal MT+86

With SPP-66

SID 86

Micro Focus

CIS Cobol 8086

Ryan-McFarland

RM/Cobol

FuJ Dev System ...

RM/Cobol Runtime Only

Utility/Comm/Graphics Byrom

BSTAM

Woolf Move It

HARDWARE,

NOT MACHINE SPECIFIC

Amdek

300(12" green)

Color 11 (R5G)

Corona Data Systems

11MB Hard Disk

20MB Hard Disk ..

6MB Hard Disk

PC Interlace.Cable.Man Corvus Systems

11MB Hard Disk

20MB Hard Disk , , .

6MB Hard Disk

Hayes Microcomputer Products

Chronograph

Smartmodem 1200

Smartmodem 300

NEC

Monitor 12" Green

Hi-Res

Novation

J Cal

Smart Cat 103

Smart Cat 103/212 ..... Quadrum Corp

Microfazer

Microfazer. in-line serial

Microfazer inline paralle . • = Microsoft is a registered

SALE

264

1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250

LIST

700

295 99

60 350 1600 400

600 150

950 250

790 790 790 790 790 790

195 195 59

150 600

45 264 1200 300

LIST SALE

200 149

LIST

175

SALE

142 645

3295 2695

4295 3495

2295 1895

300 239

3295 2695

4295 3495

2295 1895

249 199

699 509

279 209

149 259 595

189 330 225 trademark

119 207

476

160 270 185

PROGRAMMING

505 Hamilton Avenue Suite 301 Palo Alto, California 94301

TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice and avialability. Cashier's checWHO/bank transfer. Allow time for company or personal checks to clear. Prices reflect cash prepaid discount. VISA/MASTERCARD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents add sales tax. All sales final for games & special orders.

SHIPPING: S3 per Item for UPS surface ($6 for Blue Label) within Continental USA, except where shipping cost is specified in square brackets. UPS does not go to Canada, Alaska, APO's, FPO's; call for ship charge or add 15%—we will refund/credit difference.

RETURNS: Must have authorization number, obtained at 415-324-0305. Unauthorized returns will be refused; damaged goods will be refused. All returns subject to IBM restocking fee. No return after 30 days.

Also available at

OPENING SOON

Software

v°

ft*

Call (800) 222-8811, (415) 324-1099. or local information for Software to go location nearest you. Software to go prices may differ slightly. Local sales tax applies.

California

■ Los Angeles

■ Orange County

• San Diego

• Palo Alto

Illinois ■ Chicago New Jersey

• Camden - North Jersey

New York

• Manhattan Texas

• Dallas-Ft. Worth

• Houston

to serve you better!

Circle 371 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 461

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VI

Microsoft, the people who set the standard for software, have done it again with the Microsoft® Mouse.

Our expertise in both hardware and software has gone into the development of the Microsoft Mouse. Now you can plug in the most exciting computer product of the year and put it to work.

The Mouse lets you move the

cursor freely and naturally, then ,;. ■■^■i

interface

driver to give

your application

program complete

control over the Mouse's

operation.

That's the kind of support you'd expect from Microsoft. After all, we were the world's first microcomputer software company. Today, more than a million microcomputers are running Microsoft languages, operating systems, application programs, and hardwaresoftware combinations.

You can get the Microsoft Mouse in dedicated versions for the IBM®-PC, PC XT, and in a version for MS-DOS machines with serial interfaces,

WtHSESY

II

execute commands at the push of a button.

The Microsoft Mouse is a complete system. It comes with an on-screen tutorial, a practice application, and the Multi-Tool™ Notepad, a mouse-based text editor, so you can begin using the Mouse right away. And for application developers, the Mouse includes a programmable

including the IBMPC. The Mouse supports all versions of MS-DOS, including version 2.0. Ask your Microsoft dealer for a demonstration of the Microsoft Mouse a whole new standard.

BETTER TOOLS FOR MICROCOMPUTERS

, MICROSOFT.

Microsoft is a registered trademark, and MS and the Microsoft logo are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

"Oasis Systems' software - unquestionably the best" . . . Peter McWilliams, author of the tt\ best-selling book on word processing.

The WORD Plus is the standard by which other spelling checkers are measured. Here's why:

• Real 45,000 word dictionary.

• Shows errors "in-context."

• Interactive word look-up finds correct spelling for you and corrects at the push of a button.

• Hyphenates words automatically.

• Solves crosswords, puzzles, and anagrams.

• Works with almost any CP/M®, CP/M-86® or MS/DOS (1.0, 1.1 and 2.0) compatible word processing program (WordStar, Magic Wand (PeachText), Spellbinder, Perfect Writer, Select, Final Word, Volkswriter, . . . and more!).

Punctuation & Style takes the worry out of writing by automatically catching dozens of different punctuation errors, both common and obscure. In addition, P&S catches unpaired format commands (underline, boldface, etc.), doubled words, and more.

P&S gives you a "critique" of your writing, suggesting alternatives for commonly misused or over-worked phrases. It also shows where active voice can replace passive voice to add clarity and precision.

Punctuation & Style is the perfect companion to The WORD Plus. It works easily with most CP/M word processors. (Available soon for CP/M-86 and MS/DOS.)

Call or write for complete information:

619-222-1153

OASIS

SYSTEMS

2765 Reynard Way San Diego, CA 92103

Circle 331 on inquiry card.

CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks of Digital Research, Inc.

Dealers contact:

SOFTWARE DISTRIBUTORS

1-800-252-4024 (in California) 1-800-421-0814 (outside California)

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466 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 2 continued:

INTT'DFF: MACRO

if I NTS?

DI endi f ENDM

INT?ON: MACRO

if I NTS?

EI end i f ENDM

RE7SUME: MACRO

POP PSW

INT?ON

RET

ENDM

; Get new CURrent task from the list pointed to. NEU7CUR:MACRO pointer IDLE, OK IDLE: LHLD pointer i;Get head of list

OK:

LOCAL

LHLD

SHLD

MOV

OR A

if

JNZ

EI

JMP

DI else

JZ end if MOV INX MOV MOV SHLD ENDM

?CUR

A, H

L

I NTS?

OK

IDLE

?ERROR

A, M

H

H, M

L. A

po inter

i iMake it new CURrent i ; Head of list NIL?

i i If so. wait for interrupt.

i ... or use fatal error exit. ;Get next in list

make it new head of list.

Text continued from page 454

A task is in the blocked state when it is waiting for either a semaphore signal or a delay time-out. Only a running task can become blocked; the task is then out of contention for microprocessor time until the specified event occurs.

Tasks in the ready state are in contention for the microprocessor simultaneously (but are not running). Only one task can execute at a time; the remaining tasks are in line to run when given a chance. Tasks are made ready when an event is signaled, a delay times out, or the running task gives up control voluntarily. When more than one task is ready, the task that was presented to the kernel first will be executed.

Data Structure

The 8080 kernel is based on the data structure in figure 4; in this figure the RAM (random-access read/write memory) area pointed to by STACK is divided into frames of equal size. Several bytes in each frame are used to save the stack pointer for that frame (SP), link to other frames to form lists (LINK), and

save the start-up time during delays (TIME). The remainder of each frame is used as a stack in the normal 8080 manner.

In figure 4, the queue heads shown are pointers to (possibly empty) lists of frames, strung together by their LINK fields. Lists are maintained of ready, available, and delayed frames (and thus of their associated tasks). There is also a pointer to the current frame (the running task). Frames not presently allocated to tasks are available for use by dormant tasks being initiated. In the ready list, the newest arrival is placed at the end of the list. The frame at the head of the list (the one that has been ready the longest) is the one to go when the microprocessor becomes free. All tasks have equal priority.

A semaphore is a 3-byte structure in memory; 1 byte contains the signal count and the other 2 point to a (possibly empty) list of tasks waiting for signals. Two representative semaphores are shown in figure 4. One of them has no waiters (a nil LINK) but can have a nonzero count; the other has a single frame on its wait list.

CP/M CROSS

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for the NS16000

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DISK DRIVES

(For PC, Mod I, III & IV)

Tandon TM55-2 $239

Tandon TM100-1 $189

Tandon TM100-2 $239

Tandon TM100-4 $339

CDC 9409 call.

Case and PS $ 45

PC EXPANSIONS

MAYNARD

DISK CONTROLLER $155

PP add $50 SPadd$70

QUADRAM

Quad bd. or Quad II (64 K) $289

AST

Combo Plus: 64K & SPC $269

Mega Plus: 64 K & SC $269

I/O Plus (SC) $1 14

2nd S or P or Game $ 35

64K CHIPS

Sel ol nine $ 55

EPSON

Printers call

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Morrislown. NJ 07960 (201) 267-3268 Visa, MC. Check or COD.

Programming

APPLE HARDWARE"

Silicon Valley

Word Handler ... ..

199

145

Sot/Sys.

Executive Speller

75

56

APPLE 11/11- DOS •

Software Dimensions

Accounting + II GR

395

289

Business

Accounting + II AR

395

289

Aftscl

LIST

SALE

Accounting + II AP

395

289

Magic Mailer Magic Pack Combo

70 225

49 156

Accounting + II Inventory

395

289

Magic Window

100

75

Accounting + II

Magic Window II..

150

109

Payroll

395

289

Magic Words Magicalc BPI

70 0

49

o

Accounting + II SOE . Accounting + II POE

395 .

395

289 269

Accounting + II POS

395

269

A/P

395

320

Synergistic

MR

395

320

Global PGM

General Ledger

Inventory Job Cosl

395 395 395

320

320 320

Line Editor

Program Line Editor Versa Computing

65 40

49 30

Payroll Broderbund

320

Axe-Apple Extended Editor

70

53

General Ledger w/AP

495

305

Versawriter Exp. Pak 1 ..

40

30

Payroll

395

275

Versawriter Exp. Pak 2

40

30

Business Solutions

Visicorp

Incredible Jack .

179

139

Business Forecasting

Continental

Model

100

78

CPA #1.2.3.4 (ALL 4) CPA r/1-GL

1000 250

609 159

Desktop Plan

Visicalc

250 250

184 169

CPA J2-AR

250

159

Visiplpl

200

156

CPA r/3-AP

250

159

CPA S4-PAYROLL

250

159

Database

CPA OS

AST

LIST

SALE

Property Management.

495

352

Versatorm

389

269

FCM (First Class Mail)

100

75

Versalorm-Pascal

245

180

Home Accountant

75

52

Versatorm/

Daltlo 5

Corvus Hrd Disk

495

360

BSNS Bookkeeping

Broderbund

System

395

299

Bank Street Wrilcr

70

53

Budget Planner

150

112

IUS

Depreciation Planner

395

299

Daladex

150

108

Oatamost

Daladex/Hard Disk

300

216

Real (Real Estate) .

130

90

UK

Tax Beater

130

90

Data Perlect

100

78

Wrile On . ..

130

99

Link

Decision Support

Data Fax

199

149

Accountant With

Micro Lab

DBCALC

149

112

Data Factory . .

300

216

Accountant

129

97

Muse

Business Accounting —

255

179

Address Book

50

36

DBCALC

0

20

Sierra On Line

Delta Software

General Manager II

230

168

Bookkeeper

Silicon Valley

Check Writer

40

29

List Handler

90

68

Bookkeeper Master

90

68

Software Publishers

Hayden

PFS: File

125

94

Piewnter/

PFS: Graph

125

94

Mulli 80 Column . .

150

108

PFS: Report ...

125

94

Piewriter/Slandard

150

108

Stoneware

Highlands

DBMaster

229

148

t7 Ledger

60

37

DBMaster/Hard Disk ....

499

359

Howard

Utility Pak 1

99

65

Creative Financing 1983

195

149

Utility Pak 2

99

65

Real Estate Analyzer

195

146

Synergistic

Insott

Data Reporter .

220

158

Transtorlh II

125

94

Data Reporter/

Kensington

Hard Disk

220

158

Format II

150

113

MAILING LIST

UK

DATABASE

50

38

Edit 6502

100

78

MODIFIABLE DATABASE

80

59

Leltr Percl

Visicorp

W/Mail Merge

150

112

Visldex

250

194

Micro Lab

Visilile

250

169

Asset Manager

200

144

Hardware

Invoice Factory

200

144

Payroll Manager Visiblend

300

50

216

37

Hayes

Micromodem II

LIST

SALE

Visilactory

75

54

W/Tcrm Pgm

409

289

Wall Streeler

300

216

Penguin

Microsoft '

Additional Fonts

Mulliplan"

275

198

Char Set..

20

15

Time Manager"

150

116

Personal Cnmputsr

Muse

Applicard 6 MHZ

595

449

Stipcrtoxl 40/80

80 Col Prcbool

(OEADI

175

126

Applewrite

19

15

Superlexl Home Oltice

125

94

80 Co! Preboot Visicalc

49

37

Superlexl Professional

99

74

PBL

Home/Education/Games

Personal Investor

145

99

Beagle Brothers

LIST

SALE

Sensible

Alpha Plot

40

28

Sens.Speller

Broderbund

Word Handler

125

94

Choplifter

35

26

Sensible Speller

125

94

David's Midnight Magic

35

26

Sensible Speller Pascal

125

94

Serpentine

35

25

Dictionary

100

70

Star Blazer

32

24

Screenwriter II

130

85

Creative Curriculum, /no

Screenwriter

Speed Reading

Professional .

200

149

Courseware

99

75

Synergistic

Oatamost

INTEGER

Hardware

Snack Attack

30

23

BASIC COMPILER

150

108

Hayes

LIST

SALE

Datasoft

Micromodem II .

379

259

Zaxxon . .....

Eduware

35

30

Utlllty/Comm/Graphlcs

Kensington System Saver Fan

90

69

Algebra 1

40

30

Avanl Garde

LIST

SALE

Kraft

Algebra 2

40

30

Ultra Piol/DIF/Datagraph

99

71

Joystick

65

49

Algebra 3

40

30

Beagle Bmtbers

UK

Algebra 4

40

50

30

38

Apple Mechanic

Beagle Bag

DOS Boss

30 30 24

22

23 17

Lower Case Char Gen Micro-Scl

A2 35T Disk Drive

25

479

19

Algebra 5 & 6

Compu-Math/

329

Arithmetic Ski Compu-Read

50

37

Double Take Double Take

35 35

27 27

Mlcmsott -' 16K RAM Card

100

69

30

22

Compu-Spell/

FRAME UP

30

23

Premium System'"

695

489

Dala Disk 4 .

20

15

Flex Test

30

23

Softcard'"

345

219

Compu-Spell/

Pronto DOS

30

23

New Premium Card"

495

369

Dala Disk 5

20

15

Utility City . .

30

22

ra

Compu-Spell/

20

15

Computer Station Combined Enhanced

60 60

45

Data Disk 6

45

Compu-Spell/

Graphics

55

40

65

49

Dala Disk 7

20

15

Crane

Menu Generator

40

29

Videx Enhancer II

149

Compu-Spell/

119

Dala Disk 8

20

15

Datasoft

Function Strip ..

79

65

Conipu-Spell/System

30

22

Micropainler

35

25

Inverse Character Set

29

24

Counting Bee

30

22

Hayes

Lower Case Chip

Decimals

49

37

Terminal Program ..

100

75

(REV 0-6)

35

29

Fractions

49

37

Highlands

Lower Case Chip

29

24

Mctri-Vert

16

12

CRAE

40

30

Micromodem Firmware

29

24

PSAT Word Attack

49

37

lus

Soil Video Switch

35

29

Perception

25

19

Easy Mover

100

75

Videoterm with

Rendezvous

40 49

30 37

Insoft Electric Duet

30

23

Softswitch

375 19

239

SAT Word Attack

Videoterm Switchplatc

16

Spell Bee

Gratorth II

75

56

Ultraterm

379

289

W/Read. Primer Statistics

40 30

30 22

International Software Marketing

Graphmagic . 90

65

Utility/CommfGraphics

Uni-Solve

25

19

Link Systems

Eastslde

LIST

SALE

Inlocom

Dala Link

100

75

Wildcard

130

109

Deadline

50

37

Link Disk

70

51

Starcross

40

30

Link Index

195

149

APPLE III"

Suspended

50

38

Link Video

Lotus Executive Biiefing

55

42

Zork 1 Zork II

40 40

30 30

Business

Zork III

40

30

System

- 199

149

Oatamost

LIST

SALE

ISM

Micro Lab

Wrile On .......

130

99

Malhemagic

Lightning Software

Master Type

Link Systems

Link Sampler 1

90

40

65 30

Painter Power

Muse Dalaplot

40 60

30 43

Insoft

Transform III Visicorp

125

94

Omega Microwave

Business Forecasting

60

45

Inspector

60

49

Model

100

78

Micro Ljth

Locksmith

100

75

Desktop Plan

300

234

English SAT #1

30

22

Penguin

Visicalc Advanced

400

312

Learning System

150

108

Comp Graphics/

Database

US Constitution Tutor Microsoft '

Typing Tutor II™ Muse

Castle Wolfensletn

30 25 30

22 19 23

Apple Table

Complete Graphics

System

Graphics Magician

Special Effects

Special Effects

Apple TAB

120

70 60 40

86

50 45 30

AST

Versatorm

Link Systems

Dala Fax Software Publishers

LIST

495

249

SALE

371

187

Elementary Math

Optimized

40

29

70

50

PFS: File .... PFS: Graph

175 175

129

Phoenix ZOOM Graphics

129

Speed Read Plus......

Sierra On Line

60

43

50

38

PFS: Reporl ....

125

94

Cannonball Blitz

35

26

Sensible

Home/Education/Games

Jaw Breaker

30

23

Bug. The

50

32

Link Systems

LIST

SALE

Time Zone

Ultima

Sir-Tech

100 60

69 45

Build Using

DOS Plus

30 25

23 19

Link Sampler 1

60

45

Disk Organizer

30

23

Language

Wizardry Slrlus

50

35

Disk Recovery

30

23

Insult

UST

SALE

Mulli Disk Catalog

25

19

ALD System III

75

56

Kabul Spy Spinnaker

35

26

Quickloader

Super Disk Copy

Slrlus

Pascal Graphics Editor .. Softech

25 35

19 26

Utlllty/Comm/Grapbics Link Systems

UST

SALE

Face Maker Strategic Simulations

35

25

100

75

Link Index . . Link Video

195 55

149 42

Cytron Masters

40

30

Synergistic

Atlantis

40

30

Xenolile

Southeastern

50

39

APPLE lie"

Slargazer's Guide (Jltrasoft

30

23

Data Capture

Dala Capturc/Supcrlerm

65 90

49 65

Most Apple II products run on the lie (call

Mask of the Sun

40

30

Data Capturc/Smarterm

90

65

tor details) Products below are specially

Data Capture/

designed tor the lie.

Language

Super Serial

90

65

Datasoft

LIST

SALE

Dala Capture Videx

90

65

Business

Basic Compiler

100

75

Southwestern Data

Sierra On Line

LIST

SALE

Lisp Interpreter

125

94

ASCII Express

Screenwriter II

0

0

IUS

Professionl

130

89

Software Dimensions

Fourth Development

Printographer

50

38

Accounting + HE GL

395

289

System

140

101

Stoneware

Accounting + HE AR

395

289

Insoft

Graphics Proc Sys.

Accounting + HE AP .

395

289

ALD Systen II

75

56

(STO)

69

52

Accounting + HE

Mlcmsott •

Graphics Proc. Sys.

Inventor

395

289

Applesofl Compiler

(Prol)

179

129

Accounting + HE

(TASCP

175

119

Synergistic

Payroll

395

289

Mumath/Musini|)

Higher Graphics II

30

26

Accounting + HE SOE

395

289

(ADIOSr

250

194

Vdlex

Accounting + HE POE

395

269

Sensible

Videoterm Utilities Disk

37

28

Accounting + HE POS

395

289

Applesoft +

Visicalc Mem Ex

Visicorp

Struc. Basic . .

40

30

W/Preboot

89

67

Visicalc

250

189

Sierra On Lino

Visicorp

EPF IV

80

56

Visilink

250

194

Database

Softech

Visiterm

100

79

Software Publishers

LIST

SALE

Basic Compiler

Visitrend/Plot

300

234

PFS: File

125

94

& Runtime

225

169

Winner's Circle

PFS: Graph

125

94

UCSD P-Syslam set

625

469

Disk Encryption

60

45

PFS: Reporl

125

94

468 BYTE September 1983

X. ¥1 I \u ¥ ¥1/ %A/ I ¥ \J ¥§/€¥/

CP/M-86 (8")

Digital Research

Database

Display Manager

400

295

AshtonTate LIST

dBASE II 700 .129

SALE

Supervyz

Letisoll

Spellbinder

Metasott

150

94

dBASE II w/nser"s guide

729

419

495

281

Language

Benchmark Mail List..

250

184

Digits! Research

LIST

SALE

Benchmark Word

Pascal MT+86 With

Processor. , .

500

36/

SPP-86

800

600

Micro Pro

XLT 86 ....

150

132

Calcstar

145

96

Utility/Comm/Graphics

Mailmerge Spelter

250

250

16b 165

moil

LIST

SALE

Word/Mail

695

426

Move II

150

99

Word/Spell

695

426

Word/Spell/Mail

845

558

CP/M-80

Wordmaster . ...

150

99

Wordstar

495

327

8" standard SSSO and Apple 5V<"

Microsoft '

Edit 80

Multiplan"

Text Editor"

Please call to confirm price

& availability lor

oilier lormats. available as

special orders

120

94

Oasis

Business

The Word Plus

150

112

ATI

LIST

SALE

Peachtree

Power tor CP/M

75

54

Inventory

400

275

Artltlclal Intelligence

PEACHPAK SERIES 9

500

345

Ocntal (PAS-3)

995

749

Payroll

400

275

Medical [PAS-3) .

995

749

SERIES 4-GL

600

398

Ashton-Tete

SERIES 4 PAK

Bottom Line Strategist

400

279

{GL.AR.AP)

595

393

Aspen

SERIES 40 PAK

Grammallk

75

56

(GL.AR.AP)

595

398

Proofreader

50

38

SERIES 40 GL

400

275

Balcones

SERIES 40 AR

400

275

BOSS Fin. Acctg. Sys

2495

1496

SERIES 40 AP ...

400

275

Comshare

SERIES 9 •

Combo Pak

125

94

PEACHTEXT

500

345

Maslerplanner

325

253

SERIES 9 ■

Planner Calc

99

74

PROOFREADER

300

206

Target Application

Series 4 • AR

600

398

Guide

50

38

Series 4 - AP

600

398

Designee Software

Series 4 • Inventory ...

600

398

Palantir

425

319

Series 8 - GL

750

515

Dlctronlcs

Series 8 - AR

750

515

Random House

Series 8 - Inventory .

750

515

Thesaurus

150

319

Series 8 • Payroll ..

750

515

Orders must be PAID by October 31

to qualify for these special prices

TELEPHONE ORDERS

Outside Calif.: Inside Calif.:

Order lines are manned 6:30—6 Monday thru Friday and 9— 5 Saturday. Other lines are open 9—5 Monday thru Friday.

Technical Support (415) 324-0311

Order Status (415) 324-0306

Sales Manager (415) 324-0305

More CP/M' , APPLE' , IBM PC", UCSD p-System" software, hardware, etc.: call for quote.

(800) 222-8811 (415) 324-3730

Series 8 • Sales Inv.

Series 8 • PAK

(AR.AP.GL) .

Series 80 PAK

(GL.AR.AP)

Series 80 GL

Videoterm

Series 80 AR

Videoterm

Series 80 AP

Videoterm

Series 80 inv.

VirJeolerm

Series 9 - Mailing List

Series 9 - Peachcalc Select

Select Word Processor Sensible

Sensible Speller Software Dimensions

Accounting + GL

Accounting + AR

Accounting + AP

Accounting +

Inventory

Accounting + Payroll

Accounting + SOE

Accounting + POE

Accounting + POS Sorclm

Supercalc

Supercale 2

Superspellguard

Supe writer

TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice and avialability. Cashier's check/MO/bank transfer. Allow time lor company or personal checks to clear. Prices reflect cash prepaid discount. VISA/MASTERCAHD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents add sales tax. All sales final for games & special orders.

SHIPPING: S3 per item for UPS surface (56 lor Blue Label) within Continental USA. except where shipping cost is specified in square brackets. UPS does not go to Canada. Alaska. APO's. FPO's; call for ship charge or add 15%—we will refund/credit difference.

RETURNS: Must have authorization number, obtained at 415-324-0305. Unauthorized returns will be refused; damaged goods-will be refused. All returns subject to 15% restocking fee. No return after 30 days.

Anderson-Bell

Abslat

Ashton-Tate

dBASE II

dBASE II

w/user's guide Caxton

Cardbox Computer Control

Fabs-BTREE File Access ,

Ultrasort II

Condor

Condor I .

Condor 3 .... DJR

FMS80

FMS 80-1

FMS 80-2 Digital Research

Access Manager FYI

Superfile Faircom

Micro B+ (CBASIC)

Micro B+ (OTHER) Fox & Geller

Quickcode

Quickscreen/rJBASE II

Ouickscreen/CBASIC .., 149 125

750 515 Qulckscreen/MBASIC. 149 125

Quickscreen/FMS-80. 149 125

dGRAPH 295 195

dUTIL ... 99 59 595 398 Hum3n gaff

DBPIus .... 125 95 "00 275 Micro Pro

Datastar 295 195

400 275 |nfostar 495 327

Reportslar 350 231

400 275 Microsoft '

Sorting Facility

400 275 (MS0RT)'- 195 151

375 25B Optimal

375 25B Accelerator 195

Organic

595 356 Datebook 295 229

Pear I Soft

125 94 Personal Pear I . 295 229 T/Maker Co

645 398 T/Maker III 275 215

645 398

645 3ge Home/Education/Games

Infocom LIST SALE

645 398 Deadline 60 43

645 398 Slarcross 50 38

645 396 Suspended 50 38

645 398 Zork I 50 3B

645 398 Zork II 50 38

Zork III 50 38

195 129 ISM

285 179 Malhemagic 100 72

195 Supersoft

295 185 Dungeon Master 40 30

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Figure 4: The MTK80 data structures. A sample state is shown, involving six stack frames and two semaphores. NIL represents the end of a list.

Function Calls

You establish the data structure and error exit by using the macroinstruction INITMT (listing 2). The microinstruction sets the ready and delayed lists empty, puts all frames but one on the available list, and makes the remaining frame the currently running one. When INITMT is called, the (hardware) stack pointer must be valid. The default operating system stack is valid and can serve as the stack pointer. On the return from INITMT, however, the state of the machine has been completely altered, and the calling task has become a task with a fresh stack.

Semaphores are initialized by the INITSEM macroinstruction, which sets the count field to the specified initial value and sets the wait queue to empty.

The START macroinstruction gets a frame from the available list and makes that frame the new running task, beginning its execution at the

address supplied. The calling task is put on the ready list. An interesting result of the dynamic connection between executable code and stack frames is that, as long as there are available frames, the same piece of (reentrant) code can be alive in several incarnations at the same time I Because the task started gets a copy of the creator's registers, it might be handy to have more than one identical task active, each with different initial register contents. In this way, you could pass parameters to new tasks on start-up; you could also use this method in the split-screen example to reduce the two nearly identical subscreen tasks to one routine.

A special case of the START macroinstruction is the TASK macroinstruction, which terminates the calling task and starts the new one. It is equivalent to resetting the stack pointer to the top of the current frame and jumping to the new starting address.

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BYTE September 1983 473

The STOP macroinstruction terminates a task by returning the task's frame to the available list. The first frame on the ready list is removed and is run.

SWAPOUT puts the currently running task at the end of the ready list, swapping it for the one at the top of the ready list. As with other functions that take the current task out of execution, SWAPOUT first pushes the return address and registers onto the stack, saves the stack pointer (at SP), and performs the optional stack overflow check. When a new current task is selected, its stack pointer is restored, followed by its register contents. It is then allowed to resume execution where it left off.

Using a semaphore, the WAIT macroinstruction enables a task to synchronize itself with an event. If the semaphore count is nonzero, it has been signaled (the event has occurred), and the count is decremented, acknowledging the signal. If the count is 0, the task becomes blocked; the current frame is added to

the end of the semaphore queue list using its LINK field, and the next ready task begins execution.

Two special cases of WAIT are CWAIT and CKSEM, both of which return the status of the semaphore in the Z flag (nonzero if signaled). CWAIT acknowledges a signal by decrementing the count; CKSEM leaves the count unchanged. Control returns immediately to the caller in either case.

The complement of WAIT is the SIGNAL macroinstruction, which uses a semaphore to signal an event. If any tasks are waiting for the event, the first one is moved to the end of the ready list. Otherwise, the semaphore's count of unacknowledged signals is incremented. No check for overflow of this count is made (the maximum is 255). Another version of SIGNAL is FLAG, which works in exactly the same way except that it never increments the count past 1. This behavior is appropriate for mutual exclusion semaphores and for preventing count overflow. Neither

SIGNAL nor TICK takes the calling task out of execution.

The DELAY macroinstruction puts the calling task on the delayed list, thereby blocking it until the specified number of system clock ticks have passed. The delayed list is ordered according to the length of time requested, with the shortest time first. The proper placement of the calling task in the list is handled by DELAY, because this somewhat complex insertion needs to be done only once. The next ready task is then placed into execution.

DELAY uses a 2-byte counter register. Because this counter rolls over at 65,536, that value is the maximum number of cycles supported in one DELAY call. The register contains only a relative count that is incremented once by each call to TICK. Because the task with the shortest delay is at the top of the delayed list, TICK then compares the target wakeup time of that task with the current tick count. Any and all tasks whose time is up are appended to the ready

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Listing 3: This program illustrates how you can use MTK80 macroinstruction calls. This example, for use with a North Star Horizon, simply runs four tasks, each of which merely identifies itself when it runs.

ORG JMP

1O0H MAIN

-» INSERT THE KERNEL FILE mtkBO. asm HERE.

Kernel stack structure parameters. FRAMES: EQU 6 ;Specify the number of stack frames

FRSIZ: EQU 64 ;5pecify the size of each, in bytes

ERRSJMP: EQU OEBOOH ; Choose a place to jump on fatal error

; North Star Horizon real-time clock equates.

Choose clock interrupt at RST vector 2 Clock interrupt arm code Clock interrupt disarm code Clock flip/flop reset code Clock I/O port

RST2:

EQU

2*B

ARM:

EQU

OCOH

DISARM:

EQU

40H

CLKtRST

EQU

50H

CLKSPRT

EQU

6

; CP/M

equates.

BDOS:

EQU

5

CONST:

EQU

1 1

COUT:

EQU

2

EXIT:

EQU

0

IBDOS call address

i Keyboard status check code

-Console output code

;CP/M restart address

i Kernel stack and semaphore data area. STACK: DS FRAMES*FRSIZ SEMA: DS 3

; Example main program.

MAIN: INITMT STACK, FRAMES, FRSIZ, ERRSJMP

MVI A, JMP

STA RST2

LXI H, CLKSINT

SHLD RST2+1

MVI A, ARM

OUT CLKSPRT

INITSEM SEMA,0

START TASK1

START TASK2

START TASK3

START TASK4 TASKO: SWAPOUT

MVI C,CONST

CALL BDOS

ORA A

JZ TASKO

SIGNAL SEMA

STOP

; Set up kernel

Set clock interrupt handler jump vector Enable clock interrupts Initialize the sample semaphore Start the simultaneous tasks

While polling, let other tasks run Check the console keyboard

; When a key is hit, signal TASK4

; then quit this task — the job is done.

i This task has nothing to do but wait to die.

TASK4 WAIT SEMA ;Sleep until signaled MVI A,DISARM

OUT CLK*PRT ; Disable clock interrupts

JMP EXIT ;Terminate the program

, Tasks 1-3 identify themselves by number at different intervals. TASK1: DELAY 700

;Delay 900 clock ticks

; Send identifing number to screen ; Loop "forever"

MVI

E, '1 '

CALL

CONOUT

JMP

TASK1

DELAY

900

MVI

E, '2'

CALL

CONOUT

JMP

TASK2

DELAY

1 100

MVI

E, '3'

CALL

CONOUT

JMP

TASK3

1 Clock interrupt handler.

CLK*INT:PUSH PSW

MVI A, CLK*RST OUT CLKtPRT POP PSW JMP 7TICK

i Clear the interrupt

.Activate delayed tasks whose time is up

i Send character in register E to the console screen. CONOUT: MVI CCOUT JMP BDOS

END

1

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list. The current task then resumes execution, whether it called TICK or was interrupted.

Applications

Listing 3 contains a skeletal example of the declaration of data structures and the use of kernel macroinstruction calls. Refer also to the comments in listing 2 for details of ways to use the routines. If you have no macroinstruction facilities, use the macroinstruction definitions as a set of instructions for calling the kernel routines explicitly.

I used a Z80 version of this kernel for more than three years in my ham radio teletype (RTTY) communications program. The kernel made it easier for me to include features such as a split-screen display, continuous time and modem-frequency monitoring, and the reading and writing of a circular disk log file while transmitting and receiving.

I have written a related kernel in BDS C (B.D. Software C) for inclusion in a CP/M RTTY program. Ex

pansion to allow monitoring of multiple communication channels (VHF, HF, telephone, packet radio, and satellite) is a natural application of multiple concurrent tasks. ■

References Agoston, M. K. "A Microprocessor Operating System: The Kernel." Dr. Dobb's Journal, vol. 2, number 8, September 1977, pages 20-40. Goes right into the details of a kernel for an 8080 real-time operating system that includes message passing between tasks. Chein, Y. P. "Multi-tasking Executive Simplifies Real-time Microprocessor System Design." Computer Design, January 1980, pages 109-117. Description of a commercial product for the 8080 family. Emphasis is on highly structured interactions and a consistent channel mechanism for communicating with hardware and with other tasks and processors.

Dahmke, Mark. "Introduction to Multiprogramming." September 1979 BYTE, pages 20-32. Multiuser system design considerations. Emphasis on timing, I/O, memory allocation, and data structures.

Kinzer, Don. "A Time-Sharing/Multi-User Subsystem for Microprocessors." June

1980 BYTE, pages 122-134. A hardware approach to accommodating multiple users on a small system, each with a bank-selected memory segment. Includes an introduction to time-sliced processor sharing.

5. Knies, Wilfred, et al. "Industrial Real-Time FORTRAN Draft Standard." ACM SIGPLAN Notices, vol. 16, number 7, July 1981, pages 45-60. A proposed definition of procedures to handle multitasking functions, bit manipulations, process I/O, and shared files in FORTRAN programs. Glossary of relevant terms; state model and transition diagram.

6. Tsichritzis, D. O, and P. A. Bernstein. Operating Systems. New York: Academic Press, 1974. A textbook that focuses on large operating-system issues. Discussions of concurrent processes, interprocess communication and synchronization, and resource allocation.

Jerry Hotter (2329-B Hilgard Ave., Berkeley, CA 94709) is a senior engineer at Ampex Corporation in Redwood City, CA. He is involved with real-time microprocessor servomechanism control.

The author would like to thank David Altekruse, Ron Porat, and Robin Curse for their support and assistance in the preparation of this article.

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User to User

Conducted by Jerry Pournelle

Jerry Pournelle's User's Column generates a lot of mail. In this space, Jerry will answer readers' questions on a regular monthly basis.

The MULTICS Operating System

Dear Jerry,

In your March column ("A User's View of Comdex," page 44) you mentioned the concept of an Executive Secretary program that would allow interruption of an editing task in order to run another program without destroying the file being edited.

I, too, have wished for such a facility. Though I have not seen it on a micro, I can vouch for the fact that this facility is every bit the pleasure you anticipate. The Honeywell MULTICS operating system is so designed. In fact, it is possible to interrupt any program being run and return to it later (providing, of course, that you have altered none of the files being used by the interrupted program).

The MULTICS solution is quite elegant. When a command is typed into the terminal, it is interpreted by the command processor not as a program to execute but as a call to a (usually PL/I) procedure. Using predefined search rules, the procedure is located in the file system hierarchy and then actually called. (The syntax of commands even provides for the interpreter to pass text typed after the "command" or procedure name to be passed to the procedure as actual parameters.) Moreover, the entire system is constructed to allow unlimited recursion. Thus, no matter where you are, the command processor (also a PL/I procedure) may be called—hence, so can any procedure.

This method is not without cost. It is because of this feature that MULTICS is an incredible money and resource sink. Large amounts of virtual memory can be consumed when

multiple users have a large call stack. But it is arguably the single best feature of MULTICS. It is interesting to note that although many features of Unix come from MULTICS, this one is not part of the Unix system. It is a shame that a cost-effective way to implement this feature could not have been found during the design of Unix.

James E. Densmore Jr. 503 Timber Lane Falls Church, VA 22046

Instead of looking to Unix, I predict that concurrent CP/M-86 will enable us to write Executive Secretary for 8086 machines. . . . Jerry

Valdocs Revisited

Dear Jerry,

In Response to "Epilogue: A Look at Valdocs" (August, page 442), most of your requests are valid. However, numbers 4, 5, and 7 are already implemented (version 1.16 as of June 1, 1983). In fact, #4 exists in every copy of the editor that you have ever seen, and it is documented. Also, top and bottom margins are changeable and always have been. However, only one set of top and bottom margins may be used in any one document (until version 2.0). If one needs to leave space on page 1 for a company logo, carriage returns work very nicely—after all, the editor is truly what you see. . . .

Most of your other requests will have been implemented by version 2.0 of the editor. Of those listed, numbers 1, 2, and 3 will certainly be included. I'm not at liberty to reveal the release date of this product, but I can say soon.

Additionally, as you know, the perceived slowness of the editor is primarily a by-product of using a bitmapped display. The benefits are obvious—multiple fonts, underlin

ing, and eventually merged graphics and text can only be done bitmapped. The cost is speed. Compared to Lisa's editor, it's fast. Compared to most editors, it's adequate. Compared to the fastest, it's slow. But we have made some rather interesting breakthroughs that will speed up most of the editor's functions to among the best by version 2.0.1 suspect that even you will be pleased. Chris Rutkowski President

Rising Star Industries 24050 Madison St., Suite 113 Torrance, CA 90505

Valdocs is the closest thing I've seen to the Executive Secretary program I described in a previous column. Because I like the concept a lot, I wish Valdocs all success, but alas, so far I have no version that my people find acceptable. I first tried the Epson out on John Can, my long-suffering editorial associate. After he gave up and reclaimed his Selectric, the Epson sat in lonely exile over in one corner of our living room. Finally, Roberta and our son Richard (13) set up the Epson with a new version of Valdocs that fixed some silly bugs in the earlier distribution versions. The new version was a little better, but the Valdocs program is so painfully slow that it will eventually drive you mad. Also, there are ways to lock up the system. I don't know all of them because Roberta didn 't keep notes, but it happened to her. The bottom-line result is that she's not interested in returning to the Epson. I've previously concluded that the Epson Valdocs software is a noble try that pushes the Z80 chip beyond its limits. I have no reason to change that view. . . . Jerry

JRT Version 3.0

Dear Jerry,

I thought you might be interested in my experience with JRT Pascal. I

480 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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User to User.

had a lot of trouble with version 2.x and was about to give up on the language entirely until I had occasion to use a friend's version 3.0. What a difference! I have no trouble compiling "standard" Pascal programs with the new version.

For example: I compiled and ran your matrix multiplication program flawlessly (it executed in 87 seconds); the same is true with Jim and Gary Gilbreath's Erastosthenes Sieve program (472 seconds) on my Osborne 1. What I am leading up to is this: why don't you and Alex give JRT version 3.0 a shot? I'd really like to see Alex's introductory package come out for JRT Pascal.

Enclosed are the results when running your "Silly" program on version 3.0 (see listing 1). I think the error message in version 3.0 is just as meaningful as those of Pascal/M and Pascal MTV +. And once you get used to it, you know the error occurred on the line after the last one it tried to compile—so it's just as easy to find. O. H. (Jack) Adams 33 Briarwood Court Walnut Creek, CA 94596

JRT version 3.0 does seem considerably improved over the earlier version. Well have to examine it again. However, it is still nothing like standard, so programs written in JRT aren't likely to work with any other compiler. . . . Jerry

Transferring Files to Otrona Disks

Dear Jerry,

In your January column ("Burnouts, Bargains, and Two Sleek Portables," page 438) you state that the "Attache has simple ways for getting stuff to and from your 8-inch disks" and that transferring files is easy, as attested by your column's existence, written on the Attache in Europe (in part) and transferred on your return. In the documentation for my Attache I cannot find a way to transfer files.

Listing 1:

Program Silly (output): BEGIN

Writeln( 'Hello, World' );

Writeln( 'Foo' );

Writelnj foo );

Writeln( 'Hello again!' ); END {silly}.

A>JRTPAS3 B:SILLY1.P

JRT Pascal ver 3.0

Copyright 1983 JRT Systems

0000 0001: Program Silly (output);

0000 0002:

0006 0003: BEGIN

001A 0004: Writeln( 'Hello, World' ):

0025 0005: Writeln( 'Foo' );

%Warning: Invalid variable or data type declaration %Error: Syntax error — unrecoverable

My dealer says (and one manual confirms) that I must buy Softcom to do this. Personally, I would much prefer to use Modem7 or some other utility, but at the moment I do not have a way to get a public-domain program into the Otrona format.

Is it necessary to have a modemtype utility (or Softcom by Otrona, at $150) to transfer files to Otrona disks? Tom Flagg 547 Tilden Ave. Teaneck, NJ 07666

We use the File Transporter from Workman and Associates. Modem? is in the public domain; Workman has obtained permission to include it with the Transporter.

You could probably get Modem? for the Otrona from a club or users group, but I don't know of one at the moment. . . . Jerry

Toward Computer "Literacy"

Dear Jerry,

I'm considering buying our family's first personal computer, and I want to read about the latest applications and available products.

One question of particular importance concerns my two sons (ages 15 and 13) and their computer "literacy." We have read enough of your articles and other primers (e.g., Adam Osborne and Peter McWilliams) to realize how computer dumb we are. It will take some more research—and

budget reviews—to determine what we buy. Before then I'd like my boys to get some "hands-on" education. The local high school offers computer courses, but there's a catch. I hesitate to have my sons learn some fundamental aspects which, as you quoted Professor Dijkstra, would later have to be painfully "unlearned." Should my sons, for example, learn BASIC and FORTRAN as their first languages? I want to encourage their enthusiasm for handson training, but I hesitate about the high school's curriculum. What are your views? David E. Goode 6454 Dryden Dr. McLean, VA 22101

I don't see how anyone is harmed by learning BASIC, and your school's courses sound like a very good start. And although limited in scope, a Sinclair is a good machine to begin on. . . . Jerry

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' comments and opinions. Send a self-addressed stamped envelope to Jerry Pournelle, c/o BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449. Please put your address on the letter as well as on the envelope. Due to the high volume of letters, Jerry cannot guarantee a personal reply.

482 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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484 BYTE September 1983

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Please see CP/M listing. All products with a "*" in front will also run on PCDOS and are priced the same.

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Book Reviews

The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, Volume 2

Avron Barr and Edward Feigenbaum, eds. William Kaufman Inc. Los Altos, CA, 1982 428 pages, S35

Reviewed by Henry W. Davis

The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence, a three-volume overview of artificial intelligence (AI), presents basic AI accomplishments and techniques so that people need not be specialists in the field to understand them. Volume 2 (discussed here) covers AI programming languages, AI applications to science, medicine, and education, and automatic programming.

(For a review of volume 1, see the July issue, page 450. Volume 3 will be reviewed at a later date.)

Volume 2's extensive bibliography (through early 1981) provides direction to basic material as well as research papers and is useful for novices and experts alike. The articles are carefully edited and work together quite well. Elaborate crossreferencing lets you skip to a specific topic of interest.

Languages

AI programming languages, the first topic in volume 2, have been heavily influenced by LISP, the dominant AI programming language today. It is therefore appropriate that the authors devote considerable effort to explaining the useful features of this language. Other in

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fluential languages covered are PLANNER, CONMVER, QLISP, SAIL, POP-2, and FUZZY. PROLOG and LISPmachines are not discussed.

Early programming languages dealt mainly with useful ways to process numerical data. In contrast, LISP was developed to manipulate symbolic expressions, making it more suitable for the needs of AI programming.

LISP has endured as an important tool over the years for a number of reasons. First, its main data structure consists of multilevel lists, providing LISP with a powerful and flexible way to represent complicated knowledge, and LISP allows lists to change in structure and size during program execution. Furthermore, LISP's emphasis on recursion allows it to simplify the handling of many problems.

The control structure of LISP consists primarily of function composition. One effect is to encourage interactive development of complicated programs. Functions are easily replaced or enhanced on the spot.

LISP programs and data have the same syntax. Programs may pass other programs as data or read programs from a database. Such data may be executed by the receiving program because LISP supports a primitive function that is itself a LISP interpreter. Programs may construct other programs (and run them) and analyze other programs, or themselves.

In PLANNER, a program's statements consist of "theorems" that describe strategies for achieving certain goals given a set of preconditions. Theorems also give contingency plans if specified situations arise. When a program is run, PLANNER

searches through its database of assertions and theorems, attempting to solve a userspecified goal.

CONNIVER and QLISP extend this to give the user more control over the search process. QLISP's capabilities include resolution-based theorem proving, a powerful inference technique.

FUZZY allows the user to associate certainty values to assertions in the database. These numbers are manipulated as goals are sought from the database. Final conclusions also have measures of certainty associated with them.

Expert Systems

Expert systems (ESs) are programs that help solve complex, real-world problems in such areas as science, engineering, and medicine, thus minimizing the need for expensive human help. They work with large amounts of domain knowledge (facts and procedures, gleaned from human experts, that have proved useful in certain specialties) and several of these systems have a level of expertise comparable to or exceeding that of a good human professional.

The Handbook devotes a chapter each to ESs in science, medicine, and education. In no other single source can you find such a comprehensive overview of ES technology. Articles in these chapters cover noteworthy systems in each domain. Each article attempts to describe the problem, the knowledge used to solve it, the AI methods that were used to represent and manipulate that knowledge, the level of expertise obtained, and future prospects for the program and those methods. A large variety of systems are described, usually with great clarity. (You may find it help

486 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Book Reviews,

ful to read the material on search and knowledge representation in volume 1 before reading the ES articles.)

Science and Engineering

Science and engineering have historically been a favorite application domain for expert systems. The Handbook describes systems in chemistry, geology mathematics, and database management. To give the flavor of the text, 111 discuss two of the chemical applications.

Current ES technology evolved from the DENDRAL project, started at Stanford University in 1965. The project was intended to show that algorithmic procedures that produce results exhaustively and at enormous expense could be augmented by the heuristic knowledge of experts to produce similar results at a fraction of the cost. From this highly successful project scientists isolated some key questions for what soon became ES technology: How does one obtain from human experts the large amounts of knowledge needed to simulate their expertise? How does one represent this knowledge? What are effective ways to manipulate and control the use of this knowledge?

Input to DENDRAL consists of the atomic constituents of a molecule along with mass spectrometric data.This information describes how molecules of a particular substance fragment when they are subject to intense heat. DENDRAL's output is a ranked list of possible structures for the molecule. Such information is extremely useful in many chemical applications but typically requires many man-hours of effort by experienced chemists.

In DENDRAL, expert knowledge about interpreting mass spectrums is repre

sented in rules, which are statements in the form "if a is true then take action b." Rules are used to build constraints on the set of molecular structures that might have produced the mass spectrum data. After a candidate list of molecular structures is generated, more rules are used to simulate or test the mass spectrum of each candidate so the list may be pruned and properly ranked. Many aspects of the DENDRAL program became common ingredients in later ESs: especially the "generate and test" paradigm and the use of rules to represent sophisticated human knowledge.

Another fascinating program that uses rules to represent complicated knowledge is Gelemter's SYNCHEM, developed at State University of New York at Stony Brook. The input to SYNCHEM is the structure of an organic molecule. The program seeks a sequence of reactions useful to the laboratory or industrial chemist for synthesizing the input molecule. A typical synthesis route consists of a chain of 3 to 20 reactions beginning with readily available compounds. Reactions are represented as rules. Starting with the goal molecule, rules are applied backwards in a heuristic search for shelf compounds. Finding workable synthesis routes is complicated for humans. Gelernter has had some success in automating it and his work looks very promising.

Medicine

Nearly a score of medical AI systems have been built since the mid-1970s; the Handbook surveys seven. Most of these systems focus on medical diagnosis. Typically the physician enters a patient's symptoms, laboratory data, and other findings

in a dialogue with the computer. The ES infers a likely disease or combination of diseases, often explaining its reasoning. In some cases therapy is recommended. Today's systems operate in narrow areas of medicine such as bacterial infection or aspects of internal medicine. Some of them have received very favorable ratings compared with human experts. In addition to diagnostic systems, ESs have been built for other medical purposes, such as drug-regimen determination.

The design techniques of AI medical systems vary considerably. Most of the knowledge-representation schemes described in volume 1 of the Handbook occur in one system or another. Search procedures are exhaustive rather than heuristic because of the small size of the databases and the potentially serious consequences of missing applicable information.

The items of knowledge used in medical reasoning are often, in fact, judgments. There may be competing evidence for and against a certain hypothesis. AI systems deal with this by attaching "weights" or "certainty factors" to information. For example, weights may be numbers between -1 and +1 where -1 means "known to be false" and +1 means "known to be true." Rules for combining weights are applied when the system must reason with uncertain knowledge. A hypothesis will be viewed as true when its weight exceeds some specified threshold.

Only one AI diagnostic system is reported to be in routine clinical use. However, several appear to be close to this stage. To account for this lack of use, many observers claim that physicians will not use computer diagnostic aids when they feel they are al

ready performing adequate

iy

Education

Programs that interact directly with students in an effort to promote and control learning in a particular subject are called computer aided instruction (CAI) and have their roots in the 1960s. In the first such programs, the student was typically given some instructional text (possibly on line) and then asked brief questions about it. The student's answers determined what further questions and text would be presented. The courseware author attempted to anticipate all patterns of wrong responses and use them to specify branches to appropriate remedial material. Some very sophisticated systems use this technique.

AI ideas of the 1970s have led to work on much more ambitious systems called knowledge-based or intelligent CAI (ICAI) programs. Such systems have three main components. The expertise module generates problems and evaluates the correctness of the student's solutions. In some cases this module reasons much like a conventional noneducational ES. The student model module maintains a representation of how well the student understands the skills being taught, plus related information (for example, student goals or what he or she tends to forget). The tutoring module integrates information from the other modules with teaching strategies to affect the learning process.

The Handbook describes eight ICAI systems in such varied areas as geography, medicine, electronics, programming, arithmetic, and university-level logic. In addition to their potential usefulness, these systems provide striking insight into the

488 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Book Reviews.

teaching-learning processes.

Automatic Programming

Automatic programming (AP) refers to a program or system of programs that enable users to specify a programming task to the computer on a very high level. This may mean that only the desired effect of the program is described (or partially described), or the intended effect and some of the methodology is specified. AP aims to allow the programmer to specify the task much the same way a manager specifies a task to a programmer.

At the foundation of AP is the idea that the program should know both the problem domain and the principles of programming so well that it can fill in the details. An ideal AP system should provide an efficient, correct program. Because

much of today's software is costly and unreliable, the benefits of such goals are unquestionable.

Some impressive AP systems have been written within restricted problem domains. For example, George Heidorn's NLPQ program determines the specifications for queuing problem simulations via an English dialogue with the user. It outputs programs written in GPSS. Systems with larger problem domains (for example, nonnumeric programming) are much less understood. In today's technology such systems work on only short programs in a few subclasses of their intended domain. We are a long way from being able to write an operating system via AP.

AP research falls into two major areas. One covers the specification problem, which is

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concerned with translating partial or ambiguous user input into complete and unambiguous specifications. A major obstacle to applying AP concepts to complex problems is determining a specification language that is easy to work with but forces users to be complete, consistent, and unambiguous. Such formal methods do not seem to reflect the way humans usually understand and describe programs. Some experimental systems have dealt with this by allowing users to describe their programs via some or all of the following: sample inputoutput pairs, traces (descriptions of how certain data structures change when certain decisions are made), English, and mixed-initiative English dialogue with the system. These are called informal specification methods. Systems using them must have knowledge of the problem domain and of programming concepts in order to make the transformation into complete specifications. The other major area of AP research, the synthesis problem, is concerned, with generating the target program once a complete and unambiguous description of the specifications has been obtained. Several approaches have been undertaken. One of these is illustrated by the PECOS and LIBRA modules within Cordell Green's PSI system at Stanford University. PECOS contains hundreds of rules that may be applied to a program specification. Each rule alters the program, to varying extents, producing a refinement. Rules applied to refinements produce further refinements. By successive application of rules, PECOS attempts to move the original program specification into a targetlanguage implementation. A rule may be applied only if its

"if condition" matches some part of the current refinement. Of course, sometimes several rules apply. This method generates a tree of refinements rooted in the original specifications. PECOS expands leaf nodes in that tree in its searach for an implementation.

LIBRA, whose knowledge is also based on rules, analyzes and guides the development of the refinement tree to achieve an efficient implementation. Plausible implementation rules tell what type of data structures to use. Cost analysis rules estimate (with certainty factors) the expected efficiency of an implementation obtained by successive refinements of a given node. Other rules describe when to shift attention to different nodes in the tree.

The PSI system has been successful with a number of short programs in certain areas of nonnumeric computing.

Conclusion

No book is perfect, and volume 2 of the Handbook does have a few problems. Some articles on overlapping topics do not mesh well, and sometimes examples are not clear. I found five references in the text whose entries are missing from the bibliography. (The bibliography contains nearly 400 items.)

Overall, these problems are trivial and may be corrected when the Handbook is updated. Like Volume 1, this volume succeeds in explaining AI in a way that is useful to both novice and expert. Doubtless the Handbook will become a basic AI reference. ■

Henry W. Davis is a professor of computer science at Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435.

490 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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MONTE CARLO" GT CARD

Five Functions—Memory/Serial/Parallel/Clock/Joystick

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• Dual Port Joystick Interface

• Future Upgrade Options: Direct Connect Modem

$CA

Monte Carlo™ Quatro™

Same features as the GT'", but without the Joystick ports .

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l-C — MAGIC

Prom Chip Programmable Graphics Screen Dump

Print Spooling up to 64K Terminal Emulation $CA

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Quadboard: The memory board for the IBM featuring:

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• Parallel Port

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Disk Drives

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SEIMANS DISK DRIVE

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PRINTERS

Mtoh Printers:

Prowriter I Parallel $ 379.00

Prowriter I Serial $ 499.00

Prowriter II Parallel $ 649.00

Prowriter II Serial $ 699.00

Dkidata: Microline 92: 160 CPS bidirectional with 40 CPS

correspondence. 80 column $499.00

Microline 93: 160 CPS bidirectional with 40 CPS

correspondence. 132 column $850.00

'acemark 2350: 350 CPS bidirectional/2 color printing, 136 column.

Parallel $2099.00

Serial $2199.00

3acemark 2410:

Parallel $2399.00

Serial $2499.00

Call for prices on all Okidata Printers

DS Prism:

132 Color $1495.00

Smith Corona:

TP-I Parallel or Serial $ 549.00

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New Gemini 10X, improved throughout!

120 CPS. Parallel $CALL

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L/Q, 18 CPS, Parallel $CALL

This is only a partial listing

of our product line.

For all your

microcomputer needs,

give us a call.

MONITORS

Amdek:

Color I $299.00

Color II $499.99

300G Green $145.00

300A Amber $159.00

BMC:

Lo Res Green $ 89.00

Hi Res Green $149.00

NEC:

1201 Green $159.00

1212 Color Composite $299.00

1203 RGB Hi-Res Color $599.00

Zenith:

ZVM-121 17MHZ $109.00

Taxan: Amber $145.00

Princeton Graphics: Outstanding color for IBM SCALL

MODEMS

D.C. Hayes:

Micromodem II (Apple) $259.00

Smartmodem 300 Baud $209.00

Smartmodem 1200 Baud $525.00

Smartmodem 1200B $475.00

Smartcom II $ 85.00

Novation:

J-Cat RS232 Direct Connect $119.00

Smart Cat 1200 Baud $455.00

Applecat II (Apple) $149.00

"U.S. Robotics: 2 year warranty

300 Baud $179.00

1200 Baud $479.00

Password SCALL

DISKETTES

"Kangaroo:

The disks with the 'jump' on the competition. Outstanding value with library case and a ten year warranty.

5Vi" SS/DD (Box of 10) $21.95

5Va" DS/DD (Box of 10) $30.95

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5'A" SS/DD (Box of 6) $14.95

5VV DS/DD (Box of 6) $19.95

Verbatim:

5V*" SS/DD (Box of 10) $23.95

5'A" DS/DD (Box of 10) $43.95

Elephant Diskettes:

5'A" SS/DD (Box of 10) $22.95

5'A" DS/DD (Box of 10) $29.95

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Hardware

icrosci:

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storage capacity of the

Apple Disk II $CALL

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With Controller Card $CALL

Without Controller Card . . . $CALL ana Disk Drives:

Elite I: 40 track $CALL

Elite II: 80 track $CALL

Elite II: 160 track $CALL

ERCOM HARD DRIVES:

5, 10, 15. 20 Megabytes . . $CALL AVONG HARD DRIVES:

5. 10, 15, 20 Megabytes . . $CALL

Accessories

Ram Cards:

Microsoft 16K

Microtek 16K Card

Davong 16K Card

CP/M for APPLE:

Microsoft Z80 Card

Advanced Logic

80 Column Cards:

Videx with Softswitch

Wesper Wizard 80

Kensington System Saver:

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Joysticks

Select-A-Port . Game Paddles Kraft:

Joysticks

Game Paddles

$ 79.00

.$CALL

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$269.00 $CALL

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S 69.00

$ 44.00 $ 44.00 $ 29.00

$ 49.00 $ 33.00

MBI

MBI APPLETIME CARD

Works with DB Master and Visidex Mountain Computer mode. Basic and pascal operation complete with

datebook software $ 79.00

MBI VIP CARD: Dual Port Parallel/Serial

Graphics Card $ 79.00

Use ASCII Express The Professional 4.0 to simultaneously transfer data from modem to printer using the VIP Card. Mountain Computer:

CPS Multi-Function Card . . SCALL Orange Micro:

Grappler Plus SCALL

Microbuffers: for Epson, IDS, NEC, & Okidata.

16K $219.00

32K $249.00

Software

all for pricing on all software.

DUCATION:

Master Type

The Most Amazing Thing

Typing Tutor

Story Machine

Type Attack

Face Maker

ENTERTAINMENT:

Zaxxon Frogger Zork I Choplifter Ultima II Deadline

Temple of Apshai Zork II Wizardry

BUSINESS:

The Bank Street Writer

PFS: File

PFS: Report

PFS: Graph

The Home Accountant

Visicalc

Multi Plan

Wordstar

dBase II

Apple lie"

Provides these standard features:

• Typewriter-style, full ASCII keyboard, upper and lower case, and auto-repeat feature.

• 6502A microprocessor (8-bit CPU)

• 64K bytes RAM memory

• 16K bytes ROM. which includes built-in Apple-soft BASIC language

• Color graphics and sound capabilities

• Seven I/O expansion slots

• Back panel designed for quick connect/disconnect, using D-style connectors $CALL

Franklin Ace 1000

Offers:

• 64K Memory

• 40 column upper/lower case display

• Apple lie compatibility

• more space between expansion slots and internal fan aid cooling . SCALL

Call for prices on

Franklin Ace 1200

Now Available!

WORDPROCESSING

On Line: Screenwriter

The Professional Silicon Valley:

Format II Southwest Data Systems:

ASCII Express. The Professional

NEC APC

NEC's finest business computer only available at our retail stores.

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

"THE COMPUTER-LINE"

Product Information & Order Lines: California Colorado

•800-255-4659 1-800-525-7877

-213-716-1812 1-303-279-2848

Customer Service & Order Inquiry: 1-213-576-6468

fMS All prices retlecl a 2 9°- cash discount An goods acknowiedgea lauity on receipt Dy the customer will be repaired or replaced at our discrelion Customers must call lor an RMA number before returning any goods This facilitates quick attendance lo faulty goods We reserve the right to repair or return to the manufacturer lor repair all goods becoming faulty within the specified warranty period Any goods (hardware or software) returned for restocking are subject 15°o restocking lee at our discretion The charge for cancellation of orders is 20% at our discretion No returns on software We accepl no responsibility for any lalse claims made by manufacturers Prices quoted lor stock on hand subject lo change without notice Specialists in APO and international deliveries Please add 3°o Immimum S3 00) lor shipprng APO arid to all prices 5% lor shipping (minimum $5 00) We will calculate exact Ireignt Piease allow a imum of 2 weeks plus mail time HI an order is mailed in (or receipt ol all UPS delivered goods All goods lother than APO or international) delivered UPS ground

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Circle 36 on inquiry card.

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- Already own an Olivetti Praxis typewriter? we offer an easy-to-lnstall interface kit (no soldering) for just $145. **

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IBM9 P.C. Compatible Products

Oavong 5 MB Hard Disk System-$1495/ 12 MB-$1995

Quadram - Quadboard with Parallel

Port. Serial Port. Clock/Calendar, Expandable to 256k

64 K on bid - $340 / 128K on brd - $395 / 192 K on brd - $430 / 256K on brd - $4H

Quadchrome Monitor-$575 — AST & Persyst Exp Prod $ Call — AmdBk Monitors —

Mod 300 Phosphor-$150 Composite Color III-$395 IBM RGB Compatible Color II $450 / Color I - $325

— IBM/TRS 80 Disk Drivei/Cablnets —

m 100 Single 40 Track Drive - SI98 TM 100-2 Double 40 Track Drive - $280

Apple II- Computer Products

Apple Compatible Disk Controller $65 Apple Compatible Disk Drive w/Cabinet & Cable $200 w/Conlroller $2f TEAC Slim Line 5VV Drive $265 - Dual Slim Lino $525 Grappler Printer Interlace $139 - w/16K Butler $210 Davong 5 MB Hard Disk System - $1495 - 12 MB-$1995 -Epson/Smith-Corona Printers m RX80 $425 FX80 $550 FX100 $685

**$ " TRS 80 / Parallel Printer Cable $ 20

IBM Parallel Printer Cable $ 35 STAR MICRONICS GEMINI tOX $ CALL GEMINI 15 $ CALL Smith Corona TP-1 Letter Quality Daisy Wheel $580

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Book Reviews

Starting FORTH

Leo Brodie

Prentice-Hall Inc.

Englewood Cliffs, NJ,

1981

348 pages

softcover, $17.95

hardcover, S22.95

Reviewed by Thomas Clune

Any examination of FORTH quickly leads to Starting FORTH, written by Leo Brodie, a technical writer for FORTH Inc. (the PolyFORTH people) and editor of FORTH Dimensions, the FORTH Interest Group publication. Starting FORTH is the only widely recommended book specifically on the language for two reasons. First, the book is authoritative and comprehensive; second, it has no real competition.

This is a serious and substantial work, but the first thing you notice is Brodie's cartoon illustrations throughout. What are they doing there? Alas, the answer is "Nothing." The line drawings do not help the reader at all. In fact, they are merely distractions. Similarly, Brodie suffers from the apparently universal characteristic of FORTH programmers, a propensity toward obvious puns.

Despite these irritations, the book is impressive. Encyclopedic in scope, it lists and illustrates the use of every standard FORTH word and catalogs differences between FORTH dialects. As you'd expect from the author's background, the unique features of PolyFORTH are especially well documented. Brodie clearly explains the reasons for deviations from and additions to the FORTH-79 standard. I particularly appreciated this feature; such explana

tions are unfortunately rare. Further, the book is loaded with excellent hints and advice on working with FORTH. It also includes clear, brief expositions of such key FORTH concepts as factoring.

It includes much more, but that's the problem. By doing a bit of everything, Starting FORTH fails to do anything properly. It could be unbundled into two or three very good books on FORTH, but as a combination operator's manual, tutorial introduction, and programmer's handbook, it has no focus. The book's tone is predominantly tutorial, but it is too comprehensive to be a good FORTH tutorial. Yet as a reference book, it suffers from the tutorial motif. And it is indexed in the manner of a FORTH reference manual—by FORTH words only. As a result, if you're trying to track down that handy hint on loading a stubborn block, you won't get any help from the index.

Brodie appears to have tried to fill the void of published material on FORTH with this one book. The result is that the reader is more impressed with Brodie's understanding of FORTH than educated by his book. Not that the book is poorly written—in general, each subject is explained clearly and well. The problem is with the organization of the whole. The book needs a major editing job to give it focus, and it desperately needs a real index. Nonetheless, if you want to learn FORTH, you will need this book.H

Thomas Clune is physicalchemistry laboratory coordinator for the Chemistry Department of Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02154.

494 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

t- O C

1S4

«OQp>

7 5- U''S?

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1st .:-'iJS h *

It's got all the bases covered.

HP-16C. DECREASE YOUR PROGRAMMING TIME. INCREASE YOUR PRODUCTIVITY. Now software engineers and logic designers can spend less time on bit-manipulation, Boolean and baseconversion functions and more time on more productive tasks. Like expanding your own creative potential.

How? Easy. The HP-16C programmable calculator is

capable of converting across four number bases, not only hexidecimal, octal, and decimal but binary as well. And it has the most powerful combination of bit manipulation, variable word size, and programming capabilities of any pocket calculator in the marketplace to date. For the authorized HP dealer or HP sales office nearest you, call TOLL-FREE 800547-3400 and ask for operator #70 M-F, 6 a.m.-6 p.m. PST.

Personal computers and calculators for professionals on the move.

ras

EWLETT PACKARD

PG02315 276S

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

Books Received

American National Standard Pascal Computer Programming Language. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc., 1983; 128 pages, 18 by 26 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-471-88944-X, $17.95.

An Apple for the Teacher, Fundamentals of Instructional Computing, George Culp and Herbert Nickles. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1983; 256 pages, 18.5 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-534-01378-3, $15.95.

Apple Machine Language, Robert D. Rosen. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983; 256 pages, 18.8 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03063336-2, $19.95.

Atari Programming with 55 Programs, Linda M. Schreiber. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 254 pages, 19.5 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-1485-0, $13.95.

BASIC for Business for the VAX and the PDP-11, 2nd ed., Val Silbey and Alan J. Parker. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 272 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-0358-3, $21.95.

BASIC Exercises for the Atari, J. P. Lamoitier. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1983; 272 pages, 17.8 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-101-2, $12.95.

BASIC Programming Primer, 2nd ed., Mitchell Waite and Michael Pardee. Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1982; 378 pages, 14.8 by 22.8 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN 0-672-22014-8, $17.95.

Before You Buy a Computer, Dona Z. Meilach. New York: Crown Publishers Inc. (One Park Ave.), 1983; 224 pages, 18.5 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-517-54733-3, $8.95.

CDP Review Manual: Data Processing Handbook, 3rd ed., Kenniston W. Lord Jr. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983; 512 pages, 21 by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-442-26087-3, $29.95.

Choosing a Word Processor, Phillip I. Good. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982; 209 pages, 15.5 by 23.8 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-07619, $18.95.

COMAL Handbook, Len Lindsay. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 336 pages, 17 by 23.5 cm, spiralbound, ISBN 0-8359-0878-X, $18.95.

Computer Network Architectures, Anton Meijer and Paul Peeters. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press Inc., 1983; 418 pages, 15 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-914894-41-2, $27.95.

Concise Encyclopedia of Information Technology, Adrian V. Stokes. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 288 pages, 22.8 by 15.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-167205-3, $9.95.

Design and Analysis of Software Systems, Alan Daniels and Don Yeates, eds. Princeton, NJ: Petrocelli Books, 1983; 270 pages, 13.8 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89433-2120, $15.

Doing Business with Pascal, Richard Hergert and Douglas Hergert. Berkeley, CA: Sybex, 1983; 384 pages, 17.8 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-89588-091-1, $16.95.

The Elements ofCAL, David Godfrey and Sharon Sterling. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982; 296 pages, 15.3 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-1700-2, $16.95.

From Baker Street to Binary, Henry Ledgard, E. Patrick McQuaid, and Andrew Singer. New York: McGrawHill, 1983; 296 pages, 13.8 by 21.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-07-036983-6, $10.95.

Fundamentals of Computers and Data Processing with BASIC, Wilson T. Price. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983; 448 pages, 19 by 22.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03-063231-5, $21.95.

Graphics Referral Catalog,

3rd ed. Engineering Systems Group. Marlboro, MA: Digital Equipment Corp., 1983; 96 pages, softcover, 21 by 27 cm, ISBN-none, $5.

How to Choose Your Small Business Computer, Mark Birnbaum and John Sickman. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, 1982; 158 pages, 18.8 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-201-10187-4, $9.95.

How to Select Your Small Computer, Hillel Segal and Jesse Berst. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 208 pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-431320-8, $14.95.

The Icon Programming Language, Ralph E. Griswold and Madge T. Griswold. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 333 pages, 15.5 by 22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-449777-5, $19.95.

The Ins and Outs of the Timex TS WOO & ZX 81, Don Thomasson. Nashville, TN: Melbourne House Software Inc., 1983; 104 pages, 14 by 21 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, $12.95.

Inside Atari BASIC, Bill Carris. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 192 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8359-3082-3, $12.95. Introduction to Arithmetic for Digital Systems Designers, Shlomo Waser and Michael J. Flynn. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1982; 336 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-03-060571-7, $35.95.

Introduction to Computers, Elias M. Awad. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 512 pages, 17 by 23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13^79444-3, $19.95.

Kids and Computers, The Parents' Microcomputer Handbook, Eugene Galanter. New York: Perigee Books, 1983; 192 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 cm, ISBN 0-399-50749-3, $7.95.

Microcomputers in Small Business, Robert D. Randall. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 144 pages, 17.3 by 23.3 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-580746-8, $8.95.

Microprocessors for Managers, Ronald L. Krutz. Boston, MA: CBI Publishing Co. (286 Congress St.), 1983; 148 pages, 16 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8436-16105, $24.95.

Microprocessors: Principles, Programming & Interfacing, Kenneth Muchow and Bill R. Deem. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 512 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-4383-6, $23.95.

Pascal Under Unix, J.N.P. Hume and RC. Holt. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 402 pages, 18 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-83595446-3, $22.95.

Pilgrim in the Micro World, David Sudnow. New York: Warner Books, 1983; 239 pages, 14.5 by 22.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-446-51261-3, $15.50.

Problem Solving with BASIC, Richard Dillman. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983; 336 pages, 17.8 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-03061981-5, $19.95.

Professional Programming Techniques—Starting with the BASICS, Richard Galbraith. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: Tab Books, 1982; 308 pages, 12.8 by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-8306-0128-7, $10.95.

Robot Motion: Planning and Control, Michael Brady, John M. Hollerbach, Timothy L. Johnson, Tomas LozanoPerez, and Matthew T Mason, eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1982; 608 pages, 16 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-262-02182-X, $37.50.

Scripsit Made Clear, J. S. Wilson. Felton, CA: Delegate Press (3 Kelldon Dr.), 1982; 96

496 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

PRESENTING THE -PC FOR $2999.

The S100-PC by Lomas Data Products: Offering high performance at a "low" price... and it's IBM-PC diskette compatible.

The S100-PC is a cost effective high performance floppy based system ideally suited to business and scientific applications.

The system offers the following standard features:

■ Two 5 lA" double sided disk drives (640 Kbytes of storage)

■ Two serial ports, Two parallel ports

■ Battery protected clock calendar

■ MS-DOS** operating system (others optional)

■ 128KRAM.

■ 8 MHZ 8088 processor (8087 optional)

■ 15 slot SI00 mother board

■ Attractive desktop enclosure

And, the S100-PC is diskette compatible with the IBM-PC and most programs will operate without any changes. Plus, with its SI 00 bus expansion capability. . . your system will never be outdated.

LDP also offers a complete line of S100 bus board products & support for the system integrator. . .

■ LIGHTNING ONE*** 8086/8088 CPU

8086 or 8088, with 8087 and 8089 coprocessors. Up to 10MHZ operation PRICES start at $425.00

■ HAZITALL SYSTEM SUPPORT BOARD

2 serial, 2 parallel ports, battery protected clock

calendar, Hard disk controller host interface

PRICE $325.00

■ LDP128/256K DYNAMIC RAM

Advanced dynamic RAM with LSI controller

for failsafe operation, parity.

Price 128K - $495.00, 256K - $795.00

■ RAM67 HIGH PERFORMANCE STATIC RAM High speed (100ns) low power CMOS static RAM. 128K bytes, extended addressing

PRICE $1200.00

■ LDP72 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

Single/double density, single/double sided disks,

both 8" and 5!4" inch drives simultaneously.

PRICE $275.00

■ LDP88 8088 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 8088 CPU, IK RAM, 8 K EPROM, Monitor RS232 serial port, 8 vectored interrupts PRICE $349.00

*CP/M-86, MP/M-86 and CONCURRENT CP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research.

**MS-DOS is trademark of Microsoft.

***Lightning One is trademark of Lomas Data Products, Inc.

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

Two additional boards are available for JULY delivery.

■ LIGHTNING 286 - 80286 CPU BOARD

Offers 4 times the performance of a 5MHZ CPU while maintaining software compatibility. ....

PRICE CALL

■ OCTAPORT 8 PORT SERIAL BOARD

8 serial ports 0 to 19200 baud operation real time clock interrupt. Ideal for multi-user systems such as MP/M-86.* PRICE CALL

All of LDP boards are fully tested to exacting standards and carry a one year warranty. We specialize in 16-bit products & support the four major operating systems for 16-bit processors; CP/M-86*, MP/M-86, CONCURRENT CP/M-86*, and MS-DOS (PC-DOS).

If your application requires 16-bit computing power and versatility, call Lomas Data Products today.

IMP

Dealer inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC. □ 66 Hopkinton Road, Westboro, MA 01581 □ Tel: (617)366-6434

BYTE September 1983 497

Books Received'

pages with cassette, 21.5 by 28 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, $16.95.

The Software Catalog: Microcomputers, Spring 1983. New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. (52 Vanderbilt Ave.), 1983; 808 pages, 21.3 by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-444-00745-8, $69.

Standard Pascal User Reference Manual, Doug Cooper. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. Inc., 1983; 192 pages, 19.8 by 23.5 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-393-30121-4, $12.95.

Structured Cobol for Microcomputers, Keith Carver. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., 1983; 424 pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 534-01421-6, $17.95.

Structured Problem Solving with Pascal, Lawrence Mazlack. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1983; 400 pages, 17.5 by 23.5 cm,

softcover, ISBN 0-03-0601533, $19.95.

Talking Computers and Telecommunications, John A. Kuecken. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983; 256 pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-442-24721-4, $26.50.

Tutorials in Modern Communications (IEEE Communications Society), Victor B. Lawrence, Joseph L. LoCicero, and Laurence B. Milstein, eds. Rockville, MD: Computer Science Press, 1983; 360 pages, 22 by 28.5 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-914894-48-X, $33.95.

VAX Basic, David Weinman and Barbara L. Kurshan. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 286 pages, 17.8 by 24 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-8239-4, $21.95.

Vic Revealed, Nick Hampshire. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden Book Co., 1981; 284

pages, 14.8 by 20.8 cm, softcover, ISBN-none, $12.95.

Voice Technology, Edward R. Teja and Gary W. Gonnella.

Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1983; 224 pages, 16 by 23.8 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-8359-8417-6, $19.95.»

This is a list of books received at BYTE Publications during this past month. Although the list is not meant to be exhaustive, its purpose is to acquaint BYTE readers with recently published titles in computer science and related fields. We regret that we cannot review or comment on all the books we receive; instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these books and the publishers who sent them.

BYTE's Bugs

A Word of Caution

Word has reached us that a bug may be lurking in listing 1 of James Folts's article "Cross-Reference Utility for IBM PC BASIC Programs" (August 1983 BYTE, page 378). In this program, line numbers are stored in integer variables to speed up processing. This, however, limits

the line numbers to values no greater than 32767. To handle larger lines with this utility, drop the percent sign (%) from the variables LINE. NO% and LINE.REF%. In line 6050 on page 382, change SPACE$(5) to SPACE$(6).

Our thanks to James Folts for pointing out this potential problem. ■

MicroScripf $99

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■ extensible generic markup

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• macros and symbols

• multiple input files of unlimited size » direct printer control

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149.95

DRTR-RITC

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3086 Wheeling St.

Aurora, CO SCOT \

(303) 366-5267

Circle 305 on inquiry card.

Circle 382 on inquiry card.

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

Introducing a sensible solution to the problems of dBASE II.

dBASE II

The Sensible Solution

Records Per File

65,535

999,999

Maximum Record Size

1,024 bytes

1,536 bytes

Fields Per Record

32

384

Key Fields Per File

7

10

Number of Files Simultaneously Accessible

2

10

Number of Screens Per Program

Limited by system memory

Limited only by system storage

Data Dictionary

No

Yes

We don't mean to debase dBASE II, but if you're looking for a data base manager that's long on features, dBASE II can come up a little short.

For instance, a single dBASE II record can only contain 32 fields. And when you need to share information between one file and another, you can only access two at a time.

So, as good as dBASE II is, its limitations can quickly paint you into an electronic corner.

And that's why we created The Sensible Solution.

Finally A sensational relational.

Along with all the usual things you expect from a data base manager, The Sensible Solution lets you handle the kind of tough assignments that dBASE II can't:

You can design data files with more than 300 variables. You can create reports using 10 different files at once. You can even set up file locking for multi-user computers.

Ready to get down to business.

A data base manager without ready-to-run application programs is hardly worth the disk it's copied on.

So, along with The Sensible Solution, you can also add The Sensible Solution Bookkeeper™ or Sensible Management™ our complete one-entry accounting and management system.

They're both affordable. Business-tested. And supplied with source code so you can make your own modifications.

A sensible trial offer.

When you purchase The Sensible Solution, we'll send along a special trial disk that lets you create forms and enter a limited number of records. If, after 30 days, you're not satisfied, just return the unopened master system disk for a full refund.

So why not take us up on our trial offer? You've got nothing to lose.

Except the problems of dBASE II.

The Sensible Solution

To order, write or call: O'Hanlon Computer Systems, 11058 Main Street, Bellevue, WA 98004 USA,

Phone (206) 454-2261. Prices: The Sensible Solution-$695, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper-$495, Sensible

Management—$895. In Washington, add 6.5% state tax. VISA, Mastercard and dealer inquiries welcome.

dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashton-Tate Sensible Solution, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper and Sensible Solution Management are trademarks of O'Hanlon Computer Systems. Inc

Circle 330 on inquiry card. byte September 1983 499

■

Clubs and Newsletters

For Occupational Therapists Only

The Occupational Therapy Microcomputer Club is designed for computer users in occupational therapy administration, clinical practice, education, and research to share software and information. Members receive a subscription to the bimonthly Occupational Therapy Microcomputer Club Journal. Dues are $5; a sustaining membership is $20. For further information, write to Michael Weber, Occupational Therapy Microcomputer Club, 206 North Green St., Tuckerton, NJ 08087, or call (609) 296-3056.

IBM PC Users In Boca Raton

A computerized bulletin board is available for meetings and business at the College of Boca Raton's South Florida IBM Personal Computer Users Group. Interested parties can contact Wyatt Bell, College of Boca Raton, 3601 North Military Trail, Boca Raton, FL 33431, (305) 994-0770, ext. 83 or ext. 14.

Tidewater of Virginia Beach

The Tidewater Commodore Users Group (TCUG) invites anyone interested in Commodore computers or in computing to inquire further. Contact Tidewater Commodore Users Group, 4917 Westgrove Rd., Virginia Beach, VA 23455.

Indianapolis Group for the IBM PC

The IBM PC Users Group, a nonprofit organization, meets on the fourth Monday of each month at 7 p.m. at the Computerland store in India

napolis, Indiana. Members have access to a library of disks, books, and magazines as well as the information from monthly newsletters. Individual membership is $15; family memberships are $20. For more information, contact Davie Reed, IBM PC Users Group, POB 68271, Indianapolis, IN 46268.

Computers In the Legal Mode

The Law School Computer Group (LSCG) of Dallas, Texas, keeps members informed about computer usage and advancement in the legal profession through articles in its quarterly newsletter, Dataline. A network is supported. All people in the legal community, including students, alumni, and lawyers, are invited to join. Membership costs $5. Contact the Law School Computer Group, Southern Methodist University School of Law, Dallas, TX 75275.

NCR Users Form Global Cooperative

NCR World is an independent cooperative of NCR users. The organization provides such services as technical and software exchanges, product reviews, and a journal called the NCR Monthly. Membership is $92 in the U.S.; foreign rates vary. For further details, contact NCR World Inc., POB 399, Cedar Park, TX 78613, or call (512) 250-9023.

Smart Users Group

The Santa Monica Area TRS-80 Users Group (SMARTUG) meets on the third Wednesday of each month at 7 p.m. at the Senior Citizens Center in Santa Monica,

California. For further details, contact SMARTUG, 1433 11th St. #3, Santa Monica, CA 90401, or call (213) 394-5997.

Long Live Folkllfe

The Folklife Terminal Club, a Commodore users group, maintains a software library of more than 5000 publicdomain programs. Any interested Commodore owners and users can contact the Folklife Terminal Club by writing to POB 2222, Mount Vernon, NY 10551.

Focus on Basis

A national users group has been formed for the Basis computer. Participants will share knowledge and skills. For information, contact Ms. Barbara Thomas, Suite 320, 100 Almeria Ave., Coconut Grove, FL 33134.

Transportation Communication

Users of Personal Computers in Transportation (UPCIT) is a group that explores the use of computers in analyzing, graphing, or transmitting data related to transportation operations, rates, costs, or markets. For further details, contact Arthur Todd, Lincoln Electric Co., 22801 St. Clair Ave., Cleveland, OH 44117, or call (216) 481-8100.

Midwestern Chronicle

The Greater Cleveland PC Users Group produces a newsletter, PC Chronicles, and meets the first Saturday of every month at 2 p.m. at the Beachwood Public Library in Beachwood, Ohio. Anyone interested is invited to attend

meetings designed to educate members in the capabilities of the IBM PC and similar microcomputers. Membership dues are $15 a year and include access to a book and magazine library and publicdomain software. Newsletter exchanges with other groups are welcome. An online bulletin board is planned. For information, contact Roy McCartney, 30704 Royalview Dr., Willowick, OH 44094, or call (216) 944-5173.

For Users of the Tl PPX-59

Users of the Texas Instruments TI-58/59 can join an independent club dedicated to the use of Tl-manufactured hand-held computers and calculators. The club produces a newsletter, TIPPC Notes, and welcomes all former members of the Tl-supported PPX-59 club. Membership is $25 a year and includes the newsletter. Contact PPC Publications, POB 1421, Largo, FL 34294.

North Star Notes Via Polaris

The North Star Computer Society (NSCS) produces a monthly newsletter, Polaris, that is dedicated to exchanging information about North Star computers, software, and peripherals. The group of professionals and hobbyists meets on the third Wednesday of each month at 7:30 p.m. Dues are $24 a year. For details, write to NSCS, POB 311, Seattle, WA 98111.

Computers In Schools

The Timex/Sinclair Educators' Users Group of Texas Wesleyan College, in cooperation with Timex Computer

500 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Our Products are

compatible with Apple;

Franklin; and other Apple

^ compatibles.

Disk Drives

^

Half-high, contemporary slim line styling, quick disconnect cable, whisper quiet operation, fast 12 MS step rate.

Drive only, w/cable & documentation (#0416)

Drive, w/controller, cable & DOS (#0419)

$299 $399

95

95

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Monitors

Stylish, 12 inch anti-fatigue screen, 1000 line resolution, low power consumption, composite video.

Green phosper monitor & cable (#0432)

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cooling System/ Power Monitor

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Arcade Quality joystick

steel case for durability and weight stability, self centering control, 2 micro switch buttons, variable rate response

Professional joystick & $CQ95 cable (#0431) QS7

Send coupon and proof of purchase from your dealer to WTI — Allow 4 weeks for delivery

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Apple, is a trademark of Apple computers, inc. Franklin is tne trademark of tne Franklin Computer Corp.

Call for the name of your newest authorized dealer

Eft

COMPUTER AND

PERIPHERALS

PRODUCTS

1530S. Sinclair

Anaheim, CA 92806

(714) 978-9820

Circle 478 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 501

Clubs and Newsletters >

Corporation, produces a quarterly newsletter, The TEC News, dedicated to the application of low-cost computers to educational settings. Each edition will contain a theme section, a teacherreport section, and an applications section that provides lesson plans, programming tips, and ideas. The newsletter is free to educators. For information, write to M. Mark Wasicsko, School of Education, Texas Wesleyan College, Fort Worth, TX 76105.

A Free HUG Membership

The Schenectady HUG (Heath Users Group) meets on the third Wednesday of each month at 7:30 p.m. to promote familiarity with hardware and software relating to the Heath H-89, H-8, HDOS, and the CP/M operating

systems. Membership is free as no newsletter is produced, although the group is available via a bulletin-board service, for which there is a $10 user's fee. Further information is available from Walter Whipple at (518) 385-5660, or write to Schenectady HUG, c/o T. Budge, 715 Sanders St., Scotia, NY 12302.

Clubs and News Notes

The Silicon Valley Color Computer Club (SVC3) for users of the TRS-80 Color Computer now meets on the first Tuesday of each month at 7:30 p.m. in the Dysan Auditorium at 5201 Patrick Henry Drive in Santa Clara, California. Write to Silicon Valley Color Computer Club, POB 61593, Sunnyvale, CA 94088. (For the first mention

of this club, see February 1983 BYTE, page 444).

Subscribers to Interactive Video Technology, a newsletter produced by Heartland Communications (233 Sunrise Dr., Shreve, OH 44676), can now access all back and future issues via Newsnet, an electronic information and retrieval service (March 1983 BYTE, page 491).

Article submissions are welcome to The I/O Connec

tor, the newsletter produced by the San Diego Atari Computer Enthusiasts (SD-ACE), 5353 Baltimore Dr. #39, La Mesa, CA 92041 (January 1983 BYTE, page 469).

The Connecticut IBM Personal Computer Users Group meets on the fourth Tuesday of each month at 6 p.m. Contact Davis or Sherry Foulger, POB 291, New Canaan, CT 06840, (203) 744-4002. ■

BYTE's Bugs

Bug In Board

A bug popped up in William Barden's article "A General-Purpose I/O Board for the Color Computer" (June 1982 BYTE, page 260). Substitute pin 32 (CTS*) for pin 36 (SCS*) on the Color Computer I/O bus. The board is now addressed with hexa

decimal C000, 1, 2, and 3 in place of the addresses hexadecimal 3FF0, 1, 2, and 3.

Using the SCS* signal for the device selection does not enable the 8255 at the proper time because the SCS* signal is not developed from the E clock. The E clock should be used together with an I/O device address for proper I/O device operation.■

In Less Than 3 Minutes

Your IBM Model 50, 60, 65, 75, or 85

Electronic Typewriter

can be an RS232C PRINTER or TERMINAL

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER Models 5060 and 5061 can be installed easily and require NO modifications to the typewriter.

For additional information contact:

CALIFORNIA MICRO COMPUTER 17791 Jamestown Lane Huntington Beach, CA 92647 (714) 847-4141

Eco-C

TM

Compiler

Since November of last year, we've been testing our new Eco-C Compiler and now it's ready for your Z80™CP/M,M system. Some of the features include:

All data types, including float, double and long.

Fast, efficient code. For example: Our versions of

"seive" in January, 1983, BYTE; 15.8 seconds

(standard) and 11.7 seconds (optimized).

Uses Microsoft's MACRO 80™ for REL file output.

Standard (K&R) file I/O and library (most in source)

included.

Easy assembly language interface.

No royalty fees on generated code.

The price for Eco-C is $350.00 and includes MACRO 80 (a $200.00 value by itself). We'll also include a free copy of C Programming Guide while supplies last.

For further information, call or write:

P.O. Box 68602 (/""^TN

Indianapolis, IN 46268 ru*wCo*7

(317) 255-6476 l^—■*- y

Registered trademarks are: Zilog (Z80), Digital Research (CP/M), Microsoft (MACRO 80) and Ecosoft (Eco-C).

502 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 165 on inquiry card.

The most comprehensive | statistics and graphics ever developed for

and sophisticated database workstation the personal computer.

Years of research, development, and field testing have resulted in the most extensive statistics and graphics database program specifically designed for thepersonal computing environment. STATPRO " provides the data analysis capabilities and flexibility previously available only on a large computer. Researchers, business professionals, and other data analysts will welcome the breadth vet simplicity of this program! STATPRO requires no previous computer experience, no special command language. Single keystrokes access all of the data manipulation, statistics, and graphics power of STATPRO.

STATPRO allows easy access to its extensive numerical data capabilities.

The strength of STATPRO is found in the functions of its user friendly, menu-driven database. You can easily learn to enter and edit, manipulate, transform, and print out data. STATPRO's searching capabilities allow these functions to be performed on all your data or a user defined subset of your data.

Statistics Modules Menu

A) DESCRIPTION

B) REGRESSION

C) ANOVA

D) TIME SERIES

E) MULXIVAR

(ESC)) Exit to Master Menu Choice-)[ ]

Transformations and over 400 conversions are available. You can place the results of these transformations into the same field or any other field in STATPRO's database.

2880 < I C \

0 >i^ i F ^^^

1440 -—__^^^ ^S

108 400

COST flNftLVSIS

1600 6400

FOR FIELD (48

STATPRO offers a comprehensive collection of statistical procedures.

The statistics component of STATPRO contains a multitude of procedures, grouped into the following modules:

Descriptive: Contingency analysis, cross tabulation, normality tests; descriptive, comparative, range and non-parametric statistics. Regression: Linear, non-linear, stepwise, and multiple regressions; residual analysis and statistical matrices.

Analysis of Variance: Single and nested classifications, two and three way equal and unequal sample size and non-parametric ANOVA.

Time Series: Moving averages, multi-stage least squares, fitted polynomials and trig functions, additive and multiply forecasting.

Multivariate: Principal components, factor, orthogonal factor, oblique factor, pair-weighted cluster, discriminant function, multiple contingency, and canonical correlation analysis.

STATPRO provides graphic representation of your data in minutes.

STATPRO graphics plot all the results of your STATPRO statistical analyses including scatter, triangle regression, and box plots; pie

charts, histograms, and dendograms. Further, with STATPRO you can custom edit with any of four character sets from the keyboard. You can also edit using paddles, joystick or special graphics commands. Mix text with data fields. Place multiple plots on each screen. Define your axis limits.

You can save your graphics on a disk for a multiple color "slide show" presentation, or print them out through a variety of compatible printers.

STATPRO documentation wraps up the package.

Although STATPRO software is essentially self-documenting, complete print documentation is providecf. This includes a walk-through Introductory Tutorial, a Menu Chart, and a comprehensive User's Guide for each STATPRO component.

STATPRO currently runs on all versions of the Apple® II personal computers. It will be available for the IBMfe PC in September.

To find out more about Statpro: The Statistics and Graphics Database Workstation, contact your local dealer, or

Call us toll-free at

800-322-2208

In Massachusetts call (617) 423-0420.

You can also call us toll-free for information on corporate purchase through our National Account Program.

Wadsworth Electronic 1 Publishing Company

Statler Office Building

20 Park Plaza, Boston, MA 02116

STATPRO is a trademark of Wadsworth Electronic P

ublishing Company. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark ot International Business Machines, Corp.

Circle 479 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 503

Software Received

Apple

Accounts Receivable, an

open-item, accounts-receivable system for small-business accounting. It includes customer maintenance, transaction processing, reports and printouts, utilities, and end-of-period processing. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $395. Broderbund Software Inc., 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Bop-a-Bet, an educational game for children ages 5 to 8. By moving around a high-resolution maze and selecting letters in sequence, children develop the alphabetizing skills needed in effectively using libraries, dictionaries, and encyclopedias. For the Apple II, II Plus, and lie; floppy disk, $27.95. Sierra/ On-Line Inc., Sierra/On-Line Building, Coarsegold, CA 93614.

Computer SAT, a software/textbook package that leads the student step by step through the complete Scholastic Aptitude Test preparation process. The package pinpoints student strengths and weaknesses, gives immediate feedback, and prepares a study plan to improve scores. No previous computer experience needed. For the Apple II, II Plus, and He; floppy disk, $79.95. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1250 Sixth Ave., San Diego, CA 92101.

Crypto-Cube, an educational word puzzle for children ages 8 and up. Spark an interest in spelling and word recognition as players try to identify the missing letters of words in a variety of graphic formats. For the Apple II Plus and He; floppy disk, $39.95. Designware Inc., 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94107.

Diskinvoice System, an invoicing/accounts-receivable program that can handle the billing for the small businessperson who sends fewer than 300 invoices per month. It allows easy customizing and back-up; also available in Spanish. For the Apple II, II Plus, and He; floppy disk, $55. Broadway Software, Suite 136, 642 Amsterdam Ave., New York, NY 10025.

Disk Protection Program, a

locking program for software developers. This inexpensive, easy-to-use program disables list, reset, catalog, and save from pirates. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $45. The Zivv Co., MPO Box #1616, Niagara Falls, NY 14302.

Double Trouble, five arcadetype games. Play two games simultaneously on a splitscreen with varying consequences. Requires a joystick. For the Apple II Plus and He; floppy disk, $15. BEZ, Suite 108B, 4790 Irvine Blvd., Irvine, CA 92714.

Dragon's Keep, an educational adventure game for children ages 7 and up. Children develop reading comprehension as they rescue 16 animals through reading maps, identifying details, making inferences, and drawing conclusions. For the Apple II, II Plus, and lie; floppy disk, $29.95. Sierra/On-Line Inc. (see address above).

Early Games for Young Children, nine educational games for children ages 2V2 to 6. Children can learn to match numbers and letters, count blocks, add and subtract stacks of blocks, work with the alphabet, type names, compare shapes, and draw pictures in color without supervision. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $29.95. Counter

point Software Inc., Suite 140, Shelard Plaza North, Minneapolis, MN 55426.

Early Games Music, four educational music games for children ages 4 to 12 that teach basic music skills and music notation in colorful high-resolution displays. For the Apple II Plus and He; floppy disk, $29.95. Counterpoint Software Inc. (see address above).

Easel Ease, a full-screen, high-resolution graphics package that lets you create pictures using colors, patterns, and brushstrokes. It includes menu-driven features, save options, and single-keystroke controls. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $24.95. Watermark Inc., Department PC, POB 481, Melbourne Beach, FL 32951.

Fontrix, an extended-screen graphics system. This multipurpose graphics package includes a font editor, graphic writer, character generator, and a graphics dump. You can design, create, typeset, and print in a variety of formats. For the Apple; floppy disk, $75. Data Transforms, Suite 106, 616 Washington St., Denver, CO 80203.

Function Plotter, an educational mathematical tool. This tamper-proof program will graph a user-specified function over any chosen domain. You can change either the domain or the displayed range and overlay any number of functions on the same set of axes. For the Apple II Plus and He; floppy disk, $29.95. J.L. Hammett Co. Inc., Microcomputer Division, Hammett Place, Braintree, MA 02184.

Hi-Res Versatile Calculator

(HVC), an RPN (reverse Po

lish notation) calculator that combines the functions of a scientific calculator with a programmer's calculator. It operates in four bases, contains over 50 functions, and features standard ASCII tables. For the Apple II, II Plus, He, and III; floppy disk, $59.95. Tackaberry Software, POB 2857, Ormond Beach, FL 32074.

Learning with Leeper, four educational games for preschoolers. Dog Count is a counting game; Balloon Pop is a shape-matching game; Screen Painting is creative play; and Leap Frog develops eye-hand coordination. For the Apple II, II Plus, and He; floppy disk, $34.95. Sierra/ On-Line Inc. (see address above).

Master Math, an educational math program for high school students that covers algebra, trigonometry, geometry, statistics, and basic accounting. For the Apple II, II Plus, and lie; six floppy disks at $30 each or the set for $150. PMI Inc., High St., POB 87, Buckfield, ME 04220.

Pascal Source, nine game and utility programs that include Art, Tower, Splitfile, Art 2, Formatter, Graftools, Testgt, Shape, and Trek. Includes all source code. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $15. Mark Watson, 535 Mar Vista Dr., Solana Beach, CA 92075.

Police Artist, a program of three games for children ages 7 and up that draws over

I million faces. You pick a culprit's face from a police lineup and reconstruct it piece by piece, or create your own faces. For the Apple II,

II Plus, and He; floppy disk, $34.95. Sir-Tech Software Inc., 6 Main St., Ogdensburg, NY 13669.

504 September 1983 @ BYTE Publications Inc.

SANYO PLUS

\ : /

The besf deal in a 64K, Z-80 system jusr gor berter. Our new Sanyo Plus system now includes dual holf-heighr, builr-in octal drives for a total formatted floppy disk copocity of 1.28 Megabytes.

A new feother-touch keyboard features 15 special-function keys which are enabled under both Wordstar and Sanyo Basic, a built-in palm rest and o keypad with math functions and an enter key.

Of course you still receive over S2400 worth of extras including CP/M". Sanyo Dosic, Wordstar, Mailmerge. Spellstar. Calcsrar, and Infostar (including Datastar and Reportstar). Plus a games disk, a 000 baud direct connect modem, modem software, a free burn and test, and more.

Yet the price remains the some.

$1995

Sanyo Plus with Graphics

$2495. No dealers please. F.O.D. Scotlsdole, call for oddiiional information on 199 business pack. S99 extended warronty. ond hard disks.

M :

SORRY CHARLIE!

If you just bought o 16-bit PC with o 160K drive, 128K RAM. MS-DOS. o Word Processor ond on Electronic Spreadsheet you're going to be sorry you read this od. Why? Because in October. Scorrsdole Systems (with considerable help from Sanyo) will give you all this and more with the introduction of the Sanyo PC Plus ot $995!

In addition, we will prerest your PC Plus sysrem, moke user copies of your software and include your choice of an Amber or Green monitor.

Not only is the Sanyo PC Plus priced less rhon one-third that of a comparably equipped IBM-PC'"', ir is also less expensive rhan most 8-bit computer packages. The PC Plus will run most software developed for the IBM-PC"1, features expansion slots ond is backed by over 50 Sanyo service centers nationwide.

Plus - Thanks to its brushed, stoinless-steel finish, the Sanyo PC Plus looks more expensive, yet takes up less space.

If you haven't made your computer decision yet. give us o call. We are now roking reservarions for rhe Sanyo PC Plus. Berter sofe rhon sorry!

PC Plus $995 PC Deluxe call

TELEVIDEO

We ore o member of TRS's marketing support program ond con provide locoi installation fot on additionol charge -coll for prices.

Teletote 1 Coll

803w/CP/M $1649

1603 w/MS-DOS $2330

606 (w/Mmmost) $4948 800A

TERMINALS

$1066

ALTOS

Add terminals, printers, and software ond we can fully test and configure your system at low prices.

580-10 $4295

8000-10 $5444

8000-12 $6499

586-10 $5995

Adds Viewpoint 3A+- Emulates the ADM-3A. detached keyboard, keypad. 12" green display, notionwide Adds service.

Wyse 100 $694

Wyse 200 $1049

Wyse 300 fall

Televideo 910 $579

Televideo 925 $735

Televideo 950 $927

Televideo 970 _ .. $1044

Zenith Z-29 $659

Zenith ZTX $349

Zenith ZT-1 $446

Espirit II $544

Ampex D175

Amber $699

Qume 102 $544

Housron Insrrumenrs Call

ZENITH 110-22... (2699 COLUMBIA VP... 12349 N.8. ADVANTAGE... *2375

\ ; /

:*.

|Scottsdale System Sw.

61 7 N. Scorrsdale Rood, Suite D, Scorfsdale, Arizona 85257

= (602)941-5856 ~

^ Coll 8-5 Mon.-Fri.

J»m We participate in orbitraiion for business and customers through the Defter Business Dureau of Maricopa County.

SERVICE/ORDERING

r INTEGRATION: Prices listed are for new equipment in factory sealed boxes with manufoctui warranty. We will pretesr your equipment, integrate your system, configure your software, provide special cables, etc.. fot an additional charge. Call for prices.

ORDERING: MAIL ORDER ONLY. Prices listed are for cash. No C.O.D.'s. We sell on a Net 30 basis to Fortune 1000 companies and Universities with good credit. P.O.'s. charge cords odd 2%. Az. residents odd 6%. Prices subject to change, product subject to availability. Personal checks rake 0 weeks to clear. 0-20% restocking fee for returned merchandise. Shipping extra ■ products ore F.O.D. point of shipment. CP/M and MP/M ore registered trademarks of Digitol Research. Wordstar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International. IBM ond IBM PC are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Cotporation.

.SOFTWARE: Sold only w/sysiems. not wotrantied for suitability.

W^^

&

PRINTERS

Gemini 10X $288

Gemini 15 $444

NEC8023A $398

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Circle 130 on Inquiry card.

Software Received.

Professional Unit, a set of

utilities for professional Pascal programming that includes Date, Dollar, Phone, Zip-code, Tax Rates, and special facilities for defining fields on the screen. You can double or triple your programming speed. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $39. D & L Computing, 1201 Lincoln Ave., New Castle, IN 47362.

Suspended, an interactive game. After a 500-year sleep, you awake and must strategically manipulate six robots acting as your senses. One even helps you access information from memory banks as you solve an intertwined myriad of graphically realistic and original problems. Several levels of play. For the Apple II; floppy disk, $49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

Troll's Tale, an educational adventure game for children ages 8 and up. Children develop reading comprehension as they make maps, identify details, make inferences, predict outcomes, and draw conclusions in order to locate 16 treasures. For the Apple II, II Plus, and He; floppy disk, $29.95. Sierra/On-Line Inc. (see address above).

Wizplus, a utility program for the Wizardry adventures that lets you quickly change, restore, add to, modify, recover, edit, or move any of your characters, their equipment, spells, or treasures. No more frustrating games where the wizard always wins. Now you have a chance. For the Apple II Plus; floppy disk, $39.95. Datamost Inc., 8943 Fullbright Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311.

