Byte Magazine Volume 08 Number 10 - UNIX

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»Inside Apple

-^- ^ Vol. I. No. 3

Apple's new

Monitor II.

A sight for

sore eyes.

If you've been using a TV asa monitor, perhaps you can geta friend to read this for you:

Apple's brand new MonitorII will improve your vision.

It features all the latestergonomic improvements inmonitor technology.

For example:

Studies have shown thatthe leading cause of eye fatiguefor computer users is lack ofcontrast between the displayedcharacters and their background.

So we designed the MonitorII around a high conttast greenphosphor CRT that provides anextremely dark background.That means you can read textat a lower brightness. Andthat means you can be moreproductive — working longerand more comfortably.

Toward that same end, wealso gave Monitor II a tilt screen.So you can angle it perfectly foryour working position, withoutscooting your chair around orsitting on phone books.

And we made that screenanti reflective to reduce glarefrom ambient light.

Monitor II also featuresa high bandwidth videoamplifier and a high tolerancelinearity circuit. The formerkeeps characters from smearing

on the screen and eliminates theannoying "ghosts" left by a fastmoving cursor. The latter keepscharacters crisp, legible andprevents "keystoning" right upto the edges of the display. Bothadd up to superior display of80-column text and extremely

accurate graphics.

Designed as the perfectsystem partner for the Apple liePersonal Computer, Monitor IIrequires no monitor stand. It's aperfect fit, aesthetically as wellas technically. So it's pleasing tothe eye even when it's turnedoff. See for yourself.

At your local authorizedApple dealer.

Interior of CRT is etched to reduceglare and improve crispness.

Fits perfectly atop the Apple lie

Now Appleplots color.

Since color graphics arebecoming ever more importantin business, we've been hearingmore and more calls for a colorplotter as reliable as an Apple.

Here it is:

Apple's new Color Plottercan generate all kinds of presen-tation graphics, engineeringdrawings or anything else youhave to illustrate in up to eightbrilliant colors.

And it can perform its art onany size paper up to 11" x 17"Or, with optional transparencypens, it can draw right ontransparent film for overheadprojection.

Measuring just 4.8"H x 16" Wx 12"D, it's the smallest four-color, wide bed color plotter youcan buy — about half the sizeof conventional flatbedplotters. So it takes upless space on yourdesk and can easily be

High tolerancelinearity circuit.

High bandwidthvideo amplifier.

moved to someone else's desk.

There are two color plotteraccessory kits to choose fromto assure a perfect marriage withyour Apple II or He, or Apple III.

Each kit comes with eightcolor pens — red, blue, green,black, burnt orange, gold, violetand brown. Plus a starterpackage of plotter paper. Plusall the manuals, documentationand cables appropriate to

your particular kind of Apple.So you can get up and coloringright away.

Apple also offers a completeselection of 24 different penpackages — so you can choosewhatever colors you need in avariety of widths for a variety ofapplications and media types.

As you might expect, all ofthe above is available at manyof our authorized Apple dealers.

Carry on with AppleCareCarry-In Service.

No matter how long you'veowned your Apple system,you can now get a long termservice contract at a veryreasonable cost.

AppleCare Carry-In Serviceis a service plan that willcover most Apple-brandedcomponents in your system,for one full year.

It covers an unlimitednumber of repairs and ishonored by over 1500 authorizedApple dealers nationwide.

Apple-trained techniciansassure you of the highest qualityservice, fast — in most cases lessthan 24 hours.

AppleCareCarry-In Service is idealfor anyone who needs toknow ahead of time the cost ofmaintenance for their system.So check out the details —you'll find it's the lowest costhealth plan an Apple can have.

Apple Computer Inc., 20525 Manani Ave., Cupertino, Calif. 95014. For the authorized dealer nearest you, call (800) 538-9696. ©2983 Apple Computer Inc.

AppleCare is a service mark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 39 on inquiry card.

BUTE

Volume 8, Number 10

Page 36

Page 51

Cover Story

36 Product Preview: The HP 150 by Phil Lemmons and Barbara Robertson / "Magic"is the code name for Hewlett-Packard's latest personal computer project—and it fits.In this preview, we take a look at the hardware and software that make the machineso special.

51 An Interview: The HP 150's Design-team Leaders by Phil Lemmons and Barbara

Robertson / Jim Sutton and John Lee talk about the development of the HP 150.