Atari

Matchboxes, a skill and concentration game. One or two players must match identical

squares from a 6 by 6 grid and solve a hidden word puzzle. Each colorful character, creature, or object has its own catchy musical signature. For the Atari 400/800/ 1200; floppy disk, $29.95. Broderbund Software Inc., 1938 Fourth St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Suspended, an interactive game (see description under Apple). For the Atari 400/ 800; floppy disk, $49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

Ultra Disassembler, a utility package that lets you recreate source code. This labeling disassembler handles DOS files and code. Output code may be written to video display, printer, or disk file. For the Atari 400/800/1200; floppy disk, $49.95. Adventure International, POB 3435, Longwood, FL 32750.

CP/M

ACNAP, an AC networkanalysis program. This electronic-circuit program can handle circuits as large as 70 components. It is optimized for speed and can analyze a five-node, ten-component circuit in less than one second. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $39.95. BV Engineering, POB 3351, Riverside, CA 92519.

Access Manager, a generalpurpose, keyed, file-accessing package designed for programmers creating application programs that must access data records on the basis of identifying such key values as name or number. For CP/M-2.2-based systems; floppy disk, $300. Digital Research, 160 Central Ave., POB 579, Pacific Grove, CA 93950.

CP/M Workshop, a nontechnical CP/M learning pro

The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

Before Johann Sebastian Bach developed a new method of tuning, you had to change instruments practically every time you wanted to change keys.Very difficult.

Before Avocet introduced its family of cross-assemblers, developing micro-processor software was much the same. You needed a separate development system for practically every type of processor. Very difficult and very expensive.

But with Avocet's cross-assemblers, a single computer can develop software for virtually any microprocessor! Does that put us in a league with Bach? You decide

Development Tools That Work

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliable and user-proven in over 3 years of actual use. Ask NASA, IBM, XEROX or the hundreds of other organizations that use them. Every time you see a new microprocessorbased product, there's a good chance it was developed with Avocet crossassemblers.

Avocet cross-assemblers are easy to use. They run on any computer with CP/M" and process assembly language for the most popular microprocessor families.

XASM05

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each

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NEC 7500

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Turn Your Computer Into A Complete Development System

Of course, there's more. Avocet has the tools you need from start to finish to enter, assemble and test your software and finally cast it in EPROM:

Text Editor VEDIT - full-screen text editor by CompuView. Makes source code entry a snap. Full-screen text editing, plus TECO-like macro facility for repetitive tasks. Pre-configured for over 40 terminals and personal computers as well as in userconfigurable form.

CP/M-80 version $150

CP/M-86 or MDOS version $195

(when ordered with any Avocet product)

ROM Simulator - ROMSIM by Inner Access eliminates need to erase and reprogram EPROM. Installed in an S-100 host, ROMSIM substitutes RAM for EPROM in external target system. 16K memory can be configured to simulate the 2708. 2758, 2716, 2516, 2732, 2532, 2764, 2564 in either byte or word organization. Avocet's configurable driver makes loading of HEX or COM files fast and easy.

From $495 depending on cabling and RAM installed.

EPROM Programmer Model 7128 EPROM Programmer by GTek programs most EPROMS without the need for personality modules. Self-contained power supply ... accepts ASCII commands and data from any computer through RS 232 serial interface. Cross-assembler hex object files can be down-loaded directly. Commands include verify and read, as well as partial programming.

PROM types supported: 2508, 2758, 2516, 2716, 2532, 2732, 2732A, 27C32, MCM8766, 2564, 2764, 27C64, 27128, 8748, 8741, 8749, 8742, 8751, 8755, plus Seeq and Xicor EEPROMS.

(Upgrade kits will be available for new PROM types as they are introduced.)

Programmer $389

Options include:

Software Driver Package $ 30

RS 232 Cable $ 30

8748 family socket adaptor $ 98

8751 family socket adaptor $174

Call Us

If you're thinking about development systems, call us for some straight talk. If we don't have what you need, we'll help you find out who does. If you like, we'll even talk about Bach.

VISA and Mastercard accepted All popular disc formats no* available -- please specify. Prices do not include shipping and handling ■• call for exact quotes OEM INQUIRIES INVITED.

"Trademark of Digital Research

AVOCET J\ SYSTEMS INC.

DEPT. 983-B

804 SOUTH STATE STREET DOVER, DELAWARE 19901 302-734-0151 TLX 467210

Circle 44 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 507

QUILL

ADVANCED DOCUMENT PREPARATION

QUILL* is a sophisticated text formatting tool. Sprinkle commands in with your text for:

• Complete Document Sectioning

• Footnotes & Bibliography Creation

• Multi-File Processing

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QUILL has robust features foraulopdragiaphing, proportional spacing, multiple printing fonts, page headings and footings, plus more!

QUILL oilers flexible document styles for letters, reports, manuals, t\iM\ special user defined styles. Exploit the printing capabilities of the Epson, (..Itah., and other printers,

tor the IUM-IH under PC-DOS or ( P/M. QUILL retails for 5249.

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Circle 399 on inquiry card.

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Circle 289 on inquiry card.

Software Received.

gram. Your computer can become a self-paced seminar complete with diagrams, exercises, reviews, demonstrations, helpful hints, and evaluation sessions. For CP/M-2.2-based systems; floppy disk, $115. Datascan Inc., 2716 Ocean Park Blvd., Santa Monica, CA 90405.

Data VU, a database-management system. Four features include an automatic form generator, a relational database manager, a reportgenerator program, and an automatic menu generator. It can be used for personal or small-business purposes. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $149. Thinkers Soft Inc., POB 221, Garden City, NY 11530.

Personal Pearl, an information-management system. This relational database and form/report program generator is designed for the novice end user. Create input and output forms and reports and define simple or complex relationships. For CP/M-based systems, floppy disk, $295. Pearlsoft, POB 13850, Salem, OR 97309.

Suspended, an interactive game (see description under Apple). For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $59.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

XREF, a cross-reference program for Microsoft BASIC that is written in Pascal MT + . You enter certain headings to the command tail. For CP/M-based systems; floppy disk, $50 (preferably converted to South African Rands). Barxact Computer Systems (Pty.) Ltd., POB 785150, Sandton, 2146, South Africa.

Commodore

Check Ease, a professional

quality check-register system that lets you maintain multiple checking accounts with full checkbook reconciliation and budget categories. Automatically updates balance figures and can print by check number or category. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $24.95. Talcove & Familian Co., 10902 Riverside Dr., North Hollywood, CA 91602.

Disk Support, a lK-byte machine-language extension program that adds 12 new commands to the computer. The user can save, save with replace, load, verify, delete, and rename disk files with just two keystrokes. For the Commodore 64 and VIC-20; floppy disk, $14.95. H & H Enterprises, 5056 North 41st St., Milwaukee, WI 53209.

Info-Manager, an information-management system designed to keep records of any nature in the home or small business. You can store and selectively print address lists, expense records, bills due, mailing labels, and many other files. For the Commodore 64; floppy disk, $39.95. Pyramid Software International, Suite A, Department 300, 30 Fairfax St., San Rafael, CA 94901.

Space Sentinel, an arcadetype game. As an orbiting Space Sentinel you must protect Earth from aliens' heat missiles before the polar ice caps melt and cause floods. Joystick required. For the Commodore 64; floppy disk, $29.95. Talcove & Familian Co. (see address above).

Suspended, an interactive game (see description under Apple). For the Commodore 64; floppy disk, $49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

Utility File, an energyconsumption data-processing

Yesterday's most up-to-date source of career opportunities looked like this.

Today's technical career market changes fast.

But now there's a way to keep up with it. This new key to career opportunity is your personal computer. And the cost is nothing but a phone call.

Just call CLEO. That stands for Computer Listings of Employment Opportunities.

Unlike a newspaper, CLEO responds to your commands. You specify what job categories, companies, or geographic locations interest you. CLEO calls up the appropriate ads right on your screen. At every step, you're guided by explicit online instructions.

Daily updates keep CLEO job listings current. You can even apply for positions right from your own terminal. For a detailed job search, or just an idea of what's available, CLEO is waiting for your call today. With today's opportunities.

CLEO access: (415) 482-1550 (408) 294-2000 (213)618-8800 (714)476-8800 (619)224-8800

300 BAUD, full duplex, standard ASCII code. Access assistance: (213) 618-1525. An electronic publishing activity of The Copley Press, Inc.

Today,

it looks like this

Recruitment advertisers - call (213) 618-0200 collect to find out how you can place your ad on CLEO.

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

Software Received.

program that calculates, displays, files, and prints a variety of data for designated units in such resources as electric, water, gas, oil and propane. For the Commodore 64 and VIC-20; cassette, $29.95. Fabtronics, 51 Quarry St., Brockport, NY 14420.

The Wizard & The Princess, a

graphics adventure game in which you must storm into the evil wizard's castle, defeat the dragon guarding the gate, find your way through the passage, and rescue the princess. On your way out you must slay the troll before your mission is a success. For the Commodore VIC-20; cassette, $14.95. Melbourne House Software Inc., Department CS, 347 Reedwood Dr., Nashville, TN 37217.

IBM

Personal Computer

Crypto-Cube, a word-puzzle game (see description under Apple). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $39.95. Design ware Inc., 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94107.

Financial Management TK Solver Pack. This program includes such topics as compound interest, net present value, level debt service, cost of equity capital, analysis of financial statements, stockoption pricing, bond swaps, convertible debt, and bondrefunding decisions. To be used in conjunction with TK Solver ($299). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $100. Software Arts Inc., 27 Mica Lane, Wellesley, MA 02181.

Intellicom, an intelligent communications processor. This package provides computer-to-computer communications from terminal-emulation and file-transfer stand

points. It supports several file-transfer protocols that facilitate the transmission of binary and ASCII data. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $49.95. Computer Toolbox, 1325 East Main St., Waterbury, CT 06705.

Mailcom, an E-COM mailing program. With a personal computer, modem, and this package, you can send out more than 2000 letters for 26 cents each from home or office via the Postal Service's E-COM System. The Post Office will print, fold, stuff, and seal computer-originated mail and guarantees delivery within 48 hours. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $195. Digisoft Computers, 1501 Third Ave., New York, NY 10028.

Media Magician, a diskediting utility for binary and ASCII codes. You can modify disks by byte, string, or sector. The program brings you to any sector on a disk and displays up to 256 bytes of that sector at a time. It also provides ASCII code and updates representations of each byte. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $48.50. Photon Software, 636 120th Ave. NE, Bellevue, WA 98005.

Mystery Message, an interactive-game program. You must guess answers to 500 items as quickly as possible. This program stimulates concentration, recall, and retention skills for all ages. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $34.95. Social Systems Corp., Suite 28, 1621 Fulton Ave., Sacramento, CA 95825.

PC-Link, a terminal-emulation package that lets an IBM Personal Computer function like a Digital Equipment Corporation VT100 terminal. It allows transfer of ASCII pro

gram and data files between IBM PC and DEC computers. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $40. Screenware Corp., POB 3662, Nashua, NH 03061.

Personal Investment Analysis, an investment-decision program. All the information you need to perform accurate analyses for such investments as convertible bonds, mortgage loans, interest rates, retirement funding, and taxfree securities. Requires no prior computing experience. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $60. Wiley Professional Software, John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave., New York, NY 10158.

Personal Pearl, an information-management system (see description under CP/M). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $295. Pearlsoft, POB 13850, Salem, OR 97309.

Plot, a mathematical-graphing program. You can plot and process data and/or curves described by mathematical functions. This program allows switching back and forth between linear, semi-log, and double-log scales; calculating and plotting inverse relationships, power, and linear functions of data points. Color-graphics adapter required. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $29.95. Non-Linear Products, POB 14755, Minneapolis, MN 55414.

SSPLOT, a data-plotting program that generates plots on screen and can print pie charts, bar graphs, histograms, line plots, and scatter plots using files created by Visicalc and saved in DIF (Data Interchange Format). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $45. Stanford Software, 585 Singley Dr., Milpitas, CA 95035.

Shoebox, a time- and moneymanagement program with a multiple-user capability. Three basic commodities are offered that assist management: appointments, reminders, and expenses. You can update schedules and record expenses. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $195. Techland Systems Inc., 39 Carwall Ave., Mount Vernon, NY 10552.

Suspended, an interactive game (see description under Apple). For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

VIS/Bridge/SORT, a program that lets you sort rows or columns of a Visicalc spreadsheet. Up to five rows or columns may be used as sort keys; they can be sorted alphabetically or numerically in either ascending or descending order. For the IBM Personal Computer; floppy disk, $89. Solutions Inc., POB 989, Montpelier, VT 05602.

Heath/Zenith

Games #1, a collection of five games that includes Gomoku, Concentration, Maze-Dash, Solitary, and Barricade. For the Heath/Zenith Z-89; floppy disk, $19.95. Interactive Micro Systems, POB 21007, Columbus, OH 43221.

Quizzer, an educational program that asks a student a series of practice questions in such formats as true/false, fill in the blank, or multiple choice. It can talk when used with the Votrax Type 'n Talk. For the Heath/Zenith Z-89; floppy disk, $19.95. Interactive Micro Systems (see address above).

TRS-80

ACNAP, an AC network

510 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Add CAD to your PC

For less than you might think!

CTCO Corporation

Vector Sketch is a 2D graphics package that runs on

your IBM PC. Included is an electromagnetic digitizer

(sizes range from 11" x 11" to 42" x 60") for fast, efficient,

data entry. Drawings are stored on disk, and can be recorded

on a matrix printer or drawn by a pen plotter.

Business Applications

Space Planning Flow Charts Graphic Design Illustrations Forms Design Product Design

Technical Applications

Architectural Design Mechanical Design Electrical Design Drafting Mapping Seismic Digitizing

For more information on the Vector Sketch or electromagnetic digitizers, contact:

BpTl GTCO Corporation J 1055 First Street, Rockville, MD 20850 / (301) 279-9550 Telex: 898471

Functions (Partial List)

Rubberbanding Symbol file Figure generation Labeling

Zoom, Pan & Scale Exact, Grid & Join Select line style Plot, Print & Store Erase line or symbol Display X-Y Point or continuous Help

Dealer Inquires Invited

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

3M

DISKETTES

Top Quality Diskettes Guaranteed and Tested Error Free. Rely on 3M

516-543-6100 212-843-5775

(COLLECT CALLS ACCEPTED)

For every box of quality 3M Diskettes ordered! receive one FREE| plastic case

DAILY

BUSINESS PRODUCTS INC.

110 Parkway Dr. S.

Hauppauge. N.Y.

11787

VISA. MasterCard

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Inquiries Invited

Circle 125 on Inquiry card.

CP/r FOR YOUR LSI-11 AND PDP-11

RT-11 TSX+ RSX-11M

Enter a New Software World

With our plug-in Z80 processor card you can run CP/M, the popular personal and business computer operating system. You can run thousands of low cost software packages available for CP/M. We include a powerful word processing package free! Everything you need is included starling at $1,250.00.

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_y J 3375 Scoll Blvd.. Suile 422

Sanla Clara. CA 95051 408/980-1678 lCP/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research, !nc

Circle 138 on Inquiry card.

FACTORY AUTHORIZED SALES & SERVICE

Wide choice of lease & lease/purchase plans

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SysAS103/mo..SysB$123/mo.TSysC$l60/mo.,SysD$255/mo.

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Rebel $78/mo.. Rebel 16 meg $103/ mo. .Rebel 16 meg mulli-user 5124/mo.

Payments are example. Ask about other systems, boards, etc. Ask about bonus software. Accounting, games, utilities. PRINTERS. TERMINALS. SOFTWARE—CALL

We cater lo experienced users, gov't, agencies, and Corp. customers.

TERMS: Cash wtri order You pay all tfeighi. Add 5% lor 2% 10/NOI30AAAI or Fed/State P.O. £%/mo. carrying chg CALL US 9 AM 10 10 PM

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one Sin ™2 p0- Bo* 6114-Blrmlngham, AL3525W114

205 879-4735 Our bank is 1st National ol Birmingham, (205) 326-SI20

Circle 118 on Inquiry card.

Software Received.

analysis program (see description under CP/M). For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $39.95. BV Engineering, POB 3351, Riverside, CA 92519.

Cards, an instructional program that enables you to program your own card games and gives hints on the graphics you'll require. For the TRS-80 Color Computer; cassette, $8. William Noggle, 2413 Kenwood Ave., San Jose, CA 95128.

Clean Slate, a word-processing package. This documented software contains a text editor, terminal communications capabilities, a formletter generator, and handles assembly source code. For the TRS-80 Models I and III; floppy disk, $79.95. Howard W. Sams & Co., 4300 West 62nd St., Indianapolis, IN 46268.

Conquest of Kzirgla, a highresolution graphics game. As a warrior in the mythical kingdom of Kzirgla, you are faced with the challenge of conquering the evil wizard Kolobarr in his dangerous dungeon. For the TRS-80 Color Computer; cassette, $21.95. Rainbow Connection Software, 3514 6th Place NW, Rochester, MN 55901.

Exams, a word-processing system designed to prepare examinations efficiently. It allows fast creation, modification, and storage of multiple-choice or true/false questions. Neatly formatted tests with answer keys are the final product. For the TRS-80 Model III; floppy disk, $69.95. Microsoftware Services, POB 776, Harrisonburg, VA 22801.

Hidden BASIC 1.0, a utility program designed to protect BASIC programs. Several commands will cease to execute without affecting

the speed or ability of your programs. For the TRS-80 Color Computer; cassette, $19.95. Spectrum Projects, 93-15 86 Dr., Woodhaven, NY 11421.

Rainbow-Writer, a generalpurpose screen formatter that lets you write text in highresolution graphics. It also features underline, subscript, superscript, scroll protect, and more. For the TRS-80 Color Computer; cassette, $29.95. Rainbow Connection Software (see address above).

Suspended, an interactive game (see description under Apple). For the TRS-80 Model III; floppy disk, $49.95. Infocom, 55 Wheeler St., Cambridge, MA 02138.

Zaxxon, an arcade-type game. Unique color graphics surround you as you pilot your aircraft through a simulated battlefield with enemy aircraft, fuel tanks, concealed missiles, antiaircraft tanks, and nerveshattering sound effects. The final showdown is a confrontation with the deadly robot Zaxxon. For the TRS-80 Color Computer, floppy disk, $39.95. Datasoft Inc., 9421 Winnetka Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311.

Timex/Sinclair

Arcade Games Package. Two

BASIC program listings, Tic Tac Toe and Tank Zap, each with varying levels of difficulty. For the ZX81 and TS1000 computers; two listings, $3. Florida Creations, Department P, POB 16422, Jacksonville, FL 32245.

Music/Sounds Package. Five BASIC program listings and directions for broadcasting music and spaceship noises to a nearby radio. It controls the radio-frequency interference generated by the computer.

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DEC

C. ITOH

SILVER-REED

MANY OTHERS

Everything in computer related products:

• Computers

• Modems

• Printers

• Software

• Monitors

• Terminals

• Accessories

• Paper

• Ribbons

• Diskettes

• Office Furniture

Prices listed reflect a cash discount and are subject to change without notice We welcome Certified and Cashiers Checks. Bank Wires and Money Orders C O D s are shipped with a minimum COD charge Allow 3-7 days for personal checks to clear Product is subject to availability Equipment is in factory sealed boxes with manufacturer's warranty. There will be a re-stocking charge for returned merchandise Call first for an RMA number. Software not warranteed for suitability No return of Software which has been opened Add 2% for shipping & handling charges (minimum S2 50) All equipment

sh.ppedFOB scottsdale. azB525I circle 259 on inquiry card.

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

"*_ Source

PROGRAMMERS "C" the extras we offer

More than just a compiler... we address the total programming environment

C Compiler —

• Complete non-float implementation (float avail 3Q) per Kemighan and Ritchie.

• Small and medium models supported. Medium model allows greater than 64k of code and greater than 64k of data.

• Complete standard I/O package.

_tevel debugger c-wmdow => debugging

ffitxjSnTaluationdunng

debugging- ion breakpoints.

Suternentan^xpjjs multl.

^rSeTplaV P-single step

nr breakpoint

Ask for a demonstration package — you'll immediately "C" the difference!

Available for Victor 9000, C Compiler $195.00

IBM PC, Zenith Z100, other c-window $195.00

MSDOS systems. Inquire c-window demo package

about CP/M-86 version. (w/manual and diskette) $45.00

Prices subject to change without notice.

c-window tm c-systems; IBM tm IBM Corp.: MSDOS tm

Microsoft; Tl Professional tm Tl; CP/M-86 tm Digital Research.

P.O. Box 3253 • (714)637-5362 Fullerton, CA 92634

c-systems

And then there

were none.

The list of already extinct animals grows . .. the great auk, the Texas gray wolf, the Badlands bighorn, the sea mink, the passenger pigeon . . .

What happens if civilization continues to slowly choke out wildlife species by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit for animals.

Join an organization that's doing something about preserving our endangered species. Get involved. Write the [National Wildlife Federation, Department 105, 1412 16th _S Street, NW. Washington, "^ DC 20036.

It's not too late.

Software Received.

For the ZX81 and TS1000; five listings, $3. Florida Creations (see address above).

Other Computers

K-Fix v. 2.1, a program that modifies the Kaypro II to shut off the disk drives when not in use, extinguish the drive lights when not being accessed, and allows you to set the default serial data rate. For the Kaypro II CP/M; floppy disk, $29.95. Maplesoft Inc., Suite 100, 49 Ascot Dr., Fredericton, NB E3B 6G1, Canada.

Manykey, a utility package that lets you define 10 control-number keys and CP/M or Wordstar arrow keys for each disk. This package allows each .COM file to define its own arrow and control-number keys.

For the Osborne 1; floppy disk, $20. Compumagic Inc., POB 780, Severn, MD 21144.

Swords & Serpents, an

arcade-type game. You're the White Knight exploring a maze-like dungeon. Avoid danger and protect a friendly wizard until he can learn the spells to save you both. For the Mattel Intellivision; cartridge, $39.95. Imagic, 981 University Ave., Los Gatos, CA 95030.

Text Formatter, an easy-touse, plug-in accessory. You can quickly generate memos, form or personal letters, and 10-page reports. Includes keyboard overlay and reference card. For the Hewlett Packard HP-75C Portable Computer; ROM-module cartridge, $95. Hewlett Packard, 1000 Northeast Circle Blvd., Corvallis, OR 97330.■

This is a list of software packages that have been received by BYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to the best of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full description of the product or the forms in which the product is available. In particular, some packages may be sold for several machines or in both cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here is the version received by BYTE Publications.

This is an all-inclusive list that makes no comment on the quality or usefulness of the software listed. We regret that we cannot review every software package we receive. Instead, this list is meant to be a monthly acknowledgment of these packages and the companies that sent them. All software received is considered to be on loan to BYTE and is returned to the manufacturer after a set period of time. Companies sending software packages should be sure to include the list price of the packages and (where appropriate) the alternate forms in which they are available.

Software for Schools

Silicon Valley Systems is giving away more than $100,000 worth of its wordprocessing and educational software to public schools. For further information on

how schools can obtain some of this software, contact Peggy Johnson, Assistant to the President, Silicon Valley Systems, 1625 El Camino Real, Belmont, CA 94002.■

514 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

eMH*»„m ou/1.

A Colorful Introduction to Computers

Here's a fun and educational coloring book to introduce your home computer to the youngest members of your family. The Magic Machine explores the excitement and wonder of computers from a young child's point of view. Theodore Cohen's story, written for beginning readers, answers many of the basic questions children ask about the magic machines that are coming into our homes in ever-growing numbers, and Jacqueline Bray's line drawings capture the vivid and often funny images that arise from the inquisitive minds of children as they seek to understand the world around them. Packaged complete with its own set of crayons, The Magic Machine will help children appreciate computers even before they are old enough to begin using them.

Order Now Directly from BYTE

The Magic Machine $2.00 Prepayment Required

A COLORING BOOK

By Theodore J. Cohen and Jacqueline H. Bray

BYTE/McGraw Hill 70 Main St Peterborough, N.H. 03458

If you want it fast, call us first.

Chances are, we have just what you want right in our warehouse. So we can ship it out right now. At the right price.

16K RAM KITS 15.95

For IBM-PC.

Set ol 9 NEC 4164 lor PC 80.00

DISKETTES

SCOTCH 3M

S.S.D.DEN 40TRK, 10. 16 SECTORS ....23.50 OS D.DEN 40 TRK. 10. 16 SECTORS .... 36.50 8" DISKS IN STOCK CALL

VERBATIM DATALIFE

MD 52501. 10. 16 26.50

MD 550-01, 10. 16 44.50

MD 557-01. 10. 16 45.60

MD 577-01. 10. 16 34.80

DISKETTE STORAGE

5'/<" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 2.50

8" PLASTIC LIBRARY CASE 3.50

PLASTIC STORAGE BINDER w/ Inserts....9.95 PROTECTOR 5%" (50 Disk Capacity)....21.95

PROTECTOR 8" (50 Disk Capacity) 24.95

DISK BANK 514" 5.95

DISK BANK 8" 6.95

ATARI

See Apple & Atari Software.

BANK STREET WRITER 55.50

CENTIPEDE 32.00

DEFENDER 32.00

DONKEY KONG SCALL

EPSON CABLE TO 850 INT 30.00

FILE MANAGER 800 79.16

GALAXIAN 32.00

HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.00

IN HOME KEYBOARD 67.00

PACMAN 32.00

PADDLE CONTROLLERS, limited qty 10.00

QIX 35.00

SIGNALMAN MODEM 85.00

STAR RAIDERS 32.00

TAX ADVANTAGE 38.97

VISICALC 179.00

WICO TRACKBALL 59.00

INTEC PERIPHERALS RAM MODULES

48K FOR ATARI 400 145.00

32K FOR ATARI 800 67.00

MOSAIC 64K 400/800 169.68

PRINTERS

STAR MICR0NICS GEMINI 10 SCALL

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI 15 SCALL

RIBBONS FOR MX-80 8.95

RIBBONS FOR MX-100 24.00

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS PARALLEL 1250.00

C-ITOH F-10 40 CPS SERIAL 1250.00

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS PARALLEL 1639.00

C-ITOH F-10 55 CPS SERIAL 1639.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER PARALLEL 410.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER SERIAL 550.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER II PARALLEL 699.00

C-ITOH PROWRITER II SERIAL 767.00

EPSON MX-80 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS SCALL

NEW! EPSON FX-80 SCALL

EPSON MX-100 W/GRAFTRAX PLUS ...SCALL

EPSON GRAFTRAX PLUS 60.00

EPSON RX-80 SCALL

BMC PB101 PAR or SER 730.00

COMREX CR-1 SERIAL 829.00

COMREX TRACTOR FEED 109.00

NEC 8023A 425.00

NEC SPINWRITER 3530 P. RO 1995.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 82A 460.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 83A 700.00

OKIDATA MICROLINE 84 1170.00

OKIDATA 92 SCALL

OKIDATA 93 SCALL

OKIGRAPH 82 49.95

OKIGRAPH 83 49.95

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 32K 299.00

MICROBUFFER IN-LINE 64K 349.00

MICROBUFFER 64K EXPANSION MOD..179.00

BOOKS

BASIC BETTER 8, FASTER DEMO DISK. .18.00

CUSTOM I/O MACHINE LANGUAGE 24.95

HOW TO DO IT...TRS-80 24.00

MICROSOFT BASIC FASTER & BETTER..24.95

MICROSOFT BASIC & DECODED 24.95

THE CUSTOM APPLE 24.95

THE CUSTOM TRS-80 24.95

TRS-80 DISK & MYSTERIES 16.95

Tab Books in Stock. Call For Titles.

APPLE HARDWARE

ABT APPLE KEYPAD 119.00

MICROSOFT PREMIUM PAK 469.00

MICROSOFT Z-80 SOFTCARD 249.00

M & R SUPERTERM 80x24 VIDEO BD.. .315.00

M & R COOLING FAN 44.95

M & R UNIVERSAL MOD 54.95

PROMETHEUS VERSACARD 165,00

OUENTIN APPLEMATE DRIVE 258.00

SUPER CLOCK II 129.00

T/G JOYSTICK 44.95

T/G PADDLE 29.95

T/G SELECT-A-PORT 54.95

T/G TRACKBALL 47.50

THE MILL-PASCAL SPEED UP 270.00

VERSA E-Z PORT 21.95

VERSA WRITER DIGITIZER 259.00

VIDEX ULTRATERM SCALL

VIDEX 80x24 VIDEO CARD 260.00

VIDEX KEYBOARD ENHANCER II 129.00

VIDEX FUNCTION STRIP 71.50

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00

MICROBUFFER lit 16K W/GRAPHICS 259 00

MICROBUFFER II} 32K W/GRAPHICS 299.00

SUPERFAN II 62.00

SUPERFAN II W/ZENER 84.50

RANA CONTROLLER 104.00

SNAPSHOT 119.00

GRAPPLER+ 145.00

7710A ASYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE ...149.00

7712A SYNCHRON. SER. INTERFACE 159.00

7742A CALENDAR CLOCK 99.00

7728A CENTRONICS INTERFACE 105.00

VISTA VISION 80-80 COL CARD 259.00

VISTA 8" DISK DRIVE CONTROLLER 549.00

MONITORS

USI AMBER 9" 145.00

USI AMBER 12" 160.00

NEC 12" GREEN MONITOR 159.00

NEC 12" COLOR MONITOR 399.00

BMC GREEN MONITOR 89.00

AMDEK COLOR 1 350.00

AMDEK RGB COLOR II 669.00

AMDEK RGB INTERFACE 169.00

AMDEK 310A IBM AMBER 179.00

TAXAN RGB 1 359.00

MOUNTAIN HARDWARE

CPS MULTIFUNCTION BOARD 145.00

ROMPLUS W/ KEYBOARD FILTER 165.00

ROMPLUS W/O KEYBOARD FILTER 125.00

KEYBOARD FILTER ROM 49.00

COPYROM 49.00

MUSIC SYSTEM 369.00

ROMWRITER 149.00

EXPANSION CHASSIS 580.00

RAMPLUS 32K 160.00

SUPERTALKER 169.00

S-100 HARDWARE

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS

2065C 64K DYNAMIC RAM 539.00

2422 DISK CONT. & CP/M® 359.00

2710 4 SERIAL I/O 279.00

2719 2 SERIAL / 2 PARALLEL I/O 289.00

2720 4 PARLLEL I/O 219.00

2810 Z-80 CPU 259.00

CALSTAR COMPUTER

w/ PERFECT SPELLER, WRITER 3020.00

MODEMS

New! IBM INTERNAL 300/1200 BAUD

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM 399.00

HAYES MICROMODEM II 289.00

MICROMODEM W/ TERMINAL PKG 309.00

HAYES 100 MODEM (S-100) 325.00

HAYES CHRONOGRAPH 199.00

HAYES SMART MODEM (300 Baud)....227.00 HAYES SMART MODEM (1200 Baud)...540.00

IBM SIGNALMAN 229.00

NOVATION J-CAT 125.00

NOVATION SMARTCAT 212 499.00

NOVATION SMARTCAT 209.00

NOVATION AUTO-CAT (1200 Baud) 619.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (300 Baud) 310.00

NOVATION APPLE-CAT (1200 Baud) 605.00

SIGNALMAN MODEM W/RS-232C 85.00

TERMINALS

HAZELTINE ESPRIT 1 500.00

HAZELT1NE ESPRIT II 580.00

VISUAL-50 GREEN 690.00

TELEVIDEO 910 630.00

TRS-80 MOD I HARDWARE

PERCOM DATA SEPARATOR 27.00

PERCOM DOUBLER II W /DOS 3.4 159.00

4 DRIVE CONTROLLER P/S 259.00

TANDON 40 TRK DISK DRIVE W/P.S...289.00 LNW 5/8 DOUBLER W/DOSPLUS 3.4...181.00

LNW EXPANSION INTERFACE 350.00

LNW 80 MOD II w/ CP/M SCALL

IBM HARDWARE

QUADBOARD 64K 338.00

64K MEMORY UPGRADE 80.00

APPARAT COMBO BOARD 154.00

AST CALL

MICROSOFT 64K 278.00

PLANTRONICS COLORPLUS GRAPHICS BOARD

w/ DRAFTSMAN 475.00

T/G JOYSTICK 47.95

T/G TRACKBALL 47.95

HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD 429.00

KRAFT JOYSTICK 48.00

Davong Systems. Inc. Call (or prices and slock.

ALPHA BYTE IBM MEMORY EXPANSION BOARDS

256K W /RS-232C 349.00

256K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 2....507 00

512K W /RS-232C 579.00

512K W /RS-232C & SUPERCALC 2....727.00

IBM DISK DRIVES

Alpha Byte's add-on drive kits tor the IBM-PC — each kit includes installation instructions. Tandon TM100-1 Single head 40 Irk....195.00 Tandon TM100-2 Double head 40 trk...262.50 TEAC HALF HEIGHT D.S. Disk Drives...269.00 BRACKETS & CABLE: tor halt height drive...25.95 PANASONIC '/2-HEIGHT DISK DRIVES..249.00

ISOLATORS

ISO-1 3-SOCKET 49.95

ISO-2 6-SOCKET 49.95

6 SOCKET SWITCHED 34.95

BARE DRIVES

TANDON 5V4 INCH

100-1 SINGLE HEAD 40 TRK 195.00

100-2 DUAL HEAD 40 TRK 262.50

100-3 SINGLE HEAD 80 TRK 250.00

100-4 DUAL HEAD 80 TRK 369.00

TANDON THINLINE 8 INCH

848-1 SINGLE SIDE 379.00

848-2 DUAL SIDE 490.00

MICRO PRO

APPLE CP/M®

WORDSTAR'! 279.00

SUPERSORT't 179.00

MAILMERGE't 174.00

DATASTAR't 207,00

SPELLSTAR't 174,00

CALCSTAR't 109,00

MICROSOFT®

APPLE

ALDStt 9500

BASIC COMPILER* 299.00

COBOL" 525.00

FORTRAN" 150.00

OLYMPIC DECATHLON 24.95

TASC APPLESOFT COMPILER 125.00

TYPING TUTOR II 16.50

Z-80 SOFTCARD 249 00

CP/M is a rep trademark ol Digital Research. "Requires Z-80 Softcard tReg. trademark of Micro Pro International Corp. ^Trademark of Practical Peripherals, Inc MICROSOFT is reg. trademark. ttTrademark ol Microsoft Corp.

'Trademark of Software Dimensions. Inc

IBM SOFTWARE

LOTUS 1.2.3 38000

INFOSTAR 279 00

VOLKSWRITER V 1.2, .145 00

WRITE ON 9000

BENCHMARK 388.70

0 BASE II 419.00

EASYWRITER II 247.00

EASY SPELLER 149.00

EASY FILE 28500

FIRST CLASS MAIL 85.00

HOME ACCOUNTANT+ 105 00

JFORMAT 39.00

MAILMERGE 17400

MOVE IT.......... 109.00

SPELLSTAR 17400

SUPERCALC 2 16800

THE WORD PLUS 117 00

TIM. Ill 37900

VISICALC / 256K 189 00

VISITRENO / VISIPLOT 235.00

VIS10EX 19200

VISIFILE 24900

VISISCHEDULE 22900

VERSA WRITER GRAPHICS TABLETS....270 00

WORDSTAR 279 00

CONCURRENT CP/M- 86 31500

CP/M 86 DIGITAL RESEARCH 60 00

GRAPHICS HARD COPY SYSTEM 19 50

PFS FILE 97 50

PFS: GRAPH 97.50

PFS REPORT 97 50

Call tor additional IBM sollware prices

IBM GAME SOFTWARE

DEADLINE 35.00

GALAXY 19.50

LOST COLONY 23.36

MIDWAY CAMPAIGN 17.00

MILLIONAIRE 48.50

CONQUEST 23.36

GALACTIC ATTACK 25.00

APPLE PANIC 23.61

CROSSFIRE 24.95

STARCROSS 28.00

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16

WITNESS 35.00

ZORK I. II. Ill 28.00

II you don'l see Ihe sollwate you wanl. call. Our sollware slock is constantly expanding.

APPLE SOFTWARE

MAGIC WINDOW II 117.00

MAGIC MAILER 5900

MULTIPLAN 199.00

MULTITOOL BUDGET 111,50

MULT1T00L FINANCE 74.25

DB MASTER 16900

DB MASTER UTILITY PACK I OR II 89.00

DATA CAPTURE 4.0/80 COLUMN 59.95

DOSS BOSS 18.72

DOUBLE TAKE 27.68

DICTIONARY 79.00

PFS GRAPH 89.95

PFS (NEW) PERSONAL FILING SYSTEM.85.00

PFS REPORT 79.00

Z-TERM" 89.95

Z-TERM PRO- 129.95

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 98.00

BANK STREET WRITER 55.50

EASY WRITER-PRO 136.00

EASY MAILER-PRO 117.00

BEAGLE BROTHERS UTILITY CITY 23.00

APPLE MECHANIC 23.00

TIP DESK HI 15.95

BEAGLE BAG 23.00

SUPER TEXT PRO 97.50

LISA 2 5 59.95

TRANSCEND II 115.00

SCREENWRITER II 99.00

CONTINENTAL SOFTWARE

G/L.A/R.A/P.PAYROLL Each 165.00

PROPERTY MGMT 325.00

THE HOME ACCOUNTANT 59.95

F.C.M. w/form letter 75.00

VISICORP

DESKTOP PLAN II 189.00

VISIPLOT 158.00

VISITREND/VISIPLOT 229 00

VISIDEX 189.00

VISITERM 79.00

VISICALC 189.00

VISIFILES 189.00

VISISCHEOULE 22900

CP/M® SOFTWARE

We carry CP/M' sollware in all popular disk lormats — Norlhstar. Televideo. and Heath/Zenith formatted programs in slock! Call tor availability and price. Most software also available on IBM

THE WORD PLUS., d BASE II

.117.00 .419.00

TRS-80 SOFTWARE

NEWDOS/80 2.0 MOO 1,111 122.50

LAZY WRITER MOD I,II 135.00

PROSOFT NEWSCRIPT MOD I.Ill w/labels109.00

SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I.Ill 119.00

X-TRA SPECIAL DELIVERY MOD I .III.... 179.00

TRACKCESS MOO 1 24.95

OMNITERM SMART TERM.MOD I,II' 89.95

This Month's Specials:

APPLE 11+ AND lie COMPATIBLE

MICROSOFT 16K RAM CARO

DATASTAR REQ'S CP/M

DATAFAX, EASY TO USE DATABASE FRANKLIN ACE WRITER (MAGIC WINDOW) Q BASE VERSAFORM. IBM. APPLE..

72.50 177.00 139.50

40.00 123.50

TEAC HALF HEIGHT DISK DRIVES. FAST SEEK TIME 289.00

IBM

J FORMAT. 4 UTILITIES FOR IBM dos 1 1 35.00

JET DRIVE ELECTRONIC DISK FOR dos 2 0 35.00

MONTE CARLO CARD. PARALLEL. CLOCK. SERIAL 399.00

TRS-80

L. DOS VERS. 5.1 Specify MOD I or III 98.50

S-100

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER SYSTEMS S-100 MAINFRAME 399.00

HAZELTINE ESPIRIT 1 500.00

HAZELTINE ESPIRIT II 580.00

APPLE

BANDITS

CROSSFIRE

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN FLIGHT SIMULATOR

GALAXY WARS

LUNAR LEEPER

SARGON II

STAR BLAZER

SUSPENDED

SWASHBUCKLER

THRESHOLD

WITNESS

• SOFTWARE BLOWOUT * *

IBM

22.97 APPLE PANIC 19.97

19.97 D BASE II 419.00

19.87 FLIGHT SIMULATOR 38.95

23.78 FROGGER 22.97

16.97 TEMPLE OF APSHAI 27.97

. . ..19.97 ULYSSES 8, GOLDEN FLEECE 22.97

22 97 TRS

21.17 ARMORED PATROL (Mod I or III) 16.97

35.00 LUNAR LANDER 16.50

21.97 MORTON'S FORK 17.97

.. .. 2597 REAR GUARD 17.50

35.00 STAR FIGHTER 16.97

•EACH MONTH WE WILL OFFER SPECIALS

LIMITED TO QUANTITIES ON HAND.

PLEASE WATCH THIS BOX FOR NEW & EXCITING PRODUCTS

OUICKCODE 230 00

DUTIL 91.00

SUPERCALC 2 . .217.00

SPELLGUARD 230.00

P&TCP/M® MOD 2 & 16 TRS-80.... 193.50

PASCAL Z 34900

PASCAL/M Z-80 OR 8080 295 00

DIGITAL RESEARCH

MAC 82.00

ZSID 92 00

PASCAL MT+ W' SSP 429 00

PL/ 1-80 439.00

C BASIC 109.00

SUPERSOFT

DIAGNOSTIC II 89 00

CCOMPILER 179.00

RATFOR 89.00

FORTRAN 239.00

DISK DOCTOR 78.00

MICROPRO

WORDSTAR 3.3 279 00

SUPERSORT 179.00

MAILMERGE 174.00

DATASTAR 207.00

SPELLSTAR 174.00

INFOSTAR 279.00

MICROSOFT®

MULTIPLANft 19900

BASIC 80 249.00

BASIC COMPILER 299.00

FORTRAN 80 359.00

COBOL 80 550.00

MACRO 80 156.00

mu MATH/mu SIMP 200.00

mu LISP/mu STAR 165.00

TRS-80 GAMES

Specily MOD I or III

DEADLINE 38.00

FROGGER 16.45

STARCROSS 31.16

Call lor more TRS-80 games.

IPUTER PRODUCTS

31304 VIA COLINAS WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CA 91362

*For all your computer product needs, come visit us at our new California store.

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

Satisfaction Assurance — Your satislaction is assured by our 30 day moneyback guarantee on all hardware products we sell. No refunds after 30 days. All manufacturers' warranties are honored by manufacturers Detective software will be replaced Iree during the first 30 days, however, no relunds or exchanges on software. Prool of purchase required. All returns must be authorized in advance. How To Order — All orders must be paid prior to shipment Order by phone or by mail. Use Visa. M/C. check or COD. COD limit S300 Shipping charges' Visa. M/C orders = actual shipping costs. Prepaid orders add S3 (under 25lbs.) or S6 (over 25lbs.) COD'S use prepaid rates and add S4 surcharge Foreign FPO and APO orders add 15% ol order total. Calil orders add 6% sales tax. LA County add BVi% sales tax. Prices guoled are subject to product availability and may chanp? mflmjl notice.

APPLE & ATARI GAMES

A.E 23.72

ARCADE MACHINE 44.38

CASTLE WOLFENSTEIN 23.50

SEA FOX 24.00

ZAXXON 31.16

BRODERBUND

APPLE PANIC 23.61

CHOPLIFTER 27.20

MIDNIGHT MAGIC 27.26

AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS

INVASION ORION 20.95

STAR WARRIOR 31.35

CRUSH.CRUMBLE AND CHOMP 24.95

TEMPLE OF APSHAI 31.35

HELLFIRE WARRIOR 31.35

RESCUE AT RIGEL 23.36

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

FROGGER 24.50

JAW BREAKER 23.36

ULYSSES & GOLDEN FLEECE 25.95

ULTIMA II 42.00

WIZARD AND PRINCESS 27.26

INFOCOM

DEADLINE 35.00

STARCROSS 28.00

SUSPENDED 35.00

WITNESS 35.00

ZORK I.II.Ill 28.00

EDU-WARE

COMPU-READ 24.95

COMPU-MATH FRACTIONS 34.95

COMPU-MATH DECIMALS 34.95

MORE GREAT APPLE GAMES

DARK CRYSTAL 31.61

TUBEWAY 27.26

TUES. MORNING OUARTERBACK 25.95

THE SPACE VIKINGS 38.50

COMPUTER QUARTERBACK 31.16

THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE 49.95

POOL 1.5 27.26

ULTIMA 31.16

RASTER BLASTER 23.36

FLIGHT SIMULATOR 26.61

INTERNATIONAL GRAND PRIX 25 95

MASK OF THE SUN 31 16

PINBALL SUBLOGIC 24.50

SNACK ATTACK 23.36

BUDGECO PINBALL CONST SET 31.61

THIEF 24 95

THE WARP FACTOR 31.16

WIZARDRY 37.95

NIGHT OF DIAMONDS 27.26

CRISIS MOUNTAIN 26.32

EVOLUTION 33 80

SIRIUS SOFTWARE

GORGON 31.16

PHANTOMS FIVE 22.00

SNEAKERS 23.36

SPACE EGGS 23.36

EDU-WARE

COMPU-MATH: ARITHMETIC 39.95

COMPU-SPELL (REO. DATA DISK) 24.95

COMPU-SPELL DATA DISKS 4-8. ea 17.95

PERCEPTION PKG 19.95

RENDEZVOUS 28.50

ON-LINE SYSTEMS

CANNON BALL BLITZ 25.95

CRANSTON MANOR 25.95

TIME ZONE 77.96

MUSE SOFTWARE

A.B.M 19.46

ROBOT WARS 32,95

THREE MILE ISLAND 31 61

To order or for information call

From Chicago:

(312)454-1236

FromNewVbrk:

(212)509-1923

In Los Angeles:

(213)706-0333

From Dallas:

(214)744-4251

By Modem:

(213)991:1604

rCALL OUR MODEM LINE I FOR WEEKLY SPECIALS^

SAVE MONEY. SOLVE PROBLEMS.

rfaude^Soois.

Apple

NEW! Data Base Management for' the Apple™ (Wadsworth) #6282, $12.95. NEW! Pascal Programs for Business (Swan) #6270, $15.95. NEW! Pascal Programs for Games and Graphics (Swan) #6271, $15.95. Basic Apple™ BASIC (Coan) #5626, $12.95.

The BASIC Conversions Handbook for Apple™. TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain Bank) #5534, $8.95. I Speak BASIC to My Apple™ (Jones) teacher's manual #6165, $17.45; student text #6175, $8.45.

Graphics Cookbook for the Apple™ (Wadsworth) #6278, $9.95. 6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook (Findley) #6277, $12.95.

NEW! Atari® in Wonderland (D'lgnazio) #5771, $9.95.

NEW! I Speak BASIC to My Atari" (Jones) teacher's manual #6168, $17.45; student text #6178, $8.45. Stimulating Simulations for the Atari" (Engel) #5197, $6.50. 6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook (Findley) #6277, $12.95.

NEW! VIC™ Games (Hampshire) #1060, $12.95.

VIC™ Graphics (Hampshire) #1057, $12.95.

VIC™ Revealed (Hampshire) #1058, $12.95.

I Speak BASIC to My VIC™ (Jones) teacher's manual #6169, $17.45; student text #6179, $8.45.

Stimulating Simulations for the VIC™ (Engel) #5173, $6.50. 6502 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook (Findley) #6277, $12.95.

COMING SOON! IBM" BASIC From the Ground Up (Simon) #6350, $15.95. CO/WING SOON.' IBM" User's Guide (Held) #6262, $19.95. COMING SOON! IBM" Programs for Business (Sternberg) #5196, $15.95. COMING SOON! Business Programs for Your IBM PC (Hildebrand) #6351, $15.95. The 8086/8088 Primer, 2nd Edition (Morse) #6255, $11.95.

Timex/Sinclair

NEW! Timex/Sinclair™ Color Graphics (Hampshire) #1064, $12.95. COMING SOON! Management Decision Tools for the Timex/Sinclair™ (McNitt) #2101, $12.95.

COMING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ BASIC (Charles) #2102, $10.95. COMING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ Color Games (Hampshire) #1065, $12.95. CO/MING SOON! Timex/Sinclair™ Picture Book (Nadler) #2103, $9.95.

BASIC Conversions Handbook for Apple™,

TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain Bank)

#5534, $8.95.

I Speak BASIC to My PET" (Jones) teacher's

manual #6166, $17.45; student text

#6176, $8.45.

PET" Graphics (Hampshire) #1051,

$18.75.

Library of PET" Subroutines (Hampshire)

#1050, $16.50.

Prices subject 10 change

Available at your local computer store and bookstore or call

1-800-631-0856

operalor BY93 In NJ call (201) 368-2202, exl. 19

Commodore 64

COMING SOON! I Speak BASIC to My

Commodore 64™ (Jones) teacher's manual #6172, $17.45; student text #6182, $8.45.

COMING SOON! Commodore 64™ Graphics (Hampshire) #1069, $12.95. COMING SOON! Commodore 64™ Programs for the Home (Sternberg) #5176, $14.95.

TRS-80

The BASIC Conversions Handbook for Apple™, TRS-80™, and PET" Users (Brain Bank) #5534, $8.95. I Speak BASIC to My TRS-80™ (Jones) teacher's manual #6164, $17.45; student text #6174, $8.45.

The Softside Sampler: TRS-80™ Entertainment Programs (Witham) #5496, $9.95. Programs for Beginners on the TRS-80™ (Blechman)#5182, $9.95. Z80 Instruction Handbook (Wadsworth) #6275, $5.95.

Z80 Software Gourmet Guide and Cookbook (Wadsworth) #6276, $15.95.

Languages

COMING SOON! Introduction to C Programming (Kochan) #6261, $18.95.

Secrets of Better BASIC (Mau) #6254, $14.95.

Pascal With Style: Programming Proverbs (Ledgard, Hueras, Nagin) #5124, $9.50. Problem Solving Principles for Ada Programmers: Applied Logic, Psychology, and Grit (Lewis) #5211, $10.95.

General

CP/M" Revealed (Dennon) #5204,

$13.95.

NEW! Robotics Age: In the Beginning

(Helmers) #6325, $16.95.

Apple. Commodore 64. Osborne. TRS-80. ond II ore trodemarks of Apple Computer Inc . Commodore Business Mochines. Inc , Osborne Computer Corp . Radio Shock, and Texas Instruments, respectively Time* is a trodemorh of Timex Computer Cotp Sinclair is a registered trademark o' Sinclair Reseorch. Ltd Atori, IBM. PfT. and CP M ore registered trademorks of Atori, Inc . International Business Machines. Corp . Commodore Business Mochines. Inc ond Digital Reseorch. respectively

518 BYTE September 1983

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Electronically Measuring Fish

Dear Steve,

I have been trying to locate technical information that will assist me in developing some electronic-measuring devices. I am a fisheries biologist and amateur engineer and machinist. I want to design and build equipment that will allow me to measure small fish automatically and record the lengths with my computer. I also want to fit automatic measuring capabilities to some machine tools so that I can have real-time measurements as I work and know precise tool positions. Once I have this capability, I want to move into numerical control and some robotic applications.

I would like to try using magnetic strips coded with distance information attached to the machines' ways, then use a reading head attached to the moving element of the machine. The reading head would feed into a processing unit with a digital readout. I have seen a picture of an electronic vernier caliper that operates on this principle but have not been able to get any details of the actual working elements.

Your assistance in locating technical information or people to contact is greatly appreciated. Greg L. Young Juneau, AK

One of the simplest yet most sophisticated techniques devised for electronic measuring is the use of a TV camera. By digitizing a video image of a part or surface, measurements to thousandths of an inch are possible. I have seen units that can inspect complex mechanical parts in seconds, and give a list of all

dimensions measured, the allowable range for each dimension, and a flag against any dimension that is not within the spec. Here are some companies that make such products. . . .Steve

Interactive Video Systems 358 Baker Ave. Concord, MA 01742 (617) 371-0104

Stocker & Yale Rte. 128 and Brimbal Ave. Beverly, MA 01915 (617) 927-3940

Electro-Optical Information

Systems

710 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 501

Santa Monica, CA 90401

(213) 451-8566

EG & G Reticon 345 Potrero Ave. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 738-4266

Vestigial-Sideband Filter

Dear Steve,

I am constructing a microcomputer system using Motorola's 6847 VDG (video-display generator) and 1372 TV Modulator. Motorola's documentation on the VDG 6847 interface is quite clear; however, I found the information provided for the 1372 and TV interface is too general. Specifically, the 1372's output is fed into the TV set (probably to the antenna) with a vestigial-sideband filter. Can you tell me what this filter is? I would greatly appreciate it. Richard F. Man Medford, MA

A television signal is generated in a manner similar to that of a standard AM (amplitude

modulation) sound broadcast, and the video signal consists of two sidebands and a carrier. To conserve spectrum bandwidth and to reduce the problems associated with wide bandwidth transmissions, one sideband is removed. However, filters to completely remove this sideband (for single-sideband transmission) must have a very sharp cutoff frequency and not change the phase or amplitude of the remaining sideband. Such filters are difficult to construct and expensive. As a compromise, most, but not all, of one sideband is removed. This method is known as vestigial-sideband operation. A vestigial-sideband filter also removes second harmonic effects and other spurious noise. The output of the MC1372 is essentially a double-sideband signal, and the vestigial filter is used to "trim" the signal to fit the bandwidth of the television receiver. . . .Steve

High-Resolution Storage

Dear Steve,

We would like to know if anyone makes a video camera with interface that will let you copy records and files to be recorded on the computer disk for later recall and reproduction through a printer or plotter. We wish to reduce our records to a computer library with indexing capabilities. Eugene Manzo Miami, FL

Many video camera systems on the market allow image storage, but it is important to choose one with high resolution in order to store a complete page of text. The higher the resolution, the sharper the image and the greater demands on memory.

For example, 1024 by 1024 pixels would be the minimum resolution, and higher values are preferred; but one frame at this size requires 128K bytes.

Some companies making such equipment include

Datacopy

1070 East Meadow Circle Palo Alto, CA 94303 (415) 493-3420

Imaging Technology Inc. 400 West Cummings Park, Suite 4350 Woburn, MA 01801 (617) 938-8444

Eikonix Corporation 23 Crosby Dr. Bedford, MA 01730 (617) 275-5070

Quantex Corporation 252 North Wolfe Rd. Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (408) 733-6730

You might also want to consider using a laser-type videodisc with a personal computer to provide random access. The major problem here is getting the information onto the laser disc. Refer to the June 1982 BYTE for more information. . . .Steve

VIC-20 Expansion

Dear Steve,

I have a Commodore VIC-20. Is there a company that manufactures an expansion module that would provide a 40- or 80-column video output?

Robert J. Kakoczki White Cloud, MI

Quantum Data Inc. makes a series of cartridges for the VIC-20, among which is a card that will display 80 columns of

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 519

Ask BYTE

text. The card optionally features 16K bytes of memory and a programmable ROM socket. It comes set for 40 columns that can be displayed on a TV set. For 80 columns, a change inside the cartridge is made. A video monitor must be used with any 80-column display because the bandwidth of an ordinary TV is not adequate. Contact Quantum Data Inc., 3001 Redhill Bldg., Suite 105, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, (714) 966-6553.

Data 20 Corporation also makes a set of cards for the VIC that includes a Video Pak 80-column expansion card with additional memory and free word-processing software. Contact Data 20 Corporation, 23011 Moulton Parkway, Suite BIO, Laguna Hills, CA 92653, (714) 770-2366. . . .Steve

Volceprlnts

Dear Steve, I am writing in reference to

your articles in BYTE on voiceprints. I have been thinking along these lines in an attempt to build a system to help deaf people learn to speak. I think if you could display correct voiceprints on a monitor for the deaf person to duplicate, it would facilitate their efforts to speak.

I have an Apple II system and some experience in programming in BASIC. I have heard some rumors about systems that have already been designed, but I have not been able to get any real information. Do you know of anyone I could contact about this subject? Any information or advice on how to proceed would be greatly appreciated. It seems your work with voiceprinting could form the basis of a good system.

Thank you for your consideration. Dale Sarver Ridgefield, WA

Many companies are actively pursuing speech recognition, but I am not sure how many are using the voiceprint concept. Most are concentrating on the recognition of specific words by an unlimited number of users. I am listing below some companies engaged in speech recognition. Write them for further information. . . .Steve

Ben Franklin Industries Casey Creek, KY 42723 (606) 787-5002

Covox Company 675-D Conger St. Eugene, OR 97402 (503) 342-1271

Excalibur Technologies 800 Rio Grande Blvd. NW, Suite 21

Albuquerque, NM 87104 (505) 242-3333

Hitachi

175 Crossways Park West

Woodbury, NY 11797 (516) 921-7200

Interstate Electronics POB 3117

Anaheim, CA 92803 (714) 635-7210

NEC America 532 Broad Hollow Rd. Melville, NY 11747 (516) 752-9700

Votan

26046 Eden Landing Rd. Hayward, CA 94545 (415) 785-8060

IMSAI Repair

Dear Steve,

I have an IMSAI VDP-44 in need of repair. To have this done locally, I need schematics and possibly an equipment manual. What is the address of the company that bought out IMSAI?

CompuPro

8 and/or 16 Bits.

A CompuPro Systems Center is much more than a computer store: It is the first place to look for business, scientific, and industrial computing solutions. When you're ready for professional level, state-of-the-art microcomputing, turn to the professionals listed below ... they're ready for you.

ARIZONA

Scottsdale S-100

(800)528-3138

CALIFORNIA

Bakersfiold

Creative Computing Services

(805) 325-9877

Berkeley

Track Computer Center

(415)845-6366

Burlingame

Mentzer Computer Systems

(415)340-9363

Canyon Country

Creative Computing Services

(805)251-9877

Carmichael

Logic Systems

(916)971-3133

Chatsworth

Priority One Electronics

(213) 709-5464

Hayward

Byte Shop of Hayward

(415)886-4732

Irvine

Priority One Electronics

(714)660-1411

Los Angeles

American Computers & Engineers

(213)477-6751

Gifford Computer Systems

(213) 477-3921

Mountain View

ACC

(415)969-4969

Oakland

Track Computer Center

(415)444-8725

Pacific Palisades

System Interface Consultants

(213)454-2100

Pasadena

Omni Unlimited

(213)795-6664

Petaluma

Advanced Information Mgmt.

(707) 763-7283

Pleasanton

Best Computer Stores

(415)463-2233

520 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Is it worth the trouble to fool with this machine? After numerous phone calls, the closest repair available seems to be Computerland in Chicago. J. R. Weistart Rochester, IL

Microsystems magazine features advertisements by a company that has taken over the line of IMSAI computers. Perhaps they have a repair facility to service your unit. Write or call them at

IMSAI Computer Division Fischer-Freitas Corporation 910 81st Ave., Bldg. 14 Oakland, CA 94621 (415) 635-7615

As to whether it is worth fixing, that is a question you must answer. Weigh the cost of repair to your total investment. If you were happy with the unit before it malfunctioned, then repair it and keep going. If you were un

happy, here is the excuse that you need to buy a new one. Good luck. . . .Steve

Protecting ZX81 Programs

Dear Steve,

I've had a Sinclair ZX81 computer for about six months and have written a lot of my own programs. Is there any way to prevent someone from being able to display the listing of a program? That is, is there any way you can make a program on tape "run-only"? Any help you can give me on my problem would be greatly appreciated. Greg E. Sedbrook Del Rio, TX

The easy way to protect programs from being listed in BASIC is to have the program disable the LIST command. This

is easy for computers that have the BASIC in RAM but very difficult if it is in ROM (like your ZX81). lam not aware of a simple way to defeat this command. Writing your program in machine language will certainly solve the problem. A BASIC program can be written to give title and credits. Then call a USR command to run your machine-language program. This will make it more difficult to copy. . . .Steve

Getting Ready for April 15

Dear Steve,

I have a Timex/Sinclair 1000 computer and would like to know if anyone has written a program for it to prepare income tax returns. I know it's been done for other computers.

Also, do you know if anyone has written about con

verting Sinclair BASIC to BASICs used in computers such as the Atari and Apple II?

Thank you for your help. Timothy Bartlett New York, NY

I am not aware of a book written specifically to convert Sinclair BASIC to other BASICs. There is a book to convert between Apple, PET, and Radio Shack; but it does not mention your computer. A general reference for converting between BASIC versions is The BASIC Handbook by David A. Lien, published by Compusoft Publishing. It describes the similarities and differences between versions of BASIC, gives sample programs, and tells you what to do if your BASIC lacks a particular feature. It should be of great help to you.

I have not seen an income tax program for the Timex/Sinclair 1000. There have been many articles written for such programs,

Spoken Here...

San Francisco

Gifford Computer Systems

(415)391-4570

San Leandro

Gifford Computer Systems

(415)895-0798

San Rafael

Computer House

(415)453-0865

Santa Barbara

Data Bank

(805) 962-8489

Santa Maria

Data Bank

(805)922-1333

Santa Rosa

Matrix Computers

(707) 542-0571

Sunnyvale

Pragmatic Designs, Inc.

(408) 736-8670

FLORIDA

Brandon

Micro Computer Technology

(813)685-7659

Satellite Beach

Binary Magic, Inc.

(305) 777-7080

HAWAII

Kahulul Maul

Capacity Plus Computers

(808) 877-3496

ILLINOIS

Athens

Computers Plus

(217)636-8491

La Orange Park

Small Business Systems, Inc.

(312) 579-3311

Skokle

Lillipute Computer Mart, Inc.

(312)674-1383

INDIANA

Terre Haute

General Software, Inc.

(812)234-9421

MARYLAND

Bethesda

J R Systems

(301)657-3598

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston

New England Electronic Exch.

(617)491-3000

(Please turn the page)

(ompuPro

CompuPro, a 6OBBOUTcoupany

3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 521

Ask BYTE.

so it should be an easy matter to convert one for your computer. One such article appeared in the March 1980 issue of Microcomputing magazine on pages 42-47. "Income Tax Consultant" by William P. Van Horn describes a tax preparation program that can serve as a model for your computer. . . .Steve

Apple Equipment

and the

Commodore 64

Dear Steve,

Commodore says that the 6510 processor in its 64 is an improved version of the 6502. If this is true, can I interface the 64 to an Apple II expansion bus? If I do so, can I use Apple-compatible peripheral devices with it? If so, how? Is there any way I could use Apple II software? Joshua Putnam Burton, WA

The 6510 microprocessor used in the Commodore 64 is an improved version of the 6502. It features additional input/output lines and shares the same instruction set as the 6502. Apple-compatible peripheral devices, in theory, should work with the Commodore, but some significant differences must be addressed.

1. Many Apple peripheral cards have an onboard ROM that contains software to drive the hardware. These ROMs contain calls to Apple routines in the monitor and other areas not common to the 64. Hence the ROMs may have to be changed.

2. The Apple bus has some built-in decoding known as Device Select signals, which activate the card when a particular area in memory is addressed. No separate address decoding is on the card (usually), and you must add this to work with the 64.

3. Apple uses a different phase of the system clock than

the 64 (<f> 1 instead of $2). This may create some timing problems on some cards.

Each card must be considered separately for compatibility. It

may be possible to create a universal Apple interface for the 64, but an in-depth study of the software and hardware differences is required. . . . Steve ■

In "Ask BYTE," Steve Garcia answers questions on any area of microcomputing. The most representative questions received each month will be answered and published. Do you have a nagging problem? Send your inquiry to: Ask BYTE

POB 582 Glastonbury CT 06033

If you are a subscriber to The Source, chat with Steve |TEC317) directly. Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannot be given. Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

And Here.

Chestnut Hill

Key Micro Systems

(617)738-7306

NEW YORK

Dear Park

Datapro Systems, Inc.

(516)595-1311

Staten Island

John D. Owens Associates, Inc.

(212)448-6283

NORTH CAROLINA

Greensboro

General Semantics, Inc.

(919)288-1117

OREGON

Portland

Microwest Computer Products

(503) 238-6274

RHODE ISLAND

Coventry

Key Micro Systems

(401)828-7270

TEXAS

Houston

Gifford Computer Systems

(713)877-1212

WISCONSIN

Greenfield

Byte Shop of Milwaukee

(414)281-7004

Madison

Beam International

(608) 255-2325

CANADA

Burnaby, B.C.

Dynacomp Business Computers Ltd.

(604) 299-3747

Coquitlam, B.C.

CSC System Center Ltd.

(604)941-0622

THE PHILIPPINES

Quezon City

Corona International Inc.

78-34-71

UNITED KINGDOM

Swansea

Comcen Technology Ltd.

(0792) 796000

®

ompuPro

CompuPro, a G0BB0UTcompany 3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545

522 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Heart ofTEXAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

To" Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625

CORVUS

HARD DISK DRIVES Complete from $1649

Single and multiuser HARD DRIVES for all brands of computers One or several computers can share A HARD DISK.

FT7TJ

TCS DRIVE CABINET is industrial grade heavy guage metal, safety fuseclarK^omes with gold plated external connector with extender cable

1 DRIVE in Cabinet

40 track single sided $199

80 Irack (dual sided 40 track) .$299 160 track (dual sided 80 track . . $399

1 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $259

80 track (dual sided 40 track) $349 160 track (dual sided 80 track) $449

2 DRIVE Double Cabinet

40 track single sided $399

80 track (dual sided 40 tracks) $599 160 track (dual sided 80 tracks) $799

Drives in cabinets come assembled and tested with power supply Order cable separately

BARE DRIVES ONLY

40 track single sided

80 track (dual sided 40 track)

160 track (dual sided 80 track) $CALL $165 8 inch Slimline sgl.'dbl sided $CALL

$CALL Winchester Hard Drives 5 Meg $399

CALL IF YOU FIND A LOWER PRICE ON DRIVES

PERCOM

5 Megabytes of storage $1390

10 Megabytes of storage $1690

15 Megabytes of storage 20 Megabytes of storage

PRINTERS

a PRINTER CABLES AND ■ Ik *t^ m^*-2 // INTERFACES AVAILABLE

Call for current pricing

PRINTERS

■ 100 - 120 - 160 CPS " Super Script-Subscript ' Bidirectional Logic Seeking ' Underlining

• Friction and Tractor ' Backspacing Doublestrike

• 9X9 Dot Matrix ' 5. 6, 8 1/2, 10. 12 and 17 Pitch " True Decenders ' Programmable Line Spacing

■ High Res-Bit Image Block Graphics ' SIX (6) MONTH WARRANTY

GEMINI 10X (9 Inch Carriage, 120cps) Friction and Tractor $CALL

GEMINI 15 (15 Inch Carriage, 100cps) Friction and Tractor SCALL

GEMINI 15X (15 Inch Carriage. 120cps) Friction and Tractor.... SCALL

DELTA 10 (10 Inch Carriage, 160cps) Friction and Tractor SCALL

STAR Printers can be interfaced with most computers on the market today, such as: Apple II.lie III / IBM PC / Osborne / Heath Kit H89 / TRS-80 Model I II.III.4 12.16.100 Zenith 289.290.2100/ TI99/4A / Kaypro / Atari 400.800 / Commodore 64.Vic 20 CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICES

Smith-Corona® XP-I

LOW COST LETTER QUALITY DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

Your choice PARALLEL or SERIAL Interface List Price $895 Sp^ SCALL

TCS hat the LOWEST PRICES on IN-STOCK PRINTERSI DOT MATRIX PRINTERS LETTER QUALITY PRINTERS

EPSON RX/FX SILVER REED'BMC |16cp»)

C ITOH 8510/TEC/PMC BROTHER/COMREX/BMC (16cps|

DMPI2S DMP2100 (160/wp100cpsl

DMP 200 RS DAISYWHEEL II (40cp«)

DMP 400 DWP«10(25cp»)

DMP 500 C ITOH F-10 (40 CPS)

DMP 2100 NEC 3520/3530/3550

ANADEX 9501 -A NEC 771o/7730

CENTRONICS 352/353

OKIOATA

IBM

320K Bytes Tandon Disk Drives SCALL

OUADBOARD 64k - 256k memory, clock, serial, parallel S279

BMC RGB Ultra Hi Res Color Monitor S449

HARD DISKS from S1390

.Ti

Hard Drives supporting both DOSPLUS and LDOS

TRS-80 equipment comes with original 90 day Manufacturer's Limited Warranty

MODEL 12 and MODEL 16

MODEL 12. 1 drive SCALL

MODEL 12. 2 drives '.'.'.'.'.['.'.', SCALL

TCS MODEL 12 version. 2 Tandon drives (like the original) ... $2995

MODEL 16B...Support up to 6 users. Run your whole office with hard disk capabilities for about $1000 per user!

MODEL 16B. 1 drive $CALL

MODEL 16B. 2 drives SCALL

Model 12 and Model 16 Accessories

128K memory board (256K Max.) $g29

128K extra memory chips (RS) $269

128K extra memory chips (TCS) $189

Xenix Microsoft Multi-user Basic $269

Xenix Accounting Software SCALL

Xenix Multiplan Spread Sheet Software .... $263

MII/12 to M16 multi-user upgrade kit $1339

DT/1 Video Terminal .... $629

MODEL IV

MODEL IV. 16K Cassette $825

MODEL IV. 64K. 2 drives. RS-232 $CALL

Model III Color Computer

All Radio Shack equipment is shipped from our store in Brady, Texas

TCS Model IV, 64K, 2 Disks

Systems come with 180 Day Warranty

$1499 #& $1699

With standard 40 track *m&*t& w'<h 2 dual headed 40

double density drives H3 track double density drives

Over 340.000 bytes. Over 730,000 bytes

Enhanced Model IV Operating System Enhanced Model IV Operating System

Fully assembled and tested systems that are software compatible and functionally

identical to Radio Shack units sold at computer stores for $hundreds more

' CONTROLLER BOARDS are high quality double sided epoxy boards with gold

plated contacts. * POWER SUPPLY is the finest switching type available ■ MOUNTING HARDWARE includes power and data cables. ' DISK DRIVES are Tandon the same ones used by Radio Shack.

40 track, double density, with a 5 millisecond stepping rate.

TCS MODEL III DISK EXPANSION KITS

1 Controller. Power Supply. Mounting Hardware & Instructions $249

2 Controller. Power Supply, Hardware & one 40 track Tandon Drive $429

3 Controller Power Supply. Hardware, two 40 track Tandon Drives $598

3a Kit 3 but with two 80 track drives (dual sided 40s) $791

3b Kit three but with two 160 track drives (dual sided 80s) $989

TCS MODEL IV DISK EXPANSION KITS

11 Controller, Power Supply. Mounting Hardware, one 40 Track Tandon Drive $479

12 Controller, Power Supply, Mounting Hardware, two 40 Track Tandon Drives $649

12A Kit 12 but with two B0 Track Tandon Drives $629

12B Kit 12 but with two 160 Track Tandon Drives $849

DAVONG HARD DRIVES APPLE DISK DRIVES

5 Megabytes ol storage lrom$1295 High quality slimline drives

10 Megabytes of storage $CALL 1st drive w/controller $279

2nd drive only $229

15 Megabytes ol storage $CALL Totally compatible with all apple soltware

Networking systems for multiuser hard

disks Tape and cartridge back up systems & ^^ JK I

are also available tor IBM PC, APPLE II. and Jn ^^*^\ L L

APPLE III ~

Heart ofTEXAS

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

P.O. Box 1327 Arlington, Texas 76004-1327

Toll Free 1-800-433-5184 Texas 1-817-274-5625

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

fj//f////////////////////////s//s/yxs>ic>

u>

'■•I

computer mail order

fcTel^/ideo

TERMINALS

910 $559.00

912 S689.00

920 $739.00

925 $719.00

950 $929.00

970 CALL

COMPUTERS

800A $1 099.00

802 $2699.00

803 $1949.00

802 H $4695.00

806/20 $4999.00

816/40 $9199.00

1 602 $3399.00

1603 CALL

MODEMS

HAYES

Smart $219.00

Smart 1 200 (1200 Baud) ... $519.00

Chronograph $199.00

Micro modem 100 $309.00

Micro modem ll $279.00

Micromodem II (with termj... $299.00

Smart Com II $99.00

Smart 1 200B $469.00

NOVATION

J-Cat $1 19.00

Cat $144.00

D-Cat $159.00

103 Smart Cat $189.00

Apple Cat 11 $279.00

103/212 Smart Cat $439.00

212 Apple Cat II $609.00

Apple Cat II 21 2 Upgrade.... $309.00 ANCHOR

Mark I (RS-232) $79.00

Mark II (Atari) $79.00

Mark III (T..I. 99) $109.00

Mark IV (CBM-PET) $125.00

Mark V (Osborne) $95.00

Mark VI (IBM-PC) $179.00

Mark VII (AutoAns/Auto Dial) ... $119.00

Mark VIII $269.00

TRS-80 Color Computer $99.00

9 Volt Power Supply $9.00

IIE-1 $1369.00

IIE-2 $1649.00

IIE-3 $2399.00

IIE-4 $3199.00

PC-E $1579.00

PC-1 $2399.00

PC-2 $2799.00

PC-XL $3599.00

1620 $3599.00

1 630 $5499.00

1 640 $6499.00

Cyma Software CALL

MONITORS

AMDEK

300G $149.00

300A $159.00

310A $169.00

Color I $279.00

Color I plus $299.00

Color II $399.00

Color III $349.00

Color IV $999.00

USI

Pi 1. 9" G $99.00

Pi 2, 12" G $119.00

Pi 3. 12" A $159.00

Pi 4. 9" A $139.00

1 400 Color $299.OO

ZENITH

ZVM 121 $95.00

ZT1 Terminal $369.00

BMC

12" Green $85.00

9191 13" Color $299.00

TAXAN

12 N Green $129.00

12 A Amber $139.00

PANASONIC

TR 120 Hi-res. Green $159.00

CT 160 Dual Mode Color . .$299.00 NEC

JB 1260 $1 19.00

JB 1201 $149.00

JC 1212 $299.00

JC 12-202 $299.00

JC 1 203 $469.00

GORILLA 12" Green $89.00

NEC 3S50 PRINTER.. . $1 799

PERCOM/TANOOM

DRIVE

5V»" 320K Floppy $279.00

10 Meg Hard $1495.00

AMOEK

310A Amber Monitor $169.00

DXY 100 Plotter $599.00

Color II $399.00

AST

Combo Plus CALL

Mega Plus CALL

Mega Pack CALL

I/O Plus CALL

PROFESSIONAL

SOFTWARE

PC PlusWord Processing ...$319.00

MICRO PRO

Word Star/Mail Merge ..- $319.00

InloStar $299.00

Spell Star $159.00

CallStar $159.00

MICROSTUF

Crosstalk $1 39.00

MICROSOFT

Multiplan $199.00

ASHTON-TATE

D-Base II $419.00

IUS

Easy Writer II $209.00

EasySpeller $1 29.00

EasyFiler $129.00

CONTINENTAL

SOFTWARE

1 st Class Mail/Form Letter ... $89.00

The Home Accountant Plus ...$109.00

SVNAPSE

File Manager $11 9.00

LOTUS

123 $369.00

PFS APPLE IBM

File $89.00 $99.00

Report $89.00 $89.00

Graph $89.00 $99.00

Write n/a $99.00

KRAFT

IBM Joystick $55.00

IBM Paddles $39.00

QUAD RAM CALL

% SAINIVO

SANYO

MBC-555 $795.00

MBC-1000 $1599.00

MBC-1 60 Drive $539.00

PR5500 LetterQuality Pnnter... $699.00

PRINTERS

EPSON

MX80 FT. MX1 00 CALL

RX80 CALL

FX80, FX1 00 CALL

OKI DATA

82. 83. 84 CALL

92, 93 CALL

STAR

Stx 80 $169.00

Gemini 10 $299.00

Gemini 1 5 $479.00

Serial Board $75.00

SMITH CORONA

TP-1 $469.00

TP-2 CALL

Tractor Feed $1 29.00

C.ITOH

Gorilla $209.00

Prowriter 851 OP $379.00

Prowriter 1 550P S689.00

Starwriter F10-40P $1 149.00

Printmaster F10-55P $1 569.00

Tractor Feed $109.00

DIASYWRITER

2000 Letter Quality $1149.00

2500...."NEW" CALL

Tractor Feed $109.00

DIABLO

620 $949.00

630 $1769.00

IDS

Call for ALL Configurations on

IDS PRISM PRINTERS.

NEC

8023 $399.00

77 1 0/7730 $21 49.00

3510/3530 $1 549.00

HEWLETT PACKARD

hp 41 cv... saos.oo

HP 75 S74B.OD

HP41C $146.00

HP 10C $52.00

HP 11C $69.00

HP 12C $92.00

HP 15C $92.00

HP16C $92.00

For HP41/41CV

HPIL Module $99.00

HPIL Cassette or Printer.. $359 00

Card Reader $144.00

Extended Functions Module.. .$64.00 Time Module $64.00

TI-40

COMPACT

COMPUTER

$219

TIMEX

INCLAIR lOOO

39

16K Memory $44.95

2040 Printer $99.95

Vu-Calc $17.95

Check Book Manager $1 3.95

Organizer $14.95

Budgeter $ 1 3.95

Stock Option $14.95

Loan & Mortage Amortizer.. .$1 2.95 Mindware Printer $99.00

PC-1500A

POCKET COMPUTER

$169.00

PC-1 SSOA SB9.00

125 Printer/Micro Cassette ... $1 29.00

150 Printer/Plotter/Cassette... $172.00

151 4K RAM $55.00

152 Cassette Recorder $62.00

155 8K RAM $94.00

1 58 8K RAM Battery $1 29.00

161 16KRAM $139.00

CABLES & CONNECTIONS PRINTER CABLES

Atari to Parallel $29.00

Atari to Serial $29.00

Apple to Parallel $69.00

Apple to Parallel/Graphics.. .$99.00

Apple to Serial SB9.00

IBM to Parallel $35.00

IBM to Serial $29.00

Parallel to Parallel $29.00

Serial to Serial $29.00

Grappler Plus $129.00

PKASO $139.00

Atari to Modem Cable $29.00

CBM 64 to IEEE Board $79.00

Apple 80 Column Card $1 59.00

CBM Pet to Parallel $99.00

CBM Pet to Serial $89.00

READY FORMS

1 or2"Address Labels(Tract.Feed)..$9.95 15" Report PaperfTract Feed)... $24.95 BWBInk Wht PaperfTract. Feed)..$19.95

Circle 96 on Inquiry card.

computer

ORDERS ONLY

mail order west

800-648-331 1

In NV call (702)588-5654

Order Status Number: 588-5654

Dept.SOl , P.O. Box 6683, Stateline, NV 83448

No risk, no deposit on C.O.D. orders. Pre-paid orders receive free shipping within the UPS Continental United States with no waiting period for certified cht money orders. Add 3%(minumum $3.00) shipping and handling on all C.O.D. orders and credit card orders. Larger shipments may require charges. NV ; residents add sales tax. All items subject to availability and price change, note: We stock manufacturer's and third party software for most all computers market. Call today for our new catalog,

cks or nd PA on the

k\\\W\\\\\V\VV\\V\\\\xvvvvvvxxxvvv

^^^^csxs^^^^^^\\\\\\\\\^^

computer mail order

FRANKLIN

ACE 1000 Color Computer E 1100 Drive A Cover for ACE 1000 E 1200 Computer with Disk Drive E PRO PACK:

ACE 1000, Disk Drive,

60 Column Card, ACECalc A

ACEWrlterll

MICRO-SCI

Apple & Franklin

$249.00

$349.00

$459.00

:ontroller $79.00

Controller S89 00

RAN A

i I (Apple/Franklin) $279.00

> II (Apple/Franklin) CALL

III (Apple/Franklin) CALL

VISICOBP OR APPLE. IBM S FRANKLIN

lex $189.00

lie $189.00

.lot $159.00

erm $89.00

■end/Plot $229.00

chedule $229.00

.top Plan $189.00

ale (Apple. CBM. IBM)... $1 79.00 orp prices tor IBM may vary slightly.

LJK ir Perfect Apple $109.00

Perfect Apple $75.00

AXLON

e/Franklin 1 28K Ram ... $299.00 e/Franklin Ram Disk.. .$729.00

MPC

lisk 1128K Non Volitare)... $649.00

JOYSTICKS

WICO

tick $21.95

ous Red Ball $23.95

srGrip $21.95

e-Way Deluxe $22.95

/VIC Trackball $34.95

e Trackball $59.95

KRAFT

Single Fire $1 3.00

Switch Hitter $16.00

a Joystick $44.00

a Paddles $39.00

Cz. commodore

CBM S032

CBM64 $SS9

VIC SO 599

CALL ON Executive 64 Portable

1520 Color Printer/Plotter... $169.00 1525 80 Column Printer... .$219.00

1526 $319.00

1530 Datasette $69.00

1541 Single Disk Drive $249.00

1600 VIC Modem $59.00

1650 AD/AA Modem $89.00

1701 14" Color Monitor ....$249.00

Pet 64 $569.00

Pet 4032 $599.00

CBM 8032 $599.00

Super Pet $999.00

B128-80 $769.00

BX256-80 $969.00

2031 $299.00

4040 $699.00

8050 $949.00

8250 $1199.00

9060 $1 999.00

9090 $2199.00

4023 $379.00

6400 $1 399.00

64K Upgrade $269.00

Spell Master $149.00

ZRam $549.00

Silicon Office $749.00

The Manager $209.00

Soft Rom $129.00

Jinsam CALL

PROFESSIONAL SOFTWARE

Word Pro 2 Plus $159.00

Word Pro 3 Plus $189.00

Word Pro 4 Plus $279.00

Word Pro 5 Pius $279.00

InfoPro $1 79.00

Administrator $399.00

Power $79.00

Word Pro 64 Plus $65.00

CAROCO

Light Pen $32.00

Cassette Interface $29.00

Parallel Printer Interface $69.00

3SlotExpans. Interface(20)...$32.00 6 Slot Expans. Interlace (20).. .$79.00

ATARI HOME COMPUTERS

ATARI 400 .

A

ATARI

YourFINALPRICEafterREBATE when purchased with package as shown.

ATARI 400 & 410 Recorder Package

YOU PAY $179.00

You Get ATARI REBATE $50.00

YOUR TOTAL COST 51 29.00

Retail Value of ATARI 410 $100.00 Net Cost of ATARI 400 $29.00

CALL FOR PRICING ON THE ENTIRE ATARI XL LINE!

1010 Program Recorder $74.00

1020 40 Col. Printer/Plotter... $249.00

1025 80 Col. Printer $449.00

1027 Letter Quality Printer ... $299.00

1050 Disk Drive $379.00

850 Interface $169.00

1030 Direct Connect Modem... CALL

CX30 Paddles $12.00

CX40 Joystick $8.00

CX42 Remote Joystick CALL

CX77 Touch Tablet $69.00

CXSO Trak Ball $49.00

CXB5 Keypad $105.00

CX418 Home Manager $69.00

CX488 Communicator II — $229.00 KX7098 Atari Accountant... $209.00

KX7101 Entertainer $69.00

KX7102 Arcade Champ $75.00

ALIEN

Atari Voice Box $119.00

Apple Voice Box $149.00

MEMORY

Axlon 32K Ram $59.00

Axlon 48K Ram $99.00

Axlon 1 28K Ram $299.00

Intec 32K Board $59.00

Intec 4BK Board $85.OO

Intec 64K Board (400 only)... $99.00 Intec Real Time Clock $39.00

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-n-File 10 $4.00

Flip-n-File 50 $19.00

Flip-n-File 400/800 Carl $1 9.00

DISK DRIVES FOR ATARI

AT88-S1 $369.00

ATB8-A1 $29g.00

AT88-S2 $569.00

AT88-S1 PD $469.00

AT88-S2 PO $669.00

AT88DDA $139.00

AT44-S1 $579.00

AT44-S2 $969.00

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DRIVE TX 99-S1 $349.00

RANA

1000 Atari Disk Drive $319.00

FLOPPY DISKS

MAXELL

MD-1 $32.00

MD-2 $44.00

FD-1(B") $40.00

FD-2(8" DO) $50.00

ELEPHANT

5V."SS SD $18.95

5V." SS DD $24.95

5'A" DS DD $29.95

VERBATUM

5V." SS DD $26.00

5V." DS DO $36.00

HEAD Disk Head Cleaner $14.95

C.M.O.TOP SO

APPLE/FRANKLIN

oplifter $27.00

nk Street Writer $55.00

S: File $89.00

■icalc $179.00

>me Accountant $55.00

xxon $29.00

)st Amazing Thing $28.00

iifilo $189.00

thorns 40 $19.00

leadline $35.00

FS: Report $89.00

ork III $29.00

rogger $24.00

acemaker $24.00

nooper Troops #1 $32.00

elta Drawing $35.00

astle Wolfenstlne $24.00

rayout $29.00

anyon Climber $19.00

andits $26.00

CBM 64

1. Word Pro 64 $65.00

2. Jumpman $29.00

3. Gorf (20/64) $14.95

4. Microspec Data Base 64 ... $69.00

5. Logo 64 $39.00

6. Microspec Gen. Ledger 64.. .$79.00

7. Zork III $29.00

8. Frogger(64) $23.00

9. Oulck Brown Fox (20/64) ... $49.00

10. Shamus $29.00

11. Deadline $29.00

12. Assembler 64 $14.95

13. Zork II $29.00

14. 3-D Man $14.00

15. Protector $32.00

16. Starcross $29.00

17. Easy Mall 64 $14.95

18. Grave Robber $11.00

19. Wall Street $19.00

20. Trash Man $32.00

1. Donkey Kong $39.00

2. Zaxxon $29.00

3. E.T. Phone Home $39.00

4. Miner 2049or $35.00

5. Dig Dug $33.00

6. Chopllfter $29.00

7. Donkey Kong, Jr $39.00

8. Canyon Climber $25.00

9. Snooper Troops #2 $34.00

10. Word Wizard $59.00

11. Picnic Paranoia $34.00

12. Jumpman $29.00

13. Shamus $34.00

14. Letter Perfect $109.00

15. File Manager 800 $69.00

16. Preppie $24.00

17. Astro Chase $25.00

18. Blade/Black Hole $27.00

19. Pac Man $33.00

20. Baja Buggies $25.00

21. Crush. Crumble & Chomp... $24.00

22. Wayout $27.00

23. Zork II $29.00

24. Visicalc $159.00

25. Atari Writer $79.00

26. Three Little Pigs $25.00

27. Upper Reaches of Apshai... $16.00

28. Starbowl Football $24.95

29. Drelbs $26.00

30. Protector $34.00

31. Frogger $25.00

32. Lunar Leeper $24.00

33. Wizard of Wor $34.00

34. Kindercomp $21.00

35. Moon Shuttle $22.00

36. Home Accountant $55.00

37. Temple of Apshai $29.00

38. Spell Wizard $39.00

39. Nautilus $26.00

40. O'Riley's Mine $22.00

computer mail order east

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

ORDERS ONLY

In PA call [71 7)337-3575 Order Status Number: 3S7-357B

Dept. SOI, 477 E. 3rd St., Williamsport, PA 1 7701

international OPDIRIi All shipments outside the Continental United States must be pre-paid by certified check only. Include 3% (minumum $3.00)shipping and handling, educational diicountbi Additional discounts are available from both Computer Mail Order locations to qualified Educational Institutions. apo & fpoi Add minumum $5.00 shipping and handling.

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iff

Event Queue

September 1983

September

Continuing Engineering Education, Washington, DC. Two of the courses offered this month are "Programming in the C and Unix Environment" and "Graphical Data Analysis." Fees range from $625 to $855. For a full schedule, contact Douglas Green, Continuing Engineering Education, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, (800) 4249773; in the District of Columbia, (202) 676-8512.

September-October Computer-assisted Manual Writing, various sites throughout the U.S. This one-day seminar is designed to teach attendees how to produce good software manuals. The sponsor will demonstrate a software package for automated documentation development called Manual Maker. The fee is $195. For further information, contact Promptdoc, 833 West Colorado Ave., Colorado Springs, CO 80905, (303) 471-9875.

September-November Computer Showcase Expos, various sites throughout the U.S. This popular show will bring together hardware and software manufacturers, dealers, and consumers of small computer systems. For further details, contact the Interface Group, 160 Speen St., POB 927, Framingham, MA 01701, (800) 225-4620; in Massachusetts, (617) 8794502.

September-November

Courses from Integrated Computer Systems, various sites throughout the U.S. Course titles include "HandsOn Pascal Workshop,"

"Structured Design and Programming," "Software Project Management," and "Defining Software Requirements, Specifications, and Tests." Fees range from $695 to $845. For information, contact Ruth Dordick, Integrated Computer Systems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB 5339, Santa Monica, CA 90405, (213) 450-2060.

September-December

Intensive Seminars for Professionals, various sites throughout the U.S. Electronics magazine, a McGrawHill publication, offers seminars in management and such technical areas as speech recognition and synthesis, controlling electromagnetic interference, fundamentals of computer graphics, and microprocessor interfacing. Inhouse presentations can be arranged. For a descriptive catalog outlining seminars, locations, and fees, contact Irene Parker, McGraw-Hill Seminar Center, Suite 603, 331 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 687-0243.

September-December

James Martin Seminars and

Seminars of Excellence,

various sites throughout the U.S. and Canada. For a brochure describing these data-processing and computer-related seminars, contact Technology Transfer Institute, 741 10th St., Santa Monica, CA 90402, (213) 394-8305.

September-December Seminars for Professional Development, various sites throughout the U.S. Datapro Research Corporation offers more than 35 professional development seminars in such areas as personal computers, data communications, systems and software, and office

automation. Complete outlines and schedules are available from Datapro Research Corp., 1805 Underwood Blvd., Delran, NJ 08075, (800) 257-9406; in New Jersey, (609) 764-0100.

September-December

Software Workshops in MMSFORTH, Boston metropolitan area. These workshops are public versions of the professional training Miller Microcomputer Services (MMS) offers to client companies in support of the MMSFORTH product line. A variety of topics and skill levels are covered. Full details are available from Miller Microcomputer Services, 61 Lake Shore Rd., Natick, MA 01760, (617) 653-6136.

September-January 1984

Technology Opportunity Conference, various sites throughout the U.S. This conference series focuses on the convergence of opticalstorage, videodisc, and computer technologies. For full details, contact Technology Opportunity Conference, POB 14817, San Francisco, CA 94114, (415) 626-1133.

September 11-14

The American Data Services (ADS) Users Seminar, Marriott Resort, Lincolnshire, IL. This seminar focuses on the ADS inventory-management system. A procedural cost system for hospital departments will be introduced. Contact Sharon Spencer, American Data Services, Suite 210, 900 North Shore Dr., Lake Bluff, IL 60044, (312) 295-6850.

September 12-14

Discovery '83: Computers for the Disabled, Leamington Hotel, Minneapolis, MN. This conference provides a forum for learning about ad

vances in computer technology that combine special education and vocational rehabilitation. Papers, workshops, demonstrations, and product exhibits will be featured. Further information is available from the Office of Continuing Education, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, (715) 232-1167.

September 13-15

AUTOFACT Europe Conference and Exhibition,

Palexpo Exhibition Center, Geneva, Switzerland. This conference, cosponsored by the Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) and the Institution of Production Engineers of London, England, will focus on the technologies of automated and computerintegrated manufacturing for European production. Technical sessions will explore both theory and applications strategies. A complementary products display will be featured. Contact the Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Public Relations Department, One SME Dr., POB 930, Dearborn, MI 48121, (313) 271-0777.

September 13-15

Midcon/83 and Mini/MicroMidwest/83, Chicago, IL. Topics on the professional program include computer simulation, energy management, laser applications, and printed-circuit-board technology. An exhibit area is planned. For further information, contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 8110 Airport Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 772-2965.

September 13-15

Peripherals '83, Moscone Center, San Francisco, CA. Full details are available from Cahners Exposition Group, Cahners Plaza, 1350 East

526 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

MAIL-COM Software

Eliminates the 6

Costliest Steps of

Business Mail Preparation

1. No More Addressing

2. No More Folding

3. No More Inserting

4. No More Affixing

5. No More Sealing

6. No More Drop Offs

Presenting E-Com.

Last year the U.S. Postal Service quietly announced E-Com, enabling specially equipped personal computer users to bypass costly manual mail preparation, by electronically submitting their messages and mailing lists directly to the Postal Service via modem.

This high speed computer originated mail arrives at its destination within 48 hours—often less—in an attentiongrabbing blue E-Com envelope.

Announcing MAIL-COM. Only from Digisoft Computers.

MAIL-COM is powerful software you can use with your personal computer to access E-Com. With your personal computer, a modem and MAIL-COM you can send from 200 to 2000 letters per hour for just 26f each. Typed, addressed, folded, inserted, sealed and delivered. Complete.

MAIL-COM even eliminates the need to use your expensive letterheads and envelopes.

MAIL-COM is the only interactive software available for E-Com operation. It's easy to use. No special training is necessary. And since Digisoft Computers developed MAIL-COM in accordance with U.S. Postal Service specifications, users are guaranteed certification for

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

use upon purchase of MAIL-COM software.

MAIL-COM is the easiest and most economical way to do your mailings. And MAIL-COM is compatible with Database HT" and Wordstar™ if you are equipped with these programs. If you aren't, MAIL-COM includes a complete letter editor and address maintenance program of its own.

Each letter in your mailing can be identical or all can contain variable insertions. MAIL-COM operates all the features offered by E-Com.

Thousands of Uses.

If you have need for fast, economical mass mailing capabilities, MAIL-COM puts you and E-Com together.

Use it for -ID new product

announcements, invitations to press events, invoicing, fund raising, collection, bulletins to your sales force, new business prospecting, reactivation of customers and much, much more. Every department in your company will have use for MAIL-COM.

Don't Delay

With MAIL-COM you could be saving time and money on fast, efficient E-Com letters. MAIL-COM software is available for the IBM PC, Victor, Alpha Micro,

CP/M, Apple CP/M and other formats. Order today. Call 212-734-3875, or mail the coupon below.

Digisoft

Digisoft Computers, Inc.

Retail Dealer Inquiries Invited

Digisoft Computers Inc. Attn: MAIL-COM Marketing 1501 Third Avenue New York, NY 10028

□ Yes! I want to eliminate the 6 costliest steps in preparing my organization's business mail. Please RUSH my MAIL-COM software to me immediately.

I'll need software for:

□ IBM PC ($195) □ CP/M ($195)

□ Victor ($195) (specify disk format)

□ Alpha Micro ($495) □ Other (specify)

□ Apple CP/M ($235)

□ My check or money order is enclosed (residents of New York State add sales tax).

□ Charge my □ Visa or □ MasterCard:

Account No..

_Exp. Date.

Name

AddressCity

State.

_Zip_

Telephoned

-)

) 1983, Digisoft Computers, Inc.

Event Queue,

Touhy Ave., POB 5060, Des Plaines, IL 60018, (312) 299-9311.

September 13-15

Software/Expo, McCormick Place, Chicago, IL. Contact Professional Exposition Management Co. Inc., Suite 205, 2400 East Devon Ave., Des Plaines, IL 60018, (800) 323-5155; in Illinois, (312) 299-3131.

September 13-16

Understanding Microprocessor-based Equipment and Troubleshooting Seminar,

Washington, DC. Topic areas include TTL and CMOS logic devices, architecture of microcomputer systems, test equipment, and digital troubleshooting. Tuition is $595. For more information, contact Micro Systems Institute, Garnett, KS 66032, (913)898-6152.

September 14-16

Euromicro '83, Madrid, Spain. The ninth annual Euromicro symposium will cover microprocessing and programming. Speeches will address economic and social aspects of microprocessors and trends in VLSI (verylarge-scale integration) technology. Tutorials, seminars, and an exhibition are planned. The highlight of this event is the Euromouse contest, in which mechanical mice from around the world race around a maze. A complete program is available from Euromicro, TH Twente, POB 217, Department INF, Room A312, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; tel: (31) (53) 338799; Telex: 44200 Thes.

September 15-16

Ethernet-type Local Networks, San Francisco, CA. This is the third program in the four-part Architecture Technology Corporation 1983 Forum Series. This pro

gram will bring together manufacturers and users of local-network schemes to exchange information in an informal setting. The format includes presentations, panel discussions, and a technological summary. The fee is $395. For further information, contact the Architecture Technology Corp., POB 24344, Minneapolis, MN 55424, (612) 935-2035.

September 15-16

The Second Annual Indiana Computer Expo, Convention Center, Indianapolis, IN. This exposition is designed for business end users interested in mini- and microcomputers, software, word processing, graphics, services, and peripherals. Contact Ernie Kerns & Associates, Trade Show Department, Suite 201, 2555 East 55th Place, Indianapolis, IN 46220, (317) 259-8111.

September 15-18

The Second Annual Twin Cities Computer Show and Software Exposition, Minneapolis Auditorium, Minneapolis, MN. This show features more than 350 displays of microcomputers, accessories, peripherals, publications, services, and software. General admission is $5 for adults and $3 for children. Contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

September 16-18

Compufair, Seattle Center Exhibition Hall, Seattle, WA. This show will feature personal computer hardware, software, and services available for a variety of applications. Presentations and seminars on how to buy a personal computer and computers' effectiveness with children will be offered. Contact Tom Ikeda, Compufair

Inc., Suite 302, 909 Northeast 43rd St., POB 45218, Seattle, WA 98105, (206) 633-3247.

September 16-18

The First Annual Heart of Texas Computer Show, Convention Center, San Antonio, TX. This show will emphasize small-business systems for financial and inventory control, agri-business, education, and personal computing needs. More than 200 hardware, software, and peripheral vendors will display their wares. Show details are available from Robin G. Mann, Heart of Texas, POB 12094, San Antonio, TX 78212, (512) 226-4636.

September 16-18

Great Southern Computer & Electronics Show '83, Memorial Coliseum, Jacksonville, FL. Computers, electronics, and information services will be featured. Contact Great Southern Computer & Electronics Shows, POB 655, Jacksonville, FL 32201, (904) 384-6440.

September 17-18

Carleton University Computer Fair '83, Carleton University campus, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Exhibits, lectures, and an auction of used and hard-to-find electronic materials will be featured. Admission to all events is free. Information is available from the IEEE Student Branch, Faculty of Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario KlS 5B6, Canada.

September 18

Computer Swap Meet, Exhibition Hall, Sarasota, FL. This event is sponsored by the Institute of Computer Management (ICM), a nonprofit corporation designed to enhance the mental skills of the physically disabled. Items relating to computers will be sold. Admission is

free. Contact the ICM, 3803 Prairie Dunes Dr., Sarasota, FL 33583, (813) 924-7105.

September 19-21

The Third Annual Videodisc Conference, New York Hilton Hotel, New York, NY. For details, contact Meckler Publishing, 520 Riverside Ave., Westport, CT 06880, (203) 226-6967.

September 19-22

Computer Literacy Week,

New York City Hilton. More than 35 sessions on such strategies and techniques as how to help managers grow accustomed to computers and how to use microcomputers as a training medium highlight this conference. Workshops, hands-on seminars, and an exhibition hall will be featured. For a brochure, contact Susan Jones, Conference Management Corp., 17 Washington St., POB 4990, Norwalk, CT 06856, (203) 852-0500.

September 19-23

The Ninth World Computer Congress-IFIP '83, Paris, France. This event, sponsored by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP), is held in conjunction with S1COB, the major French computer exposition. Formal papers and panel sessions will cover such areas as computer hardware and software, theoretical foundations of information processing, networks, and communications. For full program details, contact the U.S. Committee for IFIP '83, Dorn Computer Consultants, 25 East 86th St., New York, NY 10028, (212) 427-7460.

September 20-21

Data Storage 83, Marriott Hotel, Santa Clara, CA. This international forum covers industry issues and areas of change in data-storage equipment and applications. The

528 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE September 1983 529

Event Queue.

fee is $850. Contact Cartlidge & Associates Inc., Suite 205, 4030 Moorpark Ave., San Jose, CA 95117, (408) 554-6644.

September 20-22

Caribbean Informatics '83, San Juan, Puerto Rico. This is the first major international exhibition and conference to be held in the Caribbean area. For further details, contact Informatics '83, Suite 219, 3421 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20007, (703) 920-9595.

September 20-23

Understanding Microcomputer-based Equipment and Troubleshooting Seminar,

Boston, MA. For details, see September 13-16.

September 21-22

Business-Expo, Boston, MA. This exposition serves as a showcase for office equipment ranging from computers to coffee machines. More than 20 seminars are planned. Address inquiries to Business-Expo, 702 East Northland Towers, 15565 Northland Dr., Southfield, MI 48075, (313) 569-8280.

September 22-23

Computers in Construction,

San Francisco, CA. This seminar is designed to assist construction management firms and contractors in acquiring computer systems. The fee is $425. Contact CIP Information Services Inc., 1105-F Spring St., Silver Spring, MD 20910, (301) 589-7933.

September 22-24

The Second Annual Rocky Mountain Computer Show and Software Exposition,

Merchandise Mart, Denver, CO. This show features displays of computers, video games, software, accessories, publications, services, and peripherals. For information,

contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

September 26-28

Maecon/83, Kansas City, MO. This electronic show and convention explores such topics as aerospace electronics, computer peripherals, laser technology, and personal computing. Contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 8110 Airport Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 772-2965.

September 26-29

The World of CAD/CAM,

Boca Raton Resort Hotel, FL. This seminar provides an overview of how manufacturing will change as the automated factory becomes a reality. It will consist of four one-day presentations in computer-aided engineering, design, manufacturing, and computer-integrated manufacturing. For a brochure, write or call the Center for Manufacturing Technology, 4170 Crossgate Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45236, (513) 7918801.

September 26-30

Compcon Fall '83, Marriott Crystal Gateway Hotel, Arlington, VA. The theme of this show is "Delivering Computer Power to End Users." It features technical papers and panel sessions that address a variety of computer and computer-network issues. It is sponsored by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. For more information, contact Compcon Fall '83, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901, (301) 589-8142.

September 26-30

Expo Beirut '83, Beirut, Lebanon. This is Lebanon's first international reconstruc

tion/development exposition and conference after eight years of civil war. Topics to be covered include construction, transportation, communications, agriculture, computer hardware and software, metallurgy, textiles, and automated equipment. Further details are available from Show-Tech International Inc., 950 Third Ave., New York, NY 10022.

September 26-30

International Conference on Networks and Electronic Office Systems, University of Reading, Berkshire, England. The conference program comprises formal lectures and discussions. For additional information, contact the Conference Secretariat, Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 99 Gower St., London WC1E 6AZ, England; tel: 01 388 3071.

September 28-29

Ottawa Computer and Office Automation Show, Civic Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. For details, contact Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

September 28-October 2

The Sixth Personal Computer World Show, Barbican Centre, London, England. This show, one of the largest computer shows in Great Britain, is sponsored by Personal Computer World magazine. Business, scientific, technical, and educational uses of microcomputing will be featured as well as hobbyist and home-based systems. For information, contact Tim Collins, Montbuild Ltd., 11 Manchester Square, London WlM 5AB, England; tel: 01 486 1951; Telex: 24591.

September 29-October 1

CP/M '83 East, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. For in

formation on this conference and exposition of CP/Mbased software, contact Northeast Expositions Inc., 826 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 343-2222; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

September 29-October 2

Computers in Health Care '83: A Symposium and Exhibition, Sacramento, CA. This symposium and exhibition explores the role of computers in hospitals, physician and dental offices, rehabilitation centers, long-term care facilities, home-health agencies, pharmacies, and mentalhealth settings. Contact Eskaton Health Corp., Community Services Division, 1501 El Camino Ave., Sacramento, CA 95815, (916) 927-5722.

October 1983

October 1

The Third Annual Microcomputers in Education Conference, Dutchess County Community College, Poughkeepsie, NY. Dr. Delores Shanahan, an innovator in the field of special education and computers, will speak at this event sponsored by the Microcomputer Educator Group. Details are available from Dr. Florence Staats, Office of Community Services, Dutchess County Community College, Pendell Rd., Poughkeepsie, NY 12601, (914) 471-4500, ext. 240.

October 2-5

Computer Systems Exposition, MGM Grand Hotel, Las Vegas, NV. This exposition will be held in conjunction with the annual meeting of the National Association of Convenience Stores. Hardware and software will be displayed, and computer consultants will be on hand to

530 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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To be competitive today means handling large amounts of information quickly. To be on top omorrow means managing much, much more.

The Boss Business Software Products are comprehensive business software programs which get /ou information you need, as you need it, when you leed it and the way you need it. You know your rmancial picture at every moment. You don't have to .vait to close out the books at the end of every month.

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Event Queue i

answer questions. For details, contact the National Association of Convenience Stores, Suite 809, 5201 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041, (703) 578-1800.

October 2-6

The Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science —ASIS-83,

Crystal City Hyatt Regency, Arlington, VA. The theme for this meeting is 'Productivity in the Information Age." Papers, special-interest sessions, information briefings, an information-science theater, and demonstrations will be featured. Further information is available from Edmond Sawyer, ASIS Headquarters, 1010 Sixteenth St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 659-3644.

October 2-7

HP 3000 IUG International Conference, George Hotel, Edinburgh, Scotland. This conference, sponsored by the HP 3000 International Users Group (IUG), is made up of technical sessions and tutorials on data-processing management, data communications, and applications in business, manufacturing, and engineering for users of Hewlett-Packard 3000 business computers. Contact the Conference Manager, HP 3000 IUG, 289 South San Antonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-9960. In Europe, contact The Secretariat, HP 3000 IUG, 10 Rutland Square, Edinburgh EHl 2AE, Scotland; tel: (031) 229-7366; Telex: 727136.

October 3-5

SNA Architecture and Implementation, Holiday Inn, Park Center Plaza, San Jose, CA. This seminar provides the working knowledge needed to design SNA (system-network architecture) networks and evaluate SNA-compatible products. Examples of

how various protocols are used to control communications will be provided. Other topics include SNA functional layering and network elements. The fee is $650. Full details are available from Communications Solutions Inc., 992 Saratoga-Sunnyvale Rd., San Jose, CA 95129, (408) 725-1568.

October 4-6

The Southwest Computer Conference, Tulsa, OK. The theme for this conference is "Managing Information Technology in the 80s." Computer hardware and software will be exhibited. Contact the Southwest Computer Conference, POB 950, Norman, OK 73070, (405) 329-3660.

October 5-6

Compusource '83, Red Lion Inn and Convention Center, San Jose, CA. Original equipment manufacturers and sophisticated end users are offered a look at products and technologies reflecting the latest advances in the computer industry. This conference will feature technical sessions and more than 100 exhibits. Details are available from Norm DeNardi Enterprises, Suite 204, 289 South San Antonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-8440.

October 6-7

Computers in Construction,

Atlanta, GA. For details, see September 22-23.

October 6-8

The Second New Jersey Business Computer Show, Holiday Inn (North), exit 14 of the New Jersey Turnpike. This business show features small business systems, desktop computers, word processors, software, and accessories. For further information, contact the Kengore Corp., POB 13, Franklin Park, NJ 08823, (201) 297-2526.

October 6-11

Japan Electronics Show '83, Osaka International Trade Fair Grounds, Osaka, Japan. This show will cover a range of consumer and industrial electronic products and components. For information, contact the Japan Electronics Show Association, 24 Mori Building 11F, 3-23-5, NishiShinbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan; tel: (03) 433-7751.

October 7

Computer Graphic Networks and Standards, Washington, DC. New directions in integrated voice, data, text, graphics, and image networking for information imaging and market trends for the next five years are some of the topics to be explored at this seminar. The fee is $250. Contact Mike Nolan, Computer Technologies Department, Printing Industries of America Inc., 1730 North Lynn St., Arlington, VA 22209.

October 7-9

Great Southern Computer & Electronics Show '83, Centroplex Expo, Orlando, FL. For details, see September 16-18.

October 8-9

The Tidewater Eighth Annual Computer Convention, Hamfest, Electronic Flea Market, Pavilion, Virginia Beach, VA. Dealers, an electronics flea market, displays, and forums highlight this event. Admission is $4 for both days. For tickets and general information, call or write Jim Harrison, 1234 Little Bay, Norfolk, VA 23503, (804) 587-1695.

October 8-10

PC '83, Bayside Exposition Center, Boston, MA. This conference and exposition features IBM Personal Computers and compatible equipment. A seminar program

will explore applications, provide technical information, and offer general sessions designed to show users how to get the most from their IBM PC. For details, contact Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

October 10-12

Online '83, Palmer House, Chicago, IL. The fifth annual Online conference and exposition features introductory and advanced technical sessions, panel discussions, workshops, seminars, and addresses. The role of microcomputers and software for database searching, storage, creation, and communications will be emphasized. Registration information is available from Online Inc., 11 Tannery Lane, Weston, CT 06883, (203) 227-8466.

October 10-13

Information Management Exposition and Conference: Info 83, New York City Coliseum. Hardware and software exhibits and conference sessions will revolve around the theme "Tying the Information System to the Business Plan." A number of the conference sessions will deal with decision support systems. For complete details, contact the Marketing Manager, Info 83, 708 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 661-8410.

October 10-14

Defense Computers-Graphics-DCG '83, Convention Center, Washington, DC. Sessions and tutorials will complement this conference and exposition about computers and graphics for the defense community. For more information, contact DCG '83, Suite 333, 2033 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, (202) 775-9556.

532 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

^^rr^-SJpH

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"During September of 1982, we started our MicroAge Computer Store in Tulsa, Oklahoma with 3 people. Today we have 11 people working for us and we're still hiring. By following MicroAge's advice and marketing strategy when we started in business, we were able to reach Tulsa's business computer buyers in a much shorter time than we could have on our own."

"Both of us had technical backgrounds in computers but lacked the marketing experience necessary to reach our goals. We used MicroAge's experience and leadership to guide us through the rough spots and boost our sales and marketing potential."

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^pg^PI

^r

•

MicroAge franchisees John Moiser and George McLawhon shown with IBM products.

Circle 284 on inquiry card.

Event Queue.

October 11-12

Computer-aided Design Conference - CADCON East '83,

Boston, MA. This conference consists of technical programs and exhibitions organized exclusively for computer-aided-design engineering. More information is available from MorganGrampian Expositions Group, 2 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016, (212) 340-9780.

October 11-13

Southwest Semiconductor & Electronics ExpositionSSE '83, Civic Plaza Convention Center, Phoenix, AZ. Approximately 200 suppliers of equipment, materials, and services used in the electronics industry will attend this show. A technical conference will be held. Contact Cartlidge & Associates Inc., Suite 205, 4030 Moorpark Ave., San Jose, CA 95117, (408) 554-6644.

October 12-21

The Sixth International Trade Exhibition on Office Organizational Systems, Office Furniture, and Office Aids — Systemotechnika '83, Vassilievsky Ostrov Exhibition Centre, Leningrad, Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. On display will be communications systems, microfilming equipment and systems, dataprocessing equipment, and computers. Contact Diisseldorfer Messegesellschaft mbH-NOWEA-Central Division — Foreign Fairs, Diisseldorf Exhibition Centre, 4000 Diisseldorf 30, Federal Republic of Germany; tel: (02 11) 45 60-1.

October 13-14

Computers in Construction,

Chicago, IL. For details, see September 22-23.

October 13-15

Edutech/East '83, Civic Center, Philadelphia, PA. For

merly called Ed Com, this conference and exposition is designed for educators at all levels. Presentations will address such topics as computer-aided instruction, administrative uses of computers, classroom management, programming, research applications, authoring languages, and literacy. The format includes workshops, seminars, demonstrations, hands-on sessions, discussions, and micro courses. Hardware, software, and publishing companies will exhibit their wares. Contact Carol Houts, Judco Computer Expos Inc., Suite 201, 2629 North Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (800) 528-2355; in Arizona, (602) 990-1715.

October 14-15

Computers and Reading/ Learning Difficulties, Dallas, TX. Workshops, hands-on exhibits, and speakers will explore such topics as using computers in learning disability classrooms and evaluating software. This program is designed for all education levels. For information, contact Frost Conference Management, Department I, 1070 Crows Nest Way, Richmond, CA 94803, (415) 222-1249.

October 14-15

The Fifth Annual FORTH Convention, Hyatt Hotel, Palo Alto, CA. Hands-on tutorials, exhibits, lectures, and discussions highlight this event. The theme is "FORTHbased Systems — A Look Into the Future." Registration is $5. Full details are available from the FORTH Interest Group (FIG), POB 1105, San Carlos, CA 94070, (415) 962-8653 (HG hot line).

October 14-16

The UCSD Pascal System Users Society (USUS) Fall Meeting, Hyatt Regency Crystal City, Washington,

DC. Contact the Secretary, USUS, POB 1148, La Jolla, CA 92038.

October 15-16

The Seventh New Jersey Microcomputer Show and Hea Market, Meadowlands Hilton Hotel, Secaucus, NJ. Featured will be home, hobby, and small business computers, software, supplies, books, and accessories. Admission is $5 for adults; $2 for children. Contact Kengore Corp., POB 13, Franklin Park, NJ 08823, (201) 2972526.

October 16-18

The Fifth Annual Hong Kong Consumer Electronics Show,

New World Hotel and Regent Hotel, Hong Kong. For details, contact IBS Trade Fair Ltd., 17th Hoor, Tung Sun Commercial Centre, 200 Lockhart Rd., Hong Kong; tel; 5-732388-9; Telex: 63037 HKIBS HX.

October 16-18

Texas Association for Educational Data Systems 1983 Convention, Austin Hilton Hotel, Austin, TX. The theme for this year's convention is "Computer Literacy." The keynote speaker will be Captain Grace Hopper of the U.S. Navy. Information may be obtained from Tom Hopper, Northside ISD, 5900 Evers Rd., San Antonio, TX 78238, (512) 618-8330, ext. 212.

October 17-19

The Eighth Conference on Local Computer Networks, Minneapolis, MN. The theme for this conference is 'Practical Applications and Issues in Local Computer Networks." Papers and tutorials will address such issues as users' versus manufacturers' needs, public versus private networks, software, and VLSI (very-large-scale integration). Contact the IEEE

Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901.

October 17-21

Systems 83, Munich, West Germany. Computers, peripherals, and software will be displayed by more than 600 firms from 35 nations. For additional information, contact Kallman Associates, 5 Maple Court, Ridgewood, NJ 07450, (201) 652-7070.

October 18-20

The Fourteenth Annual International Test Conference,

Franklin Plaza Hotel, Philadelphia, PA. For information, contact the Conference Registrar, POB 371, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, (201) 2677120.

October 18-21

HP 1000 IUG 1983 International Conference, Hyatt Regency Hotel, Fort Worth, TX. This conference features technical sessions and tutorials for users of the HewlettPackard 1000 family of realtime engineering and scientific computers. Contact the Conference Manager, HP 1000 IUG, 289 South San Antonio Rd., Los Altos, CA 94022, (415) 941-1943.

October 18-21

The Third Symposium on Microcomputer and Microprocessor Applications-/iP '83, Hotel Duna Intercontinental and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. The conference language will be English. Full details are available from Mrs. I. Baba, Scientific Society for Telecommunication, POB 451, H-1372 Budapest, Hungary; tel: (36) 1 113-027; Telex: MTESZ 22-5792.

October 19-20

Calgary Computer & Office Automation Show and Conference, Roundup Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. For details, contact Industrial

534 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Since 1978

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BYTE September 1983 535

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536 BYTE September 1983

f

popular machine. Of course, we can't do it without you.

If you're a program author or publisher, The Software Guild offers some distinct professional and monetary advantages.

First, you devote your time to what you do best; programming. You can leave the manufacturing, packaging, documentation, distribution and customer service to us.

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BYTE September 1983 537

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per ii?sm*32§M\

2-Disks, Keybd., 64K, C/Graph, CRT —IBM COMPATIBLE PC—

2 Disks, Keybd., I28K Fr. $1480

PC SINGLE-BOARD COMPUTER

8088 PC/Bd., 64K, DOS, I/O, A&T. . $488 —PC PERIPHERALS—

Winchester Disk, 10 MB & controller $1,490

PC-Disks, DS/DD, Vi HGT 239

Memory, I/O, Software 20%

Hi res, C. Graphics to 1024J CALL

CPU's, Z-80, 8086, 68000 or 80286.. CALL

IBM PC/XT

10 MB, Disk & Floppy, 128K . . $4,785

PORTABLE/PC

2-Disks, 9" CRT, Keybd., I/O , $1995

313/779-8700 26401 Harper Ave. St. Claire Sh., MI 48081

Circle 103 on inquiry card.

Event Queue.

Trade Shows of Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

October 29-21

The Fourth Canadian Symposium on Instructional Technology, Westin Hotel, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. This symposium, designed for education and training professionals and those interested in computeraided learning, will explore the theme "Computer Technologies for Productive Learning." Topics on the agenda include computer awareness and literacy in schools and society, systems technology, and computeraided training and retraining for business, industry, and government. A products exhibition will be held. Contact Ken Charbonneau, Conference Services Office, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada, (613) 993-9009; Telex: 053-3145.

October 19-21

IDATE-The Fifth International Conference, Montpellier, France. The theme for this conference, sponsored by the International Telecommunication Union, is "Picture Networks." Topics of interest include network functioning and areas of applications, economics and law relating to the visual media, network languages, and languages on the networks. The conference language is French. For further details, contact Francois Rabate, Responsable Scientifique, Journees Internationales 1983, IDATEBureaux du Polygone, 34000 Montpellier, France; tel: (33-67) 65 48 48; Telex: IDATE 490 290.

October 19-21

The National Software Show, Trade Show Center, San Francisco, CA. Full de

tails are available from Raging Bear Productions Inc., Suite 175, 21 Tamal Vista Dr., Corte Madera, CA 94925, (800) 732-2300; in California, (415) 924-1194.

October 19-21

SIBEC — Info Expo, Palais des Congres, Montreal, Canada. Exhibits related to the computer and office automation industries will be held. An international lineup of speakers has been invited. Contact Informatique Quebec (Info Expo) Ltee, 1057 Avenue Laurier Ouest, Outremont, Quebec H2V 2L2, Canada, (514) 270-5481; in the Toronto area, call (416) 281-3459.

October 19-22

Management Executives Conference, The Breakers, Palm Beach, FL. The 'Third Industrial Revolution" is the theme for this conference sponsored by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Management experts will speak on such topics as executive effectiveness and management for international competition. Complete conference details are available from Wendy Morris, ASME, 345 East 47th St., New York, NY 10017, (212) 705-7788.

October 19-22

Percompasia 83-The Second South East Asian Personal Computer Hardware & Software Show & Conference, World Trade Centre, Singapore, Republic of Singapore. This show is devoted to all aspects of personal computing. Further details are available from Overseas Exhibition Services Ltd., 11 Manchester Square, London W1M 5AB, England; tel: 01 486 1951; Telex: 24591.

October 23-26

The Seventh Annual Symposium on Computer Appli

COMMODORE 64

Commodore 1701 Color Monitor 14" screen-big screen, high qualitydirect connect to 64 & VIC-20

Your LOW Cost:S269.95

Commodore 1525E Printer Quality dot matrix, direct connect to Com. 64 & VIC-20. No interface necessary. Your LOW Cost:S269.95

Commodore 1541 Disk Drive High quality at low cost, direct connect to Com. 64 & VIC-20. Your LOW Cost:$299.95

Commodore Datasette Includes interface & cable, for use with Com. 64 & VIC 20. Your Cost:S69.95

Commodore C1600 Modem The best deal in the country for a modem-Your LOW Cost:S69.95

Commodore Software Package (30 programs)

only $12.95 with the purchase of one of these packages:

COMMODORE 64

COMMODORE 64 Computer-only $189.95* 'when purchased with any of these three packages

COMMODORE 64 $189.95

with the purchase of 1 1541 Disk Drive S299.95

1 1525E Printer S289.95

ALL FOR S779.85

COMMODORE 64 $189.95

with the purchase of 1 1541 Disk Drive $299.95

1 1701 14" color monitor $269.95

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COMMODORE 64 $189.95

with the purchase of 1 1541 Disk Drive $299.95

1 1526 Fast printer-includes $349.95 IFC/cable direct connect to 64 ALL FOR $839.85

COMMODORE VIC-20 $

•with the purchase of 1 Datasette program recorder

1 Gortek educational software

All for

7495

$69.95

$24.95

$169.85

COMPUTER PRINTERS & MONITORS

Diablo 620 Letter quality, 25 cps $999.95

Diablo 620 Letter quality, 40 cps 1799.95

NEC8023A 100 cps with tractor 499.95

Transtar Color printer, 30 shades, 50 cps 499.95

Okidata 82A Graphics 120 cps bi-directional 424.95

Okidata 83A Par/Ser., 120 cps, friction/tractor 664.95

Okidata 92P 160 cps, graphics, bidirectional 539.95

Okidata 93P 160 cps, graphics, frict/tract, letter quality 889.95

Zenith 12" green monitors, good resolution 99.95

Sanyo 15" b/w monitor, high resbelow cost! 169.95

Texas Instruments Home Computer

N99/4A

19995

TI-CC-40 Portable Computer

Most advanced portable, fits in your briefcase!

Will perform as well as the $1000 unit!

One set of A batteries = 200 hours of operation HX-1000 Printer/plotter $179.95

HX 2000 Wafertape (digital tape drivel S124.95 RS-232 Interface 89.95

HX3000 RS-232 int. try/parallel IFC 109.95 Solid state software/wafertape software-call us!

NET after $50 rebate from Tl

You pay us $149.95!

Peripheral expansion box S 99.95

RS-232 card 139.95

Disk controller card 199.95

Expansion Sys. disk drive 319.95

Memory expan. card (32KI 229.95

P Code card (req.exp. card) 199.95

Telephone modem 159.95

Color monitor 339.95

Extended Basic 79.95

LOGO 89.95

ATARI $ I200XL

249

95'

'NET after SI00.00 rehate from Atari

(You pay us $349.95)

INCLUDES FREE "PROGRAMMER'S KIT"!

Atari rebates expire 9/15/83. Call for pirces after this date.

FREE MATTELL AQUARIUS COMPUTER w/Data Recorder, Extender & 80 cps printer with purchase of 13" COLOR TV at $379.95!

COMMODORE 4040 Dual Disk Drive Dual Disk Drive for the 64 & other models 340KB each-total storage 640KB Come & try them-they're GREAT! Retail:S1295.00 Y/CIS589.95

30 Programs for less than $30! Commodore Software Package S29.95

DATA 20 Accessories >Z 80 card For Commodore 64 5269.95

i 80 column card For Commodore 64 169.95

. 40 column cerd For VIC-20 99.95

• 40 column card w/8K mem built in for VIC 20 139.95 . Video Pack 64K For VIC 20 329.95

•FREE with the purchase ot each ot the above {") products-Word Master/word processing software. Mailing List software 8. Telecommunications software.

ATARI 800

s19995

'NET after $100.00 rebate from Atari, (pay us$299.95)

ATARMOO

$g995

•NET after $50.00 rebate & FREE Software offer. (You pay us $169.95)

ATARI PROGRAMMER'S KIT -NOW BELOW COST! Includes ATARI BASIC Cartridge & 2 Manuals

1010 Program Recorder $84.95

830 Acoustic Modem 159.95

1025 80 Column Impact Printer 429.95

(Requires no interface) 1027 Letter Quality Printer (Not Daisy Wheel) 299.95

(Requires no interface)

1050 Disk Drive 379.95

.IL

STAR GEMINI PRINTERS

100 cps Epson pin & plug compatible-180 day warranty 9 x 9 dot matrix-friction & tractor feed-proportional spacing font-bit image graphics-bi-directional logic

seekinq-2.3K BUFFER BUILT IN! Gemini 10X 120 cps-has everything! $349.95 Gemini 15 132 col., 100 cps $479.95

$Q795

;37

A

ATARI

EPSON S.1AQ95

MX-80FT TV

MX-80FT FX-80 160 cps RX-80 100 cps MX-100

call for price call for price call for price!

&

CASIO

CASIO LANGUAGE TRANSLATOR WRIST

Unbelievable but TRUE ... English to Spanish and WATCH

Spanish to English, 1711 commonly useti words.

Also, Slanguage mode that delivers 36 helpful ff-AAnc

words for the international traveler. CalendaT, Tfllw*

daily alarm, slop watch & more! Model TE 2500

World time mode for 24 countries! Re.Sl95.0D

689s

APPLE BUYERS- LOOK!

Franklin ACE 1000 - G4K Apple compatible

ACE 10 Disk Drive w/controller

80 Column Card

ACE Calc-spread sheet software

ACE Writer software

12" Green monitor

Epson or Star Gemini printer (current model)

Add'l S100.00 worth of Apple II software.

ALL THIS FOR ONLY $1699.00

LIMITED OFFER - CALL or COME BY NOW!

EX 43

£>S.lYER-RE€0

Compact electronic typewriter (Interfaceable!) Letter quality; 10 &12 pitch; daisy wheel; buffer & more!

Y/C:$369.95

Optional M44 Memorymatic 5,000 character memory buffer can store many pages of material in memory- Y/C:S169.95,

m

HEWLETT PACKARD

HP-75C Computer 699.95

8K module 164.95

7470A opt 003 print/plotter 1199.00 Call for math pac, surveying pac, text formatter & VisiCalc for HP-75C

Scientific calc Scientific calc Financial calc Scientific calc

59.95 76.90

99.95 99.95

Commodore EXECUTIVE 64 PORTABLE 64K Computer! Detachable keyboard, 5-inch color monitor & built-in floppy disk drive(s). COMPATIBLE with the software designed for the popular Commodore 64, this machine is ready to go when you are & WHERE you are! Call for special package prices!

Single Disk Drive-$895.00

Dual Disk Drives—$1095.00

IBM Personal Computer "CLONE" The Sanyo high quality Model MBC 550

* 128K (8088] cpu exp to 256K ,-r ONE-THiR"

f*1 .r.r- nolP.Fl

* 160KB disk drive exp to 649 640K " Vat PRICE'

* 80 column 1"C _ _ _. « MS/DOS -will use almost all I8M software

* Low-profile keyboard

* FREE software & many more features all this fin only S995.llII Optional:

* 8087 Number Cruncher + Hard disk drive & more

$99500

Optional IF44 Interface (please specify serial or parallel) makes this EX43a letter quality computer printer Y/C:S169.95

INTERFACEABLE

Electronic Typewriters BROTHER 50 $369.95

BROTHER 60 $399.95

Prog, see scien. calc 99.95

Prog, scien. w/print 595.00

HP-4U Ptog. calculator 169.95

HP-41CVProg. calculator 219.95

Optical wand 104.95

Printei for 41 CV 299.95

Caul leadei loi mcr.v HP BZ1E3A Video interface HP IL ryftemi on hand IL interface modole Oigital catsene drive Thermal ploner/printel Extended function mern. mod Extended memory module Time module

Memory module for 41C/CV Qoad memory module lor 41C

159.95 259.95

104.95 37995 319.95 64.95 64.95 64.95 24.95 65.00

ROYAL ALPHA 2001 ELECTRONIC

Great unit for HEAVY DUTY WORK! Decimal tab, dual pitch & morel «£' Sugg. List:S695.00 FOR THE * FIRST TIME

TIMEX

TS-1000

$3995

16KRAM ww 45.95

Printer by Timex 89.95

Call us for Timex software-buy 4 software/get 1 software free!

OLympic sales compAny

P.O. Box 74545 21GS. Phone (213) 739-1130

Oxford Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90004 Cable "OLYRAV'LSA Telex:67 34 77

Order Desks: 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM Mon thru Sat-TOLL-FREE: (out of CA) 800-421-8045 (in CA) 800-252-2153 TELEX:67 34 77 CABLE: "OLYRAV" LSA

Goodi subject to availability, this ad supercede! all previous ads. FOB our warehouse; prices subject to change without nonce; not responsible lor typographical errors, all orders subject to verification, minimum shipping & handling:S5.95 Send lor our catalog -$2 domestic. SS 95 foreign. Some of the goods not available all stores Call lirst to be sure!

FJB

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 539

Event Queue,

cations in Medical Care

(SCAMC), Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, MD. Some of the topics to be covered include medical applications and solutions to problems of computers and technology in health care. For details, contact SCAMC, George Washington University Medical Center, Office of Continuing Medical Education, 2300 K St. NW, Washington, DC 20037, (202) 676-8928.

October 24-26

The Annual Conference of the Association for Computing Machinery-ACM '83, Sheraton Centre Hotel, New York, NY. Exhibits of computer hardware and software and paper sessions will focus on the conference theme, "Extending the Human Resource." The emphasis will be on theory and practices of personal computing. Highlighting the conference will be the Fourth International Computer Chess Championships. For details, contact Thomas A. DAuria, Assistant Commissioner, City of New York, Computer Service Center, 11th Floor, 111 8th Ave., New York, NY 10011, (212) 620

5055.

October 25-27

Andean Informatics '83, Bogota, Colombia, South America. This is the first major international exhibition and conference to be held in the Andean region. For details, contact Informatics '83, Suite 219, 3421 M St. NW, Washington, DC 20007, (703) 920-9595.

October 25-28

Working Conference on Prototyping, Brussels, Belgium. This conference will focus on the user-oriented development of information systems supported by prototyping. Research and technical papers will be presented. The sponsor is the Commission of the European Communities. For information, contact Reinhard Budde or Heinz Zuellighoven, GMD-IST Postfach 1240, Schloss Birlinghoven, D-5205, St. Augustin 1, West Germany; tel: 02241/14-2440; Telex: 8 89 469 gmd d.

October 26-28

Developing Long-Range Systems Strategies, Sheraton Hotel, Washington, DC. This

is part of the George Washington University Executive Systems Forum series. Contact the Conference Manager, U.S. Professional Development Institute, 1805 Powder Mill Dr., Silver Spring, MD 20903, (301) 445-4400.

October 27-28

Computers in Construction,

Washington, DC. For details, see September 22-23.

October 28-30

Applefest, Moscone Center, San Francisco, CA. More than 300 displays and booths of Apple computer equipment and accessories will be featured. Seminars, panel discussions, conferences, and workshops will be held. Details are available from Northeast Expositions Inc., 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 343-2222; in Massachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

October 30-November 2

DPMA Baltimore '83, Convention Center and Hyatt Regency Hotel, Baltimore, MD. The theme for this conference, sponsored by the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), is 'Infor

mation on the Firing Line." Seminars, workshops, general sessions, and product displays will be featured. For details, contact Jim Osowski, DPMA International Headquarters, 505 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, IL 60068, (312) 825-8124.

October 31-November 2 The Ninth International Conference on Very Large Databases, Palazzo dei Congressi, Florence, Italy. This conference seeks to identify and encourage the research, development, and applications of database technology. Subjects of interest include database control, modeling and managing unformatted data, and novel environments and applications of database technology. Contact Mario Schkolnick, K 55-281, IBM Research Labs, 5600 Cottle Rd., San Jose, CA 95193, (408) 256-1648. In Italy, Renzo Pinzani, Istituto di Matematica U. Dini, Viale Morgagni, 67/A, 50134 Florence, Italy.

October 31-November 3

International Conference on Computer Design-VLSI in Computers, Rye Town Hil

llpcpipGLirie

C ii h Q *;

Low, direct prices • Fast, direct service

2532-4S0 $ 42B

2716-450 320

2732-450 389

2764-250 71B

2764-350 479

4164-200 4»°

6116-P3 430

6116-LP-3 4»o

Add $2 95 shipping lo ail orders

OEM • Quantity discounts available • PO.s on

approval • CO.D. OK • Credit cards • FL residents

add 5% tax • Ml new, no surplus, no seconds

(Prices subject lo change.;

4920 Cypress St., Suite 100, Tampa, FL 33607 In FL, and for into., call 813-875-0299 FOR ORDERS ONLY, 800-237-8910

■Mi 8AM-5PM EDT

FINAL OFFER

BEFORE PRICE INCREASE!

An Accounts Payable System for the small business with an Apple II* Computer, at the unbelievable low price of ** _. -.

Special Features Include: jKj^fj

•One time input ol repetitive pymts. *^*^

•Multiple General Ledger distributions per invoice, both debits & credits

•Checking balance maintenance, allows manual and/or void chks •High speed machine language programs & random access tiles •Payroll & expense check pymts. •Cash requirements projection •Optional remote work station input & processing at no extra cost

This program will be In stores In a lew months at a much higher price.

ACT NOW& SAVE!!

Offer expires Sept. 30, 1983

We offer a 15 day money back trial period for you to review our documentation & decide lo keep or return the sealed disk & the documents. Send check lo

ACCOUNTS PAYABLE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT CO.

8306 Wil5hiie Blvd.. Suite 50

Beverly Hills. Ca. 90211

(213) 655-0765 or (213) 553-0371

Include $2.00 lor Shipping & Handling Allow 4 weeks for delivery Calif, residents, add sales tax lor your county.

The syslem requires an Apple II" 48K computer with Applesoft" in

ROM, 1 disk drive (DOS 3.3*) & a printer.

'Trademarks or copyrighted programs of Apple Computer Co,. Inc

wabash

Flexible Diskettes

6 Year Warranty- 100% Certified

DELIVERED PRICES

51A" $175

^W/HUBPING

5V4" $010

SINGLE SIDE mW

DOUBLE DENSITY ■■each 48TPJW/HUBRING

Packet! 10 per So» Pack

51A" $010

DOUBLE SIDE ■■

DOUBLE DENSITY WeaCrl rtSTPI W/HUBHING

Packed 10 per Soil Pack

BULK $|40 SSSD 9 I *"

ioo/cj»o I each

BULK $|70 SSDD 9l

BULK $Q70 DSDD *Mf'v

Wmfu Envnl ^" e3Ch

Free shipping in continental USA. Call for

quantity discounts. We accept money orders.

certilied checks, VISA and MasterCard. Personal

checks accepted, but lake Iwo weeks to clear bank

MD. add 4%.

Software Services"

1326-25th St. S„ Suite D

Fargo, ND 58103

1-800-MEGA-BIT

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

Circle 513 on inquiry card.

Circle 514 on inquiry card.

IN THE FLAT WORLD OF NETWORKING THERE IS A COLUMBUS.

NOVELL

We Know How You Felt, Columbus!

In 1 492 most people were saying the world was flat. They said, "You'll fall off the edge if you go too far." But that didn't stop you Columbus. You went ahead and discovered America.

Today, most people are saying, "file service... is just not feasible."* They're even saying, "operations like record locking are not available."** But that hasn't stopped Novell, either. Because we've gone ahead and discovered, designed, yes ... even built and shipped file servers that the less adventurous said couldn't be built. And our file servers are up and running all over America, (not to mention the rest of the world.)

Our Versatile Applied Server Technology (VAST) lets multiple operating systems on multiple types of personal computers share the same disk space and directories simultaneously.

And yes, all you other guys, record locking is available ...on the ShareNet/VAST system, anyway.

Discover the vast ShareNet Difference.

The trouble with the "civilized" world of networking offered by our competitors is that they are still thinking FLAT! They're still concentrating on the hardware connection instead of the software that makes

' 3Com Corp. in March Systems & Software, pg. 1 1 8 * ' 3Com Corp. in March Systems & Software, pg. 1 1 9

Circle 329 on inquiry card.

that hardware function. Just like Columbus, Novell is the ONLY company that can offer you a VAST networking difference. We're thinking round, you see.

Does choosing a network have you "on edge"?

Don't fall off the edge! If networking—we mean real local area networking of numerous PC's, running multiple operating systems without modification to "off the shelf" software, having concurrent file sharing, default file locking, extensive data security and more—sounds exciting to you, call us for a demonstration so you can discover your options. ShareNet/VAST will take you out of the "flat" bounded network world and into the boundless universe of networks that work.

Explore Novell's world!

Discover the vast ShareNet difference. You'll find out-ofthis-world performance at very down-to-earth prices. ShareNet/VAST is easy to use. All you have to do is call us and we'll set sail on a course that solves your PC networking problems. Get on board with the Columbus of networking. Novell, Inc., 1170 North Industrial Park Drive, Orem, Utah 84057, 801 2268202 • 800 453-1267

Novell—making networks work. Our VAST difference.

BYTE September 1983 541

Event Queue.

ton, Port Chester, NY. This conference will cover the VLSI (very-large-scale integration) aspects of the interaction between fabricators and systems designers in hardware, software, and reliability in computers. Contact the IEEE Computer Society, POB 639, Silver Spring, MD 20901.

October 31-November 4

Welcome to the World of Persona] Computing, Washington, DC. This is a comprehensive introduction on how to use microcomputer technology in business, industry, and government. The workshop agenda offers six modules ranging from user productivity to software reliability. For details, contact Keston Associates, 11317 Old Club Rd., Rockville, MD 20852, (301) 881-7666.

November 1983

November 1-2

The Annual Fall Conference of the Iowa Association for Educational Data Systems,

Des Moines, IA. "Quality Software for the 80s: Development, Selection, and Usage" will be the focus of more than 40 sessions presented during this conference. Three preconference workshops will be held on October 31. For details, contact Phillip J. Berrie, Educational Services Division, Heartland AEA 11, 1932 Southwest Third St., Ankeny, IA 50021.

November 1-3

INTECH '83—The Integrated Office Technology Conference and Exposition, McCormick Place, Chicago, IL. This conference and exposition is designed to provide top management with high-level seminars, workshops, and equipment demonstrations that ad

dress the integration of information technologies and applications. Contact Mary Beth Gouled, National Trade Productions Inc., 9418 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706, (800) 638-8510; in Maryland, (301) 459-8383.

November 1-3

The 1983 Federal Office Automation Conference,

Convention Center, Washington, DC. The theme for this conference and exposition is "Making It Work." The conference program will consist of seminars, workshops, technology briefings, and major addresses. The exposition segment will provide displays of the latest office automation equipment, systems, and services. Further details are available from the National Council for Education on Information Strategies, POB N, Wayland, MA 01778, (800) 343-6944; in Massachusetts, call (617) 358-5356, collect.

November 1-3

Western Design Engineering Conference, Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA. Short courses on the agenda include "Principles of Robotics for Engineers," "Effective Project Management," and "Programming Personal Computers." Many of the 12 short courses will provide hands-on experience. An exhibition area will be featured. Contact the Marketing Director, Western Design Engineering Show, 708 Third Ave., New York, NY 10017, (212) 661-8410.

November 2-4

Edmonton Computer and Office Automation Show, Convention Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. For full details, contact Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., Toronto, Ontario M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

November 2-4

The First Annual Computer Vertical Market Conference,

Meadowlands Hilton, East Rutherford, NJ. This conference, sponsored by Frost and Sullivan, will explore the impact of the new integrated software approaches and the importance of maintenance and support functions. Speakers will address vertical marketing issues from the perspective of the user, vendor, and industry analyst. Full particulars are available from Carol Sapchin, Frost and Sullivan Inc., 106 Fulton St., New York, NY 10038, (212) 233-1080.

November 3A

Computers in Construction,

Scottsdale, AZ. For details, see September 22-23.

November 3-6

The 1983 National Home Electronics Show, Arlington Park Exposition Hall, Arlington Heights, IL. This show covers electronic equipment and technology ranging from home computers to telecommunications security systems. It's produced by Lincoln Merchandising Co. Inc., 1417 Milwaukee Ave., Chicago, IL 60622, (312) 276-2819.

November 5-6

The Fourth Annual San Diego Computer Fair, Scottish Rite Center, San Diego, CA. This fair features short technical sessions, programming and computer games contests, commercial displays, and user group displays. For additional information, contact the San Diego Computer Society, POB 81537, San Diego, CA 92138, (619) 565-8720.

November 5-7

Midwestern Educational Computer & Technology Conference, McCormick Inn, Chicago, IL. Exhibits, software demonstrations, semi

nars, and workshops will explore the theme "Higher Instructional Techniques in Education." For more information, contact the National Educational Computer Library, POB 293, New Milford, CT 06776, (203) 354-7760.

November 7-11

International Conference on Industrial Electronics — IECON '83, Hyatt Regency Hotel, San Francisco, CA. For information, contact Frank A. Jur, Bechtel Corp., 45 Fremont St., MS-45/17A26, San Francisco, CA 94109.

November 8-10

The Third Annual Software/Expo, Wembley Conference Centre, London, England. Conference topics range from computer-aided design to database management. Contact Software/Expo, Suite 400, 222 West Adams St., Chicago, IL 60606, (312) 263-3131.

November 8-11

Wescon and Mini/MicroWest 83, San Francisco, CA. A conference and exposition, Wescon covers a broad range of topics, including artificial intelligence, computer peripherals and simulation, and robotics. Mini/Micro serves the original equipment manufacturer community by exploring peripherals, processors, data communications, and software. Contact Electronic Conventions Inc., 8110 Airport Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90045, (213) 772-2965.

November 9-10

Business-Expo, Philadelphia, PA. For details, see September 21-22.

November 9-15

Interkama 83, Dusseldorf

West Germany. This exhibition is designed for the instrumentation and automation industries. It's expected to attract more than 1000 exhibi

542 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Our new midtimode:

Correspondence quality. High-speed drafts.

Graphics. Attractive pricing.

And up to 500 cps.

Anadex rapidly moves a head.

High quality correspondence. High-speed drafts. High-resolution graphics.

Whatever your application, they're all built into the exciting new multimode printer: Rapid/Scribe™ Model DP-6500 from Anadex. But the built-in feature that's got everybody talking is Rapid/Scribe's speed ... 500 characters per second at 10 Pitch in the h[gh speed draft mode; and 110 cps in the proportionally spaced, Dual Pass Correspondence Mode.

The accompanying chart summarizes the speeds. (Notice that at 10 Pitch and 80 Columns, Speed is 275 Lines per Minute).

Equally exciting are the impressive array of features that have

become the Anadex hallmarks...friction and tractor feed,

Printing speeds (cps) sophisticated communications capability, emulation packages,

10 p|tcn 500 cps character font downloading, alternate character fonts, bar

12 Pltch 540 cps codes, and of course, a reputation for reliability.

Proportional 275 cps Couple those features with Rapid/Scribe's interfaces - Parallel,

10 Pitch ................ 250 cps Centronics compatible and RS-232-C Serial - and you have a

12 Pitch 300 cps solid, high-speed printer that fits virtually any computer and

Condensed computer application... including yours.

15 Pitch 375 cps

16.4 Pitch 410 cps

Dual Pass Correspondence Quality

Proportional 1 1 0 cps fall /QAft\ TO? 7770

10 Pitch lOOcps #%® V-<UI V*-»W^ I S L- i I I J

12 Pitch 120 cps f*\ |n California Call (800) 792-9992 I f^m

10 Pitch Printing Speed (lines/minute) WMmm. ^"i* J^

40 Columns 430 1pm WM-3^ -—"•* m — —

80 Columns 275 1pm HJHM

132 Columns 180 Ipm MmMUK^k.

^Copyright I 983. Anadex. Inc.

ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761 U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933* Irvine, CA (714) 557-0457'Schiller Park, I L(312) 671-1717* Wakefield, MA(617) 245-9160 Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250 ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX G ANADEX GmbH • Behringstrasse 5 • 8752 Mainaschaff • Frankfurt, W. Germany • Tel: 011-49-06021-7225 • Telex: 4188347

Circle 27 on inquiry card. BYTE September 1983 543

Event Queue.

tors from over 25 countries. For complete details, contact Diisseldorf Trade Shows, 500 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10110, (212) 840-7744.

November 14-17

AUTOFACT 5 Conference and Exposition, Cobo Hall, Detroit, MI. The focus of this event will be on CAD/CAM (computer-aided design/ manufacturing) and the expanding technologies of computer-integrated manufacturing and the automated factory. More than 90 companies will exhibit CAD/ CAM systems, computer graphics, software, industrial robots, and computer-based test and measurement systems. Concurrent technical sessions and tutorials will be held. Contact Gregg Balko, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, One SME Dr., POB 930, Dearborn, MI 48121, (313) 271-1080.

November 14-17

Canadian Computer Show & Conference, International Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Further information is available from Industrial Trade Shows of Canada, 20 Butterick Rd., Toronto, On

tario M8W 3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

November 15-17

SNA Architecture and Implementation, Sheraton Rolling Green Inn and Conference Center, Boston, MA. For details, see October 3-5.

November 17-19

Ed-Com/Fall '83, Los Angeles, CA. This conference and exposition offers demonstrations, seminars, hands-on sessions, panels, and micro courses that address, evaluate, and analyze the development of computers in education. Hardware, software, and publishing companies will display items of interest. Contact Carol Houts, Judco Computer Expos Inc., Suite 201, 2629 North Scottsdale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (800) 528-2355; in Arizona, (602) 990-1715.

November 17-19

The Fifth Annual Northeast Computer Show and Software Exposition, Hynes Auditorium, Boston, MA. This end user computer show offers nearly 500 displays of computers, peripherals, accessories, and software. More

information is available from Northeast Expositions, 822 Boylston St., Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; in Massachusetts, (617) 7392000.

November 28-December 2

Welcome to the World of Personal Computing,

Fort Lauderdale, FL. For details, see October 31November 4. ■

Coast Guard Finds IBM PC Shipshape

The U.S. Coast Guard has enlisted the IBM Personal Computer in a move to cut costs. Three PCs were recently installed on the 378-foot cutter Rush, which makes its home port in Alameda, California. Many of the 378-foot class of cutters are outfitted with Convergent Technologies' C3 Data Systems, but

these machines are highpriced and require a great deal of training. The IBM PC was selected as an inexpensive alternative to the C3.

"At many units, there is a need for small computers but not necessarily with as much power as the C3. After looking at a number of small computer systems, we decided that the IBM PC was the best choice," a Coast Guard spokesman said.B

In order to gain optimal coverage of your organization's computer conferences, seminars, workshops, courses, etc, notice should reach our office at least three months in advance of the date of the event. Entries should be sent to: Event Queue, BYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock NH 03449. Each month we publish the current contents of the queue for the month of the cover date and the two following calendar months. Thus a given event may appear as many as three times in this section if it is sent to us far enough in advance.

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An Operations Research Scheduling Program

A microcomputer-based scheduling algorithm can be an aid in managerial decision making

by Walter A. Stark Jr. and Richard A. Reid

In the field of operations research (OR), practitioners develop analytical procedures that can help managers improve their decision-making capabilities. Many OR techniques provide assistance in solving day-today operational problems, such as establishing collection routes, designing nutritional menus, scheduling aircraft and crews, locating offshore oil-drilling platforms, and determining the number of toll operators needed. Some of the more common OR models that have been recently discussed in the microcomputer trade press include linear programming, network analysis, queuing, and routing solutions (see references 1, 4, 8, and 9).

Sequencing and scheduling problems illustrate the short-term planning concerns for which OR techniques have been developed. These techniques have been used for a variety of scheduling problems, including the determination of the processing order for jobs by various machines in a facility and the resultant schedule for each machine, the sequence by which customer orders

are picked in an electronics distribution center, and the establishment of a sequence by which customer audits are completed in an accounting firm. Many of these OR methods contain recipes, or algorithms, for solving problems. Although not difficult conceptually, these algorithms often require extensive calculations that, when performed manually, are tedious and subject to error. However, these algorithms appeared to be well within the capabilities of a modest-sized microcomputer, and we were intrigued by the challenge of executing and applying some of these algorithms using an Apple computer. Various job-sequence algorithms or heuristics have been implemented on large computer systems (see reference 5). However, it seemed appropriate to consider implementing a flow-shop scheduling problem on a microcomputer for two main reasons. First, a microprocessing system at the scene of management action is more likely to be used than a terminal connected to a firm's mainframe because the practiceoriented manager feels less threat

ened and more in control relative to the smaller system. Second, the total investment in a microcomputer system is commensurate with the job required; extensive number-crunching, graphical displays (such as that required in PERT charting), and database management should be left to the larger centralized systems.

In this article, we will describe and illustrate an efficient method for determining a good sequence for processing a set of jobs or customers, each of which has different characteristics or makes different demands on the various organizational resources.

The Problem

At this point, a simple example will clarify terminology to be introduced later and show how proper scheduling can save time and, presumably, money. Suppose you operate a successful specialty car-painting shop whose reputation for attention to detail and superb paint jobs is spreading. The following are general operations in the normal sequence of your special paint job: removal of

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 549

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Process-Time Estimates (in hours] for Specialty Paint Shop

Job

Major Trim Body Work Removal

Paint Strip

Body Finish

Paint

Reassembly

Corvette

Daytona

Turbo-ZX

Rabbit

Cobra

0 4 0 3 16 2 0 1 0 1

6 4 2 0 5

12 20 10 6 16

2 4

3 1 4

2 2 2

1 1

Table Is As an example of hew a scheduling algorithm ivorks, we'll use a specialty carpainting shop where five cars have to be painted. An entire paint job is made up of six processes. Here are estimates of how long each process will take for each car.

trim parts, stripping (to the bare metal) of all paint, finishing body work, painting and buffing, and final reassembly after touch-up operations. Normally, your shop does no major body work, although occasionally such work is done for special customers. There are thus six possible operations including major body work. The elapsed time, in hours, for completion of each of these operations is the process time. What's more, zero process time is allowable; for example, most jobs require no major body work. Also, on occasion, a lowbudget job comes through in which the paint is not stripped. In this case, the sanding is done during the bodyfinishing operation.

Now, imagine that five cars arrive for painting. Each is a job. Based on years of experience, the shop foreman estimates the times for each job, as shown in table 1. Given these times and a desire to complete all jobs in the shortest possible time, the objective is to determine the best sequence in which to complete all the jobs.

At first glance, it is not immediately obvious that any job sequence is the most efficient. In order to manage this situation, you need to present a schedule that shows the start and finish times for each job at each work station. Such a schedule is shown in table 2 for the sequence of jobs given in table 1.

The cumulative elapsed time for all five jobs is 79 hours. Because we assume you don't fire workers in between operations, the total number of hours paid equals the number of workers (at all operations) multiplied

by the total elapsed time. For one worker per operation, you pay for 6 x 79 = 474 hours total operations time. Summing the actual hours worked (16 in major body work, 11 in trim removal, 17 in stripping, 64 in finishing, 14 in painting, and 8 in reassembly) yields a total of 130 hours. Thus, the idle time of workers (and/or machines) is 474 - 130 = 344 hours. Indeed, most of the time the workers are idle! This situation assumes that an idle worker at one operation cannot be used to reduce

the time required on another operation; that is, you have a union shop. Moreover, technological specifications require that each job have the same sequence of machine operations.

Using techniques that are described later, a suitable reordering of the jobs reduces the total elapsed time by 54 hours, or 6 x (79 - 70), for a new total operations time of 420 hours; idle time now becomes, 420 130 = 290 hours. Not only are labor costs reduced by 11 percent, but also the overall fraction of idle time is lowered. Furthermore, in searching for a better sequence, you have identified two sequences having the same low total operations time. Having two or more good job sequences allows the foreman some discretion in granting job priorities, arranging machine maintenance, or workers' vacations, and the like, while at the same time maintaining the best possible schedule.

How do you begin to approach the search for an optimum job sequence? Considerable effort has been expend

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 551

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Schedule of Operations

Job

Major Body Work In Out

Trim

Removal

In Out

Paint

Strip

In Out

Body

Finish

In Out

Paint In Out

Reassembly In Out

Corvette

Daytona

Turbo-ZX

Rabbit

Cobra

0 0

0 0

0 16

16 16

16 16

0 4

4 7

16 18

18 19

19 20

4 10 10 14 18 20 20 20 20 25

10 22 22 42 42 52 52 58 58 74

22 24 42 46 52 55 58 59 74 78

24 26 46 48 55 57 59 60 78 79

Table 2: A sample schedule of operations. The numbers listed show at which hours a given car First, the Corvette enters the trim-removal process and the Turbo-ZX enters the major body work ]

enters or leaves c irocess. After four

particular process, hours, the Corvette

leaves trim removal and enters the paint strip process while the Daytona enters trim removal. The

process continues until after 79 hours

the last car,

the Cobra, leaves the reassembly process.

ed to develop an understanding of the scheduling problem, which is at best frustrating and at worst totally intractable. Under certain conditions, however, the problem can be solved, or at least a nearly optimal solution can be obtained. It is noteworthy that these special solutions can be implemented on a microcomputer (in this case, a 48K-byte Apple II Plus).

Some Definitions

To understand the problem and the programmatic approach to the solution more clearly, a few definitions are helpful (see also reference 6):

Sequencing is the order in which objects are placed for processing by an organization. Job sequencing involves the time ordering of jobs through one or more processing centers so that specific performance measures, such as minimal idle times or timely deliveries, are achieved. Variation in job sequence can produce significant differences in costs and productivity. The sequential arrangement of start and finish times of various jobs on machines is termed a machine loading schedule. A schedule can be generated for a given machine only after the job processing sequence has been determined. In preparing the schedule, note that a machine cannot be used until it is free and that a given operation of some job cannot be started until the prior operation for that job is completed.

Jobs represent customer orders, and machines involve processes that must be performed on customer orders. In other words, a job represents a total effort, the result of which is used to

satisfy a customer's need. A machine provides processing capability for the job effort and can perform one or more operations, but only one at a time. Acts performed by machines are needed to complete the job. In this sense, machines are not necessarily always mechanical devices; they can be human beings performing a strictly manual operation such as visual inspection. The order in which a job must proceed through various machines is referred to as

technological ordering. And, as mentioned previously, the time spent on a machine to perform a given operation is called the process time for that operation.

In the most general case, without any job technological order specified, for N jobs and M machines, there are (M\)N possible sequences. (For a given job with M machines, there are M ways to choose the first machine operation, M-l ways to choose the second, etc., so that the total number

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 553

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of possible sequences for machine ordering is M(M-l)(M-2) . . . = Ml. The combination of job sequences is an exponential function resulting in (M\)N possible jobmachine sequences.) The number of possible job sequences, therefore, quickly becomes very large. For example, if M = N = 4, the number of possibilities is about 3.3 x 105; for M = N = 5, the possible sequences total nearly 2.5 xlO10. Thus, complete enumeration and evaluation of all job sequences becomes impractical for most real problems, and operations researchers seek cost-effective limits in searching for good job ordering. Although the general problem remaintains intractable, operations researchers have developed efficient procedures for certain special cases, which result from adding simplifying assumptions to the general problem in order to create a more limited perspective. You can then solve the subproblem mathematically. For the special problem treated here, the crucial assumption made is that the technological ordering for all jobs considered is the same. In other words, each job goes through exactly the same ordered sequence of machine operations (remember that some operations can have zero process time). This enabling assumption results in what is known as the flowshop scheduling problem in contrast to job-shop scheduling, in which each job might have different technological ordering (see reference 6). With the same sequence of operations for each of N jobs, the number of possible orderings of jobs becomes N!. Now, if N = 5, for example, 120 (or 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) job sequences have to be examined to find the optimum sequence.

Method

The flow-shop scheduling problem assumes that you know or can determine processing times for each of N jobs on M machines (these times could represent average values). Moreover, the best job sequence is assumed to require the least total facility processing time to complete all jobs. By definition, total facility processing time is equal to total

machine-operating time plus total machine-idle time. Because total machine-operating time is fixed for a given set of jobs, minimizing total facility processing time also minimizes total machine-idle time.

The approach for solving this problem was first developed by S. M. Johnson (reference 7), extensively explored by R. A. Dudek and R. M. Ghare (reference 3), and popularized by R. E. D. Woolsey and H. S. Swanson (reference 10). The procedure coded here is based on the heuristic presented by R. Hesse and R. E. D. Woolsey (reference 5).

Simply described, for N jobs processed first on Machine A and then on Machine B, the Johnson algorithm requires finding the shortest processing time in the set of times for both machines. If that time is for Machine A, then that associated job is scheduled first; if for machine B, the associated job is processed last. The associated job is then removed from consideration. Next, the selection process is repeated, but this time the algorithm schedules the job having

the next-shortest time either as early as possible or as late as possible according to the next-shortest time on Machine A or Machine B, respectively. This job is then removed from consideration, and the process is continued for the remaining jobs until all jobs are scheduled.

To illustrate, suppose we have five jobs with the following process times (in hours):

Job

Machine

Machine

Name

A

B

Job 1

2

5

Job 2

6

1

Job 3

3

6

Job 4

5

2

Job 5

7

4

The optimal sequence is Job 1-3-5-4-2. The shortest time on any machine is 1 hour (Job 2, Machine B). Hence, according to the algorithm, Job 2 is scheduled last. Job 2 is then eliminated from further consideration. The next-shortest time is 2 hours for both Jobs 1 and 4. Job 1 is scheduled

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September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 555

as the first job (the 2-hour time is on Machine A); Job 4 is scheduled next to last because its 2-hour time is on Machine B. After removal of these two jobs from consideration, Jobs 3 and 5 remain to be scheduled. The next-shortest time is 3 hours (Job 3, Machine A). Thus, Job 3 is scheduled as early as possible, after Job 1. Job 5 remains to be scheduled between Job 3 and Job 4.

This algorithm forms the heart of the machine-scheduling program presented in listing 1. A formal proof of the algorithm can be found in S. M. Johnson's original paper (see reference 7). However, intuitively, you can see that the last job (N) cannot be finished earlier than the time required to process each job on Machine A, plus the time necessary to complete the second operation of the last job. Similarly, the last job cannot be completed sooner than the time to process each job on Machine B, plus any time delay before Machine B can begin processing. Moreover, the minimum delay is just the time required to process the first job (1) on Machine A. The minimum total time, Tm,„, is thus bounded by the larger of the following two inequalities:

Tmi„ > 2v tAJ + tBN

jobs

or

Listing 1: An Applesoft BASIC program using a scheduling algorithm. The program can be used for an operation using any number M of processes or machines.

> tA

£ tBj

jobs

where tAJ and tBJ are the process times on Machine A and Machine B, respectively, for job j; tan thus represents the operation time on Machine B for the last job N, and tA1 represents the operation time on Machine A for the first job.

The sums are fixed values, independent of job sequence; therefore, the only way to influence the overall time is by choosing tA1 or tBN to be as small as possible. Thus, the job with the smallest tAj is scheduled first, and the job with the smallest tBJ is scheduled last. The remaining jobs are scheduled by extending the application of this logic.

The rationale underlying this procedure is to place jobs having short

MACHINE SCHEDULE COPYRIGHT 1981, W A STARK

M-NACHINE SCHEDULING USING QUICK & CLEAN JOHNSON

ALGORITHM

000 REM

010 REM

020 REM

030 REM

040 REM

050 REM

060 REM

070 DIM M(20.20),J«l20),Mt(20)

080 DIM A(20).B(20).C(20)

090 DIM S(20,20),SEQ(20,20),MT(20)

100 DIM Tl(20.20).T2120.20)

110 DIM S1(20J,S2(20),IT(20)

120 DIM KL(20)

130 REM

140 GOTO 1730

150 rem mttmmmmm

160 REM SUBROUTINE PAUSE

170 REM

180 PRINT : PRINT "HIT SPACE BAR TO CONTINUE"

190 CV = PEEK (37)

200 GET Ht

210 VTAB (CV)

220 PRINT SPC( 38)j"

230 RETURN

240 rem tttttttttttttttttttt

250 REM SUBROUTINE ENABLE PRINTER

260 REM

270 REM USES DRIVER IN

280 REM SUBROUTINE AT 7150

290 REM

300 CALL (768)

310 PRINT CHRt (17)

320 REM

330 REM DEFEAT 40 COLUMN WINDOW

340 POKE 33,33

350 RETURN

360 rem mttmmmmm

370 REM SUBROUTINE TO END PRINTING

380 REN DISABLES THE AI0 BOARD,SLOT 2

390 REM

400 PR! 0

410 REM RESTORE 40 COL TV WINDOW

420 POKE 33,40

430 RETURN

440 REM tttttttttttttttttttt

450 REM SUBROUTINE SCHEDULE

460 REM

470 REM CALCULATES IN / OUT

480 REM SCHEDULES FOR MACHINES

490

REM

REM

REM 500 Tl(l,l) 510 FOR H = 520 T2(1.H) 530 IF H

= 0.0 1 TO NM

= Tl(l.H) + M(C(1),M)

NM GOTO 1550 540 TKl.H + 1) = T2(1,H) 550 NEXT M 560 TI = T2(l.l) 570 FOR J = 2 TO NJ 580 THJ.l) = T2(J - 1,1) 590 T2(J,1) = T1(J,1) + M(C(J),1) 600 NEXT J 610 REM

620 FOR J = 2 TO NJ 630 FOR H = 2 TO NM 640 TKJ.M) = T2(J.M - 1)

650 IF T2(J - 1,H) > T2(J,H - 1) THEN T1(J,H) = T2(J - 1,M) 660 T2(J,M) = T1(J,M) + N(C(J),H) 670 NEXT M 680 NEXT J 690 RETURN

700 REM tttttttttttttttttttt 710 REM tttttt MAIN tttttt 720 REM tttttttttttttttttttt 730 HOME : PRINT ! PRINT

740 REM

Listing 1 continued on page 558

556 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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processing times on the first machine early in the sequence so that the second machine can be put to use as soon as possible. At the end of the sequence, the situation is reversed. In particular, those jobs with short processing times on later machines are placed at the end of the sequence so that all machines finish all job processing at approximately the same time.

The Johnson algorithm provides an optimum schedule for the twomachine problem and for special three-machine situations. Extending the algorithm to M-machine situations produces a good, but not necessarily optimal, solution. However, experience shows that of the N! possible job sequences, some of the M—1 sequences uncovered using the extended algorithm are optimal or near optimal.

You extend the algorithm to M machines by first applying the Johnson two-machine algorithm to the first (1) and last (M) machine operations in order to obtain a feasible job sequence. Next, by using the sum of the job processing times for the first two (1 + 2) and the last two [(M - 1) + M] machine operations, you can determine another sequence. The process is continued M - 1 times, applying the Johnson algorithm successively to the sum of the first / processing times and to the sum of the last;' processing times, where /' runs from 1 to M - 1.

This procedure yields M - 1 joborder sequences. The sequence having the least total facility processing time may be selected as best. An advantage of the Johnson algorithm over other flow-shop techniques, such as the Gupta algorithm (see reference 5), is that several sequences are determined for consideration. Having these alternative sequences allows the scheduling manager some viable options if such factors as priority jobs, machine maintenance, or workers' vacations need to be considered.

The Program

Listing 1 shows the implementation of the Johnson scheduling algorithm on an Apple II Plus 48K

Text continued on page 574

558 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1 continued:

1750 PRINT TAB( 10):"MACHINE SCHEDULE"

1740 PRINT TAB( 7)j^COPYRIGHT 1991, H A STARK"

1770 FOR T = 1 TO 2000

1780 NEXT T

1790 PASS = 0

1800 H0HE i PRINT i PRINT

1810 REH

1820 REH i DESCRIPTION

1830 PRINT "H-HACHINE SCHEDULING "

1840 PRINT "USING THE JOHNSON QUICK I"

1850 PRINT "CLEAN ALGORITHM.": PRINT

I860 PRINT "PROGRAM CAN BE USED FOR"

1870 PRINT "UP TO 15 JOBS AND 20"

1880 PRINT 'MACHINE OPERATIONS.": PRINT

1890 PRINT : FLASH : PRINT "NOTE!": NORMAL

1900 print "tutmmmtttmmm'

1910 PRINT "COMPLETE ALL DATA ENTRIES"

1920 PRINT "BY HITTING THE RETURN KEY"

1930 print -mmtmmmmmm"

1940 G0SUB I960: REH - PRINT CHOICE

1950 GOTO 2070

1960 PRINT : PRINT : PRINT

1970 PRINT "FOR HARDC0PY OUTPUT, TYPE P;"

1980 PRINT "(BE SURE PRINTER IS READY)"

1990 PRINT "OTHERWISE, TYPE AN N"

2000 INPUT TTI

2010 IF TT$ = "N" THEN TTY = 0: RETURN

2020 IF TT* = "P" THEN TTY * Is GOTO 2050

2030 PRINT : PRINT "TYPE P OR N, PLEASE"

2040 PRINT i GOTO 2000

2050 60SUB 7150: REH - PRINTER DRIVER

2060 RETURN

2070 HOME : VTAB 5

2080 DISPLAY « 0

2090 INPUT "TYPE NUMBER OF JOBS ":NJ

2100 VTAB 10

2110 INPUT "TYPE NUMBER OF MACHINES ";N«

2120 REH

2130 REH INPUT JOB DESCRIPTIONS AND

2140 REH MACHINE OPERATIONS

2150 HOME

2160 PRINT "BE8IN BY DESCRIBING MACHINE"

2170 PRINT "OPERATIONS. THESE OPERATIONS ARE "

2180 PRINT 'ASSUMED TO BE SEQUENTIAL."

2190 PRINT

2200 FOR M = 1 TO NM

2210 PRINT : PRINT

2220 PRINT "TYPE A DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION I "jM

2230 PRINT "(USE UP TO 7 CHARACTERS)"

2240 INPUT Ht(H)

2250 IF LEN (H*(M)) < = 7 60T0 2290

2260 PRINT

2270 PRINT "USE ONLY 7 CHARACTERS, PLEASE"

2280 PRINT : GOTO 2220

2290 NEXT M

2300 H0HE

2310 PRINT 'NOW BRIEFLY (6 CHARACTERS OR LESS)"

2320 PRINT "DESCRIBE EACH JOB, AND THE TIME"

2330 PRINT "IN EACH OPERATION FOR THAT JOB."

2340 PRINT

2350 FOR J * 1 TO NJ

2360 PRINT "TYPE A DESCRIPTION OF JOB I "}J

2370 INPUT Jt

2380 Jt(J) = LEFT* (J«,6)

2390 PRINT

2400 PRINT "FOR THIS JOB, ENTER THE TIHE"

2410 PRINT "(TO THE NEAREST TENTH UNIT)"

2420 PRINT 'REQ'D FOR EACH OF THE "

2430 PRINT "OPERATIONS LISTED BEL0H."

2440 PRINT

2450 PRINT "(USE THE SAME TIHE UNITS"

2460 PRINT "FOR ALL OPERATIONS.)'

2470 PRINT

2480 FOR H * 1 TO NH

2490 SAP - 8 - LEN (HKH))

2500 CV • PEEK (37) + 1

2510 IF CV = > 23 THEN CV = CV - 1

Listing 1 continued on page 560

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BYTE September 1983 559

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Listing 1 continued:

2520 PRINT "TIHE IN OPERATION"; SPC( SAP);H*(M>;■ ■'

2530 VTAB (CV): HTAB (26)

2540 INPUT " 'jnlJ,H)

2550 PRINT

2560 REM -LIMIT DATA TO 1 DECINAL

2570 P = IOiQ = 0.5

2580 H(J.H) = INT (H(J,H) t P ♦ Q) / P

2590 NEXT H

PRINT ! PRINT I HONE

NEXT J

REN INPUT COMPLETE

PRINT "INPUT COMPLETE"

PRINT i PRINT

PRINT "TYPE IN THE UNITS OF TIME"

PRINT "(E.G., MINUTES,HOURS,ETC.)«

INPUT UNIT*

REM OUTPUT THE INPUT

REM

REM DETERMINE t COLS. 2710 SP * INT (18 / NM) 2720 IF NH > 3 THEN SP = 4 2730 IF NM > 4 THEN SOSUB 7730 2740 NS = 1 2750 NF = NS + 3 2760 IF NF > NM THEN NF = NM

REM OUTPUT FOR APPLE II

HOME : PRINT

IF NS = 1 60T0 2820

PRINT TAB( 11)i"MACHINE OPERATIONS (CONT.)"

SOTO 2840

PRINT TAB( 15):"MACHINE OPERATIONS"

REM SET TIME UNITS

PRINT TABf 2):"J0B": TAB( 15>;"(TINES IN ";UNIT*;" )"

SOSUB 5130: REM - DASHLINE

VTAB 5: HTAB 1: PRINT "I"

FOR H = NS TO NF

(M - NS)) i SP + INT ((7 - LEN (HUH))) / 2)

2600 2610 2620 2630 2640 2650 2660 2670 2680 2690 2700

2770

2780

2790

2800

2810

2820

2830

2840

2850

2860

2870

2880 CH = 4 + (1 + 2 t

2890 VTAB 5: HTAB CH

2900 PRINT M*(M)

2910 NEXT M

2920 SOSUB 5130; REM - DASHLINE

2930 FOR J = 1 TO NJ

2940 K2 = 5:K3 = 2

2950 IF NJ > 6 THEN K2 = 6:K3 = 1

FOR N » NS TO NF K = K2 + K3 I J

VTAB K

2960 2970 2980 2990

PRINT J;"."i_TAB(.4)jJ|(J)

t SP - LEN ( STR* ( INT (M(J,M))1)

3000 L = 9 + (1 + 2 » (M - NS)I

3010 VTAB K: HTAB L

3020 PRINT M(J,M)

3030 NEXT M

3040 NEXT J

3050 VTAB 23

3060 PRINT "DO YOU WANT TO CHAN6E ANY DATA?"

3070 PRINT " Y=YES, N=N0": 60T0 3090

3080 PRINT : PRINT "Y=YES, N=N0 .PLEASE": PRINT

3090 INPUT AN*

3100 IF LEFT* (AN*,1) * "Y"

3110 IF LEFT* (AN* 1) = "Y"

3120 IF LEFT* (AN*.1) < >

3130 IF NF = NM 60TD 3160

3140 NS = NF + 1

3150 SOTO 2750

FOR J = 1 TO NJ:C(J) = J: NEXT J

SOSUB 5710: REM - CALCULATES MACHINE TIME

60SUB 1450: REM - CALCULATE SCHEDULE

HOME

= 1 THEN GOSUB 1250: REM - PRINT ENABLE PRINT "INITIAL SEQUENCE" PRINT "ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME"

THEN 60SUB 5180 60T0 2770 ■N" GOTO 3080

3160

3170

3180

3190

3200

3210

3220

3230

3240

3250 6AP = 3

3260 IF J > 9 THEN GAP =

3270 LI = LEN (J*(J1)

3280 L2 = 18 - LI - LEN

IF TTY

PRINT :

PRINT :

PRINT

FOR J = 1 TO NJ

STR* ( INT (T2(J,NM))))

Listing 1 continued on page 562

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Listing 1 continued:

3290 PRINT TAB! GAP);J; SPCI 6)jJ*(J)j SPC( L2);T2(J,NH)

3300 NEXT J

3310 IF TTY = 1 THEN 60SUB 1370: REH - PRINT INHIBIT

3320 PRINT : PRINT : 60SUB 1160; REH -PAUSE

3330 HOHE : PRINT TAB( 17); "INITIAL"sKK = 0

3340 GOSUB 5880: REH - PRINT SCHEDULE

3350 HOHE : PRINT : PRINT

3360 BT = NH t T2(NJ,NH)

3370 DISPLAY = 0

3380 FLA6 « 1

3390 60SUB 6510: REH - IDLE TIHE CALC

GOSUB 1160: REH - PAUSE

IF NH = 2 GOTO 3580 PRINT : PRINT

3400 3410 3420 3430 3440 3450 3460 3470 3480 3490 3500 3510 3520 3530 3540 3550 3560 3570 3580

HOHE

IF NH = 2 GOTO 3580

PRINT PRINT PRINT PRINT

aT0 VIEW ALL LOADING SCHEDULES AS' SEQUENCES ARE DETERMINED," TYPE AN At"

"TO VIEW ONLY THE BEST SCHEDULE(S),' PRINT 'TYPE A B "

PRINT '(ONE HAY RETURN LATER TO REVIEW " "ALL SCHEDULES)' PRINT 'A OR B?"

PRINT

PRINT

INPUT DSI

IF DS* = "B1 THEN DISPLAY = 1: GOTO 35S0

IF DS* = 'A" GOTO 3580

PRINT : PRINT "TYPE A OR B, PLEASE!"

INPUT " -iOSI

60T0 3530

FOR KK = 1 TO NH - 1 3590 RPT « 0 3600 GOSUB 4070:

REH - SET UP FOR 2-MACHINE

60SUB 4240: REH - 2 HACHINE ORDERING

IF RPT < > 1 THEN 60SUB 4910: REH - FILTER

60SUB 1450: REH -CALCULATE SCHEDULE

IF FLAG * 0 60T0 3720

IF NH < > 2 SOTO 3700

IF TTY * 0 GOTO 3700

GOSUB 1250: REH -PRINT ENABLE

60SUB 5130: GOSUB 5130: REH DASHLINE

60SUB 1370: REH -PRINT INHIBIT

60SUB 4670: REH -PRINT 0PTIHAL ORDER

60SUB 5880: REH - PRINT SCHEDULE

60SUB 6510: REH - IDLE TIHE CALC

IF FLAG = 0 GOTO 3760

GOSUB 1160: REH - PAUSE ROUTINE

IF RPT ■ 1 GOTO 3960

NEXT KK

IF NH ■ 2 SOTO 3970

GOSUB 6900: REH - FIND SHALL IDLE TIHE

IF TTY = 0 GOTO 3840

60SUB 1250: REH -PRINT ENABLE

60SUB 5130: 60SUB 5130: REH -DASHLINE

PRINT

GOSUB 1370: REH -PRINT INHIBIT

FOR LL = 0 TO LH 3850 KK = KL(LL) 3860 DISPLAY ■ 0

3870 IF TTY = 1 THEN GOSUB 1250 3880 IF TTY ■ 1 THEN POKE 33,40: HOHE : POKE 33,33 3890 HOHE : PRINT : PRINT

PRINT "A 600D JOB SEQUENCE IS:'

PRINT

PRINT "ORDER JOB NAHE FINISH TIHE"

PRIHT

IF NH = 2 THEN RETURN 3950 RPT = 1: SOTO 3600 3960 NEXT LL

GOSUB 5490: REH - REPEAT?

ON FLAG GOTO 4010,4030

PRINT : PRINT "THEN GOODBYE!": PRINT

GOTO 4050 4010 FLAG -- 0: HOHE 4020 GOSUB 1960: 60T0 2680 4030 FLAG * 0: HOHE 4040 60T0 1940 4050 END

3610 3620 3630 3640 3650 3660 3670 3680 3690 3700 3710 3720 3730 3740 3750 3760 3770 3780 3790 3800 3810 3820 3830 3840

3900 3910 3920 3930 3940

3970 3980 3990 4000

Listing 1 continued on page 564

LSI 11/23 PLUS COMPUTERS WITH UP TO 4 MEGABYTES RAM MEMORY

CI-103

CI-11/23 AC

CI-11/03 LK CI-520

DESKTOP COMPUTER — Complete computer system enclosed within a VT103 video terminal with

LSI 11/2 and 64KB Memory

With LSI 11/23 and 256KB Memory

With LSI 11/23 PLUS and 1 Megabyte Memory

LSI 11/23 CPU with MMU, 256K byte RAM Memory. Power supply, 8x4 backplane, in a rack

mountable chassis

Same with LSI 11/23 PLUS and 1 Megabyte Memory

LSI 11/2 CPU with 64K byte RAM Memory. Power supply, fixed and floating point instruction set

(KEV11) and 8x4 backplane in a rack mountable chassis

10 Megabyte Winchester with 2 Megabyte 5'/4" floppy RX02/RL02 or RX50/WD50 emulation ....

$3100.00 $4100.00 $5395.00

$2675.00 $4395.00

$1845.00 $3995.00

256KB TO 1 MEGABYTE OF MEMORY ON A DUAL WIDTH CARD

• On board parity generator with CSR

• Addressable as a contiguous block in 256KB increments

• Battery back-up mode SINGLE QTY. PRICE: 256KB

$ 595.00

CI-1240-WF 42 Megabyte Winchester disk system with controller and 2MB floppy backup $6995.00

C1-1220-TF Dual drive, double density, double sided, 2MB capacity floppy plus DMA LSI 11 controller occupying 3'/2" of vertical space . .. $2695.000

DON'T ASK WHY WE CHARGE SO LITTLE, ASK WHY THEY CHARGE SO MUCH

£

Chrislin Industries, Inc.

31352 Via Colinas • Westlake Village, CA 91362

Telephone: 213-991-2254 • TWX 910-494-1253 CHRISLIN WKVG

LSI and DEC's are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporate

Circle 69 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 563

Serial 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ < ■ ■ ■ ■ ^ Parallel

PRINTERS! PLOTTERS! PUNCHES! ROBOTS!

Convert What You Have To What You Want I

* RS232 Serial * Centronics Parallel

* 8 Baud Rates * Handshake Signals

' Latched Outputs * Compact 3J{ x A\ x ty

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the type of port you have available! Our new High Performance 700 Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on the latest In CMOS technology these units feature lull baud rate selection to 19.2K, with handshake signals to maximize transfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allows simplified installation. Order the Modal 770 (Ser/Par) or Model 775 (Par/Ser) Todayl

only*89.85

Conwctor Opllon 110.00 CA HollClomu 0% III 1501-BPirwSirwrt ups Shipping WOO

Pow Crtfica Boa 2233

Oxn«rt, Cilifomi* 93030

CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 Fj For FAST Delivery

Circle 175 on Inquiry card.

&TDK

flexible disks

Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted.

VISA'

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 (In Cal call (805)543-1037)

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

PConnection

Three functions In one card slotModem, Calendar clock. Serial port I

The PConnection is a premium telecommunications card for the IBM PC with a direct connect Sell I03/II3 modem, a real time clock, and a serial I/O port for expanded communications capabilities. The PConnection gives you all three functions in a single card slot'

The PConnection has autodial (Touch Tone or pulse) and autoanswer, plus a built-in speaker for line status monitoring. Software selectable protocol and modes. The real time clock can be used to autodial predetermined phone numbers at preset times Excellent for polling and remote monitoring applications. PConnection (plug-in modem) - S250 Enhanced PConnection with real time clock and additional RS-232 - S300. Another quality modem from

the mtcropertpheral corporation

2565 I52nd Avenue N.E. Redmond. WA 98052

(206) 881-7544

ibm <s a registered mdemaik oi

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

4060 rem mmmmmm

SUBROUTINE COMBINE

COMBINES DATA FOR INPUT TO JOHNSON TWO-MACHINE QUICK AND CLEAN ALGORITHM

OiB(J) ■ 0

M + 1)

4070 REM

4080 REM

4090 REM

4100 REM

4110 REM

4120 REM

4130 FOR J ■ 1 TO NJ

4140 A(J)

4150 NEXT J

4160 FOR H » 1 TO KK

4170 FOR J = 1 TO NJ

4180 AM) « AM) + M(J.H)

4190 BM) = BM) + H(J,NH

4200 NEXT J

4210 NEXT M

4220 RETURN

4230 rem mmmmmum

4240 REN SUBROUTINE FOR JOHNSON 4250 REN TN0 MACHINE QUICK fc CLEAN 4260 REM

4270 NF ' 0:NL » NJ:L = 0 4280 60SUB 4550: REM -FIND MAX ELEMENT 4290 FOR J " 1 TO NJ 4300 CM) ' NJ + 1 4310 NEXT J 4320 SH ■ LA 4330 FOR J » 1 TO NJ 4340 FL « 0

4350 REM : ELIMINATE DONE JOBS FOR Jl = 1 TO NJ IF J * CM1) THEN FL = 1 NEXT Jl

IF FL » 1 GOTO 4420 IF BM) < ■ SM THEN SM IF AM) < ■ SM THEN SM NEXT J

2 60T0 4460 IL

+ 1: 60T0 4480 IL - 1 > « NF GOTO 4320

4360 4370 4380 4390 4400 4410 4420 4430

BMhlL = J:L = 2 AM):IL = J:L = 0

IF L

4440 CINF) > 4450 NF » NF 4460 C(NL) ■ 4470 NL = NL 4480 IF NL

DETERMINES MAXIMUM ELEMENT OF TWO ARRAYS A,B

4490 REM GENERATE ARRAY FOR FILTER

4500 FOR J - 1 TO NJ

4510 SEQ(KK.J) = CM)

4520 NEXT J

4530 RETURN

4540 rem mmmmmm

4550 REM SUBROUTINE MAXIMUM

4560 REM

4570 REM

4580 REM

4590 REM

4600 LA ■ Ad)

4610 FOR J = 1 TO NJ

4620 IF (AM) > LA) THEN LA * AM)

4630 IF (BM) > LA) THEN LA - BM)

4640 NEXT J

4650 RETURN

4660 rem mmmmmm

4670 REM SUBROUTINE OUTPUT ORDER

4680 REM

4690 REM PRINTS JOB SEQUENCE

4700 REM

4710 IF TTY = 1 THEN G0SUB 1250

4720 IF RPT = 1 SOTO 4800

4730 HOME : PRINT i PRINT

4740 IF NM < > 2 60T0 4760

PRINT 'AN OPTIMAL SEQUENCE IS:" 'A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS:'

4750

4760 PRINT

4770 PRINT

4780 PRINT "ORDER

4790 PRINT

4800 FOR J = 1 TO NJ

4810 GAP - 3

4820 IF J > 9 THEN GAP

GOTO 4770

JOB NAME FINISH TIME"

Listing 1 continued on page 566 Circle 106 on Inquiry card. >

Br

. '

&■

AN ASTRONOMICAL VALUE

7

1

CALL: (303) 279-2848 or (800) 525-7877

?*v.

Si

WW

THE COMPUTER LINE, INC.

GOLDEN, COLORADO Offer void outside the Milky Way

64K (m VIC 20 SELECT ARAM

SELECT RRflM

STANDARD FEATURES

L£(ROARO D WRITE PROTECTION EXPANDABLE II

MODULES LE WIIHflOM CARTRIDGES WAflRANTI ON PARTS

4 UiliiiiU,

i'iMICifniiiiiiiiir^~

APS-52A

S2K MEMORY FOR ATARI 400/800 $119.00

Ml EXPANSION M

'E-IN5 ACCEPTED .... 3 AND 800 ABE TRAOEM

512-441-3202

PO BOX 43006 Austin, Tx.

78745-0001

B

advanced-processor.systems

H

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

$$ Printers $$

> WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD S EPSON

RX 80, MX SOFT, MX 10OFT, FX 80 4 newest FX 100 "lowest prices In the USA"

Gemini 10X $329

Gemini 15 494

Prowrlter8510(P) 385

All other printers discounted Miscellaneous Hardware

Microsoft Premium Pack 479

Microsoft Soltcard 239

Microsoft Soltcard Plus 489

(Includes vldex 80 Col.)

Smartterm 80 Col 146

Wizard 80 Col 179

Vldex 80 Col. Combo 257

Printer Cards

Parallel 89

Wizard Buffered BPO 149

Grappler + 125

Buffered Grappler + 209

THE COMPUTER STORE

3941 -BS. Bristol Street

Dept. 345

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: {BOO) 824-2227

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

CB80*

Language Utilities

f Directory display function, accepts CP/M* ambiguous file references + Drive select error recovery + Disk read/write error recovery f Default drive finder function t All for only $99

These professional utilities are powerful yet easy to use. Complete documentation with many examples on how to use them is included. Call or send for complete description. Visa, MasterCharge, C.O.D. accepted.

Elite Software

421 Hwy 30, Suite 121 College Station, Texas 77840 409-696-3328 'CP/M & CB80 TM of Digital Research

Circle 173 on Inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

4830 LI = LEN (J((C(J)I)

4840 L2 ' 18 - LI - LEN ( STR* ( INT (T2M,HN))))

TAB! GAP);J; SPC( 6);J*(C(J>); SPCI L2);T2(J,NH)

4850 PRINT

4860 NEXT J

4870 IF TTY

4880 PRINT

4890 RETURN

4900 REH

4910 REH

4920 REN

4930 REN

4940 REH

4950 REH

4960 FLAG

4970 IF NH 4980 4990

5000 IF NFLAG

5010 NF = 0

5020 FOR J

" 1 THEN 60SUB 1370: REH 60SUB 1160: REH - PAUSE

mtmtmmmm

SUBROUTINE FILTER

CHECKS FOR DUPLICATE POSSIBLE SEQUENCES

END PRINT

1

2 THEN

5030 5040 5050 5060 5070 5080 5090 5100 5110 5120 5130 5140 5150 5160 5170 5180 5190 5200 5210 5220 5230 5240 5250 5260 5270 5280 5290 5300 5310

RETURN IF KK < 2 THEN RETURN FOR K = 1 TO KK - 1

0 60T0 5070

1 TO NJ IF NF = 1 SOTO 5050 IF CM) < > SEQ(K,J) THEN NF = 1 NEXT J

IF NF = 0 THEN FLAG » 0 NEXT K

REH FLAG=1 IF SEQUENCE REH DIFFERS FR0H PREVIOUS SEQUENCES REH RETURN

reh mtmtmmmm

REH i SUBROUTINE DASHLINE

REH

PRINT '

RETURN

reh mtmtmmmm

SUBROUTINE CORRECT

PROVIDES FOR CORRECTIONS TO INPUT DATA

'ENTER JOB •'! INPUT J

"N0H ENTER NEW JOB DESCRIPTION AND" "TIHES FOR ALL HACHINE OPERATIONS." "SEPARATE NAHE AND TIHES WITH SLASHES" "(/)"

REH

REH

REH

REH

REH

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

INPUT HI 5320 I « 1

5330 IF HID* (WI,I,i) < > "/" THEN 1 = 1 + 1: GOTO 5330 5340 IL = I - 1: IF IL > 6 THEN IL = 6 5350 JIM) = LEFT* (HI.ID 5360 HI s HIDI (HI, I + 1) 5370 H = NS 5380 I = 1

5390 IF HIDI (HI,1,1) 5400 IF HIDI (HI,1,1) 5410 N(J.H) = VAL ( LEFT* (HI,I 5420 HI * HIDI (Nt,I ♦ 1) 5430 H = H ♦ 1 5440 GOTO 5380

5450 IF LEH ( LEFTI (HI,I - D) 5460 HM.H) * VAL ( LEFTI (HI,I 5470 RETURN

5480 reh mtmtmmmm

5490 REH SUBROUTINE REPEAT 5500 REH 5510 FLA6 = 0 5520 PRINT

PRINT "DO YOU HISH TO SCHEDULE MORE?"

PRINT "Y OR N"i SOTO 5560

PRINT "Y OR H, PLEASE"

IHPUT AHI

IF ANI ' "H" THEN RETURH

IF AHI ( > "Y" THEH GOTO 5550

PRINT : PRINT : PRINT "DO YOU HISH TO H0DIFY EXISTING DATA?"

i) < >

GOTO 5450 7" THEH I 1)>

I + 1: GOTO 5390

' 0 GOTO 5470 1)1

5530 5540 5550 5560 5570 5580 5590

Listing 1 continued on page 568

yX&

o*^>*

o^

■' ,w„(jy

■ ■ ■

C»» &

utf»

■ I I

■ ■

* I

■ .«

*sffi»SSi2*

vo^rxCt *

■

":, -1

■

«i ::

•<->' m

*^>

.„.-■■ .'..

m

V>

m

* •!;'■■■

f i

■*•'

,i* I - * - I

*:: ■

• ■

t *

\

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.„-»—"""

■ ■

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'■ ■

' I,

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I

'«,«•

I »

O Dysan

^/corporation

Solve your dtoc problem*, buy 100% aurfacc tested Dyian rtelmm AD ocdera tMpped ton tock. wtthki 24 houm CaOtoOHIEE (800) 235-4137 for prices and Information. Vteaand MasterCard accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo. CA 93401. (InCal. call (805) 543-1037.)

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

S-100 COLOR GRAPHICS!

THE ORIGINAL TMS9918A GRAPHICS BOARD

• Field-proven board meets IEEE-696 standard; fully socketed with solder masks, silkscreen and gold contact lingers.

• Prioritized display with backdrop and pattern planes plus 32 sprite planes; each pixel in a plane can be colored or transparent

• Three graphics and one text display mode; maximum graphics resolution is 256H x 192V in 16 colors.

• Composite video output

• On-boarrj 16K RAM is separate Irom system memory

• Vertical retrace interrupt tor real time clock capability

• 0-4 wait slates for use with fast MPUs.

• All board options are DIP swiich selectable.

• Professional duality documentation with BASIC demonstration programs and Tl's TMS9918A manual

• Exclusive Graphics Editor available on 8" SSSD CP/M-compatible diskette.

rllcToDynamfci

Corporation

6363 Poplar Ave • Suite 105 Memphis. TN 38119

SUMMER SPECIAL! $179.95*

(AST)

ORDER DESK:

1-800-237-8400 Ml 440

Technical Inquiries;

19011-682-4054

'Price includes MICROSPRITE wilh documentation Graphics Editor diskette- S9.95. Manual - $19.95. Bare board - $59 95 UPS ground-S200. IPS air-$4.00. COD-SI.50. Foreign add $15 00. VISA S MC welcome, TN add 6%.

DEALER AND OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

Circle 296 on Inquiry card.

Smith-Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel Printer

0* $44Q00

UNBELIEVABLE!

• fully-formed characters • serial or parallel inter.ace

• compatible wuh most • choice ol 10 or 12 CPI

microcomputers models

Also for your TP-1 letter quality printer — the Smith-Corona Tractor Feed

1 Adjustable tractor widths

$13495

or continuous iorm Quick, easy fi

Circle 184 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

5600 PRINT "Y OR N"

5610 INPUT AN*

5620 IF AN* ' "V THEN FLAG = 1: RETURN

5630 IF AN* -- "N" GOTO 5660

5640 PRINT "Y OR N, PLEASE!"

5650 GOTO 5610

5660 PRINT : PRINT j PRINT "THEN, A NEW PROBLEM IS ASSUMED"

5670 FOR T = 1 TO 2500s NEXT T

5680 FLA6 ■ 2

5690 RETURN

5700 reh ttmmmmmm

5710 REH SUBROUTINE MACHINE TIME

5720 REM

5730 REM CALCULATES CUMULATIVE

5740 REH TIHE ON EACH HACHINE

5750 REH AS HELL AS TOTAL MACHINE

TIHE.

1

= 0 TO NH +

Oi NEXT N = 1 TO NH » 1 TO NJ

HT(H) + H(J,H)

OUTPUT

5760 REH

5770 REH

5790 FOR N

5790 HT(N) =

5800 FOR H

5810 FOR J

5920 HT(H) =

5930 NEXT J

5940 HTfNN + 1) = HTINH + 1) + HT(M)

5950 NEXT H

5960 RETURN

5970 rem mtmtmmmm

5990 REM : SUBROUTINE SCHEDULE

5890 REH

5900 REH ARRANGES DISPLAY OF

5910 REH HACHINE SCHEDULE

5920 REH

5930 IF DISPLAY » 1 THEN RETURN

5940 NS = 1

5950 IF KK < > 0 THEN HOME

IF NS = 1 60T0 6000

HOME

PRINT TAB( 12);"SCHEDULE(C0NT.)"

GOTO 6010

PRINT TAB! 16);"SCHEDULE"

60SUB 5130

PEEK (37) + 1 CV

5960 5970 5980 5990 6000 6010 6020 CV 6030 CS

"JOB"

NM

6040 VTAB CV: PRINT

6050 NF ■ NS + 3

6060 IF NF > NH THEN NF =

6070 FOR N = NS TO NF

6080 VTAB CV

6090 CH • 3 + (1 + 2 * (N - NS)) t SP + INT ((7 - LEN (N*(N))> / 2)

6100 HTAB CH: PRINT Ht(N>

6110 NEXT N

6120 CV = CV + 2: VTAB CV: PRINT " I"

6130 FOR N * NS TO NF

6140 VTAB CV

6150 CH = 3 +

6160 GAP = SP

6170 IF NH >

6180 PRINT "

6190 NEXT N

6200 VTAB (CV + 1)

6210 GOSUB 5130: REM

6220 FOR N = CS TO CV

6230 HTAB 5: VTAB N

6240 PRINT "»"

6250 NEXT N

6260 VTAB (CV ♦ 2)

6270 FOR J = 1 TO NJ

6280 FOR N = NS TO NF

6290 SKN)

6300 S2(N) =

6310 NEXT N

6320 H » 1

6330 K2 » 4:

6340 IF C(J) <

6350 CV = PEEK

(2 t (N - NS) * 1) I SP: HTAB CH - 3

= 5 THEN GAP = SP - 2 IN"; SPC( GAP);"OUT"

-DASHLINE

SP SP

IF NJ

LEN LEN

STRI STR*

INT (T1(J,N)))) INT (T2(J,N))))

> 6 THEN K2 = 2 10 THEN H = 2 (37)

Listing 1 continued on page 570

McGraw-Hill Bookstore

The Professionals' Information Center _^^^_

An Introduction

From Basics to Matrixing... From Children to Professionals... COMPUTER KNOWLEDGE IS FOR EVERYONE

1. Science & Engineering Programs for the Timex/Sinclair 1000 by Cass Lewart. 25 of the most frequently encountered programs. 120 pp. $13.95

2. A Guide to the IBM Personal Computer by Walter Sikoniwiz. A comprehensive guide featuring DOS 2.0 and BASIC 2.0 for the XT 312 pp. $19.95

3. Learn Basic: A Guide to Programming the Texas Instruments Compact Computer 40 by David Thomas. 28 short, easy-to-follow lessons. 224 pp. $9.95

4. Micro-Processors An Introduction by Paul Kimberley. Principles and jargon of modern microelectronics and computer systems. 280 pp. $6.95

5. Your First Personal Computer How to Buy and Use It by Charles Buffington. What to look for and what to look out for... informal, nontechnical. $8.95

6. BASICS A Guide to the Timex/Sinclair 1000 (2K) by H. Mullish. Teaches you to program for personal finance, household, graphics, games. 160 pp. $9.95

7. Hands-On BASIC for the Apple II by Herbert Peckham. A guided approach with emphasis on programming for practical tasks. 320 pp. $19.95

8. Hands-On BASIC for the IBM Personal Computer by H. D. Peckham. Learn the machine; master BASIC; use applications including graphics. 352 pp. $19.95

9. Apple PASCAL A Hands-On Approach by Luerhmann & Peckham. Every step is clearly and understandably presented. 384 pp. $19.95

10. Learning with LOGO by D. H. Watt. The computer language for children; covers programming and activities; pictures and examples. 256 pp. $19.95

11. Top-Down BASIC for the TRS-80 Color Computer by K. Skier. Advanced programming skills; 11 color BASIC programs. 256 pp. $14.95

12. Top-Down Assembly Language Programming For Your 6502 Personal Computer by K. Skier. For first-time users. 434 pp. $16.95

13. Introduction to Visicalc Matrixing for Apple & IBM by H. Anbarlian. Designed for software Spreadsheet users. 252 pp. $22.95

All above titles published by McGraw-Hill, inc.

BYTE September 1983 569

BREAKTHROUGH

i' <H,

'#ws t IMMEDIATE \ *°<>bpk

VI MODEMS

V DELIVERY Z ,\

' MODEMS'

MODEMS

•UDS 103-O/ALP, 300 bps, full duplex,

manual originate or answer modem

•UDS 212LP, 1200 bps, lull duplex, manual

originate or answer Modem

•Other models are available upon request

ORDER TODAY: 1-800-323 2666 or 312-459-8866

i.e.

Circle 230 on inquiry card.

Programmable Communications Translator

The PCT-100 is a configurable in-line rs-232 protocol and data translator, the pct-100 can provide:

* Terminal or printer emulation

* DEC OR IBM SYSTEM compatibility

* Macro-function keys

* "Type-ahead" and data buffering

* Baud rate conversion

* HANDSHAKE PROTOCOL TRANSLATION (E.G. CTS/RTS. XON/XOFF)

the pct-100 is configured using a built-in Communications Translation Language. Programs can be easily entered 8 edited from any ascii device.

PCT-100-PCB (PCB ONLY) * 289

PCT-100-ASM (PCB W/ CASE)..$ 339 PCT-512-M0D (POWER SUPPLY).! 59

J\HSQ

VISA'

Method Systems Incorporated

19751 South Lakeshore Boulevard

Euclid, Ohio V»119

(216) 531-040*

Circle 282 on inquiry card.

maxell

Floppy Discs

CALL NOW-TOLL FREE

1-800-328-DISC

Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D.'s and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE.

w

AA4

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

While Bear Lake. MN 55110

1-800 328-DI.SC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

Circle 323 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

6360 PRINT TAB( H)iC(J)

6370 FOR N = NS TO NF

6380 VTAB 1CV + 1)

6390 CH = 5 + 2 t (N - NS) 1 SP

6400 HTAB CH

6410 PRINT SPC( Sl(NJ)l INT (T1(J,N) ♦ 0.5); SPC( S2(N))i INT (T2(J,H) + 0.5)

6420 NEXT N

6430 CV = CV + K2; VTAB CV

6440 NEXT J

6450 SOSUB 1160) REN - PAUSE ROUTINE

6460 IF NF ' NH 60T0 6490

6470 NS = NF + 1

6480 60T0 5950

6490 RETURN

6500 ren mmmmmtmt

6510 REN SUBROUTINE IDLE TINE 6520 REN

6530 REN CALCULATES CUMULATIVE 6540 REN TOTAL OF TINE MACHINES 6550 REN ARE IDLE. 6560 REH

6570 P = 10.IS = 0.5 6580 OT = NH t T2(NJ,NH) 6590 IF OT > BT THEN BT = OT 6600 TL - LEN ( STRt ( INT (OTD) 6610 IT(KK) = ( INT ((OT - NTINM +1)) I P + 0)1 / P 0 THEN RETURN

6620 6630 6640 6650 6660 6670 6680 6690 6700 6710 6720 6730 6740 6750 6760 6770

IF FLA6

HONE

IF TTY = 1 THEN 60SUB 1250: REN -PRINT ENABLE

PRINT

PRINT TAB( 3):"PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR"

IF KK < > 0 GOTO 6700

PRINT TAB( 10);"INITIAL SEQUENCE"

GOTO 6740

IF NM < > 2 SOTO 6730

PRINT TAB( lOlj'OPTIHAL SEQUENCE"

60T0 6740

PRINT TAB( 12);

60SUB 5130: REN

PRINT : PRINT

PRINT "TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME "

PRINT "= ■lOTl" "iUNITI

LEN ( STR* ( INT (MT(NM +1))))

'"THIS SEQUENCE" DASHLINE

6780 SI = TL

6790 PRINT

6800 PRINT "TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME ■

6810 PRINT ■■ "} SPC( S1)|HT(NH + 1); SPC( DjUNITI

6820 PRINT

6830 81 « TL - LEN < STR* ( INT (IT(KK))))

6840 PRINT "IDLE MACHINE TIME '

6850 PRINT "= ■; SPCI SD)IT(KK); SPC( DjUNITI

6860 PRINT

6870 IF TTY = 1 THEN G0SUB 1370: REM - PRINT INHIBIT

6880 RETURN

6890 reh mmummmm

6900 REH SUBROUTINE SHORTEST SEQUENCE

6910 REH

6920 REH SELECTS SHORTEST SEQUENCES

6930 REH OF THOSE SEQUENCES

6940 REH SUGGESTED BY JOHNSON

6950 REH AL60RITHH.

6960 REH

6970 FOR N = 0 TO NH - 1

6980 IF IT(N) < BT THEN BT = IT(N)

6990 NEXT N

7000 IS = - 1

7010 KK = 0

7020 IF IT(KK) = BT THEN IS = KK

7030 IF KK > « (NH - 1) 60T0 7050

7040 KK » KK + 1: GOTO 7020

7050 KL(0) = IS

7060 L * 1

7070 FOR N » 0 TO IS - 1

7080 IF IT IN) < > BT GOTO 7110

7090 KL(L) « N

7100 L * L + 1

7110 NEXT N

7120 LH ■ L - 1

Listing 1 continued on page 572

Special of the Month!

IBM PC- COMPLETE LINE

IBM

PC System includes 64K IBM-PC with 320KB Floppy Disk Drive. Controller, Color Graphics Card,

Monitor All for only $2599.00

LOTUS 1-2-3 SOFTWARE .. J4S9

AST RESEARCH

IO Plus-Parallel & Serial Port. Clock Calendar W/Bat. back-up. Superdrive.

Superspool $199.00

Combo Plus- 256K. Parallel & Serial Port. Clock Calendar W/Bat. back-up. Superdrive. Superspool S499.00

Mega Plus- 5I2K. Parallel & Serial Port. Clock Calendar W/Bat back-up $999.00

QUADRAM

Quad Board - 256K. Parallel Port. Serial I/O Clock Calendar with battery backup

$599.00

512K Ram with Serial I/O . * 799.00 HERCULES GRAPHICS CARD This card gives you 720x350

graphics 1499.00

BIG BLUE $479.00

MAYNARO SANDSTAR SERIES

Multifunction Card $95.00

Floppy Disk Controller . $225.00

Memory Card $189.00

Add-On Memory Module , ... $99.00

Parallel Port Module $75.00

Serial Port Module $95.00

Clock Calendar Module $75.00

Games Adapter Module $59.00

OTHER PRODUCTS FOR IBM

THE ULTIMATE SOLUTION TO THE PC EXPANSION DILEMMA FROM LNW COMPUTERS FOR

YOUR IBMPC AND PCXT

BUSBOARD "MOTHERBOARD". Allows for addition of eleven 1111 different modules and additional processing power through coprocessor BUS . . . $349.95 LNW80 CP/M PLUSCOPROCESSOR MODULE. Z80A module runs CP/M® and CP/M PLUS® as well as CP/M 2.2 programs. For use in both 5" and 8" disk drives $249.95 ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICA TIONS I/O. Allows each Busboard to contain up to 8 separate serial asynchronous channels with a total of 15 different channels $79.95

5 OR 8" FLOPPY DISK I/O MODULE. Replaces disk controller in PC and is compatible with diskettes from other CP/M 86® and CPIMP systems

$169.95

PARALLEL PRINTER I/O MODULE. Multi-user Printer port addressing, or general purpose 8-bit I/O

port $49.95

CLOCK CALENDAR I/O MODULE. Operates both CP/M 86® and MSDOS®. Also includes back-up battery and Alarm

function $69.95

GAME I/O MODULE. Compatible with IBM PC Game I/O card. Allows for connection of either 2 joysticks, or 4 paddles $49.9S

DIRECT-CONNECT MODEM I/O MODULE. Features answer/dial in tone or pulse for low cost long distance services. Program listing allows for smart modem under BASIC Speed dialer

program included $149.95

A/D I/O MODULE. 16 independent multiplexed analog input channels w/8 bits of resolution per channel . $109.95 8 BIT I/O MODULE. Both latched 8 bits output and input with interrupt capability fully supported. User programmable port addressing for up to 8 modules per

Busboard $59.95

PROTOTYPING I/O MODULE. Utilizes 3M Scotchflex Breadboard prototyping system. Complete with 40 conductor I/O BUS connector and an assortment of prototyping pins $29.95

WORD PLUS—PC

Word Processing Software

$299

HARD DISK SYSTEMS FOR IBM AND APPLE

DAVONG FOR IBM Internal

5MB 10MB. 15MB 21MB. 32MB

$1495 $1795 $2295 $2595 $2995

External $1695 $1995 $2495 $2795 $3195

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SHUGART

SA400 SS/SD

SA450 DS/DD . . SA800/801 SS/SD. SA850/851 DS/DD

$169.00 $239.00 $365.00

$459.00

TANDON

TM-IOO-I SS/DD TM-100-2 DS/DD TM-100-4 DS/DD TM-848-1 SS/DD TM-848-2 DS/DD

CALL

CALL

$359.00

$425.00

$499.00

SIEMENS

FDD 100-5 $159.00

FDD 200-5 $199.00

DISK DRIVES

For IBM PC

Tandon 100-2 . CALL

Teac 55-B Slimline 320KB $260

Shugart SA-455 Slimline 320KB $250

THE BUSINESS MANAGER Integrated Accounting System

The best and most complete business program package on the market. Providing all the software and storage you ever wanted. All software pre-installed on 10 or 15MB hard disk and ready to run. No more diskettes and tedious paper work. High speed. All programs self-prompting and menu driven. Fully guaranteed and supported Includes: General Ledger Accounts Receivable Accounts Payable Billing Inventory Payroll Word Processor Spelling Checker File Management Spreadsheet Database Management System CALL

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE ALL RETURNED MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO A 20% RESTOCKING FEE.

ADD 10% FOR NET TERMS

PRICES GOOD IN U.S. ONLY.

PRICES REFLECTED IN THIS

SECTION ARE LOWER THAN FRANCHISE STORES.

PRINTERS

TAVA PRINTERS BY DIABLO

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS Model 11

80 Column/100 CPS

Model 31

132 Column/100 CPS

Model 32

132 Column/150 CPS

Model 38

132 Column/400 CPS .... DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS Model 620

132 Column/20CPS

Model 630

API/40 CPS Letter Quality

Model 630

ECS /API-40CPS

Multi-Lingual

CALL CALL CALL CALL

CALL CALL

CALL

Dalsywrlter Dalsywheel

Printer $999.00

NEC SPINWRITER

SEC

7710-1 $1995 3510

7715-1 . $2195 3515

7730-1 $1995 3530

7720-1 $2595 3550

$1395 $1395 $1595 $1895 $ 495

7725-1 $2595 PC8023A .

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10 CALL

Gemini 15 CALL

SMITH CORONA ffffff

TP-1 parallel

TP-I serial

CMTOH

GX-100 [50 CPS Dot Matnx|

8510

1550 [I5"|

F-IO (40 CPS, Letter Qual.) $ F-IO (55 CPS. Letter Qual.| $ OKIDATA

82A

83A

84AP parallel

84AS serial t

92A

93A

IDS PRISM

Prism 132 (B & W]

Color

brother brother.