Columns

67 Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, Part 2: Computer Inter-faces and Control Software by Steve Ciarcia / In this final article in the series, you'lllearn how to attach the camera to the expansion buses of the Apple II Plus and the IBMPC and how the camera is programmed to work.

94 BYTE West Coast: Shaping Consumer Software by Phil Lemmons and BarbaraRobertson / In an interview, Trip Hawkins, president of Electronic Arts, discusses the criteriahe uses to judge software and explains his view of the programmer as artist.

107 User's Column: New Computers, Boards, Languages, and Other Tidbits by

Jerry Pournelle / A medical diagnosis-by-computer program is the star attraction thismonth.

Themes

130 The Unix Operating System by Bruce Roberts / The multiuser, multitaskingoperating system developed at Bell Laboratories offers powers and abilities far beyondthose of normal microcomputer operating systems. Our theme articles explore the reasonsbehind Unix's popularity.

132 The Unix Tutorial, Part 3: Unix in the Microcomputer Marketplace by DavidFiedler / The final article in this series explains the differences between various Unix ver-sions and between true Unix systems, work-alikes, and look-alikes.

160 Unix and the Standardization of Small Computer Systems by Jean L.

Yates / The Unix operating system and the C language will be major factors in the stan-dardization of file handling and compatibility across small systems and mainframes.

170 A Tour Through the Unix File System by James Joyce / A devoted Unix usersurveys points of interest in Unix's hierarchy of files.

187 The Unix Shell by Stephen R. Bourne / The author of the standard Unix shellpresents the program that interprets users' commands and is a programming languagein its own right.

209 Unix as an Application Environment by Mark Krieger and Fred Pack / Unixis the operating system of choice for many programmers because it offers portability, com-munications capability, a rich set of utilities, and a large body of applications.

219 Usenet: A Bulletin Board for Unix Users by Sandra L. Emerson / A look at anetwork of more than 500 Unix systems and its various and sundry uses.

241 The Unix Writer's Workbench Software by Lorinda L. Cherry and Nina H.Macdonald / This applications package can improve your writing by analyzing roughdrafts and suggesting improvements.

253 Typesetting on the Unix System by Bill Tuthill / With troff, you can typesetmanuscripts, tables, and equations with Unix.

266 Moving Unix to New Machines by Michael Tilson / Unix is highly portable, buttransporting a large body of software can present problems.

Reviews

280 The NEC Advanced Personal Computer by David B. Suits / The author metthe microcomputer of his dreams in the form of high-resolution graphics, color, and 16-bitperformance.

Page 132

BYTE is published monthly by McGraw-Hill, Inc.. with offices at 70 Mam St, Peterborough NH 03458, phone|603| 924-9281 Office hours: Mon—Thur 8:30 AM — 4:30 PM, Friday 8:30 AM — Noon, Eastern Time Addresssubscriptions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 590, Martinsville, NJ 08836. Address changes of address. USPS Form3579, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subscriptions, POB 596. Martinsville, NJ 08836 Second class postagepaid at Peterborough, NH 03458 and additional mailing offices, USPS Publication No. 528890 (ISBN 0360-5280).Postage Paid at Winnipeg. Manitoba. Registration number 9321 Subscriptions are S2I for one year. S38 for twoyears, and S55 for three years in the USA and its possessions. In Canada and Mexico, S23 for one year, S42

October 1983

292 Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4 by Rowland Archer Jr. / Offering a host of newfeatures and a new, improved price tag, the Model 4 is proof that large corporations canbe responsive to the needs of their customers.

306 The Morrow Micro Decision by Tom Wadlow / A review of the company's firsteffort at a single-board, stand-alone personal computer.

316 The Microneye by Chris Wieland / Until now, the cost of adding vision to a com-puter has been out of reach for most users. Now there's the Microneye solid-state camera,which interfaces easily with a variety of popular microcomputers.

324 The M68000 Educational Computer Board by Robert W. Floyd / For $495,you can get acquainted with a 68000-based single-board computer with 32K bytes ofRAM and what the author says may be the best monitor program in RAM ever developed.

341 Fancy Font by Paul E. Hoffman / With this easy-to-use program and an Epsonprinter, you can design your own type styles.