HR-I A parallel

HR-I A serial

HR-15

Tractor feed option

$579.00 $579.00

$249.00 $469.00 $699.00 1395.00 1695.00

$429.00 $699.00 $999.00 1099.00 $525.00 $999.00

1395.00 $ CALL

$769.00 $869.00 $599.00 $135.00

MONITORS

AVAILABLE |AII Modelsl .... CALL PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYSTEMS

His Res. Color CALL

cippkz

APPLE lie

Computer System. Controller. Two Disk Drives. Monitor $1890

TAVA PLUS COMPUTER SYSTEM (APPLE II + COMPATIBLE)

64K CPU Expandable to I28K 2 Disk Drives Controller Card Monitor, Parallel Port. Serial Port. 2 Game 1/0's, CP/M"1 on board, DOS 3 5 $1299

(714) 261-1000

FRANCHISE INQUIRIES WELCOME

ItUI ARMSTRONG. IRVINE. CA 92714

HEADQUARTERS/TELEX! 111*67 — ANSWER BACK: COMPDSHACK IRIN

■IBM is a registered traoerrurrK ol I8\n Corporator) •APPLE ii a registered trademark of Apple Computers Inc •CP/M and CPIM86 are registered trademarks of Digital Researcn Inc

ALL FLOPPIES REPAIRED QUICKLY AT LOW COST

Apple 11+ Compatible Computer System W/48K of memory. One "Data Drive" disk drive. Controller card. 12" green screen Hi-Resolution Monitor. All Cables are included for a Compushack

price of $999.00

Additional Drive

With purchase of above

System $100.00

OTHER PRODUCTS

FOR APPLE

Special of the Month! k $259

TAVA CORP.

DATA DRIVE

100% Compatible Disk drive for APPLE 11+ and APPLE He. Runs DOS. CPM«>. Pascal software. SLIMLINE DRIVE $269.00

TAVA PRODUCTS FOR APPLE

Cooling System and

Power Monitor $59

Joystick $49

80 Column Card $149

HAYES MICROCOMPUTER PRODUCTS

Micromodem II 300 baud $299.95 Smartmodem 1200 baud $529.95 PERSONAL ACCOUNTANT Software for your Apple He and Apple II + $199.00

EPD PRODUCTS

Lemon Surge Protector ,... $49.95

Lime Surge Protector $79.95

Peach Surge Protector . . $89.95 Orange Surge Protector $129.95

Plum Surge Protector . . $48.95

DEC Rainbow 100

Keybaord. CPU. Z-80/8088. 64K. Serial RS232 Port. Two X-400KB Disk Drives. Monitor. CP/M86»/80 Software. CALL

CompuShack

COMPUSHACK FRANCHISES AVAILABLE

Idaho Illinois New York

Texas Washington

Wisconsin

Canada

U.K.

Concord

Irvine

La Mirada

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Chicago

New York

Rochester

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Austin

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|415| 826-4752 (714) 261-1000 (213) 947-9505 Valley (213) 906-7000 (415) 838-2233 (714| 730-7227 (415| 945-8011 *

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(608) 845-7110

(416J 249-8601

01-935-0480

PRODUCTS AND PRICES NOT AVAILABLE AT ALL STORES

■CALL FOR NUMBER

Circle 566 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 571

KayproJIv/ilrj Wordstar • Juki 6100 (18cps) letter quality • Interface cable • Free shipping in U.S.

Just Arrived! Kaypro 10

For Complete Selection and ^JJJ ]Lowest Prices — Free Catalog

COMPUTERS

and more

2420 University Ave., Suite 3, To Order San Diego, Ca. 92104 (619)291-1442

Circle 108 on Inquiry card.

Apple ll/lle®

Robotic Development Package ^.

fi

2 Axis

Stepper Motor System

• A6T/D Plug-In Interface ftfl__

• R2 D23 Dual Axis Driver X.^hS

• (2) Size 23 Motors VMUVI

• Positioning Command with Ramping from Applesoft® BASIC

ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442

2710 S. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704

Circle 384 on Inquiry card.

Apple ll/lle®

Industrial Control Plug-In Boards

(SOFTWARE INCLUDED)

Opto-lsolated 16/32 I/O Board

$295

Individually Configurable Compatible with SSR Modules Opto-lsolated Interrupt Inputs

2 Axis Stepper Motor Interface

• Positioning Control 01 f"IC

• Pulse Counting/Timing \ I Mil

• Frequency Measurements ™ */**

ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442

2710 S. Croddy Way, Santa Ana, CA 92704

Circle 385 on inquiry card.

Listing 1 continued:

7130 RETURN

ren mmmmmmmm

PARALLEL DRIVER ROUTINE

7140

7150 REM

7160 REN

7170 REN

7180 REN

7190 REN

7200 REN

7210 REN

7220 REN

7230 REN

7240 REN

7250 REN

7260 REN

7270 REN

7280 REN

7290 REN

7300 REN

7310 REN

7320 REN

7330 REN

7340 REN

7350 REN

7360 REN

7370 REN

7380 REN

7390 REN

7400 REN

7410 REN

7420 REN

7430 REN

7440 RESTORE

7450 FOR N » 0

7460 NP = 768 +

7470 READ P POKE NP,P NEXT N

DATA 169,255,141.162,192,169

128,141,160,192,169, 60

141,161,192,141,163,192

169, 27,133, 54,169, 3

133, 55, 96,141, 88, 3

32,240,253,173, 88, 3

201,141,208, 12,173, 87

3,141, 89, 3,169, 13

32, 61, 3, 96, 32, 61

3,206, 89, 3,240,236

96, 73, 0,141,162,192

169, 60,141,163,192, 73

8,141,163,192,173,163

192, 41,128,240,249,173

162,192, 96,132,141, 8

FOR USE WITH EPSON PRINTER, AND SSH/AI0 BOARD INSTALLED IN APPLE SLOT 12.

TO INITIALIZE THE DRIVER, RUN THIS SUBROUTINE) CALL(768)

TO ENABLE THE PRINTER: PRINT CHR«(17) POKE 33,33

THE POKE C0HHAND ALLOWS LINE LEN6THS 6REATER THAN 40. IT IS NOT RE0UIRED FOR SHORTER LINES.

TO DISABLE THE PRINTER: PRINT CHRK19) POKE 33,40

THE POKE RETURNS THE APPLE TO A FULL SCREEN.

TO EXIT THE PRINTER DRIVER: PRI0

TO 89 N

7480 7490 7500 7510 7520 7530 7540 7550 7560 7570 7580 7590 7600 7610 7620 7630 7640 7650 7660 7670 7680 7690 7700 7710 7720 7730 7740 7750 7760 7770 7780 7790 7800 7810 7820 7830

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

DATA

REN

REN

REN

REN

REN

REN

RETURN

REN

REN

REN

HONE :

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

PRINT

IF PASS

DRIVER IS SET UP FOR A 132 CHARACTER LINE. FOR A DIFFERENT LENGTH LINE POKE 855.NL WHERE NL IS IS THE DESIRED LINE LENGTH.

mtmtmmmm

SUBROUTINE DISPLAY

PRINT : PRINT

TAB! 3);"BECAUSE THERE ARE N0RE THAN' TAB! 3)|"F0UR HACHINES,SEVERAL SCREENS' TAB! 3);"OF INFORMATION WILL BE PRESENTED' TAB( 3)i"F0R EACH OF THE VARIOUS DISPLAYS.' TAB! 3))"PLEASE FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS' TAB( 3)|"AT THE B0TT0N OF EACH DISPLAYTAB! 3) I "TO 6ET SUBSEQUENT SCREENS" 1 GOTO 7870

7840 PASS * 1

7850 80SUB 1160: REN - PAUSE

7860 RETURN

7870 FOR T = 1 TO 2500

7880 NEXT T

7890 RETURN

*V/.///

i m)i

THE BEST WW TO GIVE THEM

THE PICTURE.

An exact copy. Fax is the only system that sends it most anywhere in the world. Speed. Economy. Confidentiality. Fax puts it together like no other system can.

All you need to send hard copy overseas is a telephone and a facsimile machine. Tne same machine you may already be using domestically. The price of a Fax transmission is the price of a call. And our 1-minute overseas minimum makes it more economical than ever. See the chart for sample rates.

Send signed documents. Graphs. Pictures. Fax transmits an exact duplicate from your original. Sending them requires no special training or personnel. Send them any time.

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Times and costs to transmit a 400-word page to Europe.4'

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Std. Tel Rate (7am-1pm)

COST

Dis. Tel Rate (1pm-6pm)

1

Econ. Tel Rate (6pm-7am)

$2.37 $5.03 $9.02

$1.78 $3.78 $6.78

$1.42 $3.02 $5.42

♦Similar attractive rates to other areas. ♦♦Transmission times vary depending on type of equipment used.

J

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 573

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

WON THE PRICE WAR

In every battle, we came up the victors. Not only in price, but in service and support as well.

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Call to order:

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i Fast execution iROMable I No royalties

I Fully reentrant machine support

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Benchmarks

Lint to ASCII conv.

2. Long to ASCII conv.

3. Long random number generator

4. Double 20 x 20 matrix multiply

5. File copy (16kb)

■ with Real-Time C D without

. -.

El

4 Mhz Z80. 8" SD diskette. Times may vary with processor, disks, etc.

Real-Time C

manual only source code

$ 95 $ 25 $950

Intel mnemonic $ 50 to A-Natural converter

AMX and Real-Time C are trademarks of KADAK Products Lid. A-Nalural isTM ol Whitesmiths Ltd. CP/M isTM ol Digital Research Corp. Z80isTMolZilogCorp.

KADAK Products Ltd.

206-1847 W. Broadway Avenue Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6J1Y5

Telephone: (604) 734-2796 Telex: 04-55670

ir

Text continued from page 558: byte system (cassette). It is worthwhile to make a few comments regarding program flow, limitations, and operations.

We set up the conversational, interactive program for as many as 15 jobs with as many as 20 machine operations. In principle, more machine operations could be used, and, indeed, more jobs could be added if the DIM statements were changed. However, due to the Apple's vertical display limitation, the various schedules would be confusing in these instances.

We marked the program subroutines with asterisks in listing 1 and included a brief description of subroutine operation at the beginning of each subroutine listing. Also, within the listing, each call to a subroutine indicates, by a following REM statement, what the called subroutine does.

Basically, the program flow consists of data input (beginning at line 2090) with a following sequence for correcting errors (line 5120). Performance characteristics including total facility processing time, total actual machine time, and idle time are calculated for the initial job order before the program begins the search for better sequences.

The subroutine at line 4180 is the Johnson Two-Machine Quick and Clean Algorithm. (A "clean" algorithm is guaranteed to generate an optimal solution; see reference 10.) The algorithm as coded has a slight bias: In case of a tie between jobs for the smallest operations time, the job later in the initial order is the one assigned first. Similarly, if a job that is ready for assignment has equal times on Machine A and Machine B, it is scheduled as early as possible. According to strict application of the Johnson algorithm, equal times may be decided arbitrarily because the resulting total facility processing time will remain the same. Should you care to modify the selection criteria, you must manipulate lines 4340 through 4350. Alternatively, if you change the input data by a fractional amount, the program might produce a different schedule that presents an option to the programmed tie

574 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

The Micromint Collection

Micromint. Supporting the varied projects that appear in Steve Ciarcia's monthly article in BYTE magazine, "Garcias Circuit Cellar." Offering a wide range of computers and peripherals supporting the needs of the hobbyist as well as worldwide corporate clients.

MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTER IBM PC COMPATIBLE

The MPX-16 is Steve Ciarcia's most ambitious protect to date The computer runs all application software written lor the IBM PC and is IBM PC bus compatibleCan be used with video monitor & IBM keyboard wrlh optional adapter

Buy the MPX-16 in the form that best meets your budget As a bare board, as a wave-soldered board that contains all components less the IC's, as an assembled and tested circuit board or as a complete system

As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine. Also featured in "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" November, December 198! 4 January 1983.

• Runs all application programs written tor the IBM PC (simply boot up the system and slip in a disk lormatted lor the IBM PC)

• IBM PC bus compatible + 9 expansion slots.

• Intel 808816-bil microprocessor.

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor.

• 256K bytes on-board memory

• Up to one megabyte ol system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes ot system ROM/EPROM.

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports.

• Three parallel I/O ports

• Disk controller lor 5W" or 8" drives.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts.

MPX-16 Microcomputer circuit board assembled

W/S4K RAM, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS SI,895.

MPX-16 as above with 256K RAM 2,135.

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit

board w/all components) less IC's 595.

Complete kit ol IC's W256K RAM 595.

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board 300.

CP/M-86 Operating System 200.

MS-DOS optionally available

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including

cable harness for 2 disk drives 300.

MPX-16 Technical Reference Manual 50.

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure with cutouts for

two WC full height drives 300.

Tandon TM100-2 double density drive 300.

Telev/deo Model 910 Serial Terminal 675.

IBM PC Keyboard Interface Adapter 100.

Serial terminal cable 35.

Parallel primer cable 35.

Shipping and handling additional on MPX-16 orders.

B BASIC SYSTEM ONTROLLER NEW!!!

eplaces 18 Basic Computer Controller

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, BYTE magazine. July & August 1981.

• Uses Zifog Z8671 single chip microcomputer.

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• 2 parallel ports plus serial I/O port.

• Just connect a CRT terminal and write control programs in BASIC.

• 2K bytes of RAM. up to 4K bytes of ROM.

• Baud rales 110-9600 BPS.

• Data and address buses available for 124K memory and I/O expansion.

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at +5. +12& -12.

• Cross Assemblers for various computers.

BCCT1 Assembled & Tested $149.

New Low Price

1M PC is a irademark of International Business Machines. Inc P M86 is a trademark of Oipilal Research Inc 'S-DOS is a Irademark of Microsoft Inc 8 la a trademark of Zllog Inc.

Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION, | Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS CASSETTE INTERFACE

From Allen Ashley

TRS-SD Model I or III J75.

CP/M 2.2 8" or Northstar SW 150.

From Micro Resources

CP/M 2.2 8" or APPLE 5V4" 75.

E-Z COLOR GRAPHICS INTERFACE

• Add up to 8K ol memory plus 3 parallel ports.

• Cassette Interface—300 baud K.C. Standard. BCC03 W/4K Assembled & Tested $140.

Z8 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER NEW!!!

• Uses Analog Devices 7581 8 channel 8 bit IC.

• Adds Process Control capability to the Z8.

• 1000 samples per second.

BCC13 Assembled & Tested S140.

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language application programs Irom RAM to 2716 or 2732 EPROM

• Requires Z8 Expansion Board for operation. BCC07 Assembled & Tested S145.

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

• Adds additional RS 232C and opto-isolated 20 ma current loop serial port to the Z8.

• Runs at 75 to 19.200 baud in all protocols. BCC08 Assembled & Tested $160.

Z816K MEMORY EXPANSION BOARD NEW!!!

• Add 16K of additional memory. RAM or EPROM. to your Z8 System Controller in any multiple

• Uses 2016. 6116, 2716 or 2732 memory types. BCC14 w/8K Assembled 8 Tested $120.

Z8 FIVE SLOT MOTHER BOARD

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

MB02 Assembled & Tested $69.

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar BYTE Magazine September, October 1982.

Microvox is a second generation professional voice quality text-to-speech synthesizer that is easily interfaced to any computer, modem, RS-232C serial or parallel output device and provides speech of unbelievable clarity.

• Unlimited vocabulary.

• 64 programmable inflection levels.

• 6K text-to-speech algorithm.

• Full ASCII character set recognition and echo.

• RS232C and parallel output.

• 1000 character buffer, 3000 optional.

• Adjustable baud rates (75-96001

• Spelling output mode.

• 7 octave music and sound effects.

• On board audio amplifier & power supply.

• X-On/X-Off handshaking.

M V01 Assembled with 1K buffer $299.

MV02 Complete Kit with 1K buffer 219.

Add $15.00 for 3K buffer option.

SWEET-TALKER VOICE SYNTHESIZER

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar BYTE Magazine. September 1981

Tr\e Sweet-Talker Voice Synthesizer allows you to add speech ot unlimited vocabulary to your Apple II or any computer with a parallel printer port at very low cost.

• Utilizes Votrax SC-01A speech synthesizer.

• Unlimited vocabulary

• Text-to-Speech Algorithm on disk for Apple II.

• Contains 64 phonemes accessed by 6-bit code.

• Four levels of programmable inflection

• On board audio amplifier & volume control. ST02 Apple II plug-In. Assembled & Tested

with Text-to-Speech Algorithm on 3.3 disk .. 141. NEW LOW PRICE!!!

ST01 Parallel Port Version, Assembled 99.

New Low Price

VOTRAX SC-OIA PHONETIC SPEECH SYNTHESIZER

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely sellcontained solid state device that phonetically synthesizes continuous speech of unlimited vocabulary Used in Microvox and Sweet-Talker

SC01A Quantity 1-99 S52. ea.

100 + 40. ea.

1000 + 30. ea.

As featured in Ciarcia 's Circuit Cellar BYTE Magazine. August 1982

Add color graphics, animation & 3-D effects to your S-100. TRS-80 Model I and III S Apple II at low cost. The Super Editor software package includes a pattern editor, sprite editor, slide show, and demo scenes all in BASIC Can be used with Cotor Monitor or TV set and rt modulator

• Resolution—256 X192 Pixels.

• 16 colors including Black & Transparent.

• 16K Bytes on board I/O mapped video memory.

• Advanced Tl TMS9918A Color Video Processor.

• 32 SPRITES facilitates 3-D effect.

• Composite Video output

• Krell & Terrapin have LOGO software packages to support Ihe E-Z Color Boards

Apple II E-Z Color plug-in board with Super Editor on 3.3 disk.

EZOi Assembled & Tested $150.

EZ02 Complete Kit 125.

NEW! I S-100 E-Z Color Graphics board with sound generator, Atari type joy stick interlace, plus MBasic CP/M Super Editor Software on 8" disk.

EZ04 Assembled & Tested $289.

TRS-80 Model I or Model III E-Z Color w/ Super Editor software, power supply and enclosure

Assembled & Tested $249.

Complete Kit 219.

300 BAUD ANSWER/ ORIGINATE MODEM KIT NEW!!!

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar BYTE Magazine. March 1983

The newest item to Micromint's growing list of products is this 300 Baud Modem. It is crystal controlled, uses the Tl TMS 99532 IC. contains just 25 parts and can be used with an acoustic coupler or in a direct connect mode.

MD04 Complete Kit $60.

MD05 Transformer for Direct Conned Mode 9.

AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit 18.

TRIPLE VOLTAGE POWER SUPPLIES

+5v (a 300 ma. + / - 12v (n 25 ma.

UPS01 Assembled & Tested $35.

UPS02 Complete Kit 27.

+ 5v (§ 1 Amp. + 12v (h .5 Amp. - 12v (a 50 ma.

UPS03 Assembled & Tested 60.

UPS04 Complete Kit 50.

MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue. Cedarhurst, NY 11516 To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479 For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793 Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM

Circle 291 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 575

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

The Racal-Vadic 212 PA costs a little more than the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 for 8 good reasons. Look:

FEATURES

VA212PA HAYES 1200

Front-panel operation

Dial-tone and call-progress detection

Permanent telephone-number storage

Automatic redial and linking

Security feature

Synchronous operation

Built-in telephone jack

Complete diagnostic test features

YES

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breaking rules.

If there are only two machines, the program exercises the Johnson algorithm, determines the optimum sequence, prepares the machine loading schedule, and calculates the performance characteristics of the optimum sequence. If there are more than two machines, the program searches through the M - 1 twomachine problems according to the procedures outlined in the Method section (page 555).

When the search is completed, you are presented the best (i.e., having the shortest total facility processing time) sequence (or sequences) for consideration. Again, performance characteristics are computed, and the machine loading schedule (to the nearest whole time unit) is available for examination and rumination. At this point, the manager can either work on a new series of jobs or return to modify the data of the original set of jobs. The latter permits the manager to test the sensitivity of the recommended job sequence to small changes in expected process times for various jobs. An examination of alternative job sequences with similar performance characteristics provides an opportunity for the manager to explicitly consider other factors, such as priority jobs or machine maintenance requirements.

Note that the program has an optional print capability. In particular, it is set up to allow printed output using an Epson printer and an SSM AIO board. Obviously, modifications to the printer driver at lines 7060 through 7620 are necessary for other printers and interfaces.

Partial output for the paint shop example is shown in listing 2. Two job sequences (Rabbit, Cobra, Corvette, Daytona, then Turbo-ZX; Rabbit, Cobra, Daytona, Corvette, then Turbo-ZX) have the minimum idle time (290 hours) of those sequences that were examined. Both represent equally good job process sequences, and the corresponding loading schedules are determined by the program. Although the machine loading schedules are presented only as video output, the output for the two good sequences is shown in tables 3

576 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 2: A partial listing of the output from the program in listing 1 using the paint shop example. The initial sequence and four possible sequences are shown. The two sequences with the least amount of idle machine time (290 hours) are then listed as good job sequences.

INITIAL

SEQUENCE

ORDER

JOB NAME

FINISH TIME

1

CORVET

2h

2

DAYTON

49

3

TURBOZ

57

4

RABBIT

60

5

COBRA

79

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR INITIAL SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME = 474 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME - 344 HOURS

A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS:

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME

1

COBRA

27

2

RABBIT

30

3

DAYTON

54

4

CORVET

64

5

TURBOZ

75

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THIS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME = 450 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME = 320 HOURS

A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS: ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME 1

RABBIT

9

COBRA

28

DAYTON

49

CORVET

59

TURBOZ

70

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THIS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME = 420 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME = 290 HOURS

A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS:

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME

1

RABBIT

9

COBRA

2B

CORVET

39

DAYTON

61

TURBOZ

70

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THIS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME » 420 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME = 290 HOURS

A POSSIBLE SEQUENCE IS:

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME

RABBIT

9

CORVET

27

COBRA

44

DAYTON

65

TURBOZ

74

PERFORMANCE CHARACTER I ST ICS FOR THIS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME = 444 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME =314 HOURS

A GOOD JOB SEQUENCE IS:

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME

1

RABBIT

9

COBRA

28

CORVET

39

DAYTON

61

TURBOZ

70

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FORTH IS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME = 420 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME = 290 HOURS

A GOOD JOB SEQUENCE IS:

ORDER JOB NAME FINISH TIME

RABBIT

9

COBRA

28

DAYTON

49

CORVET

59

TURBOZ

70

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR THIS SEQUENCE

TOTAL FACILITY PROCESSING TIME =■ 420 HOURS

TOTAL MACHINE PROCESSING TIME = 130 HOURS

IDLE MACHINE TIME = 290 HOURS

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578 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

Job

Rabbit

Cobra

Corvette

Daytona

Turbo-ZX

First Alternative Sequence for Schedule of Operations

Major Body Work n Out

Trim

Removal

In Out

In

Paint Strip Out

In

Body Finish Out

In

Paint Out

Reassembly In Out

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16

0 1 2 6 16

1 2 6 9 18

1

2

7

13

18

1

7

13

17

20

1

7

23

35

55

7 23 35 55 65

7 23 35 55 65

8 27 37 59 68

8 9 27 28 37 39 59 61 68 70

Table 3: A schedule for the first good job sequence in listing 2. Note that the Rabbit is finished by the ninth hour, and all cars are finished after 70 hours.

Job

Rabbit

Cobra

Daytona

Corvette

Turbo-ZX

Second Alternative Sequence for Schedule of Operations

Major Body Work In Out

Trim

Removal

In Out

In

Paint Strip Out

In

Body Finish Out

In

Paint Out

Reassembly In Out

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16

0 1 2 5 16

1 2 5 9 18

1

2

7

11

18

1

7

11

17

20

1

7

23

43

55

7 23 43 55 65

7 23 43 55 65

8 27 47 57 68

8 9 27 28 47 49 57 59 68 70

Table 4: A schedule for the second good job sequence in listing 2. Here the Daytona and the Corvette have switched places, but again all cars are finished after 70 hours. This schedule could be used if the Daytona had a higher priority than the Corvette.

and 4. You can use the start and finish times for each job at the machine stations to identify idle times. You can plan the reassigning of idle employees and the scheduling of equipment maintenance during idle periods.

Now you can use other criteria to distinguish between the two sequences. For example, suppose the owner of the Ferrari Daytona was a valued customer and required the finished car as soon as possible. The Daytona could be delivered 12 hours earlier using the second good sequence. The Corvette job then suffers a 20-hour delay but the total processing time remains at 420 hours.

Conclusions

We have presented a microcomputer-based scheduling algorithm that can be helpful in identifying job sequences that minimize total facility processing times. Analyses to determine the effects on schedules and performance characteristics of

changes in the machine operations time are easily obtained. In taking this approach to the flow-shop problem, we assumed that processing sequences were identical for all jobs, process times for each job on each machine were able to be determined, and all jobs arrived simultaneously. We developed this approach as an aid in managerial decision making, which is the goal of applied operations researchers. ■

References

Berresford, G. C, Rockett, A. M., and Stevenson, J. C. "Khachiyan's Algorithm: Parts I and II," August 1980 BYTE, pages 198-208, and September 1980, pages 242-255.

Conway, R. W., Maxwell, W. L, and Miller, L. W. Theory of Scheduling. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1967, page 84. Dudek, R. A., and Ghare, R M. "Make-Span Sequencing on M-Machines," Journal of Industrial Engineering, vol. 18, no. 2 (January 1967), pages 131-134. Gorney, L. "Queuing Theory," April 1979 BYTE, pages 132-140 (Part 1), and May 1979, pages 176-181 (Part 2).

5. Hesse, R., and Woolsey, R. E. D. Applied Management Science, Chicago: Science Research Associates, 1980, chapter 2.

6. Ignizio, J. R, and Gupta, J. N. D. Operations Research in Decision Making. New York: Crane-Russak Co., 1975, chapter 7.

7. Johnson, S. M. "Optimal Two and Three Stage Production Schedules with Set-Up Times Included," Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, vol. 1, 1954, pages 61-68.

8. Perry, R. R., and Pfeffer, H., 'The Infamous Traveling-Salesman Problem: A Practical Approach," July 1981 BYTE, pages 252-290.

9. Shore, M. L. "Shortest Paths," Creative Computing, November 1980, pages 108-113.

10. Woolsey, R. E. Q, and Swanson, H. S., Operations Research for Immediate Application: A Quick and Dirty Manual. New York: Harper & Row, 1975.

Walter A. Stark Jr. (275 Kimberly, White Rock, Los Alamos, NM 87544) currently manages the isotope heat source research and development at a Los Alamos National Laboratory nuclear-processing facility. Richard A. Reid (The University of New Mexico, Robert O. Anderson Schools of Management, Albuquerque, NM 87131) teaches operations management and quantitative analysis.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 579

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What's New?

Always a Trainer, ET-100 Has Desfgn/Test Capability

Heathkit/Zenith Educational Systems' 16-bit ET-100 Learning Computer can be upgraded to a full, 192K-byte diskbased computer, yet it's always capable of functioning as a trainer. This multipurpose computer can serve as an electronic base for designing and testing prototype circuits because it has a unique, top-mounted solderless breadboard for unlimited experimentation. Together with its companion advanced microprocessor course, the ET-100 is quite probably the first complete 16-bit microprocessor training system produced for mass distribution.

ET-100's breadboard has solderless connector blocks that provide easy and direct access to address, control, data, and I/O lines. Four voltage supplies for powering experiments and a parallel port are also provided. It can be used for conducting experiments, building and testing circuits, and tinkering with the computer's internal functions. A dust cover

protects the breadboard when it's not in use and serves as a convenient video-display platform. Even when it's fully upgraded, you can return the ET-100 to the training mode by removing the dust cover and entering a simple keyboard command.

An 8088-based computer, the basic ET-100 has 16K bytes of RAM, cassette and RS-232C

ports, composite video output, and 30K bytes of ROM containing a CP/M86 assembler, screen editor, and a graphics debugger. A detached, 95-key keyboard generates the 96-character ASCII set. ASCII characters can be displayed in 24 by 80 format on a high-resolution monitor or in a 20 by 40 format on a standard home television. Six

teen function keys and a numeric keypad are provided.

The ET-100 advanced microprocessor training course is designed to teach the fundamentals of 16-bit microprocessor technology to both beginners and veteran 8-bit programmers. It treats 16-bit technology as a standard for today's microprocessors rather than as an extension of 8-bit computing. The course proceeds step by step from the basics of 16-bit technology to such advanced topics as data handling, interfacing, and software programming. A variety of experiments and self-tests are provided. It's available in versions for classrooms and self-instruction. Successful completion of the home-study course entitles you to eight Continuing Education Units.

An upgrade package converts the ET-100 into a complete disk-based computer capable of running 16-bit software under such Z-l 00 operating systems as Z-DOS. The pack

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 581

What's New?

age contains 128K bytes of RAM, a floppy-disk controller, a 48-tpi doublesided double-density 320K-byte floppy-disk drive, two RS-232 ports, a programmable timer, a Centronics parallel port, and a 64K-byte video

board with bit-mapped graphics. Color graphics, a second disk dive, and 64K bytes of RAM are also available. Nine other courses are planned.

The only peripherals required are a video monitor and a cassette tape re

corder. In kit form, the ET-100 costs S999.95. Factory-assembled and tested, it's SI499.95. The complete self-instruction course is S99.95 The upgrade kit is priced at SI299.95 or SI999.95, assembled and tested. For

full information, write to Heathkit/Zenith Educational Systems, Heath Co., Department 150-125, Benton Harbor, Ml 49022. Circle 650 on inquiry card.

Dual-Processor Multiuser System Eyes Business Market

At CP/M '83 East in Boston later this month, Compupro will unveil the Multipro Model MP 10, a four-user microcomputer capable of simultaneous 8/16-bit program execution yet priced at less than SI800 per workstation. The Model MP 10 is aimed at businesses seeking to run their databases on a system more powerful than a personal computer network. It supports communications and word and data processing through a shared database, which, in turn, provides access to information more rapidly than through a network.

In a standard MP 10 configuration, each workstation has access to a dedicated 64K-byte Z80B processor for 8-bit programs. The central processor, an 8-MHz 8088, and its I megabyte of main memory are dynamically allocated to each user, with the Z80B functioning as a terminal handler for running 16-bit tasks. The multiprocessor design is said to make all system resources potentially available to each workstation at any time while allowing operators to run an 8- or 16-bit program. Concurrent operation is provided under a Compu

pro-enhanced MP/M operating system.

Key hardware features include five serial ports, a modem connector, a Centronics-type printer port, 384K bytes of solid-state disk memory, and dual 5'/4-inch floppy-disk drives with 1.6 megabytes of formatted storage capacity. The case measures 7 by 17 by 21 inches. Bundled with the MP 10 are a menu-driven electronic spreadsheet, a word processor, and database-management software.

Mass storage options include an external 2.4megabyte dual 8-inch floppy-disk drive subsys

tem and an internal 5'/4inch Winchester hard-disk drive with 40 megabytes of storage. Other options include an 8-MHz 8087 coprocessor, up to 4 megabytes of solid-state disk emulator, and a network interface.

The MP 10 is the first in a series of high-performance business computers departing from Compupro's traditional S-l 00 bus architecture. Its base price is S4995, excluding terminals. For full details, contact Compupro, 3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545, (415) 786-0909. Circle 651 on inquiry card.

582 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

PORTABLE COMPUTERS

Nlcad Batteries Power Portable for Half a Day

Self-contained rechargeable nicad batteries power the UDI-500 portable computer for up to 12 hours. Mass storage is provided by dual 3/2-inch 322Kbyte micro disks that feature DMA data transfer and automatic power down to conserve power. The UDI-500 comes with two CMOS central processors and two DOSes: the Z80 with CP/M 2.2 and the RCA 1805 with MicroDOS. Standard features include 64K byes of RAM, 2K bytes of video RAM, an accessory slot for a 300-bit-persecond (bps) modem, an 8line by 40-character LCD display, a 59-key keyboard with 6 soft function keys, a Centronics-type parallel connector, and an RS232C serial port with data rates ranging from 50 to 19,200 bps. The UDI-500 measures 11 by 13 by 3/8 inches and weighs 12% pounds.

Some of the software

packages available for the UDI-500 are BASIC-80, CBASIC, a spreadsheet, and a text processor. Hardware options include double-sided 737K-byte disk drives, a 1200-bps modem, up to 256K bytes of RAM, and an internal AC power supply. For more information, contact Universal Data Inc., M-15, 3960 Ortonville Rd., Clarkston, Ml 48016, (800) 5211056; in Michigan, (313) 625-0158. Circle 652 on inquiry card.

Notebook Computer

Casio has introduced the Model FP-200 notebook computer. Containing 8K bytes of RAM and 32K bytes of ROM, the FP-200 offers a 20-column by 8line display that can handle both data and graphic information. It has a full-sized

QWERTY keyboard with an integral keypad and an RS-232C port for communications. A Centronics parallel port lets you use the FP-200 with a printer or plotter, and its I/O port provides for future expansion. A cassette port allows you to load and store programs. RAM memory is expandable to 32K bytes.

The retail price of the FP-200 is S499. Contact Casio Inc., 15 Gardner Rd., Fairfield, NJ 07006, (201) 575-7400. Circle 653 on inquiry card.

16-Bit Portable

Bundled with

Software

The 16-bit 8088-based portable Columbia VP is bundled with 15 business and professional applications packages, including MS-DOS, MS-BASIC, communications, accounting, and the Perfect Writer and Perfect Filer. This I28Kbyte IBM PC-compatible weighs 30 pounds and comes with two 5/4-inch half-height floppy-disk drives handling 320K bytes of data. Its green-phosphor, 9-inch display offers full graphics capabilities: 640 by 200 or 320 by 200 pixels in an 80- or 40-column by 25-line format. The VP's 83-key keyboard is IBM-standard.

Interfaces include parallel and serial ports, eight-level priority interrupt and DMA controllers, and an IBM PCcompatible expansion slot. RAM memory is expandable to 256K bytes, and a socket for an 8087 coprocessor is provided.

The Columbia VP costs S2995. For additional information, contact Columbia Data Products Inc., 9150 Rumsey Rd., Columbia, MD 21045, (301) 9923400. Circle 654 on inquiry card.

Your Passport to Portable Computing

The Anderson Jacobson Passport comes with 256K bytes of RAM, two 320Kbyte disk drives, and a 7-inch amber screen. The IBM PC-compatible Passport uses an Intel 8088 microprocessor operating at 4.77 MHz. It offers 20K bytes of display RAM and 8K bytes of ROM for diagnostics and general I/O routines. The 84-key detachable keyboard has 10 function keys and a numeric pad. The alphanumeric screen format is 25 by 80. Greek, foreign language, mathematics, and linedrawing symbols are among the 256 characters available. Display attributes include underline, blink, intensify, reverse video, subscript, and superscript. A parallel printer port is provided, and the Passport's RS-232C port offers programmable asynchronous data rates ranging from

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 583

What's New?

110 to 19,200 bps and synchronous bysnc and bit-oriented protocols 1100,000 bps maximum). A built-in, 300-bps Bell 103J-compatible modem with auto-answer capabilities is standard. The 20-pound Passport is supplied with MS-DOS, Multiplan, text editing, communications, relational database, and executive desk software.

Two versions are available. The first, which costs

approximately S4500, has two disk drives, parallel and serial ports, batterybacked time and date clock, the modem, and software. The second version is a single-disk model with dual I/O ports and operating system software. It's priced in the low-S3000 range. For complete particulars, contact Anderson Jacobson Inc., 521 Charot Ave., San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 286-7960. Circle 655 on inquiry card.

Portable Computer with

The Teletote I may be the first portable computer with network capabilities. An optional RS-422A network port is all that's needed to link the Teletote I with a Televideo network for access to shared files, printers, and electronic mail.

The basic Teletote has a 9-inch video display with 640 by 240 high-quality graphics resolution and 24-line by 80-character format. Mass storage is in the form of a single 368.6Kbyte (formatted) 5/4-inch floppy-disk drive. Addi

Network Capabilities

tional hardware includes a Zilog Z80A, 64K bytes of RAM, a mouse port for quick cursor manipulation, two RS-232C printer/ modem ports, and telephone connections. Supplied software is made up of the CP/M operating system, the GSX-80 graphics extension, and word processing, spreadsheet, and graphics packages. The 25-pound Teletote is software- and media-compatible with the 8-bit Televideo TS803 desktop computer. Teletote's RAM memory

is expandable to I28K bytes and a second floppydisk unit is available for S449. The network option costs S495. A mouse costs $99. The Teletote I costs S1499. A two-drive version is priced at SI899. Contact Televideo Systems Inc., 1110 Morse Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, (408) 745-7760. Circle 656 on inquiry card.

Desktop

Performance In

Portable

The Jonos C2100 portable computer is said to offer the performance characteristics typically associated with desktop computers. This 25-pound machine, built around a Z80A central processor, comes with 64K bytes of dualported RAM, two RS-232C ports, and a pair of 3Viinch 322K-byte (formatted) Sony micro-floppy-disk drives. Its 92-key detachable keyboard features an IBM Selectric-style layout and a full numeric cluster as well as an entry key and 10 function keys. A 9-inch P-31 phosphor screen provides a 25-line by 80-character format. For expansion, an integral compartment for a third disk drive and five STD bus card slots are available. The basic unit comes with such software as CP/M, Spellbinder, Multiplan, and BASIC-80. It costs S3995 from Jonos Ltd., 920-C East Orangethorpe, Anaheim, CA 92801, (714) 999-6661. Circle 657 on inquiry card.

PC-5000 Runs on

Batteries or AC

Power

Sharp Electronics' PC5000 portable computer operates from a rechargeable built-in battery or from an AC adapter. The basic 11 -pound PC-5000 comes with 128K bytes of RAM, a typewriter-style keyboard, 128K bytes of bubblememory storage, and an 8-line by 80-character LCD display with a bit-mapped graphics capacity of 640 by 80 dots. A character set containing 256 characters and symbols is provided. The unit is programmed in BASIC.

A wide assortment of options are available, including a high-density dotmatrix thermal impact printer, a 10-key modem/ auto-dialer, disk drives, and three-octave sound capabilities. Initial software offerings on bubble-memory software cartridges include a word processor, spreadsheets, a database manager, and an executive planner. The basic PC5000 costs $2500. For full details, contact Sharp Electronics Corp., Systems Division, 10 Sharp Plaza, POB 588, Paramus, NJ 07652. Circle 658 on inquiry card.

584 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

20 Megabytes Storage In

The Star-Lite HD20 is an S-l 00 bus portable computer with a built-in 20-megabyte hard-disk drive. A Z80A computer running CP/M 2.2, the HD20 has 64K bytes of RAM, 183K bytes of floppydisk storage, a 9-inch 24 by 80 green screen, and a detached keyboard with 26 user-programmable function keys. Display attributes include half-intensity, underlining, blinking, and reverse video. Single serial and Centronics-type parallel ports are provided.

of Hard-Disk Portable

Three S-l00 bus slots are opened for expansion. Bundled with the HD20 is word processing, spreadsheet, modem, and accounting software. It weighs 34 pounds and measures 7% by I63/8 by 1614 inches.

The suggested retail price for the HD20 is S4995. Further information is available from Computershop Inc., 139 First St., Cambridge, MA 02141, (617) 661-3723. Circle 659 on inquiry card.

Computer with

The Teleram 3000 portable computer weighs 9 pounds and is small enough to rest comfortably in your lap. Principal specifications are 64K bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of ROM, I28K or 256K bytes of nonvolatile bubble memory, an RS-232C interface, and a flat-panel LCD display with a 4-line by 80-character format. The

Bubble Memory

3000 has a typewriter-style keyboard with numeric and cursor keypad and 16 software programmable function keys. The CP/M 2.2 operating system is standard. It's powered by internal rechargeable batteries.

Options include floppydisk drives, a text/graphics display, networking, and communication interfaces.

The basic Teleram costs $2495. With 256K bytes of bubble memory, it's S2995. For details, contact Teleram Communications Corp., 2 Corporate Park Dr., White Plains, NY 10604, (914) 694-9270. Circle 660 on inquiry card.

SKS Unveils Line of 8/16-Blt Portables

SKS Computers has introduced a modularized 8/ 16-bit line of portable microcomputers. In an 8-bit Z80A configuration, the desktop-compatible SKS 2502 Nano comes with dual 400K-byte 5'A-inch floppy-disk drives, 80K bytes of RAM, a keyboard controller, two RS-232C serial ports, and CP/M. Its display is a 9-inch green screen with a 16 or 24 by 80 format with reverse video/magnified character attributes. Priced at S2495, Nano is supplied with such software as interpreted CBASIC and Perfect Writer. With the addition of a 16-bit 80186 processor, a parallel port, or a 5/4-inch Winchester hard-disk drive, the Nano becomes a dualprocessor 8/16 portable computer with 128K bytes of RAM. This version costs $3295, including MS-DOS.

The SKS 252 Pico is also available. This portable incorporates the same features as the Nano, except that it carries two 3/2-inch 200K-byte micro-floppydisk drives. The 8-bit version costs $2595; the 8/ 16-bit version is $3395. Contact SKS Computers

Inc., 4091 Leap Rd., Hil

liard, OH 43026, (614)

876-8668.

Circle 661 on inquiry card.

Large Memory, Math Processor In Portable

The Sord M23P portable computer weighs 19 pounds and can be tucked into carry-on luggage. A Z80A-based computer, the M23P has an Am951! arithmetic processor, 128K bytes of RAM, and two 3/2 -inch 290K-byte microfloppy-disk drives. Two 75to 19,200-bps RS-232C serial ports, a Centronicscompatible parallel port, and three bus slots compose the M23P's I/O section. With the addition of an acoustic coupler, the M23P can send or retrieve data. Featured software includes Sord's Pan Information Processing System (PIPS), which has simplified commands for making tables, classifying data, searching, arranging information, performing calculations, and creating graphs. BASIC, UCSD Pascal, FORTRAN, a word processor, and an assembly-language debugger are standard. When eguipped with a 12-inch green or a 14-inch color monitor, the M23P offers a 25 by 80 display format. Color capacities include 640- by 256-dot graphics and 8 colors.

Options include the SB-80 operating system and a dot-matrix or daisywheel printer. The list price is $2185. Add $195 for the

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 585

What's New?

green monitor and S795 for the color monitor. Contact Sord Computer of America Inc., do Mitsui {USA) Inc., 200 Park Ave., New York, NY 10166, (212)878-4403. Circle 662 on inquiry card.

PORTABLE

PC-RELATED

PRODUCTS

Check and Budget Program for HX-20

Data-Check, a check and budget program for the Epson HX-20, has been announced by Dataccount. This program maintains a checking account with budgets and reconciliation and allows up to 20 userdefined categories. Budget reports include analysis of month- and year-to-date performance. Transactions can be summarized by category, and Data-Check can print balances and outstanding transactions. When used with the HX-20's microcassette drive, this program also provides extensive file-handling abilities. It can accommodate 125 transactions with the 16K-byte HX-20 and 1000 transactions with the 32K-byte version. Data-Check resides in RAM, so you can access its features at any time.

This program is also available for the Radio Shack Model 100 and the NEC 8201. For full details, contact Dataccount Inc., Suite 820, 516 Southeast

Morrison St., POB 14706,

Portland, OR 97214, (503)

232-0490.

Circle 663 on inquiry card.

Magazine for Kaypro Users

Pro = Files is a bimonthly magazine for users of Kaypro computers. Written for both the novice and the experienced Kaypro user. Pro = Files has a full range of departments, features, and news on Kaypro-related and industry topics. Regular departments include letters to the editor, a question-and-answer column, technical tips, and short summaries of new products and applications.

Pro = Files will be distributed free of charge for one year to new Kaypro owners. Subscriptions for current owners began with the premiere issue, June 1983. Details are available from Kaypro Corp., 533 Stevens Ave., Solana Beach, CA 92075, (619) 481-3424. Circle 664 on inquiry card.

Stand for Portables

A stand from Icarus Systems lets you adjust the viewing angle of your portable computer console up to 25 degrees. The stand is constructed of heavygauge aluminum alloy and is painted with a scratchresistant, baked urethane enamel. Currently, versions

are available for the Compaq, Kaypro II, Osborne Executive, and Zorba. The retail price is S69.95, plus shipping. Dealer inquiries are invited. Contact Icarus Systems, Suite 14-325, 2303 North 44th St., Phoenix, AZ 85008, (602) 9453993. Circle 665 on inquiry card.

Software and

EPROM Programmer

for HHC

Quasar has announced snap-in software capsules and an EPROM programmer for its HHC (hand-held computer). The software capsules include a programmer's aid, statistics and budget programs, and a poker/blackjack game. Prices range from S25 to S80. The EPROM programmer can be used to custom program capsules for the system. It costs S295. For full details, contact Quasar Co., 9401 West Grand Ave., Franklin Park, IL 60131, (312) 625-0020. Circle 666 on inquiry card.

Computer Backpack

The Compupak backpack makes it possible to transport portable computers on foot for blocks or miles. The water-proof nylon pack is similar to the type used by cross-country backpackers. Its frame is made of welded aluminum with crossbar reinforcing

and padded shoulder straps and waist belt.

Compupak will accommodate most portable computers. It costs S139, plus S 10 shipping. It's available from Sage Designs, 6035 Ocean View Dr., Oakland, CA 94618, (415) 654-1619. Circle 667 on inquiry card.

PRINTERS

Wide-Carriage Printers

Two versions of the MT 180 wide-carriage printer are available from Mannesmann Tally. The MT 1801 features high-speed 132-column printing for accounting, report, or spreadsheet preparation. The MT 180L has letter-quality capabilities. When in the letterquality mode, these dotmatrix printers operate at 40 cps. For report preparation, they run at 160 cps.

Both versions feature a 15-inch carriage and 132character print line. A userselectable compressed print option provides up to 264 columns of data on a single line. Output formats, such as right-margin justification, automatic centering, print pitch, and proportional spacing, can be set directly from front-panel controls or through the computer. These printers come with internal software that integrates text with graphics printing in the same document. A single lever controls switching from single cut-sheet to tractor feed. Both serial and parallel in

586 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

terfaces are standard.

The MT 1801 and the 180L will work with such 16-bit computers as the IBM Personal Computer and the DEC Rainbow and with 8-bit computers, including the Apple II and

Osborne. The MT 1801 costs $998, and the 180L is priced at $1098. For more information, contact Mannesmann Tally Corp., 8301 South 180th St., Kent, WA 98032, (206) 251-5503. Circle 668 on inquiry card.

Under-$700

Comrex International has announced an under$700 daisy-wheel printer capable of producing letterquality copy. The Comriter CR-II features such wordprocessing functions as superscript, subscript, backspace, underline, boldface, double strike, and proportional spacing. Its 5K-byte buffer, capable of storing up to three pages of data, lets you reproduce original and multiple copies of a document stored in it. The average print speed is 12 cps (approximately 140 words per minute). Print

Daisy-Wheel

motion is bidirectional and logic seeking. The print wheel is ASCII-standard with 96 petals. The ribbon is a Brother-compatible cassette-type. Centronics and RS-232C interfaces are available.

Options include tractor feed, color print ribbons, a cut-sheet feeder, and interchangeable print wheels compatible with the Comriter CR-I. For more information, contact Comrex International Inc., 3701 Skypark Dr., Torrance, CA 90505, (213) 373-0280. Circle 669 on inquiry card.

Dual-Interface Letter-Quality Printer

The TP-II, a letter-quality, dual-interface printer has been introduced by SmithCorona. The TP-II daisywheel printer has a 10/12 pitch 93-character ASCII print wheel with reverse slash, brackets, approximate sign, vertical line, uparrow, and greater- and less-than symbols. TP-II can accommodate X/On, X/ Off, ETX/ACK, and hardware handshake protocols. A self-test switch, auto

matic underscore, programmable margins and tabs, and a 256-character buffer are standard. It uses ribbon cassettes, and RS232C and Centronics ports are built in.

A tractor feed attachment is available for S 149. The TP-II costs $895. For details, contact SmithCorona, 65 Locust Ave., New Canaan, CT 06840, (203) 972-1471. Circle 670 on inquiry card.

Petite Alphanumeric Printer

Syntest Corporation's SP-400 alphanumeric matrix printer measures a mere 8 by 4.45 by 2.7 inches. Capable of producing high-quality 40-column printouts on thermal paper, the SP-400 has switch-selectable data rates from 50 to 9600 bps and selectable stop bits and parity. Input is RS-232C or 20-mA loop. A 40-character buffer and a LED for low paper indication are standard. Printing speed is 1 line per second.

The SP-400 is $285 in quantity. The single-unit price is $365. Both prices include power supply. Contact Syntest Corp., 169 Millham St., Marlboro, MA 01752, (617) 481-7827. Circle 671 on inquiry card.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 587

What's New?

High-Speed

Electrosensltive

Printer

Axiom Corporation's Model EX 1620 is an electrosensitive printer capable of 960-cps operation. This speed is made possible by a "Quick-print" mode that prints two characters with a single pass of the print head. In its normal mode, the EX 1620 produces near letter-quality characters at 240 cps. When used with a microcomputer, the contents of a large program, such as Visicalc, can be dumped into the printer's 8K-byte buffer, freeing the computer for other tasks. The EX 1620 can operate as a high-speed, high-resolution graphics printer with a density of 144 dots per inch (both horizontal and vertical). In addition to an optional 64 extra characters and special symbols, the full 96-character ASCII set can be printed on 8'/iinch-wide paper. Standard interfaces include parallel, RS-232C, and 20-mA serial with busy and X/On X/Off protocols.

The EX 1620 costs S795. Quantity discounts are available. Contact Axiom Corp., 1014 Griswold Ave., San Fernando, CA 91340, (213J 365-9521. Circle 672 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Organize and Store Text by Menu

Questext III version 3.5 is a general-purpose system for organizing, communicating, and storing textual information by menu. Produced by Information Reduction Research, Questext is suitable for such applications as computeraided instruction, electronic publishing, executive scheduling, and classroom blackboarding. It's entirely menu-driven and said to be learnable in one session.

Questext organizes text into tree-like menu structures and executes machine code. Standard features include easy updating, cursor editing, error trapping, simple Englishlanguage commands, Help and Show facilities, and file controls. Print capabilities include screen, text, and outline dumping, continuous or page formats, and variable indentation. Questext can read and write text compatible with Wordstar.

Questext runs on the IBM Personal Computer, Osborne 1, Xerox 820, Morrow Micro Decision, Apple II CP/M, Kaypro, and 56K-byte CP/M systems. An 8-inch single-density disk is offered. A 24-line by 80-column ASCII terminal is required. A full system capable of accommodating 99 lines per menu, up to 6000 screens, and 32,700 records costs S299.95, including a self-teaching disk with sample applications. A mini version with 6 lines per menu, up to 40 screens, and 500 records is available for S49.95. The manual alone is S29.95. Original equipment manufacturer and dealer inquiries are welcome. For further information, contact Information Reduction Research, 1538 Main St., Concord, MA 01742, (617) 3695719. Circle 673 on inquiry card.

Arcade Game for Apple lie

Mission: Escapel is an arcade-type game for 64Kbyte Apple Me computers from Micro-Sparc. Volcanic eruptions have blasted asteroids into orbit around the 12 planets in the Appel galaxy. You must pilot your shuttlecraft through the asteroids to save the inhabitants from certain destruction. Mission: Escapel offers 12 levels of difficulty. It costs S29.95 and is available from Micro-Sparc Inc., 10 Lewis St., Lincoln, MA 01773, (617) 259-9710. Circle 674 on inquiry card.

Educational Software Available

Edusoft offers 17 educational software packages for Apple, Atari, and Radio Shack TRS-80 users. For young children, Alphabet Song and Count provide practice in learning the ABCs and numbers. Elementary school students can gain mathematics mastery with Addition, Multiplication, and Division Drills, and older students can explore computer programming through the Simulated Computer program. For teachers, Edusoft offers Gradebook.

Most Edusoft programs cost $24.95. For a free catalog, contact Edusoft, POB 2560, Berkeley, CA 94702, (800) 227-2778; in California, (415) 548-2304. Circle 675 on inquiry card.

588 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

Get the Draw

Micro-Labs' Draw is a graphics and text-editing package for creating pictures or designing graphics screens on Radio Shack TRS-80 Model Ills equipped with the Grafyx Solution Board. Containing nearly 10,000 instructions, this machine-language program lets you set, clear, or complement points, lines, circles, or boxes. Point sizes can be changed at any time, the entire screen can be reversed or shifted in

on Graphics

any direction, and sections of the screen can be filled in with patterns. When a picture is completed, it can be saved on disk or tape or printed. Draw uses singleletter commands.

Draw costs S39.95, which includes 12 highresolution pictures and a manual. Contact MicroLabs Inc., 902 Pinecrest, Richardson, TX 75080, (214) 235-0915. Circle 676 on inquiry card.

Modula-2 Compiler for CP/M

A Modula-2 compiler for 60K-byte CP/M systems will be available from JRT Systems on October 1. Derived from Pascal, Modula-2 lets you develop large programs made up of small modules that are kept in a program library. You can modify any module without affecting its relationship to the rest of the program because each module is divided into a definition part and an implementation part. Modula-2 features type checking between separately compiled program segments and

low-level facilities for direct access to hardware and for circumventing strong type checking. It has multiprogramming abilities and procedure variables for program control.

Modula-2 was designed by Niklaus With, creator of the Pascal language. Its suggested retail price is S100. An IBM Personal Computer version is in development. Contact JRT Systems Inc., 45 Camino Alto, Mill Valley, CA 94941, (415) 388-9670. Circle 677 on inquiry card.

Project Grapher Without

The Harvard Project Manager lets IBM PC users develop project plans graphically without requiring special graphics hardware. HPM, based on CPM (Critical Path Method) and PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique), employs the PC character set to construct the graphical elements for project management. It takes userspecified tasks, subprojects, and job milestones and draws a project "roadmap" on the PC's video display. Projects can be depicted as a bar chart showing when each task begins and ends. Task duration units can range from minutes or years. Costs are user-specified. As the project definition is refined, HPM continually recalculates and displays total project costs and duration. The project's critical path is displayed at all times. Other features include dynamic partitioning of the display screen into several functional windows, temporary displays

Additional Hardware

of information, two-dimensional scrolling, and the ability to produce high-resolution hard copy.

HPM will also run on such IBM PC-compatible machines as the Compaq and Hyperion. The suggested price is S395. Contact Harvard Software Inc., Harvard, MA 0145/, (617) 456-3400. Circle 678 on inquiry card.

Keyboard Programmer

AS-Key is a keyboard software package that lets you program special keys on the North Star Advantage. With AS-Key, you can define the 107 specialkey combinations on the Advantage as any standard ASCII character or sequence of characters. Eight local functions are provided, including the ability to send keyboard messages to a printer for the setting of special modes.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 589

What's New?

AS-Key, which costs S250, works with CP/M 2.2 or MS-DOS. It's distributed to North Star dealers through Northern Lights Computers, 1832 2nd St., Berkeley, CA 94710, (415) 540-6162. Circle 679 on inquiry card.

Utilities for IBM PC Programmers

Power Pac I, the first in a series of IBM PC utility packages from Monument Computer Service, contains three programs: Formatted Lister, Diskmod, and BASIC Variable Cross-Reference. Formatted Lister lets you define headings, page numbers, margins, and line spacing for BASIC sourcecode listings. Diskmod provides a means for reading and inspecting disk sectors and has a full-screen editor that allows you to modify disk data in either hexadecimal or ASCII code. With BASIC Variable CrossReference, you can prepare listings of linejump references and lists of variables and their use within programs. Also, it can analyze up to 10 programs simultaneously and prepare documented listings and internal programming references.

Minimum requirements are 64K bytes of memory and a printer. Power Pac I costs S79.95. For details, contact Monument Computer Service, Village Data Center, POB 603, Joshua Tree, CA 92252, (619) 365-6668. Circle 680 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS

Mlcrogrlds Offer

Microgrid digitizer systems are plug and I/O compatible with other Summagraphics digitizers, including ID, Supergrid, and Summagrid. Six tablets, ranging in size from 12 by 12 inches to 42 by 60 inches, compose this series. Each features resolution of up to 1000 points per inch, ±0.010-inch accuracy, a single controller/interface board, a single-board printed-circuit grid, dual RS232C interfaces, and an 8-bit parallel interface. A choice of transducers is offered so that the Microgrid can be tailored to meet specific applications needs. Transparent self-test and interactive terminal diagnostics are built in.

Options include a 1 -button stylus or 3-, 4-, or 16-button cursors. For price and product informa

Hlgh Resolution

tion, contact Summagraphics Corp., 35 Brentwood Ave., POB 781, Fairfield, CT 06430, (203) 384-1344. Circle 681 on inquiry card.

Buffer Gobbles Data as Fast as It Comes

Consolink's Microspooler accepts information as fast as your computer can output and holds it in memory until your printer is ready. With this device, you can store sentences, paragraphs, and data from different programs, compile them, and print a finished document. Microspooler can function as an interface between noncompatible computers

and printers because it's available in any combination of parallel and serial \/0 ports. Other standard features include multiplecopy functions, and a pause button. Microspooler will also receive data from a telephone modem or a remote input terminal.

The basic Microspooler contains I6K bytes of memory and an LED display that indicates the amount of memory in use and how much data is yet to be printed. Options include memory expansion of up to 64K bytes and serial interfacing capabilities. The suggested retail price for the parallel-to-parallel interface unit is SI99. For full particulars, contact Consolink, 1840 Industrial Circle, Longmont, CO 80501, (800) 525-6705; in Colorado, (303) 651-2014. Circle 682 on inquiry card.

590 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

IEEE-488 Line

A 64 digital line output module that's IEEE-488 bus-compatible is available from Connecticut Microcomputer. Busster B64 accepts commands and data from any computer with an IEEE-488 interface. This unit processes information through its IEEE port and then activates 1 to 64 digital TTL-level lines, effectively increasing a computer's

Output Module

interfacing capabilities while reducing overhead. Busster can be programmed through BASIC commands from the host computer. Available from stock, Busster B64 costs S495. Contact Connecticut Microcomputer, 36 Del Mar Dr., Brookfield, CT 06084, (203) 775-4595. Circle 683 on inquiry card.

EPROM Emulator/Programmer

You can program or emulate such chips as the 2758, 2716, 2732, 2732A, 27128, and 68764 with Mateo's Emprom-1 EPROM emulator/programmer board. The Emprom-1 does not use system memory space. It uses only eight I/O ports. An 8-inch single-sided single-density disk controls all programming and emulation functions. Programming is accomplished by an on

board or an external zeroinsertion force socket. Programming voltages are developed on the card, and personality changes are software-switched. A ribbon cable connects the Emprom-1 and the target processor.

Options include a buffered emulation cable and an adapter module for emlating multiple EPROMs. The software disk will run with CP/M, MP/M, or

CDOS. Contact Mateo,

427 Perrymont, San Jose,

CA 95125, (408) 998

1655.

Circle 684 on inquiry card.

VIC-20 Expansion Device

The RAMmaster 32 for the Commodore VIC-20 has been announced by Mosaic Electronics. RAMmaster expands the VIC's memory to 37K bytes and features a built-in expansion port, pause and writeprotect switches, and a relocatable memory block. A disabler switch that permits cartridge removal without turning off the computer is standard.

The suggested retail price for RAMmaster is less than S150. Further information is available from Mosaic Electronics, POB 708, Oregon City, OR 97045, (800) 547-2807; in Oregon, (503) 655-9574. Circle 685 on inquiry card.

Digital Oscilloscope,

Data Acquisition for

Apple

Applescope from RC Electronics contains all the hardware and software necessary to convert your Apple or Franklin into a multipurpose digital-storage oscilloscope and dataacquisition system. System highlights include the abili

ty to acquire consecutive points on a single sweep, shiftable trigger position within a signal sweep, automatic test and measurement, waveform storage and retrieval on a floppy disk, hard-copy output, real-time voltage measurement, external trigger, 4channel software support, pretrigger viewing, single sweep or continuous trace, and addition, subtraction, inversion, multiplication, and conversion of input waveforms. It uses the display monitor to graph digitized input signals on a 280- by 160-dot grid. Three lines of text at the bottom of the screen display status. Applescope can acquire and store several screen displays for each sweep (up to 64 in the DMA mode) and permits the screen to be scrolled through the acquired signal trace.

System hardware includes an A/D converter, DMA controller, buffer memory, and programmable timing logic. Two versions are offered: the D2, a two-board, dualchannel 8-bit system, and the HR14, a 14-bit singlechannel system with 12-bit absolute accuracy. Options include probes and specialized software packages. The Applescope D2 costs S795. The HR14 begins at S995 per channel. Complete Applescope packages start at S4895, including a computer. For full ordering and product specifications, contact RC Electronics Inc., 5386-D Hollister Ave., Santa Barbara, CA 93111, (805) 964-6708. Circle 686 on inquiry card.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 591

What's New?

Switch Lets 8 Units Interact Simultaneously

Digital Laboratories markets a line-controlled general-purpose switch that lets up to 8 nonmedia-compatible modems, printers, monitors, ROM programmers, and computers share resources. The Micro-Matrix II allows multiple conversions and broadcasting between any combination of RS-232C- and 20-mAcompatible devices. This Z80-based unit stores up to 16 frequently used 8 by 8 connection matrices, which can be accessed and routed by simple codes. It can be operated by a standard video terminal or through computer control. Software modification between computers is not required.

The Micro-Matrix II costs $995. For more informa

tion, contact Digital Laboratories Inc., 600 Pleasant St., Watertown, MA 02171, (617) 924-1680. Circle 687 on inquiry card.

Nine Display Formats for the Apple

Videx's Ultraterm video card gives your Apple II Plus, lie, or III a high-quality 8- by 12-dot character matrix with a flicker-free display. Nine software-selectable formats allow as many as 4096 characters to be displayed. Format modes include 40 by 24, 80 by 24, 80 by 32 with interlacing, 128 by 32 for expanded spreadsheet visuals, and 160 by 24. Video attri

butes, also software-selectable, include bright, dim, standard or alternate character sets, normal, and inverse.

Ultraterm costs $379. Its interlaced mode requires a monitor with high-persistence phosphor. Contact Videx Inc., 897 Northwest Grant, Corvallis, OR 97330, (503) 758-0521. Circle 688 on inquiry card.

Voice-Recognition System for Apple

An Apple-compatible voice-recognition board that lets you input commands and repetitive data through a microphone is available from Voice Recognition Systems. When AVIM (Apple Voice Input Module) receives your verbal commands, it responds with any sequence of preprogrammed keystrokes you wish. Its resident 8K bytes of memory can store up to 80 voice-command/ keyboard response sets, and additional command sets can be stored on disk. It's supplied with a menudriven utility for creating commands. The utility disk is also preprogrammed with command vocabularies for Visicalc, Wordstar, List Handler, BASIC, and seven other programs. AVIM connects through any RS-232C port. Among AVIM's pertinent hardware specifications are a Motorola 6803 synthesizer, proprietary analog chips for signal processing, and a 16-channel audio-spec

trum analyzer that determines strategies for voicepattern recognition and storage.

Options include a remote FM microphone for cordless operation, appliance on/off relays, and a number of software packages. The retail price is $950. A $75 adapter is required for the Apple He. IBM Personal Computer and S-l 00 bus versions are in development. For full details, contact Voice Recognition Systems, 550 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 941 1 1, (415) 788-2007. Circle 689 on inquiry card.

Multifunction

Subsystem Adds

Speech

The CMJ-IF multifunction subsystem plugs into the cartridge slot on the Radio Shack TRS-80 Color Computer or the TDP-100. Available from Magnum Distributing, the CMJ-IF expands your computer by providing a speech synthesizer accessible from BASIC, two parallel ports, 4K or 8K bytes of EPROM or ROM space, two counter/timers, a serial communications port, and an extender port for accessing a disk controller or ROM pack without disconnecting the subsystem. CMJ-IF is priced at less than $200. For additional information, contact Magnum Distributing Inc., 1000 South Dixie Highway #3, Pompano Beach, FL 33060, (305) 785-2002. Circle 690 on inquiry card.

592 September 1983 © BYTE Publications In

If they can

make it here,

they'll make it

anywhere.

Circle 520 on inquiry card.

When's the last time you saw "digging a well" or "installing bio-gas digesters"on someone's resume? Working in the Peace Corps is not your average everyday job. But it sure has trained volunteers to cope with the unexpected—including any company's everyday problems, once the volunteers have come home.

Whatever it takes to be Peace Corps volunteers, it's a way of working that develops a resourcefulness and a degree of self-reliance that volunteers use ^.f'^i* [IP***"'A ' \ long after they've come home. Any- jj| Mm Xfl~>- JkiL ' place they work. On any job they're given. And they all have a unique, understanding of different cultures j in developing countries. lURXIMtil&Bii&MQk,--) -L- ¥

Hire a former Peace Corps volunteer, and put that experience to work on your "toughest job." Call Peace Corps toll-free, 800-424-8580 (ext. 76) to tell them about job possibilities for returned volunteers. Or if you know of those who might like to volunteer, use the same phone number (ext. 93) to put their experience to work where it can do a world of good.

Peace Corps

The toughest job you'll ever love.

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BYTE September 1983 593

What's New?

MASS STORAGE

HP-Compatible

The Series 3000 line of Winchester hard-disk subsystems from Bering Industries is designed for Hewlett-Packard computers. This 12-member family offers storage capacities of 5. 10, and 15 megabytes and an average transfer rate of 174,000 bytes per second. The 8085 microprocessor and the 2900 bit-slice chip are integrated with the controller, and a 5-bit errorcorrection-code circuit is built in for added data integrity. Storage can be partitioned into formatted blocks.

The Series 300 is hardware-, software-, and media-compatible with such HP technical and personal computers as the HP 1000, Series 80, and 64000 development systems. Connection is via the HP-IB; no hardware or software modifications are required.

The Series 3000 can be equipped with a variety of options, including integral 3'/2-, 5J4-, or 8-inch floppydisk drives. Other options

Winchesters

include a multiport feature, an intelligent controller for local backup, and disksharing capabilities. Series 3000 prices range from S 2860 to $4260. For complete product descriptions, contact Bering Industries Inc., 747 East Brokaw Rd., San Jose, CA 951 12, (408) 298-8552. Circle 691 on inquiry card.

Disk Subsystems for OEM Market

PH-Associates' Mark line of disk subsystems for OEMs have a 30-millisecond average access time. Capacities of 20, 33, and 46 megabytes are available. Said to be identical in size to the standard 5/4inch floppy-disk drive, these subsystems come with a smart controller featuring intelligent formatting and automatic sectoring. The transfer rate is 5 megabits per second, and the line interfaces to S-100, 280, Apple, IBM Personal Computer, Radio Shack

TRS-80, and many 8-bit parallel computers.

The Mark is available as a complete subsystem assembled into either a standalone or rack-mountable chassis or it can be integrated into an existing chassis. OEM quantity one prices begin at $3000. Contract PH-Associates, 8720 Old Courthouse Rd., Vienna, VA 22180, (703) 281-5762. Circle 692 on inquiry card.

Dual-Mode

Streaming Tape

Backup

The 20-megabyte Sysgen Image streaming cassette-tape backup for the IBM PC XT gives you a choice of two backup modes: Preserve and Filesave. Preserve saves a volume of disk data and restores it on another disk. It has a catalog utility that lists all the files by tapefile identification, and size. Filesave allows individual files or groups of files to be saved from hard disk to the tape, and vice versa. Its catalog utility lets you see all the files on tape, a specific range of files, or a particular file.

Image provides complete archival backup of harddisk information at the rate of 2.5 megabytes per second. Compatible with CP/M-86 and PC-DOS, this subsystem comes with a controller, electronics, and drive mechanics. Word processing, database management, spreadsheet, and other demonstration software are supplied with Im

age. It costs $995, which includes interface card, cables, and the software. Contact Sysgen, 47853 Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont, CA 94539, (415) 490-6770. Circle 693 on inquiry card.

Intelligent Drives for Atari 400/800

Trak's single-density ATDI and double-density ATD2 intelligent drive systems work with Atari 400/800 computers. These drives feature an onboard microprocessor, programmed memory, and a digital track counter. Standard controls include a pressure-sensitive control panel that provides information on system activity through read/write indicators, a touch-sensitive write-protect switch for securing data, and an intelligent controller interface for a Centronics-type parallel printer.

These drives have halfheight mechanisms with steel-band head positioning and direct-drive beltless DC motors. Track-to-track access time is 5 milliseconds. The AT-D2 costs $499. For full details, contact Trak Microcomputer Corp., 1511 Ogden Ave.,

594 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

U Hand well

4962 EL CAMINO REAL. SUITE 119 • LOS ALTOS. CA 94022 14151 962-9265 • TLX 1 71947 HANDWELL LTOS

7400

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74122

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19 22 22 22 22 .23 35 35 26 23 22 29 29 39 59 29 29 22 35 29 29 29 29 25 45 23 29 25 29 29 19 79 57 95 95 79 79 65 79 19 19 19 19 25 23 29 29 34 34 38 34

4.60 49 95 55 65 35

1 75 39 57 45 45 69 65

74125 74126 74128 74132 74136 74139 74141 74142 74143 74144 74145 74147 74148 74150 74151 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74158 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 74167 74170 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74179 74180 74181 74182 74184 74185 74186 74188 74190 74191 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197 74198 74199 74221 74251 74273 74276 74279 74823 74284 74285 74290 74298 74365 74366 74367 74368 74390 74393 74490

.39

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59

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75

.95

79

2.95

2.95

2.95

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1.95

1.20

1.09

67

67

67

1.19

78

78

.69

1.65

2.49

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87

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1 34

.75

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3.90

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1.39

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74S153

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74S174

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74S195

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74S241

74S242

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74S288

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74S374

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39

43

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52

52

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42

42

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49

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1 29

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1 89

2 75 2 75 2 99 2 99 2 99 1 35 1 35 I 29

1 29 75

2 79 2 99

2 55

3 10 3 10 2 ?5 7 95 7 95

7 95 9 95 995 5.75 5.75

8 95 8 95 2 90 2 90

LINEAR

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX'

LM320T-XX'

LM320H-XX'

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX1

LM340T-XX

LM340H-XX'

LM344H

LM348N

LM350K

LM358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

LM702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N.'H

LM733N/H

LM739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM474N7H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N

MC1489N

LM1496N

78H05K

78M06

78MG

35 1.98 1.89 3.25

.29

.98 1 49 1.25

.89 1.75 1.70 1.49 1 25 1.35 1.39 1 25 4.95

.95 5.95 6.95

95 1 75 1 25 1 25 1 95 1.20 5.60

.98 1 49 1.95 3.75 2.75 1 25 1.79 1.95 1.25 1 40 1.95

39

98 1995 1.25

1 75 1.50

2 75 1.99

29 75 .39

1 95 .65 98

1.15 33 19 .75 .39

2 95 1.90

49

99

99

89

5.95

1 49

1 49

CRYSTALS

16 RAM CARD

$4900

Compatiblewilh: DOS3.3.CP/M, Visicalc, PASCAL 1YR.WARRANTY

Applell/lle

Compatible $22200 Disk Drive

CONTROLLER CARD $7500

IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

IBM 64K $52.95 (9Pcs64KRAM)

HighQuaiity Diskettes

51/4"SS/DD17/Box 5V4"SS/DD27/Box

80 Column Card

CallFor SuperLowPrice

POWER SUPPLY

VEP550A $4000

5V/6A, 12V/1A, -5V/1A

VEP550B 5V/7A, 12V/1A, VEP560A

$4500

-5V/1A $50oo

5V/1A,

5V/7A, 12V/2A -12V/.5V

3 MONTHS WARRANTY

80 Column Dot Matrix Printer

CP-80byC.T.I. 80cpsparallel interface graphics printing compatible with EPSON MX80FT

SALE PRICE $32495

I

TERMS: For shipping include S2 (or UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. $10 minimum order.

lu Hand well n

4962 EL CAMINO REAL, SUITE 119 • LOS ALTOS, CA 94022 (415) 962-9265 • TLX: 171947 HANDWELL LTOS

Circle 508 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 595

What's New?

Downers Grove, IL 60515, (800) 323-4853; in Illinois, |312) 968-1716. Circle 694 on inquiry card.

Portable Minicassette for Field Work

The LG-P compact portable minicassette system is manufactured by Analog & Digital Peripherals. This microprocessor-controlled unit is designed for field and factory personnel needing means for loading and storing programs at a remote site. Standard features include 96K bytes of storage per tape, multiple files/tape abilities, switchselectable data rates of 150 to 9600 bps, doublebuffered I/O, terminal and modem ports, and automatic error checking and retry. It has a self-contained operating system, a transparent standby mode between terminal and modem, and the ability to handle ASCII or binary codes. Its manual controls are read and write block or file, stop, skip, and backwards.

The LG-P comes in a shock-mounted briefcase measuring 73A by 5 by 9'/2 inches. Standard RS232C and 20-mA current loop interfaces are offered. The single-unit price is S639. Quantity discounts are available. Contact Analog & Digital Peripherals Inc., 815 Diana Dr., Tory, OH 45373, (513) 339-2241. Circle 695 on inquiry card.

FOREIGN

35

Canadian Payroll System

Arctic Data Corporation's Canadian payroll accounting system works with computers running CP/M and OS65/U operating systems. This package uses menu-driven prompts to guide operators through all phases of installation, operation, and report generation. It can print payroll summaries, input registers, employee lists, and payroll stubs. It supports up to nine user-defined deductions and four rate categories per employee. Payrolls can be calculated concurrently for hourly, salaried, and piecework paid employees. Salaried personnel files can be password protected. Further facilities permit issuing cash advances, bonuses, and lump-sum payments. This system can handle government-supplied forms. Union and job costing versions are available. Dealers and interested end users can receive complete details from Arc

tic Data Corp., 1839 1st

Ave., Prince George, British

Columbia, V2L 2Y8,

Canada.

Circle 696 on inquiry card.

Remote Line Monitor

The RLM 2000 remote line monitor from RAD Computers Ltd. permits EIA status and line data streams to be transmitted from remote data links to a central site for analysis. This system is made up of a master unit at a central site and a slave unit that can be connected over communication lines and controlled by the master. The slave scans the transmit and receive leads, Tx and Rx clocks, and control signals. It transmits data to the master via low-speed channels using an errorchecking algorithm for data integrity. The master unit receives and stores data in its 1K- to 16K-byte memory. Data is then re

stored and transferred to monitoring equipment for analysis. The slave is programmed through a standard ASCII terminal connected to the master.

Other products from RAD include short-haul modems and automatic cable testers. For more information, contact RAD Computers Ltd., 8 Hanechoshet St., RamatHachayal, Tel Aviv 69710, Israel; tel: (031 494511; Telex: 35517. Circle 697 on inquiry card.

Winchesters and Floppies Standard

The Orion VI series of microcomputers from Dy-4 Systems offers two types of Winchester hard-disk drives combined with an 8-inch double-sided double-density floppy-disk drive. The Orion Vl-A comes with a 35.6-megabyte (formatted) 8-inch Winchester, and the Orion Vl-B is equipped with a 5-, 10-, or 20.8-megabyte 5 'A inch Winchester. Both systems feature STD bus architecture, a Z80A microprocessor, 64K bytes of RAM. 4K bytes of EPROM, and CP/M.

A 12-slot card-cage option for the Vl-B allows for up to 9 user card slots. Additional options include RS232C and parallel ports, color graphics, and floating-point mathematics. Contact Dy-4 Systems Inc., 888 Lady Ellen Place, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 5M1, Canada, (613) 728-3711. Circle 698 on inquiry card.

596 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ANADEX

List

DP9501 $1725

BMC

List

PB 101,16cps,2KBuffer $1100

pb 104 Silver Reed Copy 849

BROTHER

List

HR-1A.17CPS $ 999

C. ITOH

List

Gorriia-Banana, 50cps $ 249

Prowriter8510,120cps 495

Prowriter I11550(15") 995

Prowriteriserial 745

Prowtirer II Serial 995

StarwriterF-l0,40pu 1895

8600BP.180CPS 1295

PrintmasterF-10-55 1995

COMREX

List

CR-1 S1199

CR-11,12cps,5KBuffer 599

Tractor, CR-2 129

DIABLO

List

620 $1195

630R-155 2340

630KSR 3325

ecu

$1395

ecu

S 649 599

ecu

$ 675

ecu

S 194 349 649 499 695

1129 999

1405

ecu

$ 675

499

99

ecu

S 925 1790 2495

EPSON

List CCU

RX-80(120cps) $499 Call

MX-80FTI80CPS) 525 Call

FX-80(160cps) 699 Call

FX-100 (15" Carriage) 899 Call

IDS

List ecu

Microprism80w/color $1048 S 799

MANESMAN-TALLY

List ecu

160L(160CPS) $1075 $ 615

180U160CPS) 1495 849

NEC

List ecu

PC8023AI100CPS) $ 619 S 375

PC8025 (15" Carriage) 975 699

NEC DOT MATRIX

List CCU

Nec8023 $ 619 $ 375

IMec8025 975 699

NEC 3500 SERIES

List CCU

Nec3510 $1895 $1495

Nec3515 1890 1490

Nec3520KSR 2625 1995

Mec3530 1995 1645

Nec3550 2295 1850

NEC 7700 SERIES

List

Nee 7710 S2595

Nec7715 2625

I\lec7720 3258

Nec7725 3325

Mec7730 2595

NEW OKIDATA

List

Microline92P(160cps) $699

Microiine92S(i60cps) 799

Microline93P(160cps, 15") 1249

Microline93S(160cps, 15). 1349

OKIDATA

List

Microline82A(Par. &serial) S 549 Microline83A (15" carriage) 899

Microline84P(200cps) 1395

Microline84S(200cps) 1495

OUME SPRINT

List

1140+ $1681

STAR MICRONICS

List

CeminiiOX(l20cpsi $ 399

Ceminil5(100cps) 599

Gemini 15X 699

TOSHIBA

List

P1350 $2195

Tractor 295

CCU

S1950 1995 2550 2595 1995

CCU

S 499 599 799 899

CCU

$ 379 629 929 999

CCU

S1495

CCU

$ 294 389 489

CCU

$1499 219

AU PRODUCTS HAVE FACTORY WARRANTY

4BP*

*h3&,

PB101

I6cps

i-Directional 32 Characters Per Line K Buffer

;t$1100 CCU $649

COMREX II

CRII

• 5K Buffer

• 12cps

• Letter Quality

• Best buy for the money

List$ 599 CCU $499

MICROTEK

Dumpling CX

• Same as Crappler +

• Full Graphic interface

• works w/Apple & Franklin

• includes Card & Cable

• 2 year warranty

List$ 129 CCU $89

OKIDATA

Microline 93A

160 cps

• 15" Carriage

• very Close to Letter Quality

List $1249 CCU $799

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler+ S 119

Grappler + l6KBufferExp.to64K 179

BufferBoardworksw/Grappler + .... 119

FOURTH DIMENSION

Parallel Card & Cable Interface for Apple $ 49

.|=l-H.]:JI4.

MICROTEK

Dumpling GX Graphic Printer Interface . .$ 89

DumplingGX16lnterfacew/l6KofBuf. . 149

Additional Buffering 16K 15

CABLES

IBM to Printer $ 29

Kaypro to Printer 29

Osborne to Printer 29

omputer Components Unlimited

Circle 509 on inquiry card.

RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd. inglewood, CA 90304

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. BOX 1936 Hawthorne, CA 90250

(213)219-0808 (800)847-1718

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA

ALL OPTIONS FOR PRINTERS AVAILABLE

Call for

Atari & Commodore

interfaces

RETAIL STORE PRICING MAY BE HIGHER

Man., Tues., Thurs. & Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Wednesday 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. sat. & sun. ii a.m. to a p.m.

an merchandise new we accept mc. visa, wire Transfer COD Call, Certified cneck, PO s from qualified firms, apo accepted snipping

Prices SuOiect to Change

No Surcharge for credit Cards

What's New?

Trade Magazine for

Latin American

Business

Ejecutivo magazine is designed for Latin American business people who want to know more about computers and information-processing equipment. It offers reports on industry trends, trade happenings, new products and services, and profiles of names in the news. Current circulation of this Spanish-language, fourcolor journal is 40,000. For information, contact Ms. M. Morelli, Ostwaldstrasse 6, 5300 Bonn 1, West Germany; tel: (228J 612807. In the the U.S., Johnston International, 386 Park Ave. S, New York, NY 10016, (212) 689-0120. Circle 699 on inquiry card.

K-FIx Patches Kaypro CP/M

Maplesoft's K-Fix version 2.1 is designed to correct several unpopular traits of the Kaypro 11. K-Fix alters the Kaypro's CP/M system so that it turns off the drive motors when they are not in use, extinguishes the drive lights except for when a read or write is occurring, and sets the power on/reset default serial data rate to any of the 16 values supported by the Kaypro.

K-Fix is written in assembly language and is recopyable with COPY and SYSGEN utilities. The distribution disk contains KFIX.COM, the source code (KFIX.ASM), and a

boot-up message advising users how to proceed. It costs S29.95 (in Canada, S35), which includes a manual containing a fully commented source-code listing. Order K-Fix from Maplesoft Inc., Suite 100, 49 Ascot Dr., Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6G1, Canada. Circle 700 on inquiry card.

Printer Flows at 37 cps

The Flowriter RP1300 operates at 37 cps and offers character pitches of 10, 12, and 15 cpi and proportionally spaced type styles. This bidirectional printer with optimized printhead movement comes with an 8K-byte buffer, graphics capabilities, and such print enhancements as underline and boldface. Standard features include external forms control, multicolor print, self-test, automatic linefeed, paper and ribbon sensors, and a print wheel with the full 96-character ASCII set and 28 special symbols. Flowriter can print an original plus six copies. Interfaces are serial RS-232C, IEEE488, or Centronics parallel. Options include a variety of typefaces, tractor feed, and a keyboard for communications. A 60-cps version is available. Contact Appropriate Technology Ltd., 2-4 Canfield Place, London NW6 3BT, England; tel; 01-328 7272; Telex: 264538 SSE G. Circle 701 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

Visicalc Subject of

Two recent releases from Osborne/McGraw-Hill focus on Visicorp's Visicalc spreadsheet program. 54 Visicalc Models: FinanceStatistics-Mathematics by Robert H. Flast is a collection of ready-to-run Visicalc programs that address common business, mathematics, and statistical problems. It's written for both beginners and seasoned Visicalc users. The price is S 15.95.

in The Visicalc Program

Two New Works

Made Easy, David M. Castlewitz presents a series of hands-on lessons that introduce users to Visicalc's program format and commands. Numerous examples and exercises help even first-time users achieve desired results. It costs SI2.95. Contact Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 2600 Tenth St., Berkeley, CA 94710, (415) 548-2805. Circle 702 on inquiry card.

Guide to

Purported to provide all the operational requirements needed to wrest the best from your Osborne 1, Using the Osborne Personal Computer is a Van Nostrand Reinhold publication. Author Kenniston W. Lord offers easy-to-use applications that can save business people time and money. Methods of entering, sorting, and presenting information are explained, and graphics techniques

Osborne

for business reports are described. Discussions cover data and programs running under the CP/M operating system and explain how printer graphics are used. Other topics addressed include defining media files and reading and writing to magnetic media. Numerous projects are provided to further refine programming skills. Using the Osborne Personal Computer contains

598 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

■\ r

DISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISKS! FREE SHIPPING!

TEC'S NEW HALF-HIGH 40 TRACK DISK DRIVE 1//CASE & POWER SUPPLY AT AN INCREDIBLE LOW PRICE! $195.00!!!!!

IEW! TRUE HALF HEIGHT DRIVES! 1 5/8 INCH NOT 2 INCH OR 2 7/16 INCH! DIRECT DRIVE! NO DRIVE BELT! 3MS TRACK TO TRACK!

EAC's New Slimline 40 Track w/case & power supply $235.00

andon 40 Track TM-1001 w/case & power supply $220.00

(DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK DRIVES ADD $75.00)

lugart New Slimline Double Sided 40 Track w/case & P.S $299.00

mgart New Slimline Double Sided 80 Track w/case & P.S $379.00

mdon Single Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S. . . . $545.00 indon Double Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S.. .. $625.00 vo Drive 5 1/4" Cable (for most computers) $23.99

(WITH GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS)

A Color Computer 1st Drive Only $389.00

ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEC & TANDON

!yes Smart Modem 300 Baud $225.00 1200 Baud $525.00

xtel I Double Density Board $89.00

/'s Line Filter W/Surge Supression $45.00

ikette File Box "Holds 70 Diskettes" $29.95

PRINTER PRICES

SO FT w/Graphtrax Plus. UOO w/Graphtrax Plus. 80 w/Graphtrax Plus.. 80 w/Graphtrax Plus. . 100 w/Graphtrax Plus.

$459.00 Gemini 10 $349.00

$659.00 Gemini 15 $479.00

$389.00 Citoh Prowriter 8510 $395.00

$569.00 Starwriter F10 $1169.00

$779.00 Smith Corona TP1 $595.00

iter Cable 10' long w/gold plated connectors starting at.

$25.99

DV'S EXCLUSIVE "YOU CANT LOSE" SIX MONTH WARRANTY!

"NO YOU'RE NOT SEEING THINGS, THAT'S FOUR

INTERNAL DRIVES IN A MODEL 4, WITH UP TO 4 MEG,

DISK STORAGE AVAILABLE NOW!

DV IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISK!

DISPLAYED VIDEO is now offering TRS-80' MODEL 4 with TANDON/ TEC/TEAC disk drives, one of the most reliable disk drive systems on the market, for INCREDIBLY low prices.

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40 track double density disk drives, complete system with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1599.00/128K...$1679.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40/40 track double density disk drives, complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K $1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80 track double density disk drives, complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K...$1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80/80 track double density disk drives, complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2199.00/128K...$2279.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four 40 track double density internal disk drives, complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2299.00/128K...$2379.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four internal drives of any configuration available to

achieve up to 4 meg of disk storage CALL

MODEL III/4 Internal Two Drive Kit: Includes controller board, dual drive mounting bracket, dual power supply, all hardware cable; and connectors

(gold plated) & TEC Drive $399.00

4 DRIVE KIT MINUS DRIVE $349.00

MODEL 100 8K $679.00 24K $839.00

DV'S MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARDS $89.00

'islt our retail location at:

. 11 Marshall Street Jtchfield, MI 49252 313) 426-5086 313) 482-4424 517) 542-3280 517) 542-3939 517) 542-3947

WE CARRY TRS-80, EM, LNW, EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY rp^a DISPLAYED (ffiT\ DV'S SIX MONTH

yggLKi IW ) PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY

—^ « V Authorized Dealership at: § \ \ 111 Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 PI42

To Order Cal) (313) 426-5086; (313) 482-4424; (517) 542-3280 (517) 542-3939; (517) 542-3947 OR WRITE: Displayed Video, 111 Marshall St., Litchfield, MI 49252 Circle 152 on Inquiry card.

'TRS-80 is a trademark of the Tandy Corporation Prices subject to change without notice.

What's New?

15 illustrations and 336 pages. It's available in either cloth or paperback for S20.45 and S 13.95, respectively. Contact Van Nostrand Reinhold, 135 West 50th St., New York, NY 10020, |212) 2658700. Circle 703 on inquiry card.

Business Accessories Described

Microsoftware Solutions, a free catalog of programs, books, accessories, and games for business computer users, is produced by Career Aids. This catalog describes more than 100 products in such diverse categories as training, word processing, accounting, job scheduling, file management, graphics, and medical/legal office. Product descriptions include information on memory requirements, printer needs and formats, and comparison tables. A glossary of technical terms helps you sort through the jargon.

All the programs listed in Microsoftware Solutions are available from and supported by Career Aids. A telephone hotline service provides you with assistance in selecting software for particular applications or with information and advice. For a copy, contact Career Aids/Microsoftware Solutions, 8950 Lurline Ave., Chatsworth, CA 91311, (213) 341-8279. Circle 704 on inquiry card.

Components Catalog

A free, illustrated 80page catalog of semiconductors, memories, microprocessors, and passive electronic components is available from Active Electronics. Also covered are computer systems and peripherals. Contact Active Electronics, POB 8000, Westborough, MA 01581, (800) 343-0874; in Massachusetts, (617) 366-0500. Circle 705 on inquiry card.

Online Data Directory

Profiles of 291 online services are contained in a 52page directory produced by Data Decisions. Online Services covers databases in 15 categories, such as distribution, education, banking and finance, medical/health, government, and agriculture. Service reports provide information on the primary function of the company, application and industry emphasis, application languages and program development aids supported, and access schemes permitted. Other features include a quickreference and summary index classifying the listings by industry and a miscellaneous section of databases.

Online Services costs S29.95. Order Report 10CL from Data Decisions, 20 Brace Rd., Cherry Hill, NJ 08034, (609) 4297100. Circle 706 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

Single-Board Automatically

The ID-80 from Advanced Data Processing Systems automatically boots a control program or DOS when powered up. This single-board computer comes with a floppy-disk controller, two RS-232C serial ports, three parallel ports, and 64K bytes of dynamic RAM. It features an onboard terminal that uses VT-52 control codes and outputs composite video in an 80-column by 24-row format. Characters are formed in a 9 by 12 matrix, and custom fonts are userprogrammable. A semigraphics mode allows the generation of 32 graphics characters. For storage, the ID-80 can handle two single- or double-density, single- or double-sided 5/4-inch floppy-disk drives or up to four single- or double-sided, single-density 8-inch drives. A 2K

Computer Boots DOS

byte character generator and 2K bytes of video memory are standard.

In single units, the ID-80 costs S598. For further information, contact Advanced Data Processing Systems, POB 10417, San Jose, CA 95137, (408) 446-9332. Circle 707 on inquiry card.

Unlsystem-PC Is PCcompatible

Compatible with the IBM Personal Computer, the Unisystem-PC is produced by International Systems Marketing. This 16-bit 8088-based machine is outfitted with 256K bytes of memory, dual 720K-byte floppy-disk drives, 8K bytes of EPROM, two RS-232C

600 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS

(214) 271-3538

32K S-100 EPROM CARD PRICE CUT!

USES 2716s

Blank PC Board - $34

ASSEMBLED & TESTED ADD $30

SPECIAL: 2716 EPROM's (450 NS) Are S4.95 Ea. Wilh Above Kit.

KIT FEATURES

1 Uses +5V only 2716 (2Kx8) EPROM's

2 Allows up to 32K of software on line1

3 IEEE S-100 Compatible

4 Addressable as two independent 16K blocks

5 Cromemco extended or Northstarbank select

6 On board wait stale circuitry if needed

7 Any or all EPROM locations can be disabled

8 Double sided PC board solder-masked silk-screened

9 Gold plated contacl fingers

10 Unselected EPROM's automatically powered down (or low power

11 Fully buffered and bypassed

12 Easy and quick io assemble

64K S100 STATIC RAM

$229°°

NEW!

LOW POWER! RAM OR EPROM!

BLANK PC BOARD WITH DOCUMENTATION $55

SUPPORT ICs + CAPS $17.50

FULL SOCKET SET $14.50

FULLY SUPPORTS THE

NEW IEEE 696 S100

STANDARD

(AS PROPOSED)

FOR 56K KIT $199

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED ADD $50

FEATURES:

* Uses new 2K «8 (TMM 2016 orHM 6116) RAM«.

* Fully supports IEEE 696 24 BIT Extended Addressing.

* 64K draws only approximately 500 MA.

* 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes TMM 2016s as fast as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH SPEED APPLICATIONS.)

* SUPPORTS PHANTOM (BOTH LOWER 32K AND ENTIRE BOARD).

* 2716 EPROMs may be Installed In any ot top 48K.

* Any ol the top 8K (E000 H AND ABOVE) may be disabled to provide windows to eliminate any possible conflicts with your system monitor, disk controller, etc.

* Perfect for small systems since BOTH RAM and EPROM may co-exist on the same board.

* BOARD may be partially populated as 56K.

256K S-100 SOLID STATE DISK SIMULATOR!

WE CALL THIS BOARD THE "UGHT-SPEED-100" BECAUSE IT OFFERS AN ASTOUNDING INCREASE IN YOUR COMPUTER'S PERFORMANCE WHEN COMPARED TO A MECHANICAL FLOPPY DISK DRIVE.

FEATURES: * 256K on board, using + 5V 64K

DRAMS.

Uses new Intel 6203-1 LSI Memory

Controller.

Requires only 4 Dip Switch Selectable

I/O Ports.

Runs on 8080 or Z80 S100 machines. jH* Up to 6 LS-100 boards can be run '^j together for 2 Meg. of On Line Solid

State Disk Storage.

Provisions for Battery back-up.

Software to mate the LS-100 to your

CP/M* 2.2 DOS Is supplied.

The LS-100 provides an increase in

speed of up to 7 to 10 times on Disk

Intensive Software.

Compare our price! You could pay

up to 3 times as much for similar

boards.

64K SS-50 STATIC RAM

$1790

(48K KIT)

NEW!

LOW POWER! RAM OR EPROMI

BLANK PC BOARD

WITH DOCUMENTATION

$52

BLANK PCB

(WITH CP/M* 2.2

PATCHES ON DISK)

s69

95

$39900

#LS-100 (FULL 256K KIT)

SUPPORT ICs + CAPS $18.00

FULL SOCKET SET $15.00

56K Kit $219 64K Kit $249

THE NEW ZRT-80

CRT TERMINAL BOARD!

A LOW COST Z-80 BASED SINGLE BOARD THAT ONLY NEEDS AN ASCII KEYBOARD, POWER SUPPLY, AND VIDEO MONITOR TO MAKE A COMPLETE CRT TERMINAL. USE AS A COMPUTER CONSOLE, OR WITH A MODEM FOR USE WITH ANY OF THE PHONE-LINE COMPUTER SERVICES. FEATURES:

* Uses a Z80A and 6845 CRT Controller for powerful video capabilities.

* RS232 at 16 BAUD Rales from 75 to 19,200.

* 24 x 60 standard format (60 Hz).

* Optional formats from 24 x 80 {50 Hz) to 64 lines x 96 characters (60 Hz).

* Higher density formats require up to 3 additional 2K x 8 6116 RAMS.

* Uses N.S. INS 8250 BAUD Rate Gen.] and USART combo IC.

* 3 Terminal Emulation Modes which are Dip Switch selectable. These include the LSI-ADM3A, the Heath H-19. and the Beehive.

* Composite or Split Video.

* Any polarity of video or sync.

* Inverse Video Capability.

* Small Size: 6.5 x 9 inches.

ASSEMBLED AND TESTED ADD $50

FEATURES:

* Uses new 2K x 8 (TMM 2016 or HM 6116) RAMs.

* Fully supports Extended Addressing.

* 64K draws only approximately 500 MA.

* 200 NS RAMs are standard. (TOSHIBA makes TMM 2016s as last as 100 NS. FOR YOUR HIGH SPEED APPLICATIONS.)

* Board is configured as 3-16K blocks and 8-2K blocks (within any 64K block) for maximum flexibility.

* 2716 EPROMs may be Installed anywhere on Board.

* Top 16K may be disabled In 2K blocks to avoid any I/O conflicts.

* One Board supports both RAM and EPROM.

* RAM supports 2MHZ operation at no extra chargel

* Board may be partially populated In 16K Increments.

32K S100 EPROM/STATIC RAM

mm®

i'.S iC'-V-,--'-: vi.lX ',—.'_•>

# ZRT-80

WITH 8 IN. SOURCE DISK!

BLANK PCB WITH 2716 CHAR. ROM, 2732 MON. ROM

$5995

SOURCE DISKETTE

-ADD $10

SET OF 2 CRYSTALS

ADD $7.50

$129

95

NEW!

FOUR FUNCTION BOARD!

FULL

EPROM KIT

(80.00

A&T EPROM AOO $35.00

I NEW!

We took our very popular 32K S100 EPROM Card and added additional logic to create a more versatile EPROM/RAM Board.

FEATURES:

BLANK PC BOARD WITH DATA

S39.9S

SUPPORT

ICS

PLUS CAPS

$23.00

FULL

SOCKET SET S18

(COMPLETE KIT, 2K VIDEO RAM)

Digital Research Computers

P.O. BOX 461565 • GARLAND, TEXAS 75046 • (214) 271-3538

* This one board can be used in any one of tour ways:

A. As a 32K 2716 EPROM Board

B. As a 32K 2732 EPROM Board (Using Every Other Socket)

C. As a mixed 32K 2716 EPROM/2K x 8 RAM Board

D. As a 32K Static RAM Board

* Uses New 2K x 8 (TMM2016 or HM6116, RAM's

* Fully Supports IEEE 696 Buss Standard (As Proposed)

* Supports 24 Bit Extended Adressing

* 200 NS (FASTI) RAMS are standard on the RAM Kit

* Supports both Cromemco and North Star Bank Select

* Supports Phantom

* On Board wait State Generator

* Every 2K Block may be disabled

* Addressed as two separate 16K Blocks on any 64K Boundary

* Perfect for MP/M" Systems

* RAM Kit Is very low power (300 MA typical)

32K STATIC RAM KIT —$129.95

For BAM Kit A&T - Add S40

TERMS: Add $2.00 postage. We pay balance. Orders under $15 add 75« handling. No COD. We accept Visa and MasterCharge. Tex. Res. add 5% Tax. Foreign orders (except Canada) add 20% P & H. Orders over $50, add 85C for insurance.

*TM OF DIGITAL RESEARCH INC. (CALIF.)

WE ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH INC. (CALIF.) THE SUPPLIERS OF CPM SOFTWARE

What's New?

ports, a parallel printer port, and a video monitor with a 25 by 80 format. Video attributes include uppercase and lowercase characters, underline, blink, reverse image, and high-intensity characters. Eight levels of interrupts are provided. Word processing, communications, and electronic spreadsheet software are standard. The operating system is MS-DOS.

Up to 1 megabyte of internal memory, a color graphics monitor, and an 8087 coprocessor are among the options. The Unisystem-PC begins at S2595. Details are available from International Systems Marketing Inc., Jackson Place South, Suite 6, 932 Hungerford Dr., Rockville, MD 20850, (301) 2795775. Circle 708 on inquiry card.

Encore 8- or 16-Blt Performance

Ithaca Intersystems' Encore can be configured as either an 8- or 16-bit system with a variety of storage devices. The 8-bit Z80B Encore runs Digital Research's CP/M or MP/M II operating systems, and the 16-bit Z8000 system is provided with Microsoft Xenix. Standard features include a 10-slot motherboard, modified S-l 00 circuit boards, and two or more massstorage units. The storage options offered are 5!4and 8-inch floppy-disk drives and 5/4-inch hard

disk drives with capacities of up to 31 megabytes. Prices for 8-bit Encores begin at S4995. Complete details are available from Ithaca Intersystems Inc., 200 East Buffalo, POB 91, Ithaca, NY 14851, (607) 273-2500. Circle 709 on inquiry card.

True

Three-dimensional

Modeling System

The CS-5 three-dimensional, solid-modeling graphics system has been announced by Cubic Systems. Highlighting the CS-5, which can operate as a terminal or as a standalone system, are two 512 by 512 by 16 frame buffers with 4096 displayable colors from a palette of 16.8 million. Standard features include true three-dimensional modeling through the application of orthogonal or perspective projections, slipping, antialiasing, and shaded surfaces with smooth shading and hidden line or surface removal. System functions are accessible through selfcontained user-friendly menu structures from the keyboard, high-level language programs, or by remote processor control.

A base price of less than $9000 has been set. For ordering information and details on optional equipment, contact Cubic Systems, 2372 Ellsworth St., Berkeley, CA 94704, (415) 540-5733. Circle 710 on inquiry card.

COMMUNICATIONS

Intelligent Communication Controller

Intek's Diplomat is a Z80-based peripheral controller for intelligent communication between microcomputers, peripherals, and printers. A software-controlled switchbox, Diplomat can accommodate a group of devices, regardless of whether serial or parallel, providing that at least one of the units is computer input. Technical features include 16K bytes of RAM, 16 data rates (8 hardware- and 8 softwareselectable) from 50 to 19,200 bps, an internal printer driver, automatic bidirectional printing with optimized throughput, sheet-feeder and graphics modes, word-processing features, and RS-232C, Centronics parallel, Qume, and Diablo interfaces. Its switch-selectable protocols are NEC 7710, Diablo 630, IBM PC/Epson, Qume Sprint 5, and Atari. Other specifications include vector plotting, remote diagnostics, reprint of up to 8000 copies, clear error, adjustable tabbing, and an audible alarm.

Options include 64K bytes of memory. Retail

prices range from $595 to $895, depending on the amount of memory and desired configuration. Contact Intek, 780 Charcot Ave., San Jose, CA 95131, (408) 946-9041. Circle 7II on inquiry card.

Interactive Investment Network

ElectroNews Inc. is i. computer-accessed interactive news and advisory ser vice. This service produce: up-to-the-minute report: on such financial subject: as securities, preciou: metals, real estate, interes rates, and inflation as wel as advice from leading fi nancial and investment ex perts. Subscribers are abli to interact with the system posing questions that hel[ them make personal in vestment strategies.

ElectroNews is broad cast daily on the GTE Tele net Telemail system, whicl is accessed through a loci telephone call in 250 citie: A year's subscription cost $ 178. Connection fees ar charged. For full detail:

602 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

/C\ Alspa Computer, Inc.

Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives, 3 serial + 1 parallel port. Winchester port, networking. Prices start below $1500. DEALER / OEM inquiries invited.

""Tplwwfoiinimlii^MciiTfs

6502 7.45 10/6.95

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95

6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10

6532 7,90 10/7.40

2114-L200 2.45

2716 EPROM 4.90

2532 EPROM 6.90

6116 2KX8CM0SRAM 6.90

4116 RAM Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe)

50/6.55 100/6.15

50/7.35 100/6.90

50/4.45 100/4,15

50/5.75 100/5.45

50/7.00 100/6.60

25/2.30 100/2.15

5/4.50 10/4.00

5/6.75 10/6.45

5/6.75 10/6.45

'. for 14

2.00

Hewlett Packard

Write or call forprices.

Anchor Automation Signalman Modems

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman Modems provide the best price-performance values, and start at less than S100. Dealer and OEM Inquiries invited

Mark I RS232 (99) 59

Mark II lor Atari 850 (99) 79

Mark IV lor CBM/PET with software (169) 89

Mark V for Osborne (software available) (129) 79 Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer (279) 175

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (159) 89

Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer (399) 299

DC HAYES Smartmodem DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200

219

545

PROM QUEEN for VIC Apple Emulator for Commodore 64 Screenmaker 80 COLUMN CARD for C64 Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC

C64/VIC Switch (networking)

BACKUP V1.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VIC CARDAPTER/1 Atari VCS Adapter - VIC CARDPRINT Printer Interface - C64/VIC CARDB0ARD/3S Motherboard - VIC CARDCO C64/VIC Calculator Keypad CARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VIC Complete CARDCO Line in stock CIE and VIE IEEE Interfaces in stock BASM Compiler/Assembler lor C64

170 89

145 29

125 20

64 69 64 32 32 64

89

APPLE—FRANKLIN ITEMS

KRAFT Apple Joystick 40

16K RAM Card for Apple 59

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple 29

Serial Card for Apple 99

MPC RAM/80 column card for HE IAP/TXT1 139

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235

RANA Elite I with Controller 389

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 79

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 115

Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer 160

Grappler + Interface 140 Kraft Products for Apple in stock

DC Hayes Micromodem II 299

PFS: File 100

PFS: Report 100

Videx 80 Column Card 209 Hayden Software for Apple 20% OFF

PIE Writer Word Processor 120

H commodore

See us for Personal, Business, and Educational requirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN I $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers to shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing configurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Additional computer hookups $100 each.

COMPACK/STCP

$115

Intelligent Terminal Package for PET, CBM, C64

Includes ACIA Hardware/ STCP Software

VE-2 TEEE to Parallel Interface 110

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and switch selectable character conversion to ASCII.

VIDEO ENHANCER for Commodore 64 89

Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitor using standard color TV.

SCREENMAKER 801 Column Adapter for C64 145

Provides big screen capability for business applications.

VIC 20 Products

BACKUP V1.0 20

VIC RAM Cards in stock VIC SuperExpander 52 VIC 16KRAM Thorn EMI Software HES Software VIC Omega Race Spiders of Mars (UMI) Programmers Aid

VICTORY Software Street Sweepers (VIC) 12

95

32 39 45

Night Rider (VIC) Annihilates Adventure Pack II Educational Pack I Strategy Pack I

11 16 16 11 16

VIC Sargon II Chess VIC GORF Meteor Run (UMI) VIC Radar Ratrace Amok (UMI) Snakman Rubik's Cube Programmers Reference FflOGGER

VIC Adventure Series for VIC and C64 Kongo Kong (VIC) Cosmic Debris (VIC) Adventure Pack I Metamorphosis Trek Grave Robbers

32 32 39 24 20 15 13 15 25

PAPER CLIP Word Processor 109

ORACLE Data Base Batteries Included 125

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16

MicroChess for C64—8 levels of play 19

Computers First Book ol PET/CBM 11

C64 or VIC SWITCH 125

POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+/64 69

WordPro 4+ - 8032, disk, printer 295 SPELLMASTER spelling checker for WordPro

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 189

PET-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

EASY CALC for C64 65

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

COPYWRITER Word Processor for C64 69

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET, CBM, 4040, or 8050 8 CmC Interfaces (ADA1800, ADA1450, SADI in stock)

Programming the PET/CBM (Compute!) — R. West 20

Compute! First Book of VIC 11

HES MODEM with Software 65 HES Software and Hardware in stock UMI products in slock

RexRIe for PET/CBM/CB4$110

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists.

FORTH for PET/C64 lull FIG model— Cargill/Riley $50 Metacompiler for FORTH for independent object code 30

KMMM PASCAL for PET/CBM/C64

EARL lor PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER

79 65

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4KS75 8K $90

DISK ICU - Recovery System for PET/CBM 40

DISK SPECIALS

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

Sentinal 5" ss/dd 10/1.90 50/1.85 100/1.80

Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/2.55 50/2.50 100/2.45

We stock Dysan disks

10/2.20 50/2.00 100/1.95 10/3.05 50/2.80 100/2.75 10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.06 10/2.85 50/2.70 100/2.65

Wabash 5" ss/sd Wabash 5" ss/dd Wabash 8" ss/sd

10/1.65 50/1.60 100/1.55 10/1.95 50/1.90 100/1.85 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.85

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for S6 Disk Library Cases 8"—3.00 5"—2,25 Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTE TAPES

C-10 C-30

-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

10/.61 50/58 100/.50 10/85 50/.82 100/.70

DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge and noise filtering. The answer to your power problems.

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 98 Zenith new color and monochrome monitors in stock

Peachtext 5000 Software Package 219 PFS Software for IBM and Apple in stock

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280

VOTRAX Type-N-Talk 160 VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)

CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 32

Dynax (Brother) DX-15 Daisy Wheel Printer 469

Prowriter Parallel Printer 379

Panasonic 1D90 Printer with Correspondence Mode 319

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39

Daisywriter 2000 with 48K buffer + cable 1150 Many printers available (Gemini-Star, Brother, OKI, etc.) We Stock AMDEK Monitors

AmdekDXY-100 Plotter 590 A P Products 15% OFF

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290

BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54 We stock Electrohome Monitors

SynertekSYM-1 Microcomputer 189

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Panasonic 12" Monitor (20 MHz) with audio Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor

135 259

USI Video Monitors—Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-res. Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

TgftiZH I data

I systems

HERO 1 Robot (factory assembled) 2145

Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680

ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 369

ZT-10 Intel. Terminal with Serial Port 340

Zl 00 16-bit/B-bit Systems in stock CALL

We stock entire Zenith line.

ATARr

SPECIALS

WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE—write for prices.

Software for Atari in stock

215-822-7727

252 Bethlehem Pike Colmar, PA 18915

Circle 6 on inquiry card.

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1.50 per order for United Parcel. We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders (add extra for mail, APO/FPO. air). Prices include cash discount. Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

BYTE September 1983 603

What's New?

contact ElectroNews Inc., POB 148, Leesburg, VA 22075. (703) 592-3770. Circle 712 on inquiry card.

Modem with Processor-Controlled

Auto-Dial

Bytcom's Autodial 212AD is a full-featured Bell 212A-compatible modem with a microprocessorbased auto-dial circuit. It provides 0 to 300 bps and 1200 bps full-duplex transmission of data over a switched network. Its nonvolatile memory can store nine 40-digit telephone numbers and names and can be activated by terminal key or computer control. System features include integral voice/data transfer switch; software disconnect; remote boot capabilities; 16-character answer back; redial, linking, and continuous redial until connected; secondary dial-tone detect for PBX dialing; a help menu; and interchangeable TouchTone, Pulse, or blind dialing within a stored number sequence to allow pulsecircuit users to dial over MCI and Sprint lines. The terminal interface is RS232C, and the telephone line interface is RJII or RJ45.

The Autodial 212AD modem costs S595. Contact Bytcom, Suite H, 2169 Francisco Blvd., San Rafael, CA 94901, (800) 2273254; in California, (415) 485-0700. Circle 713 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Mouse Scampers Across Any Surface

Measurement Systems' Series 122 Mouse for cursor control features optical encoders that operate on any surface. Independently driven X,Y encoders offer low friction and minimal torque requirements, which eases operator control and minimizes the possibility of loose materials interfering with normal operation. Standard counts per inch of motion range from 20 to 200. The Series 122 Mouse is available with quadrature square wave output, scaled pulse output, variable pulse rate, or with coded digital such as RS-232C. Contact Measurement Systems Inc., 121 Water St., Norwalk, CT 06854. Circle 714 on inquiry card.

Computer Cleaning Aids

A line of computer cleaning products is marketed by Automation Facilities Corporation. The line includes a disk-drive cleaning kit, a compressed-air sprayduster, anti-static sprays, solvents, presaturated cleaning pads, and lint-free wiping materials. For a product catalog, contact Automation Facilities Corp., 3916 State St., Santa Barbara, CA 93105, (805) 687-7040. Circle 715 on inquiry card.

Microprocessor

Handles Keyboard

Functions

A single microcomputer controller handles all the functions of the 8000 Series keyboard. This 95-key system offers a standard 53key typewriter arrangement, a left-hand 10-key function keypad, and 13 numeric keys on the righthand side. Across its top are 19 special-function keys. All keycaps are nonglare two-shot molded sculptured style. Four versions of the 8000 Series are available, with prices beginning at S 170. Contact George Risk Industries Inc., GRI Plaza, Kimball, NE 69145, (308) 235-4645. Circle 716 on inquiry card.

Card Cage Ready for Projects

The MB6AF-PS6 is an STD bus-compatible modular card-cage assembly from Computer Dynamics. It consists of an integral sixslot motherboard, cage, power supply, and fan. The bottom plate is removable for flat mounting within an enclosure. The connectors feature gold-plated contacts, and the chassis is made of anodized alumin

um with nylon card guides spaced at 0.5 inches.

In single units, the MB6AF-PS6 costs S395. Contact Computer Dynamics Inc., 105 South Main St.. Greer, SC 29651, (803) 877-7471. Circle 717 on inquiry card.

Suppressor Responds

In Less Than

60 Picoseconds

The Power Sentry-2 transient suppressor and line conditioner from Surgeonics responds to voltage transients in less than 60 picoseconds. It comes with a built-in RF filter that's designed to attenuate RF noise and dissipate high-speed, high-energy transients for increased reliability. Key specifications include energy dissipation of more than 1.1 megawatts, 156 V RMS (220 peak) + 10% clamping voltage by means of a two-stage system, and a nominal line voltage of 120 V, single phase at 50 or 60 Hz. Further details are available from Surgeonics Ltd., 155 Kisco Ave., Mount Kisco, NY 10549, (914) 2413202. Circle 718 on inquiry card.

Where Do New Products Items Come From7

The information printed in the new products pages of BYTE is obtained from "new product" or "press release" copy sent by the promoters of new products. If in our judgment the information might be of interest to the personal computing experimenters and homebrewers who read BYTE, we print it in some form. We openly solicit releases and photos from manufacturers and suppliers to this marketplace. The information is printed more or less as a first-in first-out queue, subject to occasional priority modifications. While we would not knowingly print untrue or inaccurate data, or data from unreliable companies, our capacity to evaluate the products and companies appearing in the "What's New?" feature is necessarily limited. We therefore cannot be responsible for product quality or company performance.

604 September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD 82-018

This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board. All that is needed besides this board is a parallel ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a power supply. It displays 80 columns by 25 lines of UPPER and lower case characters. Data is transferred by RS232 at rates of 110 baud to 9600 baud — switch selectable. The UART is controlled (parity etc.) by a 5 pos. dip switch.

Complete source listing is included in the documentation. Both the character generator and the CRT program are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification to your needs.

This board uses a 6502 Microprocessor and a 6545-1 CRT controller. The 6502 runs during the horz. and vert, blanking (45% of the time). The serial input port is interrupt driven. A 1500 character silo is used to store data until the 6502 can display it.

Features

• 6502 Microprocessor

• 6545-1 CRT controller

• 2716 EPROM char. gen.

• 2716 EPROM program

• 4K RAM (6116)

• 2K EPROM 2716

• RS232 I/O for direct connection to computer or modem.

• 80 columns x 25 line display

• Size 6.2" x 7.2"

• Output for speaker (bell)

• Power

+ 5 700Ma.

+ 12 50Ma. -12 50Ma.

BAUD RATE

GENERATOR 110-9600

PARALLEL KEYBOARD

INPUT

(TTL)

VIDEO TERMINAL 82-018

UART

VIDEO DISPLAY CIRCUIT

COMPOSITE VIDEO

SPEAKER (BELL)

OUT IN

RS232 I/O

+ 5 +12

-12 GND.

This board is available assembled and tested, or bare board with the two EPROMS and crystal.

Assembled and tested #82-018A $199.95

Bare board with EPROMS and crystal #82-018B $ 89.95

Both versions come with complete documentation.

JTohiv Bell Eivgiiveeriivg, live

ALL PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE FROM JOHN BELL ENGINEERING, INC. • 1014 CENTER ST., SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 ADD SALES TAX IN CALIFORNIA • ADD 5% SHIPPING & HANDLING 3% FOR ORDERS OVER $100

10% OUTSIDE U.S.A. ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D.

SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG

(415)592-8411

WILL CALL HOURS: 9am

#249

4pm

Circle 51 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 605

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

CHECK SUNTRONICS NEW LOW PRICES

He Compatible Products

General Products- cont.

Video Monitors

$7Q95

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive Controller... # J Runs DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart compatible 5'/4" Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card)

$i

oo

ASCII KEYBOARD A&T OS/

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock, underscore, I I and back slash characters.

Apple Prototype Board.

Double Sided glass with gold plated Apple and General Purpose terminals. Contains matrix of 17 x 63 solder plated donuts

on .15" x.1" spacing. Great for 14,16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-722 7.95

Apprate PROM Blaster 119.00

"ALS" 80 Column Card 159.00

"ALS" Z-CARD (280 CPU) 149.00

API Apple Parallel Printer Interface card. Centronics Compatible $45.00

General Products

Mitsubishi Disk Drives, 5W and 8 Slim

5%" Thin DSDD 40 Track 310.00

8" Thin DSDD 77 Track 450.00

* • # *•

SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $115.00

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz 119.00

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz 124.00

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 12MHz 127.00

Composite video I/O. 750 lines resolution. 75 10K ohm impedance. Note: Please add $7.50 shipping and handling for the video monitors.

Assembled Connectors and Cables

Centronics Type Cable Assemblies 36 pin flat cable with male to male or male to female connectors.

4 ft—$24.95 6 ft—$27.95 RS232 Cable Assemblies 25 pin flat cable with male to male or male to female connectors.

5 ft—$29.95 10 ft—$35.95

Assemble Your Own Cables

Ribbon Card Edge

Cable Connector

Price'fl. Price

$2.46 4.80 5.93 6.90 7.58

$0.50 0.65 0.83 1.00 1.30

Cond,

20

26

34

40

50 IDS DB-25P IDS DB-25S

Super Sale

P/N 8-24

2716 (450nSI 3.80

2732 !450nS) 4.15

2532 (450nS) 5.95

2764 (28 pinl 5.95

IDS

Header

Socket

(w/w)

Price

Price

$3.06

$4.24

3.87

4.68

6.30

5.25

7.20

5.95

7.50

6.20

Connector $5.95

Connector $6.25

25up P/N 8-24 25up

3.55 6116P-3 (150nS) 6.10 5.75

3.98 2114L-2 (200nS) 1.62 1.62

5.95 4164 Call Call

5.95 Z80ACPU 4.99 4.99

SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

CALIFORNIA

213-644-1149

S-100 Products

STORE HOURS: MON FRl

SATURDAY

9:00am to 6:00pm 10:00am lo b:00pm

(for Tech Info and Calif, orders)

Mail Order—Minimum Order: $10. Send Check oi MasterCard [please include expiration date). Add pound to your order California residents add 6'

S-100

MEMORY

BOARD

$ IE C00

64KSM A&T without RAM lv)J

64KSM A&T with 64k RAM (32-6116's) 339.00

S-100 Board Uses 6MH2 6116's. V4A max. power. Bank Select plus Extended Addressing allow for multimemory board set-up. 4 independant 16K Blocks make easy use with multi-user systems. Any 2K RAM may be replaced by 2716 EPROM.

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $169.00

SBC 880 Z80A CPU, Kit 149.00

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with Serial Parallel Ports

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, A&T 245.00

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller, Kit 225.00

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1795 chip which runs either and/or 8"/5'/4" Disk Drives.

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115.00

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has 4 interrupts. Time, Day of Week and Battery Backup.

S-100 Prototype Board

Double Sided glass with gold plated, numbered S-100 terminals. Matrix of 25 x 78 solder plated donuts on .15" x.1 "spacing. Locations for headers and

regulators. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-721 12.95

Mother Boards & Card Cages

SLOTS Bare Bd KIT A&T w/CAGE

6 $12.00 $37.00 $52.00 $77.00

8 16.00 48.00 73.00 108.00

12 22.00 68.00 103.00 143.00

10MHz, No termination. Includes power indicator and wiring for muffin fan. Uses OKI connector for solderless installation and removal of power & reset lines.

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE 1'S0U~421-5775

(Order Desk Only)

Money Order 10: P.O. BOX 1957 Dept B, HAWTHORNE. CA 90250.Visa or $2 00 postage and handling lor fiisl 3 pounds plus ijOloi each additional Id sales lax

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

(LINEAR & SWITCHING) FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES

ITEM +5V OVP

12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)

6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

5A

NO. 806 & NO. 516 Mainframes Kit 1, 2 & 3 for S-100 R2,R3<or 2 Drives(FloppySHard)

OPEN FRAME, ASSY. & TESTED, 6 OUTPUTS, ADJU. & FUSES PROTECT. -5V +24V(OR -i- 12V) +8V ±16V SIZE W x D x H PRICE

1A

5-7A PEAK

13A

3A

10" X 6" X 5"

105.95

3 S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A 4-5A PEAK 8A 3A 8%" X 5" x 4%" 95.95

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, regulated, adjustable & fuses protect.

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP ^5V +24V(or+12V) +8VUnreg. +12V SIZEWxDxH PRICE

R0 2 x 8" SLIMLINE 2.5A

R1 2 x 8" or 2 x 5'/4M DISK 4A 1A 3A - 5A Peak 2A

R2 [3x8" (or 5V4") FLOPPY] 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak

R3 [or 1x Floppy & 1x HardJ 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 1A

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES 8.00

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V +16V -16V +28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

5" x 4"x4"

8" x 4" x 33/4"

10" X 4%" X 3%"

9" x 6'/4" x 4%"

51.95 56.95 71.95 85.95

S^forS-IOOS^Dnves

KIT 1

15 CARDS

15A

2.5A

2.5A

...

12"x5"x4%"

54.95

KIT 2

20 CARDS

25A

—

3A

3A

...

12"x5"x47/e"

61.95

DEALER g

KIT 3

DISK SYSTEM

15A

1A

3A

3A

5A

131/2" X 5" x 47/e"

69.95

INQUIRIES 3 INVITED

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF.; $8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA. FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES; $12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD 6.5% SALES TAX.

6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy. & tested only $399.95 + shipping $is.oo

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO. 806 OR 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR • RESET SWITCH « 4VS" COOLING FAN • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • (110/220 VAC, 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR DISK DRIVES & S-100 SLOTS • 2 EA. DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES • 9 EA. CUT-OUTS; 7 FOR DB25 CONNECTOR, 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR & 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH S, LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT, 28 LBS. ITEM #806 FOR 2 EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 & 848-2 OR EQUIV.), OR ONE HARD DISK, POWER SUPPLY:+8V/8A, ± 16V/3A. i 5V/5A OVP, -5V/1A & 24V/5A. SIZE: 12"(W) x 19.5'(D) x 9.8"(H).

ITEM #516 FOR 2 EA. SVt" FLOPPY (TANDON TM-100 - 1, 2, 3, 4 OR EQUIV.). OR ONE 5%" FLOPPY & ONE 5'/4,f WINCHESTER HARD DISK (TANDON TM 600-2, 3 OR EQUIV.), POWER SUPPLY: +8V/8A, + 16V/3A OVP, +5V/6A OVP, + 12V/6A. 8A PEAK. SIZE: 13.75"(W) x 19.5"(D) x 7"(H).

No. 806 &

No. 516 Mainframes

<-P

MAILING ADDRESS: lir«i.'.mj'ii| P.O. BOX 4296

TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

606 BYTE September 1983

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER) (213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS: 22129V2 S. VERMONT AVE [ TORRANCE, CA 90502

Circle 418 on inquiry card.

IBM PC 256K

320 KB DS/DD DISK DRIVE

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

COLOR CARD

ALL FOR $2499

If i l |*rl i .f i i »• « i r f i i 'VVi;*VH\

LOTUS 1-2-3 SOFTWARE $359

SUPER CALC II $199

MULTIPLAN $199

VISICALC $199

WORDSTAR $329 MAILMERGE $179

WORD PERFECT $349 EASY WRITER $129

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM PC

DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

320 KB $225

PGS COLOR MONITOR

HX-12 $499

AMDEK, NEC MONITORS AVAILABLE

DRIVE FOR APPLE II + and He ONLY $219

PRINTERS

BROTHER HR-1 $750 BROTHER HR-15 $499

OKIDATA 82A $499 83A $699 84A $999

93A $959

GEMINI-10 $359 GEMINI 15 $529

NEC 3510 $1399 3550 $1799

7710 $1975 EPSON RX80 $379 FX80 $599

MX80/FT $449 MX100 $649

MEMORY BOARDS

AST COMBO CARD 64K

MULTIFUNCTION $299 I/O PLUS $199

QUADRAM 256K MULTIFUNCTION $399

HERCULES CARD $499

QCS BIG BLUE CARD $479

APPLE He STARTER SYSTEM $1599

HARD DISK FOR IBM PC 5MB $1399 10MB $1599 15MB $2199

HAYES SMARTMODEM 300 $239 SMARTMODEM 1200 $559

KAYPRO DEC DIABLO DAVONG

MAYNARD LNW TAXAN BMC

C ITOH EPD TELEVIDEO TANDON

MP1 SHUGART

AND MUCH MORE AVAILABLE!

CALL!

SEND ORDERS AND INQUIRES TO:

COMPUTER POST INC. 22102 CLARENDON ST. SUT #1 WOODLAND HILLS, CA 91367 (213)999-1041

DELIVERIES TWO TO FOUR WEEKS AVERAGE ALL SHIPMENTS ARE CASHIERS CHECK ONLY. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE. SHIPPING AND HANDLING EXTRA

Circle 573 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 607

SBC 8671

Basic Controller

Features: Zilog Z8671 microprocessor with 2K basic Interpreter. Sockets for 48K of on board user memory. 48 parallel I/O lines, RS 232 & 20MA current loop serial communications, and more .. . now only

Custom & Oem versions also available

*Z8 Is a Trademark ol Zilog Corp.

nun unii

$285??

£a

Lehmann & Associates

P.O. Box 566, Maumee, Ohio (419)8910667

0 TeleVideo DEALERS

• Fast Dump/Roslnre

over 600k per disk (60

• TypB Ahead with Print Screen

64 Cheracter Type Ahead Buffer ISO

• 3270 & 2780/3760 Bisync Communications

from Phone 1 & Batech 1700 & $300

• TurboDOS for TeleVideo Start at »225

• BIOS & Formatting for 602H

use all 20 MB 1150

• 8" Disk Drive for 802 Computer

Drive S Software *1,100

• RM Cobol™ for TurboDOS

Full System 1525

RunTime $175

• Standby Power System

200VA400VA-800VA As low at 1363

RM/COBOL is a registered trademark of

Ryan-McFarland Corp.

CP/M' is registered trademark ol Digital Research, Inc.

TurboDOS is a registered trademark of Software 2000, Inc.

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNIQUE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Southfield, Ml 48034 (313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited and C.O.D.'s accepted.

VISA

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. InCal. call (800)592-5935 or (805)543-1037

Circle 258 on inquiry card.

Circle 75 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

TIME SAVING - MONEY SAVING

PRINTER BUFFER

spooL-z-a

Srrol-Z-Q i> pttfel for ujc with all parallel (Ci-nmirms star,J.irJt printer* induJinR Radm Shack primers. Spntil-Z-Q is stanJ-alnne. ii Joesn'i steal power frum the computer tir printer. The many advanced features include automatic internal space character compression, copy and self-test Functions, and a special ^^1-™-^!!*^'' mode.

SIZES AND EXPANSION

Spool-Z-Q comes in 12K. 64K, and 128K character sites. Anv Spool-Z-Q can he user expanded to 64 or 12SK by chips — the sockets are already Installed. Thetc at fool with either, Spool-Z.Q knotvs how much mei svithnui heme told.

15 DAY TRIAL PERIOD

You may try Spool-Z-Q with your system am completely satisfied, return it within 15 days for refund.

FACTORY DIRECT PRICES (Shipping Included)

32K - (219 64K - t249 12SK - »309 Cable to printer - 127 We accept Maeter Card, Vlaa, AMEX

plugging in

jumpers to is installed

JVB ELECTRONICS ie01 Fulton Ave.. Suite 1 Sacramento. CA 96825 1916) 483-0709

ndC.O.D.

Wasting Money! We Have the World's Most Cost Effective Development System.

3**

• Includes Hexklt 1.0, a powerful 100% machine code editor/ debugger utility program that makes coding for 8-bit Micros a snap.

• Program from Commodore VIC-20 keyboard Into built-in 4K ROM emulator

• Jumper to target ROM socket

• Test programs In circuit

• Built-in EPROM programmer and power supply

• Burns & rum EPROMS for the Commodore VIC-20. too

• Comprehensive manuals

• Fits EXPANSION PORT

PROMQUEEN CARTRIDGE ONLY $199

Send for Free Brochure

Distributed in U.S. by Arbutut Total Soft, Inc., ..;■;);> Meridian. Suite 214.

Bfllllngnam, WA 98226. Phone 800-426-1263. In Washington 206-733-0404 Distributed In Canada by IBC/DlitrlbutJon Cinidi, 4047 Gamble St.

Vancouver, BC V5Z 2x9, Ptiona 604-879-7812

VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED

QL commodore approved product

Prices PROMQUEEN 64 8K board with 1 EPROM

16K board with 1 EPROM BK board with 1 EPROM-G64

J2M.O0 $29.95 139.95

J39.95

CAN J30B.OO $38.96 $49.95 $49.96

PICK'EM

PREDICTS NFL GAMES

COMPLETE WITH POINT SPREAD

EASY TO USE

APPLE - DOS 3.3/APPLESOFT (5'/e") IBM PC - PC/MS DOS (5WSS/DD) TRS-80 III - TRSDOS (5W) or CASSETTE ATARI - ATARI BASIC and 5'/»" DISK (32K)

or CASSETTE (16K) HEATH/ZENITH - HDOS or CP/M i5V>") TIMEX/SINCLAIR - 16K RAM/CASSETTE

CAVES OF ZULU

Animated Adventure Fun (16K TIMEX/SINCLAIR ONLY)

EACH ONLY $19.95

Add $2.00 S/H per order

(CA residents add appropriate sales tax)

^M...PR

STUART SOFTWARE

25381 - G Alicia Parkway

Suite 316 mmmm

Laguna Hills, CA 92653 -J2^ (714) 855-4753

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

Circle 35 on inquiry card.

Circle 416 on inquiry card,

NEW! NAPLPS

A NAPLPS Graphics

Implementation

Assembler/Interpreter

a Implements NAPLPS, a powerful new graphics standard

* Can create graphic figures and characters of any size, color and shape

•t* Easy to use

a Provides easy introduction to

graphics, yet versatile in its

applications

* Written in C

* Documentation and source code listing provided

* $119

CSC/1010 Turner Way, Seattle, WA 98112 (206) 328-0100

8051-Based

Single-Board Computer with

Monitor/Debugger

• Versatile - 4 28-pin byte-wide sockets; monitor will program EEPROMs.

• Affordable -just $335

• Perfect for System Development and Educational Applications

[J

Binary Technology

P O BOX A-59 • HANOVER NH 03755 • 603 643-2881

TTT «*£

YOUR NAMEJiERI^

Ol

PERSONALIZED ~ COMPUTER PAPER

Printed with your name, club, anything. Paper is white 20# stock and fits all printers using 91/2x11 continuous paper [81/2x11 when detached], 500 sheets S14.95, 1000 sheets S24.95. We pay shipping. Texas orders add 5/3% tax. Select ink color: red, blue, brown, gray, or canary. Specify namefs] up to 30 letters S. spaces. Enclose check or money order. No COD's. Allow 3 weeks. Faster delivery with M/C, Visa phone orders. Write or phone Personalized Computer Paper B, Box 20539/San Antonio, Tx. 78220/ [512] 227-0585.

Circle 123 on Inquiry card.

Circle 54 on inquiry card.

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

MICROSOFT

ALD.S. 82.99

APPLESOFT COMPILER 116.99

BASIC COMPILER (APPLE, IBM) 259.99

FLIGHT SIMULATOR (IBM) 34.99

MOUSE WITH WORD SCall

MULITPLAN (ALL FORMATS) 169.99

PREMIUM PAK(APPLE) 499.99

SOFTCARD (APPLE) 229.99

TYPING TUTOR II (APPLE) 16.99

Novation

^gggB

[ APPLE CAT II

295.99 I

APPLE CAT 212 (UPGRADE KIT) 319.99 |

AUTO CAT 212

579.99 1

D-CAT

159.99 1

EXPANSION MODULE

34.99 I

INFONE (EXECUTIVE)

779.99 1

J-CAT

109.99 I

SMART CAT 103

169.99 1

SMART CAT 103/212

429.99 1

QUADRAM®

APIC (APPLE III PARALLEL) E-RAM (APPLE) 512+(64 K) IPICdBM PARALLEL) MICROFAZER QUADBOARD64K QUADCHROME MONITOR QUADCOLORI QUADLINK

129.99 129.99 269.99 89.99 SCall 279.99 529.99 269.99 622.99

flgcippkz

ALS CPM 3.0

329.99 I

ARCADE MACHINE

39.99 I

BANK ST. WRITER

44.99 I

BPI (GL, AP, AR, INV) ea.

299.99 I

CHOPLIFTER

23.99

COPY II PLUS

22.99 I

DEADLINE

32.99 I

FINGERPRINT

44.99 1

GRAPPLER +

119.99 I

HAYES MICROMODEM

269.99 I

HAYES 1 200 BAUD

519.99 I

MAGICALC

139.99 I

MAGIC WINDOW II

169.99 1

MTN AD/DA

259.99 1

MTN CLOCK

189.99 I

MTN CPS

149.99 1

MTN MUSIC SYSTEM

289.99 I

PAYMARL/CASE REV 7

19.99 I

PIE WRITER

109.99 I

STATE OF THE ART

SCall I

TG JOYSTICK

46.99 1

VISICORP

SCall I

WILDCARD

109.99 1

WIZARDRY

35.99 1

ZAXXON

34.99 1

ZORKI II III

24.99 1

KENSINGTON MICROWARE

SYSTEM SAVER

• Surge Suppression

• Dual Outlet

» U.L Listed $ k

► Fits Apple Stand

65

I BROTHER/DTC RIBBONS 2.99 DYSAN104/1DSS/DDOO) 44.99 DYSAN104/2DDS/DD(10) 44.99 FLIP FILE (STORES 75) 17.99

LIBRARYCASE(STORESIO) 1.99 MX 80 RIBBON 5.99

MX 100 RIBBON 9.99

PAPER(8'/!X11-1000SHTS) 16.99 POWERSTRIPW/SURGE 24.99 TP/ RIBBONS 5.99

I VERBATIM SS/DD (10) 25.99

1 VERBATIM SS/DD (100) 239.99

Bgg^aas

ALPHA PLOT APPLE MECHANIC BEAGLE BAG DOS BOSS DOUBLE TAKE FLEX TEXT FRAME-UP PRONTO DOS TIP DISK #1 TYPEFACES UTILITY CITY

24.99 1 9.99 19.99 15.99 24.99 19.99 19.99 19.99 14.99 14.99 19.99

:.y

fCjan

1 JOYSTICK

JOYSTICK (AT)

PADDLES | QUICK-VIS

44.99 1 14.99 31.99 I 14.99 |

USi

1 Pi 1 9" GREEN Pi 2 12" GREEN Pi 3 12" AMBER

I Pi 4 9" AMBER

99.99 1 139.99 I 149.99 I 12099J

|

D

tal

1

■Fontinen

1 HOMEACCT(A,AT,TRS80)

44.991

HOME ACCT(OSB)

59.991

HOME ACCT (IBM)

99.991

FCM (APPLE)

65.99 I

FCM(IBM)

84.99

PROP. MANAGEMENT

299.99 I

CPA(GL, AP. AR, PAY)

165.99 I

TAX ADVANTAGE

39.99

ATARI SOFTWARE 1 983

14.99 I

APPLE SOFTWARE 1983

14.99

| APPLE GRAPHICS

14 99 |

CHARACTER ROMS 24.99

ENHANCER II 99.99

FUNCTION STRIP 56.99

INVERSE VIDEO 19.99

PSIO 169.99

SOFTSWITCH 24.99

ULTRATERM 299.99

VIDEOTERM 199.99

VIDEOTERM UTILITIES 24.99

VIDEOTERMW/SS&INV 229.99

VISICALC MEM EXPAND 59.99

VISICALC PRE BOOT 32.99

j^

5 ======

SB — '•

APPLE PANIC

23.99 1

CDEX TUTORIALS

59.99 1

CONCURRENTCP/M86

252.99 1

COPY II PC

25.99 1

CPM 86

44.99 I

CROSSTALK

149.99 I

d BASE II

449.99 1

DEADLINE

32.99 1

EASY FILER

289.99 1

EASY WRITER II

259.99 1

HAYES SMARTCOM II

89.99 1

HAYES 1200B MODEM

479.99 1

INFOSTAR

289.99 1

LOTUS 1-2-3

349.99 1

MILLIONAIRE

49.99 1

MONTE CARLO 64K

359.99 1

PFS FILE

99.99 1

PFS REPORT

89.99 1

PLANTRONICS COLOR+

389.99 1

O-BASE

139.99 1

TEMPLE OF APSHAI

26.99 1

TK SOLVER

139.99 1

VISIWORD

299.99 1

VOLKSWRITER

149,99 I

WORDSTAR

289.99 I

ZORKI, II, III

24.99 1

8SORCIM EDUCATIONAL

SPELLGARD SUPERCALC SUPERCALCII SUPERWRITER

1 29.99 129.99 179.99 179.99

:sf?7{^??

ACCELETATOR 529.99

NEPTUNE (80 col + RAM) 199.99

SATURN 128K (APPLE) 399.99

I TITAN 64K(IBM) 549.99

BUMBLE GAMES 29.99

DLM SCall

EDUWARE SCall

FACEMAKER(A, IBM) 24.99

GAMESHOW(MASTER) 29.99

GERTRUDE'S PUZZLES 29.99

| JUGGLES' RAINBOW 21.99

KINDERCOMP(AJBM) 20.99

MATH BLASTER (IBM) 34.99

MICRO MOTHER GOOSE 29.99

ROCKYS BOOTS 34.99

SNOOPER TROOPS( A IBM) 29.99

STORY MACHINE 24.99

WORD ATTACK (IBM) 34.99

SMITH CORONA

Letter Quality Printer

499"

TRACTOR FEED

PRINTERS

BROTHER HR1

EPSON (ALL MODELS)

GEMINI 10X

GEMINI 15

OKIDATA82A

OKIDATA 92

D99.99

SCall 299.99 429.99 379.99 529.99

380 Z

48K BUFFER; 32 CPS;

GRAPHICS, DAISY WHEEL TRACTOR

1099.99

No Charge For Credit Cards Prices Subject To Change Software Sales Are Final Min. $4.00 Shipping Charge Purchase Orders Call First

MON-FRI 8A

COMPUTER

DISCOUNT

PRODUCTS

Circle 92 on inquiry card.

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd. San Jose, CA95128

(408) 985-0400

BYTE September 1983 609

■^hCS

IEEE-696 S-100 monochrome

IEEE-696 S~ 100 MONOCHROME / COLOR S005

IEEE-696 S-100

EIGHT COLOR

- 3 x 612 x 612 Pixel

- a Color RGB

- Two board system

MULTIBUS EIGHT COLOR

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel

- Eight color ROB

- Single board ayitam

IBM-PC

MONOCHROME - l . 512 x 612 Pixal

- 1 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel COLOR - 3 x 612 x 612

- 3 x 1024 x 1024 Pixel

(436 SOUS S1286 S1BB6

reftiy,RL?...

Hardware zoom. Programmsbl Display Resolution. Windowing, Multi-Controller Capability. NEC UPO7220 Graphic Controller

ULTRA-RES Trademark CSO Incorporated Star'

MULTIBUS Trademark Intel Corporation

C.S.D. Incorporated

P.O. Box 263 Sudbury. Mataachuselts 017T6 (S17) 443-2760

Circle 60 on inquiry card.

1200

baud MODEMS

BAUD

SIGNALMAN. . . with cables, free hour on

SOURCE'

300 BAUD direct connect

$ 69

300 BAUD AUTO DIAL/ANS

$119

300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS

$319

'Hayes Compatible

US ROBOTICS 'Hayes Compatible'

300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS

'Password'with cables, spkr

$339

'Auto 212' dlxe

..$419

matrix PRINTERS

LETTER QUALITY

GEMINI lOx 120 cps graphics

$319

PROWRITER 120 cps hi density

$389

JUKI daisy wheel 18 cps

$589

SILVER REED wide carriage 18 cps

$689

cp/m COMPUTERS

IBM

Eagle 11 SCALL Col

jmbia P.C.

Televideo C

orona P.C.

Eagle P.C.

IMAGE COMFITERS

P.O. Box 1164, Cardiff, CA 92007

CALL TO ORDER:

619 436-7669 mmm At>Bfc| 619 436-8317 mmm W!

VISA/MC ADD 3%

T L

Relocatable

Threaded

Language

$15*

R.TL is a new language which retains the speed and extensibility of Forth but adds many additional advantages as a result of its more structured dictionary. Names, code, and variables are all stored in separate areas for easy generation of headerless, romable code. All code is relocatable. RTL supports local variables, multitasking, redirected I/O, and even allows definitions to be changed retroactively. All source code is included, Versions are currently available or under development for 68000, 6809, 8080, 280, 8086, 8088, and 6502.

RTL Programming Aids

10844 Deerwood S£ Lowell, Ml 49331 (616)897-5672

DATA SWITCH IN KIT FORM

MODEL 1200 RS 232 Bidirectional Data Switch

with 3-2' Extension Cafalei in Kit Form Model 1200 gives the terminal or microprocessor user a second interface for a Printer, Plotter, Modem. Operates at any speed, requires no external power, white providing 2 RS-232 interfaces from the terminal or microprocessor. Built in data cables save money. The Kit consists of 3-RS-232 Male connectors with all pins, switch, cable, pre-drilled Enclosure, all necessary hardware, and assembly instructions.

To order: Specify #1 200 Kit $99.50

Assembled & Tested: Specify #1 200 . 9129.00

CALL Terminal Data Corp. 11878 Coakley Circle, Rockville, MD 1301) 8817666

NOW MAKE SOLID

CONNECTIONS....

Male or Female

RS 232 GENDER REVERSERS

$19.95 each

American Made

Order either two male or two female connectors with all 25 pins interconnected. Both Gender Reversers just $34.95, plus $1.75 shipping & handling, (IL res. add 5% sales tax); we accept MC or VISA. Ask for FREE illustrated catalog of problem solving equipment. Phone: 815-539-5827. Make checks payable to:

1

B'B electronics

electronics

P.O. Box 475 B • Mendola, IL 61342

Circle 45 on Inquiry card.

FAST Factory Floppy Disc Drive

ir

Specialists in the repair of:

Shugart Tandon PerSci

:i, Inc.

12624 Daphne Avenue Hawthorne. CA 90250 (213) 777-7536 TWX 910-321-4448

Circle 219 on inquiry card.

Circle 443 on inquiry card.

Circle 354 on inquiry card.

WANTED

Experienced hacker to work in development lab with every facility you can think of, located in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

The person we are looking for must:

Be familiar with CP/M at the BIOS Customization level.

Have some experience in microcommunications (programs like XMODEM and the like).

Be good at: - 8080 assembler

- Microsoft BASIC

- PASCAL

Hardware experience is desirable.

Equal Opportunity Employer M/F Handicapped

Please forward resumes to:

Personnel Head, CLI,

P.O. Box 821

Pompano Beach, FL 33060

Scotch'

DISKETTES

CaU Toll-Free 1-800-328-DISC for prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. C.O.D. and charge cards accepted. All orders shipped from stock, within 24 hours. Call toll FREE

North Hills Corporation

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN 55110

1-800-328-DISC

MNCall Collect 1-612-770-0485

SUPER-FAST!

Relocating Macro

ASSEMBLER $169.95

Directly generates COM, HEX. orREL files. Flexible REL format allows external oytes and words with complete math operations on ihem (Microsoft format optional). Features Zilog mnemonics with nested macros, conditionals and include files. Unique one-pass design generates compact intermediate code which is then processed to resolve forward references, yielding tremendous time savings Complete listing, symbol table and cross-reference output may be sent to any device. The perfect tool for assembly language programming. Linker included. Manual only — S30 Fot Z80 CP/M and TRS-80.

-S-/_K_

Systems

1622 NORTH MAIN ST. • BUTLER. PA 16001 • (412) 2

g S3 U S Dlhorl S7 PA ' SS CbeC* WO VISA M C C O D irndlr, .iviiil,-i!)li> Otrnlei iiurl OEM.nqi s invited

3 m ins-ao TMs oi Zilog. Digital Research randy Corp

Circle 71 on Inquiry card.

Circle 324 on Inquiry card.

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

Apple Country Ltd. has your Number for

ROCK BOTTOM PRICES

1S&.J

1-800-222-2602

MONITORS

AMDEK COLOR I PLUS 299.95

AMDEK COLOR II 439.95

AMDEK COLOR II PLUS 449.95

AMDEK COLOR III 369.95

AMDEK COLOR IV 749.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (GREEN) 134.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (AMBER) 149.95

AMDEK VIDEO 310 (AMBER) 164.95

BMC 12AU 12" GREEN 89.95

BMC 12EUN 12" GREEN 139.95

BMC AU9191U 13" COLOR 299.95

BMC 1401 13" RGB COLOR 349.95

BMC AU9191MU 13" RGB IBM 629.95

COMMODORE COLOR MONITOR 269.95

COMREX 13" COLOR W/SOUND 294.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES AMBER 149.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES GREEN 139.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES YELLOW 144.95

ELECTROHOME 9" GREEN 129.95

ELECTROHOME 12" GREEN 149.95

ELECTROHOME 13" RGB IBM 379.95

ELECTROHOME 13"RGB COLOR 369.95

GORILLA 12" GREEN 89.95

NEC 12" GREEN SCREEN 154.95

NEC 12" ECONO GREEN 109.95

NEC 12" LO-RES COLOR 299.95

NEC 12" AMBER SCREEN 164.95

NEC 12" COLOR - IBM 539.95

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 499.95

SAKATA 13" COLOR 264.95

SAKATA 13" RGB COLOR 519.95

SAKATA SUPER RGB MONITOR 719.95

SAKATA 13" GREEN 104.95

TAXAN 12" GREEN 114.95

TAXAN 12" AMBER 119.95

TAXAN RGB VISION I 294.95

TAXAN RGB VISION III 494.95

ZENITH 12" GREEN 99.95

ZENITH RGB COLOR MONITOR 579.95

USI 9" AMBER MONITOR 129.95

USI 9" GREEN MONITOR 119.95

USI 12" GREEN MONITOR 139.95

USI 14" LO-RES COLOR 289.95

MODEMS

ANCHOR MARK I (RS-232) 79.95

ANCHOR MARK II (ATARI) 79.95 ANCHOR MARK III (TI99/4A) 99.95

ANCHOR MARK V (OSBORNE) 94.95

ANCHOR MARK VI (IBM PC) 199.95

SNCHOR MARK VII (RS-232) 109.95

NOVATION J-CAT 104.95

NOVATION 212 AUTO CAT 579.95

SMARTCAT 212 (1200 BAUD) 429.95

SMARTMODEM 300 BAUD 194.95

SMARTMODEM 1200 BAUD 499.95

SMARTMODEM 1200B - IBM 449.95

PRINTERS

DIGITAL PLOTTER 1074.95

1319.95

1549.95

1429.95

2199.95

144.95

1799.95

729.95

1129.95

1784.95

LOW! I

LOW! I

LOW! I

LOW!

LOW!

LOW!

189.95

479.95

1299.95

1499.95

549.95

779.95

1289.95

ANADEX DP-9501A ANADEX DP-9925A ANADEX DP-9629A ANADEX WP-6000 ANADEX WP-6000 TRACTOR CENTRONICS 352DP COMREX CR-1 DAISY WHEEL DAISEYWRITER 2000 DIABLO 630R155 EPSON FX-80 W/TRACTOR EPSON RX-80 EPSON FX-100 F/T GEMINI 10X GEMINI 15 GEMINI STX-80 GORILLA BANANA PRINTER IDS MICROPRISM IDS PRISM 132 IDS PRISM 132C - COLOR JUKI 6100 PRINTER (P) MANNESMANN TALLY MT160L MANNESMANN TALLY MT1602 MANNESMANN TALLY MT1802 1499.95 NEC 3550 SPINWRITER-IBM 1754.95 NEC 8023 PRINTER 459.95

NEC 8025 120 CPS 136 COL 719.95 OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350P OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350S OKIDATA PACEMARK 24 10P OKIDATA PACEMARK 24 10S OKIDATA TRACTOR 80,82,92 OKIDATA 82A W/GRAPHICS 449.95 OKIDATA 83A W/GRAPHICS 699.95 OKIDATA 84P 1049.95

OKIDATA 84S 1129.95

OKIDATA 92 494.95

OKIDATA 93P 929.95

OKIDATA 93S 994.95

OLYMPIA TYPEWRITER/PRINT 819.95 PANASONIC KX-P1090 419.95 PRINTMASTER (DAISY) 1549.95 PROWRITER I PRINTER 344.95 PROWRITER II PRINTER 619.95 C ITOH COLOR PRINT/PLOT 499.95 C ITOH 8600BP 979.95

QUME SPRINT 11/40+ 1399.95 SILVER-REED DAISY WHEEL 799.95 SMITH CORONA TP-1 499.95 STARWRITER DAISY WHEEL 1099.95 TOSHIBA P-1350 1649.95

TRANSTAR 315 COLOR 449.95 TRANSTAR 130 18CPS 729.95 TRANSTAR 140 40CPS 1229.95 EPSON SERIAL (RS-232) 134.95 GRAFITTI CARD 84.95

GRAPPLER + 119.95

MICROBUFFER U 16K 194.95 PKASO INTERFACE 129.95

WIZARD BPO 16K 129.95

WIZARD SOB 16K 179.95

OTHER PRINTERS AVAILABLE

COMPUTERS

COMMODORE 64

COMMODORE 154 1 DRIVE

ATARI 600XL

ATARI 800XL

ATARI 800 399.95-$100=$299.95

ATARI 1200 514.95-$100=$414.95

IBM PC & XT LOW! I

COLUMBIA VP PORTABLE 2349.95

COLUMBIA COMPLETE SYS. 2649.95

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM 128K, 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARD AND COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

CORVUS CONCEPT MC68000 $4999

256K, 8" FLOPPY DRIVE

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

BI-DIRECTIONAL 8-1/2X11 SCREEN

CORVUS CONCEPT 512K $5895

CORONA DESKTOP PC LOWI!

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM

128K 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARD

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

CORONA PORTABLE PC LOW!!

EAGLE PC 128K SYSTEM 2249.95

KAYPRO II 1399.95

NEC APC-H01 $2495

NEC APC-H02 $2995

NEC APC-H03 $3749

NEC APC-WPS1 $4995

NEC APC-WPS2 $5695

PIED PIPER I 1074.95

Z-80 PORTABLE COMPUTER

INCLUDES 64K RAM & 1MB DRIVE

SOFTWARE INCLUDES:

CP/M & PERFECT SERIES

TELEVIDEO 16-BIT DESKTOP

128K 8088 5MBZ DUAL 360K DRIVES

INCLUDES CP/M $3499.95

TELEVIDEO 910 TERMINAL 594.95

TELEVIDEO 925 TERMINAL 789.95

TELEVIDEO 950 TERMINAL 989.95

TELEVIDEO 970 TERMINAL 1199.95

XEROX 820-11 $2899

ZENITH Z-120 ALL-IN-ONE

BUILT-IN GREEN SCREEN

DUAL DRIVES SPECIAL $2999.95

APPLE //e NOW AVAILABLE PLEASE CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICE

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 W/COLOR LOWI1

DISKETTES

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/SD 16.95 ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD 19.95 ELEPHANT DISKETTES DS/DD 25.95

EASY-80 80 COL VIDEO CARD

FULLY VIDEX COMPATIBLE

WORKS WITH WORDSTAR, dBASE,

SUPER-TEXT-PRO, BASIC, CP/M,

PASCAL. SPECIAL

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE+CTRL 289.95

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE-ONLY 199.95

HAYES MICROMODEM II 259.95

KENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVER 64.95

RANA ELITE I W/CTRL-CARD 359.95

RANA ELITE II W/CTRL 509.95

RANA ELITE III W/CTRL 649.95

SOFTCARD (Z-80 CARD) 234.95

MICRO-SCI A2 W/CTRL-CARD 319.95

ASCII EXPRESS PRO 89.95

BPI GENERAL ACCOUNTING 294.95

DATASTAR (REQ Z-80) 194.95

dBASE II (REQ. Z-80) 449.95

INFOSTAR (REQ Z-80) 319.95

REPORTSTAR (REQ Z-80) 239.95

SENSIBLE SPELLER 84.95

SPELLSTAR (REQ Z-80) 164.95

SUPERCALC (REQ Z-80) 189.95

SUPER-TEXT PRO 40/80 69.95

VISICALC 3.3 174.95

WORDSTAR W/APPLICARD 324.95

LOTUS 1-2-3 LOW!!

dBASE II 429.95

FRIDAY 199.95

HOME ACCOUNTANT PLUS 99.95 QUADLINK APPLE EMULATOR 489.95

SMARTCOM II 89.95

MICROSOFT MOUSE 134.95

PEACHTEXT 5000 SER.9 259.95

PERFECT WRITER 189.95

VISICALC 256K 179.95

CBASIC COMPILER 399.95 MULTI-TOOL WORD W/MOUSE 339.95

VERSAFOkM 259.95

Q-BASE 139.95

WORDSTAR 3.24 343.95

INFOSTAR 349.95

COMMODORE 64

CALC RESULT ADVANCED 119.95

CARDCO PARALLEL INTERFACE 64.95

CHOPLIF'IER

DATA20 ZHO VIUEuPAK

DATASETTE RECORDER

FORT APOCALYSE

FROGGER 27.9

HES MODEM 1 b4.9

HOME ACCOUNTANI•59.9

JAWBREAKER 21.j

JUMP MAN 2 7.9

GR1DRUNNER 27.9

PHAROH'S CURSE 24.J'

HESMON

SCRIPT 64

VANILLA PILOT

VIC/64 SWITCH

We will try to meet or beat any advertised price! CALL US... WE CAN HELP! 1-800-222-2602

For technical assistance, order status and California calls (619) 765-0239

Apple Country, Ltd., P.O. Box 1099. 2602 Washington St., Julian, Calif. 92036 ^,

Terms: We accept American Express. No extra charge for Visa/MasterCard, Cashier's Check, ,^^/C*".

personal check (allow 2 weeks to clear) Shipping & Handling: 5% (5 5 min.); APO FPO Alaska if •'/*'•'•

Hawaii & Monitors 5% (S10 min.) Foreign orders 15% ($15 min.) All items are new with -M , %*S»l

manufacturer's warranty. Prices are subject to availability & change without notice. Purchase order L N/*"V-' must include check. California residents add 6% sales tax. Send $1 (good toward first purchase) for ^- —* new fall catalog.

Apple Country, Ltd. is a DISCOUNT MAIL ORDER HOUSE for the micro computer industry ' and is a California corporation not affiliated with Apple Computer Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 31 on Inquiry card.

+EQUQSQ

PC-LINK

DEC VT100® TERMINAL

EMULATOR

• A full featured DEC VT100s terminal emulator on IBM PC/XT.

• Transfer text files between host and IBM PC/XT.

• Very easy to use. Complete user documentation.

• To use PC-LINK program, the PC needs to have at least one disk drive, IBM DOS IBM monochrome or color display, a RS232 port, telephone modem or direct connect.

• Support baud rate up to 1200 baud.

• $60.00 +$5.00 for shipping & handling.

SCREENWARE CORPORATION

P.O. BOX 3662

NASHUA, NH 03061-3662

■

VISA

Tel. 603-888-4074

I r

The Statistician I (^

1 V- The At

CPM IBM-PC TRS-DOS XENIX

Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward Elimination Time Series Analysis Descriptive Statistics Transformations

" Survey Research " Nonparametrics

• X-Y Plots

• ANOVA

" Random Samples ' Data Base ' Search & sort " Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE 1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

Q

for more information

or write:

Quant Systems

Box 628

Charleston, SC 29402

VISA-M/C Accepted

APPLEWARE, RMC

The Apple Users Group Software Librar-y Bonanza At truly affordable prices!

for the first time enioy your Apple to its fullest capacity, using specially packed disks with over BO outstanding

firograms each. not available from any other source] Each packed disk includes an extensive variety of interesting, useful and entertaining programs indispensable to all computerises1 Each mixed category packed disk includes:

BUSINESS > EDUCATIONAL ■ DATA BASE • GAMES UTILITIES • SCIENCE • MUSIC • GRAPHICS • FINANCE

Library Disks I. II and III are mixed categories Dedicated disks are.

• GAMES ■ UTILITIES ■ GRAPHICS • INTEGER • SCIENCE fi TECHNOLOGY. Each packed disk is available for only S59.9S each.

WHY PAY MORE?

Grder direct from this ad and Save up to S150. Buy Library Disks I, II and III and get a special bonus disk FREE over 260 programs lor SI 79 95 + S3

shipping For the best value, receive all 9 disks featuring over GOO of our best programs for only G5C each lor a package price of only $389 Postage Paid' NEW Bos-rass • Professorial • E-ecutivD Package (enaWnwi yau to bring yuur business to its hiyhesi Iftvel of etT&encv] BKSO available circlp Readers Service Card lor our complete CBtfltog

For Orders Only Call now .^■^■•fc. ■■■■I

TOLL FREE: 1-800-327 8661 iffWWV- vtSA

Florida: 1 305 987 8G65 -^^W ^HH

;ompat,ible with II. II * , lie, III Emul, tind Frankhn Ace |For 3 3 DOS)

Circle 504 on inquiry card.

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

Circle 32 on inquiry card.

of looking for reliable Source of Supply?

wmmww

from Looking???

about QUALITY??

DISKETTES + RIBBONS + ACCESSORIES

Call Bob Kelly Now. . . Kelly Computer Supplies

1811 Carl St. »St. Paul, MN 55113

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929

MN Res. Call Collect. . .612/644-9030

MEMOREX - DISKETTES

KEEP DIRT OFF

With Custom Fit Covers

Not baggy generic covers. U.S. product, highest quality. Choice ot colors, with

company logo, plain, or decorator styles. Sewn for all personal, business computers & equip. Prices start at $13.95

JJ^B Write or call

J—MFF^1 f°r brochure today!

Miami Valley M_J I C /"" Technical *W # fc **tu Services Corp

P.O. Box 24449 Dept. ■ Dayton, Ohio 45424 (513)236-9923

PROMPT DELIVERY! and

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$5.25

64K

150 ns

5.45

64K

120 ns

6.00

16K

200 ns EPROM

1.49

2764

250 ns

$6.35

2732

450 ns

3.89

2716

450 ns

3.19

2532

450 ns STATIC RAM

4.60

6264P-15

150 ns

$38.00

6116P-3

150 ns

5.00

2114

200 ns Z80A FAMILY

1.55

CPU. CTC

. or PIO

$3.39

DART

7.99

DMA or SIO'O

12.50

MasierCafd VISA or UPS CASH COD Factory New, Prime Parts

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24,000 Soulh Peoria Ave BEGGS. OK 74421

(918)267-4961

I Pncai subject in change Can lor volume pncos Subject lo ava.iaOte quanliiies Shjpp.ni) & BBitia Cash duOKinl prices shown PleaseeipecthflherpricosonSO'noruinsilui.lo In shortages

Circle 352 on Inquiry card.

Circle 139 on inquiry card.

Circle 301 on inquiry card.

ompuPro

SYSTEMS

All systems configured, assembled and tested. Full service dealer.

SYSTEM 816/A $4260.

128K, Retail $5495

SYSTEM 816/B $51 50.

256K, Retail $6995

SYSTEM 816/C $6660.

384K, MP/M 8-16, Retail $8995

MORROW MICRO DECISION"

MD1 $843. MD2S1148. MD3S1670 (terminal $500 additional)

Call for deep discounts on boards/drives. Located in Northern Virginia

ONETCO

OFFICE NETWORKS COfiPOfWON

(703)690-3312

Authorized CompuPro and Morrow Dealer.

THE BURNER I/O

S100/IEEE696

Has a complete EPROM programmer. Iwo serial ports, one parallel I/O port with handshaking and memory management.

Programmer features: • Programs 2704. 2708. 2508, 2758,2716,2516, TMS2716. 2732, 2732A, 2764 • CP/M compatible software supplied In EPROM that can be easily written on a diskette EPROM selection is done with software Does not use programming modules • Programmer is totally I/O mapped • Programming socket is zero insertion force type • Programming voltages generated on board

I/O Features: • 2 fully independent RS-232 serial ports ■ Baud rate Generators are independently programmablefrom50to19200baud • Independents bitoutput.inputandstatusflags ■ 4directsenselmes Memory management features: • Controls address lines A16-A23 • Is disabled with standard ADSB' signal

Opllons: • Complete board with programmer, I/O and memory management $354 95 • Programmer only. $21995 • l/Oonly,{2S » P) $21995 • Prog and I/O. $329.95 • Memory management only $109 95. Memory management may be added to programmer or I/O for $25 00 All combinations are assembled and tested. Delivery Stock Shipping: UPS surface $3.00. UPSairS5.00

EXTENDED PROCESSING

3861 Woodcreek Lane, San Jose. Ca. 95117

(408)249-3248

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

HAVE YOU TRIED THE

DYSAN®

QUALITY DIFFERENCE?

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

5 /4 PRICE/10

104/1 1 SIDE/SCL DENS $35.00

104/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $37.00

104/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $43.90

204/1D 1 SIDE/QUAD 96 TP1 $43.90

204/2D 2 SIDES/QUAD 96 TPI $51.30

8"

3740/1 1 SIDE/SCL DENS $36.50

3740/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $45.20

3740/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $52.70

Checks-VISA-MC-C.O.D./Add S2 Shipping call or write for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave., St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081 Phone: (313) 777-7780

THE DYSAN DISKETTE STANDARD AT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE

Circle 266 on Inquiry card.

Our Prices Will Get Your Attention,

Our Service Will Keep It. Our Customers Agree.

a word from a customer...

m,u-<l ™,npm tilt' »

, have .i orttere"

roncnrti , , recelve« « T""St

1 .^*SX

„„J to BM r<„.civrrt

, |HSt »:",t ,,,„ 1 haV rr

,c»i «"* •hCT , ... ti~ - - me

.«hw i" **yB

.1 «wrt'" . hart the prl»t«* „rPCiatlve of *•

. „. as «U "S «««■■" a»'reC ,,„ „„« I"

, had ordered !•*• rontin"° to

a«erthad lved ann «U

,ice that 1 »»«• r"

the tut»re.

aincerels

::,:

II

■ .•■:'■

GUARANTEE

. PROVEN PRODUCTS • SYSTEM DESIGN HELP . BENCH TESTING AND CONFIGURING . TECHNICAL SUPPORT STAFF • SERVICE AFER SALE: 800-854-7635 TECHNICAL SERVICE SUPPORT We will pay the freight — both ways — for repair on verified returns within 30 days of sale.

TERMS AND CONDITIONS

Prices change daily. Call for current pricing & availability. Prices based on prepaid cash orders. We accept: cashiers checks, money orders, bank wires, or personal checks (10 days to clear). C.O.D. — standard charges plus 2% handling for orders outside California. MasterCard & VISA — 5% handling. California residents add state & local sales tax.

Ill*

CALL US TOLL-FREE:

800-854-7635

IN CALIFORNIA CALL:

(619) 562-7571

NEW ITEM! Checks and I Forms For Your Software. Ask for Lori: 1 -800-421 -1746

\

We cany: north star • zenith •

MORROW • EAGLE • COLUMBIA • TELEVTDEO • C-ITOH • TOSHIBA • DIABLO • SILVER REED • NEC 3500 & 7700 SERIES • STAR MICRONICS • MANNESMANN TALLY* AND MORE...

SOFTWARE

$H£

FOR FOLLOWING SYSTEMS:

Altos CP/M5V • Apple DOS8c CP/M • Atari • CP/M86 Display Writer • Cromemco CP/M 5%" • DEC VT180 CP/M 5%" • Eagle CP/M 5V ■ Heath Z-90 CP/M SVt" ■ IBM PC CP/M 86 • IBM PC DOS • NEC CP/M 5V ■ Northstar Advantage & Horizon CP/M 5V • Osborne CP/M 5'/i" • Otrona CP/M 514" • Software for 8086 Computers • Standard CP/M 8" • TRS-80 Cassette Models I & III • TRS-80 Diskette Models l& III • TRS-80 Model II CP/M ■ Televideo CP/M 5V ■ Vic 20 • Xerox 820 CP/M 5%" • Call for Cunent Pricing

PRODUCTS AND PRICING EXAMPLES: TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS: TS-802 Single User Computer $2632 • TS-806 Multiuser System $5050 ■ 910 Plus Terminal $573 • 950 Terminal $921 • ZENITH. ZTX-1 Auto Dial Personal Terminal $341 • 2-29 Terminal $683 ■ OKIDATA OK-82A with Tractor Feed $486 • Okigraph I for 82A& 83A $45 • 2K Buffer/Serial BD $119 • OK Microline 83A $713 • MANNESMAN TALLY: MT1600's Serial & Parallel $1441 • NOVATION: J-CAT Modem $110 • ORANGE MICRO: Grappler $125 • Plus Much More...!

These prices prepared 7/83 Prices change daily —

call tor current pricing [|4BMj!Jh] and shipping charges I^WWF,

AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT, INC.

8775 Olive Lane, Suites l& J • Santee.CA 92071

BYTE September 1983 613

Printer Cables

Parallel —

&

.00*

S3*

.00*

ALTOS

ATTACHE

ATARI

CENTRONICS

COLUMBIA

EAGLE

IBM-PC

KAY PRO

OSBORNE

SANYO

TI-99

93s

Oo*

$35

Oo*

— SERIAL —

ATTACHE COM.

RS232 (DB25P)

(9 conductor 1-8, 20)

WORSWICK INDUSTRIES

4030 Wabaska Dr.

San Diego, CA 92107

619-222-3366

NEW ELIZA FORMATS!

Crealed al MIT in 1966. ELIZA has become Ihe world's most celebrated artificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-directive psychotherapist who analyzes each slalement as you type it in and Ihen responds with her own comment or question-and her remarks are often amazingly appropriate1

Designed lo run on a laroo mainframe. ELIZA has never before been available to personal computer users except in greatly stripped down versions lacking Ihe sophistication which made Ihe original program so fascinating

Now, our new microcompuler version possessing the FULL power and range ol expression of the original is being ottered al the introductory price ol only S25. And il you want to find out how she does it (or leach her to do morel, we will include the complete SOURCE PROGRAM for only $20 additional

Order your copy ol ELIZA today and you If never again wonder how to respond when you hear someone say. Okay, lets see what this computer ol yours can actually do''

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS:

f '_>'. inch disk lor the 48K Apple II. II Plus, lie or III 125 lor Protected Version— $45 lor Applesoll Source Version

Please add $2 00 shipping and handling lo all orders (California residents please add 6% sales tax)

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

^^^^^ 921 Norlh La Jolla Avenue, Dept E ■■■■■■■ Los Angeles. CA 90046

Ijttd 1213)656-7368 12131654-2214

!■■■■■■■ MC, VISA and checks accepted

t^ffl^^

CHIPS

'&DALE U

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS!

4116 250ns8/«9.5O 100+ 1.05 ea.

4116 200ns 8/$ 10.00 100+ 11.05 ea.

4116 150ns 8/5 11.50 100 ■■ II .25 ea.

4116 120ns 8/614.50 100+ S1.50ca.

4116 120ns 67815.50 100+ S 1.50 ea.

2114L 300ns 8/S10.50

2114L 200ns 8/S 12.00 ■4164 200ns $4.65 ea. •4164 150ns $5.10 en. •6116 150ns 84.00 ea. •6116 200ns S3.85 en. •61 16LP 150ns S4.75 ea. '1791 Disk Controller 820.00

1777 Disk Controller SI7.50

280A, Z80ACTC, Z80A PIO 83.00 ea.

8255 84.25

2716-1 5V 350ns 6/S4.25 ea.S5.00 ea.

2716 5V 450ns 83.00 ea. •2732 5V 450ns S3.85 ea. •2532 5V 450ns 84.25 ea. •2764 5V 300ns 28 pin $9.00 ea. •2764 5V 24 pin CALL •2564 5V CALL

••8087 CALL

68000 CALL

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please include phone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping £j Handling for Chips $3.50. FOB Bellevue. WA. lor all else. Wash, residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS & DALE 1-206-451-9770

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400 Bellevue, WA 98004

Circle 491 on inquiry card.

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

Circle 68 on inquiry card.

CY232 Network Controller

AND PARALLEL-SERIAL INTERFACE will connect any RS232CRT or computer to any 8-bit parallel TTL I/O port and works with one pun or up to 255 parallel pons in srveral network configurations.

t"ANNIVERSARY

CHRISTMAS SPECIAL

■k DRAWING FOR A FREE •

opple IL

GARDEN OF EDEN

COMPUTERS

13147 Cedar 8tro9t

Westminster, CA 92683

MAIL ORDERS ONLY

714-894-9528

24 Hours*? Days

Hayes Smartmodem

1^1200 BD RS 233 $479.0C^

FOR DETAILS & OUR FREE PRICE LIST CALL, WRITE OR USE R/S#

$$ Printers $$

SSWEWILLNOTBEUNDERSO

Special Sale Communications Par

Hayes Smartmodem 300/1200

Hayes Micromodem II

Apple Cat II

-DS$

t

$499 279 282 129 89 139

289 436 575 75 239 269

J Cat

DISK DRIVES

Rana Elite III

Slim Teac 5V*" (1 yr. warr.)

THE COMPUTER STORE

Dept. 345

3941-B South Bristol St.

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-222 7

Circle 122 on inquiry card.

Circle 189 on inquiry card.

Circle 102 on inquiry card.

ScreenWiz

FULL SCREEN CONTROL

An assembler subprogram you call from your programs to handle screen input/output as IBM mainframes do. Define full screen format specifications outside your program, and call ScreenWiz to retrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you.

• One command input/displays a full screen

• Use all of your CRT video attributes

• Define up to 24 function keys

• Define templates for display and input.

• Validate input while keying. Insert and delete characters to correct fields

• Tab fields forward and backward

• Draw figures using vertical field displays

• Save memory as only one format needs to be in memory at one time. Make the constants to display virtual, and they don't use any memory at all.

• Build help screens. Call them with one function key then return to where you were.

Available now for moat popular —

BASIC \ IBMPCandCP/M $99

COBOL I Apple IICP/M $75

FORTRAN I Shipping $ 4

PASCAL J Source code included Dealer Inquiries welcome

inTERDHTfi SYSTEMS INC

42 Ellindale, Toronto, Ont. Canada M2J 1B5 visa M/C (416) 493-8675 (call collect to order) Am. Express

BASF

DISKETTES

01

BASF Diskettes at competitive price. Call TOLL FREE (800) 235-4137 for prices and information. Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

KH) Foothill Blvd San Luis Obispo. CA 93401 dnCal ca (HOnl ri4;i-l():i7l

EPSON®

RIBBON CARTRIDGES

MX 70/80

$5.25..

$60.00/doi

MX 100

*9.95„

$108.<>0/ K»

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

EPSON

MX100-ZIP PACK-IRELOADi

$6.50 EA

$72.00/doZ.

plus other major brand names available DWICHT COMPANY, INC.

15565 Northland Drive Suite 804 west Southfield, Ml 48075 (313)569-3218

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

Prices the Competition Can't Touch

wn specials mn Personal Computer Monitors

Advanced Operating Systems

The Programmer 5129

Applied Software

Versaform $249

AshtonTate

dBase II (CP/M86) $419

dBase II (MS DOS) $419

Continental Software

The Home Accountant Plus J 95

1st Class Mall $ 79

Computer Sotware Technology

Word/PC $ 49

Davidson & Associates

Speed Reader $ 49

Datamost

Heal Estate Investment Program $ 79

Write-On $ 85

Comprehensive Software

PCTutor $ S5

Eagle Software

Money Decisions $129

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer II $159

Tax Preparer 1983 $159

Innovative Software

T.I.M. Ill $299

IUS

Easy Filer $239

Easy Writer II $209

Easy Planner $159

Accounts Receivable $369

Accounts Payable $369

General Ledger $369

Financial Management Series $899

Micro Lab

The Tax Manager $159

Micro Pro

Wordstar $299

Mailmerge $159

Spellstar $109

Inlostar $299

Reportstar $209

North American Business Systems

Answer $159

PBL Corporation

Personal Investor $ 89

Peachtree

General Ledger !$329

Accounts Receivable $329

Accounts Payable $329

Peach Pak (GUAR/AP) $389

Software Publishing

PFS Report $ 89

PFSFIIe $ 89

Digital Research

Concurrent CP/M 86 $209

C Basic 86 $125

Pasca/MT + 86 $239

Speed Programming Package 86 . . . .$125 CISCobol86 $489

Peter Norton Computing

Norton Utilities $ 55

Select

Select Word Processing System $299

Softword Systems

Multlmate $289

Sorclm/ISA

Supercalc $179

Superwriter $239

Spellguard $125

Southeastern

Data Capture $ 75

Vlslcorp

Visicalc(256K) $165

Desktop Plan 1 $199

Vlsltrend/Plot $199

Visiflle $199

Visldex $165

Visischedule $199

Business Forecasting Model $ 69

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

Includes 64K IBM-PC with two 320 KB floppy disk drives, color controller graphics card, monochrome monitor

$2839

• • Specials of the Month • •

Verbatim Disks(S/Dw/LibraryCase) $27

Box of Maxell Disks (D/D) $39

Flip n'Sort Diskette Box with Lock $18.50

Elephant Disks Single Side/Double Density $24

Quadboard 256K Installed $399

Quad512+ (512K Installed) $599

Mark VI Modem $179

AST Megaplus II (256K Installed) $539

Lemon Surge Protector $39

Orange Surge Protector $95

Corona Desktop Computer 2/320K Drives/128K $2995

Corona Desktop Computer 1/320 Floppy-1/10MG $4795

Corona Desktop Portable Computer 2/320 Drives-128K $2795

Corona Portable Computer 2/320 Drives-10MG $4295

Amdek

Color II $ 679

Color II $ 399

Color IV (RGB Analog Input) $1029

USI

Amber Monitor $ 149

Leading Edge

Gorilla Hi-Res 12" $ 85

Quadrant

Quadchrome

• Hi-Res RGB Monitor

• Non-Glare Screen

• 690 x 240 Resolution

$549 Peripherals

Kraft Joystick $ 45

TG Joystick $ 39

TG Trackball $ 39

Microsoft 64KRamcard $239

Microsoft 256K Ramcard $589

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $209

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 $499

Hayes Smartmodem 1200B $399

Hayes Smartcom II Terminal Pk $ 72

Anchor Automation Mark VI Modem.. .$179 Quadram Mlcrofazerw/Power Supply . .$149

IBM Interface Card $ 45

Versawrlter Graphics Tablet $239

Printers

1095 E. Twain, Park Place—Upper Level (702) 796-0296, Las Vegas, Nevada 89109

Call Toll Free

1-800-634-6766

Order Line Only

Information & Order Inquiries (702) 369-5523

Mon.-Fri. 8 A.M. to 6 P.M., Sat. 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Dealers Inquiries Invited

Ordering Information and Terms: For Fast Delivery send cashier checks, money orders or direct bank wires. Personal and company checks allow 3 weeks to clear. C.O.D. orders ($3.00 minimum! and 1% ot all orders over $300. School purchase orders welcomed. Prices reflect a cash discount and are subject to change. Please enclose your phone number with any orders. Shipping: Software t$2.S0 minimum). Shipping Hardward (please call). Foreign orders, APO and FPO orders—$10 minimum and 15% ot all orders over $100. Nevada residents add 53A % sales tax. All goods are new and include factory warranty. Due to our low prices, all sales are final. All returns must have a return authorization number. Call 702-369-5523 to obtain one before returning goods for replacement.

NEC

NEC8023A $ 439

NEC 3530 $1599

NEC 7710 $2059

NEC 7730 $2059

NEC 3550 $1899

Diablo

Diablo 620R (25CPS) $ 949

Diablo 630RI40CPS) $1729

Diablo 630KSR (40CPS) $2429

Epson

FX80 $ 599

FX100FT $ 799

Smith Corona

TP-1 Parallel $ 499

Okidata

ML82A $ 419

ML83A $ 649

ML84P $ 979

ML84S $1089

ML92 $ 489

ML93 $ 869

IDS

Mlcroprism 80 $ 549

Prism 132 $1399

(with Sheetfeed & Graphics) Prism 132 $1589

(with Sheetfeed, Graphics & Color) Prism to IBM Cable $ 48

Citoh

8510 Prowriter $ 365

F10 Starwriter $1199

FlOPrintmaster $1599

Mannesmann Tally

MT 160L $ 599

MT 1802 (Parallel) $1559

MT 1805 (Serial) $1559

Gemini

Gemini 10 $ 319

Gemini 15 $ 479

Qume

Qume Sprint 11 + $1349

Tractor Feed $ 175

Printer Interface $ 79

BYTE September 1983 615

***'**£*

SAGE IV computers use the 68000 CPU. come with UCSD p-System, PASCAL, Macro Assembler, Multi-user system, Word processor, Spreadsheet, 1 year warranty. Available SAGE configurations include:

1 640K floppy & 256K RAM S3120

2 640K floppies & 256K RAM S3760 1 floppy, 256K RAM, 6mb Hard disk $5840 1 floppy, ImbRAM. 18mb Hard disk S8000 As software developers and authorized SAGE dealers we offer customer support.

MARITIME SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

(503) 929-2552

6660 Reservoir Road Corvallis, OR 97333

Include (6.00 par board for shipping and handling.

6331 Fairmount Ave. #701 El Cerrito, Ca. 94530 (415)524-8352

Cables

EIA RS 232-C

Quality cables with immediate

delivery and low prices.

Conductor

Price

1-4

$12.00+ .1 a/ft.

5-7

12.50 + .27/ft.

8-12

13.50 + ,33/ft.

13-16

14.75 + .44/ft

17-25

17.00 + .55/ft.

Circle 275 on inquiry card.

Specify: Male or female connectors, length of cable and pins to be connected. OEM & quantity discounts available to qualified customers. On prepaid orders add $5.00 tor shipping/handling. We also supply connector parts, bulk cable, IBM, DEC Computable ACentronic cables.

Communication Cable Company

319 Louella Ave. Wayne, PA 19087 . V_ 215-964-9404 J

Circle 78 on inquiry card.

IBM PC, APPLE, etc. . .

SHARING AND SWITCHING PROBLEMS? GILTRONIX HAS THE SOLUTION!

Any CPU

Q)A ^ ^

Printer 1 Printer 2 Modem or

Dot Matrix Letter duality Other Peripheral

MANUAL UNITS AUTOMATIC UNITS

2-6 Pons OR 2-7 Ports

Seleclo-Swilch Auto-Swilch

Serial (RS 232|/Parallel (Centronics)

LOW COST ADD-ONS FROM THE MAIN (\S\ MANUFACTURER

C^Giltron.x

IV'vJ 3780 Fabian Way. Palo Alio. CA 94303 (4151 4931300

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

• TIM 100-1

Single Sided, 40 TRK. , „„

Single Or Double Density * 179UB

Free Shipping

• TM 100-2

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side ......

Single Or Double Density *Z490U

Free Shipping

CDC

• 9409

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side ,. „.

Single Or Double Density »Z4900

Free Shipping

Onier Toll Free

1-800-531 -5475 (Outside Of Texas) (512) 250-1523 (In Texas)

"It We Can't Ship The Next Working Day, We Won't Take The Order." MasterCard * VISA * Check Texas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax.

jCompufldd

Corp.

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 Austin, Texas 78750

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

• AC and DC analysis

• Very fast, optimized machine language

• Infinite circuits on multiple passes

• Worst case, sensitivity analysis

• Sweep component values

• 64 Nodes, 127 branches

• Compare circuits

• Log or linear sweep

• Full file handling

• Full editing, error trapping

• Frequency response, magnitude and phase

• Complete manual with examples

• CP/M S150.00

• Now available for MSDOS (IBM PC) $150.00

Tatum Labs P.O. Box 722 Hawleyville, CT 06440 (203) 426-2184

Circle 194 on inquiry card.

Circle 84 on Inquiry card.

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

TdeCOMM -A Complete Versatile, User-triendly & Telecommunicating

ELECTRONIC MAIL

for

TeleVideo* , CP/M* , MP/M™', TurboDOS"* based Computers. TeleCOMM ptpvidai ton with tin moal efficient and con-ef (active means ol communicating between you and your branch office, coworkers, friends or family via a local area network or nationwide telephone link

• Mulu-.Singlt-uiei Cortiputtr* * Modtm Intartacai

■ Paiiword Prolactad Trim.clkjni • Unlimited Ulan

• Broidcenmg and Fo'wira*nQ

■ Totally Manu-flnvsn Function!

• Vlniiils Printing

• Sava snd Oolite Litt.'i

Lilted Pri

. M9$

'I'Mxtsgll it ' Fuli Scraen Editing

• Data: Month' Day (Year

• Automatic Prompt for ll

• Attracts. Video Atttibulai ITi Special Introductory Pricn: H2AO

ngfV

TeleWORD — WORD PROCESSOR

> CPM Based & Modem Interfaced • Prompt for Incoming Electronic Mail

• Buill-.n Operating Syilam Command! ■ Multi-UIking [Concurrent Punting)

■■word Protected Treniactiom ■ Fully Menu-driven Functions

• Pag./Document Form

• Columnar Proceiimo • Juitilicai

• Document AiiemDIy and Marge • Calculate

• UnWited Undo Commmd* • Mailing L

• Screen Ediuno • Block Mr Special Introductory Price: H9B

TurboDOS™-FreH Consulting & Demo. Custc Multiuser: M'J.I

TclellOST' -Allows vour terminel/computer t

computers v>a telephone links. Price: H9S

Tckl.ISTrM-MHilmo List Progrem Prims Labels. Price: H75

International (computers & Telecommunications, Inc.

932 Hungerford Drive. 16-B, Rockville, MD 20850

1301) 251-0062

BEST PRICES IN THE U.S.

Call for our special dealer program. C.O.D.'s accepted. TOLL FREE (800) 652-8168 in California (213)706-1626

U.S.

U.S. EXCHANGE 5015 Kanan Rd. Agoura Hills, CA 91301

U.S. Robotics Modems

300 / 1200 baud Auto dial / Auto Answer

New - Password $374

New - Courier (lor Osborne) $414

New - S100 (for S100 Systems) $374

Auto Dial 212A $469

Telpac Communications Software S 69

Morrow Micro Decision

Includes 64K Ram, Z80A, CP/M, Wordstar

Spelling Checker, Logicalc, Bazic.

Microsoft Basic.

MD1 200K disk drive $889

M02 2- 200K disk drives

wilh Personal Pearl Data Base Manager $1189 MD3 2- 384K double sided drives

with Personal Pearl and Quest Bookeeping $1589

* $3 00 Long Distance Phone call credit with Purchase '

XL Systems

A division of Data Information Systems, Inc. 967 East 4800 South Suite 4C Salt Lake City. Utah 84117 (801)266-0454

Circle 226 on inquiry card.

Circle 463 on inquiry card.

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I

■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I

FORMULA INTERNATIONAL INC.

»j|>* DEPT. B • 12603 CRENSHAW BOULEVARD* HAWTHORNE. CALIFORNIA 90250 • (213)973-1921

pineCOIll BREAK THRU!

No more copyright problems!! 100% Apple II Compatible!

} Features:

• Upper/lower case • Full size keyboard with numeric key pad

• Auto repeat keys »25 Pre-programmed function keys »48K RAM user memories can expand to 192K »2 W Audio AMP with

volume control »High resolution color display with graphics «110/220V 5 AMP switching power supply "Guarantee to run on CP/M "Fully assembled and tested

DIRECT SALE

$549.00

(Add 5% shipping and handling)

VS*

PART* 900-0080

$75.00

EPROM

PROGRAMER CARD AP-64e

Program any 2716, 2732 or 2764 EPROMS

• Plug to any slot of your apple* computer.

• No extra equipment needed, completely reliable

• Auto blankcheck, compare, read, copy, monitor functions.

• Automatic verify.

• Errors indicated on screen.

• Burning voltage adjustable.

• Dip switch for different EPROMS

• No jumpers required.

• Firmware included.

AUTOTERM™ 80 COLUMN CARD

40/80 column auto-selectable with NORMAL/REVERSE and HIGHLIGHTfunctions capable to run PASCAL & CP/M SHI FT function as typewriter

essi

•**

80 Column card for Apple lie® SPECIAL $49.95 each Model: 80CIIE

"THIS CARD IS NOT

MADE BY

APPLE COMPUTER

ANTI-STATIC PLASTIC MINI-FLOPPY DISK STORAGE CASE

Holds up to 75 S'A" diskettes with 4 dividers color: smoke clear on top with light brown bottom

MODEL: MINI-FILE $19.95 EACH

HEAVY DUTY JOYSTICK

FOR APPLE+ OR PINECOM COMPUTERS Metal case with 2 fire buttons, 360 degree cursor control, auto centering and two fine trimer

MODEL: THE COMPATIBLE II $34.95

Fully assembled Special price

$445.00

THEMICRO-II

The Apple look-alike

and compatible computer,'

48K RAM on board with numeric key pad,

upper/lower case keyboard

SORRY! ROM SET IS NOT INCLUDED! +Apple II & Apple He are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. U.SA. Circle 185 on Inquiry card.

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA f^^l

■a PHONE ORDERS ONLY 1 -800-672-8758 CALL TOLL FREE ^

irk of APPLE COMPUTERS, INC.

im Ordar $10.00 I Calif. Residents add 6.5% Sales Tax. Phona Orders Accaptad on VISA or MC ONLY, NO C.O.D's. Prices subject to changa without notlca.

STORE HOURS

MON-FRI — 10-7

SAT - 10-6

LSI C Compiler

for 8080/Z80

LSI C compiler is designed for programs with

a small memory and a shorter CPU time. *The object code is compact and is faster than

leading "C" compilers (Eratosthenes : 13.4sec) -frtypedef, sialic, cast and initializers are available ♦ The compiler and the generated code run

under CP/M™ , but also can be burnt into

PROMs.

Rational BASIC

a basic interpreter for Z80 CP/M

TEDDY

a lull screen editor for 8U80/Z80 CP/M

CJ» M is j tiddi-nuik ul Uinii.il Research

fur pamphlet write: P.O.Box 508 STA. CRUZ CA. USA 95062

fot further information cc

LSI JAPAN CO., LTD.

2-24-M VOVOQSHIBUYA-KU TOKYO (151) PHON£(03)379-2427

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

ANALOG** DIGITAL DIGITAL** ANALOG

CONVERSION MODULES

SOFTWARE CAIN CONTROL

.mpiif'.-r custom boord test S-100 2tol5Wi onyijjtwoniinis mixoblc high and low inputs gain from 1 to 1024 l?N ■ implr ond hold nmp&ioi

IJ, thi irwl i |||!,-i,-.mImI 16 channel nn< ilog la dotal wwi. ■•.■■.: progrommoble gain instrumentation -nplificr .11-,t,1,ni,.,>ii,-i MOO- 2 to 75 khz conversion time mtinl &p hr)h onflow inputs - cpin from 1 !" IDPfl 12-bit sample and hold amplifier

For aflditional details about the AD-100-4 ana other fine California Data Corporation 100% individually tested, high reliability products, circle the reader service card number below or for faster response write or call us.

CALIFORNIA DATA CORPORATION

3475 Old Conejo Road. Suite C-10 Newbury Park, CA 91320

(805) 198 3651

"^fe

New Sensibly-Priced Paper Tape Reader

A new. smaller, less expensive Stand-Alone Paper Tape Reader Model 605 reads at 150 CPS, has a parallel TTL output and is bidirectional. It stops on character, is completely sell-contained and has automatic taut-tape sensing.

The new reader has 5 volt DC and 24 volt DC output power available and an optional internal clock. The desk-lop model is priced al $495 for one unit, a saving of about 25% of the price of the larger Model 612. Contact Louis Doshay, Addmaster Corporation, 416 Junipero Serra Drive, San Gabriel 91776; telephone (213) 285-1121

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

HEXADECIMAL DESK CLOCK

Solid mahogany timepiece represents the time in base sixteen. Features include: handrubbed finish, gold tone characters and hands, and a quartz movement accurate to within 10 seconds per month. Clock measures 4'A in. square, can be hung (bracket included), and runs for over 1 year on a standard AA battery. An attractive addition to the work area of any computer professional or hobbyist. Only $18.95 plus S1.50 shipping & handling. PA residents add 6% sales lax Please allow 3-5 weeks lor delivery. Send check or money order lo:

OZGTTXME

P.O. Box 403, Ambler, PA 19002

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systems for the IBM® Personal Computer. Packages include interpreter/compiler with virtual memory management, line editor, custom screen editor, assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and record access modules, and many demonstration programs. 150 page user manual $100.00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, color graphics extensions, and target compiler available at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86^. One disk drive and 48 kbytes RAM required. Software supplied on 5'/4 inch single sided soft sectored double density diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 BnhSovin StrMt Loi AngaUi, CA 90066 (213)306-7412

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

Circle 150 on inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealer inquiries invited. COD. and charge cards accepted.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd. San Luis Obispo, CA 93401. InCal. call (800) 592-5935 or (805) 543-1037.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

H€ATH

H-19/89

OWN€RS

EXPAND YOUR SYSTEM

WITH THIS SINGLE

P.C. BOARD

• Color Graphics w/32 Sprites 16K Ram

• 6 Tone Music Stereo Dual Noise Gen. With 4 I/O Ports

£\ n $29900

Box 86491 Visa &

San Diego, CA 92086 MasterCard (619) 267-7547 Accepted

Circle 380 on inquiry card.

ATTENTION BIG BOARD USERS! WHY USE OUTDATED TECHNOLOGY?

INSIGHT ENTERPRISES

IS NOW DELIVERING A NEW

STATE-OF-THE-ART CP/M Z80-A

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

On Boord video • 128K of Dynamic ram and 4K of STAHC (video mem ory) • DMA • SASI (hard dish interface) ■ Floppy disk controller (4 drives cty combination ol 5-1/4 or B") • 4 serial pons • Full Centronics Piinlet port ■ Expansion bus • Wide line and thin lino graphics * Exlended irock Duffer • Printer buffer ■ Fully inlerrupt Driven • Parallel or Serial keyboard * Compaci Size • (8x14 inches)

$750.00

Circle 224 on inquiry card.

IVII

IBM PC-COMPLETE SYSTEMSPECIAL PRICE

PC System includes 64K IBM PC with 320 KB Floppy Disk Drive, Controller, Color Graphics Card, Monitor $2490

DISK DRIVES TOR IBM PC

Tandon 100-2

Shugart 455-2

Teac 55-B

$240 $245 $255

MONITORS

NEC, DYNAX AMDEK CALL

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS

Hi-Res Color $490

PRINTERS C-ITOH

GX-100

8510

F-10

$240 $460

1550. F-10.

$690 $1290 $1690

OKIDATA

82A

83A

93A

$440 $690

84A 92A

$975 $575 $970

BROTHER

HR-1

HR-1S

$750 $570

SMITH CORONA

TP-1

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10

Gemini 15

$520

$370 $540

NEC SPINWRITER

7710-1

7715-1

7720-7

7725-1

7730-1

$1950 $2100 $2400 $2400 $1950

3510

3515

3530 .... 3550 .... PC8023A

$1350 $1350 $1550 $1850 $450

HARD DISKS FOR APPLE AND IBM DAVONG

5 MB $1450

10 MB $1650

15 MB $2250

MEMORY BOARDS

TAVA CORP. TRUMPCARD 1

256K Ram $350

TRUMPCARD 2

512K RAM $550

AST

lO Plus. Five function Card $199

Combo Plus 4 function card. Fully pop. 256K. . $490

Mega Plus. Fully pop. 512K $990

QUADRAM

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K $500

BIG BLUE $470

HERCULES Graphics Card $490

MAYNARD SANDSTAR SERIES

FDC 5 1/4 & 8" $220

Multifunction Card $90

Memory Card $180

Ad-On Memory Module $90

Parallel Port Module $70

Serial Port Module $90

Clock Calendar Module $70

Game Adapter Module $50

DEC RAINBOW 100

Complete system 64KPC, Keyboard, Two Floppy Drives

DS/DD, Monochrome Monitor $2990

APPLE II +

Compatible Computer with 48K Disk Drive, Controller,

and Monitor $990

DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE

Slimline, or Standard $250

PERSONAL ACCOUNTANT Software for your Apple lie and Apple 11+. .. $190

APPLE He

Computer System, Controller, Two Disk Drives, Monitor $1890

631 E. First St., Tustin, CA 92680

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc. IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp.

(714)838-9100

Circle 574 on Inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 619

NEW GENERATION OF

INTELLIGENT PALi'EPROM

PROGRAMMERS-FOP THE

NEW BREED OF ENGINEERS

• SO AMD 34 PIN PALs • 37 AND S3 EPROMs • POM EMULATION

DIGITAL MEDIA

3178 GIBRALTAR AVENUE

COSTA MESA, CA SSBEE

1714] 751-1373

THE CHURCH

Information Management System

kDAMir

. j"j M*mb*rshlp ' Modulo

2 I Stewardship •—' Modul*

3 Communications and Cataloging Modulo

4 Spiritual Growth Modulo

5 Outraaeh Modulo

jel Church Dlscovory Modulo

Your Software Guardian'"

Demo Packages

available for Modules 1,2. 3

written In.

dBASE II™**

B and 16 BIT.CfVM - compaimio

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

QlMEqA

sonware A|ma Georgia 30Mi

Information Systcms (404) 329-0091

LC NETWORK LINE FILTER

Model C-519-L1 EMI/RFI filter protects against high energy transients.. .varistor clamps higher voltages to safe levels. . .Max Rating: 15 A, 125 VAC, 1875 Watts continuous duty. . .$97.50.

j. W. MILLER DIVISION/Bell Industries

19070 Reyes Ave., Rancho

Dominguez, CA 90224

(213)537-5200

Circle 148 on inquiry card.

Circle 336 on inquiry card.

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

f

of looking for reliable Source of Supply?

from Looking???

about QUALITY??

DISKETTES + RIBBONS + ACCESSORIES

Call Bob Kelly Now. . . Kelly Computer Supplies

1811 Carl St. • St. Paul, MN 55113

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929

MN Res. Call Collect.. .612/644-9030

3M SCOTCH DISKETTES

Heath Users

Double Your 5y," disk storage capacity without adding: a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 or H89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880H floppy disk controller, in conjunction with your 5V," drives, for example, expands memory capacity from 256 bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and doublesided, single and double-density, 8" and by" drives — simultaneously.

Ol

CD R. Systems Inc. Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc. 7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA Mill

(619) 560-1272

DISKETTES

3M Scotch' BRAND

AT SUPER LOW PRICES

WE WILL SHIP YOUR

ORDER WITHIN 24 HOURS

AND WE PAY THE

SHIPPING CHARGES

COD ACCEPTED

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

CALL TOLL FREE 800 922-8193

IN CALIFORNIA 800 468-1068

Tlyco Buiina■ • Form 1 Computer Supplies Post Office Box 605 Newbury Park, CA 91320

Circle 353 on inquiry card.

Circle 66 on inquiry card.

Circle 434 on inquiry card.

SMITH-CORONA TP-1

Letter Quality • Daisy Wheel Printer

• Serial Or

Parallel Interlace

• Microprocessor Electronics

Order Toll Free: Free Shipping

«469

1-800-531-5475 (Outside 01 Texas) (512) 250-1523 (In Texas)

iCompuAdd

Corp

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 Austin, Texas 78750

Floppy Disks

& Printer Ribbons

&W&&

U.S.

^EXCHANGE

5015 Kanan Road Agoura Hills, CA 91301

Circle 85 on Inquiry card.

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Circle 120 on inquiry card.

TOLL-FREE

ORDERING:

800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:

602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

1 CRAFTSMAN COURT - BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We stock a full line of Board Level Components, Software, and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nationwide! The Nations's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call fora system quote.

• FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST •

OF PRIME INTEREST

Our prime interest at CCT is service and support. We build and sell hundreds of systems per year to the serious computer market. We rigidly adhere to our strict policy of reliable machines, and reliable people behind them. We feel the CompuPro product line to be the state-of-the-art of the computer industry.

THE CCT EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY

With any system we build, we provide, in writing, an unconditional 12 month direct warranty on the entire system, including mainframe, boards, drives, power supplies, cabling and peripherals! We offer guaranteed 24 hour in-house repair and/or replacement with just a toll-free phone call. We can offer this, since we are so sure of our level of quality and reliability. It's great to know that in the event of a problem, you're not out of business waiting on service turnaround. We deliver!

Our various OEM contracts with all the manufacturers of the components we integrate, allow us this unprecedented flexibility. No factory O.K.'s necessary — just get it running — NOWI

Wyse 100 terminal $769.

Mitsubishi 8" DSDD drives, full or half

height $449.

0kidata82 $419/83 $679

84 .. $1029/92 .. $559/93 .. $930

Ashton-TatedBASEII $459

Hays Modem-$259 • Diablo 620-$1029

MORROW MICRO DECISION

IN CCT

STOCK! TESTED!

1 Drive -$899 • 2 Drive $1249 Morrow Terminal-$499

Our in-house cabling Department has cables in stock for all CompuPro boards, drives, power supplies, printers, terminals and modems. The highest quality — at reasonable prices.

RS-232 Cable: $25

TECH TIP CORNER

"CompuPro CP/M86 - Replace that bothersome Control-S with the- space bar! Use DDT86, change location 144A from 13 to20Havefun-Pat...

CompuPro

PROFESSIONAL LEVEL BUSINESS SYSTEMS

STATE-OF-THE-ART QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY

PPT AMRlftl IMPCC- 0UR 0WN In-House engineered I/O I HIMIMUUIMUIZO. custom compupro systems

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

Enclosure 2-Desk-20 Slot Mainframe CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 Disk 1 - DMA Floppy Disk Controller RAM 17-64K Static RAM-12 Mhz Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O

CCT Dual 8" Mitsubishi

DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes

CP/M 80 - 2.2 LD/M - CCT Modified

All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,

Testing, and minimum 20 Hour Burn-in

INTRODUCTORY PRICE:

$3,399

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

CP/M MP/M NOTE: Each copy we furnish is CCT modified for the target system. M-Drive/Hand hard disk drivers are furnished, and the BIOS optimized for the fastest disk step rate, as well as terminal and printer compatibility.

• • CCT-2* • COMING SOON • • WATCH THE FAST LANE FOR THIS ONE * •

Designed tor large users, complex programmers, and program intensive applications.

THE FASTEST MICROCOMPUTER IN THE WORLD!!

16 Bit • 10 Mmz + • M-Drive/ H • I/O mapped on-the-bus terminal • Ultra-fast disk! Unreal speed — Leaves the rest of the world at the starting line

We are the largest in the custom configuration of complete state-of-the-art S-100 systems, at package pricing, with integration, burn-in and programming. We custom build CompuPro systems / hard disk systems for business applications. Call for CompuPro literature, CCT system configuration data and technical information.

COMPUPRO COMPONENTS

LIMITED SPECIALS (A&T): System 816A- $4299 System 816B-$4999 System 816C- $6499 Call for other systems

M-DriveCP/Mw/RAM Purch-$49 • Disk 1w/CP/M-$449 • M-Drive/H-512K- $1299

CPU 8085/88-$319 • CPU8086/87-$579/10Mhz-$659 • CPU68K-$519/10Mhz-$639 • CPU-Z-$249

Disk 1-$369 • Disk 2-S599 • Disk 2BE-C4L/./ • Disk 3-SOON!

RAM17(12MH2)-$359 • RAM 16(12MHZ)-$399 • RAM 21 (128K)-$849 • RAM 22(256K)-$1899

Interfacer 1-$229 • Interfacer 2-$249 • Interfacer 3-5 $439/3-8 $529 • Interfacer4-S349

System Support 1 - $299 • Enclosure 2-Desk-$599/Rack $649 20 Slot Motherboard-$210

CP/M80-$99 • CP/M86-$150 • MP/M8-16-$769 • CP/M68K-$279 • Forth 68K-S169

Call tor CSC Boards — New Releases — Operating System Mods/Updates

? ?

24 Megabyte hard/floppy

CCT/Fujitsu/Mitsubishi ultra-system: 23 meg. hard disk next to 1.2 meg. 8" DSDD floppy drive. Includes disk 2 board set, all cabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in. Will stand alone in any CompuPro system. $3699

HARD DISK DECISIONS ? ?

23 Megabyte subsystem 2.4 Megabyte floppy system

CCT/ Fujitsu 23 megabyte hard disk sub- CCT/ Mitsubishi 2.4 megabyte dual DSDD

system. Includes disk 2 board set, all 8" system. Includes all cabling, A&T,

cabling, A&T, formatting, burn-in. Ready burn-in.Thisisthefastestsystemavailable: for any CompuPro system:

$3199

$1149

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call tor catalog. Free technical help to anyone. We can configure boards & software for your system. Plug-in and go.^Arizona Residents add sales tax. CompuPro Trademark —W.J. Godbout; CP/M* MP/M* Trademarks — Digital Research

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 621

wabash

Scotch

\ferbatim,

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

. CALL COLLECT

l(,.., 866-3462 1614}231-1512

PRINTERS

Epson:

Hxso »399

fxm *569

FXioo *769

Star-Micronlcs:

OtmlnHOX '309

Gemlnl-15 '439

Frag Shipping * Order Toll Free

All Man/mn Mai Factory Warranty

1-800-531-5475 (Outside Of Texas)

(512) 250-1523 (in Texas)

jCompuRdd c,P.

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101 Austin, Texas 78750

SPECIAL

Micro-SCI Disk Drive S239^ Quentin Disk Drive 249 Kensington System Saver 69 Hayei Smartmodem 300 199 Hayes Smartmodem 1200 499 Novation J-Cat 119 Prowriter 8510 Printer 375 Gemini 10 X 287 Epson MX-80 F/T, W/Graftex 410 Grappler+ 120 Apple Dumpling GX 120 ViewMax80Col.-2 Yr. War. 149 ELEPHANT DISKS 19

- NEW PRODUCT

Diskus Products Diskfile

Fits under D/Drive ■ Holds 125 Disks 52

^InvitationsTo Bid■ Welcome. ^^^^ "^ Items in Stock - Ship In 24 Hrs. ^S«n we accept. MC, VISA. Certified MHBU

CA. Residents 6% Tax. Shipping Lm-cm Mln. $2.50. First 5 pounds. *-~- '

| _\A/IS GOLDEN WEST SYSTEMS

UVV3 31942 OAK HILLL LANE 1209)539-2107 PORTERVILLE. CA 93257

Circle 515 on inquiry card.

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

Circle 516 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

FOR ALL MAKES & MODELS

DISKETTES

5'/.

S/S D/D

MIN. ORDER 50

RIBBONS

DIABLO HYTYPE II MULTI STRIKE OR NILON

♦388

EPSON

MX70/MX80

*464

$784

EPSON MX 100

MIN. ORDER 6

LABELS • CONTINUOUS FORMS

CALL TOLL FREE 1 800-248 2418

IN N.Y. STATE 212-967-3433/1700

TERMS-VISA OR MC OR COD DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

WORLDWIDE

COMPUTER SUPPLIES

159 MAIN ST., S.I.. N.Y. 10307

KEYED

FILE

HANDLER

FOR

UCSD "P" System

Pascal® for IBM PC® ,

Apple III® , Apple lie®

Write your own Pascal® programs with keyed records. Read a record by key, insert key and write data, get next sequential key, read a record by record number, remove key and data and release disk space, dynamic memory allocation, etc.

ATX COMPUTER

1-800-858-4620 (US) 1-800-792-1063 (TX)

SEKON 64

1. CPU 6502, 64K RAM.

2. Numeric Keypad, Upper & Lower Case.

3. Inverse Video. Auto Graphic Test.

4. Auto Repeat, High Speed Cursor.

5. 25 Function Keys, High Quality Case.

6. 12K ROM expandable to 28K.

7. Optional Atari Joystick Ports.

8. All Gold Sockets & Slots.

9. High Capacity 5A Power Supply.

10. Compatible with Apple II plus.

11. Uses most Apple lie Software.

12. 1 full year warranty.

^PUGMfN \ SEKON atnW,1l COMPUTER

(213) 936-1577 Out of Ca. (800) 423-4302 Telex 181121 2210 Wilshire Blvd., Ste 577. Santa Monica, CA90403

Circle 490 on inquiry card.

Circle 397 on inquiry card.

ifeir Gemini 10X

120 CPS, 9x9 Dot ; Matrix, SB) Graphics

• Amder 12" Monitor $129

• 4-D Disk Drive tor Apple Me $219

• Tandon Drive 100-2 320K for IBM... $245

• C. Itoh Prowriter 8510 120 cps $339

• Dynax DX-15 Daisy Wheel 13 cps

(2 color) $485

• Smith Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel

(12cps) $449

• Silver Reed EXP-550 Daisy Wheel (16cps) $649

• Brother HR-1 Daisy Wheel (16 cps) .$695

• Kay Pro II Computer $1495

MICRO MART

8764 Complex Dr., San Diego, CA 92123 (619) 268-0169

NOW AVAILABLE LOW COST PRINTER

For Atari-Commodore T.I. and Apple

FEATURES: /~.

• 40 OR 80 COL. /3gr7

• 80 CPS .A-—J

• FULL CHARACTER /*»i_

SETS f k

• GRAPHICS ^=^i^

• LIGHT WT. 4 TO 6 LBS. ^^=5=;

• FRICTION FEED

ALPHACOM 42 (40 col)

$101.00

ALPHACOM 81 (80 col)

$149.00

INTERFACE for ATARI, COM

MODORE Tl or APPLE

$39.00

40 COL PAPER (per roll)

$2.80

80 COL. PAPER (per roll)

$4.50

SEE INDEX FOR OUR 2 PAGE SPREAD.

ARBA Retail Systems Presents

THE

MISSING

LINK

THE HARDWARE

• RS 232 fully featured cash register —not just a cash drawer

THE SOFTWARE

• 99 depts.—65.000 item inventory

• Detailed inventory analysis and reports

• Prints price tags

• 12 digit alpha numeric part number

• Sales by employee

• Runs under CP/M or MP/M

THE SYSTEM ...

now available from

ARBA Retail Systems 890 E. Roosevelt Road Lombard, Illinois 60148 (312) 620-8566

Circle 517 on inquiry card.