428 More Unix-style Software Tools for CP/M by Christopher O. Kern / The

Microtools package includes the most popular utilities available for the Unix operatingsystem.

Features

350 Photographic Animation of Microcomputer Graphics by Peter Cann / By in-terfacing a movie camera to a computer, you can achieve the animation quality of com-mercial movies or television.

366 The Fourth National Computer Graphics Association Conference by Alex-ander Pournelle / This year's NCGA conference offered improved graphics hardware, butgraphics software still leaves a lot to be desired.

384 Echonet, Part 2: The Compiler by C. Bradford Barber / In the conclusion ofthis series, the author explains how his system produces relocatable code from English-like programs.

398 Computer Crime: A Growing Threat by Collen Gillard and Jim Smith / The

machine that provides businesses with a competitive edge is also placing them at themercy of a new type of lawbreaker—the computer criminal. Fortunately, there are waysto prevent unauthorized computer access.

439 Mainframe Graphics on a Microcomputer by Mahlon Kelly / If you have a smart-terminal program and a microcomputer capable of high-resolution graphics, you can displaycomplex graphics.

447 Talker by Heyward S. Williams / Writing a talking program is simple, says theauthor, if you can use PRINT and INPUT statements to automatically transfer informationto a speech synthesizer.

480 Bitmaps Speed Data-handling Tasks by Eric Sohr / Strings of ones and zeroscan make short work of ordered-list comparisons and file searches.

499 Simplified Program Interfacing by Raymond Irvine / A programming techniquebased on jump and data tables simplifies the interface between two programs when atleast one of them has fixed entry points and data addresses.

Nucleus

4 Editorial: A Challenge to Education

570

Books Received

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540 User to User

669

Unclassified

548 Ask BYTE

669

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

556 Software Received

and BOMB Results

566 Clubs and Newsletters

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Reader's Service

Cover photograph by Arbogast Photography

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Page 280

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Page 350

BUI

the small systems journal

Editor In Chief: Lawrence J. Curran

Managing Editor: Pamela A. Clark

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Officers of McGraw-Hill Publications Company:President: John G. Wrede; Executive Vice Presidents:Paul F. McPherson, Operations; Walter D. Serwatka,Finance & Services. Senior Vice President-Editorial:Ralph R. Schulz. Senior Vice President Publishers:Harry L. Brown, David J. McGrath, James R. Pierce,Gene W Simpson, John E. Slater. Vice PresidentPublishers: Charlton H. Calhoun III, Richard H. Larsen,John W. Patten. Vice Presidents: Kemp Anderson,Business Systems Development; Shel F. Asen,Manufacturing; Michael K. Hehir, Controller; Eric B.Herr, Planning and Development; H. John Sweger,Jr., Marketing.

Editorial

A Challenge to Education

Lawrence }. Curran, Editor in Chief

Two months ago, I editorialized about Project Athena, an effort at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology to explore how advanced computersand computer graphics can change the ways in which university studentslearn (August, page 4). Both Digital Equipment Corporation and IBM Cor-poration are contributing valuable equipment and services to the project,which is named after the Greek goddess of wisdom. I applauded those com-panies, along with Apple Computer Inc., for their contributions to educa-tion. Apple has donated several million dollars worth of personal computersto more than 9000 public and private schools in California.

Now it's time to applaud Radio Shack for undertaking "America's Educa-tional Challenge," a program intended to introduce computer literacy in theearliest grades possible. The program will help elementary and secondaryschool teachers to teach students about computers by assisting teachers tobecome computer literate themselves. Three years ago—even before it for-malized this program—Radio Shack took steps to acquaint educators withcomputers by allowing them free use of equipment in Radio Shack trainingcenters.

In announcing the details of America's Educational Challenge earlier thisyear, John V. Roach, president and chief executive officer of Tandy Corp.,explained why training facilities, located at more than 400 Radio Shack Com-puter Centers, had been opened to educators. He said educators hadrepeatedly indicated that they couldn't effectively communicate with studentsabout computers until they themselves became computer literate.

Roach also commented that Radio Shack's efforts grew out of the company'sconviction that most Americans under the age of 40 will have to become com-puter literate in the next decade. We agree, and we commend Tandy/RadioShack for undertaking America's Educational Challenge. The program enablesteachers to take three courses that provide 24 hours of computer training,including an introduction to BASIC, BASIC programming, and a workshopintended to give professional educators an overview of microcomputer ap-plications in the classroom.