Circle 143 on inquiry card.

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

guaranteed

LOWER PRICES! FASTER SERVICE!

S-100 I/O Boards

S-100 Motherboards

S-100 Disk Controllers

U.JlJllJIIlftlli

The BUS PROBE — Jade

Inexpensive S-100 Diagnostic Analyzer

TSX-200B Bare board

TSX-200K Kit

TSX-200A A S T

_ $59.95 . $179.95 . $199.95

1/0-4 — SSM Microcomputer

2 serial I/O ports plus 2 parallel I/O ports IOI-1010A A S T

5245.00

1/0-5 — SSM Microcomputer

Two serial & 3 parallel ports. 110-19 2K baud IOI-1015A A & T $289.00

INTERFACER 4 — CompuPro

3 serial, 1 parallel. 1 Centronics parallel

IOI-1840A A & T . $389.95

IOI-1830C CSC $495.00

S-100 Memory Boards

64K STATIC RAM - Jade

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 696 24 bit extended addressing. 200ns RAMs. lower 32K or entire hoard phantomable. 2716 EPROMs may be subbed for RAMs. any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, low power typically less than 500ma

MFM-99152R Rare hoard MFM-901.SJK Kit tan RAM

$49.95

MFM-32155K V>K kit

$169.00

MEM-56152K 56K kit

$225.00

MFM-641S5K MK kit

«?«■; nn

Asspmhlpri A Tpsfpri

arid $30 nn

EXPANDORAM III

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a high density S-100 memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAM chips It allows memory sizes of 64K, 128K or 256K all on a single S-100 board

$398.95

MEM-65064A 64K MEM-65128A I28K MEM-651192A 19?K MEM-65256A 256K

$464.95 $524.95

ISO-BUS - Jade

Silent, simple and on sale — a better motherboard 6 Slot (S'/," x P/,")

MBS-061B Bare board

MBS-061K Kit

MBS-061A A S T

12 Slot f9%" x 8%")

MBS-121B Bare board

MBS-121K Kit

MBS-121A A S T

18 S/ot(14%" *8%"J

MBS-181B Bare board

MBS-181K Kit

MBS-181A AST

_ $22.95 _ $39.95 _ $49.95

_ $34.95

_ $69.95

$89.95

_ $54.95

_ $99.95

$139.95

S-100 CPU Boards

The BIG Z — Jade

2 or 4 MHz switachable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/O accommodates 2708. 2716, or 2732 EPROM. baud rates from 75 to 9600

CPU-30201B Bare board wimanual $35.00

CPU-30201K Kit wimanual $179.00

CPU-30201A AST $199.00

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. 1K RAM, 8K

ROM space, monitor PROM included

CPU-30200A AST $298.95

CPU-Z CompuPro

2 or 4 MHz Z80A CPU. 24 bit addressing

CPU-30500A ? 4 MHz AST

CPU-30500C 3/6 MHz CSC

$279.95 $374.95

8085/8088 — CompuPro

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs, standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8 MHz. accesses 16 Megabytes of memory

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A T $398.95

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95

Eprom Erasers

ULTRA-VIOLET EPROM ERASERS

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home

XME-3100A Spectronics w/o timer

XME-3101A Spectronics with timer

XME-3200A Logical Devices

$69.50 $94.95 $49.95

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5'/," and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loop data seperator. vectored interrupts. CP/M 2.2 & Oasis

compatible control/diagnostic software PROM included.

IOD-1160A A & T with Prom _^_^__^^_ $344.95 SFC-55009047F CP/M 3-0 with VF-II $128.95

2422 DISK CONTROLLER — CCS.

5%" or 8" double density disk controller with on-board boot loader ROM. free CP/M 2.2 & manual set IOD-1300A AST wttb CP/M 2.2 $338.00

DOUBLE D — Jade

High reliability double density disk controller with onboard Z-80A. auxiliary printer port. IEEE S-100 can function in multi-user interrupt driven bus

IOD-1200B Bare board S hdwr man $59.95

IOD-1200K Kit w/hdwr S sttwr man $299.95

IOD-1200A AST wlhdwr S sttwr man $325.00

SFC-59002001F CP'M 2.2 with Double D $99.95

S-100 Eprom Boards

PROM-100 — SD Systems

2708.2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with software HEM-99520A AST with software $248.95

PB-1 — SSM Microcomputer

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer

$154.95

$219.00

MEM-99510K Kit wimanual _ MEM-99510A AST wimanual

Surge Protection

ISOBAR

The ISOBAR looks like a standard multi-outlet power strip, but contains surge suppression circuitry and built-in noise filters, plus a 15 amp circuit breaker

EME-115105 4 receptacle $49.95

EME-115100 8 receptacle $69.95

$598.95

Computer Products

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

4907 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250

BYTE September 1983 623

I

OWER PRICES!

Printers On Sale!

Compact DAISY WHEEL PRINTER - TTX

The new TTX Daisy wheel printer is compact,

versatile and inexpensive—everything you have been

waiting for in a letter quality printer

It has a low-profile, contemporary design, and requires

20% to 50% less desk space than most other daisywheel

printers. Other features include dual interface(RS232and

Centronics parallel), built-in adjustable pinfeed forms

guide, and compatibility with Wordstar print control

commands, including underline, bold print, super and

sub-script, etc

The high quality features and the low price make the TTX a

real value leader.

PRD-44010 TTX 1014 $599.95

FREE!

48K BUFFER

Video Monitors

380Z by D.T.C.

Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrex printer, the 380Z contains electronic enhancements that allow it to print at speeds up to 32 CPS. Other features include a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo 1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes with printwheel, ribbon and users manual. Serial, parallel, and IEEE 488 interfaces standard.

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1195.00

PRA-11000 Tractor option $169.95

PRA-11200 Cut sheet feeder $699.95

Cable Please specify . , . $49.95

LOWEST PRICE! DAISYWHEEL PRINTER

CRII

NEW! from Comrex! Full featured letter quality printer, FREE! 5K buffer. Logic seeking bi-directional printing, boldface, proportional spacing, double-strike, backspace, underlining, true super script and sub script, drop in daisywheel cartridge. The BEST BUY in word processing

PRO-11101 Comrex CR-II parallel $569.95

PRD-11102 Comrex CR-II serial $599.95

PRA-11100 Tractor option $119.95

PRA-11110 Cut sheet feeder $199.95

PRINTER PALS — FMJ

Desk top printer stand and paper rack. Fits all printers.

PRA-99080 10" Printer pal $29.95

PRA-99100 75" Printer pal $39.95

PRA-99700 tor Letter Quality $49.95

Printers From JADE

OKIDATA 82 10" 120 cps

OKIDATA 92 10" 160 cps with graphics OKIDATA 93 15" 160 cps with graphics OKIDATA 83 15" 120 cps with tractor _ OKIDATA 84 15" 200 cps with graphics

OKIDATA 2350 15" 350 cps

OKIDATA 2410 15" 350 cps. two color _

DAISYWRITER 2000 4BK daisywheel

GEMINI 10X 120 cps 10" with graphics . NEW! DELTA 10 160 cps. lull graphics . GEMINI 15 100 cps, 15" with graphics —

COMREX CR1

SILVER REED

STARWRITER F-10

_ CALL _ CALL — CALL _ CALL _ CALL _ CALL _ CALL . $1395.00 _ $319.00 $499.95 _ $459.00 _ $849.95 _ $699.95 $1195.00

NEW! Plug-in ROM Kit To Make OKIDATA 92/93 Fully IBM Compatible

PRA-43086 For OKIDATA 92 $59.95

PRA-43087 For OKIDATA 93 $59.95

VIDEO MONITOR — Jade

1000 lines ultra-high resolution. 20 MHz ultra-high band width. 9" or 12". Amber or Green phosphor, the finest monitors we sell.

VDM-740920 9" Green _

VDM-740910 9" Amber .

VDM-751220 12" Green .

VDM-751210 12" Amber

_ $99.95

. $129.95

$129.95

$139.95

12" GREEN SCREEN — Zenith

15MHz, 40 or 80 column VDM-201201 72" Green

$114.95

Intelligent Video Terminal

NEW! SMART TERMINAL - TTX

The new TTX 3000 is an intelligent, economical, fullfeature terminal designed to be expanded into a full computer. It has more features and is priced lower than similar units from ADDS, LSI. Hazeltime. and Televideo In addition to all the built-in features, there is also space inside the unit for a 6 x 12 inch single board computer, and provisions for mounting two half height 5'/4 inch disk drives {and sufficient power supply current to run the add-ins) The detached keyboard features 95 keys, with numeric keypad and 10 function keys. Screen is designed to tilt and swivel for comfortable viewing. Emulate TV 925

IBM PC" Add-ons

QUADLINK Apple emulator for IBM PC

CPX-50500A $549.95

QUADBOARD II 2 serial ports, clock/calendar, memory expansion, and Quadmaster software

MEM-40064A Quadboard II, 64K $329.95

MEX-40256A Quadboard II, 256K $499.95

QUADBOARD parallel port, serial port, clock/calendar, memory expansion, and Quadmaster software

MEX-41064A Quadboard. 64K $329.95

MEX-41256A Quadboard, 256K $499.95

QUAD 512+ up to 512K memory expansion, one serial port. Quadmaster+ software

MEX-42064A Quad 512+, 64K $249.95

MEX-42256A Quad 572+, 256K $429.95

MEX-42512A Quad 512+. 512K $649.95

QUADCHROME High-resolution color monitor for IBM PC

VDC-241301 Quadchrome RGB $649.95

DISKETTES Highest quality, certified, double sided, double density, perfect for IBM PC and others

MSM-5220103 box ol 10 $29.95

HAYES 1200B The newest 300/1200 baud modem from Hayes, made to plug into one of PCs expansion slots, complete with software IOM-5550A Hayes 1200B $479.95

Modems

Smart Buy In MODEMS — Signalman

1200 and/or 300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer or originate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxe models. 9v battery allows total portability, full one year warranty.

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect $89.95

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe $149.95

IOM-5620A 1200/300 baud Deluxe . IOM-5650A 300 baud lor Osborne . IOM-5630A 300 baud card lor IBM

. $369.95 $119.95 $199.95

SMARTMODEM — Hayes

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dial modem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interface programmable

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200 IOM-S400A Smartmodem 300 _ IOK-1500A Hayes Cronograph IOM-1100A Micromodem 100 _ IOM-2010A Micromodem II IOM-2012A Terminal program for MMII .

$514.00 . $229.00 . $199.00 . $349.00 . $299.00 $89.95

1200 BAUD SMART CAT — Novation

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1200 & 300 baud, builtin dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect, direct connect. LCD readout displays mode analog/digital loopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones.

IOM-5241A 300 baud 703 Smart Cat $229.95

IOM-5251A 7200 baud 212/103 Smart Cat $549.95

J-CAV MODEM — Novation

1/5 the size of ordinary modems. Bell 103. manual or autoanswer, automatic answer/orginate. direct connect, builtin self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide status information.

VDT-461201 TTX-3000

. $469.00

IOM-5261A Novation

$149.95

PLACE ORDERS TOLL FREE

Continental U.S. 800-421-5500

Inside California 800-262-1710

For Technical Inquires or Customer Service call:

213-973-7707

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or Purchase Orders from qualified firms and institutions. Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 61/2% tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada please add 10% to all prices. Prices and avalllblllty iub|ael to change without notice. Shipping and handling charges via UPS Ground SOt/lb. UPS Air $1.00/lb minimum charge $3.00

624 BYTE September 1983

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

FASTER SERVICE!

8 inch Slimline Sub-systems

Apple II™ Accessories

Dual Slimline Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant baked enamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system, quiet cooling fan. rugged dual drive power supply, power cables, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan, all necessary hardware to mount 2-8" slimline disk drives. Does not include signal cable. Ouaf 8" Slimline Cabinet

END-000820 8are cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $179.95

Dual 8" Slimline Subsystems

END-000843 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000844 A & T w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000845 Kit w/2 SS DD Drives

END-000846 DS DD Drives

. $879.00

. $885.00

. $1060.00

$1179.95

Dual Disk Sub-systems

"" in

DISK Sub-Systems — Jade

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced air flow system, rugged dual drive power supply power cable kit. power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan. nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mount 28" disk drives, power supply, and fan. does not include signal cable. Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

ENO-000420 Bare cabinet $49.95

END-000421 Cabinet kit $199.95

END-000431 A & T $249.95

8" Sub-Systems—Single Sided, Double Density

END-000423 Kit w/2 Siemenns FD100-8DS $599.00

END-000423 A & T w/2 Siemens FD100-8DS _ $625.00 END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $999.95

DISK DRIVE For Apple"

Totally Apple compatible. 143,360 bytes per drive on DOS 3.3 lull one year factory warranty, half-track capability reads all Apple software, plugs right into Apple controller as second drive. DOS 3.3. 3.2.1 Pascal. & CP/M compatible

MSM-431010 $219.95

MSM-431030 Controller only $60.00

MSM-431040 Controller with software $99.95

SUPER DISKETTE SPECIAL!

We bought out a maior manufacturer's overstock, and we are passing the savings on to you! Single sided, double density, package of 10 MMD-5121003 Apple Diskettes $18.95

HALF-HEIGHT DRIVE For Apple™

Totally Apple compatible. Works with all Apple software and controllers Faster and quieter than most other drives, yet only half the size' MSM-581010 hall-height $229.95

CP/M 3.0 Card For Apple'" - A.L.S.

The most powerful card available tor your Applet 6MHz. Z-80B. additional 64K RAM. CP/M 3.0 plus 100% CP'M 2.2 compatibility. C basic. CP/M graphics. 300% faster than any other CP/M for Apple. One year warranty

CPX-62810A ALS CP M card $349.95

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801RS $1049.00 Z-CARD tOt Apple II — A.L.S.

8" Sub-Systems—Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-8s

END-000427 A S T w'2 Qume D-8s

END-000436 Kit w'2 Shugart SA-851 Rs

END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-851 Rs

$1245.00 . $1295.00 . $1245.00

$1295.00

Disk Tubs

DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 diskettes MMA-505 Holds 75 S%" diskettes $19.95

Two computers in one. Z-80 & 6502. more than doubles the power and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 CPU card CP/M 2 2 and complete manual set. Pascal compatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warranty. CPX-62800A A & T with CP/M 2.2 $159.95

GRAPPLER PLUS - Orange Micro

The ultimate parallel printer Graphics interface card with many new features, now at a new low price!

IOP-2300A Grappler Plus $139.95

80 COLUMN Apple Card

80 column x 24 line video card for Apple II addressable 25th status line, normal/inverse or high'low video. 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case. 7x9 dot matrix with true descenders, CP/M. Pascal & Fortran compatible. 50/60 Hz. 40/60 column selection from keyboard. Best 80 column card!

IOV-2450A Viewmax 80 $149.95

IOV-2455A Preboot disk tor above $24.95

16K RAM Card — for Apple II

Expand your Apple II 64 K. use as language card, lull 1 year

warranty. Why spend $175.00?

MEX-16700A Save over $115.00 S49.95

FAN/POWER CENTER For Apple™

Cooling fan for your overheated Apple II, II + , or lie; also includes power switch and two switched outlets with voltage protection circutry SYA-1520A Apple fan $59.95

8 inch Disk Drives

Siemens FDD 100-8 Single sided, double density

MSF-201120 $179.00 ea 2 for $175.00 ea

Shugart SA 801R Single sided, double density

MSF-10801R $369.00 ea 2 for $365.00 ea

Shugart SA-10851R Double sided, double density

MSF-10B51R $480.00 ea 2 for $460 ea

Qume DT-8 Double sided, double density

MSF-750080 $480.00 ea 2 for $460.00 ea

Tandon TM 848-1 Single sided, double density thin-line

MSF-558481 $395.00 ea 2 for $375.00 ea

Tandon TM 848-2 Double sided, double density thin-line

MSF-558482 $495.00 ea 2 for $475.00 ea

NEC FD1165 Double sided, double density thin-line

MSF-851165 $450.00 ea 2 for $440.00 ea

NEC FD1164 Single sided, double density thin line MSF-851164 $360.00 2 for $350 ea

51/4 inch Disk Drives

Tandon TM 100-1 Single sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551001 $225.00 ea 2 for $195.00 ea

Shugart SA 400L Single sided, double density 40 track

MSM-10400 $234.95 ea 2 for $224.95 ea

Tandon TM 100-2 Double sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551O02 $259.00 ea 2 for $249.00 ea

MPI B52 Double sided, double density. 48 TPI can be substituted for CDC

MSM-155200 $275.00 ea 2 for $270.00 ea

MPI 851 Single sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-155100 $209.00 ea 2 for $199.00 ea

MPI B91 Single sided. Quad density 96 TPI

MSM-155300 $285.00 ea 2 for $275.00 ea

51/4" Cabinets With Power Supply

MMA-508 Holds 50 8" diskettes

$24.95

END-000216 Single cab w/power supply END-000226 Dual cab w/power supply _

$69.95 $94.95

Circle 238 on inquiry card.

Computer Products

4901 West Rosecrans Ave. Hawthorne, California 90250

BYTE September 1983 625

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS W\ Digitaiker

MLSOO

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LSQ5

74LS0B

74LS03

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74LS13

74LS14

74LSI5

74LS2D

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS2B

74LS30

74LS32

7-1LS33

74LS37

74LS3B

74tS40

/4LS4?

74L547

74LS4B

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

msn

74LS74 74LS75

74LS76 74LS78 74LS83 74LSB'j 74LS86 74LS90

74LS92

74LS93 74LS95 74LS96 74LSI07 74LS109 74LS1I2 74LS113 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 74LSI25 74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS130 74LS139 74LSI51 74LSI53 74LS154 74LSI55 74LS156 74LS157 74 LSI 58 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LSI64 74LS165 741. Si 68 MLS 169 74LSI 70 74LS173 74LS174 74 LSI75 74LS181 74 LSI 90 74LS191

74LS192 74LSI93

74LS194

74LS195 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS241 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251 74LS253 74LS257 MLS258 74I.S260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS279 74LS2B3 74LS290 74LS293 74LS298 74LS352 74LS353 74LS365 MLS366 74LS367 MLS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS375 74LS386 74LS393 /4LS399 74LS670 81LS95 81LS97

74SO0 MS02 74S03 74S04 74S05 74S08 74S09 74S10 74S11 74S15 74S20 74S22 74S30 74S32 74S38 74S40 74S51 74S54 74S65 74S74 74SB6 74S112 74S113 74S114

H

745124 MS 133 74S134 74S135 74S136 74S13B MS 139 74S140 74S151 74S153 MS157 74S158 74S160 74S174 74SI75 74S18874S194 74S195 MS196 MS240 74S241 74S242

74S243 74S244 74S25I 74S253 74S257 74S25B 74S260 74S2BO 74S2B7* 74S288* 74S373 74S374 74S387* MS47J74S472* 74S473' 74S474' 74S475* 74S57Q* 745571" 74S572* 74S573' 74S940 74S941

CA3010M

CA3013K

CA3023H

CA3035H

CA3039H

CA3046N U

CA3059K 14

CD4000 14

CD4001 14

CD4002 14

CD40Q6 14

CD4007 14

CD4009 16

C04Q10 16

CD4011 14

CD4012 14

C04013 14

CD4014 16

CD4015 16

CD4016 14

CD4017 16

CO-1018 IB

CD4Q19 IE

C04020 16

CO4021 16

CO4072 IE

C04U23 14

C04G24 14

CD4025 14

C04026 1G

CO4037 t6

CD4028 16

C04029 1B

CD4030 14

- CD4D34 24

L CD4D35 IS ^^ IMprnln

CA3D60N CA3O80E CA3081N CA3082N CA30B3N CA3086N

CD404Q CO4041 CD4042 C04043 CD4044 CD4046 CD4Q47 CO404S CO4049 CD4050 C04051 C04052 C04053 C04056 CD4D59 CD4060 CD4066 C0406B CO4069 CD4070 CD4071 C04072 CD4D73 CO4075 CD4076 CO4078 CO40S1 C040B2 CD4Q93

CA3Q89N CA3096N CA3130E CA3140E CA3160H CA3401N CA360ON

CD4098 1G

C04506 16

C04507 14

CD4508 24

CD4510 16

CD4511 16

CD4512 IB

CD4514 24

CD4515 24

CD4516 16

CD45J8 16

CD4519 16

C04520 16

CD4526 16

CD4528 16

C04S29 16

CD4543 16

CD45G2 14

CLH566 16

£114583 16

CD4584 14

CD4723 16

C04724 16

MCI 4409 1G

MC14410 16

MC14411 24

MCH412 16

MC144I9 16

MC14433 24

MC14538 16

MC14541 14

CDPIB02 40 CPU

2G5D 40 MPU

IDM2901ADC 40 CPU—4-bil slice (Com Temp. Br.1

MCS6502 40 MPU w/Clock

MCS6502B 40 MPU w/Clock ai3MH;

MC6802CP 40 MPU w/Clock ana RAM

INSBD35N-6 40 MPU-8-bit (6MH?)

INS8D39N-6 40 CPU-Sgl cliipa-hil(12Bbls Ram)

INS8O40N-6 40 CPU (25Btiy!es RAM) . .

Price

$9 95 14.95 1995 9.95 13 95

40 CPU

40 HMOS RAM I/O PoM-Timer

40 HMOS EPHOU MPU

7110. Z80A, ZBOB. Z8Q00 SERIES"

40 CPU(MK38BDN)(780C|2MH?

2B Counter Timet Circuit

40 Dual Asynchronous Rec /Trans

40 Direct Memory Access Cncuil

40 Parallel I/O Inierlace Conlrollet

40 Serial I/O (FxCB and Fl*CB Bonded)

40 Serr.il I/O IL.UksDTHB) .

40 Strriat I/O (Lacks SYNCB)

40 Serial I/O

40 CPU(MK3880N-4)(780C-1)4MH2

23 Counter Timer Circuit

40 Dual Asynchronous Roc/Trans

40 [llrocl Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

2B0ASI0/O 40 Serial I/O (TiCBand R»CB tjomjedl

Z80AS10/1 40 Serial I/O (Lacks OTRB)

ZB0A-SI0/2 40 Suiial I/O (lacks SYNC8I

Z80AS10/9 40 Smiall/O .

40 CPU (MK3880N-6) 6MHz 28 Counter Timer Circuit 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller 4B r.PLl Segmenled 40 CPU Non-Segmented 40 Serial Comm Conlrollei 40 Counter/Timor & Parallel I/O Umi 6800/68000 SERIES

MC6800 40 MPU

MC6802CP 40 MPU with deck and RAM

MC6810API 24 I2B»B Static RAM

MC6821 40 Peripheral inter Adapt (MC6820)

MC6B28 24 Priority interrupt Controller

MC6B30L8 24 102<ix8-Dil ROM (MC68A30-8)

MC6350 24 Asynchronous Comm. Adapter

MC6852 24 Synchronous Serial Data Adapter

MC6860 24 O-BOObps Digital MODEM

MC6B62 24 2400bps Modulator ...

MC6B80A 16 Duad 3-slalc Ims liars (MCBT26)

MCG8000LB 64 MPU 16-Bil (BMH;)

MCG848BP 40 General Purpose In! Adapter

MCGBG52P2 40 Multi Protocol Comm Controller

MC6B6G1PB 2B Enhanced Pron Comm Int.

MCM087I34 24 6-1K EPROM (450ns)

5V6522 40 Peripheral inter Adapter

8D80A SERIES

8155

Z80CTC

Z8D-DART

Z80-DMA

Z8O-P10

Z8D-S10/0

ZB0-S1O/1

ZB0S10/2

Z80SIO/9

Z80A

Z80A-CTC

/(IDA DAIII

ZflOA'DHA

Z80A

Z8QB-CTC

ZBuBPIO

ZB001

Z8002

Z803O

Z8036

IN SAMOA

TMS5501

INS8I54

INS82C06

OPB2I2

DPB2I4

DPB216

DP8224

DP8226

DP8228

DP8238

INSB243

INSB24I]

INS82-1B

INSB247

INSB2J8

INSB250N

DP8251

DP8253

OP8255

0P8257

DP8259

DP8275

DP8279

DP8303

DP8304

DP8307

INS177I

FD1791

FD1792

F01795

FD1797

US0()2!iCN OSO026CN IN81771H-1

IHS265IH MM!iiiHi7fJ MM5B174N COP402N

COPJ02MN

40 CPU

40 Synchronous Daia Interlace (SIRC)

40 128 Byte HAM IG-Bill/O

20 Octal D Flip Flop Tri-Slale (74C374)

24 8 bit Input/Output (74S412)

24 Priority Inienupl Control.

16 ill-Directional Hits Driver

16 Clock Generator/Driver

1G Bus Driver

26 SystemCont /Bus Driver (74S4281

28 System Controller (74S438I

24 I/O Expander tor 48 Series

18 IB-Koy Keyboard tncoder (74C922)

20 20-Key Keyboard Encoder (74C923)

25 Display Controller (74C9111 28 Display Controller (74C912) 40 Asyn Comm. Element.

28 Prog Comm IZO(USART)

24 Prog, interval Timer ..,

40 Prog Peripheral IZO(PPI)

40 Prog DMA Control

28 Prog Interrupi Control

40 Prog CRT Coniroller

40 Piog. Keyooaid/DiSD'ay interface

20 fl-Bil Tii-Slale Bi-Directional Trans

20 B-bil 6i-Directional Receiver

20 R-tiit BI-Directional Receiver

2D B-bil BI-Directional Receiver

20 Dclal Latched Peripheral Driver

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver

— DISK CONTROLLERS

40 Sinijla Density , .

40 Smgle/DualUenstlyllnv.)

40 Single Density Inverted

40 Dual Densily/Side Select (Inv )

40 Dual Density/Side Select True -SPECIAL FUNCTION

tfi.95 24 95 26 95 49.95

B Dual MOS Clock Driver (5M2) 8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5MZ)

40 Floppy Disk Controller

28 Communication Chip

24 Micioprocessor Real Time Clock

16 Micro. Compatible Time Clock

40 Microcontroller w/G4-digit RAM and Direct tED Drive

40 Microprocessor w/64-digil RAM 4 Direct LED Drive w/N Boss In)

20 32-seg.VACFluDT Orvr (20-pinpkg ) 8 P'og Oscillaior/DivirJerMOOH/J

Part No

-DYNAMIC RAMS

Piice

1103 4027

4II6N-2

4116N-3

4116N-4

J164N-I50

4164N-200

MM 5261

MM5262

MM5270

MM52B0

MM5290-2

MM5290-3

MM:>290-J

MM529B-3

4096x1

I6.384x

16.384*1

I6.384jr1

fi5,536*1

b\536..l

1024x1

2048x1

40S6xi

4096x1

16.3B4*

16.384x1

16.384)

8192x1

I300nsi

(250ns)

(!50n$) (200ns) (350ns) (150ns) 1200ns) (300ns) . .

(385ns)

(250ns) MK4096

(200ns)2l07

(150ns

(200ns)

(250ns)

(200ns)

2.49

I 89-B/M95 1 69 8/1295 1 49-8/10.95 7 95 8/59.95 7 49-8/54.95 .. .49-8/1.95 .49 — 8/1.95 4 95 3.95 1 89-8/14.95 1 69-8/12.95 1 -19 ■ 8/10.95

2111 2112 2114 2114L

2114-2 2114L2 2147

5101

MM5257

HM8J16P-3

HM6H6-4

HM6116LP-4

7489

74C92I

74C929

74C930

74S189

74S200

74S206

74S289

82510

82525

— STATIC RAMS

256x1 |650ns)

256x4 (450ns)8101

1024x1 (350ns)

1024x1 (450ns)L.P.

?56x4 (450ns)8111

256x4 (450ns) MOS

1024x4 (450ns) 1.9J

1024x4 (450ns) LP 2 2J

1024x4 (200ns) 2.g

1024*4 (200ns)L.P .. 2.4?

4096x1 (70ns)

1024x4 (70ns|

4096x1 (450ns)

1024x4 (450ns)

255x4 (450ns) CMOS

4096x1 (45Dns)4Q44

2048x8 (150ns)CM0S

2048x8 (200ns) CMOS

204B*8 (200ns)LP. CMOS

16x4 150ns)

256x4 |250ns)CMOS

1024x1 |?50nsiCMOS(65Q1)

1024x1 (250ns) CMOS (6518)

16x4 (35ns)93405

256x1 (80n5) 93-110

256x1 (60ns)93411

16x4 (35ns|3101

1024x1 |50ns)OC (93415)

16x4 |50ns)O.C (74S289)

t.49

2.95

2.95

8/13 95

8/15 95

8/15.95

8/17.95

.4.95

895

3.95

3 95

4,95

4.95

7.95

6.95

3.95 3.95 3.95 .1.95 3.95 3.95 2 25 3.95 2.25

1702A

2708

270B-5

1MS2516

TMS2!)32

IMS? 55-1

TMS27I6

2716

2716-1

2732

275BD

MM2764

MM27B4-3

MCM6B764

74SIBB

74S287

74S2B8

745387

74S47I

74S472

74S473

74 54 74

74S475

745478

74S570

74S571

74S572

74S573

B2S23

82S115

82S123

B2S126

82S129

825130

B2S1B5

DMB/S1B0N

DM87S181N

DM87S184N

DM87S185N

[if.'.H/r.i'iijti

l)MB/S!<jH!

EPROMS

24 256x8 (lus)

24 1024x8 (450ns)

24 1024x8 (550ns)SM0O246

24 ?QAE*8 (450ns)2716

24 4096*8 |450ns)NMC2532

28 8192*8 (450ns).

24 2048x8 (450ns) 3 vollage

24 2048x8 <450ns)

24 2048x8 |350ns)

24 4096*8 1450ns)

24 1024*8 |450ns) single +5V

28 8192x8 |450ns)

28 8t92xB |300ns)

24 8192x8 (450ns)

16 32xB PROMO C (6330-1) 16 256x4 PROMT S (6301-1) 16 32x8 PROMTS (63311) PROM OC (6300-1) PROMT S.(6309-1 PROMT S (6349-1) PROMOC (634B) PROMT S (DMB7S296N) PROM 0 C (6340) 024x8 PROMTS. (TBP28SB6) 10 612x4 PROM O.C (6305) 16 512x4 PROMT S. |6306) 18 1024x4 PROMOC. (6352) IB 1024x4 PROMT S (82S137) 1G 32xfl PROMOC (27S18) 24 512x8 PROM 1.5.(27515) PROMTS (27S19I PROM DC (27520) PROMTS (27S2I) PROMOC (27S12I IB 2048*4 PROMT S (TBP24SB1) 24 1024.8 PROMOC (82S180) 24 1024x8 PROMT 5 (82S181) 18 2048x4 PROMOC (825184) 18 2048x4 PROMTS (B2SIB5) 24 20.18x4 PROMOC (B2S190) 24 2048*8 PROMT S (82S191)

20 256x8

20 512x8

20 512x8

24 512x8

24 512x8

16 32*8 16 ?:>6x4 16 256x4

A0C0S04

DACO806

ADC0809

ADC0B17

DAC1000

DAC100B

OAC1020

OAC1022

DAC12P2

Af 100 1CN

W12MCJ

AF122-ICJ

LM334Z

LM335Z

LM399H

AY-S-1013A

18 8bilD/AConverlcr|DAC0B08LCN

20 8-bil A/0 Convener (1 LSB)

16 8-tnl D7AConvener (0 76V. lm )

28 8-bilA/DConverter(8-Ch. Mullt )

40 8-Oit A/D Convener (16-Ch. Mulh ,

24 10-bHD/AConv Micro Comp 10.05%)

20 tO-tJit D/AConv Micro Comp (0 20r

16 10 PilD/AConv (0 05% Lin |

16 10-OitD/AConv |0 20% Lin )

IB 12 DitD/AConv |0 20% Lin )

16 Universal Aclivn Filler 2.5%

24 Touch Tone Low Band Filter

24 Touch Tone High Band Filter

Constant Curreni Source

Temperature Transducer

Temp Comp Prec Rel ( Sppm/C*) 40 30KBiudUir1(1R1GD2)

QUALITY COMPONENTS AT AFFORDABLE PRICES!

LOW PROFILE (TIN) SOCKETS

Bpln L 14 pin L 16 pin L 16 pin L 20 pin L 22 pin L 24 pin L 2B pin L 36 pin L 40 pin L

SOLDERTAIL (GOLD) STANDARD

14 pin 16 pin 18 pin 24 pin 28 pin 36 pin . 40 pin :

ST

WW

SOLDERTAIL STANDARD (TIN)

28 pin S 40 pin S

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS (GOLD) LEVEL #3

10 pin WW

1.75

\.n

$10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6Vi% Sales Tax Shipping — Add 5% plus $1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30$ each Send $1.00 Postage for your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

VISA1

DT1050 ™~ Applications: Teaching aids, appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunications, language translations, etc.

words and tones have been assigned discrete addresses, making it possible to output single words or words concatenated Into phrases or even sentences. The "voice" output ol the DT1O50 Is a highly Intelligible malo voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesized. The vocabulary Is chosen so that it Is applicable to many products and markets.

The DT1050 consists of a Speech Protestor Chip, MMS4104 (40-pin) and two (2) Speech ROMs MM52164SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pln) along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematic diagram on the application sheet.

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34.95 ea.

DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabulary from 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

Pin No.

|jH ^ht?tW

7045IPI 2(

mm/m* a

7106CPL 4( FE0203D

7I06£V/Kif 4C

7107CPL 4t

7107£V/Kil' 41

7116CPL 4E 7201IUS

7205IPG U

7205EV/K11" 24

7206CJPE IE

7206CEV/Kif 16

7207AIPO 14

7207AEV/KIC 14

7215IPG 24

7215EV/KH' 24

72I6AIJI 26

7216CIJI 2G

72I6DIPI 2B

72171JI U

7217AIPI 2S

7224IPL 40

7226AIJL 40

7226AEV/KH* 40

130009 1983

CMOS Precision Timer Stopwatch Chip. XTL 3'ft Digit A/0 (LCD Drive)

3 V, Digit LCD Display for 7106 & 711 IC. Circuit Board. Display

31/: DigitA/DlLEODrivel

IC. Circuit Board. Display

3Vi DigiiA/DLCDDis. HLD

Low Battery Volt Indicator

CMOS LED Slopwaich/Timer

Stopwatch Chip. XTL

Tone Generator

Tone Generator Chip. XTL

Oscillator Conlrollor

Freq Counter Chip. XTL . .

4 F iinc CMOS Stopwatch CKT 4Func Stopwatch Chip. XTL B Digit Univ Counter C.A

a Digit Freq Counter C. A BDigilFreq Counter C C 4 Digit LED up'Down Counter C A

4 Oigrl LED Up/Down Counter C C LCD 4ft Digit Up Counter DP.I

6 Digit Univ Counter

5 Function Counter Chip. XTL

19 95 9 0S 1995 34 95

It 95 29 95 16 95

13.95 14 95

29 95 24.95

NTERSIL Data Book 1135GD.

PfiOOUC

Tt

74HC High Speed CMOS

74HC0O

14

.75

74HC139

14

74HC147

74HC03

14

.75

74HC151

16

f .19

74HC257

74HC04

14

69

74HC153

16

.99

NHC258

14

75

74HC154

74

2 69

74HC266

.75

74HC157

16

1 19

74HC273

14

74 HCt 58

IB

1.59

74HC2BO

74HC160

1lt

1.79

74HC373

74HC1B1

16

1 79

74HC374

74HCI62

16

2 39

74HC390

74HC27

14

75

74HC163

16

2 39

74HC393

74HC32

14

75

74HC164

14

1 79

74HC533

74HC165

Ih

2 39

74HC534

74HC173

IK

1 59

74HC595

74HC58

14

.75

74HC174

16

1.39

14

.75

74HC17S

IB

1.39

74HC40O2

14 79

74HC192

16

1.39

74HC4017

74HC75

18

.99

74HC193

IB

1 39

74HC4020

74HC76

16

.75

74HC194

16

1 59

74HC4024

74HC65

If

2.19

74HC195

Ifl

1 49

74HC4040

74HCB6

14

.99

74HC237

16

2 95

74HC406O

74HC107

14

.75

74HC240

?0

2 75

74HC4075

74HC109

16

1.39

74HC241

n

3 75

74HC407B

74HC112

16

75

74HC242

14

2 79

74HC4511

74HC113

14

75

74HC243

14

2 79

74HC4514

74HC132

14

B9

74HC244

70

3 75

74HC4538

74KC137

16

2.95

74HC4543

7-1IIC138

II

1.49

74HCU04 IS

muiillfiied All others a

Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

Part No.

PAL10H8 PALI2H6 PAL14H4 PAL10L8 PAL12L6 PALI4L4 PAL16LB PAL16P.8 PAL16R6 PAL16R4

Oclal 1 (1-lnpiitAfJD-OR Gale Array (High OulnutJ He> 12-Input AND-OP. Gate Array (High Oulpul) OuarJ 14-lnput AND-OP. Gate Array (High Oulpul) Octal I0*lnpul ANO-0S-Invert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) Hex 12-lnput AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Output) Quad 14-lnput AND-OH- Invert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) Octal 16-lnpul AND-OR-lnvert Gate Array (Low Oulpul) Octal 16-inpui Register AND OR Gate Array He> 16-lnpuT Register ANO-OFt Gate Array OuarJ i6lnpul Register AND OR Gate Array

130012 1982 NATIONAL PAL Data Book (i76P >.. S5.95]

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 9/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

/4C0O 74C02 74C04 74C08 74C10 74C14 74C20 74C30 74C32 74C42 74C48 74C73 74C74 74C85 74CB6 74C89 74C9D 74C93

14 1.19

74C95 74C107 74C151 74CI54 74CI57 74C1B0 74C161 74C162 74C163 74C164 74C173 74C174 74C175 74C192 74C193 74C195

74C221 74C240

74C244 74C373 74C374 74C90I 74C9CI3 74CW6 74C911 74C912 74C9I5 74C9I7 74C922 74C923 74C925 74C926 B0C95 B0C97

TL071CP B

TL072CP 6

TL074CN 14

TL0B1CP B

TL082CP B

TL0B4CN 14

LM301CN B

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN 8

LM308CN 8

LM309K

LM310CN B

LM311CN B

LM312H

LM317T

LM317K

LM31BCN 8

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320T-15

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM337T

LM338K

LM339N 14

LM340K-5

LM340K-12

LM3J0KI5

130003 1982 Nat

5.95

LM340T-5 LM340T-12 LM340T-15 LM348N 1 LM350K LF355N LF356N LM370N 1 LM373N 1 LM377N 1 LM380N 1 LM381N 1 LM382N 1 IM3S4N I LM3B6N-3 TL494CN 1 TL495CP NE510A 1 NE529A 1 HE53IV NE536H NE54DH NE544N 1 NE550A 1 [JE555V LM556IJ 1 LM565N 1 LM566CN LM567U NE570N 1 LM703CN I

LM709N

14

49

LM710N

14

fifl

LM71IN

14

71

LM723N

14

55

LM733N

14

i on

LM739N

14

1 95

LM74ICN

6

15

LM747N

14

m

LM748PJ

8

59

LM1310N

14

1 49

LM1458CN

II

59

LM1488N

14

69

LM1489N

14

m

LM1496N

14

1 95

IMtBOON

16

1 49

LMI889N

IS

1 9ft

LM1BD6N

14

7 95

LM2002T

1 49

I.M31B9N

IB

1 59

LM390ON

14

M

LM390SCN

8

1 19

LM3909N

8

99

LM39I4N

16

3 49

LM3915N

IB

3 49

LM3916N

18

3 49

RC4136N

14

1.25

BC4151N8

B

1 95

NE5532

B

7 49

NE5534

B

1 R9

ICLH038B

14

aw

LM13080N

B

1 19

LM136O0N 16

1 19

MORE AVAILABLE

Linear Data Book 119;.? pus I .$11.95>

626 BYTE September 1983

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

5Vi" HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVES

# f

COMPUTER-PERIPHERAL SWITCHERS

Conned my number ol poriprlerjli Id a tingle I/O port — use 1 llngle printer to luppon levini microcomputer! — u» Iwo r» more printers to support a ilngla microcomputer — icceii i madam liom any ol soma) microcomputers — Ideal lor demon mating or eompirlng equipment. Trio Soiecto-SwilctiL-r. are designed Id eliminate Iho unnecessary plugging f- unplugging ol caOles whicn connect printers terminals, or modems lo various computers By using a Selecto-Switch, you achieve mare ellic ent system operation, Deiter utilisation ot penpnerals & computer pens. BlEmtnall rvrjunrjant PMrtfwan. ft reaucri service calls 5 yr iimiled warranty on all Setecto-Switches fJo power required. Size (inches). 10L i 7W i 3H. 2V> lbs.

RS232 SERIAL SELECTOSWITCH

• Swilcnes all lines of asynchronous data • Easy expansion ol serial pons • Connectors are female DB25 type

PART HO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

GRS232-AB 2-Way Switch $139.95

GRS232ABC 3-Way Switch 5179.95

DB25 PARALLEL SELECTOSWITCH

• TRS-BO. Apple, and IBM compatible • Switches 24 lines (line 1 is ground) • Connectors are lemale DB25 type

PAPJNO. DESCRIPTION PRICE

GP24AB 2-Way Switch $139.95

GP24ABC 3WaySwltch $179.95

CENTRONICS-STYLE SELECTOSWITCH

• Switches all 36 lines • Connectors are lemale Centronics

PART NO DESCRIPTION PRICE

GCENTAB 2-Way Switch $199.95

GCENT-ABC 3-Way Switch $229.95

Micro-Logic Corp. « , MICRO-CHARTS ' V - P|-4

>■''"' «j fTarJ "

• Fully decoded data • Inslant access • 2-siflea. totally comprehensive • Compact 87;xtt in duraDle creon card plastic • Perlect lor programmers & engineers

• Clear & concise taDies lor lull instruction set, disassembly. ASCII. Base conversion, elloci ol Hags, enmparc vs |ump. interrupt slruclure. pmoul. cycle limes, diagrams, sup, notes. & much more

PART HO. REFERENCE PHICE

ML-ZBO 280 CPU $5.95

ML-8080A 8080A/8085A S5.95

ML-6502 6502{65XX) $5.95

ML-8048 8048, Relatives, Algorithms $5.95

ML-7400 5400/7400 TTL $5.95

BOOKS

30001 Nnllonal CMOS Data Book (1981) S6.95

fl>40 pagcs| 74C, CD4000, and AID Converlers

30003 National Linear Oals Book (1982) $11.95

(1376 pages) LM. LF, ADC, DAC, LH Series

30008 National Memory Data Book (1980) S6.95

(464 pages) RAMs. ROMs, PROMs, EPROMs Series

30009 lnler5ilDataBook(1983) S9.95

(1356 pages) Complete line.

30010 NflllonalAudioJHfldlo Handbook (1980) S5.95

(P40 pages) Pre-Amps, AM. FM & FM Slereo, Power Amps

30011 National Linear Application Handbook (1980) $15.95

(736 pages) Appllcallon Notes, Linear Briels, etc.

30012 National PAL Data Book (19B2) $5.95

(176 pages) Application Notes. Linear Briels, etc.

30013 Zllog Data Book (19B3) S7.95

(641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips

210830 Intel Memory Components Handbook (1983) , . .$14.95

(799 pages) Contains all Application Notes. Article

Reprints. Data Sheets, and other design information

ot Intel's RAMs, EPROMs, E'PROMs & BuDble Memories.

210844 Inlol Microprocessor* Peripheral Handbook(1983) . $14.95 (1027 pages) Contains Data Sheets on all of Intel's Microprocessors and Peripherals.

ATARI PADDLES

JSP (2) $2.95 pair

ATARI DRIVER

JSD(1) $2.95 ea.

TV GAME SWITCH

Used on Atari. Cosmetically blemished. 100% functional.

__ TGS-1 .. $1.95ea.

JamSco Digital Thermometer Kit ■maa „„„, senso,5 _ sw„ch

controls fO' indoorlouldoor

extended lo 500 leet. Continuous LED .8" hi. display. Range: -40"F to 199°F,-40*C lo 100'C. Accuracy ± 1" nominal. Calibrate lor Fahrentiei I/Celsius. -*- ■ "' ' Simulated walnul case. AC

JE300. . . I . .$39.95 jjylg^ uT $lze: Universal Computer Keyboard Enclosures

DTE ' Blank Desk fop Enclosures are desigred lor easy modilicalion High strength epoxy molded enrj nieces in mocha brown finish '-P"" Sliding rear/Bottom panel tor service/

* component access' Top/hotl panels 080" thickalum .Undine lype 1?<J0fimsl. mold tint color) for best paint adhesun afier modification vented top & bottom panels lor cooling efficiency Rigid construction provides unlimited applications "" •*"—< $0 —-/ Assembly instructions included

DTE-B Panel Width 7.5" $24.95

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" $29.95

V DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95

FIT TWO DRIVES IN THE SAME SPACE AS ONE CONVENTIONAL S1A" DRIVE

SHUGART SA455

SINGLE-SIDED:

• 48 tpl

• 40 Tracks

• 250Kbytes

COMPATIBLE WITH TRS-BO IBM-PC

slngli

sided

■ Single; double density

• Brushfess DC direct-drive motor

• Low 5W power consumption

• Power req.: + 12VDC St .3A + 5VOC 8 .55A

• 6 msec, track lo track

• One year warranty

• Size: BVW x 1%"H x

• Weight: 3 lbs. 6 oz.

FD55A $249.95

DOUBLE-SIDED:

• 48 tpl

• 40 Tracks

• MOKbytes double-sided

• Slnglef double density

• Brushless DC direct-drive motor

• Power req.r

+ 12VDC St .75A + 5VDC « ,7A

• 6 msec, track lo track

• Size: 5.75"W x 1.63"H x 8"D

• Weight: 3.3 lbs.

SA455 $259.95

Keyboard Mask for Your ZX81/1000* Computer

The

E681

Keyboard Mask

rovides users

of the

2X81

1000

series computer

each

don Ihe keybonn

The mask ha

urais

edoi

lline around «ach keypad allowing ihe

userlo

leel

nd correctly position

ito Iho

keyboard

JE681 KEYBOARD MASK

ZX81/1000* Keyboard Conversion Kit

JE682 AK Keyboard Conversion Kit . S99.95 ea.

JE682KeyboardConvi

S9.95e 'ZX81/1000 Is a trademark ol Slrtclalr/Tlmox

80-Key Keyboard

CA150C $69.95

95-Key Keyboard

CA154A $79.95

CONTROL DATA KEYBOARDS

* 7-bit Parallel ASCII

* SPST Switching

* FTZ Shielded Base

* N-Key Rollover

* 12S Character ASCII

* Non-Slip, Non-Glare Keycaps

* CDC752 Terminal Keyboards

* Attractive Case

These Control Oata Keyboards consist of a base, cover, the keyboard assembly, and an Interface cable. Color (case): Harvest gold and black. Color (keycaps): Black, blue, and red. Electrical requirements: + 5V @ 600mA, -12V @ 50mA. Size: 21 V."W x 9"D x 3Vi"H. Weight: 6 lbs. All units brand new in original boxes, specifications Included.

Keytronics 90-Key Soft-Programmable Keyboard

WITH SECURITY KEYLOCK SWITCH

• RFi shielded

• Cursor controls

• Numeric keyboard

• B-blt Parallel

• Solid stale switches

• 10 user-programmable keys ■ PosllWe TTL Logic

• Size: 17'L * 8V, "W x 2'/,"H

Made for Visual Technology, this keyboard lealures: a security keylock (Includes Iwo koys) to guard against unauthorized use; an 11-key numeric keypad; cursor controls; and 10 user-programmable keys. Electrical requirements: + 5VDC. Color (case): White Color (keycaps): Black. Complete wllh case, keyboard assembly, 40-inch Interface cable, and schematics. Weight: 7 lbs.

Part No. KB270 $79.95 each

23,"Lx51.'W.13/8'1

MICH0 SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Part No. 85SD18-1

HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPAD

SPST switching. Cha.caal grey keycaps Mounted an printed eltcult batrd.

Part No. K-14 $9.95 Bach

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS — 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

— PROGRAMS 2716's IN 16 SECONDS —

— PROGRAMS 2764's IN 64 SECONDS —

• Programs, vafldales. and checKS lor properly atase-d EPilOMi • Emuiilss PHOMi di EPROMs • HS23ZC Computer Interface far editing / prognm loading • Load! diU Into RAM by keyboard • Changes data In RAM by keyboard • Loadi RAM Irani an EPROM • Compass EPROMs for content dlllerencsi • Copies EPROMs ■ Power Input: 115VAC, EDHz, - 10W power consumption • Enclosure: Color-coordinated, fight tan panels w/molded mocha brawn and pieces • Size: 15-5/B'T k bvd « 3'/i"H • Walghl: [>■'. lbs.

JE664-A EPROM ProgramriHir $995.00

| Assembled & Teslecl (Includes JH1GA Module)

JE665 -RS232C INTERFACE OPTION" ino jebh ns?^C interiacB Option implemenls computer access lo the JE661 e. RAM Sample software written in BASIC provided lor TRS-8D" Model I, Level II Compulcr Baud rate. 96011. Worn l(|ili It tins-odd parity. Slop bits: 2 Option may ueadaplcdlonlliirr compulers T he JEfifib can he interfaced lo any computer with an RS23? port Inlormalion is also provided for interlacing to any CP/H system with an RS232 port

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JE665 Option $1195.00

Assembled and Tested (includes JMlfiA Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES - The JE664-S JUMPER MODULE fPerS(in,ihly Module) is a plug-in Module lhat pre-sets JE66-1 for proper progiamminq pulses lo Hie EPROM & configure EPROM sochel conneclions lor thai particular EPROM P/N EPROM EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

AMD. Motorola, National. Intel. Tl ntel. Motorola, National, NEC, Tl Motorola, Tl( + 5.-i2. +12] Moiorola, Tl

AMD. Fuplsu. NEC. Hitachi. Intel ruplsu. Intel

JM64B

JM6rtC

JM64D

SH 95

$14.95 S14.95 514.95

$14.95 SI4.95

SH.9S £14.95

SI4.95 $14.95

HI'S Black Hole EPROM Eraser

| 9 Chips - a Minutes |

The Black Hole EPROM Eraser will completely and safely erase 9 EPROMs in less than 8 minutes The Black Hole is s luily automatic cassette loading eraser featuring U-shaped 4000 to. UV lamps mounted in a special AL2AK (UV rolleciivily ol 9] parabolic light tunnel In operaticn, the user slips in an anti-static Bug Sox (3 ea. incl ) containing the EPROMs to be erased into Ihe loading slot on the front panel of Black Hole The rest is lully automatic Tfio Black Hole latches Ihe Bug Boi into place, turns on the UV lamps and starls Ms lully solid state (CMOS) UV integration dose timer The percentage erasu'e lime is monuored and displayed on a Iron! panel LEO readout At me end of the erase cycle, the Black Hole ejects tnc Bug Box containing the 9 erased EPROMs ano turns off power PART NO. PRICE

ULV-008 Replacement Lamp lor ERS-008 S29.95

ERS-008 Eraser, Auto Eject & LED Readout $249.95

IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

SAVE HUNDREDS OF $$$ BY UPGRADING MEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!

Most ol Ihe popular memory boards allow you to add an additional 64K, 128K, 192K, or 2S6K. The IBM64K Kit will populate these boards In 84K byte Increments. The kit Is simple lo Install — Just insert the nine 64K RAM chips In the provided sockets end set Iho Iwo groups ol switches. Directions are included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $59.95

EXPAND YOUR MEMORY

TRS-80to16K, 32K, or 4BK

■ -Modal 1 = From 4K lo 1GK Requires (I j One Kit Model 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three Kits Color • From 4K to 16K Requires (I) One Kit

"Model I equipped with Ecpinilon Boird up to *SK Two Kits Requited — One Kit Requited lot each 1GK ol Eipimlon —

TRS-16K3 -200ns for Color & Model III S12.95

TRS-16K4 '250ns for Model I S10.95

TRS-BO Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Easy to install Kit comes complele with S ea -. 16-t 2 (200ns! 64K dynamic RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 color computers with E clrcuil boards. & all new color computers to 32K. M Inormodllications OI32K memory will allow the use ol all the 64K of the dynamic RAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating sysiem

TRS-64K2 $54.95

POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC ® 1 AMP REGULATED rm„ctlm Tecft

Oulpul * 5VBC . IA titio +30VDC) teg Input 115VAC 6OH1. 2-lono |blick/beiqe| sell-enclosed cose, e II.. 3 cond black powet cord GV,"W 1 T"0 1 ZV."H. VJI 3 lbs Oela sheel Incl.

Part No. PS51194S S14.95 each

3H

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC Q 3 AMP REGULATED OeHw

Input 115VAC. ; 7 ■ -. J (J M r. Output. 5VDC Adjuslabls (« 3 amp. 6V0C Si 2.5 amp. Adjuitibla current hmil. Ripple & Noise. 1MV rms. 5MV p-p — 2 mourning surlaces. UL recognized. Size: 4"W i -•>'.- l i 2-7/1G"H • wl 2 lbs. Data sluot included. PartNo.QPS-1 S29.95Bach

POWER SUPPLY +5V0C @ 7.5 AMP, 1ZVDC @ 1,5 AMP SWITCHING

Input: 115VAC. 50-EQHr tjj 3amp/23DVAC. BOHl rfjn 1.6 amp. fan volt./power supply select switches (I15/230VACI Oulpul 5vl)C ■■■ 7 fismp. 12VDC ;., 1 6 amp 8 ft blk paw card. HVi"Wx 13V. 'D > 3'.V'H Wt 6 lbs.

Part No. PS94V0S $39.95 each

5Va" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

FOR TRS-BO MODEL I - COLOR COMPUTER Features single or double ilGnsity. Recording mode FM single. MFM double density Seek I me: 2Smsec track to track Power +12VDC U06V) 15A max +5VDC (sO25V)0.8Amax. Unit as pic at right does not incl case, power supply, cables] 30-pg data Coot: incl Wl 3V» lbs Size 5Y."WxB"Dx3'/.:"H Pari No. Limited Quanllly! Price

FD200 $179.95

Slngla-slded, 40 tracks, 250K bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

Double-sided, 35 tracks. 43SK byles capacity

POWER SUPPLY 4-Ctiannsl Switching - Apple Compatible

FOR USE AS AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY FOR APPLE

Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal medical equipment and process control applications. Input: 9Q-130VAC47-44DHr. Oulpul. tSVOCtH 5A, -BVOC® IA: +1ZVDC(n IA.-l!VDC(lr 1A. Line tea.. =0 2V Ripple 30mV p-p Load reg : i IV. Overcurrent protection. Ad|: SV train outpultlOS 6-3/B-L i t-7/8-Wi 4-15/l6"H. Wt. IV, lbs.

Part No. FCS-604A S69.95 each

S10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds Only California Residents Add 6V; % Sales Tax Shipping — Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance Send S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c each Send $1.00 Postage tor your FREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOG Prices Subject to Change

EEE

■—"i

ameco

ELECTRONICS

VISA'

8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

Shugart 801R compatible

• Single-Sided

• 77 Tracks

• 400/800K Bytes Capacity

• Industry Standard

The FDD100B 8" Floppy Disk Drlvo (Industry Standard) fealurrjs single or douh.'c density Recording mode: FM singlrj, MFM double density Transfer rate. 250K bHSfflM single density, 50QK bilsrsoc double donsily The FDDI008 is designed lo work wllh ihe singlesided soli sectored IBM Diskette i. or eq. disk cartridge. Power: 115VAC Si 5O-60HZ, + 24VDC « 1.7 amps max., +5VDCri* 1.2 amps max. Unit as pictured above{does not Include case, power supplv, or cables). Size: 8.55"W x trL » 4.5"H. Weigbs 12 lbs Incl. 96-pn. manual.

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002 9/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

Part No.

Price

FDD100-8. .$169.95 ea.J

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 627

CaMFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

LIBERTY $A7£

FREEDOM 50 Tf?

?ms0wm

19

■■:C

baud Seme OiS Emui.n n n 5 and 2

low

pri

e ot only S-i

b

DIABLO

« Word Processing Printer

. *879

Now Irom (he originator ol lha daisy wheel punier Ihe Diablo 630 Pnnl speeds lu 24 char/sec user selectable Pi-direction a I printing superscripts, subscripts graphics and more Plus sl.ino.ird RS-232 interfacing Communication speeds to i200oauiJ with n 1500 charade* iir.ni buffer Software program;. :>ie a b si; lute horiiontai sin-- makes repiin lorniattnij easy Over 20 fliflnreni print wheels are cunenily available The 620 aulnmaiit.iiiy -.evce, the prins spacirtij lor 10. 12. 15 Chair'inchprini wheels On sue service avail,ihle world* tie D8L-62Q 5010s

Faraday Electronics

IBM PC COMPATIBLE

SINGLE BORAD COMPUTER

'479

Tin.' Faraday model r>-I is. .1 single On,ml computer ui.il incorporates l.i>vi.t-i' . = 1J -1 ■'. j ■-. 0 r sMmi.i'd lea!urt."j I.-1K Centronics pnnler porl and two RS-232 Serial ports an

.rn.i.niud |Lip(jract.-il}i(' to9slots)

("iirii-r .j'jfful li'.it.in.". i;'.(.riirii> IBM i-e.'i.paiioW -i;yl)'..i,i' I I'KOM .inset .,..■.n:.i|il>-DMA (:M.iriri,-i:, ,md 2 conrite" 1 tilt' Hoard measures 8' i by 12 RequiicsSvollsaiid

interlace B0B7 socket uplo 3 ners MS-DOS ana CP.M 86 cor 'volts FAR-OJ

MORROW DESIGNS

Micro Decision MD1

include S1 oOO worm oi FREE sollwara

ns233 sun.il pons ciuaiit 200 Kilobyte 5'j disk

ilU'S Standard sity I loppy disk ivo The Micro

COLUMBIA VP

IBM COMPATIBLE

2247

jmnia VP Portable s advanced de

'Heeled in its cnniMcl/por table t-.i/e. nr.liiK] reliability S .in aslotinrlinfjiy

U.S. ROBOTICS

1200 BAUD MODEM

419

I9u 00 MD5-MD2

tin- Micro Decision MD2 w

magi ilud

MS-L:i J:'.

LOW COST'Despite its

>nly38lns Ibis Stylish computer le.ilures a 9 Screen I2BKRAM with dual 320Kttnvi

.meotara \VHi..!n:i,.n:,r-crr-,1,,,i,:,;.:.Min;1.1ti.'.-,i-.'k" IDM PC it actually comes witn ■lit TREE software :-,et.has Peitei.l Ok vVntei Srie'ier. Net Diagnostics. Colui -mi It) mention Home Aucouritaril P'us. and much rnoro' Besides it:. LO'iirjatiOiMy *i

ICP/M-86 operating lystems Ihra advanced umioflera an inciedtbtytfreststatifeval)

i'ly ol practical software FREE'

me U S Robotics 212A/I03 modem represents a ma advance in 1200/300 baud mudem technology Propnul.: 1200 baud LSI integrated circuits allows (he U S Roboti 2I2A modem to maintain higher reliability over margir

The U S Robot.es 2I2A features auto dial, baud selection USR-212A S4I9 00 2 lbs Other excellent values m tin eel connect modems Sitti Data 1200 baud at only 363 00

PRINTERS

'269

Stat Gemini

MATRIX PRINTERS

SurrGufmru ::.■•.■...-..-.!■ ■ in::. .,,. .,- ;-,■■ illel STRC.I0

Stai Geffltni 10X 120r.l...r'scc -IK 0u»ei STRGlOX

ii.eGenn:. 15 '00char set '5 oaper STRGtS

atar Co«> MFT In .l.(,n & uaclv VSTCB0FT

>ni.ii.i 82A serial a pafflDeJ B'. paper OK1-82A

DluOataSZA serial & par I i6Uciwr sec OKI-92A

.. ■.,-.,,•.-.-.:...,.. - n.,,„... OKI-B3A

:. lataB-M •.. ■ IS oauer OKI-84A

- id ■... - ■ .-"i laOcna'-sec OKi-aaso

• ■■ mi Rrtffip/aphhai inc &i>aciot EPSFxuo

MXl ■■ ■■ i-Jti'Hidi 15 oap.-r EPSMXtOO

JLC8023A W» Jia.« V paper graon<» NEC-8023A

toudn 950>A n>gti ^lOw'th o>.i(yi<> ADX-QbOtA

v ATOOcftar sec pa-iA ■■-- ADX-9620A

■ . poad ■rtdtpv i DSI-IB0 . . ■ ■ .-.•spondeocoquaMy taOciidf m-l QTX-7030

- .-. ■ ■ • • iiaper PRO8510P .- ■ ■ pai*' PRO-8510S

I ipei qr.tpt-.is PH02P

■< rwronu P300 n<jn speeo p-mwr 100 .m« per minute PTX-P300

■ ... ■ .-.,-.;■ speed600tm«spermmute PTX-Petx)

tint smanit I .\ 160) serial & i ■■•■ n.Och... s.<: MAN trai

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

■,■■-.■ ■;■,.-ai menace NEC 7/10

■ .■ • ■ ; arlmteriace IMEC-7730

. !.. ,. ■ t /<■ ,H) • ■: cnar sec 11.1' I miertai ■- SRD I XPf.OO

3*rtnfteadEXP55i)irCh,ir <,i.i par hntertace SHD-EXP550

D.-iiJio63040cri.ir.M-. ■'. DPL-(i30 [>.itKo620 oroport-ofuispacnn iH)'/6ven lab 20cps DOL 020

■■•■• '• -■-.,*■.■.- pata f.t.-IMcny bTH-HBlP

-..-lace BTH-HRtS

,.-«■ 40cnar sec PROFiuS 14/5 01

.: . ■. ■ i .• • lOeAai Hi PRO'FtOP 147501

EPSON MX80

RIBBONS $6.95

MONITORS

2G9 0O

.".!!( 00

55a oo ^29 00 ■119 00 499 00 G29 00 'Hi') MO

i'.(9-:>oo

575 00

695 00

395 no

1119CO 122') l)[) i;'9!i()0 1 595 on 495 00 u39 00

1995 00 taSiaiJl) 595 00 759 00

2250(10 879 00 779 00

.-, •.- :.:■ ■ ;.- • . ■.,■■■:, . 1.: tiCcnl ,I-'1SWI|(

Nil :-■ ■•> JJ-.-pfOr •Ut.-lf con;:..' /d.)U

1 j «:■■..rimpovt

USi AmDet screen 12 comoos.! moniio' Molurui.iJ3 opnntrjmeb'k wh-ifWimppyiv4vo Mi :■- .1 12 0ponl(amereQuFresnor2Sync anopower ■ opart ii..'1'i- requires Hon sync S tZv Supply COLOR

HI/.1

Ut.'-I.

■•.:.'<i ,n

BMC 12A BMC 12EN

ZTHZ12)

NEC-JBt.'flt

NEC-JBI2»0

MOT BVW3

MOT FJWI a CON-BWl't

BMC 9191

BMC-9191M

NEC-1203

NEC-JC1201

2TH -Z13-I

COM-ti5ufl

AMK-KHi

139 01) 109 00 lu9 00 129 00 169 00

279 00 499 00

ti-vt 01) Ci'J 00 :,'}',()')

t;'!Mi:i

.129 00

MODEMS

, DIRECT CONNECT $75.00

' 300 DSnC only .i i. 103AppliH]fCt :i,0 S lOO.iulu.

HVS212AD

HYS-103AD

HYSMM2

HYS-100

HYSCHR232

USR-212A

PEN-12A0

UDS-103LP

UDS 103LPJ

UDS-202LP

UDS212LP

NOVJCAT

fJCJV CAT

NOV SCI03

NOVSC212

SGI.-MK1

l,!)5 0i! li,!MJl! 219 00

..'Iff on '.29 00 75 00

1

VISA

1

^2 ^S

master charge]

'^■p ■■ "«

The Wyse 100 leatures die cast aluminum case. 102 key keyboard and non-glare 26 line green phosphor video display. Split screen both horizontal an vertical makes the WY-100 unusally user Inendly This unique terminal is perfect to enhance any business system

79$

Visual" Visual

■■Jviu-M

Wyse

330. emulates DEC. DG LSI green Dialogue 125 ijmori scniun two patje. tunc, keys Dialuuge 125i)inbci screen iw(ip<igu. lunc keys

:]yl)'].tr(! :'21uiii3i0nki'yh

L1B-F50

VSL-SO

VSL-50G

VSL-330G

APX-OI2SG

APX-D125A

WYS-100

WYS-300

TVI-910P

TVI-925

TVI-950

TVf-970

ZTH-229

ADD-VPl

ADD-VP2

4 75 00 659 00 679 00 995 00 695 00 685 00 795 00 H59 00 595 00 795 00

93:. (1(1 i;'fi9(J(i 765 00 585 00 61500

XEROX tAO

WORD PROCESSING OjF

KEYBOARD "'

_.:.f

IllSHili A i -- «' m N < * * X i. i. * i » » '. '":

Back by popular demand, our Dest selling wota processing keyOoarU 77 key keyboard manufactured by Micro switch for the Xerox Corporation Hall elfecl keys tor Ihe utniosl reliability

This keyboard outputs a seven bit ASCI! code along with an eighth bit that allows most keys to shift and double Function as special chat aclers. Extra latge Tab and Return keys stmtliar in layout to the IBM Selectnc

17 keys are illuminated (or special word piocessmg functions. Two BCD thumbwheel switches are also featured MIC-77X 6 lbs Cuslom enclosure option available

SOFTWARE

CP/M SOFTWARE

CPIM Formats Available

0" 3740 IBM • 8"CP/M86

Northstar 10 Sector • Osborne

Alios • Heath / Zeinlh 10 sector

Telowldeo • Xerox • Atari Apple OOS • IBM/PC • Eagle Cromcmco • Commodore 64

I B M BUSINESS SOFTWARE

APPLE BUSINESS SOFTWARE

■ ■.', ■■■■ PK'AOttt I'SftllttW

■ :, ■-..'■

APPLES ATARI GAMES

.' ■: v ■ ' . I!

256 KILOBYTE

MEMORYBOARD

<495

• 2S6 ktloDytes nl memory uung 64K dynamic RAM

• Error delecUon-trap capability.

• Individual I6K block can be rslocairtd ia any boundry within a megabyte of RAM.

• 2d bil addressing anil phantom mode capability.

The California Digita!256K RAM board represents an outstanding, value mS-100 memor, tnchnology PnceO shnhiy above

■ ,n i,t ,ji'i.i'i,i!;iinu.lKil>n,irii.; r.in: 1-nM ■! | ■■ ■,■■■• ■:■■-■■■ .■■:!(:■: ---■ ,.-.il.,r. ■ .-:- K ■ ■! iv.-iu ■•; .-.It. j ,-.!■, I* ,r.|, , :i ■

feature can b(.'|Litnpeiei Mi y ol Hie iiileini(it line:,, a statu.', inirt ERROR I. EI) ur IEEL i,!m--Enf-iOR :,upiyi 24 oi 16bt1

.utrirosoinii with mcniusy ni.ni.itjemanl

Proper operation with Imni ii.niei eiiu.pceti systi'ms DMA i]isk coriirt r;, .mo iLLL ij'irj re'iijut.iry Buss Masters

assured with an on ihe board Mt generator lor memory relrr.-sii iim nq CAS k-.iHaSi r- r -■ ■. ■ ■■- ■■>■.■■ ,;i ,■. ■(. t.ij [■'.!■:.: t.i

delay lines 'or proper operatron over the entire operating lernperaiure range

Tne board >S vcy reccn o uestgn using me Naiioiia Seniu-onoucioi LIP 8409 RAM Ci.-itteNi." chip Spul lermmatioti

..--.-. . ■ ■ ■■■ ss l.rnv, i AS inii- ..■iii HAS I :. entnin.it'rn) lin ,.i^i ir.icesi.it iinijuu) Tiie tmarrl usi's two

Sep.irale vcDIaye >eg-". - One lot Hie DRAMs .itid one lur ihe mierlace iiii|n; incre.:>:.irui ihe rtui-.e niinuiriily of Ihe ram

array TvtiN:.ii power diss.p,ii.onis8walls

imahc and application notes on Ihg use o! the

S-100 BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

■■ liRICpW? 'iW«

■..•i ;'.Mi.-.Hi&i.,.<nUHi. (.HI CyMfl*. Iffilt

■■■■■• cpm; mCfNB

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS

EPROM BOARDS

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS INTERFACE BOARDS

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

HayflsS-IOQM*tcmMHR3WMUIfCCnfl WSMIGO la OlCw^pt't, :KiOia»n(UJ tui Wrtuo 01CCCKU 1J9 Gouoo-jt t*tvtm union Muid IK [PROM (la: G00ftOulSvi.'«ii'Su!]wr0M.an''Pl''.,l-j,- CHI S95lt U9

MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS

I B M BOARDS

■; ■ ■ ■. .. ■■ .

ASI 10 Apart A51 CBtiJ a Brsym asI ACC

i baud «.! PCN

:K Stfi n,.t

IB-IIft

SIB i 0

■

n MUM

19

! ■■

■>■■

■■.,■.■. ■;■• .

iVea ■ '--:■'■■■■:-■: ■

WAD i l. WW 611

. . '. ..■■'■ . ■-■ •/ . '. .'.'.' II

. ■ ■ ■

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

CaMFornja DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

FREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all | diskettes purchased from California Digital

$

New Low Price

19.95

Pnvale laDelod 'or California Digital by one fll Ihe

respoclod producers ol tnagnehc media Each diskette

is certified double density ai 40 tracks To

eilorwlod media life all diskollo are manulacturei

reinforced hub

Each box ol diskettes is supplied with a lice plastic1

library case

Sotl sudor CAL-501 Ton sector CAL-5111

-■ikettes

5lA" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

$

Aferbali

26.50

Your Choice

SCOTCH MEMOREX VERBATIM

Single Side Double Density Sort Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

525-01

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

29.85

DYSAN

104/1D

107/10

NA

45.00

Double Side Double Density

SCOTCH

745-0

745-10

745-16

42.50

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

7400

29.50

SCOTCH

7410

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/0

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

7430

47.50

Flip & File 5'i stores SO disk INC-525 189

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

Scotch head cie Plastic library a

nkitS'.&S MM ses5' Sfl SR

Mck5M9 V-LS 2.9b

DYSAN

3740/2D

65.00

POWER SUPPLIES & FANS

S-10O supply loMd transformer, 8W30A. xi6V/5A. AC recepacie EDP-P100 119.00

Calif DC swildiir..] supply lor 5''. "Winchester or 8" drive 12/24 voll&5V CAD-53010 119.00

Po*er OneCP20o linear lor r*o8 drives 5V..24V.-12V (nolpictured) POW-206 99.00

Aitec Switching supply 5V.-3A. 12W9A& -12W 075A. 115/230AC. AIC-1298 59.00

5V'3A Compacl linear supply removed Iron working equipment SPC-PWt 14.95

Dual squirrel cace Slower flanrje mounled. 115v 92walls 200 c'm Pamolor 4600X V i' lan all meial conslruclion. 115v. 20 walls 65 dm. FtRl I41LV-2182 iV fan, metal conslruclion, 115v. 9 walls 45 dm Rorron Mullm Ian 41V open Irame conslruclion, 115v. 14 walls 65 elm fTfll 126LF2182 3'/." lan. Aluminum conslruclion, 115v 9 walls35 dm

;-1087 .1-4600 -2182 -M2A2 [-126

14 77 9.95

1 VISA

|/4M|p\

MEMORY

16K DYNAMIC

1.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC

6.95

4164 150ns.

2732 EPROM

4.95

450ns.

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns.

2764 EPROM

SALE'5.95

DYNAMIC MEMORY

1027 4K d/rvrwc 25Cns

4116 ISOns. 16K

Ui6300ns.16K

1164 150ns. 64K 12Brelresh

i 1256 150ns 256K

:iL02 200ns tK sialic 21L02450ns IKstalic 2112450ns. 2Kslat* 2iM 30Ons. 1Kx4 -1044TMS 450ns 4K * 5257 300ns. 4K x 1 6116 P4 200ns 2K » 0 6116 P3 150ns 2K i B

ICM-40272SO ICM-41161E0 ICM-4 116200 ICM-4164150 ICM-41256150

STATIC MEMORY

ICM-21L02200 ICM-2IL0245Q ICM-2112450 ICM'2114300 CM-4Q44450 CM-5257300 1CM .6116200 1CM6116150

6167'2167 100ns I6K « I (20 pin) ICMS16710O

2708-I50ns IK «8 2716450ns 2KxS ?7i6TMS450ns Tit-voiiage 2732 450ns 4K i B 2732 350ns 4K.B 2532 450ns 4K»B 276-1 350ns 8K18 27128 350ns 16K .8

lCE-2708 1CE-27T6 1CE-2716TMS JCE-2732 ICE-27323W ICE 2532 ICE-2764 ICE-27I2S

850 1050 5 95

CONNECTORS

DB25P

S-100Gold $2.95

5T

$2.50

GOLD 5-100 EDGE CARD CONNECTORS catalog each 10-99 100+

lmsais-1250 CNE-IMS 2 95 2 50 2 19 SullmsH. Rel CNE-HlOO 4 19 3 85 3 47 S-lOOWtnavV CNE-WtO 395 3 50 3 19 Allair -40 si CNE-1O0A 4 95 4 50 4 19

.156" CENTER EDGECARD CONNECTORS 22/44Eyetal CNE-UE 2.50 2 15 195 «/72MW0.8/tCNE'72S 660615 5 75 36-730 Gs'l CNE-72S 5 95 5 50 5 19 Other conneclors available" upon request

CONNECTORS

CND-r25P 5.65 5 25 4 15

CNDr25S 5 95 5 59 4 50

CNCr36P 7 95 6 75 5 90

CNC-r36S 7 95 6 75 5 90

CNI-DE20 4 35 3 30 2 50

CNIOS20 2 75 I 85 1 60

CNI-DE26 4 95 3 50 2 70

CN1-DS26 3 50 2 40 2 15

CNI-DE34 4 95 4 50 3 50

CNI-OS34 4.50 3 95 3 15

CNI-DE50 5.95 5 60 4 90

CNI-DS50 4 95 4 60 3 80

DB25Pmalc DB25S female 57-30360 male 57-303601 male 20 pin edge 20 pm socket 26 pin edge 26 pm socket 34 pm edge 34 pin socket 50 pm edge 50 pm socket

'0 TYPE

catalog

•Mh

10-99

100+

DE9P nulo

CND-9P

1 60

MO

DE9S lomale

CND-9S

225

2 (HI

i:«)

DE hood

CND-9H

1.50

1.35

1 20

DAt5Pmale

CNO-15P

2.35

3 10

>>tHI

DA 15S female

CND-15S

325

n 1(1

290

DAI 5 hood

CND-15H

1.60

1 :th

1311

D825P male

CNO-25P

2.50

1 W>

IBS

OB25S lemalc

CND-25S

3.35

V th

IMS

DB25 hood

CND25H

1.35

1.15

It

DC37P male

CND-37P

4?0

3.95

ft Kb

DC37S lernak

CNO-37S

5 35

S./tt

SM)

DC37 hood

CND-37H

2 25

1.95

1 KS

DD50P male

CND-50P

S50

5.10

4 /S

DD50 hood

CND-50H

?BO

2.40

2 10

HawnVamSift

CND-2HS

.99

.69

.42

AMPHENOL / CENTRONICS TYPE

57-30360 36/P CNC-36P 7 95 6 35 4.90 IEEE4BB.CdorCND-24P 795 6 35 5 35

DISK DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS B 0 pm DC CNP-6DC 195 1.29 89 8 3ACSgl/S CNP-3SS 1 69 1 09 69 8 3ACD&VS CNP-3DS 169 109 69 5'- 4 pin DC CNP-4DC 179 1 19 99 3p.nDINrecpl CNPD3P 2 59 199 159

23"

COMPOSITE MONITOR

*159

Ideal monitor

for classroom

demonstrations.

Ever try gathonng a

purchase a 23 high resolution m

These units accept standard composn v

the Apple and IBM Attach rt your a

screen video

MOT-BW23 35 Lbs Monitors are open Irame and lor saloty should b

ervtraurn lor above S35 OO additional CAL-ENC23 15 Lbs

enclosed Wood grained

BLOWOUT

SAUL

'179 *

California Digilal has recently participaled ir

the purchase ol" several thousand Siemens!

FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives. These units are electronically and physically

similiar to thai of Ihe Shugart 801R. All unils are new and shipped m factory

sealed boxes Manual and power conneclors supplied lice upon requesl Your

Choice 115 Volt. 60 Hz. or 230 Volt. 50Hz.

in Franklon reducing import duty and Ircighl charges

REMEXDSEW

California Digital has iusl purchased a large quantity ol Remex RFD-JOOO Eight inch double sided disk drves. Remex is the only double sided disk drive that has an double gimbal mounted head assembly thai guaranties lower head (racking. This drive is mechanically solid. Remex has always been known for producing premiere products tor the floppy disk market. The Remex company is a subsidiary of the Ex-cell-o Corporation, a Fortune 500 Company.

Eight Inch Single Sided

One Two Ten

SHUGART SA801R

s395

385

375

SIEMENS FDD100-8

179

179

169

TANDON 848-1 SLIMLINE

369

359

349

Eight Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA851R

525

495

475

QUME DATA TRACK 8

525

495

475

MITSUBISHI M2894-63

459

449

409

REMEX RFD-4000

219

209

189

TANDON 848-2 SLIMLINE

485

475

465

SHUGART 860 THINLINE

569

549

539

Five Inch Single Sided

SHUGART SA200 2h Height

169

159

1149

TANDON TM 100-1

119

119

Call

Five Inch Double Sided

SHUGART SA455 V2 Height

259

249

239

SHUGART SA465 96TPI

289

279

269

TANDON TM 100-2

279

269

259

TANDON TM 101-4 96TPI

369

355

350

Three Inch Rigid Floppy

HITACHI-AMDEK

call for pricing

Five Inch Winchesters

SEAGATE 406 6 Megabyte

695

675

650

SEAGATE 412 12 Megabyte

995

960

960

TANDON TM-50314 Megabyte

895

860

795

WESTERN DYNAX removable

995

960

950

Upon request, all drives are supplied with power connectors and manual

SPECIAL

TandonTM 100-1

Recenl liquidation from a mater manufacturer of dala processing equipmenl allows California Digital the opportunity lo ofter these Tandon disk drives at a fraction of their original cost. Brand new, wilh 90 day guarantee. TAW-TWi 001

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

fHcff^I:a:TiTiT

V-/\ADS*VNCED T Z>-CQ/VIPUTER ^A/pRCJDlJCTS

MICROPROCESSORS

16K Apple™ Ramcard

LIST 195 ACP

95

s

59

• Full 1 year warranty Top quality — gold fingers • Expand Apple II 48K to 64K Compatible with Z-80 Softcard"

NOW AVAILABLE

Apple Me 64K Add-in Memory . . ..„

with 80 Columns MAO

s1499

32K STATIC RAM

2or4MHz

Expandable

Uses

21141s

1fiK4MHzKit M5995

IBK<MIOA»T -.,oa= ■'W

12K4MH8KH sl 'a ^^^m^&

< TJK A MH7. AST • 139 W

RARF BOARD ^9 9«

eRdA/il'Iparls

99 95

REPEAT OF SELL-OUT

58 Key Unencoded Keyboard

This ts a new 58 key lermmdi K eyhoar'! manufacturedhy a majoi manufacturer II is uncoderl with SPST keys unattached to any PC board. Solid molded plastic 11" a 4" base.

Unencoded Key Pad

ie key Keypad with 1-10 keys and tab, return. I ) < 1 ^tid I).

Onhj 3 ii.

%

UV "EPROM"

ERASER

Model

DF-4

$89.95

Holds 4 FPROM'j

Model S-52T

16K Memory Expansion Kits

for Apple/TRS-80

8 DCS 4116 16K

200/i?50nS (tl O QC

Specify compute' ^ I C- . \J O

CAU FOR VOI UME PRICING

CORCOM FILTER

»

Popular CORCOM Filter $495

6 amc Tf ine Cord Ad-J S3 50

<&«

9 pes 4164

D-RAM

$cnoo

50

AMD MODEM IC

_«^iJVP/N AM7910 fPP^' .Volts

Special ACP Price

sggnn

64K CMOS

RAMCARD

__6iteics

00 «**

Single Suonly Assm and Tested

|NTE|_ 4K.STAPC

RAMS

Super Fast!

Super Low Power!

Pan No 2147 $1.95 ea.

^

STEPPER MOTOR

Operates bv applying 12VDC in one direc3!]1 'inn qnd then revers_ sj i ing polarity (or square x ~:/wavet. Uses 12VDC. -^/ Clock Wise Rotation. Rated 3 RPM at 4 ACP ppg with a 5 degree PRICE stepping angle.

$Q95

Oea. 10 for $34.95

RS232 SIGNAL TESTER

COEX RS232 Line Tester

(7) LED Indicators

SJM95 only tl

Othor Styles Alsn Awailnb'P

INTEL CODEC IC

P/N2910A For Digital

Voice

SQ95

For Filter P/N2912A $4 95 ea.

• UUCb lb

SURGE SUPPRESSOR

"Surgeonics" Power Sentry IS Amps 250 Volts

'ransipnl suppression

Low Price Oil

CONNECTORS

QB25P (RS23?)

S3 ^5

ob?5S Female

3 75

Hnod

i 26

Sel with Hood. Sale

7 50

22/44 S/l KIM

295

43/86 S/T MOT

650

■sn/iorj B-ion omn

ctot W/W

4.95

50,100S-100<"or.n

ct>r S/T

195

PARALLEL ALPHA NOMERIC PRINTER

eSafe

9p 19 Column Printer prints 16 numerical columns plus 3 ^^pT^^Bp^^ which have math, alpha and other notations.

^^^ Farh wheel has 1? positions with position 1? blank

I Position 11 on numerical column*; have decimal point or # Utili7PS 2,75" I wide adding machine 'ape ano1 a dual color ink ribbon Input data parallel J with four b'lROP omparator circuit Print rate, 3 lines per second I Operating voltage ??-?8VDC with fypica' cycle time of

140mS Stee 6' W - 3W H * 53*>"np New $8.95 ea. 3/S25

ZB001 $99 00

ZB002 69 00

Z80 9 95

ZBOA 11 95 F-fl (39501 16 95

3650 16 95

1B02 9 75

B080A -175

B0B5 14 95

8008 1 SI -195

2901 9 90

2901A 1-195

990OJL -19 95

6502 9 95

6502A 1R 95

IM6100 29 95

6800 11 75

BBDOB

1995

6802P 14 95

FJ035 14 95

B039 12 95

8073N 34 95

8755 "9 95

8748 49 95

6809 1000

ft086 49 95

R8O0O 12995

R116/2016S7 95

8264-64K 5.95

4116-2 1.99

4116-2 fl/12.95

2101

2102

2U02-2

21102-4

2111

2112

2114

2114L-2

2114L-4

2125

3 99 79 1 49 1 29 3.49 3.49 1.99 3.25 2.29 6 99 5280 4.60

|:HIJM:ii

4060 4 69

4096 399

4115 1,49

4200 7.95

8155 $9.95

8156 9.95 8202 29.95 8205 2.69 8212 2.75 8214 4.95 8216 275 8224 2.95 8226 2.95 8228 3 95 8243 9 50

8250 14 95

8251 6 50 8253 11.95 8255 4.50 8257 9 50

8259 $8 95 B275 19.95 8279 9.50 6810 4,75 6820 6.50 6621 650 6828 10.50 6834 16.95 6845 22.95 6847 27 95 6850 5 25 6852 525 6860 10.95 6862 10.95 6875 5.95 6880 2 49

66047 S22 95

68488 19 95

46505 22 95

6520 6.95

6522 9 95

6530- X 24.95

6532 17 95

6551 19.95

Z60-PIO 6.50

ZBOA-PIO 9.50

Z80-CTC 6 50

Z80A-CTC 9.50

ZBO-DMA 19 95

Z80A-DMA 27.95

Z80-SIO 24,95

Z80A-SIO 29.95

MOS PROMS

27P4(BKxR|TS ?7.'*2(4KkB)TS 2716/2516: 5V (2KxR)TS TMS2716. 5V. 12V 2758,5V, |450nS)

7 95 17 95 350

2708(460nS) $5 75 ?7OR(fi50nK) 5 25 1702A 5 75

MM5203AQ 14 50 MM5204CJ 9 95

BHS3

25(3-001 |5VHI|)per $950 ?5l.V00S|5VI1.nwH 1095 ?513-ADM3r5V|lowf" 1495 MCMn67in ASCII SWtlodlS 15 MCMfi674riM!iUitW">ti'il 1395 TrCMfi675<lAin"-'.iH>!iul '3 45 1771-01 B UMim'toUDv 24 95 17R1 Dual Floppy 29 95

1791-01 Dual Floppy 3695 1711-02 nihil floppy 44 95 1791 OD. OS Floppy 44 95 1797 DD, D5 Floppy 54 95 tfi9lOai.iS«ianior 189S ?143Cloch(i(hVr.i1[}r 1895 BiWIBhtl Binary 11 IC

B70' in tm Binary ??on B7r)38p.lIS 1350

Won Volt !o Freo, Conv 725 B7*i0 3'*[)igii8CD 1395

DACIOO

B01B Fuorlmi Gcoprnlor

»r.A02A VCO

IWnfiGVCO

XfWOfi Finrimn flfnpr.nw

1R1R(1?BI^V 1?V)

AV5t013(5V. t?V)

Ayh10l4A/161?(5-14V)

A¥5iOI5A/18G3|5V)

IMH02

IMS4Q3

23S0IIRRT

1B718AsIrD! 2

M014411 1

4707 1

WD1941

TOM5016 I

INSB?50 1

H0B16

395 S95

ESSga

- w

LOW PROFILE SOCKETS (TIN)

8 nin LP 16 15

14 pin LP .20 19

16 pin LP 22 21

18 pin LP 29 28

20 pin LP 34 32

22 pin LP 29 27

24 pin IP 38 37

28 pin LP 45 44

40 nin LP 60 59

3L WIREWRAP SOCKETS (GOLD)

8 pin 10 pin

16 pin 1ft pin 20 pm 22 pin 24 pin 28 pin 40 pm

WW

WW (Tin)

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

WW

1.45 1.35

78H05K

78M06

7BM.G.

LM108AH

LM300H

LM301CN

LM304H

LM305H

LM306H

LM307CN

LM308CN

LM309K

LM310CN

LM311D/CN

LM312H

LM317T

LM318CN

LM319N/H

LM320K-XX*

LM320T-XX'

I.M320H-XX*

LM323K

LM324N

LM337K

LM338K

LM339N

LM340K-XX*

LM340T-XX"

LM340H-XX*

LM344H

LM348N

LU350K

LW358CN

LM360N

LM372N

LM376N

LM377N

LM380CN/N

LM381N

LM383T

LM386N

LM387N

LM390N

NE531V/T

NE555V

NE556N

NE561T

NE565N/H

NE566H/V

NE567V/H

NE592N

I.M702H

LM709N/H

LM710N/H

LM711N/H

LM715N

LM723N/H

LM733N/H

I M739N

LM741CN/H

LM741CN-14

LM747N/H

LM748N/H

LM760CN

LM1310N

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

74S00S .39

74502 43

74503 45

74504 .52

74505 .52 74 BOS 49

74509 49

74510 42

74511 42 74S15 42 74S20 42 74S22 .42 74S30 42 74S32 .49 74S38 1.19 74S40 .49 74S51 42 74R64 46 74S65 46 74S74 .69 74S86 72

745112 72

745113 .72

745114 72

LM1414N

S1.90

1 49 295

LM1458CN/N

MC1488N .99

MC1489N .99

LM1496N .89

LM1556N 1.50 LM1820N

1.75 1.70 1.49 125 1.35 1 39

595 695

95 175 1.25 1.25 1.95 1.20 560

.98 1.49 1.95 375 275 1.25 1 79 1.95 1.25 1.40 1.95 3.75

1.50

2,75

.39 2 95

1 90

LM1850N

LM1B89N

LM2111N

LM2900N

LM2901N

LM2917N

CA3013T

CA3018T

CA3021T

CA3023T

CA3035T

CA3039T

CA3046N

LM3053N

CA3059N

CA3060N

CA3062N

LM3065N

CA3080T

CA3081N

CA3D82N

CA3083N

CA3086N

CA3089N

CA3096N

CA3097N

CA3130T

CA3140T

CA3146N

CA3160T

CA3190N

CA3410N

MC3423N

MC3460N

SG3524N

CA3600N

LM3900N

LM3905N

LM3909N

LM3914N

LM3915N

LM3916N

RC4131N

RC4136N

RC4151N

RC4194TK

RC4195TK

ULN2001

ULN2003

SN75450N

SN75451N

SN75452N

SN75453N

SN75454N

SN75491N

SN75492N

SN75493N

SN75494N

TL494CN

TL496CP

.95

3.10 1 75 .99 2.50 295 219 1 99 3.49 2.99 2.75 1.29

4.95 1.49 1.29

2.99 3.49

1,99 1.30

3.95 3.95 3.39

3.75 3,95 3.75 2.95 1.10 3,70 4 95 540 1,25 1,50

74S124 74S133 74S134 74S135 74S136 74S138 74S139 74S140 74S151 74S153 74S157 74S158 74S160 74S174 74S175 74S188 74S194 74S195 74S196 74S240 74S241 74S242 74S243

74S244 $2.99

74S251 1.35

74S253 1.35

745257 1.29

745258 1.29 74S260 75 74S280 2 79

745287 2.99

745288 2.55

745373 3.10

745374 3.10 74S387 2.75

745471 7.95

745472 7 95

745473 7.95

745474 9.95

745475 9.95

745570 5 75

745571 5 75

745572 8 95

745573 8.95

745940 2.90

745941 2.90

DIP SWITCHES

2 Position S 99

4 Position 1 19

5 Position 129

6 Position 1.35

MUFFIN® FAN

The dependable, low

cost, largest selling fan for commercial cooling applications.

• 105c(m free air delivery

• 4 68" sq. x 1.50" deep. Weighl - 17 07

SPECIAL PURCHASE «^ $9.50oa

SUPER IC CLOSEOUT SPECIALS

1441 1

741 S668 3/1 99

74LS377 ?/l g9

74LS241 2/1 99

8259 6.95

6561 RAM 2.95

LM733CN 3/1 99

IM323K 3.95

57.95 R571A

BIG 265?

«?53 695

2758 FPROM 2 95

1802 8,95

280A CPU 4.95

6522 6.95

6502 CPU 5 95

S6.95 fiOflOA CPU

210? RAM 4060 RAM 2732 UPD410 UPD41 1

5027 CRT $9 95

1 40 6.95 2.98

2 98

3.95 3.95 5 99

2901

8039 MM5320 9131 RAM EMM4402 1.99

10415 495

8700 A/D 2/16 95

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TNX

910-595-1565

7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7416 7417 7420 7421 7422 7423 7425 7426 7427 7429 7430 7432 7437 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7450 7451 7453 7454 7459 7460 7470 7472 7473 7474

74LSO0S .26

74LS01 .28

74LS02 .28

74LS03 .28

74LS04 35

74LS05 .28

74LS08 .28

74LS09 .35

74LS10 .28

74LS11 .39

74LS12 .33

74LS13 .47

74LS14 95

74LS15 .33

74LS20 26

74LS21 .33

74LS22 .33

74LS26 .33

74LS27 .33

74LS28 .33

74LS30 .26

74LS32 .33

74LS33 .55

74LS37 .45

74LS38 .39

74LS40 .26

74LS42 .79

74LS47 .79

74LS48 .95

74LS51 .26

74LS54 .29

74LS55 .29

74LS73 .45

74LS74 42

74LS75 .59

74LS76 .45

74LS78 45

74LS83A .79

74LS85 1.19

74LS86 45

74LS90 .57

74LS92 .75

74LS93 .75

74LS95 88

74LS96 ,98

74LS107 .45

74LS109 .45

74LS112 .43

4000 $ .35

4001 .35

4007 .25

4008 1.39

4009 .45

4010 45

4011 .35

4012 .25

4013 .45

4014 1.39

4015 1.15

.59

4016

4017 1.1

4018 .89

4019 45

4020 1 10

4021 1.19

4022 1.15

4023 .29

4024 75

4025 25

4027 65

4028 85

4029 1.29

7475 7476 7479 7480 7482 7483 7485 7486 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497

2.90

74100 2.90

74107 .32

74109 .37

74116 1.95

74121 .29

74122 .39

74123 .59

74125 .39

74126 44 74128 .59 74132 .69 74136 .75 74139 .95

74141 .79

74142 2.95

74143 2.95 74144 74145 74147 74148 1.20

74150 1.09

74151 .67

74152 .67

74153 .67

74154 1.19

74155 .78

74156 .78

74157 .69

74158 165

74159 2.49

74160 .88

.62

74LS113S 74LS114 74LS122 74LS123 1 74LS124 1 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS136 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 1 74LS148 1 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 1 74LS155 1 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 1 74LS161 1 74LS162 1 74LS163 1 74LS164 1 74LS165 74LS166 2 74LS168 1 74LS169 1 74LS170 1 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 2 74LS190 1 74LS191 1 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 1 74LS195 74LS196 741 .SI 97 74LS221 1 74LS240 1 74LS242 1 74LS243 1 74LS244 1

74161 $ .88

74162 .89

74163 .87

74164 .87

74165 .87

74166 1.20

74167 1.95 74170 I 69 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74179 74180 74181 74182

74184 2.25

74185 2.25

74186 9.95 74188 3.90

74190 1.15

74191 1.15 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197

1.75

1.39 1.39

74198 74199 74221 74251

74273 1.05

74276 1 89

74279 75

74283 1 40

74284 390

74285 3.90 74290 1 25 74298 95

74365 68

74366 68

74367 ,68

74368 68 74390 1 45 74393 1.90 74490 1.90

74LS245S2 20

74LS247 1.10

74LS248 1.10

74LS249 1.19

74LS251 1.40

74LS253 140

74LS257 85

74LS258 98

74LS259 2.95

74LS260 .65

74LS261 2.49

74LS266 59

74LS273 1 75

74LS275 4.40

74LS279 59

74LS283 99

74LS290 .99

74LS293 .99

74LS295 1 10

74LS298 1 19

74LS324 1.75

74LS347 195

74LS348 195

74LS352 1.19

74LS353 1.19

74LS363 1.49

74LS365 69

74LS366 .69

74LS367 .69

)9 74LS368 69

B 74LS373 189

19 74LS374 1 89

« 74LS375 69

>0 74LS377 1.95

15 74LS385 1.95

15 74LS386 .65

18 74LS390 1 95 ffl 74LS393 1 95 15 74LS395 1.70 15 74LS399 2 35

19 74LS424 2.95 J9 74LS668 1 75 15 74LS670 2 29 >9 81LS95 169 i9 81LS96 169 >9 81LS97 1.69 19 81LS98 169 VOLUME PRICING

CALL TOLL FREE

4037 $1.95

4040 1.29

4041 1 25

4042 .95

4043 .85

4044 .85

4046 175

4047 125

4048 99

4049 .45

4050 69

4051 1 10

4052 1 10

4053 1 10

4055 3.95

4056 2 95

4059 9.25

4060 1 39 4066 75

4069 35

4070 49

4071 .35

4072 35

4073 35

4075 35

4076 1 29

4077 35

4078 .35

4081 35

4082 .35 4085 195

4094 4098

4099

14408 12 95

14409 12 95

14410 1295 14412 12 95 14415 8 95 14419 4 95

4501 39

4502 1.65

4503 69

4505 895

4506 .75

4507 95

4508 3 75

4510 1 19

4511 1 19

4512 139

4515 2 75

4516 1 45 4518 1 39 4520 1 25

4555 4.95

4556 99 4566 2 25

Mall Order. P.O. Box I732S Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 131 OB E. Edlnger. Santa Am CA 92705 (714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 [40B| 940-7010

TERMS. MO Cashier's Chech Bank Wtt.' IVrMm.il

License anrj h.mJfI cafrt »sVi?.ii AMEX CBadd34) service charge Add .1% Bhrpptng S Kindling m %.' 50 whichever is qreater Add 10"V lor loreiqn orders nr US Parcel PobI IndutteTetephonenunibBi NOCODa Pricessubiecl lochange wilhoul notice Some items subiectlopiioisiile We reserve ihenghilo substitute manufacturer Retail puces may vary

RYTF ^>nremhfr Wfft

Circle 12 on inquiry card.

AD\8\NCED

MKAH

PRODUCTS

Serving Computer Professionals Since 1976

HARDWARE

ABM List

BSR-X10 Interface $95

Color to Mono I/O Module 95

Telephone Receptionist adapt 995 PS3276/Bisyn Emulator 1295

AST Megaplus" Card P.N MG064 (64K, S. C) 395

P/N MG064SP (64K, 2-S. P, C) 495 P/N MG256 (256K. S, C) 695

P/N MG256SP (256K. 2-S, P, C) 795

•Comboplus" Card

P/N MC-064SPC (64K. S, P. C) 395 P/N MC-256SPC (256K. S, P. C) 695

•Diskplus" Card

P/N MD-064 (64K. C. S. Host) 655

•PCI/O Plus II- Card

P/N I/O (C, S) 165

P/N I'O-SP (C, 2-S, P) 265

P/N l/O-SPG (C, 2-S, P, G) 315

COEX Extender Card 40

Prototype Card 69

37 Pin "D" Connector 19

Snap-in Card Guides (5) 8

CORONA Hard Disk System

CORVUS Hard Disk System

DAVONG (Internal) 5 Mb Hard Disk 12 Mb Hard Disk 15 Mb Hard Disk 21 Mb Hard Disk 32 Mb Hard Disk

MAYNARD Disk Drive Card Floppy Card w/Parallel 295

Floppy Card w/Serial 325

MOUSE SYSTEMS Mouse lor IBM

MICROSOFT Mouse plus Multitool

ORCHID Hi-Res Graphics Adaptor 395

PERSYST Spectrum (64-256K) P/N SP64. (64K, Clk, S. P)

PLANTRONICS Color plus" Card

OUADRAM Quadboard (64-256K) P/N 064, 64K w/4 lunclions 395

OuadLink Apple Card 680

RIXON PC212A Modem I/O 596

TANDON TM 100-1 (160K) 295

TM 100-2 (320K) 395

TG PRODUCTS Joystick 65

Track Ball 65

VISTA "Multicard"" (exp. 64-256K)

P/N V-064 (64K. Clk, S, P)

P/N V-256 (256K, Clk, S, P) •"Maxlcard"" (up to 576K)

P/N V-576-64K

P/N V-576-576K •"PC Master" (10 I/O) •"PC Extender" (up to 10 I/O) •"Diskmaster" •8" Thinllne Dual Floppy •VI200 6.2 Cartridge Drive XEDEX Baby Blue CP/M

395 695

495 249 299

ACP S85 85 875

1150

285 349 469 519

285 549

125

229

259

29

42

8

5

Call

Call

1475 1775 2250 2540 2950

249 260

285 Call

375 399

329 599 449 195 259

389 199 229 1495 1349 495

PRINTERS

COEX 80F/T 80cps STAR MICRONICS - NEWI

$349

$249

Gemini 10X 120cps

399

319

Gemini 15 15"

599

469

OTC Daisywhl W/48K Bui EPSON MXB0

1450

1049

645

429

MX80F/T

695

499

MX100

895

649

FX60

699

549

INTEGRAL DATA

Microprism 480

799

689

Pnsm 80 Color (all)

1795

1495

Phsm 132 Color (all)

1995

1685

BROTHER HR-1

1195

895

Daisywriter IBM PC to EPSON Cable

1495

1295

60

45

OKIDATA Microline 82A

599

459

Microline B3A

899

699

Microline 84AP

1399

999

Microline 92A

699

549

Microline 93A

999

MONITORS

AMDEK CORP

300 Green 12"

$199

$155

310 Amber 12"

210

175

Color I Composite Color II RGB Hi-Res

399

339

899

Call

Color II RGB Comm'l

Call

Color IV RGB Analog

1299

Call

NEC 12- Groen-NEW

199

155

NEC 12" RGB (690x230)

895

799

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

RGB IBM Lookalike

700

599

DISKETTES to.

IBM PC

DYSAN 5V SS SD DYSAN 5V<" DS SD IBM 5"." SS SD IBM 5'/." SS DD VERBATIM 525-01 SS VERBATIM 550-01 DS MAXELL MD1 SS MAXELL MD2 DS Flip Box 57." (80 disks) BULK SPECIAL SS With Sleeve and Box

10/$55 10/65 10/60 10/65 10/45 10/55 10/50 10/60

10/25 100/195

$38 48 43 47 23 34 29

MORE IBM GOODIES

CURTIS PC Pedestal

$80

$64

Extension Cable

50

44

Keyboard Ext. Cable

34

INTEL 8087 1C

199

RAM EXPANSION

16K Motherboard (16 IC'S)

19

64K Memory Exp. (9 IC's)

50

KRAFT IBM Joystick

70

49

IBM Paddles

50

40

SOFTWARE

dBASE II $44500

SuperCalc

$12900

SuperCalc 2

$17900

Multiplan

$18900

Wordstar

$29900

Lotus 1-2-3

Call!

T. K. Solver!

Call!

Flight Simulator

$4500

Context MBA

Call!

Computer

Inovations

C86C Compiler

$36900

Copy II Plus

$3200

Visiword

$28900

Digital Research

Pascal MT + 86 $295.00

Concurrent CP/M 86 260.00

CBASIC86 149.00

Plus More Great

Software Values

In Our

1983 Catalog!

Send For

Your Copy NOW.

Circle 12 on Inquiry card.

If You're Thinking IBM PC™,

READ THIS!

"COEX"

MEMORY

AT

UNREAL!

PRICES

64 K

w/serial

■SS $0/

calendar exp. to 256K

249'

256 K- $399

00

PLUS! . . .with Purchase of either Memory card above

SUPERCALC™ only $99.00 (195.00 value)

Disk Emulator FREE

Print Spooler FREE

ACP PC "FEATURE OF THE MONTH"

1. DISKMASTER". Disk Controller for IBM PC or XT adds both 5%" and 8"

floppy drives. Complete with Software. Same card can also handle List the Amlyn 6.2 Mb Cartridge Add-on Subsystem $299

2. AST "I/O Plus II'"". Popular I/O card when fully populated has (2) Serial,

(1) Parallel. (1) Game Port and Clock Calendar. Specially priced List

in two configurations: A. P/N I/O (Clk, S) 165

B. P/N l/O-SP (Clk, 2-S, P) 265

3. MS.R "SUP'R EXTENDER'"". IBM PC & XT Expansion Chassis with (6) Slots, Power

Supply and Fan. Your price!!! only $439.00. You cannot afford to live without one.

ACP $229

ACP 125 229

TRAINING for ibm pc

• Interactive Training Disks*

• Step by Step in English •

• Handy Reference Guide*

PLAN POWER-Visicalc

PLAN POWER-Supercalc PLAN POWER-Multiplan DB POWER-dBase II POWER PACK-Wordstar ATI POWER-IBM DOS BASIC POWER-IBM MBASIC

75 75

75 75

59 59 59 59 59 59 59

MODEMS

SIGNALMAN Mark I (RS232)

$99

$79

HAYES Smartmodem (RS232)

289

225

Smartmodem 1200

699

549

IBM PC to Modem Cable

40

30

SSM 1200 Baud

529

FLOPPY DISKS FOR IBM PC

TEAC DSDD (320K) $289

TANDON TM-100-2 $259

SHUGART DSDD (Vb" high)... .$279

QUME DSDD (V2" high) $249

(External Case and Power Supply Also Available)

TERMS: MO. Cashier's Check. Bank Wire. Personal checks allow 2 weeks lor processing. Include Drivers License and credit card #fi Visa, AMEX. CB add 3% service charge. Add 3% shipping & handling or $2 50. whichever is greater. Add 10% (or foreign orders or US Parcel Post. Include Telephone number. NO CODs. Prices subject to change without notice. Some Items subject to prior sale We reserve the nght to substitute manufacturer. Retail prices may vary. We are not an authorized IBM dealer. IBM" trademark ol International Business Machines.

MAIL ORDER: P.O. Boi 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 1310 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705 (714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131 (408) 946-7010

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

64 K MEMORY

L/O IxOtU Computer

Products,

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 DE LA CRUZ BLVD.

SANTA CLARA, CA 95050

16K APPLE*II RAM CARD

BARE BOARD

ASSEMBLED

14.00 42.50

'Apple is .) trademark "f Apple Computer, inc.

INTERFACE

8T26

8T28

8T95

8T96

8T97

8T98

DM8131

DP8304

DS8835

DS8836

1.65

1.95

.95

.95

.95

.95

2.90

2.25

1.89

.99

1702

2708

2758

2716

2716-1

TMS2516

TMS2716

2532

2732

2764

MC68764

TMS4027 UPD411 MM 5280 MK4108 MM 5298

4027 4116 4116 4164 4164

EPROMS

1ns 450ns 450ns 450ns 350ns 450ns 450ns 450ns 450ns 450ns 450ns

2.95 2.98 5.89 3.90 5.90 5.49 7.89 5.35 4.90 CALL 34.95

DYNAMIC RAMS

250ns

.79

300ns

2.89

300ns

2.89

200ns

1.74

250ns

1.74

250ns 200ns 150ns 200ns 150ns

2.00 CALL CALL CALL CALL

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2147

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

MK4118

TMM2016

TMM2016

HM61164

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

Z6132

STATIC RAMS

450ns 450ns 450ns 250nsLP 450ns 450ns 450ns 450nsLP 300nsLP 200nsLP 55ns 450ns 300ns 200ns 250ns 200ns 150ns 200ns 150ns 120ns 300ns

LP = LOW POWER

1.80 3.89 .78 1.44 2.48 2.58 1.74 1.84 1.84 1.94 4.89 3.15 3.45 3.89 9.69 4.15 4.89 5.90 6.90 8.95 32.95

RESISTORS

</< WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MGE OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .0200

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .0150

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .0125

APPLE ROM SET

6995 AUTOSTART ROM

3495

6502 6504 6505 6507 6520 6522 6532 6545 6551

6500 1 MHz

5.25 6.85 7.60 9.85 3.95 4.95 5.95 16.95 10.95

6502A 6522A 6532A 6545A 6551A

2 MHz

8.95 9.95 11.90 27.90 11.90

3 MHz

6502B 11.90

74LS00

74LS01

74LS02

74LS03

74LS04

74LS05

74LS0B

74LS10

74LS11

74LS12

74LS13

74LS14

74LS15

74LS20

74LS21

74LS22

74LS26

74LS27

74LS28

74LS30

74LS32

74LS33

74LS37

74LS38

74LS40

74LS42

74LS47

74LS48

74LS49

74LS51

74LS54

74LS55

74LS63

74LS73

74LS74

74LS75

74LS76

74LS78

74LS83

74LS85

74LS86

74LS90

74LS91

74LS92

74LS93

74LS95

74LS96

74LS107

74LS109

74LS112

74LS113

74LS114

74LS122

.23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .23 .25 .25 .39 .39 .29 .23 .23 .23 .29 .23 .29 .23 .25 .49 .29 .29 .23 .43 .49 .74 .74 .23 .23 .28 1.23 .37 .33 .37 .37 .47 .58 .67 .37 .53 .87 .53 .53 .73 .87 .37 .37 .37 .37 .37 .43

74LS123 74LS124 74LS125 74LS126 74LS132 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 74LS147 74LS148 74LS151 74LS153 74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165 74LS166 74LS168 74LS169 74LS170 74LS173 74LS174 74LS175 74LS181 74LS189 74LS190 74LS191 74LS192 74LS193 74LS194 74LS195 74LS196 74LS197 74LS221 74LS240 74LS251 74LS242 74LS243 74LS244 74LS245 74LS247 74LS248 74LS249 74LS251

.77

2.88

.47

.47

.57

.37

.97

.53

.53

1.18

2.47

1.33

.53

.53

1.88

.67

.67

.63

.57

.67

.63

.67

.63

.67

.93

1.93

1.73

1.73

1.47

.67

.53

.53

2.13

8.93

.87

.87

.77

.77

.67

.67

.77

.77

.87

.93

.59

.97

.97

1.27

1.47

.73

.97

.97

.57

74LS253 74LS257 74LS258 74LS259 74LS260 74LS266 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279 74LS280 74LS283 74LS290 74LS293 74LS295 74LS298 74LS324 74LS352 74LS353 74LS363 74LS364 74LS365 74LS366 74LS367 74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS377 74LS378 74LS379 74LS385 74LS386 74LS390 74LS393 74LS395 74LS399 74LS424 74LS447 74LS490 74LS668 74LS669 74LS670 74LS674 74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS685 74LS688 74LS689

81LS95 81LS96 81LS97 81LS98

.57

.57

.57

2.73

.57

.53

1.47

3.33

.47

1.96

.67

.87

.87

.97

.87

1.73

1.27

1.27

1.33

1.93

.47

.47

.43

.43

1.37

1.37

1.37

1.17

1.33

1.88

.43

1.17

1.17

1.17

1.47

2.93

.35

1.93

1.67

1.87

1.47

9.63

3.18

3.18

3.18

3.18

2.38

3.18

1.47 1.47 1.47 1.47

UARTS

AY3-1014

AY5-1013

AY5-1015

TR1602

IM6402

IM6403

INS8250

5.85 3.90 6.90 3.90 7.85 8.85 10.49

LEDS

JumboRed 10/1.00 JumboGreen 6/1.00 JumboYellow 6/1.00

DIP SWITCHES

4 Position .85

5 Position .90

6 Position .90

7 Position .90

8 Position .95

XR2206 XR2207 XR2208 XR2211 XR2240

EXAR

3.75 3.75 3.90 5.25 3.25

CA3010 CA3013 CA3023 CA3035 C A 3039 CA3046 C A 3053 CA3059 CA3060 CA3065 CA3080 CA3081 CA3082 CA3083 CA3086 CA3089 CA3130 CA3140 CA3146 CA3160 C A 3401 CA3600

RCA

.95 1.99 2.75 2.49 1.25 1.25 1.45 2.90 2.90 1.75 1.10 1.65 1.65 1.65

.80 2.10 1.25 1.15 1.75 1.15

.59 3.45

VIEWMAX 80

A Full Function

80-Column card for Apple II

$1499

APPLE JOYSTICK 29.95

\95

APPLE

SUPER COOLING FANS 49.95

WITH SURG PROTECH

69.95

APPLE

PADDLES

9.95

UPGRADE

4116-200 CALL

\

its

DoKqu

L/VJ lYsAlJ Computer Products, Inc.

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(800) 538-8800

Calif. Residents Local Phone

(800) 848-8008 (408) 988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

master charge

TERMS: For shipping include S2.00 for U. Ground $3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air S10.( minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6H% Sal Tax. California residents add 6":, Sales Tax. V reserve the right to limit quantities and substltu manufacturer. Prices subject to change witho notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

APPLE II USERS DISK DRIVE!

225.95

CONTROLLER CARD 79.95

• Includes metal cabinet

• Color matches Apple

• 35 tracks/single side

• Includes cable

• UsewithApplellcontroller

>l

EPROM ERASERS

HOLDS 15 EPROMS ERASES IN 20 MINUTES

59.95

h

2.5 MHz

Z80-CPU

3.35

Z80-PIO

3.35

Z80-CTC

3.35

Z80-DMA

12.4S

Z80-DART

14.9f

Z80-SIO/O

16.95

Z80-SIO/1

16.95

Z80-S1O/2

16.95

Z80-SIO/9

16.95

4.0 MHz

Z80A-CPU

4.9C

ZS0A-PIO

4.9C

Z80A-CTC

4.90

APPLE*

;OMPATIBLE

POWER

SUPPLY

Z80

SERIES

Z80A-DMA

21.95

Z80A-DART

15.95

2B0A-SIO/0

20.95

Z80A-SIO/1

20.95

Z80A-SIO/2

20.95

Z80A-S10/9

18.95

6.0 MHz

Z80B-CPU

14.95

Z80B-PIO

12.95

Z80B-CTC

12.95

ZILOG

Z6132

32.95

Z8671

38.95

P100-1 P100-2 P100-3 P100-4

P500-1 P500-3 P500-4

WIREWRAP CARDS

FR-4 Epoxy Glass Laminate With Gold-Plated Contact Fingers

S-100 BUSS GENERAL PURPOSE

Bare-No Foil Pads... .15.90 22/44 PIN (.156" SPACING)

VertlcJlBUSS 2290 P4^ Vertical BUSS,4.5" x6" .13.9C

Single Foil Pads per HolemIm P442"3 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" .14.90 APPLE 36/72 PIN (.1" SPACING)

Bare-No Foil Pads 15.90 £21-3 Vertical^USS,4.5;;x6;;. J3.90

Horizontal BUSS 22.90 P7223 Vertical BUSS, 4.5" x 9" .14.90

Single Foil Pads per Hole23.90

51/4" DISKETTES ATHANA OR NASHUA

SSSD 18.95

SSDD 22.95

DSDD 27.95

BULK SSDD SOnSI .65 EA

$84.95

ORDER TOLL FREE

(BOO) 538-8800 (800) 848-8008

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

LM301

LM30B

LM309K

LM311

M317T

L.M317K

LM318

LM323K

LM324

LM337K

LM339

LM377

LM380

LM386

LM555

LM556

LM565

LM566

LM567

LM723

LM733

LINEAR

.32 LM741

.75

1.25

.64

1.65

1.70

1.49

3.75

.59

3.90

.79

2.25

1.25

1.00

.38

.65

.95

1.45

.99

.49

.95

LM747

LM748

LM1310

MC1330

MC1350

MC1358

LM1414

LM1458

LM1488

LM1489

LM1800

LM1889

LM3900

LM3909

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

75451

75452

75453

.29

.75

.49

2.45

1.69

1.25

1.69

1.49

.55

.65

.65

2.45

2.45

.59

.95

3.70

3.70

3.70

.35

.35

.35

Disc Controllers

1771

1791

1793

1795

1797

6843

8272

UPD765

1691

15.95 27.95 29.95 49.95 49.95 32.95 39.00 34.95 17.95

9000 SERIES

CLOCK CIRCUITS

CRYSTALS

6

.95

MM5314

4.90

32.768 KHz

1.90

6.144

2.69

2.39

MM5369

3.90

1.00H2

4.50

6.5536

2.69

3.69

MM5375

4.90

1.8432

4.50

8.0

2.69

8.95

MM58167

8.90

ZO

3.90

10.0

2.69

.69

MM58174

10.95

2.097152

3.90

12.0

2.69

1.39

2.4576

2.69

14.31818

2.69

12

1.79

MSM5832

6.90

3.2768

3.579545

4.0

2.69 2.69 2.69

15.0 16.0 17.430

2.69 2.69 2.69

VOLTAGE

5.0

2.69

18.0

2.69

REGULATORS

5.0688

2.69

18.432

2.69

7805T

.75 7908T

.85

5.185

2.69

20.0

2.69

7808T

.75 7912T

.85

5.7143

2.69

22.1184

2.69

7812T

.75 7915T .75 7924T

.85

.95

6.0

2.69

7815T

7824T

.85

8(00

7905K

1.39

8035

4.95

8251

4.39

7805K

1.29 7912K

1.39

8039

5.95

8253

6.89

7812K

1.29 7915K 1.29 7924K

1.39 1.39

8080A 8085A

3.89 5.89

8253-5 8255

7.89 4.39

7815K

7824K

1.29 T =

TO-220

8086

24.95

8255-5

5.19

7905T

.85 K

= TO-3

8088 8155 8156

34.95 7.75 8.75

8257 8259 8272

7.89 6.85 39.00

8185

29.00

8275

29.00

CONNECTORS

8202

27.95

8279

8.89

RS2:

Male

3.00

8205

3.45

8279-5

9.89

RS232

Female

3.50

8212

1.79

8282

6.49

RS232

Female Right Angle

4.95

8214

3.75

8283

6.49

RS232

Hood

1.20

8216

1.69

8284

5.49

30 pin

Edge

2.49

8224

2.19

B286

6.49

44 pin

Edge

2.49

8226

1.79

8287

6.49

50 pin

Edge

2.69

8228

3.34

8288

24.95

86 pin

Edge

3.90

8237

19.00

8289

39.00

100 pin

ST

3.90

8238

4.39

8741

34.95

100 pin

W7W

4.90

8243

4.39

8748

14.95

8250

10.49

8755

29.95

oKqu

IC Sockets

8 PIN 14 PIN 16 PIN 18 PIN 20 PIN 22 PIN 24 PIN 28 PIN 40 PIN

IC SOCKETS ST

.10 .12 .15 .20 .25 .25 .25 .35 .40

ST = Soldertail W/W = Wirewrap

W/W

.49

.50

.57

.85

.99

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.80

6800

6802

6808

6809

6809E

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

6844

6845

6847

6850

6852

6860

6862

6875

6880

6883

6800 1 MHz

68 BOO

68B02

68B09

68B09E

6810

6810

68B45

68B50

68000

2 MHz

3 MHz

4.75

7.89

8.45

11.95

17.95

2.89

3.50

2.95

13.95

7.95

32.95

24.95

13.95

11.95

3.20

3.50

9.89

11.90

6.89

1.80

22.95

9.95 21.95 28.95 28.95

7.89 11.95 33.95 11.95

57.95

51/4" FLOPPY DISKS

FLIP FILE

CAPACITY 75 EA

19.95

\J IVWAiJ Computer Products, Inc. 2100 De La Cruz Blvd. Santa Clara, CA 95050 (800) 538-8800 alif. Residents Local Phone

00)848-8008 (408)988-0697

STORE HOURS:

MON-FRI 8:30 A.M.-5:30 P.M.

SAT 10:00 A.M.-3:00 P.M.

"^■Vor'^Miiiri^T.^

VtSA

master charge

TERMS: For shipping include $2.00 for UPS Ground. S3.00 for UPS Blue Label Air. $10.00 minimum order. Bay Area residents add 6/2% Sales Tax. California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to limit quantities and substitute manufacturer. Prices subject to change without notice. Send SASE for complete list.

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 633

Eastern States Save on Freight —

MINIMUM SHIPPING $3.00 ■ NO SURCHARGE ON VISA/MASTERCARD

Toll Free 1-800-545-2633 - Continental U.S.

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVE CABINETS DISK SUB ASSEMBLY

SHUGART

5V."SA400(35TRp60K 150.00

5V.'SA400L(40TR)190K 175.00

8" SA801R(SS/DD) 1.2 MG 359.00

8" SA851R(DS/DD)2.4 MG 479.00

OUME

8" DT8(842) 490.00

MITSUBISHI BV4" M-4853 V, size 410.00

96 TPI same as TM 10O-4 5V." M-4854 V. size 439.00

1.6 MG w/8" electronics formats

same as IBM 1 & 2D 8" std

8" M-2894-63(110V) 399.00

STD 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

M-2894-63(SS/DD)220V 449.00

8" M-2996« 439.00

Thinline 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

DISKETTE STORAGE

ADVANCE ACCESS

AA-5% (Holds 82 Disks) 17.00

AA-8 (Holds 82 Disksl 26.00

Smoked Plexiglass Disk Tubs

LIBRARY CASES

CAS-5V." 2.50

CAS-8" 3.00

Color Bursl (Pack ol 5) 12.00

Colors Available: color burst asst., beige, black, blue, red, gray

DATA CABLES

8"DSC88-2SKT-for 2-8" drvs

w/skt. conn 16.95

5V."DSC55-2SKT-for 1-5 V."

dvs w/skt. conn 15.00

RS232MM-5' (male lo male) 19.00

IBM lo PAR 32.00

Osborne lo PAR 32.00

Kaypro lo PAR 32.00

OKI-Data Serial 24.00

REMEX

5V4" RFD 480-DS/DD (For IBM-PC) 235.00

TANDON

5V."TM100-1 SS/DD160K 150.00

5V."TM100-2 FORIBM-PC 239.00

DS/DD 1320 K) 8"TM848-2(DS/DD)1.2MG 450.00

PERTEC

514" FD200-S 160 K 139.00

SS/DD 4077? 5*/<" FD25O-5320K 195.00

DS/DD 40TR

SIEMAN'S

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 110V 801 R 179.00

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 220V Compatible . . 199.00

MPI

5%"B-51 40TR SS/DD 180 K 175.00

DISKETTES

COLOR CODE YOUR FILES

Diskettes by 3M with lifetime warranty, 5 colors. Prices are tor package of 10.

5V."Sgl side/dbl den 21.00/10

5 V." Dbl side/dbl den 26.00/10

5V4" 10 sector 22.00/10

5V." 16 sector 22.00/10

8" Sgl side/dbl den 29.00/10

6" Dbl side/dbl den 39.00/10

8" CABINETS

8" DDC88V28 w/PS vertical

tor 2-8" drives 300.00

8" DDC88T-1 w/PS vertical-tor 2

or 4-8" thinline drives ...300.00 8" ODC88T-2 w/PS vertical tor 2

8" thinline drives 225.00

8" DDC8V w/PS vertical for 1

8" drive 249.00

8" DDC88H w/PS horizontal

for 2-8" drives 300.00

5Vt" CABINETS

5'/." DDC5H w/PS horizontal-tor 1-5'/«" drive 59.00

5 V." DDC55V w/PS vertical-for 2-5% drives 89.00

OUR BEST BUY'S

S" SUB ASSEMBLY

DDS +0 2EA SS/DD Siemens FD100-8 Drives w/Cabinet 595.00

DDS +2 2EA DS/DD Mitsubishi M2894-63 w/cabinet 1,075.00

DDS +4 2EA DS/DD 8" Thinline

Drives w/Cabinet 1,150.00

Specify—Vertical or Horizontal Cabinet

SV," SUB ASSEMBLY DDS + 5 1EA SS/DD Shugart

SA400 Drive 200.00

DDS +6 2EA SS/DD Shugart

SA400 Drive 369.00

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

GREEN

BMC12AV(15MHZ)80Col/12" 80.00

DynaxGM 120(20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12" . 129.00

Sanyo DMZ 112(15 MHZ) 64 Col/12" 80.00

SakalaSC-100(18 MHZ) 80 Col/12" 119.00

USIPI-2(18MH2)Hi-Res/9" 129.00

USI PU (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/12" 139.00

Zenith ZM121 (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12".. . 94.00

AMBER

DynaxAM121 (20 MHZI Hi-Res/80 Col/12" . 13H.00

USIPI-1(18MHZ)Hi-Res/80Col/9" 13».00

USI PI-3 (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/80 Col/12" 14B.0O

COLOR

PARTS

MODEMS

Anchor 89.00

Hayes Smart 300 199.00

Hayes Smart 1200 499.00

Multi-TechMT212AD(1200/300) 499.00

Novation J-Cat 300 119.00

Novation Apple Cat 269.00

SSM AMC -300 (For Apple) Auto Dial . . 259.00 U.S. Robotics 212A Auto Dial 469.00

E-PROM ERASERS

QUV-T8/1 (hobby) 49.95

QUV-T8/2 (Industrial version) 68.95

QUV-T8/2(w/timer& safely switch) 97.50

TR1602B

2114L2

TMS2532

271615V)

2.50 aa.

S1.50ti.

15.95 H.

13.95 M.

TMS2716I54 12V) 13.95 m.

TMS2732 S4.S5aa.

TMS4164(200NS) S5.9Saa.

TMSl 164f200N5) . 14.75 on.

MANY OTHERS IN STOCK

CONNECTORS

RS232 Connectors

SOLDER TYPE DB2SP 2.50

DB25S 3.00

DB25Hood 1.00

S-100

Connectors 10 for 25.00 DE9P 2.00

FLAT RIBBON TYPE IDC25P 6.25

IDC25S 6.60

lOC25Hood . 1.60

lOC'OSKT IDC16SKT IDC20SKT IDCJ6SKI IOC34SKT

IDCWSiCT

Amdek 1-12" CompositefFor Apple) . ... 299.00 BMC 9191-12" Composite (For Apple), . . 269.00

Sakata SC-100-13" Composite (For All) 279.00

Amdek ll-12"-RGB (For IBM-PC) w/audio . 479.00

Princeton HX-12-RGB (For IBM-PC) 489.00

SakataSC-200-RGBfForAII) 489.00

AC SURGE ELIMINATORS

Lemon (6AC outlets-3 prong)... 44.00 Lime (5'-3 prong pwr cord w/on-off

switch 69.00

Orange-Ac surge + EMI filter

(6 outlets) 100.00

Peach (6 outlets) 70.00

SOFTWARE

BCard Edge

CEC26 CEC34 CtCM

FOR APPLE

ASHTONTATE

DBASE II

$409.00

FOR IBM

S-100 PRODUCTS

GIGANTIC REDUCTIONS IN PRICE!

CARD CAGES/MOTHER BOARDS

MAINFRAMES

SIERRA DATA

'IEEE-696-No termination required

w/card

bare card

Slots

Bare Bd

A + T

cage

cage

4

15.00

40.00

60.00

20.00

6

20.00

48.00

70.00

22.00

8

25.00

69.00

100.00

31.00

12

30.00

99.00

140.00

41.00

18

45.00

150.00

200.00

50.00

22

60.00

185.00

75.00

All card cages will accommodate a 4" fan Add $20.00 lor 1 tan-Add $30.00 lor 2 fans

For 2 Standard 8" Drives

MF + DD6(6slotM/B) 699.00

MF + DD8 (8 slot M/B) 749.00

MF + DD12 (12 Slot M/B) 799.00

For 2 Thinline 8" Drives

IMF + DD6C (Cadillac version) 500.00

IMF + DD6F (Ford version) 350.00

For 2-5%" Disk Drives MF + MD12(12slotM/B) 575.00

Standard Plain Front

MF +12 (12 slot M/B) 500.00

MF + 22 (22 slot M/B) 600.00

All mainframes except IMF + DD6F have EMI filter, 2 AC outlets, 15 ea. DB25, 2 ea. 50 pin, 2 ea. 34 pin, 1 ea. Centronic cutouts, power supply for 8" MF (- 5V1 A/ + 5V6A/ + 8V16A/ ± 16V3A/ + 24V6A)

t*J4* i

SOS-SBC-lOO'ZaOHmni)

2 5enal2par/lloppy cor SDS SBC 100S-4mfti slave/7 sei.i

2car/64kram SDS-ZSlOM-4 serial perl I/O bd SDS MUX-RS23? multiplanar bd SDS HDIMMaid disk Bd lor m.cr< SOS CPM/B105 co'ti lot SBC 100

SOS-T

irlorri

tess.oo tses.oo

1135.00 S135.DO 1139.00 1150 00 I 1A45.00

BOARD SETS

Baal Bara Board Sat Available QTC-SBC 3/4 CPU QTC-EXP + III 256K Memory bd QTCFDC 5/8 Floppy disk controller BaraBoardSal S1S0.00

21 Paris available

31 Monitor 1 BIOS ava.table Aaa 13000

CLOCK/CALENDAR

S-100 Clock/Calendar by OT/Computime CCSBBBareBd 4S.00

COMPUPRO

S-100-all assembled and tested

Disk I w/CPM 399.00

System 816A 4,000.00

20 Slot MB 210.00

CPU 8085/B8 389.00

Ram17-64K 410.00

Ram21-128K 900.00

Disk II 610.0C

System Support I 350.0C

Interface 4 350.0C

Ram 16 400.0C

CPU 8086/8087 599.01

Active Terminator 50.0(

Enclosure 2 (desk) 675.01

CALL FOR OTHERS

CPUMEMI/O

CCS-A Assembled and Tested . $95.00

OTC SBC 2/4BB 1 OTC SBC 21* A A . OTC 2 . B0BB I si

OTC EXP • III 64K A • T (64K/2b6K o

IfOTaebl/O* 2Ser3Pa'Bfl"-Btl I/O Tncn HO • ? St' 3 Par A i T ./O Tocri ADA Con«t1n Bd I/O Tech Dual GP1B Inle'lace Bd

I/O Teens Ram 128K Sialic iBeii

634 BYTE September 1983

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

Western States Save on SALES TAX

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS SAVE 6% SALES TAX

I YEARS(1976)EXPERIENCE IN COMPUTER MAIL ORDER BUSINESS

PRINTERS

BROTHER

HR-1A Par-UCPS Daisy Wheel 695.00

HR-1ASerial-17CPSDaisyWheel 785.00

DAISYWRITER Daisywriler 2000-16K Buffer/

200CPS/40CPS LTR/Par 1,025.00

Daisywriler 2000-48K Buffer/

200CPS/40CPS LTR/Par 1,050.00

Daisywriter Cable 32.00

DIABLO

620(25CPS/Serial) 940.00

630(40CPS/Multi-IF) 1,899.00

DYNAX Dynax-15 Par-13CPS Daisy Wheel

2 color PTG-3x buff 475.00

Dyanx 15 Serial-13CPS Daisy Wheel 525.00

C, ITOH

Gorilla 209.00

Pro-writer I (8510A) Par 120 CPS 365.00

Pro-writerl(8510A)Serial120CPS 529.00

Pro-writer II Parallel-15" 669.00

8600 (180CPS) Par or Serial

18 PIN 90 CPS LTR 1,099.00

F-10 40CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,149.00

F-10 55CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,425.00

EPSON — CALL

JUKI

6100-18CPS/DiabloCompatible Par/Daisy.. .. 565.00 MANNESMAN-TALLY

160L(160CPC-40CPS LTR 10") 635.00

180L(160CPS-40CPS LTR 15") 869.00

MPI

MPI-99G (9") Par 499.00

MPI 150 Bl (15") Par 2K Buff

w/Graphics 675.00

MPI 150 Al (15") Par 4K Buff

w/Graphics 799.00

MPI 150 Al (15") Par 16K Buff

w/Graphics 899.00

NEC

NEC7715(w/Diablo Emulation) 2,025.00

NEC8O23A(1O0CPSPar-Graphics) 419.00

Serial Card 139.00

OKI-DATA

Microline 82A(SER & PAR-120CPS 10") 389.00

Microline 83A(SER & PAR-120CPS 15") 629.00

Microline 92 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-10") 519.00

Microline 93 (PAR-160CPS-LTR-15") 899.00

Microline84P(PAR-200CPS-LTR-15") 969.00

Microline 84S(SER-200CPS-LTR-15") 1,059.00

STAR MICRONICS Gemini 10X {new version)

(PAP.-120CPS-10") 299.00

Gemini 15-(15" carriage) 399.00

SEIKOSHA

GP100-30CPS-Par 199.00

SILVER REED

EXP 550P17CPS Daisy Wheel-PAR 670.00

EXP550S-17CPS Daisy Wheel-Serial 690.00

TOSHIBA P-1350 (192CPS-120CPSLTR

PAR or Serial) 1,500.00

P-350(100CPS-PAR-15") 399.00

ALL RIBBONS AVAILABLE

TB-4A Extender BD w/Logic Probe 80.00

ICB-10 8 Channel Low Voltage

Controller BD 180.00

ZB-1 ZIF Extender Test BD 130.00

PRINTER ACCESSORIES

DIABLO

Diablo 620-uni-Direct Tractor 110.00

Diablo 620-Sheet Feeder 720.00

Diablo 630-Bi-Direct Tractor 275.00

Diable 630-Tractor Sound Cover 29.00

Diablo 630-SGL Sheet Feeder 775.00

JUKI 6100

Serial Interface 55.00

Bi-Dir Tractor 125.00

Uni-Dir Tractor 90.00

MANNESMAN-TALLY

Factory Quick Tear 230.00

Auto Front Feed 1,150.00

NEC

Thimbles 15.00

Vertical Tractor 219.00

Horizontal 152.00

Bi-Dir. Tractor 260.00

Cut Sheet Feeder 1,100.00

OKIDATA

84 Cut Sheet Feeder 515.00

82/92 Tractor 55.00

Serial Inlf. w/2K Buffer(For 82A) 125.00

Serial Intt. w/2K Butler (For 92 & 93) 110.00

Okigraph I 82A or 83A Graphics ROM 35.00

Okigraph II 82A or 83A Disk lor Apple 55.00

STARMICRONICS

Serial Intf Bd 70.00

Serial Intt. Bd w/2K Buffer 120.00

Commodore 64 Intf. Bd 72.00

TOSHIBA

P-1350 Cut Sheet Feeder 1,125.00

P-1350 Bi-Dir. Tractor 210.00

OUR SALTIEST DEALS

IBM Add-On Drive

* Direct Drive * Quiet (Teac Equiv.) *

•320 K/48 TPI * 5ms Track to Track *

REMEX RFD 480 235.00

DISKETTES

SEPTEMBER SPECIAL SV, "Soft Sector 18.00/10

SS/DD S Yr. Warranty QtyMOOfor 150.00

I/O PORT CONVERTERS

SPC-Serial to Parallel Converter 99.00

"Allows the use of any port

•Baud to 19.2K * Handshake Signals

PSC-Parallel to Serial 99.00

AST

Combo Plus (SPC 64K) 299.00

Mega Plus (SC 64K) 299.00

I/O Plus (SO 125.00

MAYNARD

Floppy Controller 155.00

Floppy Controller (Serial) 225.00

Floppy Controller (PAR) 205.00

QUADRAM

Quadboard 64K 289.00/459.00

Quadboard II 64K/256K 289.00/459.00

Quad Link (Allows IBM PC to use Apple II

Software) 569.00

KEYTRONICS

Enhance your PC-with a superior keyboard 200.00

KRAFT

Joy Stick 65.00

64K UPGRADE KIT - 48.00

RANA

Add-on 320K Drive and Case 269.00

IBM ACCESSORIES

APPLE/FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES

ALS

CPM 3.0 Card 319.00

ASTAR

RF Modulator 19.00

EVERTEK

EV16K06K Addon Memory) 45.00

GENERIC

Disk Controller for II E 60.00

80 Column Video (Videx Compatible) 99.00

KENSINGTON

System Saver/Fan & Surge Protector 69.00

KRAFT

Joystick for II E 52.00

MICRO-MAX

ViewMax80Col/64KMem(lll) 149.00

Micro-Max 80 COI/128K Mem (II) 169.00

MICROTEK Dumpling 64K/lntertace and Graphics

64K Buffer 235.00

Dumpling GX-P/Par Interface Card

and Cable 99.00

Parallel Interface Board 61.00

Memory 12BK 299.00

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler & Graphics Interface 121.00

Buffer Bd W/16K Buffer Exp 139.00

Grappler + 16K Butter Exp 179.00

TG PRODUCTS

Joystick 41.00

Paddles 29.00

Selecta Port 39.00

VISTA

A800 Floppy Controller for 8" Drives 300.00

A-800-1 Cable 27.00

OT/COMPUTIME CCA-A Clock/Calendar 100.00

APPLE DISK DRIVES

Micro-Sci A-2 (35TR) 225.00

Micro-Sci A-40 (40TR) 269.00

Micro-Sci A-70 (Quad) 329.00

Micro-Sci Controller 70.00

Rana Elite I 259.00

Rana Elite II 409.00

Rana Elite III 529.00

Rana Controller 85.00

"THINLINE" >A size163K40TR 225.00

Apple II E Starter 1,625.00

Columbia PC CALL

Compupro System 816A 4,000.00

Eagle PC-2 (16BIT) 2 ea. 320 K

FD/64K RAM 2,700.00

Eagle 1620 3,400.00

Eagle PC-XL 3,500.00

Franklin 1000 895.00

Franklin 1200 Starter 1,625.00

Kaypro II (w/2400 software) 1,495.00

NEC PC800/A 750.00

Pied Piper ■ 1 ea 256 K FD/64K 1,139.00

SanyoMBC 1000 (W/S2.000 software) 1,495.00

Televideo TS-803 1,900.00

Televideo TS-1603 2,475.00

Teletote I (new) w/software by Televideo 1,695.00

THY US FOR OTHERS

TERMINALS

ADDS

Viewpoint-A! (White) 540.00

Viewpoint-A2 (Green) 599.00

Viewpoint-3A + (Green) 540.00

Viewpoint 60-Same as Televideo 925 715.00

Viewpoint 90-Same as Televideo 950 (132 Col) 925.00

Viewpoint Color 995.00

TELEVIDEO

TV910 529.00

TV910 + 585.00

TV925 715.00

TV950 925.00

TV970 1,095.00

RG1000/TV60 Graphics Upgrade for 925/950 . . 1.100.00 WYSE

WYSE-100 725.00

WYSE-300 (Color) 1,125.00

Retail Sales

123 East 200 South

Salt Lake City, Utah 84111

Retail Hours

Monday-Friday 10 AM to 6 PM Saturday 10 AM to 5 PM

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

Mail Orders

P.O. Box 3150

Salt Lake City, Utah 84110

Mail Orders

Monday-Friday 8 AM to 6 PM (sometimes much later) Saturday 10 AM to 5 PM

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 635

omr^i itor

Components B'C SUMMER Unlimited Making room for

SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

OKIDATA

Microline 93A

• 160 cps 15" Carriage very Close to Letter Quality $ 799

BMC PB101

• 16 CPS Bi-Directional

132 Characters Per Line

• 2K Buffer

$ 649

COMREX II

CRN

• 5K Buffer

• 12 CPS

• Letter Quality Best buy for the money $ 499

MICROTEK

Dumpling ex

• SameasCrappler +

• Full Graphic interface Works w/Apple & Franklin

• includes Card & Cable

• 2 year warranty $89

See Page 597

for more

Printer specials

Ouentin Research

- Fully Compatible w/Apple Faster than Apple Disk Drive • More Storage

1 for $209

2 for $410

51/4" Diskettes

100 for ONLY $250

Dbl. Side/Dbl. Density

• 5 year warranty

• Reinforced Hub

Sgl./Side Dbl./Density 100 for$150

Tandon for ibmpc

• TM 100-2 A

• 320K of Storage

• Manual Included

1 for $225

2 for $440

Hayes 1200B for IBM

' Smart Com II Included

• Made for IBM . • w/lBM Software

ONLY $449

verbatim

5V«" Diskettes

Free Plastic Case

Part No. 525-01

' Sgl. Side/Dbl. Density

10 for $26

Shugart

- 801R 8" Drive Single Side/Double Density

1 for $355

2 for $700

IBMPC

IBM 256K Keyboard 2, 320K Disk Drives • Amber Monitor • Color Card

$2895

Call for other configurations

Franklin Starter System

Franklin Ace 1000 w/64K • Amber Monitor Disk Drive (Slimline) & Controller

CALL 800-847-1718

For weekly Specials

we Offer More Than

$1195

Commodore

• Commode 64 1525 Graphic Printer »1541 Disk Drive (1) 1701 Color Monitor

$999

Super 5

• 1/2 Height Drive Fully Apple Compatible

• 1 Year Warranty

1 for $209

2 for $400

USI

12" Amber Monitor

Composite Video

(20 MHz) Hi-Res

ONLY $139 Taxan (Amber) $139

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Dealer inquiries Invited • Quantity Discounts Available

Low Prices!!!

New Fall inventory

0% to 40o/0

PERSONAL & PORTABLE SYSTEMS

Franklin

Ace1000w/color Call

Ace1200w/Drive Call

Apple

HE S1050

HE Starter System 1495

IBM

IBMPC64K Keyboard, 1 Drive S1995

IBMPCXT 4595

Call for all Configurations

Kaypro

Kayproll S1450

Kaypro4 1850

KayprolO 2595

Columbia

1600-1 2 320K Drives S2395

Eagle

Eaglell S1895

Corona

Portable 1 Drive S1995

DeskTopComputer 2295

Advanced Logic Systems

Cpm3.0Card S 299

ZCardCPMCard 139

Astar

RF Modulator S 18

Gibson

LightpenforApplell&IIE S 249

Kensington

System Saver/Fan & Surge S 69

Micro Max

Viewmax80Ew/64KofRamExp.tol28K . S 149

Micro Soft Products

softcardw/cpm S 239

l6KCard 65

premium Pack 469

Micro Tek

Ram 1616K card S 45

Call for Other Microtek pricing

Kraft

Joystick S 42

Joystick (IBM) 45

videx

Videoterm S 209

CCS Serial Interface S 119

TC Products

Joystick S 39

paddles 28

Selecta Port 38

MODEMS

Hayes Micro Computer

300 Baud Smart Modem S 199

1200 Baud Smart Modem 475

Micro Modem II 259

Micro Modem II w/Terminal Package 279

Novation

J-Cat300Baud S 119

AppleCatll 269

IBM PC Accessories

Ast Research

IO+ Serial ports Clock Calender S 119

Combo+64KSerial,Parralel&c/c 269

Mega + 64KSerialc/c 269

Mega Pak 256

Expands Mega + to512K 289

Maynard

FDC Disk Controller S 155

FDC/ PP Disk Controller w/ par. port 205

FDC/SPDiskControllerw/ser.port 225

Ouadram

Ouad Link S 495

Tandon

TM100-2 (320K Drivel S 225

1/2 Disk Drive

Slimline Disk Drive S 219

Expansion Ram

4164.200NS 6ea.9forS 50

USI

MultiDisplayCard S 340

5%"&8" DISK DRIVES

siemans

FDD100-8D8"Sgl/DblDen S 169

Mitsubishi

2894-63 Dbl/Dbl Den S 389

Shugart

SA801RSgl/DblDen S 355

SA851R Dbl/Dbl Den 469

Tandon

TM100-1160K S 160

TM100-2320K 225

TM 101-4 quad Density 339

TM 848-1 Sgl/Dbl Den 359

TM848-2Dbl/DblDen 435

We Will Beat All Competitor Prices on Disk Drives

Commodore Corner

64Computer S 229

1541DiskDrive S 269

1525 Graphic Printer 259

170114"ColorMonitor 279

Data 20

Z80Card S 259

80ColumnCard 159

DISK DRIVES FOR APPLE & FRANKLIN

Super 5

Sup-5 S 209

Controller 69

5%" Disks verbatim

525-01 Sgl./Dbl.w/plasticcase S 26

550-01 Dbl./DbLw/plasticcase 35

Rana systems

Elite I S 249

Elite II 399

Elite III 499

•Add S79 for Controller

Micro Sci

A-2 S 219

•Add S70 for Controller

Ouentin Research

AppleMate S 209

Controller 60

800-847-1718

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA

NEW RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd. inglewood, CA 90304

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936 Hawthorne, CA 90250

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

USI

P11 (9"AmberHiRes> S 130

PI 2 (9"Creen HiResl 120

Pi 3 (l2"AmberHiRes) 139

PI4 d2"CreenHiResl 130

BMC

12AU d2"Creen) S 79

9191 Color Composite 249

EUNI20MHZ) 134

zenith

ZVM123 (12"Creen) (New) S 95

Amdek

300A S 149

310A 169

Colon Composite 289

ColorllRCB 429

Princton Graphics

PCSHX12w/IBMCable S 475

Taxan

12 "Amber S 139

LOW PRICED

Hi Quality

DISKETTES

BY*" Disks

SglSide/Dbl Density S17abox

DblSide/Dbl Density 27abox

8" Disks

SglSide/Dbl Density S28abox

DblSide/Dbl Density 34abox

All Disks come w/Reinforced Hub, 5 yr warranty and not bulk packed.

Advanced Access

Smoked Plexiglass Diskette Tub Holds 80 . S 19 8 "Version 26

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

5Va" Cabinets

SglCabinetw/pwr. supply

DualCabinetsw/pwrsupply

8" Cabinets

SglCabinetsw/fan&pwr. supply . Dual Cabinetsw/fan & pwr. supply

S 55 85

209 259

All Products Have 90 Day toSYr. warranty

if you don't see

what you are

looking for,

give us a call, we

have much more

available

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

Technical & Customer Service (213)219-0808

All merchandise new. We accept MC. Visa, Wire Transfer, COD Call, Certified Check, P.O. s from qualified firms, APO accepted. Shipping: Minimum S3.50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res. Only add 6VM» sales tax.

Prices Subject to Change Mon., Tues, Thurs. & Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Wednesday 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. Sat. & Sun. 11 a.m. to 4 D.m,

TBI QT jlf^x.

MICRO SALES

•k MADE IN USA * BUY FACTORY DIRECT *

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

§

a|fc\ DISK DRIVE «4>, BLOWOUT SALE

£>

THE LOWEST PRICES IN BYTE!

8" Shugart 801R SS/DD - Slashed $355.00

8" Shugart 851R Double Sided 1.2 Meg! 457.00

8" Qume Datalrak-8 DS/DD "THE BEST" 479.00

8" Mitsubishi Full Height Double Sided 1 Year P+L 445.00

8" Mitsubishi Thinline DS/DD 1 Year Parts + Labor 465.00

8" Tandon 848-1 Slimline SS/DD 600K BYTES 355.00

8" Tandon 848-2 Slimline Double Sided 1.2 Meg 475.00

8" Siemens 100-8 SS/DD ON SALE NOW!!! 169.00

5ft" Mitsubishi Full height 96T.P.I DS/DD 750K 295.00

5'/<" Mistubishi Slimline 96T.P.I. DS/DD 750K 315.00

5ft" Tandon TM-100-1 SS/DD 48T.P.1168K 199.00

5ft" Tandon TM-100-21.B.M. PC Add-on! 259.00

5ft" Tandon TM 100-4 DS/DD 96T.P.1.750K 369.00

*

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems

w/two Misubishi DS/DD Assem. + Tested $1170.00

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD Assem. + Tested 975.00

w/two Shugart 851R DS/DD Assem. + Tested 1225.00

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/0D Assem. + Tested 675.00

w/two Qume DT-8 DS/DD Assem. + Tested 1250.00

Cabinet A & T w/Power Supply and Aces 235.00

Cabinet Top and Bottom Only 69.50

All cabinets A 4 T and subsystems include all AC/DC wiring and 50 pin data cable except the horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable and requires an external 50 pin cable part #06000-01 $ 25.00

5V<" Subsystems

w/lwo 48TPI SS/DD includes all cables

w/two 48TPI DS/DD includes all cables

w/two 96TPI DS/DD includes all cables

.495.00 .595.00 .695.00

FANTASTIC SAVINGS!

ON THE ORIGINAL S-100 MOD

For engineers, hobhiesls, and anyone who wants to save a bundle, the SI-MOT is the answer. Full regulated power to run up to tourlloppy disks coupled wilt a mamoth S-100 power supply and 12 slot bus, makes the S1-M0D an exceptional computer base. Single board design means no wiring from the powei suppply to the motherboard. This eliminates all ground loop problems associatec with other brands of mainframes who are forced to use termination. The S1-M0T. is being ottered Ihis month with a matching S-100-12 cabinet. Fan cooled, fused with reset and keylock the cabinet is also enamel painted and silk screened Four A.C. outlets are provided for peripheral hookup and plenty of cutouts available for RS-232, Centronics + others. Our regular $225.00 price for Iht S1-M0D and 250.00 price for our 12 slot cabinet is being SLASHED! • * • SPECIFICATIONS* * *

Input 120V/60HZ. 230V/50HZ.

Don't settle for those c

Unregulated +8V @ 30A ±16V@6A

mag.

+5V @ 5A +24V@3A -5V @ 1A ) 6 slot immilations you've seen elsewhere in this I THE BEST! XO'R S-1 MOO and S-100-12 Cabinet $395.00

• WINCHESTER

5ft" Miniscribe 5 Meg* Hard Disk 5ft" Miniscribe 10 Meg* Hard Disk 5ft" Miniscribe 16 Meg* Hard Disk

HARD DISKS •

Affordable $695.00

- Twice the Space 850.00

■Best Buy 995.00

! A

8" POWER

For Two 8" Floppys

+5VDC @ 4 Amps +24VDC @ 3 Amps -5VDC § 1 Amp

ONLY 59.95

S-100 POWER

For 6 to 22 Slots

+8VDC @ 30 Amps +16VDC @ 6 Amps -16VDC @ 6 Amps

89.50

ONLY

5V<" Miniscribe 10 Meg' Thinline only Vh inches wide! 793.00

8" Quantum 20* Megabyte Winchester - Two Platters 1895.00

8" Quantum 40' Meg Four Platter - Most Popular 2395.00

8" Quantum 85' Megabyte - Special Order on this Monster!... .2895.00 8" IOMEGA ALPHA 10-10 Megabyte' Removeable Disk Cartridge with SCSI Microprocessor Controlled Interface

(Controls up to Four IOMEGA Cartridge Drives) 1895.00

IOMEGA 10 Megabyte Cartridge - No Interface P.C.B 895.00

♦LAST MINUTE SPECIAL!!! Buy any Winchester hard disk drive above and get a Western Digital hard disk interface board AT COST! ONLY 295.00!

'Total storaoe space alter lormaltino.

'UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY.

.69.95

California Computer Systems

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . .$1995.0C

* Includes CP/M® 2.2

* DMA Disk Controller

* 2-Real Time Clocks

* 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

+ Hardware Vectored Interrupts

• Supports CP/M® ,MP/M® ,0ASI

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200

THE LEADER OF THE HAYES MODEM FAMILY

• 1200 Baud - Bell 212A Compatable • 300 Baud - Bell 103 Compatable

• Automatic Dialing - Touchtone or Pulse

• Automatic Send, Receive and Disconnect

• Built-in Speaker for Monitoring Call Line

These are just a lew leatures of Hie Smartmodem 1200, the best modem you can buy, in tact, it performs just about any communication function you can imagine, and can

be program controlled using any language. Our special price $549.00

*Make things easy lor yourself. Get the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 with CROSSTALK™ software 5629.00

<

CCS 2300 System, A & T. $1695.0(

• Includes CP/M® 2.2 * New 2066 64K Memor

• 2300 Mainframe * 2422 Disk Controller

• 2810 Z-80A CPU * Complete A+T

• 2710 4 Port Serial $245.0

• 2719 2 Serial - 2 Parallel 245.0

• 2810 CPU Z-80 at 4 MHz On/y-255.0

• 2422 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 On/y-330.0

• 2066 64K Dynamic Memory On/y—360.0

• 2300A Mainframe Assem. + Tested On/y—455.0

• CCS Apple Boards Call Toll Free For Price

CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-552

DRIVE CABINET DEALS

BIG SALE!

On assembled and tested cabinets.

One year parts ant) labor on these dual drive cabinets, complete with power supplies, A.C. and D.C. cables, 50 pin data cables (vertical only) and complete mounting hardware.

8" horizontal cabinet assembled and tested #S-1000-O5 SALE $199.00

50 pin data cable for horizontal cabinet #C-6000-O1 $ 25.00

8" vertical cabinet complete w/50 pin data cable #S-1000-13 SALE $199.00

5V<" vertical cabinet complete with 34 pin data cable #S-1000-20 SALE $129.00

BARE CABINETS!

Horizontal or vertical types, we'll even supply mounting hardware. Cabinets are enamel painted a beautiful tan texture and have mounting holes available for fan, drives, A.C. cable, power supply, etc.

Horizontal 8"Empty $59.95

Vertical 8" Empty $55.00

• The fifty-five dollar • 8" Power Supply is Back!

Specifications:

For 2 8" Floppys + 5 V.D.C. <fi> 4 Amps + 24 V.D.C ® 3 Amps -5 V.D.C. @ 1 Amp

Perfect for do il yourseu applications. Will run at 120V/50 Hz or 23OV/50 Hz. All power supplies include D.C. cables and schematic.

#U-1000-02 8" Power Supply $55.00

SS/DD A.C. Harness #C-6000-37 $ 7.50

DS/DD A.C. Harness #C-6000-38 $ 7.50

PERIPHERAL SPECIALS

XOR 500

TERMINAL

SALE!

XOR 500: A new video display terminal featuring * Screen tilt * Detached keyboard * 9 cursor control keys • 5 function keys • 7 screen attributes • 25th status line • 50-19.2K baud • Column + filed tab * and more • All these features with a full 6 month warranty make this terminal the best buy on the market. XOR 500 #T-1000-15 $495.00

PMMI S-100 MODEMS

2 models are now available. The highly popular MM103 which is Bell 103A @ 300 baud, also runs at 600 baud, and the new modem from PMMI which is Bell 103A and 212 compatible at 300 and 1200 baud, auto answer auto dial IEEE 696 standard. If software is a problem, we've got it! Designed specifically for the PMMI

#M-2000-45 300-600 baud $349.00

#M-2000-44 300-1200 baud $595.00

#8-1001-16 Crosstalk Software ... $150.00

OKIDATA ML92

«* — t

Okldala MIcroline: New versatility, correspondence quality pi ing and speed make the ML92 and ML93 the Pes! printer va in their categories. Both primers provide multi-speed print mo. bi-directional high speed mode with short line seeking logi 160cps, emphasized and enhanced mode printing al 80cps. high resolution correspondence quality printing al 40cps. addressable graphics is standard. Beth serial and parallel mc are available and BOTH prices Include lull tractor assembly a extra charge.

#M-2000-10 parallel w/tractor ... $599 #M-2000-83 serial w/tractor $699

5 ^"MITSUBISHI

5'A" Hall Height Floppys. 48 or 96 T.P.I. These double sided, double density drives will hold .5 and 1 megabytes unformatted — full one year parts and I; warranty. The 48 T.P.I, drives are perfect tor IB P.C. add-ons!

#0-1000-34 DS/DD 48 T.P.I. Thinline . $295 #0-1000-32 DS/DD 96 T.P.I. Thinline $315

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

TfW® LL@(g®'SD®[3iig ft® dfcgorw® Y?@w

ORDER TOLL FREE

a EAST & <k WEST ft

1 (800) 435-9357 1 (800) 854-8174

In III. (815) 485-4002

In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492

V& w 852? MICRO

TERMS: We accept VISA/MC, prepay, check or money order. Please allow personal check two weeks to dear before shipment. $5.00 handling charge on all orders under 550.00.15% Restocking Fee All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. All UPS COO. orders over $100.00 require a Cashiers Check #0ur products cany a full 6 months parts and labor warranty excluding drrves, primers and terminals which carry the full O.E.M. factory warranty. PRICES SU8JECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

[ • MADE IN USA • BUY FACTORY DIRECT • ]

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

• WEST • 15392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

CUSTOM COMPUTER SYSTEMS by XOR

Why do companies like IBM. Corp. Atari Corp., Mattel Elec. Kennedy Space Center. Edwards A F.B., Motorola Corp., Raytheon, and Pacific Technology buy product by mail from us? Maybe it's our full 1 year parts and labor warranty on all XOR O.E.M. products. It could be our state of the art technology, or even the factory direct sales and service. We think it's our custom computer systems with over 1000 possible configurations. It you don't see it advertised, call us today, chances are we CAN custom build the system YOU need.

* MICRO MANAGERS: POWERFUL, PORTABLE, AND AFFORDABLE •

Don"! be fooled by the system's small portable size. A full 64K of memory with an industry standard S-100 bus. Includes CP/M 2.2 and many utilities on two disks. Add on a hard disk when you need more storage. ' 'The software and hardware that comes with each 5% "system, is ready to run a pair of 8" single or double sided floppies, just plug in the 50 pin data cable to the system — many other configuralions are available,"

5Vi" Z-80A 64K CP/M System

* Dual Floppy 375K SS/DD 40 Track $1445.00

* Dual Floppy 750K DS/D0 40 Track $1595.00

* Dual Floppy 1.5 Meg DS/DD 80 Track $1645.00

* Chassis (No boards No drives No CPM 2,2| $ 425.00

Inexpensive but powerful, small enough for portability, these mini hard disk systems have a special XOR interlace to the S-100 bus that leaves an S-100 slot open for expandability. Choose (rom 5. 10. and 16 megabyte sizes (6.5, 12, + 20 megabyte unformatted.) Includes CP/M operating system.

5V*" Hard Disk with y2 Height Floppys

* 5 Megabyte Hard Disk w/375 Floppy $2195.00

* 5 Megabyte Hard Disk w/750K Floppy $2345.00

* 10 Megabyte Hard Disk w/Two Floppy 1.5 Meg $2795.00

* 16 Megabyte Hard Disk w/Two Floppy 1.5 Meg $2895.00

Our most popular computer leatures a 4 slot S-100 bus and 8" industry standard format. Reads and writes the IBM 3740 lormat as well as any byte size sector. Expandable? Yes, add a hard disk or cartridge subsystem when your data base grows, includes CP/M. operating system

2.4 Meg DS/DD 8" CP/M System

System with Dual SS/DD 1.2 Megabyte $1795.00

System with Dual DS/DD 2.4 Megabytes $1995.00

System with NO Drives (includes CP/M) $1195.00

Syslem Chassis (No boards, no drives, no CP/M) ... $ 395.00

• THE BASIC PROFESS ONAL FLOPPY. HARD DISK AND TAPE BACKUP •

2.4 Meg DS/DD 64K Z-80A CP/M System

This "Industry Standard" computer features a 12 slot maherrjoarrj, 30 amp power supply, 2 serial RS-232 pons, Centronics parallel port and CP/M software. The XOR disk controller ncluded. will read and write the IB M. 3740 lormat (8" CP/M standard) as well as R/W single on double sided, single or double density, and any byte/size sector. One year parts md labor on the complete system. y?S-tO0O-36S2345.00. SS/CD Drives available as well as V half height systems

20 Meg Winchester w/2.4 Meg Floppys

For the serious professional this system leatures the (amous S-100-12 cabinet with XOR's S1-M0D 12 slot motherboard. The Quanlum hard disk has two 10 Meg platlers A: and B: which allows backup between two ten Meg platters. #S-1000-63 $5275.00

20'M H.D. with 17M Tape and 1.2M Floppy

Backup your priceless data on this lull '7 megabyte tape drive and be able to pip tiles between any ol the three peripherals for total versatility. Booi CP/M Irom hard disk or tloppy. change tapes lor archival storage. Reads and writes the IBM 3740 Format (8" CPM standard) and has our (amous I year warranty. Call us toll free. #S-1000-69 $6390.00. Above system with a A platter 40 megabyte hard disk #S-1000-82 $7240.00 ^

U.S. MICRO SALES SOFTWARE GIVEAWAY!

Order any system below and get all of the following software and manuals absolutely FREE! CP/M Operating System, Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Mailer, Perfect Calc, AND an eight module business accounting package by BUSINESSMASTER INCLUDING: A/R order entry, A/P purchase orders, G/L, Payroll, Mailing List, Fixed Asset Accounting, Inventory (RAW), and inventory regular goods. AND multi-user systems also include Digital Research's MP/M and Link-80 software. S1685.00 value.

• THE OFFICE MASTERS! REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DISK SYSTEMS •

FREE

FREE

10 Meg Cartridge Disk And 1.2 Meg Floe, „

n office system at an almost unBelievable price when you consider the bundle ol applications iltwate thai ccmes with the system Ten megabytes ol formatted storage on a removable irtridge disk allows unlimited storage space with extra 10 Meg cartridges available at $50.00 icti With ihe speed and reliability ol a hard disk and removability of a floppy this office aster is the choice #S-tOO0-74 53695.00

TWO 10 Meg Removable and DS/DD Floppy

Destined D be our #1 seller and no one else makes anything like it. A true s!ale-ol-!he-an syslem with virtually no-limit to storage capacities in 10 Meg removable cartridges. Backup problems'' Get high speed backup Irom cartridge to cartndge. ten megabytes worth, in 6 minutes1 HINT We don't use "PIP " Future technology here today. AS-100-76 54595.00

Multi-User Cartridge Disk System

Four users and two 10 megabyte removable cartridge disks may be |usl whal you want lo automate your office or small business, with all Ihe software packages you'll ever need. A multi-user verion ol the system at left, these users can be up to 100 feet away from each other. Most any terminal will work with the user ports and we do sell terminals too Call us loil tree #S-1000-80 $5825.00

• THE BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS: HARD DISK MULTI-USER SYSTEMS •

2 User Hard Disk System

Iwenly megebyte hard disk (2 platter) with a DS/DD 1.2 Meg floppy disk akes this a perfect system lor a small business. Two user allows dual acss lo the system files with each station up to 100 leel apart! Full one year irts and labor. #S-1000-G1 $5495.00

o 1*1

40 Meg Hard Disk 4 User System

A must for a growing business' Two DS/DD floppys (2.4 Meg) lor data backup and copy with a A platter '10 Meg hard disk lour user capability to automate the whole frorr. office You can even designate a 10 Meg platter to each user! Same warranty as all our products — (configurable Irom 2 to 7 users) #S-1000-60 $7295

7 User 85 Meg w/17 Meg Backup

Now it's available, the automated business system to run even those large companies! 7 separate users lied into one professional host system. II 85 Meg isn't enough, we can put together as much as three hundred and forty megabytes! Full 17 Meg tape backup insures archival storage of valuable data IS-1D00-98 $9595.00

Circle 466 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

BiS-100 BOARDS GCP/M PLUS

VNTECH CCMPANV

SDC 000

Z-80 Single Doard Computer

Fully complies with IEEE 696 (S100) Bus Standard Z-80 CPU: 4 or 6 MHz 64 K Bytes ol RAM with parity 2 to 16 K Bytes ot PROM 24 bit addressing to 16 M Bytes Full SASI Port with 8 bit I/O data bus Fully Programmable Communications Options Dual Programmable Serial Full-Duplex Channels Supports CP/M Plus, MP/M, and TURBODOS Permanent Bus Master or Slave Two Full Duplex Serial Ports Asynchronous, Synchronous, or HDLC Software Selectable Baud Rate 50-57,600 Software Selectable 5.6.7 or 8 Bits/Characters; Even, Odd, or No Parity; 1,1.5,2 Stop Bits CRC Generation/Checking/Sync Modes Polled I/O or Interrupt 3-16 Bit Counter Timers/8536 CIO Chip 1 Year Warranty

Pari No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BUSDS38095 Z80A 4MHz A&T $741.00 $629.00

BUSDS38092 Z80B 6MHz A&T $825.00 $699.00

DUPGC26924DS 2' Internal Serial I/O cable $ 14.65

BUPGC50M12S 12" 50 pin internal disk cable

23.60

VERSAFLOPPY III

Floppy and Hard Disk Controller

• S-100 (IEEE/696) Compatible

• Supports four 5V4" or 8" floppies

• Phased lock loop data separator

• Supports three 5'A" Winchester drives

• Complete error checking

• 2K byte sector buffer

• Data transfer of up to 5M bytes/sec.

Ave liable September, 1983 — ORDER TODAY1

BUSDS38099 VFW-3 Disk Controller (A&T) $ 895.00 $765.90

B0PD6VF33914I* w/5'.V unbanked CP/M"' 3 0ST083 00 $695.99

BUPDBIT339I42' w/8" unbanked CP/M' 3.0 $1083.00 $695.90

BUPDBirF339143* w/5%" banked CP/M» 3.0 $1083.00 $895.00

BUPBBIT339144' w/8" banked CP/M* 3.0 $1083.00 $695.00 *CP/MS 3.0 is configured lor the SDS SBC300 board.

VERSAFLOPPY 11/696

Floppy Disk Controller

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• Concurrent support of 4 drives of 5'A" or 8"

• Double density formats

• Separate connectors for 5V>" and 8" drive cables

• Single and double sided disk drive capability

• CRC error code checking

• Phased locked loop data separator

• Recommended for operation with the Z80 CPU

BUSDS3S098 Versatloppy II/696 (Ml) $400.00 $359.89

BUP06»F238I41* With 5%" unbanked CP/M» $520.00 $429.00

BUPDBVF239142- With 8" unbanked CP/M" $520.00 $429.90

BUPDBVF239143* With 5'A" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.09

BUP0BW239I44* With 8" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.00

•CP/M" 3.0 configured for the SDS SBC300.

SOFTWARE-CP/M PLUS™ 3.0

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND OS INFORMATION:

CP/M15 3.0 requires a minimum of 112K bytes of system RAM partitioned into two banks (64K each)' for operation. Memory size parameters are communicated to the OS by menu selections in GENCPM. The OS is divided into two modules, the resident portion that resides in the common memory, and the banked portion that occupies the upper area of BNANK 0 (/ust below the common area) The common area must be from 4 K to 16 K to be compatible with the distribution configuration.

BUSDS39144 CP/M 3.0 8" banked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

BUSDS39142 CP/M 3.0 8" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

BUSDS39143 CP/M 3.0 5'A" banked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

BUSDS39141 CP/M 3.0 5'A" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.90

.•,391ft. IS?! Mw^i

KM* *K»fM|f M;» «•» «m m»KS»

) • . li

tt»niitirtmBHi !Tiliij*l fc^ZSxi^QM lU-^W

I/O-6

S Port Serial I/O

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• Synchronous or asynchrous DTE/DCE

• I/O ports are adressable to any 8 byte boundary in 64 K

• Software selectable baud rate

• Full duplex, up to 1 Mbit/sec in synchronous mode

• 5, 6,7, or 8 data bits/character

• Stop bits- 1, 1.5, 2

• Parity - odd, even, or none

• Error detection - parity, overrun, CRC or framing Interrupts:

• Receiver ready

• All receive characters

Real Time Clock Willi Battery Backup

Pari No. Description

Ust Price Our Price

BUS0S3B093 8 Async serial (A&T) $695.00 $594.99

BUSDS380S4 8 Sync serial (A&T) $795.00 $875.60

CaNerEach port has its own 26 pin header Order one I/O cable tor each port used B0PGC26S24DS 26 pin SKT collector to DB25S 24" $14.65 BUPGC26S600P 26 pin SKT connector to DB25P 5' $ 15.70 BUPGC26S60DS 26 pin SKT connector to DB255 5' $ 16.55

PROM 100

Eprom Durner

• S100 (IEEE-696) Compatible

• Programs the Following EPROMs: 2708. Intel 2758.2716.2732. and Texas Instruments 2516

• Dip Switch Selection of EPROM type

• 25 VDC Programming Pulse Generated On Board

• Maximum Programming Time: 16.384 Bits in 100 Seconds

• Power Requirement: +8VDC at 300 ma.:+16 VDC at 100 ma:-V0C at 60 ma.

• TTL compatible

• Software Listing Provides tor Reading of Object File from SDOS, CP/M or PROM and Programming into PROM

• Program Verification

• Verification of Erasure

• Zero Insertion Force Socket

» One Year Warranty

8US0S38878 PROM-100 w/software(A&T) $285.00 $224.00

Z60

STARTER

SYSTEM

A COMPLETE MICROCOMPUTER ON A BOARD

• Z80 CPU with 158 Instructions

• On-board keyboard and display

• On-board PROM programmer for single voltage PROMs (2716. 2758. TI2516)

• Kansas City standard cassette interface

• Simple key controlled audio cassette load and dump

• Expansipn provision for mounting two S-100 connectors (Sockets not included)

• Wire wrap area for custom circuitry

• Single Step through RAM or PROM

• Memory examine and change

• Port examine and change

• Z80 CPU register and change

• 2K Byte ZBUG monitor in ROM

• 1K Bytes of RAM (expandable to 2K Bytes)

• A 4 Channel hardware counter/timer (Z80-CTC)

• Two bi-directional 8-bit I/O ports (Z80-P10)

• Up to 5 programmable breakpoints

• Switch selectable PROM or monitor restart

• Vectored interrupts provided by Z80-CTC and Z80-P10

BUSDS38007 Z80 Starter System (A&T) $450.00 $382.00 (Shipping Weight 4 lbs)

ExpandoRAM IV

256K Dynamic RAM

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• 256 K Configuration

• DIP Switch Selectable Addressing

• Board may reside anywhere in the 24 Bit address space of the IEEE-696 Bus

• 8 and 16 Bit data Transfers

• Parity Check

• Optional Error Detection/Correction

• Invisible refresh at end of any OP code fetch forced refresh cycle every 10-16 microseconds

• Error Detection and Correction (Hamming Code) 1 bit correctionoptional

• 1 Year Warranty

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BUSDS380B8 ExpandoRAM IV256K(A&T)S1145.00 $960.00 BUSDS38089 ExpandoRAM IV 256K $1990.00 $980.00 w/EDC (A&T)

ExpondoRAM III

Random Access Memory Doard

• POWER: +7V to +10V rs 400 mA (max)

• 1 year warranty

• Phantom output disable or manual switch selectable outpu disable

• Typical power dissipation of 5 watts

• 4 MHz operation

• Port addressable board select for multi-user system

• POWER: (2 S memory cycle) +7VIO+10 V 9 400 mA(max)

• 1 Year Warranty

BUSDS38097 256K ExpandoRAMIII /696 $825.00 $649.01

(A&T)

ROM DISK 126

Program Accelerator

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• 128K Bytes of storage per board

• Uses 16 user supplied 2764 or 2732 type EPROMs

• Up to four boards per system for a total of 512 K

• Meets all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications

• Serial Port provided (using 8251 UART)

• Dip switch selectable addressing

• Looks like a disk drive to the system

• Eliminates media problems

• CP/M Plus support porvided

• Ideal for environments where mechanical drives are not practica

• CP/M* and MP/M"' install programs

• 1 Year Warranty

BUS0S38081 ROM DISC 128Kw/oEPROMS(A&T) $350 00 $296.0 BUSDS81103 ROM DISC Manual BUPGC26S24DS 2' Internal Serial I/O cable

RAM DISK 256

Program Accelerator

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• 256 K bytes of sequentially accessed memory

• On-board transparent refresh (only when the Ml signal 1 stopped)

• Faster than a floppy disk drive

• Install program included (when configured the RAM DISK-25 looks like a single density 8" disk drive)

• Source code libraries included

• On-board dynamic RAM controller

• Bank addressing allows the use of four boards in the same ad ress to be accessed giving you up to 1 Mbyte of storage

• Asynchronous bus operation and uses the WAIT line only ; needed

• 1 Year Warranty

Part No.

Description

Ust Price Our Price

BUS0S38082 Ram Disk 256K (A&T) $875.00 $715.00

BUSBS6I102 Manual $ 10.00

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworfh:) (213) 709-5464 - (IrrineO (714) 660-1411

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

nvrc cn^Dmu0r iqfn

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

=:

CPU DOARDS

68K-68000 16 DIT CPU

16 till 8 oi 10 MH; onboard sockels for 2716, 2732, or 2764

EPROMs for up 1o 8K x 16 ol memory

fill Hi. Hlicr1)tln

BUGBTU4A AST 8MHz BU6BT1B4C CSC 10MHz

Ull Wei 0«r Met

S695 oo $512.95

S850 00 $765.00

CP/M® 68K NOW AVAILABLE!! FORTH OPERATING SYSTEM INCLUDED

Now CompuPro and Digital Hesearch bring you CP/M lor the 68000 Also included is the FORTH Operating System which requires a DISK 1.64K ol CompuPro memory and an INTERFACER 3 or 4.

BUCBTCPMMI 68000 CP/M' & FORTH 0/S 5350 00

CO-PROCESSOR 6066/6067

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 60B6 CPU with sockets lor 8067 and 80136

s 750.00 $494.95

■UtBTtMIt A&T BMHz 8086 only BUQBTI86C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $ 850.00 S7M.St BUGIT1MM7 A&T with 8087 option $1050.00 $930.00

BU6BTIBBCB7 CSC with 8087 option' $115000 $1085.00

•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

DUAL PROCESSOR 6065-6086

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bit S-100 bus.

BU6BTI6IM A&T 6MHz BUGBTI612C CSC 6/8 MHz

$495.00 $595.00

prrar

$497,87

BUSBTH0A BU6BT1B0C

CPUZ - Z60D CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing. FASTEST ZOO CPU AVAILABLE!

$325.00 $228.95

3/6 MHz A&T 3/6 MHz CSC

$425.00 $374.87

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA, Soft Sector, Controls Up to Four 8" or 5'A" Single or Double Density Drives!

$489.00 $450.00 S5B5.00 $368.95 $550 00 SIM.85

BSPDBI7IACPM A&T W/CPM 2.2« & BIOS $670.00

When purchased w/lwo 8" disk drives only

BUPOBIJICCPK CSC w/CP/M 2.2" & BIOS $770.00

8UGBT17IA BUSBT1T1C

6UG8TCPK80

Disk 1 Controller A&T $495.00

Disk 1 Controller CSC $595.00

CP/M 2.2* lor Z80/8085 w/manual & BIOS 8" S/D disk BUBBTCPMBB CP/M 2.2'- for 8086 w/manuals & BIOS $258.85 8" S/D disk

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fast DMA 2 board set controls 4 Shugart 4000 series or Fujitsu 2300 type drives Includes CP/M 2.2".

BUBBTI77* Assembled & Tested $795.00

BUGBTI77C CSC $895.00

$568.95

S 850.00

M-DRIVE/H PROGRAM ACCELERATOR

Interfaces Ihrough two 1/0 ports, and runs at 10MHz IEEE 696 compatible.

Requires any CompuPro CPU and a DISK 1. Each board contains 512K of

fast low power (900mA) RAM. with parity checking.

BUBBTIB7A

BUGBT197C

M-DRIVE/H w/software, A&T $1895.00 M-OfllVE/Hw/software.CSC $2095.00

51249.00

51495.00

STATIC RAM

RAM 17 - 64 K CMOS STATIC RAM

12 MHz, RAM 17, 2 Watt DMA Compatible 24 Bit Addressing

BUBBT17SAM 64K A&T 12MHz BUBBTI7SCM 64K CSC 12MHz

$499.00 $480.00 J599.00 $550.00

RAM 16 - 32Kx 16 BIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit 12MHz, RAM 16, 32K x 16 or64K x 8 IEEE/696 16 Bit 2 Watt 24 Bit Addressing. 12MHz

$55000 $510.00

BUGBT180A B0GBT180C

64K A&T 12MHz 64KCSC 12MHz

$650.00 $810.00

RAM 21 - 126K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz. 128K x 8 or 64K x 16 IEEE/696 8 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps. 24 Bit Addressing, 12MHz

$1095.00 $858.95

BUGBTI90A BUGBT190C

128K A&T 128K CSC

$1245.00 $1125.1

I/O DOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION DOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 15 levels of interrupt, real time clock, optional math processor.

Pllt Nt.

Ducrtplloii

Uil Price Oar Price

BUBBT1BM

BUGBT182C

BU6BT823I

BUGBT8232

BUGBT162AMI

BU6BT1BICMI

BUBBTlBtAK

BUGBT162CM2

Assembled & Tested

CSC

Math Chip

Math Chip

A&T w/8231 Math Chip

CSC w/8231 Math Chip

A&T w/8232 Mafh Chip

CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$450.00 $308.95

$550.00 $495.00

$195.00

$195.00

$645.00 $538.95

$745.00 $870.00

$645.00 $538.95

$745.00 $670.89

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active Termination, 6-12-20 Slot

BU6BT153A B0GBT153C BU6BTI54A BUGBTI54C BUGBTI55A BU6BT155C

A&T 6 slot (2 lbs.) CSC 6 slot (2 lbs.) A&T 12 slot (3 lbs.) CSC 12 slot (3 lbs.) A&T 20 slot (4 lbs.) CSC 20 slot (4 lbs.)

$140.00 $125.00 $190.00 $155.00 $175.00 $155.00 $240.00 $220.00 $265.00 $235.00 $340.00 $310.00

CompuPro

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O

■IHn IM Assembled & Tested ■DMTIttC CSC

$295.00 $198.95 $37000 $128.00

INTERFACER 2

Three parallel, one serial I/O board

$325.00 $249.00 $399.00 $358.00

BU6BTI50A Assembled & Tested BU6BT150C CSC

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial 1/0 board

BUGBT1748A Assembled & Tested

BUGBT1748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port

BUBBT1745* Assembled & Tested

BUBBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port

$699.00 $518.95 $849.00 $74!,88 $599.00 $448.95 $699.00 $828.88

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel. 1 Centronics Parallel

BUSBT1B7A Assembled & Tested BU6BTI87C CSC

$450.00 $314.87 $540.00 $414.81

MPX CHANNEL DOARDS

I/O Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board W/16K RAM

$649.00 $584.89 $749.00 $874.89

BU6BT166A16 Assembled & Tested BUGBT186C16 CSC

*»5,J»

256K AND 128K IEEE/696 S-100 - ULTRA LOW POWER!

RAM 22

Fully static design eliminates timing problems associated with Dynamic RAMs (<4 Watts) Guaranteed to work with any IEEE/696 S-100 DMA device

24 bit extended addressing 8 or 16 bit data Single 5V operation Assembled and Tested

DURDTI98A

128K RAM 21

12 MHz

SUPER SALE PRICE:

$1500.00

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY 2 OR MORE

$1595.00™

12 MHz

Fully static design uses less power than dynamics SUPER SALE PRICES

(1.2A typical)

• 24 bit extended addressing

• 8 or 16 bit data

• 16K window deselect

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable

• Fully DMA compatible

• Assembled and Tested

BUGBTRAM21 LIST PRICE: $1295.00

$650.00

EACH, WHEN YOU DUY TWO OR MORE

$695.00,

64K 10MHz LOW POWER S-100 IEE/STATIC RAMS RAM 17 RAM 16

64K 8 BIT / 24 BIT ADDRESS

DUGBTRAM17 List Price: $499 00

64K 8 or 32K 16 BIT / 24 BIT ADDRESS

BUGBTRAM16 List Price $550.00

$299.00

$325.00

■A

PRIORITYLof^ELECTRONICS

9161 Deermg Ave., Chatswor th. CA 91311 ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111

Terms US VISA. MC, BAG. Check. Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6W% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $1S00, Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING of 53.00 for the first 3 lbs olus40C for each additional pound. Orders over50 lbs. sent freight colled. Just in case, include your phone number. Prices subiecl to change without notice. We will dooui best to maintain prices through September, 1983. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, norainchecks, no refunds ui exchanges on sale merchandise. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We aie not responsible tor typograpical errors

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

TELETEK

THE SYSTEMASTER Z80 SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

FEATURES:

• Z8UA 4 MHz CPU with 64 K bytes of on-bonrd RAM • RAM is partitioned into two banks. One is always active, and the other deselectable, allowing the use of MP/M • Provisions tor and EPROM (2716,2732. or2764) • Two RS232 serial I/O ports,45 to 19,200 baud

• Two 8 bit parallel 1/0 ports • DMA floppy disk controller • Single or double density, single or double sided • Controls up to4 drives of 5 1/4" or 8" drives* Simultaneous operation of four8"and5%"drives • Real time clock

SysteMaitnr- For Operation With CP/M*

Pirt Ho. Description Uil Price Our Price

BUTLKA1001 Configured witb a 250 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00

comp for use with Sugart and

Siemens 8" drives BUTLKA1002 Configured with a 0 nS prewrite $895.00 $050.00

comp for use with Qume, Tandon,

Mitsubishi and MPI8" drives

SyjteMaiter1 For Operation with TurboDOS' BUTLKA1003 Configured with a 250 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00

comp for use with Shugart

and Siemens 8" drives BUTLKA1004 Configured with a 0 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00

comp for use with Qume, Tandon,

Mitsubishi, and MPl 8" drives

Shipping weights on above items; 2 lbs. each

SDC-1 Z60A SLAVE PROCESSOR

FEATURES:

• Z80A4MHz.orZ80B6MHzCPU • 12BK(fully populated) on board

RAM • Memory can be partioned onto 4 K segments on any 4 K boundary

• Provisions lor one 2716,2732. or 2764 EPROM • Two RS232 serial ports. 45 to 19.200 baud • Two parallel ports

Pert No. Oeicriptlon

Uit Price Our Price

BUUKA1027 4MHZ SBC-1 W/128K RAM BUTLKA10286MHZ SBc-1 W/128K RAM

S 945.00 $ 895.00 $1145.00 $1050.00

LONG DISTANCE ADAPTOR DOARDS

BUTLKA1200PSCIRS232)longdislanceinter1aceup to 50 It $125.00 BUTIKAI202 PSC (RS4 22) long distance interlace up to 400(1 It $125.00 BUTLKA1220 PPD parallel interface for up to 250 It. $ 65.00

Z60A MULTI-FUNCTIONED fESTURES CPU DOARD

• Z80 4MHz CPU

• Floppy disk controller: Contrails single/double sided, single/double density, 5 1/4" and 8" disk drives or both at the same time (4 drives maximum) • On board2716monitor EPROM • Provisions for two more 2716 EPROMs • Two RS232 serial ports (45 to 9600 baud) • Two parallel ports • Real time clock • PROM programmer for 2716's (requires an external voltage source)

Pert No. Description

Uit Price Our Price

BUTLKA1099FDC-1 0 nS prewrite comp (or $695.00 $660.00

use with QUME, MITSUBISHI.

TANDON, and MPl BUTIKA1105 FDC-1 250 nS prewrite comp for $695 00 $660.00

use with SHUGART. and SIEMENS

256K DYNAMIC MEMORY DOARD

FEATURES:

• Guaranteed tooperatea14MHzwith no wait states • 256Kdynamic RAM uses the popular 4164 IC • PHANTOM signal disables output of data Irom the memory board • On board refresh • Timing changes are done with lumpers to allow operation with 8080. Z80.8085. or Alpha Micro CPUs • Each of 16 banks are made up of 4 K byte segments • Each segment may be individually enabled or disabled

Uit Price Our Price

Pert No. Deicrtptlon

BUTLKA1066 Populated to 64K BUTIKA1069Populated to 256K

$55000 $620.00 $995.00 $946.00

HARD DISK/CARTIDGE TAPE CONTROLLER

FEATURES:

• AZ-80ACPU • Support of 5V-." rigid-disk drives (ST50B or equivalent) with • Controller communications with the host processor via 2K • Two 28-pin sockets allowing the use of up to 16K bytes of on-board FPROM and up to8K bytes of on-board RAM • Cartridge tape drive • Expansipn is made possible with an external card.

Available early 4th Quarter ol 1983

BUTLKA1130 Hard Disk/Tape controller 4 MHz $795 00 $750.00 BUTLKA1131 Hard Disk/Tape controller 6MHz $845 00 $795.00

4 SERIAL AND 2 PARALLEL DOARD

FEATURES:

• 2 RS232 serial ports with full handshaking, (4 5-19,200) baud • Each port is speed independent • The Z80A CTC may be implemented as a real lime clock • Two parallel ports with the Z80A PIO IC

Pert No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BUTLKAM75 PSIO 4 serial 2 parallel ports $325.00 $295.00

industrial Computer Designs

S-100 TO "REAL WORLD' INTERFACE PRODUCTS

64 INPUT 8 BIT A/0 D/A CONVERTERS

Pert Number Description

Price

BUICDA064100 64 input 8 bit S-100 A/D board $295.00

BUICDDA64I0D 64 output 8 bit S-100'D/A board $395.00

REMOTE SENSORS, ALARMS, VALVES, AND

CONTROLLERS FOR USE WITH ABOVE A/D D/A

CONVERTER HOARDS

BUICDRTSI

remote temperature sensor (1 lb.)

$ 29.95

BUICDRLSI

remole light sensor (1 lb)

$ 29.95

BUIC0RMS1

remote moisture sensor (1 lb.)

$ 59.95

BUICDRS0A1

rewmote smoke detector alarm (2 lbs)

$129.00

BUIC0DNVAC1

in-line remote air-conditioner S heating controller (1 lb.)

$ 94.95

Air Conditioning & Heating Duct Valves

BUICDADV07

7" diameler valve (4 lbs.)

$ 74.95

BUICDADV06

8" diameter valve (4 lbs.)

$ 75.95

BUICDADV09

9" diameter valve (5 lbs)

$ 76.95

BUICDADVI0

10" diameter valve (5 lbs)

$ 79.95

BUICOADtfll

11" diameter valve (6 lbs.)

$ 81.95

BUIC0A0VI2

12" diameter valve (6 lbs)

$ 83.95

BUIC0ABVI3

13" diameter valve (6 lbs.)

$ 64.95

BUICBABV14

14" diameter valve (6 lbs) 64 PIN CABLE ASSEMBLIES

$ 85.95

BUICD464PCA

64 pin single ended 4' long (2 lbs.)

$ 59.25

BUICDI0MPCA

64 pin single ended 10' long (3 lbs.)

$ 69.95

BUIC02064PCA

64 pin single ended 20' long (6 lbs.)

$145.00

"HOW TO" APPLICATION MOTES

II you would like to learn more about the ICO Designer Control Series Df peripherals, ICD offers a complete collection of "How To" applications notes. See how your computer can control your home or office, or be used as part ol an industrial control system. BUIC0APN Application notes (1 lb.) $15.00

S-100 CLOCK/CALENDAR DOARDS

BUIC0ACAIO0 With alarm circuit S22B.00

BUICDCTI00 With timer down to .01 second $345.00

BUICOCTS Software lor ICDCT100 board $34.95 on 8" CP/M format

,«••"*„, _ Intercontinental

<-•""" ' - Micro Systems

Z80A DMA SDC & Z80D SLAVES

S-100 IEEE/696 COMPATIBLE -1 YEAB WARRANTY!

SLAVE PROCESSOR

Z80 4 or 6MHz CPU (specify

CPZ-48000 FEATURES:

• 4MHZZ80A64K RAM

• Floppy disk personality card included for 5%" or 8" floppy disk drives

• RS232 personality card included

• Two serial - two parallel 1/0s

Pert Number Description

at time of order)

Two serial - two parallel l/0s

64 K RAM

TURBODOS compatible

Uit Price SALE PRICE

BUICMCPZ4I0OOI SBC lor B" llopny $995 00

BUICMCPZ4I0D05 SBC lor 514" Floppy $995 00

BUICM2S6IMB 256 KByte RAM $995 00

BUICMCPS4A 4MHz slave/asynch. port $475 00

BUICMCPS4S 4 MHz slave/synch, port $485 00

BUICMCPSBA 6MHz slave/asynch. port $55000

BUICMCPS6S 6MHz slave/synch port $560.00

(Shipping weight: 2 lbs each)

BUICMRS232 RS232 Personality Card

BUICMCENTD Centronics Parallel Personality Card

BUICMIFDC 8" Floppy Disk Personality Card

BUICM5FDC 5ft" Floppy Disk Personality Card

BUICMCIKCAL Clock Calendar

TELETEK software

Software with no pre.,.,, cmtipentitlon Installed. CP/M' for SytteMiiler'

$195.00 S895 00 $895.00 $439.00 $445.00 $489.00 $499.00

$ 25.00

$ 21.00

$ 36.00

$ 33.00

$ 48.00

Perl Number Description

Price

BUTIKB100I CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00

CP/M" FOR FOCI BDTIKB103I CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00

TurboDoi'" For All TELETEK Floppy Controllers

BUTIKB1236 VI 22 single user $300.00

BUTLKBI239 V1.22 single user w/spooling $350.00

BUTLKBI240 VI 22 mul 11 user, single user. S spooling software $750.00 Software with a 250 nS prewrite compensation instilled. CP/r For The SysteMaster"

BUTLK81006 CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks BUTLKBIOI0 CP/M" 0n8"forTAND0NTM848THINLINE

CP/M" For the FDC-I BUTLKBI036 CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks BUTLKB1040 CP/M" on 8" lor TANDON TM84B THINUNES

$135.00 $135.00

$135.00 $135.00

JS557

105

2 Serial, 3 Parallel S-100 Interlace

Pari No.

Description

list Price Our Price

Assembled S Tested

$329.00 $269.95

IOS

8 Port Serial I/O S-100 Board

BUSSMI0BA

Assembled & Tested $550.00 $450.00

I04

2 Serial, 2 Parallel I/O S-100 Board

Assembled & Tested

$290.00 $245.0

2706/2716 EPROM PROGRAMMER & EPROM DOARD

Programs 2708 and 2716 EPROMs Holds 4 2708s (4 K) or 4 2716s (8K)

BUSSMMB8A Assembled & Tested

$265 00 $219.17

DUAL

NON VOLATILE CMOS RAMS

, 16. or 32K. 8 or 16 Bit Data Battery Backup On Board 6MHz. Bank Selectable

BUDULCMEMS 8K AST BUDULCMEM16 16KAST BUDULCMEM32 32K AST

$495.00 $450.00 $595.00 $550.00 $695.00 $650.00

256K DYNAMIC MEMORY

256K. 230 ns access lime, 2 x 128K organization, 24 bil addressing, parity error detection.

BUDULDMEM256K Assembled & Tested

$129500 $1195.00

02/64K EPROM DOARD

8 or 16 bit data, holds 2716s (32K), or 2732s (64K)

BUDULEPB0M32 For 2716s AST BUDULEPR0M64 For 2732s AST

$295.00 $275.00 $295.00 $275.00

A/D CONVERTER

12 Bit Resolution 16 or 32 Channel Input

BUDULAIM12 Assembled 4 Tested BUUULAIM12B Without instru. Amp

$69500 $625.0 $645.00 $596.0

D/A CONVERTER

4 Channel. 12 Bit, 3 Output Modes

BU0ULA0M12 Assembled S Tested $695,00 $618.95

/SIERRA DATA SCIENCES S-100 SDC DOARD

Z80A 4 MHz, 2 Serial RS232 interlaces. 1 parallel interface. 64 K RAM. Floppy Disk Controller, provisions tor one 2732 EPROM —

ALL ON THIS ONE BOARD!!

BUSDSSBC Z80A SBC AST S895 00 $655.00

BUSBSCPM CP/M' perating System on 8" disk $150.00

BUSDSTUBBOS Single User TurboDos" on 8" disk $450.00

BUSDSTURBDM Multi-User TurboDos™ on 8" disk $750.00

BUMCPI223I 36 MByte Hard Disk(45lbs) $3695.00 $3250.00

S-100 Z60A SLAVE SDC

Z80A 4MHz, 2 RS232 Serial ports. 4 parallel ports. 64K RAM. EPROM Programmer. Used in multi-user computer system with SDSSBC

BUSOSSBCSE Slave Z80 SBC AST

$825 00 $565.00

California Computer Systems

ZSO CPU 2 or 4MHz

On board RS232 Serial port, On board 2K Monitor. ROM. Power on lump to any location in 64K, LED status indicators for ROM select.

halfstale and interrupts. BUCCS26I0A Z80A 4MHz CPU AST $32500 $258.95

CCS271901

BUCCS271B0I 2 Serial. 2 Parallel, AST $360.00 $288.95 CCS27201

BUCCS272001 4 Port Parallel, AST $275 00 $218.95 CCS271001

BUCCS27100I 4 Port Serial. AST $325 00 $278.95

CCS2630

BUCCS2B3001 Assembled S Tested

$55000 $426.05

CCS206601

64K Dynamic S-100 RAM Cromemco CROMIX" Compatible

BUCCS20B601 Assembled & Tested

CCS2422A

Floppy disk controller w/CP/M 2 2

BUCCS2422A Assembled S Tested

$45000 $425.00

$475.00 $338.95

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chcrtsworrh:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 365 on inquiry cai

~ . V..-.- 1QQ1

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

$4500 CP/M® SYSTEM

DOUDLE-SIDED DOUDLE DENSITY DRIVES!

FOR ONLY

MORROW ■

MDO Now With: 9 SOFTWARE PROGRAMS!

Since the publication of our last catalog in January, we have sold thousands of the Morrow Micro Decision MD1 and MD2 computers. And now we can offer you the brand new MDO which features:

• Double Sided/Double Density Drives— 768 Kbytes of Storage!

• QUEST BOOKKEEPER* Software Package

• PERSONAL PEARL® data base manager

• 2 Serial Ports and 1 Parallel Port — simultaneous connection to terminal, printer and modem

The M D3 is a complete computer system (hardware and software) developed to satisfy the needs of the millions of

small, independent businesses with fewer than 50 employees and annual sales under $5 million. These businesses

need a computer that is easy to use; provides a wide variety of functions, including word processing, financial

planning and forecasting, information management, mailing lists, a good general bookkeeping system, and — most

important of all — is affordable! That's the MD3I

HARDWARE

The Micro Decision* is a4 MHz Z80A based computer with 64 K of memory and an on-board disk controller. The two 5V:-." double sided double density hall height floppy disk drives supply an impressive 768K of storage capacity There are two RS232 serial ports and one Centronics style parallel port for direct connection to a terminal, modem, printer, or just aboul any other peripheral you may need.

TERMINALS Choose one of two terminals with the purchase of your MD3. Each is manufactured to Morrow's high quality and engineering standards. Both have full-sized detachable keyboards and the 12" P31 green phosphor screen displays 80 characters by 24 lines — with a 25th status line. Other attributes include reverse video, dim, blink, and underline. The beige MOT20, manufactured by Lear Siegler, features a keyboard with 92 keys including 14-key numeric keypad and 7 function keys for 7 functions The black MDT50, manufactured by Liberty Electronics, has a 14-key numenc keypad and 5 function keys for 10 functions.

SOFTWARE The MD3 comes complete with 9 software packages that would cost as much as the whole system if purchased separately. The highlight of this software package is

QUEST DOOKKEEPER'

K is a simple, flexible program intended to replace the tedious, manual pegboard or posting machine systems still used by millions of businesses. Quest is designed for users with no computer experience, and offers an instructlonal mode, a tutorial mode, and on-line help. It provides complete bookkeeping capabilities in three application areas: ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE

• Sales Posting and Journal to 11 Different Accounts e Accounts Receivable Reporting

• Cash Receipts Posting and Journal e 750 Customer Listings

• 2500 Outstanding Customer Invoices CASH DISBURSEMENTS

• 750 Cash Disbursements per Month e ODtional Automatic Check Writing

• Cash Disbursements Journal

• 750 Vendor Listings

GENERAL LEDGER SYSTEM

e Monthly Journals for Audit Trials or for Optional Submission to an Accountant

• Detailed General Ledger and Summary Trial Balance Reports with Monthly Journals

• Complete General Ledger Reporting with Balance Sheet and Income Statements

• 400 Accounts and 2000 Monthly Postings

PERSONAL PEARL

• A sophisticated data base manager and report generator

• Consistantly in the "10 Top Most Popular Programs'"

WORDSTAR9

• The most widely accepted Word Processing Program

• Generates mailing list from Personal Pearl data files

CORRECT-IT

• A powerful spelling check with a built-in dictionary of 36,000 words

• User may add 36.000 words to dictionary

LOGICALC

• The electronic "spreadsheet" that computes the "what-if" questions of business projections and financial planning

• Accesses files already created in Personal Pearl

PILOT*

e A user friendly programming language developed by Morrow Designs

MKR050FT DA5IC-W*

• Industry standard BASIC Programming Language

OoZIC* e An advanced programming language, compatible with NorthStar BASIC

CP/M* 2.2

• The Operating System that allows access to more than 2000 business and special application programs

NATIONWIDE XEROX SERVICE

Effective July 1.1983. XEROX SERVICE GROUP is an authorized service center for Morrow Micro Decisions. XEROX has over 80 service centers nationwide for warranty service, and they offer cost effective. extendeiJ warranty contracts for both carry-in and on-site service.

BUMDSMD3 MD3 w/two 5Va" disk drives (Sh. Wt. 27 lbs.)

BUPDBMD3T20 MD3 W/MDT20 beige terminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs. & 27 lbs.) BUPDBMD3T50 MD3 w/MDT50 black terminal (Sh. Wt. 34 lbs. & 27lbs.)

Choice of terminal subject to availability

$1395.00 $1895.00 $1895.00

NEW LOWER PRICES ON MD2, ALSO!!

b. *0SMD2 Same as atovft except single sided drives and without QUEST" (Shipping Weight 27 fbs.) i 995.00 SI>?BBI»a2TM MD2 With MDT2D beige lerminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs. & 2. lbs.) $1595.00

tmmtim MM With MDT5a Slack terminal (Sh. Wt 34 lbs & 2? lbs.) $1595.00

MORROW

20 cps LETTER QUALITY

Ideal Companion to Your Micro Declilonl The MORROW DESIGNS MP200 type daisywheel printer provides all ol the features that you would require in a letter quality printer. Features such as 96 character set 10/12/15 character pitch and proportional spacing, full 13.2" printing width, and a Centronics parallel interlace to list just a few, are what makes the MORROW DESIGNS MP200 your first choice in a low cost letter quality printer. FEATURES:

• 20 cps (Shannon text) print speed

• Bi-directional priming

• 17" paper width paper capacity

• Prints up to 5 part forms

• Front panel controls of PAUSE, tINE FEED, FORM FEED, TOF SET

• POWER, AtERT, and PRINT ON front panel indicators

• Very quiet operation

• Optional tractor feed

Part Number Description

List price Our Price

BUMDSMROO MP200 W/RS232 serial Interface $950.00 $795.0

(Shipping Weight: 35 lbs.) BUMDSMPT50TK MP200 tractor feed

PJDDON CARTRIDGES

$125.00

BIISRP5504 BUSRP5505

Single strike film ribbon Multistrike ribbon PRINT WHEEL

$ 4.95 $ B.BS

BUSRPCOUDIERIO Courier 10 pica

BUSKPCatlRIEIIlZ Courier 12, elite

BUSRPMODERN Proportional type

BUSRP8CRIPT Script elite

-IL

$10.05 (10.05

516.95 (10.05

» GEMINI 10X & 15

BUBEM10X 120 cps Parallel Int. BO col. (20 lbs.) $310.00

BUGEM15 100 cps Parallel Int 132 col. (26 ibs.) $450.00

BUGEMSERINT Serial interface card tor GEM15 (1 lb.) $ 15.00

BUGEBSERINTX Serial interface for GEM10X (1 lb.) $ 50.00

BU6EMSERINTX4K Serial interface*. 4 K buffer for GEM10X $110.00

AXIOM CORPORATION

BUAXMGPIOOA 30 cps 6 col. dot matrix (11 Ibs.

BU0KIOAT82AT BU0KI0AT83AT BU0KID«TB2AP BU0KIDAT02AS BU0KIOAT92AT BU0KI0AT93AP BU0KIDAT93AS

OKI DATA

TRACTOR INCLUDED (25 Ibs.) TRACTOR INCtUDED (35 Ibs.) OKIDATA 92A Parallel (25 Ibs.) OKIDATA02A Serial (25 Ibs.) 0KIDATA92A Tractor (2 Ibs.) 0KIDATA93A parallel (35 lbs.) 0KIDATA93A Serial (35 Ibs.)

$229.00

8449.00

$729.00 $400.00 $509.00 $ 70.05 $830.00 $015.00

MANNESMANN TALLY

LETTER QUALITY DOT MATRIX PRINTER

• 160 cps • Tractor and friction feed

• 40 cps (Letter quality) • "Bullet-Proof cast frame

• Serial & Parallel Interface with metal cabinet

• Double wide characters

BUTALMTIOOL 160 cps BO col (21 lbs.) $500.00

BUTALMTIOOL 160 cps 132 col. (28 lbs.) $704.00

QUME LETTER QUALITY

BUQMES945 45 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $1700.00

BUQMES955 55 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $2105.00

OUQMES1I40 40 cps Sprint 11 (45 lbs.) $1300.00

3UQMES11RS232 RS232 Module for Sprint 11 (3 Ibs.) $ 90.00

BUOMESHCENT Centronics parallel for Sprint 11 (3 Ibs.) $ 90.00

BUQMES11IEEE4MIIEEE488 Module lor Sprint 11 (3 Ibs) $ 00.00

BUQMES1IIBM IBM module for Sprint 11 (3 lbs.) $ 00.00

BUQMEBDT Bi-Directional Tractor (9 lbs.) $ 340.00

OUOMEWB Wire basket (2 lbs.) $ 05.00

BUQMECSF cut Sheet Feeder (20 lbs.) $ 040.00

PRINTER CAM.ES

BUPRIAMPAMP 5' 36 pin Cent to 36 pin Cent $24.95

BUPBIAMPTBOO 5'36 pin Cent to 34 pin Card edge $10.95

BDPRIAMPSKT 5' 36 pin Cent to 34 pin socket $10.05

BUCNDRS2320F 8' Bconn Class 1 RS232 Ser. cable $10.05

BUCND5730360 36 pin Cent, solder connector $ 0.00

BUI0G5730360 36 pin Cent. IDC connector $ 0.05

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

(Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SIEMENS FDD100-8

8 FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

SINGLE SIDED, DOUDLE DENSITY SHUGART801R COMPATIDLE

CALL for 10+

OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

(Include $7.00 per drive (or shipping) BUSIEFD01008

ORDER NOW AND SAVE!

DUY DRIVE & CABINET

TOGETHER AND SAVE!!

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1008

DUAL 8" CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

• Positive Pressuie Filler Cooling • Hinged lo lor easy accei

• Powei Supply 4A$+5V, 3A#+24V • Heavy non-flex .090 alu

IA <p> -5V base

• Each oulpui is individually (used • Modular power connectors

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: $890.00

SPECIAL SALE PRICE:

$625.00

BUPDBIIISIE (Include $30.00 lor shipping)

BUWF01002 CABINET ONLY (Sh. Wl 38 lbs.) $205.00

OUR FINEST DUAL 8" DISK DRIVE CABINET!

• Positive pressure forced air cooling lor reliable disk drive operaiion

• AC input EMI filtered to six • Integral power supply with 5V amps lo help prevent disk (S 6A/-5V @ 1A/24V @ 6A crashes due to power spikes • Each DC supply and AC and line noise separately fused

Part No. Liit Price

BUIIIUDE004 (Sh WL 40 lbs) $495.00

With augmented power supply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchester disk drives Includes the disk environment monitor.

BUIIIUDE004AU6 (Sh Wt. 40 lbs) $73300 $625.00

BUIIIUDE004EM {Sh. Wt 40 lbs.) $584.95 $395.00

THIN THREE 8" DISK DRIVE CABINET

• Supports 3 hall-high 8" disk drives • 5V <a 6A, -5V @ 1A.24V(S>6A

• One AC power connector for one full size drive • 5V output over-voltage protected • Optional disk environmer'al monitor is available to monitor and alarm you to internal temperature reaching dangerous levels.

Pitt Humb»r Uil Price SALE PRICE

BUIIIUDETTT $49500 $375.00

WITH DISK ENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR: BUIIIUDETTTEM $584.95 $425.00

DISK DRIVES

TANDON 5V4" HARD DISK

BUTNDTM50I 1 platter 6 Mbyte (Sh. WL 9 lbs) $749.00 BUTNDTM502 2 platter 12 Mbyte (Sh Wl 9 lbs.) $895.00 BUTNDTM503 3 platter 19 Mbyte (Sh. Wl 9 lbs.) $1049.00

DUAL HARD DISK ENCLOSURE

BUIHH05M2

For above drives

TANDON 5V*"

$315.00

BUTN0TM1N1 1Sided48TPI $225.00 2 FOR $195.00 each BUTNOTM10O2 2Sided48TPI $260.00 2FOR$235.00ml BUTNDTMI003 1 Sided 06 TPI $275.00 2 FOR $250.00 each BUTN0TMI0O4 2 Sided 90 TPI $390.00 2 FOR $365.00 each (Shipping Weights on ibevi Itirn: 9 Ibl. nick)

MPI 5V4" FULL HEIGHT

BUMPI51* 1 Sided 48 TPI

BUMPI52* 2 Sided 48 TPI

BIJMPI9I* 1 Sided 96 TPI

BUMP102- 2 Sided 96 TPI

$200.00 8270.00 9275.00 9400.00

•Replace wilh an "NT fcr the MPI style bezel, or with an "S" for Shugart style bezel. (Shipping Weight: 5 lbs.)

MPI 5V4" HALF HEIGHT

BUMP150I 1 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $260.00

BUMPI502 2 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wl. 4 lbs) 8300.00

BUMPI901 1 Sided 96 TPI (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $300.00

8UMPI902 2 Sided 96 TPI (Sh Wt. 4 lbs.) $355.00

SHUGART 8" FULL HEIGHT

1 sided (18 lbs.)

$369.00

QUME 6" FULL HEIGHT

|BU0MEDTt 2 sided (18 lbs.) 5480.00

2 FOR $460.00 each MITSUBISHI 6" FULL HEIGHT

| BUM1TM2B9463B 2 sided (18 lbs.) 93BO.OO

MPI 8" FULL HEIGHT

BUMFM1S 1 sided (11 lbs.) BUMPM2S 2 sided (11 lbs.)

9380.00

$460.00

MPI 8" DUAL HALF HEIGHT

(SAME SIZE AS ONE FULL HEIGHT)

BUMPI4ID I sided (22 lbs.) 8UMPI42D 2 sided (22 lbs.)

9760.00 $870.00

TANDON 8" HALF HEIGHT

I BUTHBTM8M1 1 sided (9 lbs.) 5305.00

2 FOR $375.00 each

| BUTNDTMB4I2 2 sided (9 lbs.) 5495.00

2 FOR $475.00 each MPI 8" HALF HEIGHT

BUMPI4IM 1 sided (I I lbs.) BUMPM2M 2 sided (11 lbs.)

9380.00 5460.00

5V4" DRIVE CADINETS

DUJMA1C5 Single 5'A" Cabinet (5 lbs.) 569.00

BUJMR2C5 Dual 514" Cabinet (9 lbs.) 589.00

BUJMR2C5C JMR2C5 w/internal dala cable (9 lbs.) 909.00

DUAL 8" HALF HEIGHT FLOPPY CABINET

24V @> 4 A. 5V ® 3A [TT

-5V @ 800ma

Fan cooled

Socketed power connections

All supplies regulated

I

Uil Price Oar Price

BUIII0TLM2 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs.) $225.00 $165.00

DUY THE CADINET & DRIVES AND $AVE! With 2 Tandon Thinllnes

BUPOBIIITNDI CabinetW/2TNDTM8481 -1 sided(30lbs.) SB'S""

BUP0BIIITN02 Cabinet w/2 TNDTM8482-2sided(30 lbs.) $1115.00

Wilh 2 MPI Slimllnes

BUPOBIHMPII Cabinet w/2 MPI41M - 1 sided (30 lbs.) $ 020.00

BUPDBIIIMPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M - 2 sided (30 lbs.) $1010.00

Options

BIIIIIDTLMPIIIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.) BUIIIOCCSHU Shugart / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.) (For full size single SA801 of compatible drives)

S24.J5

114.95

TERMINALS

VISUAL 50

(Sh. wL: 41 lbs.)

Ptit Nwibtr Pntrijjjw

Usl Prici SALE PRICE

BUVSL50BW Black 8, White 12" $695.00 BUVSL5BBN Green Screen 12" $770.00

$525.00 $655.00

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

Flltun: VISUAL HiziHIh ADOS lur TlllNii

SO Eiprtt Iliw,il.l Slum tlO

HUH

Tilt & Swivel Detached Keyboard N-Key Rollover Audible Key Click Menu Set-Up Mode Status Line Full 5 Attribute

Selection Smooth Scroll Line Drawing

Character Set Independent RCV7

TX Rales Answerback User

Programmable

YES YES YES YES YES YES

YES YES

NO NO NO YES NO NO

NO NO

NO

YES YES NO NO NO

NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO

NO NO

NO NO NO NO NO NO

YES NO

VISUAL 330

The VSL330 terminals will emulate the OEC VT52, Data General D200. Lear Siegler ADM-3 A and Haziltine 1500. Other features include: 12 user programmable function keys, line drawing character set. jump or 2 speed scroll split screen, full editing, and programmable non-volatile columnar tabbing or field tabbing forward and backward just to name a few. The VISUAL 300 has all of the same functions as the 330, but does not have multi-emulation. The VISUAL 300 is ANSI X3.64 compatible. BUVSL300CN ANSI X3.64.12" Green $1095.00 $985.00

BUVSL3306N Green 12" CRT (Sh. Wl 41 lbs.) $1200.00 $(05.00 BUVSL33014BN Green 14" CRT(Sh.WT41 lbs.) $1250.00 $949.00

TELEVIDEO

BUPDBTM252P w/2nd page memory kit FREE (A $95.00 Value) $720.00

BUP08TW9504P w/2nd, 3rd. & 4th page memory kit FREE $929.00

(A 285.00 Value) (above items: 37 lbs. each)

BUTLH10 80 col. terminal (37 lbs.) BUTLK70 14" 80/132 col. terminal (40 lbs.)

$558.95 S10l9.no

LIBERTY ELECTRONICS

BULIBF50 Freedom 50 (Sh Wt. 30 lbs.)

ADDS

$599.00 $474.00

BUADOVWPR Viewpoint 3A+ (30 lbs.)

$695.00 $575.00

QUME

BUQME102 80 Column Green (Sh WL 30 lbs.) $550.00

BU0MEI02AM 80 Column Amber (Sh Wt 30 lbs.) $565.00

BUQME103 80/132 Column Green (Sh Wt. 30 lbs.) $765.00

BUOMEIOB 22 lunction key. 80 col Green (30 lbs.) $740.00

BUQME10BAM 22 lunction key. 80 col. Amber (30 lbs.) $765.00

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworth:) (213) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 365 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MODEMS

u.s.

ROBOTICS

1200 BAUD $379.00

Auto Originate/Auto Answer

flit Ho. OeicrtpUaa tilt Wee SALE MICE

BUUSNADIAIiI2A 1200 baud Auto Orig/Answer auUSBPASSWORD 1200 baud Auto Orig/Answer BUUSRTELPACS Password Comm, Software 8' BUUSRTELPACSA Password Comm. Soltware 5 8UUSRMLNUO0 Micro Link 300 Baud BUUSRMLNK1Z0O Micro link 1200 Baud BUUSBALNK300 Auto Link 300 Baud BUUSMLHKI200 Auto Unk 1200 Baud

{Shipping Weights on above items: 4

D.C HAYES

BUDCH0400P 8U0CH0200P

BU0CH0300P BU0CM0100P BUDCH00OOP

1200 Baud Smartmodem 300 Baud Smartmodem Chronograph MicroModem 100 MicroModem II

$695.00 SSI 4.95

$279.00 11229.00

$249.00 $199.00

$399.00 ! 349.00

$379.00 $299.00

RIXON

1200 BAUD AUTO DIAL DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS WITH 10 NUMBER MEMORY

BUHIXB2I2A 1200 Baud Stand Alone unit $495.00 $475.00

BURIXPC2I2A 1200 IBM PC" modem (2 lbs.) $495.00 $475.00

BURIXPCCOMl IBM PC" Modem Software 11 lb.) S 89.00

BUPDBBIXIBM IBM Modem & Software Togelher(3 lbs.) $539.00

MURA DIRECT CONNECT MODEM

$79.00

0 - 300 DAUD MURA MM-100

• 0 - 300 Baud • RS232C interface • Full duplex • Carrier detect indicator • Bell 103 compatible • Low voltage • Originate/Answer switch selectable. u,l rAa 0«r Prlca

BUMUBMM100 0 - 300 baud modem (2 lbs.) $99.95 $79.00 BUCHDRS232BF RS232 cable $19.95

AC SURGE PROTECTORS FOR YOUR COMPUTER

THE LEMON™ SOURS SURGES

Part No. Description . List Price Oar Price

B0FPDLEM0N 6 outlet wall mount $59.95

BUEPDUME 6 outlet 414" cord 89.50 $69.95

w/power switch

(Shipping Weight 4 lbs each)

" -RFI FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR

UEPDORANGE 6 outlet AW cord Si39 Of; $104.95

UEPD0RANGE ft outlet AW cord w/power switch IIEPDPEACH 3 outlet wall mount

(Shipping Weight 4 It

$97.50 $ 74.95

ra »9s:IV-7SC PORTABLE COMPUTING SYSTEM

PACKARD

AS FEATURED IN THIS ISSUE OF BYTE

F^

JaaacoaaBDOoo

laaaaaniiaaaiia raaaoQaaiiaaoQ : :/o aaanaaaaaaoic

□aoaaaoaaaaaa

BU HP-75C

List Price: $995.00

THIS MONTH ONLY:

HP-75C ACCESSORIES

Pirt Mo.

jijcrjtjJM

list Price Our Price

BU HPB27D9A 8KB Memory moduled lb) $195.00 $1(9.00

BU KPUZ707A 30 Blank magnetic cards (802) $15.00

BUNPBI70SA 100 Blank magnetic cards (11b) $75.00

B0 HPB2715A Notebook Cardholder{Oty.5) (11b) $10.00

HP-75C Software

BU HPO0075-I5014 BU HPO0075 15019 BU HPOO075-I5015 BU HP00075-1S012 BU HP00075-I5035

VisiCalc* Text Formatter Math Pac Surveying Pac DataCommunications Pac

$195.00 $05.00 $145.00 $205.00 $145.00

HP-75C Solutions Books

BU HP00075-U003 Math I $35.00

BU HPOO075-13OO4 Math II $35.00

BU HPOO075-13O05 Math III $35.00

BU HPOO075-13O00 Finance $35.00

BU HPO0075-I3O00 Games I $35.00

BU HP00075-I3007 Games II $35.00

BU HP00075-I3010 Real Estate $35.00

BU HP00075-13013 1/0 Utilities $35.00

BU HPO0075-I3O08 Electronics $35.00

BU HPOO075-I30IZ Test Statistics $35.00

BU HPO0075-I301B Graphics $45.00

BU HP00075-130I5 Mass Media Duplication/Privacy $35.00

BU HPOO075-130I1 Statistics $35.00

HP-IL PERIPHERALS

ForHIMICV* HP-75C

Pirt No. OeicrtpUaa Utt Pike Oar Price

BU HW2IB0A HP-IL Interface $125.00 $00.00

Included in HP-75C

BU HP82181A Digital Cassette Drive $450.00 $340.00

BU HPB217BA Digital Cassettes (10 pack) $ 95.00

BU HPB21B2A Thermal Printer/Plotter $450.00 $340.00

BU HP82125S Thermal Prinlet Paper (6 rolls) $ 10.00

BU HPM163A Video Interface $225.00 $170.00

BU NPB21B4A RS-232 Serial Interface $295.00 $240.00

BU HP821B5A GP10 Interface $295 00 $240.00

SERIES 10 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

BU HP-IOC Scientific $ 70.00 $59.00

BU HP-11C Adv scientific S 90.00 $79.00

BU HP-12C Adv financial S12000 $99.00

BUHP-1SC Adv sci w/matrix $120.00 890.00

BU HP-1BC Digital S Computer science $120.00 $99.00 (Shipping Weights on above calculators: 3 lbs. each) We now carry the complete line of series

HP-41C/CV HANDHELD COMPUTER SYSTEM

BU HP-4IC BUHMICI

BU HPB2104A BU HF12153A BU HP521BIA BU HPB2IB2A BU HPB2163A

Handheld computer Handheld computer w/5x the memory Card reader Optical Wand Cassette drive Thermal Printer Video Interface

$195 00 8*50.00 $275.00 82*0.00

$195,00 8*59.00 $125,00 8 99.O0 $450.00 8349.00 $450.00 8349.00 $225.00 8* 79.00

(Shipping Weights on above items: 5 lbs. each)

ENHANCEMENT MODULES:

BU HPB2IB0A BU HPS2I70A BU HPB2IB0A

BU HP82IB1A

HP-IL module Quad RAM module Extended functions/ memory module Ext. memory module

$125.00 $ 75.00 $ 75.00

$95.00 $59.00 859.00

12" RGB COLOR VIDEO MONIOTRS

® TAX/AM

$ 75.00 $59.00

OU HP02182A Time module $ 75.00 859.00

(Shipping Weights on above items: 1 lb. each)

40 Application Pacs and Solution Books

51/*" FLOPPY DISKETTES

**-*»aj

Part No.

Description

list Price Our Price

BUTAXRGB1 Medium Resolution/310 lines $399.00 $379.00

BUTAXBGB3 Super High Res/630 lines $699.00 $059.00 Shipping Welalrt 30lbs.

' INTERFACE BOARDS AND CABLES

BUTAXAPPIE2RGB RGB interface for Apple II $149.00 $130.00

BUTAX4I0-80 RGB 80 col int. for Apple He $199.00 $185.00

BUTAXIBMBBB RGB cable lor IBM PC $10.00

BUTAXBSBAPl RGBcablefor Apple lie and III $10.00 Shipping weight: 1 lb on each

ULTRA

HH.NKTICS

■$?# t'-'SiS^

'■"St*

FEATUBES:

• Includes reinforcement ring

• 100% Surface tested

Write protect with tabs Lifetime warranty!

SINGLE SIDED

40 TRACKS — DOUBLE DENSITY

OBDEBINB INFORMATION BUULT5I4B1 Soft Sector BUULT5I41B 10 Sector BUULTSI416 16 Sector

1 BOX

OF 10:

2 BOXES:

10 BOXES:

$ 25.00 $ 40.00

$180.00

PRIORITY

BUUL75240I Soft sector. 40 track. 2 sided

BUULT524I0 10 sector, 40 track. 2 sided

BUULT5241B 16 sector. 40 track. 2 sided

1 BOX OF 10 2 BOXES 10 BOXES

$35.00 $60.00 $280.00

(Shipping weight: 1 lb per box)

ELECTRONICS

^H:^^^^R

9161 Deenrig Ave. Chutswor th CA v l.J i ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms US VISA. MC.BAC. Check, Money Order. US FundsOnly CA residents add 6'A% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERSlfuO Include MINIMUM SHIPPING & HANDLING ol $3.00 lor the firsl 3 lbs. plus40< (or each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, please include phone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through September. 1983. Many quantities are limited Sorry, no rainchecks, no retundsor exchanges on sate merchandise. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight. Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We are not responsible lor typographical errors.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chotsworrh:) (210) 709-54»S4 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 365 on inauirv card.

SYSTEM CLEARANCE SALE

ITEM (No. & Name)

QTY

DATA GENERAL MICRO-NOVA

Cabinets w/muffin fans

6

4207 MN Asynch. Control

14

4208 MN Console Debug

5

4225 MN Comm. Controller

7

4226 MN Synch. Controller

7

4227 MN 4 Line Asynch Controller 4

6038 Single Diskette Subsystem

3

6039 Dual Diskette Subsystem

4

6102 12.5 MB Winchester Disk MN 1

8561 MN 9 Slot 4KW Mos

3

8573 MN 8 Kw Mos MEM

15

CENTRONIC PRINTERS

761 KSR Centronic Printers

8

HAZELTINE VDTs

1410 Hazeltine Video Terminal

2

CODEX MODEMS

201 Codex 2400 Baud Modems

9

To submit a bid or for further

information contact:

CESARE DELVAGLIO

Tel: 212-997-3766

BASF

FkxyDkks

5V

Specify soft, 10 or 16 sector

Priced 0 Price>100

1 side/double density

2 sided/double density

$20.00 34.50

$185.00 325.00

8

ff Specify soft or 32 sector

Price/10 Price/100

1 side/single density $21.00 $195.00

1 side/double density 29.50 275.00

2 sided/double density 34.50 325.00 Cirtifud Check - Momy 0rd« - Pirsonil Check

Allow up to 2 wrtks for psnonal chocks to cktsr. Add 13.00 to itch order for U.P.S. shipping chirrjts. NJ Risidmts add 6% NJ Soros Tn

^X&-l4Nl5e, INC. 280 Dukes Parkway, P.O. Box 85 Somervllle, N.J.08876• (201)7256680

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 127 on Inquiry card.

Exclusively

UNIX*

and C

Information

That's UNIQUE, the oldest and

largest monthly newsletter covering

the UNIX* and C marketplace.

* product revlews/listings/prlces

* applicatlons/tutorlals/lndexes

* Industry inside Information

Full year, $54 ($70.00 Foreign) -write, call

or circle reader service number for full

brochure and FREE sample copy.

InfoPro Systems

I Dept. B • Box 33 • E. Hanover NJ 07936 I (201) 625-2925

'UNIX Is a trademark of Bell Laboratories Formerly The UNIX Software List

Circle 222 on Inquiry card.

TIRED OF EPROM HASSELS?

WITH THE MICRO XCPU FORGET: 25 VOLT

POWER, UV LAMPS. PULLING-ERASING

INSERTING EPROMS

BASIC ON fP — STRINGS, INTERRUPTS, MUCH

MORE: HARDWARE 16 BIT MULT AND DIVIDE 37

i&. 42 pS :VOLTAGE REGULATOR, RS-232C FOR

PROGRAMMING, 4K EEPROM (X2816A), 4K RAM.

AUTO START PR UP EXPANSION BOARDS

AVAILABLE. MICRO XCPU — $195 EPROM

BURNER VERSION FOR DIE HARDS — $125

MICRO APPLICATIONS — (305) 7254944

515 ANDREWS DR,

MELBOURNE BEACH, FL 32951

r*e< i

APPLE COMPATIBLE

Disk Drive $150.00 ea.

Controller Card $35.00 ea.

Computer Case $55.00 ea.

Keyboard $70.00 ea.

Switching Power Supply . $49.50 ea. Joystick $15.00ea.

Prices for dealers in quantities of 25 or more. End User Inquiries welcomes.

ELECTRADE CO. (408) 946-2541

780 Trimble Rd. Suite 605 San Jose, CA 95131

MODEMS

IBM-PC

RlxonPC212A

V445.00

•Plugs Into IBM PC card slot •300 and 1200 bps. asynchronous •Full/Half duplex

•Automatic dialer, tone or pulse, auto redial •Battery protected memory for number storage

PC 212A Software $49.00

•Interfaces PC 212A MODEM to PC "Menu driven

'Stores telephone numbers, log-on procedures

APPLE II, APPLEIIPLUS, FRANKLIN, BELL AND HOWELL

Multi-Tech MODEM II $265.00

•Plugs Into I/O slot

*300 bps asynchronous, full/half duplex

"Automatic dialer

"Menu driven software

Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax. 90-day return-to-factory warranty. 10-45 delivery. Shipped U.P.S. Check, money order COD to

James Fox Associates -,,*/*«„,,„,

Brownsburg Road 215/598-3293

Box I39B R.D. #2 Newtown , PA 18940

Circle 285 on Inquiry card.

Circle 167 on Inquiry card.

APPLE II COMPATIBLE DISK

ONLY

DRIVES

$209.00 S 65.00

$23.99

$463.00 CALL

$359.00 $719.00 $929.00

$129.00

CONTROLLER CARD

JUST PLUG IS AND RVN

VERBATIM

5'A " DISKETTES SS DD SOFT

PER BOX OF 10

EPSON PRINTERS

M.XBOFT

OTHER MODELS

TELEVIDEO

910

925

yr>o

MONITORS

12" 20 MHZ

GREEN

AMBER

$129.00

IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

OZtech, Inc.

1400 Coleman Ave. Suite F.25 Snnta Clam, CA 95050 (MM)) 222-(>(>77 in Calif. (40S) 9SO-99S7 17.SA MC Accepted

Save $ on Computer Books!

We offer a 10% discount on computer books from several publishers.

Fast, reliable service and low shipping charges for mail orders. Write for FREE catalog.

DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR, Dept. B

P.O. Box 2490 Brooklyn, N.Y. 11202

Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valuable data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettes are tested and guaranteed error-free. The low abrasivity saves your read/write heads. They're compatible with most diskette drives.

(800)235-4137

Dealer Inquiries Invited

Circle 322 on Inquiry card.

Circle 156 on Inquiry card.

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

JDR SUPER SPECIALS!

THE LEADER III

PT7T

lili'ilJi

FANTASTIC

OKI mSlt15832RS

MICROPROCESSOR

COMPATIBLE

CLOCK/CALENDAR CHIP

3.95 100/3.25 ea. 32.768KHZXTAL .95

OTHER CRYSTALS

3.579545MHZ .95

5.0688MHZ 1.95

18.432MHZ 1.95

78IYI05

VOLTAGE REGULATOR Tl PART #UA78M05C STANDARD TO-220 CASE 5 VOLT AT 500MA CAN BE USED AS 7805T IN MOST APPLICATIONS

.29

100/.25 EA.

ORDER TOLL FREE 800 538-5000 800 662-6270 (CA Residents)

[hi n

!.' ~';'~r"~

MasterCard

CONNECTORS

IDP-16 IDC DIP—PLUG .95

IDE-34 IDC EDGE-CARD 1.95

ICC-14 DIP "HEADER" .49

ICC-16 DIP "HEADER" .59

44P-ST PC EDGE-CARD 1.95 DB25PC/P VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.49 DB25PC/S VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.69

TRANSISTORS

2N3904 TO-92 100/7.95

2N3906 TO-92 100/7.95

PN2222 TO-92 100/7.95

CERAMIC

MONOLITHIC CAPS

AT THE PRICE

OF DISC!

1UF-MONO 100/12.00

047UF-MONO 100/11.00

01UF-MONO 100/10.00

PRIME LED'S

JUMBO RED JUMBO YELLOW JUMBO GREEN 5082-7760

100/ 8.00

100/12.00

100/12.00

10/ 7.95

JDR

SA410 $11995

DISK DRIVE BLOW OUTS!

SA460 $14995

MICROPROCESSOR

• V2 Mb Storage

• SS/DD

• 1 Mb Storage

• DS/DD

• 80 Track — 96TPI

• 6 ms — track to track

• 51/4" — Standard Format

• 90-DAY GUARANTEE

SALE ENDS SEPT. 30, 1983

Z80A-CPU

3.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/1

12.95

Z80A-DART

6.95

8086 16-BIT 5MHZ

19.95

68A00 CPU 1.5MHZ

2.95

68A10 RAM 1.5MHZ

1.95

68A21 PIA 1.5MHZ

2.95

68A50 ACIA1.5MHZ

2.95

6520/6820 PIA

2.95

MEMORV

2102L-4 450NS-LP

.55

2111L 450NS-LP

1.49

2112 450NS

1.99

2114 450NS

.99

2114-25 250NS

1.09

TMS4027 250NS

.99

SPECIAL

TMS4060/2107

4096 i 1 DYNAMIC

RAMSTI OR INTEL

.69

YOUR CHOICE

SPECIAL THANKS TO MATT FOR HIS

WHICH WILL ENABLE JDR TO BETTER SERVE

LINEAR I.C.S

DISH CONTROLLERS

1771 11.95

LM1800 1.95 1

1791 18.95

LM1310 .99 1

1793 18.95

MC1330 .99 1 MC1350 .89 1

CRT CONTROLLERS

MC1356 .99 1

DP8350 19.95 CRT5027 9.95

HARD TO FIND BLACK

CRT5037 9.95

CONDUCTIVE FOAM

DRAM CONTROLLERS

8202 17.95

14" x 26" SHEET 12.00 1

8203 32.95

12" x13" SHEET 6.00 ■

3242 5.95

visit Our

ij;u:1;iiHij i' i i' ■ jrV:V-i i I riiftrj

HOURS 10-3

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128 (408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE HOURS: M-W-F 9-5 T-Th. 9-9 Sat. 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or S3 for UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pound* require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi% Sales Tax. Other California residents add $% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

Circle 240 on inquiry card.

BYTE September W83 647

64K DYNAMIC 200 NS

2KX8 STATIC 200 NS

STATIC RAN

W Z-80

8000

W 6800 ■

'4L

soo

2.5 Mh

E

1 8035

5.95

H 68000 59.95 1

74LS00

.24

74LS173

1 Z80-CPU

3.95 I

■ 8039

6.95

I 6800 3.95 ■

74LS01

.25

74LS174

2101

256 x4 (450ns)

1.95 I

1 Z80-CTC 1 Z80-DART

4.49 I 10.95 I

1 INS-8060

17.95

1 6802 7.95 ■

74LS02

.25

74LS175

5101

256 x 4 (450ns) (cmos)

3.95 I .89

1 INS-BO/.I

24.95

1 6808 13.90 BJ

74LS03

.25

74LS181

2102-1

1024 x1 (450ns)

1 Z80-DMA 1 Z80-PIO 1 Z80-SIO/0

14.95 I

■ 8080

3.95

I 6809E 19.95 ■ '

74LS04

.24

74LS189

2102L-4

1024 x1 (450ns) (LP)

.99 I

4.49 16.95 I

1 8085

5.95

1 6809 11.95 ■

74LS05

.25

74LS190

2102L-2

1024x1 (250ns)(LP)

1.49

2.49

2.99

8/9.95

I 8085A-2

11.95

I 6610 2.95 ■

74LS08

.28

74LS191

2111

256 x 4 (450ns)

1 Z80-SIO/1

16.95 I

1 8086

29.95

I 6820 4.35 ■

74LS09

.29

74LS192

2112

256 x 4 (450ns)

1 Z80-SIO/2

16.95 I

1 8087

CALL

I 6821 3.25 ■

74LS10

.25

74LS193

2114

1024 x 4 (450ns)

1 Z80-SIO/9

4.0 Mh

16.95 I

■ 8088

39.95

1 6828 14.95 ■

74LS11

.35

74LS194

2114-25

1024 x 4 (250ns)

8/10.95

1 8089

89.95

I 6840 12.95 1,

74LS12

.35

74LS195

2114L-4

1024 x 4 (450ns)(LP)

8/12.95

c

1 8155

6.95

1 6643 34.95 1

74LS13

.45

74LS196

21141-3

1024 x 4 (300ns) (LP)

8/13.45

1 Z80A-CPU

4.95

1 8155-2

7.95

■ 6844 25.95 ■

74LS14

.59

74LS197

2114L-2

1024 x 4 (200ns) (LP)

8/13.95

I Z80A-CTC

4.95

1 8156

6.95

I 6845 14.95 ■

74LS15

.35

74LS221

2147

4096 x1 (55ns)

4.95

1 Z60A-DART

11.95

1 8165

29.95

I 6847 11.95 ■

74LS20

.25

74LS240

TMS4044-4

4096 x1 (450ns)

3.49

I Z80A-DMA

16.95

I 8185-2

39.95

1 6850 3.25 ■

74LS21

.29

74LS241

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1 (300ns)

3.99

I Z80A-PIO

4.95

1 8741

39.95

■ 6852 5.75 ■

74LS22

.25

74LS242

TMS4044-2

4096 x 1 (200ns)

4.49

I Z80A-SIO/0

16.95

1 8748

24.95

1 6860 9.95 1

74LS26

.29

74LS243

MK4118

1024 x 8 (250ns)

9.95

■ Z80A-SIO/1

16.95

1 8755

24.95

1 6862 11.95 1

74LS27

.29

74LS244

TMM2016-200

2048 x 8 (200ns) 2046 x 8 (150ns)

4.15 4.95

I Z80A-SIO/2 I Z60A-SIO/9

16.95 16.95

I 6875 6.95 ■ ■ 6880 2.25 ■

74LS28 74LS30

.35 .25

74LS245

TMM2016-150

74LS247

TMM2016-100 HM6116-4

2048 x 8 (100ns)

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)

6.15 4.75

6.0 Mhz

8200

I 6883 22.95 ■ ' 1 68047 24.95 1

74LS32 74LS33

.29 .55

74LS248 74LS249

HM6116-3

2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)

4.95

1 ZB0B-CPU

n. as

1 8202

24.95

1 68488 19.95 1

74LS37

.35

74LS251

HM6116-2

2048 x 8 (120ns) (cmos)

8.95

1 Z80B-CTC

13.95

I 8203

39.95

6800 1MHZ %

74LS38

.35

74LS253

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)(LP)

5.95

1 zaoB-pio

13.95

I 8205

3.50

74LS40

.25

74LS257

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95

I Z80B-DART

19.95

1 8212

1.80

1 68B00 10.95' 1 1 68B02 22.25 ■ I 68B09E 29.95 ■ 1 68B09 29.95 1

74LS42

.49

74LS258

HM6116LP-2

2046 x 8 (120ns) (cmos)(LP)

10.95

ZILOG

I 8214

3.85

74LS47

.75

74LS259

Z-6132

4096 x 8 (300ns) (Ostat)

34.95

1 Z6132

34.95

1 6216 1 8224 1 8226 1 8228 I 8237 1 8237-5 1 8238

1.75 2.25

74LS48

.75

74LS260

L LP - Low Power Qstat = Quasi-Static

P^Z8671

39.95J

1.80 3.49 19.95 21.95

I 68B10 6.95 ■

1 1 68B21 6.95 ■

■ 68B45 19.95 ■

1 68BS0 5.95 ■

74LS49 74LS51 74LS54 74LS55

.75 .25 .29 .29

74LS266 74LS273 74LS275 74LS279

fNAMIC RAMS

" m

■ crystals"1

TMS4027

4096 x 1 (250ns)

1.99

■ 32.768 khz 1 1.0 mhz

I 1.8432 I 2.0 I 2.097152 I 2.4576 1 3.2768 1 3.579535 1 4.0 1 5.0 1 5.0688

■ 5.165

I 5.7143 I 6.0

1.95 4.95 4.95 3.95 3.95

4.49

■A 68B00 = 2 MHZ ^B

74LS63 74LS73

1.25 .39

74LS280 74LS283

UPD411

MM5280

4096 x 1 (300ns) 4096 x 1 (300ns)

3.00 3.00

1 8243 1 8250

4.45 10.95

74LS74 74LS75

.35

.39

74LS290 74LS293

MK4108

8192x1 (200ns)

1.95

1 8251 1 8253 1 8253-5 1 8255 1 8255-5

4.49 6.95 7.95 4.49 5.25 7.95 8.95 6.90 7.50 39.95 39.95

W6500 I

74LS76

.39

74LS295

MM5298

8192x1 (250ns)

1.85

3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95

j 1 MHZ '

74LS78

.49

74LS298

4116-300

16384 x1 (300ns)

8/11.75

I 6502 4.95 1 '

74LS83

.60

74LS299

4116-250

16384x1 (250ns)

8/11.95

I 6504 6.95 1

74LS85

.69

74LS323

4116-200

16384x1 (200ns)

8/12.95

■ 6505 8.95 1

74LS86

.39

74LS324

4116-150

16384 x 1 (150ns)

8/14.95

I 8257

1 6507 9.95 1

74LS90

.55

74LS352

4116-120

16384x1 (120ns)

8/29.95

1 8257-5 1 8259

1 6520 4.35 1

74LS91

.89

74LS353

2118

16384x1 (150ns) (5v)

4.95

1 6522 7.95 1

74LS92

.55

74LS363

4164-200

65536 x1 (200ns)(5v)

5-95

1 8259-5 1 6271 1 8272

1 6532 9.95 1

74LS93

.55

74LS364

4164-150

65536 x1 (150ns)(5v)

6.95

■ 6545 22.50 I

74LS95

.75

74LS365

5V - single 5 volt supply

I 6.144 Bb 6.5536

3.95 3.95

H 6275 1 8279 1 8279-5 1 8282 I 8283 1 8284 1 8286

29.95 8.95

10.00 6.50 6.50 5.50 6.50

■ 6551 11.85 I 2 MHZ \

74LS96 74LS107

.89 .39

74LS366 74LS367

1702 2708 2758

EPROMS

256x8 (1us) 1024 x 8 (450ns) 1024 x 8 (450ns)(5v)

4.50 3.95 5.95

H 8.0 1 10.0 PH 10.738635 1 14.31818 1 15.0 1 16.0 1 17.430

3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95 3.95

■ 6502A 6.95 ■

■ 6522A 9.95 ■

■ 6532A 11.95 ■

■ 6545A 27.95 I

■ 6551A 11.95 ■

3 MHZ 1

74LS109 74LS112 74LS113 74LS114 74LS122 ,74LS123

.39 .39

.39 .39

.45 .79

74LS368 74LS373 74LS374 74LS377 74LS378 74LS379

2716 2716-1

2048 x 8 (450ns)(5v) 2048 x 8 (350ns)(5v)

3.95 5.95

1 8287 I 6268

6.50 25.00

B(i;.02U 14.95^M

74LS124 74LS125

2.90 .49

74LS385 74LS386

TMS2516

TMS2716

TMS2532

2732

2732-250

2732-100

2764

2764-250

2764-200

TMS2564

MC68764

27128

2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 2048 x 8 (450ns) 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 4096 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 4096 x 8 (200ns)(5v) 8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v) 8192 x 8 (250ns) (5v) 8192 x 8 (200ns)(5v) 8192x8 (450ns) (5v) 8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin) 16384x8 Call

5.50

7.95

5.95

4.95

8.95

11.95

9.95

14.95

24.95

17.95

39.95

Call

1 1^-u 1 18.432 I 20.0 I 22.1184 ^

BM 8289

49.95

^^IJART^^^B

H AY3-1014 6.95 1 I AY5-1013 3.95 ■

■ AY3-1015 6.95 I I PT1472 9.95 I

■ TR1602 3.95 ■ 1 2350 9.95 1

■ 2651 8.95 I

■ TMS6011 5.95 ■

■ IM6402 7.95 ■ ■ IM6403 8.95 ■

74LS126 74LS132 74LS133 74LS136 74LS137 74LS138 74LS139 74LS145 74LS147 74LS148 74LS151 74LS153

.49

.59

.59

.39

.99

.55

.55

1.20

2.49

1.35

.55

.55

74LS390

74LS393

DISC

■ CONTROLLERS

■ 1771 16.95

■ 1791 24.95

■ 1793 26.95

■ 1795 49.95

■ 1797 49.95

■ 2791 54.35 i ■ 2793 54.95 ; H 2795 59.95

74LS395 74LS399 74LS424

74LS447 74LS490 74LS624 74LS640 74LS645 74LS668 74LS669

i^f CRT 1 CONTROLLERS

I 6845 14.95

I 68B45 19.95

1 HD46505SP 15.95

j 1 6847 11.95

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

!■ MC1372

I 68047 ^B 8275 I 7220 I CRT5027 I CRT5037 ■ TMS9918A pMpP8350

6.95 24.95 29.95 99.95 39.95 49.95 39.95 49.95

1 2797

■ 6843

■ 8272

■ UPD765

■ MB8876 ; ■ MB8877

■ 1691 ^B 2143

59.95 34.95 39.95 39.95 29.95 34.95 17.95 18.95

I INS8250 10.95 ■

1 GENERATORS 1 BIT-RATE

I MC14411 11.95 ■ 1 BR1941 11.95 ■ I 4702 12.95 ■ ■ COM5016 16.95 ■ ■ COM8116 10.95 ■ 1 MM5307 10.95 ■

FUNCTION

74LS154 74LS155 74LS156 74LS157 74LS158 74LS160 74LS161 74LS162 74LS163 74LS164 74LS165

1.90 .69 .69 .65 .59 .69 .65 .69 .65 .69 .95

74LS670 74LS674

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity Intensity Timer Chip (uW/Cm!)

PE-14 6 5,200 83.00 PE-14T X 6 5,200 119.00 PE-24T X 9 6,700 175.00

74LS682 74LS683 74LS684 74LS685 74LS688 74LS689 74LS783

81LS95

M KEYBOARD

VCONNECTORS

81LS96

PL-265T

X 20 6,700

255.00

j CHIPS

1 RS232 MALE

2.50

1 MC4024 3.95 1

74LS166

1.95

81LS97

PR-125T [PR-320

X 16 15,000 X 32 15,000

349.00 595.00

■ AY5-2376 ■ AY5-3600 ^H AY5-3600 PRC

11.95 11.95 11.95

■ RS232 FEMALE 3.25 ! ■ RS232 HOOD 1.25 BMs-100 ST 3.95

1 LM566 1.49 ■

I XR2206 3.75 ■

■M8038 3.95^B

74LS168 74LS169 74LS170

1.75 1.75 1.49

81LS98

25LS2521

25LS2569

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128 (408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERIN TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Bl Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charg< Foreign orders, include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is a $ minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Va% Sa

'ax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve I right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typography errors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match beat any competitor's price provided It is not below our cost.

648 BYTE September 1983

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

211445oNs8/$9M 2114 250Ns 8/$1095

7400

.19 .19 .19 .19 .19 .25 .29 .29 .24 .19 .19 .25 .30 .35 .49 .25 .25 .19 .35 .35 .29 .29 .29 .29 .45 .19 .29 .45 .29 .29 .19 .49 .65 .69 .69 .69 .69 .69 .19 .23 .23 .23 .23 .35 .29 .34 .33 .45 .35 .59 1.10 .95 .50 .59 .35 2.15 .35 .40 .50 .35 .65 .55 .70 2.75 1.75 .30 .45 .45 .55 1.55 1.20 .29 .45 .49 .45 .45 .55

74132 74136 74141 74142 74143 74145 74147 74148 74150 74151 74152 74153 74154 74155 74156 74157 74159 74160 74161 74162 74163 74164 74165 74166 74167 74170 74172 74173 74174 74175 74176 74177 74178 74179 74180 74181 74182 74184 74185 74190 74191 74192 74193 74194 74195 74196 74197 74196 74199 74221 74246 74247 74248 74249 74251 74259 74265 74273 74276 74279 74283 74284 74285 74290 74293 74298 74351 74365 74366 74367 74368 74376 74390 74393 74425 74426 74490

CLOCK CIRCUITS

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

1.15

1.15

>9

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

.34

LM340 (see 7800)

LM566

1.49

LM1800

2.37

CA 3023

2.75 CA 3082

1.65

LM301H

.79

LM348

.99

LM567

.89

LM1B12

8.25

CA3039

1.29 CA 3083

1.55

LM307

.45

LM350K

4.95

NE570

3.95

LM1830

3.50

CA3046

1.25 CA 3086

.80

LM308

.69

LM350T

4.60

NE571

2.95

LM1871

5.49

CA 3059

2.90 CA 3089

2.99

LM308H

1.15

LM358

.69

NE592

2.75

LM1872

5.49

CA 3060

2.90 CA 3096

3.49

LM309H

1.95

LM359

1.79

LM709

.59

LM1877

3.25

CA 3065

1.75 CA3130

1.30

LM309K

1.25

LM376

3.75

LM710

.75

LM1889

1.95

CA 3080

1.10 CA3140

1.15

LM310

1.75

LM377

1.95

LM711

.79

LM1896

1.75

CA3081

1.65 CA3146

1.85

LM311

.64

LM378

2.50

LM723

.49

ULN2003

2.49

CA3160 1.19

LM311H

.89

LM379

4.50

LM723H

.55

LM2877

2.05

LM312H

1.75

LM380

.89

LM733

.98

LM2878

2.25

TI

LM317K

3.95

LM380N

8 1.10

LM741

.35

LM2900

.85

LM317T

1.19

LM381

1.60

LM741N-K

.35

LM2901

1.00

TL494

4.20 75365

1.95

LM318

1.49

LM382

1.60

LM741H

.40

LM3900

.59

TL496

1.65 75450

.59

LM318H

1.59

LM383

1.95

LM747

.69

LM3905

1.25

TL497

3.25 75451

.39

LM319H

1.90

LM384

1.95

LM748

.59

LM3909

.98

75107

1.49 75452

.39

LM319

1.25

LM386

.69

LM1014

1.19

LM3911

2.25

75110

1.95 75453

.39

LM320 (see 7900)

LM387

1.40

LM1303

1.95

LM3914

3.95

75150

1.95 75454

.39

LM322

1.65

LM389

1.35

LM1310

1.49

LM3915

3.95

75154

1.95 75491

.79

LM323K

4.95

LM390

1.95

MC1330

1.69

LM3916

3.95

75188

1.25 75492

.79

LM324

.59

LM392

.69

MC1349

1.89

MC4024

3.95

75189

1.25 75493

.89

LM329

.65

LM394H

4.60

MC1350

1.19

MC4044

4.50

75494 .89

LM331

3.95

LM399H

5.00

MC1358

1.69

RC4136

1.25

LM334

1.19

NE531

2.95

MC1372

6.95

RC4151

3.95

Bl FET

LM335

1.40

NE555

.34

LM1414

1.59

LM4250

1.75

LM336

1.75

NE556

.65

LM1458

.59

LM4500

3.25

TL071

.79 TL084

2.19

LM337K

3.95

NE558

1.50

LM1486

.69

RC4558

.69

TL072

1.19 LF347

2.19

LM337T

1.95

NE561

24.95

LM1489

.69

LM13080

1.29

TL074

2.19 LF351

.60

LM338K

6.95

NE564

2.95

LM1496

.85

LM13600

1.49

TL081

.79 LF3S3

1.00

LM339

.99

LM565

.99

LM1558H

3.10

LM13700

1.49

TL082 TL083

1.19 LF355 1.19 LF356

1.10 1.10

H = TO-5 CAN

T

TO-220

K

TO-3

LF357 1.40

CMOS

74S00

74S00

.32

74S163

1.95

74S02

.35

74S168

3.95

74S03

.35

74S169

3.95

74S04

.35

74S174

.95

74S05

.35

74S175

.95

74S08

.35

74S181

3.95

74S09

.40

74S182

2.95

74S10

.35

74S188

1.95

74S11

.35

74S189

6.95

74S15

.35

74S194

1.49

74S20

.35

74S195

1.49

74S22

.35

74S196

1.49

74S30

.35

74S197

1.49

74S32

.40

74S201

6.95

74S37

.88

74S225

7.95

74S38

.85

74S240

2.20

74S40

.35

74S241

2.20

74S51

.35

74S244

2.20

74S64

.40

74S251

.95

74S65

.40

74S253

.95

74S74

.50

74S257

.95

74S85

1.99

74S258

.95

74S86

.50

74S260

.79

74S112

.50

74S274

19.95

74S113

.50

74S275

19.95

74S114

.55

74S280

1.95

74S124

2.75

74S287

1.90

74S132

1.24

74S288

1.90

74S133

.45

74S289.

6.89

74S134

.50

74S301

6.95

74S135

.69

74S373

2.45

74S138

.85

74S374

2.45

74S139

.85

74S381

7.95

74S140

.55

74S387

1.95

74S151

.95

74S412

2.98

74S153

.95

74S471

4.95

74S157

.95

74S472

4.95

74S158

.95

74S474

4.95

74S161

1.95

74S482

15.25

74S162

1.95

74S570

2.95

74S571

2.95

INTERFACE

8T26

1.59

8T28

1.89

8T95

.89

8T96

.89

8T97

.89

8T98

.89

DM8131

2.95

DP8304

2.29

DS8835

1.99

DS8836

.99

MISC.

TMS99532

29.95

ULN2003

2.49

3242

7.95

3341

4.95

MC3470

4.95

MC3480

9.00

11C90

13.95

95H90

7.95

2513-001 UP

9.95

2513-002 LOW

9.95

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T

78M05C

7808T

7812T

7815T

7824T

7805K 7812K 7815K 7824K

78L05 78L12 78L15

78H05K 78H12K

9.95 9.95

7905T 7908T 7912T 7915T 7924T

7905 K 7912K 7915K 7924K

79L05 79L12 79L15

LM323K UA78S40

C, T = TO-220 K = TO-3

L = TO-92

IF V0U CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE. LET US KNOW AND WE WILL IYIEET OR DEAT THEIR

PRICE! (SEE TERMS BELOW)

* computer managed inuentory — uirtuaily no DacH orders!

* Very competltlue prices!

* Friendly stall!

* Fast serulce - most orders shipped within 24 hours!

INTERSIL

9000

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL7660

ICL8038

ICM7207A

ICM7208

9316 9334 9368 9401 9601 9602 96S02

EXAR

XR 2206

3.75

XR 2207

3.75

XR 2208

3.75

XR 2211

5.25

XR 2240

3.25

' DATA ACQUISITION

ADCOBOO

15.55

DAC0808

2.95

AOC0804

3.49

OAC1020

8.25

ADC0809

4.49

DAC1022

5.95

ADC0817

9.95

MC1408L6

1.95

.DAC0800

4.95

MC1408L8

2.95 .

4000 4001 4002 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4034 4035 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4046 4047 4049 4050 4051 4053 4060 4066

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

4.18

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C90B

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

74C922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.95

1.19

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.64

1.19

5.79

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1 95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

.89

5.75

2.2S

3.25

1.75

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.19

1.39

2.00

.79

1.19

1.19

1.49

1.49

1.39

5.75

1.75

2.45

2.45

.39 I

.85 I

.85

10.95

.95

1.00

2.00

2.75

9.95

8.95

8.95

1.95

1.19

2.75

17.95

15.95

4.49

4.95

5.95

7.95

7.95

19.95 J

SOUND CHIPS

76477 3.95

76489 8.95

AV3-8910 12.95

AY3-8912 12.95

MC3340 1.49,

RDER TOLL FREE

ALL MERCHANDISE 100% GUARANTEED

-538-5000 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS) CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 649

2732

32K EPROM

276a

64K EPROM

$995

PROMS

Function 32x8 OC

EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS

Part

Tl

SIG 82S23

MIMI 6330-1

Harris 7602

74S1B8

16SA030

1.95

74S287

256x4 TS

24S10

82S129

6301-1

7611

1.90

74S288

32x8 TC

18S030

82S123

6331-1

7603

1.90

74S387

256x4 OC

24SA10

82S126

6300-1

7610

1.95

74S471

256x8 TS

28L22

6309-1

4.95

74S472

512x8 TS

28S42

82S147

6349-1

7649

4.95

74S473

512x8 OC

28SA42

82S146

6348

7648

10.95

74S474

512x8 TS

28S46

82S141

6341

7641

4.95

74S47S

512x8 TS

28SA46

82S140

6340

7640

12.95

74S478

1KX8TS

28S86

19.95

74S570

512x4 OC

27S12

82S130

6305

7620

2.95

74S571

512x4 TS

27S13

82S131

6306-1

7621

2.95

74S572

1kx4 OC

24SA41

82S136

6352-1

7642

9.95

74S573

1kx4 TS

24S41

82S137

6353-1

7643

9.95

87S180

1kx8 OC

28SA86

82S180

6380-1

7680

19.25

87S181

1kx8TS

28L86

82S181

6381-1

7681

16.25

87S184

2kx4 OC

24SA81

82S184

7684

17.20

87S185

2kx4 TS

24S81

82S185

7685

16.95

87S190

2kx4 OC

28SA166

82S190

76160

39.95

87S191

2kx8 TS

28S166

82S191

76161

39.95

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO SUBSTITUTE MANUFACTURER

ORDER 800-538-5000 TOLL FREE 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

DISC

6V

10V

15V

20V

25V

35V

50V

10pt 22

50V 50V

.05 .05

470 560

50V 50V

.0

22uf

.40

.1)

25

50V

.05

680

50V

.0

.27

.40

27

50V

.05

820

50V

.0

.33

.40

.45

33 47

50V 50V

.05 .05

.OOlu .0015

50V 50V

.0 .0

.47

.35

.50

56

50V

.05

.0022

50V

.0

.68

.45

.50

68

82

100

220

330

50V 50V 50V 50V 50V

.05 .05 .05 .05 .05

.005

.01

.02

.05

.1

50V 50V 50V 50V 12V

.0

1.0

.40

.40

.45

.45

.0 .0 .0

1.5

.45

.50

.60

1.8

.75

.1

.1

50V

1

2.2

.35

.40

.45

.65

.85

2.7

.40

.45

.90

3.3

.45

.50

.55

.60

.65

.90

monolithic;

.1uf-mono 50V .18 .47uf-mono 50V

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL AXIAL .47ul 50V .14 1ul 50V

3.9

.45

.2

4.7

.45

.55

.60

.65

.85

.90

6.8

.70

.75

8.2

1.00

10

.55

.65

.80

.85

.90

1.00

.14

1

25V

.14

4.7

16V

14

I 12

.65

.85

.90

2.2 4.7 10 47

35V 50V 50V 35V

.15 .15 .15 .18

10 10 22 47

16V 50V 16V 50V

I 15

.75

.85

.90

16

I 1S

1.25

.14

I 22

1.00

1.35

VII

100

16V

.18

100

15V

Ml

I 27

2.25

220

35V

.20

100

35V

.25

I 39

1.50

470

25V

.30

150

25V

.25

I 47

1.35

2200

16V

.60

220

25V

.30

56

1.75

COMPUTER

330 500

16V

16V

.40 4?

I 100

3.25

GRADE

1000

16V

.60

270

3.75

26,000ut 30V 3.95

1500

16V

.70

6000

16V

BS

OPTO-ISOLATORS

IC SOCKETS

4N26

4N27

4N28

4N33

4N35

4N37

MCT-2

MCT-6

1N751

1N759

1N4148

1N4004

KBP02

KBP04

VM48

1.00 1.10 .69 1.75 1.25 1.25 1.00 1.50

MCA-7

MCA-255

IL-1

ILA-30

ILQ-74

H11C5

TIL-111

TIL-113

DIODES

5.1 volt zener 12.0 volt zener (1N914) switching 400PIV rectifier 200PIV 1.5amp bridge 400PIV 1.5amp bridge Dip-Bridge

4.25 1.75 1.25 1.25 2.75 1.25 1.00 1.75

.25 .25 25/1.00 10/1.00 .45 .55 .35

FEDERAL EXPRESS SERVICES AUAILABLE

TRANSISTORS

1-99 .13 .15 .17 .20 .29 .30 .30 .40 .49

4.25

100 .11 .12 .13 .18 .27 .27 I .27 .32 .39 I call

MUFFIN FANS NEW UN-USED

4.68" Square 3.125" Square

HEAT SINKS

TO-3 style TO-220 style

SWITCHES

SPDT mini-toggle DPDT mini-toggle SPST mini-pushbutton

14.95 14.95

.95 .35

1.25

1.50

.39

2N918

MPS918

2N2102

2N2218

2N2218A

2N2219

2N2219A

2N2222

PN2222

MPS2369

2N2484

2N2905

2N2907

PN2907

2N3055

3055T

2N3393

2N3414

2N3563

2N3565

PN3565

MPS3638

MPS3640

PN3643

PN3644

MPS3704

.50 .25 .75 .50 .50 .50 .50 .25 .10 .25 .25 .50 .25 .125 .79 .69 .30 .25 .40 .40 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .15

MPS3706

2N3772

2N3903

2N3904

2N3906

2N4122

2N4123

2N4249

2N4304

2N4401

2N4402

2N4403

2N4857

PN4916

2N5086

PN5129

PN5139

2N5209

2N6028

2N6043

2N6045

MPS-A05

MPS-A06

MPS-A55

TIP29

TIP31

TIP32

.15 1.85 .25 .10 .10 .25 .25 .25 .75 .25 .25 .25 1.00 .25 .25 .25 .25 .25 .35 1.75 1.75 .25 .25 .25 .65 .75 .79

8 pin ST 14 pin ST 16 pin ST 18 pin ST 20 pin ST 22 pin ST 24 pin ST 28 pin ST I 40 pin ST I 64 pin ST

ST = SOLDERTAIL 8 pin WW .59 .49 I 14 pin WW .69 .52 16 pin WW .69 .58 f 18 pin WW .99 .90 20 pin WW 1.09 .98 22 pin WW 1.39 1.28 I 24 pin WW 1.49 1.35 I I 28 pin WW 1.69 1.49 I 40 pin WW 1.99 1.80 WW = WIREWRAP 16pinZIF 6.75 call 24 pin ZIF 9.95 call 28 pin ZIF 10.95 call

ZIF = TEXTOOL (Zero Insertion ForceK

DIP SWITCHES

LED LAMP!

1-99

100-1

Jumbo

Red

.10

.09

Jumbo

Green

.18

.15

Jumbo

i Yellow

.18

.15

BYPASS CAPS

.01 UF DISC 100/6.01

.1 UFDISC 100/8.01

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.01

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760 MAN 72 MAN 74 FND-357 (359) FND-500 (503) FND-507 (510)

.3" .3" .375"

.5" .5"

CC CA CC CC CC CA

1.29 .99 .99 1.25 1.49 1.49

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION i 8 POSITION

.85 .90 .90 .95 .95 J

RESISTORS

Vt WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .01

■ ■

■.'

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

I San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) (408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OUR ~ NEW HOURS ~

visa uun M-W-F, 9-5

RETAIL STORE T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

shipping include S2 lor UPS Gr.

i S3 I

Label Air Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges Foreign orders, include sulhcient amount lor shipping There is a S10 minimum order Bay Area and Los Angel-s Counlies add 6/K Sale Tax Other California residents add 6 Sales Tan "' right lo substitute manufacturer Not responsible tor typographic^ errors. Price s are subject lo change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cost

1963 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC

650 BYTE September 1983

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

2716

16KEPR0mS

2732

32K EPROmS

MICROCOMPUTER HARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95

Over 800 pages of manufacturers data sheets on most commonly used IC's. Includes:

* TTL — 74/74LS and 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM. ROM, EPROM

* CPU'S - 6800, 6500. Z80. 8080, 8085. 8086/8

* MPU support & interface — 6800. 6500. Z80, 8200, etc.

BEST SELLING BOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 16.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95 '

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor Interfacing Techniques 17.95j

TRANSFORMERS

FRAME STYLE

12.6VAC 2amp

12.6VAC CT 2amp

12.6VAC CT 4amp

12.6VAC CT Samp

25.2VAC CT 2amp

12VAC 12VAC 12VAC 12V AC

PLUG CASE STYLE

250ma 500ma lamp 2amp

4.95 5.95 7.95 10.95 7.95

3.95 4.95 5.95 6.95

DC ADAPATER

6, 9, 12 VDC selectable with universal adapter 8.95

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for shipping on above items.

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 5V (FOR IBM] SS/DD 229.00 TM100-2 5V (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

SHUGART

SA 400L 5 •" (40 TRACK) SS/DD 1 99.95

SA400

189.95

' (35 TRACK) SS/DD

PERTEC

" SS/DD DS/DD

MPI

{FOR IBM) DS/DD

NOTE: Please include sulficienl amount for shipping on above items.

FD-200 s FD-250 s

MP-52s,

179.95 199.95

295.00

8" DRIVE SALE FD100-8 $189

SHUGART 801 EQUIVALENT SS/DD 10 FOR $175 EA.

FD200-8 $239

SHUGART 851 EQUIVALENT DS/DD 10 FOR $220 EA.

CABINETS FOR CABINET #1 *29.95

• DIMENSIONS 8% x5,5/i6x3'yi6"

• COLOR MATCHES APPLE

• FITS STANDARD 5'/>" DRIVES, INCL. SHUGART

• INCLUDES MOUNTING HARDWARE AND FEET

NOTE: Please include sulficient amount (or shipping on above items.

51/4

' DISK DRIVES CABINET #2 s79.00

COMPLETE WITH POWER SUPPLY, SWITCH, LINE CORD, FUSE & STANDARD POWER CONNECTOR DIMENSIONS: 11 Vi x 5% X3W +5V @ 1 AMP, +12V @ 1.5 AMP FITS STANDARD 5%" DRIVES PLEASE SPECIFY GRAY OR TAN

EDGE

CARD

CONNECTORS

S-100 ST

3.95

S-100 WW

4.95

72 pin ST

6.95

72 pin WW

7.95

50 pin ST

4.95

44 pin ST

2.95

44 pin WW

4.95

44 pin SE

3.95

DIP CONNECTORS

HIGH RELIABILITY

COMPONENT

RIBBON

DESCRIPTION

TOOLED ST IC

CARRIERS

CABLE

SOCKETS

(DIP HEADERS)

DIP PLUGS (IDC)

ORDER BY

AUGATxx-ST

ICCxx

IDPxx

CONTACTS 8

99

65

14

99

75

1 45

16

99

85

1 65

18

1 69

1 00

20

1 89

1 25

22

1 89

1 25

24

1.99

1 35

2 50

28

2 49

1 50

40

2.99

2 10

4 15

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

POWER SUPPLY

MODEL 2 $3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+ 5 VOLT 4 AMP

+ 12 VOLT 1 AMP

NOTE: Please include sufficient amount for shipping on above items.

CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 Ribbon Cable 36 Pin Male 8.95 I

CEN36 Solder Cup 36 Pin Male 7.95 J

RIBBON CABLE

D-SUBMINIATURE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

V

10'

r

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

16

.55

4.80

1.00

8.80

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

25

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER CUP

RIGHT ANGLE PC SOLDER

IDC RIBBON CABLE

HOODS

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

BLACK

GREY

ORDER BY

DBxxP

DBxxS

DBxxPR

DBxxSR

IDBxxP

IDBxxS

HOOD-B

HOOD

CONTACTS 9 15 25 37 50

2.08 2.69 2.50

4.80 6.06

2.66 3.63 3.25

7.11 9.24

1.65 2.20 3.00

4.83

2.18 3.03 4.42 6.19

3.37 4.70 6.23 9.22

3.69

5.13

6.84

10.08

1.25

1.60 1.60 1.25 2.95 3.50

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

CALL FOR MOUNTING HARDWARE

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

WW HEADER

RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER

RIBBON HEADER SOCKET

RIBBON HEADER

RIBBON EDGE CARD

ORDER BY

IDHxxS

IDHxxSR

IDHxxW

IDHxxWR

IDSxx

IDMxx

IDExx

CONTACTS 10 20 26 34 40 50

.82 1.29 1.68 2.20 2.58 3.24

.85 1.35 1.76 2.31. 2.72 3.39

1.86 2.98 3.84 4.50 5.28 6.63

2.05 3.28 4.22 4.45 4.80 7.30

1.15 1.86 2.43 3.15 3.73 4.65

5.50 6.25 7.00 7.50 8.50

2.25 2.36 2.65 3.25 3.80 4.74

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A10 pin right angle solder style header would be IDH10SR.

, 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

BYTE September 1983 651

FOR APPLE COMPUTER USERS

FD-35 DISK DRIVE

* Direct Replacement for Apple Disk II

* Compatible with Apple Controller or other Apple compatible controllers

* Specially designed electronics with low power consumption

* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible

* Owner's Manual and Warranty Card included

NOW WITH ONE YEAR $22995 WARRANTY

CONTROLLER CARD ^9.95^

VIEWMAX-80

A Full Function

80 Column Card for Apple II* * Soft Video Switch * Shift Key Support

2 YEAR WARRANTY

NOW ONLY

$13995

51A" DISKETTES

UERBATIM DATALIFE

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR 29.95

SS/DD 10 SECTOR HEAD .... 29.95

NASHUA

| SS/DD SOFT SECTOR $HQ95

WITH HUB RING ....19

Ask about our full BEST BUY

line of Nashua diskettes

THOUSANDS SOLD

JDR16KRAMCARD

* Expand your 48K Apple to 64K + Fully compatible with Apple

Language System — Use in place of Apple Language card

* Provides extra memory for Visicalc'"

* Run PASCAL, FORTRAN, Integer Basic with appropriate software

* Highest quality card features: gold edge connector, sockets for all IC's

WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY

ASSEMBLED & TESTED WITH WARRANTY

KIT— INCLUDES ALL PARTS & INSTRUCTIONS

BARE PC CARD

WITH INSTRUCTIONS

$4495 $4Q95 $-|495

apple coiyipatible sWy $99.95

* Compact Switching Design

* All Outputs regulated

* Short Circuit and Overload Protection

* Complete with Apple-type plug-in power cord

* Apple Compatible— Yet higher output allows more disk drives and cards without overheating

* +5V@ 5A. +12V@3A, -5V @ .5A, -12V@ .5A

* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3V4" x 2'/is"

NEW IMPROVED JDR COOLING FAN

* Easy modification — no modification of Apple required

* Eliminates overheating problems

* Switch on front controls fan, Apple, and extra outlet

* Rotron whisper fan is the quietest, most reliable on the market

NOW WITH SURGE SUPPRESSION

$69.95

WITHOUT SURGE SUPPRESSION '59.95

MONITORS

MONOCHROME

NEC JB1201M-20 MHZ GREEN $169| ZENITH ZUM-121 -15 MHZ GREEN $99

TAXAN 18 MHZ AMBER '1391

COLOR

AMDEK COLOR I - COMPOSITE $335 I

NO CO.D. ORDERS PLEASE

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000

MSMSM

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE II & ME

ALL WITH 1 YEAR WARRANTY BY

PRINTERLINK

CENTRONICS PARALLEL INTERFACE

• Simple to use — No configuring required

• Use with any Centronics printer— EPSON, OKIDATA, etc.

• Includes Cable & Manual

*59

00

MESSENGER

SERIAL INTERFACE

• Connects to any RS-232 serial device

• 8 switch selectable drivers for printers, terminals and modems

• Includes Cable & Manual

*99

00

:i;iP£R!SOFT

TIMELINK

REALTIME CLOCK

Applications in file management, word processing, communications, etc. Exclusive Alarm Clock feature

Battery recharges automatically

$84

00

NEWBUFFERLINK

ADD-ON PRINTER BUFFER

* Saves Time — No more waiting for printed output

* Connects easily to any parallel interface

* Expandable from 16K

to64K

$13900

16K)

1 JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

, *•%,

, 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING TERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS Blue Label Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges. Foreign orders. Include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is a $10 minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6V»% Sales Tax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographical errors. Prices are sub|ect to change without notice. We will match or beat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

652 BYTE September 1983

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Two AMD Z8000 evaluator boards, includes AMD assembler S600 each. Also, seeking Assembler programmer for Intel 8051. 8048, and 8085 in the NY. NJ. CT area. Vincent Randy. 139 Rich Ave.. Mount Vernon. NY 10550. WANTED: Position in the field of medical applications of computers sought by experienced clinician and medical administrator with a special interest in recording clinical information. Bernard N. Millner. MD. 919 Berkeley Ave.. Trenton. NJ 08618, (609) 695-0696.

WANTED: To trade software and exchange ideas about the TRS-80 Color Computer. A. Adachi, 30 Lockwood Rd.. Scarsdale. NY 10583. [9I4| 723-1582 after 6 p.m. WANTED: Any model TRS-80 Color Computer, any condition (used OK) but must be working. Will pay S50 plus shipping. Jim Norman. II16 Northeast 14th Ave.. Gainesville. FL 32601. (904J 375-6047.

WANTED: Problems and/or solutions encountered with the Kaypro computer and Perfect software for possible inclusion in book I am writing. Let's share experiences. John L. Parker, 503 East Georgia St., Tallahassee. FL 32308. |904| 222-9841. FOR SALE; One complete unused copy of Bristol Software Silicon Office for Commodore 8096 with 8050 disk. AlHn-one office software in original packaging, lists for S999. will sell for S500 orbestofTer. SteveBolger, GloucesterComputerlnc, One Blackburn Center. Gloucester. MA 01930. |6I7| 283-7719. FOR TRADE: Heath H-IO paper-tape reader/punch in good working condition with parallel interface card for Q-bus. Includes cat)\es and manuals; works with any DEC LSI-11 computer. Will swap for LSI-11 software; RT-11. TSX, COBOL. Mort Spelas. 847 East Sheridan. Phoenix. AZ 85006. |602| 253-7637. FOR SALE: Odyssey 2 video-game system in good condition with four cartridges, all instructions, and original cartons. S150 or best offer. Assorted video game and computer magazines; SI each. Also. I would like to correspond with Commodore ViC-20 users who wish to exchange software and information. Joseph Brown, 2683 Chartestown Dr.. #3I-D, College Park. GA 30337.

FOR SALE: Black Box A/S-I protocol converter. Translates bisynchronous EBCDIC (IBM 2770. 2780. or 3780 format) to asysnchronous ASCII (with X-Off/X-On support); S1000 or best offer, Lee Jones. 509 Black Hills Dr., Claremont, CA 91711, (714) 621-9008.

FOR SALE: Exatron Stringy Floppy for the TRS-80 Model III in superb condition. Manual, software. 30 wafers, and a wafer wheel for storage are included. S300 value; will sell for S200. Bernard F. Biron. 141 English Village Rd.. Manchester. NH 03102. (603) 669-1269.

FOR SALE: The Digital Group 40K-byte Z80 computer system with Phi-Deck cassette system. Also, all software and two unpopulated 32K-byte (4044} memory boards. Plenty of room for expansion; asking $1000. Peter V. Beckmann, 4113 Cedar Ave.. Palm Beach Gardens. FL 33410. (305) 622-0347. FOR TRADE: Send a list of your better Apple software and I will send you mine. Or send a disk with your better programs and I will return it promptly with mine. I am interested in arcade games and educational programs. P. Rathod, Revefaret 4. Oslo 4. Norway.

WANTED: To upgrade TRS-80 Model I. Cat. No. 26-1006, Expansion Interface, Cat. No. 26-1142, and related software. W. C. Russell, 4027 Holly Rue, Erie. PA 16506. FOR SALE: Voicebox II for Atari. Used only a couple of times: S 115. I will ship in U.S. or add $5 for shipping outside U.S. Voicebox. I for Atari; S 100. Add S3 if you want it shipped COD. Will Hudson. 519 Linden. East Lansing, Ml 48823. FOR SALE: IBM 5100 portable computer, 64K RAM. built-in BASIC and APL, with IBM 5103 DM Printer. Also, business software, all manuals, and lots of blank tapes. Best offer. Rich Larris. 388 Mam St.. Danbury, CT 06810. (203) 792-7300 days. FOR SALE: AIM 65 with 4K RAM. BASIC. PL-65. Assembler, enclosure, power supply, and full documentation. Best offer over S300. Ben Pashkoff. POB 4994. College Station. TX 77844. [409)846-1075.

FOR SALE: 32K Interact Color Computer with built-in 1500-bps cassette player. Also, typewriter keyboard. RS-232C connector, two joysticks, schematics. BASIC manual and over 100 programs. New cost $2000, asking $895. Barbara Bridges, POB 42. Badger, CA 93603. (209) 337-2885 evenings. WANTED: Information exchange wth Interact owners/ users. Would like to join or start Interact users group, in person or by mail. Can do: 8080 ML programming, rewire Atari. Odyssey etc..joysticks. Paul Donnelly. 10 Idle Day Dr., Centerport. NY II721.

FOR SALE: Processor Technology Sol-20 with S-100 bus and five expansion slots. 8080A processor, parallel and serial communications interface. 64K RAM, and an 8-inch disk drive. Also includes CP/M 2.2 operating system, MBASIC. Electric Pencil word processor, utilities, and game packages; all with full documentation. Asking S2000 or best offer. Joe Vaccarello. 254 Chamberlain Ave.. Paterson. NJ 07502, (201) 790-8463. FOR SALE: Brand new. never opened Apple II with 80-column card, expandable to 64K with Artsci Magic Words Text Processor. Magic Words Spelling Proofreader, and Magic Calc Spreadsheet Program: S350. Marc Ries. 13977 Coteau Dr. §2, Whittier, CA 90604. (213) 946-3073.

FOR SALE: Rockwell AIM-65 system with heavy-duty aluminum case, power supply, printer, and paper. Never used; asking S225 or best offer. Andy Chiang, (212) 565-6784 or 425-0658.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE: vol. 2. No. 8 through vol. 7, No. 9: like-new condition; S225 plus shipping, W. R. Elmendorf, 31 FairWay. Poughkeepsie, NY 12603, (914] 462-0721. FOR SALE: CPM 2.2. 15-stot S-100. Compupro Z80A and 65K static memory. Morrow Multi I/O, Morrow Floppy and HD controllers, Shugart 2S/2D 1.2MB 8-inch floppy disk, Fujitsu 10MB hard disk, Televideo9l0C. Texas Instruments 810-8 and stand. Smartmodem, all cables and technical manuals included. Used 1 year. $5500 or best offer. John Bohn, 7440 East Hwy. 140. Merced. CA 95340.

WANTED: A disk drive or a printer (include interface if needed) in old condition for an Atari. Send information about your peripheral if asking price is less than S370. Robert Liu, 155 Kings Rd.. Madison, NJ 07940, (201) 822-2527 after 5 p.m. FOR SALE: Vector 3 system including NEC 5515 Spinwriter, computer and printer stands, and dual disk drives. Software includes word processing, accounting, and execplan. Financing may be available for a 30-month term; $9000 or best offer. Michael Wolf. Suite 200. 10350 Santa Monica Blvd., Los Angeles. CA 90025, (213) 277-5191. WANTED: Schematic diagrams and data sheets or any other information about the Video Brain Family Computer Model 101 A. Matthew A. Goglia. 33 Musket Dr.. Nashua. NH 03062. WANTED: Experienced hobbyist, specialized in software development mainly for Z80/808O systems, is looking for interesong assignments. Bart Rutten, Azielaan 284. 3526 SJ Utrecht The Netherlands, tel: (0)30-89 63 67. FOR SALE: Graphics terminal. Lear-Siegler ADM 3A+ with Digital Research Retro-Graphics card containing Z80 and onboard memory. Emulates Tektronix 40IX series. Has numeric keybad, RS-232C printer port. Only three years old, all documentation included, shipped in original carton. Shipping included: $1400 or best offer. Randy Girard. RR3 Box 36, Chillicothe. IL 61523, (309) 274-5540 or 578-3336. FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model 148 +. expansion interface, upperand lowercase, number keys and Scnpsit keys. RS-232C. HD interface, two DD disk drives. Synthesizer and Voxbox. tape drive, cables, and documents. Software includes Scripsit, Profile, Visicat, Versafile. Assembly. FORTRAN. LDOS-HD. commVideotext. Microfile. GenLedger. AcctsPay. AcctsRec, Model II to Model I converter, and more. Just serviced by TRS: $2000. Not compatible with new VAX-780. Gene Gropper. 71 Nimitz Rd.. Yonkers. NY 10710.

FOR SALE: 8K BASIC ROM to upgrade Sinclair ZX80 to ZX81; S25. Assorted ZX8I Software. Send SASE for list and prices. R. Cummings. 124 West 10th, Andover, KS 67002. FOR SALE: Commodore VIC-20 color computer with manual, Programmers Reference Guide, cassette recorder, 8K memory expander, power supply, and game software. A little over a year old. Paid S 590. asking $ 230. Leland Gershell. 515 West End Ave.. New York, NY 10024. (2 12) 877-2322. FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE Nov. 1977 to present Creative Computing July 1979 to present Personal Computing May 1978 to present and other miscellaneous titles. Myron Ellis. 1300 South 19th St.. Terre Haute, IN 47803. (812) 235-3851.

FOR SALE: Epson MX 80F/T and switched serial interface for a couple of Apple Us. Includes two CCS 77IOA asynchronous serial interface boards, one Practical Peripherals MBS-8K buffered interface, and three cables totaling 60 feet in length. Works great at 19.2K bits per second. Rick Bullen. 26 Pinecrest Dr., Hastings-on-Hudson, NY 10706, (212) 398-8474 days or (914) 478-2940 evenings.

WANTED: Service manuals and schematics for all types of minicomputers. Send name, address, and telephone number with name of literature and asking price. B. J. Currier. 57 Oxford St., Manchester, CT 06040.

FOR SALE: S-100 boards: Tarbell double-density floppy-disk controller, little used: S300. Fully populated TRACE 32K static RAM. works at 2 MHz: S 100. VDM-I: $25. Bruce Kinney. 4201 Tynes Dr.. Garland. TX 75042. (214) 276-7650. FOR TRADE: Will exchange programs for the TRS-80, Atari 800. and the Apple II in both BASIC and assembly language. I am especially looking for simulation programs for the Atari 800 and the Apple II. Will trade programs of egual size for those received. Send your listings plus SASE for a return listing. Don C. Jacobs. Box 3913. Ingleside, TX 78362.

WANTED: I will swap any BASIC game programs with TI-99/4 and 4A users. Send your programs on cassette or list them on paper. I will return your programs with some of mine. Eric Ng. 4506 Georgetown Dr., Columbia, MO 65201. FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model III 5 V* -inch formatted floppy disk with business-type, custom-made software f inventory/billwriting/dairy balancing). I must sell out my personal software packages from owner/operator business. Wilt customize to your specs if requested. Mike Keller. 422 Central Manor Rd., Mountville, PA 17554, (717) 285-4853. WANTED: Copy of Byte Nybbie #109. "An APL Interpreter in Pascal." Will gladly pay copy costs and postage. W. R. Mitchell, POB 1627, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601. WANTED: The Saginaw Michigan Computer Users Group is assembling a nondenominafjonal directory of users groups. Groups with general and/or special interests in computing as well as from ali geographic areas are welcome. Send club name, address, and interests. Computer User's DirectorySMCUG, 2534 Nebraska St., Saginaw. Ml 48601. WANTED: Back issues of Dr Dobb's Journal. I will buy all the 1981 and 1982 issues you want to sell—at your price— rf your offer includes certain key issues I am missing. Barry G. Knapp. 4695 Osage Dr.. Boulder, CO 80303, |303| 494-8390. FOR SALE: North Star Horizon 48K with two single-sided single-density floppy disks. Also, all my Noah Star software: $1500. R. Riggio. 18047 Audette, Dearborn. Ml 48124. FOR SALE: Heath H-89, professional assembled, mint condition. Includes serial-interface board. Heath disk operating system. Text Editor. Epson MX-80 driver program, games, and Morse code practice programs on disk. Nearly complete collection of REMark issues through 4/83. All manuals, schematics. and software documentation. Package price: S1500. C. Frye. 2545 Nevada Ave.. Oroville. CA 95965. (916) 534-7491. FOR SALE: Adds Viewpoint terminal, 80-character by 24-line black-and-white terminal with detachable keyboard; looks and runs like new: S400. Dick Manning. POB 4386. Allentown, PA 18105,(215)439-0351. FOR TRADE: Want to swap programs for the TRS-80 Model III, any disk or tape program or utility. Send your list of programs and I'll send you mine. Tom Trepanier, 35 Lincoln Ave., Ardsley, NY 10502, (914] 693-6398.

FOR SALE: ZX81, IK with BASIC and owners manual: S50. Andrew Case. 4565 Westcott Dr.. Friday Harbor. WA 98250. FOR SALE: Digital Group Z80A system with 56K RAM, audio-cassette board, eight parallel ports, Quad Phi-Deck drive with controller, D. G. Printer, full ASCII keyboard, and 9-inch Javelin monitor. Matched cabinets for all. Phimon, Opus. BASIC (4 versions), Assembler, Disassembler, and others. All for $900 or best offer. Roy Aydelotte, 620 Hibiscus Dr.. Satellite Beach. FL 32937, (305) 773-3405.

FOR SALE: LNW-80 computer 48K RAM. double-density disk controller with DOS-PLUS 3.4 LNW BASIC for high-resolution graphics. 24 by 80 display, and more. Asking $900. Ann Pham, 3651 Beth Ct., Santa Clara. CA 95050. (408) 988-6294. FOR SALE: Completed video-board kit with chips and RF modulator: $40. Decided to purchase display. Richard J. Willis. 10325 Caminito Cuervo #168, San Diego. CA 92108. FOR SALE: OSI Challenger 2P 8K. plus some programs. Also, BYTE January through December 1978. Best offer. Robert Keelan. 11405 South Talman Ave.. Chicago. IL 60655. WANTED: Manual for the TI Silent 700 terminal. Wish to interface with Commodore 64. Need all data re; hardware, software, cables, etc. Am a writer and definitely an engineering novice. D. Cascio, 112-28 68th Dr., Forest Hills. NY 11375. FOR SALE: TRS-80 Color Computer with 32K Extended BASIC: S325, disk drive: S295, modem: $70, line printer VIII: $395. Software included with processor, switchbox with printer. Dave Edick, 15938 Gramercy Dr., San Leandro, CA 94578.

FOR SALE: Sinclair ZX80 with IK, full-sized keyboard, game cassette, and flicker-free board. Compatible with almost all ZX81/TSI000 products: SI25 or best offer. Alvin Lam, 690 Sunset Pkwy., Novate CA 94947. [415] 883-5286. FOR SALE: SOROC IQ120 video terminal, more than a year old. excellent condition. Asking $400 or best offer. Niels Lauritzen. c/o Tryntje Lauritzen, 6250 Wissahickon Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19144.

FOR SALE: Sinclair ZX-80, slightly-used, with sound synthesizer, cassette cable manuals, learning lab, and 32 game program book. All for $70. Lance Gropper. 5020 Coldwater Cyn Apt. #203, Sherman Oaks. CA 91423.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers whei have computer equipment to buy, sell, or trade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusion in the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement must be noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only), typed double-spaced on plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name and address. This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits. Your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in no correspondence. Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send your notices to Unclassified Ads, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.

September 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 653

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: IMSAI 22-slot S-100 system, IEEE-696 compatible. Front panel. 64K static 200ns RAM. Z80, and 8080 processor cards. 2SIO/2 serial I/O card. Micromation DD disk controller, and two disk drives. CP/M BIOS and all necessary disk utilities included. Excellent starter system working: S2000 firm. You ship or I deliver within 75 miles. A. L. Bender, 641 Victoria Terrace, Paramus, NJ 07652. (201) 652-0157. WANTED: Apple II Plus-compatibie software to swap. I am particularly interested in utilities and educational programs (including CP/M). Send a list of your programs and/or a disk of your more advanced programs, t will promptly return the same with some of my programs. Ursula Suesser, 2444 Northwest Green Circle, Corvallis, OR 97330. (503) 754-0293. FOR SALE: Equipment left over from several large club projects. 49 2532 Tl EPROMS ® S4 (almost new); 200+ 8-inch 128 byte IBM disks @ S2; 95 8-inch DS/DD IBM disks @ S3; 17 DECtape reels in cannisters @ S3. Roman Pawnyk, 8380 Pinehurst Dr.. Parma, OH 44129.

FOR SALE: Radio Shack Mini-Disk Drive (cat no. 26-1 161) in excellent condition: S400 or best offer. Richard Havanec. 575 Sedgewick Ave., Stratford, CT 06497, (203) 377-4080 after 5:30 p.m.

FOR SALE: North Star 18MB hard-disk drive with North Star HDOS. No bad spots. Less than a year old: S3095. John Strauch. 4 17 West I st. Sonora. TX 76950. (9 15] 387-2273 days and 387-3784 evenings CT.

FOR SALE: ASR 33 with manuals. Hardly used: S200, pay shipping on delivery. Also, two Processor Technology I6K RAM boards modified to 64K less 4116 memory chips: S60 each. M. Gilbert, 154 Munson Ave., West Hempstead, NY I 1552, (516) 486-0367.

WANTED: I am writing a book about software. Seeking unique or specialized software like manufacturing robots and general business software. Send SASE. Anthony Klosky. 1529 North Noble St., Chicago IL 60622.

FOR SALE: HP-41CV hand-held computer/calculator system including printer, bar-code wand, card reader, timer module, PPC ROM, statistics ROM, Extended functions/memory, and many hardware extras. All like new. Much software (scientific/medical applications) and documentation from HP and PPC f 12 inches). Asking S750 or best offer including shipping. Will consider sale by the piece. S.J. Davidson. 1008 Kater St., Philadelphia, PA 19147. (2 15) 928-1551 or 842-6544. WANTED: Used computer system, complete with display screen, printer, and software for word processing, etc. J. Leonard. 5700 Arlington Ave., Riverdale. NY 10471, (212) 548-9325.

FOR SALE: Texas Instruments Model 840 RO printer, configured as follows: tractor and friction feed, device forms control, 2K buffer, requites RS-232C, prints 75 cps, excellent condition: S 725. Will send print samples if desired. Barry Kosons. 509 Pecos Trail. Belton. TX 76513. (817) 939-2660.

WANTED: Apple II Plus computer with one disk drive, 3.3 controller. Very good condition, price negotiable Mike Wexler. (201) 572-2970.

WANTED: Need information on the IMSAI MDIO Disk Controller card, especially schematic. I/O routines, and CP/M bios. David Schuler. 3032 Avon Rd.. Bethlehem. PA 18017. WANTED: Send a list of your Apple programs and I will send you mine. I am mainly interested in entertainment software. Please include a SASE. Greg Burns. 448 West Rd. New Canaan, CT 06840.

FOR SALE: Kaypro II computer; software and manuals included: SI650. Bruce Haednch. POB 242. Eliot. ME 03903. [207] 439-0094.

FOR SALE: Zenith Data Systems Z-100. brand new. in the box. desktop, all-in-one computer. I92K RAM. one DSDD 5'/4-inch floppy disk. 11 3-megabyte Winchester. 8-and 16-bit operating system with BASIC Asking S4995 Steve Bergere. POB 31 I. Shenorock, NY 10587. (914) 241-0850 FOR SALE: SOROC IQ 140 video terminal. Never used. Excellent condition. Make an offer. Watson Klincewicz. 1020 Ethel Ave.. Fairview Village, PA 19403. (215) 539-6515. FOR SALE: Dynabyte DB 8/1 and 8/4. I28K. MP/M. dual user, two 8-inch floppy disks, SSDD, DB Hayes Micromodem, software includes over 30 CPMUG. Microsoft BASIC compiler. Reporter spreadsheet, etc S2995 Michael Block. 2700 North 29 Ave. #308. Hollywood. FL 33020.

BOMB

BYTE's Onaoina Monitc

\lBqx

Article #

Page

Article

Author(s)

1

20

Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, Part 1: The IS32 Optic RAM and the Micro D-Cam

Hardware

Garcia

2

34

How to Choose a Portable

Wszola

3

51

High-IQ Modems

Durham

4

66

Developing a Truly Portable Visicalc

Johnson

5

80

The Gavilan—A Full-Function Portable Computer

Zepecki

6

94

Inside CMOS Technology

Pawloski. Moroyan, Altnether

7

127

The Challenge of Hard-Disk Portability

Sutton

8

139

The Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100

Kelly

9

166

The New Microfloppy Standards

Jarrett

10

178

The HP-75 Portable Computer

Archer

II

188

The Access Portable Computer

Kepner

12

193

Epson's HX-20 and Texas Instruments' CC-40

Ramsey

13

208

The Pied Piper Portable Computer

Bates

14

212

The Kaypro II

Fager. Bohr

15

226

The Corona Portable PC

Malloy

16

230

A Report on the Consumer Electronics Show

Lemmons

17

233

The Next Five Years in Microcomputers

Pournelle

18

250

Update on Personal Computing in Japan

Lemmons

19

257

The Unix Tutorial, Part 2: Unix as an Applications

Programs Base

Fiedler

20

283

BYTE West Coast: Just Rewards for Programmers

Robertson

21

289

A C Language Primer, Part 2: Tool Building in C

Joyce

22

307

User's Column: Eagles. Text Editors. New Com

pilers, and Much More

Pournelle

23

331

The IBM PC and the Intel 8087 Coprocessor,

Part 2: Interfacing to IBM Pascal

Field

24

356

Echonet. Part 1: A Flexible Programming System

Barber

25

376

Data File Management Methods

Johnson

26

385

An Introduction to Layered Protocols

Witt

27

41 1

Does Your Printer Work with Wordstar?

Stephenson

28

419

In-Circuit Emulation 'for the Apple II Computer

Ferguson

29

445

Add Multiple Tasks to Your Communication

and Control Program

Holter

30

549

An Operations Research Scheduling Program

Stark, Reid

June BOMB Winners

Readers lauded the User's Column this month with first place going to Jerry Pournelle's "Zenith Z-100, Epson QX-10, Software Licensing, and the Software Piracy Problem." Dr. Pournelle wins S100. Second place and $50 goes to Steve Garcia for his article entitled "Use ADPCM for Highly Intelligible Speech Synthesis." Tim Paterson takes third place with "An Inside Look at MS-DOS," an overview of the popular operating system.

Correspondence

Address all editorial correspondence to the editor at BYTE. POB 372. Hancock NH 03449. Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned if accompanied by sufficient first-class postage. Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE. Entire contents copyright © 1983 by BYTE Publications Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, permission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center |CCC| to photocopy any article herein for the flat fee of S1.50 per copy of the article or any part thereof. Correspondence and payment should be sent directly to the CCC, 21 Congress St, Salem MA 01970. Specify ISSN 0360-5280/83. SI.50. Copying done for other than personal or internal reference use without the permission of McGrawHill is prohibited. Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher. BYTE® is available in microform from University Microfilms International. 300 North Zeeb Rd. Dept. PR. Ann Arbor Ml 48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept. PR. London WCIR 4EJ England.

654 September 1983 S BYTE Publications Inc.

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

2 1ST NATIONAL COMPUTER 220 1 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 416

3 3M CO/TRENDCOM 434

4 800 SOFTWARE 171

5 A.S.T. RESEARCH 423

6 AB COMPUTERS 603

• AARDVARK/MCGRAW-HILL 577

7 ABBEY TAPE DUPLICATORS 404

8 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 182 513 ACCOUNTS PAYABLE

RESEARCH 540

9 ACTIVE ELECTRONICS 474

10 ADDMASTER CORP. 560

11 ADDMASTER CORP. 618

12 ADV.COMP.PROD. 630, 631

570 ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 432

571 ADV. DIGITAL CORP. 433

15 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 110

16 ADV.PROCESSOR SYS. 566

17 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 406 560 AFC COMPUTER 172

■ AGRIPLEX 622

• ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 296

18 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 467

19 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 218

20 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 516, 517

21 ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER 52

22 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 455

23 AMDEK CORP. 57

24 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 341

25 AMER. BUYING & EXPORT 490

26 ANADEX 237

27 ANADEX 543

28 ANN ARBOR TERMINALS 483

29 APPLE COMPUTER INC. CM, 1

31 APPLE COUNTRY LTD. 611

32 APPLEWARE, INC. 612

■ APPLIED CREATIVE TECH.INC. 75

34 ARBA 622

35 ARBUTUS TOTALSOFT INC. 608

36 ARK MICROSYSTEMS 494

37 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 614

39 ASHTON-TATE 298

40 ASHTON-TATE 391

41 AT & T LONG LINES 573

42 ATARI, INC. 73

43 AUTOCONTROL INC. 77

• AUTOMATED EQUPMNT. 613

44 AVOCET507

45 B&B ELECTR. 610

46 BALCONES COMP.CORP. 531

• BARGAIN BOARDS 616

47 BASF SYSTEMS 369

48 BASIS, INC. 138

50 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 12

51 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 605

52 BHRT 164, 165

53 BIBLE RESEARCH SYSTEMS 428

54 BINARY TECHNOLOGY 608

575 BMC U.S.A. 241

576 BMC U.S.A. 241

56 BOTTOM LINE, THE 285

• BRYLAR 618

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 308

• BYTE PUBL. INC. 398

57 BYTEK COMP.SYS.CORP. 290

58 BYTEWRITER 134

59 C-SYSTEMS 514

60 C.S.D.INC. 610 505 CADMUS 546, 547

61 CALIF. DATA CORP. 618

• CALIF. DIGITAL 628, 629

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 502

62 CAMDEN COUNTY 244

63 CANNED SOFTWARE 278

65 CAPITOL EQUIPMENT 274 298 CDEX 399

66 CDR SYSTEMS 620

67 CHECK-MATE 548

68 CHIPS & DALE 614

69 CHRISLIN IND. INC. 563

70 CIPHER DATA PRODUCTS 487

71 CITICORP LATINO 610

72 CLEO509

73 CMC.INT'L. 440, 441

74 CMCINT'L. 478

75 COGITATE 608

76 COLORADO COMP.PERIPH. 404 563 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 235

77 COMMUNICAL.INC. 232

78 COMMUNICATION CABLE 616

79 COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR. 275 509 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 597

Inquiry No.

Page No.

80 COMP.COMPNTS.UNLTD. 636, 637

567 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROYLAPNTE 374, 375

568 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROYLAPNTE 374, 375

569 COMP.EXCHNG/CONROYLAPNTE 374, 375

• COMPAQ COMP. CORP. 11

83 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 198

84 COMPUADD 616

85 COMPUADD 620

86 COMPUADD 622 489 COMPU-MEDIA 538

87 COMPUPRO 161

• COMPUPRO 520, 521, 522

88 COMPUSERVE 450 566 COMPUSHACK 571

90 COMPUTER APPARATUS 187

91 COMPUTER CHANNEL 131

92 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 609

93 COMPUTER FURN.&ACCSS. 234

• COMPUTER GRAPHICS WORLD INSERT 288A

94 COMPUTER HUT OF NE 205

95 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 90

96 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 524, 525

97 COMPUTER OUTLET 615

• COMPUTER PLUS 486 573 COMPUTER POST 607

99 COMPUTER SCIENCE PRESS 284

561 COMPUTER SOFTWARE STORE 406

101 COMPUTER STORE, THE 566

102 COMPUTER STORE, THE 614

103 COMPUTER SYSTEMS 538

104 COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 366

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 475

105 COMPUTERLINE INTL-A 492, 493

106 COMPUTERLINE INT'L-B 565

107 COMPUTERS AND MORE 474

108 COMPUTERS AND MORE 572

109 COMPUTING! 559

110 COMPUVIEW PROD.INC. 63

111 COMREX279

112 CONCURRENT CORP. 144

113 CONSOLINK489

114 CONTROL DATA 194

115 CONTROL ELECTRONICS, INC. 224

116 CORONA DATA SYS. 124, 125

117 CORONA DATA SYS. 392, 393,

118 COST PLUS COMP. 512

119 CROMEMC0 5

123 CSC 608

120 CUESTA SYSTEMS 620

121 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 621

122 CYBERNETICS MICRO SYS. 614

124 DAILY BUSINESS PROD. 476

125 DAILY BUSINESS PROD. 512

126 DATA DISTRIBUTING ENT. 470

127 DATA EXCHANGE 646

128 DATA INFORMATION SYS. 616

129 DATA MAIL 494

130 DATA MANAGEMENT SYS 506 515 DATAMASTER 622

132 DATA-RITE 498

133 DATASOURCE SYS.MRKTG. 122

134 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 140

135 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP. 266

131 DATA TRANSLATION INC. 554

137 DECISION RESOURCES 311

138 DECMATION 512

139 DECOTEC 612

141 DIAMOND SFTW.SUPPLY 396

142 DIGISOFT COMPUTER 527

144 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 395

145 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS. 16

146 DIGITAL LABORATORIES 162

148 DIGITAL MEDIA 620

• DIGITAL RESEARCH INSERT 224A

149 DIGITAL RESEARCH 225

• DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 601

150 DIGITIME618

151 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 269

152 DISPLAYED VIDEO 599

153 DMA SYSTEMS 133

154 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 632, 633

• DOW JONES 239

155 DOW JONES SOFTWARE 117

156 DOWNTOWN BOOK BAZAAR 646

157 DUAL SYSTEMS CORP. 153

158 DWIGHTCO. INC. 614

Inquiry No.

Page No.

159 DYNACOMP560

160 DYSAN CORP. 417

162 EAGLE SOFTWARE 134

163 EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 545

164 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 364

165 ECOSOFT502

166 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 302

167 ELECTRADE CO. 646

168 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION DEVICES 10

169 ELECTRONIC PROTECTION DEVICES 402

170 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 366

171 ELECTROSONICS 560

172 ELEK-TEK312

173 ELITE SOFTWARE 566

• ELLIS COMPUTING 211 ' ELLIS COMPUTING 349

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 120

174 ENERCOMP 368

175 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 564

176 EROS 479

177 ESSJAY 404

178 EXAR INTEGRATED SYS 272, 273

235 EXCEL 491

179 EXPOTEK 195

180 EXTENDED PROCESSING 612 512 EXXON OFFICE SYS.CO. 540

181 FACIT DATAROYAL 97

182 FALCON SAFETY PROD. 378

184 FIGURE LOGIC BUS.EQUIP. 568

497 FORMATS UNLTD. 152

185 FORMULA INT'L. 617

186 FOX & GELLER INC. 69

187 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 35

188 FUJITSU PROFESS.MICROSYS. 400 401

189 GARDEN OF EDEN COMP. 614

192 GENSTAR REI SALES CO. 58

193 G & G ENGINEERING 271

193 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 271

194 GILTRONIX INC. 616 516 GOLDEN WEST 622

196 GOULD, INC. 293

143 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 622

197 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP. 634, 635

198 GTCO CORP. 511

199 GTEK INC. 454

200 H&ECOMPUTRONICS13

201 H&M DISK DRIVE SERVICES 403 508 HANDWELL INC. 595

• HAYDEN BOOK CO. 518

203 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 199

204 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD 456, 457

206 HEATH COMPANY 64, 65

208 HEWLETT-PACKARD 442

2D9 HEWLETT-PACKARD 495

49 HOUSTON INSTR.DIV. OF

BAUSCH & LOMB 151

211 HUMAN SOFT 355

212 I.B.C. 19

213 I.T.M. 414

507 IBM CORP. 320, 321

214 IBM CORP. 424, 425

215 IBM/SMALL SYSTEMS DIV. 446, 447

217 IBS COMPUTERTECHNIK 302

219 IMAGE COMP.PROD. 610

220 IMS INTERNATIONAL 407

221 INCOMM 326

222 INFOPRO SYS. 646

223 INMAC 481

224 INSIGHT ENTERPRISES 618

225 INSTITUTE-SCTF.ANALYSIS 333

226 INTL COMP. & TELECOM.INC. 616

227 INT'L TECH. SEMINARS 562 562 INTEGRAL DATA SYS. 207

228 INTEGRAND 236

229 INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 282

230 INTERBUSINESS CORP. 570

231 INTERCONTN.MICROSYS. 18

232 INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 614

233 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 14, 15

234 INTEX SYSTEMS 435

498 ISA CO. LTD. 74

236 J.C.SYSTEMS 130

237 JADE COMP.PROD. 623

238 JADE COMP.PROD. 624, 625

239 JAMECO ELECTR. 626, 627

• JAMES FOX ASSOC. 646

240 JDR MICRODEVICES 647

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service card with your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you select from the list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gain information, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. This helps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The index is provided as an additional service by the publisher, who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. "Correspond directly with company.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

241 JDR MICRODEVICES 648, 649

242 JDR MICRODEVICES 650, 651

243 JDR MICRODEVICES 652

244 JUKI INDUSTRY OF AM 159

245 JVB ELECTRONICS 608

246 K&R COMPUTER CO.LTD. 506

247 KADAK PRODUCTS 574

352 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 612

353 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 620

248 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 83

249 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 222

250 KERN PUBLICATIONS 372

251 KERN PUBLICATIONS 373

252 KEY TRONIC CORP. 113

253 KIMTRON CORP. 405

254 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 618

255 LANIER BUSN.PROD. 367

256 LARK SOFTWARE 470

257 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

258 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 608

259 LIBERTY COMP. SALES 513

564 LION MICROSYS 382

261 LOGICAL DEVICES 116

262 LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 471

263 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 497

264 LSI JAPAN CO. 618

265 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 476

266 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 612

267 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 506

268 LYCO COMPUTER 421

• MACMILLAN BOOK CLUBS 561

270 MACROTECH INT'L. 191

271 MACROTRON CO. 119

272 MAGIC COMPUTER CO. 242

273 MANNESMANN TALLY 145

274 MANX SOFTWARE 76

275 MARITIME SOFTWARE ASSOC. 616

276 MARK OF THE UNICORN 259

277 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 300

278 MAXELL DATA PRODUCTS 115

• MC-P APPLICATIONS 379

• MCGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE 569

280 MEDIA DISTRIBUTING 380

281 MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 508

• MEMOREX MEDIA PROD. 383 572 MEMORY MERCHANT 415

• MEMTEK 200, 201

282 METHOD SYSTEMS 570 285 MICRO APPLICATIONS 646

287 MICRO DATA SUPPLIES 292 574 MICRO MAIL 619

288 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 535

289 MICRO MART 508

517 MICRO MART 622

290 MICRO MINT 50

291 MICRO MINT 575

292 MICRO SCI 245

293 MICRO WORKS, THE 204

294 MICRO XPRESS 132

284 MICROAGE COMP. STORES, INC. 533

296 MICRODYNAMICS 568

297 MICROHOUSE 306

518 MICROMAX SYS 410

519 MICROMAX SYS 410

300 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 564

301 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 612

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 108

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 463

302 MICROSTUF.INC. 91

303 MICRO-TAX 346

304 MICROTECH EXPORTS 180

305 MICROTYPE 498

306 MICROWARE 294

307 MILLER.J.W. 620

308 MODULAR MICROS INC. 169 496 MONITOR COMPUTING 238

309 MORROW 328, 329

310 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 53

311 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 576

312 MULTIMICRO COMPUTER 263

313 MULTITECH ELECT. 359

565 MULTITECH ELECT. 361

• MUSYS 384

314 NAT'L.SYSTEMS.INC. 114

315 NCL DATA INC. 206

316 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 107

317 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 109

318 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 111

• NETRONICS 576

• NETWORK CONSULTING INC. 157

321 NETWORX INC. 413

323 NORTH HILLS CORP. 570

324 NORTH HILLS CORP. 610

325 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 202

326 NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 314

327 NORTHWEST INSTR.SYS. 343

328 NOVATION,INC. 418

329 NOVELL INC. 541

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 353

330 O'HANLON COMP.SYS. 499

331 OASIS SYSTEMS 464, 465

332 OCTAGON COMP.SYS. 304, 305

333 OFFICE NETWORKS CORP. 612

334 OLYMPIA U.S.A. INC. 261

335 OLYMPIC SALES 539

September 1983 S> BYTE Publications Inc. 655

Reader Service.

Inquiry No.

Page No.

520 OMEGA INFO. SYS. 593

336 OMEGA INFO SYS. 620

337 ORANGE MICRO 472, 473

338 ORYX SYSTEMS 484, 485

339 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 439

340 OSM COMPUTER 135 322 OZTECH 646

• PACIFIC COMPUTERS 146

341 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 562, 564, 568, 608, 614, 618, 646

348 PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 286

349 PANASONIC H.H.C. 580

350 PANEL GRAPHIC CORP. 196 " PC WARE 148

351 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 408.409

354 PER SCI INC. 610

355 PERCOM DATA 9

356 PERFECT DATA 185

• PERFECT SOFTWARE INSERT 192A

366 PERSONALIZED COMPUTER PAPER 608

357 PHASER 330

358 PHONE I,INC. 215

359 PICKLES & TROUT 448

• POTOMAC MICRO-MAGIC 382

361 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 78, 79

362 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 386

363 PRINTEK 149

364 PRINTER STORE, THE 309

365 PRIORITY ONE 640, 641,642, 643, 644,645

367 PROFESSIONAL BUSN.SPCLTS. 162

368 PROF. SOFTWARE PROD. 431

369 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 290

370 PROGRAMMING INT'L. 468, 469

371 PROGRAMMING INTL. 460, 461

372 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 175

499 PROTOCOL 224

500 PROTOCOL 258

373 PURCHASING AGENT, THE 100

374 QANTEX DIV. 313

375 QUANT SYSTEMS 612

376 QUARK ENGINEERING 264, 265

Inquiry No.

Page No.

377 QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 118

378 RADIO SHACK CIV

379 RANA SYSTEMS 48, 49

380 RAP ELECTRONICS 618 382 R.I.ST. INC. 498

■ ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 197

384 ROGERS LABS 572

385 ROGERS LABS 572

' RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 610

386 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 176

394 S-100 452

387 SAFEWARE221

388 SAFT PORTABLE BATTERY 223

389 SAGE COMP.TECH. 426

390 SATURN SYSTEMS INC. 129

• SCHOLASTIC, INC. INSERT 256A

391 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 192

510 SCION CORP. 6

511 SCION CORP. 6

■ SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 505 504 SCREENWARE 612

393 SD SYSTEMS 295

395 SEEQUA COMP.CORP. 123

396 SEI/SLIWA ENTERPRISES INC. 240

397 SEKON COMPUTER 622

398 SEMI DISK SYSTEMS 287

399 SEXTANT SYSTEMS 508

• SIEMENS COMM.SYS.INC. 344, 345

400 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 104, 105

• SILICON SPECIALTIES 102

401 SILVER-REED AMERICA, INC. 550

402 SLICER CONTROLS 453

403 SLR SYSTEMS 610

404 SLUDER/COMPETITIVE EDGE 258

405 SOFTCRAFT315

406 SOFTECH MICROSYS 147

407 SOFTWARE BANC 126

408 SOFTWARE BANC 181

• SOFTWARE GUILD 536, 537

• SOFTWARE OF THE MONTH CLUB 390

514 SOFTWARE SERVICES 540

409 SOLUTIONWARE CORP. 467

• SORCIM 280, 281

Inquiry No.

Page No.

410 STAR LOGIC 310

411 STAR MICRONICS 121

412 STARBUCK DATA CO. 60

413 STEMMOS LTD. 291

414 STRATEGIC SYSTEMS CORP. 160

416 STUART SOFTWARE 608

417 SUNDEX 170

418 SUNNY INT'L. 606

419 SUNTRONICS 606

420 SUPERSOFT323

422 SUPERSOFT325

423 SUPERSOFT 362, 363

425 SYBEX 327

426 SYSTEM VISION CORP. 316 506 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 219

427 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 477

428 SYSTEMS GROUP, THE 567

429 TAB BOOKS 529

430 TALLGRASS TECH. 71

431 TARBELL ELECTR. 454

432 TATUM LABS 616

433 TAURUS COMP.PROD.INC. 70

434 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 620

448 TDI 153

435 TDK ELECTRONICS 103

• TECH STAR LABORATORY 538

437 TECH-DATA CORP. 562

438 TEKTRONIX INC. 92, 93

439 TEKTRONIX INC. 297

440 TELECON SYSTEMS 186

441 TELETEK ENTERPRISES 55

442 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 217

443 TERMINAL DATA SYS. 610

444 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 360

445 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 523

• TEXAS INSTR. 86, 87

446 THINKERS SOFT INC. 61

447 THREE M COMPANY 183

449 TINNEY, ROBERT GRAPHICS 324, 578

450 TNW CORP. 394

451 TOSHIBA AMERICA 152

453 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 370, 371

454 TRANSACTION STORAGE SYS. 335

455 TRANSTAR32

Inquiry No.

Page No.

456 TRANSTAR389

457 TRANSTAR 552

458 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 574

459 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 99

460 TYMSHARE INC. 141

462 U.S. AIR FORCE 449

463 U.S. EXCHANGE 616

464 U.S. EXCHANGE 620

466 U.S. MICRO SALES 638, 639

461 U.S. ROBOTICS 184

467 UNIPRESS 203

468 UNITED COMPUTER 437

469 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS. 173 501 VAULT CORP. 319

470 VERBATIM CORP. 163

471 VICTOR TECHNOLOGIES 101

472 VICTORY COMP.SYS. 136, 137

473 VIDEX 17

474 VISUAL TECH,INC. 177

• VLM COMPUTER ELEC. 467

476 VOTRAX 317

477 VR DATA 429

478 W.T.I. COMP.&PERPHR.PROD. 501

479 WADSWORTH ELECTRONIC PUBL 503

480 WANG ELECTR.PUBL.INC. 387

• WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 84

482 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 174

483 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 286

484 WESTERN TELEMATIC 243

• WESTICO INC. 354

485 WILD HARE COMP.SYS. 551, 553, 555

486 WILLIAMS, MARK CO. 557

487 WINCHENDON GRP..THE 156

488 WINTEK CORP. 470

490 WORLDWIDE COMP.SUPPLIES 622

491 WORSWICK INDUSTRIES 614

492 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 229

493 X COMP 143

494 XIDEX MAGNETICS 338, 339 ' XPER SYSTEMS 303

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VS/A

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•»/

BUY A BANANA. SAVE A BUNCH.

Meet the Banana" the very tough, versatile, portable, and reliable dot-matrix printer from Gorilla.™

At $249.95 retail it's an ideal and inexpensive companion for personal computers like Apple" (or Apple"look alikes'such as Franklin® or Albert®), TIf Commodore,"TRS-80," Kaypro," Timexf Osborne," etc.

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Circle 257 on inquiry card.

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Compare Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4

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Formatted Disk Capacity

174Kb each (TRSDOS)

180Kb (DOS 2.0) 160Kb (DOS 1.0)

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80-Column

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Monitor

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■ Price applies at participating Radio Shack stores and dealers IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corp. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computers CP/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research. Inc Prices based on manufacturer's literature