In addition to a certificate authorizing free teacher training, Radio Shackhas sent the following to more than 103,000 U.S. schools: an educator's hand-book describing how microcomputers are used in schools, a basic computer-literacy package designed to teach elementary computer concepts withduplication masters, a secondary-level textbook that illustrates programmingconcepts, examples of what other school districts are doing with computers,and an order form that enables teachers to sign up for additional computertraining.

Radio Shack deserves recognition for sponsoring the program. Of course,it can't help but stimulate sales of Radio Shack computers and software whenteachers who have been trained on the equipment decide to purchase theirown computers or have an opportunity to influence a school's purchase. Butthe cost to Radio Shack for only the teacher-training portion of the programcould top $10 million if only 2 percent of those being offered the classes tookthem. That's a substantial investment that carries no clear guarantee that onlyRadio Shack will benefit from the influence of AEC-trained teachers. ■

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 127 on inquiry card.

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MICROBYTES

Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

WESTERN ELECTRIC IS FIRST IN U.S. 256K DRAM MARKET

Western Electric, New York, NY, is now selling its 256K-bit dynamic random-access memory (DRAM)chip, which is currently being shipped. Previously, Western Electric had made components only for itsown products.

Several other U.S. firms are developing 256K DRAMs for shipment in 1 984. Motorola plans to shipsamples to companies in the fourth quarter of 1 983 and offer production quantities in early 1 984, whileIntel, Micron Technologies, Texas Instruments, INMOS, and National Semiconductor are expected tobegin shipping sample 256K chips during the first half of 1 984. While other firms prepare 256K- by1-bit DRAMs, Mostek, Carrollton, TX, has announced that it will begin shipping samples of a 32K- by8-bit DRAM this month. Mostek expects that architecture will result in less expensive, less complicateddesigns but is also working on a 256K- by 1-bit DRAM.

Despite Western Electric's experience in the design of semiconductor products, the other entrants intothe 256K DRAM market don't consider it any different from other competitors. One firm projects thesales of 256K DRAMs at several billion units per year by 1 988 and is uncertain that any one companycan dominate that large a market. Just as significant in the industry are the six Japanese companiesreported to be designing or shipping samples of 256K DRAMs: NEC, Oki, Fujitsu, Hitachi, Mitsubishi,and Toshiba. The Japanese have already achieved a dominant market position in 64K DRAMs. In addi-tion, Siemens Corp. is reported to be developing a 256K DRAM in Europe.

Oki Semiconductor says it will ship 10,000 units per month in the U.S. starting this month. Oki ex-pects to ship about 20 percent of all 256K DRAMs worldwide in 1984, or about 600,000 of 3 millionunits it predicts will be sold.

SHORTAGES AND DELAYS OF COMPONENTS AND MEMORY PLAGUE MICROCOMPUTER COMPANIES

A rapid increase in orders for microcomputer components and memory has led to shortages and delaysfor some products. The earliest pinch was in 64K-byte RAM chips, but high demand for other com-ponents has also led to production delays as suppliers receive unanticipated orders and must eitherdelay shipment or ship partial orders. National Semiconductor, which abandoned its 64K DRAM chip inearly 1983 because of production problems, planned to manufacture the Oki Electric 64K DRAM start-ing in September and hopes to have its own version in production by mid-1 984.

Low-power CMOS components, logic circuit chips, and even the popular Z80 microprocessor arebecoming hard to get. In late summer, lead times for many versions of these products were 14 to 16weeks, as compared to less than two weeks in February. New orders for one National Semiconductorlogic circuit won't be shipped for at least 30 weeks.

Of several computer manufacturers contacted, most say they haven't been hurt by the pinch, thoughmany agree a problem exists and that it could get worse. Most said they have long-term contracts withsuppliers for their needs and speculated that new companies might have more problems.

TELELEARNING CREATES AN ELECTRONIC UNIVERSITY

Telelearning, San Francisco, CA, has announced an Electronic University through its networking system.The company will sell a software and modem package that enables owners of the IBM PC, Apple II, orCommodore 64 with at least one disk drive to access Telelearning's network system. The package willcost from $1 19 to $200, depending on the computer. Users can then select courses for $50 to $200each, access course materials, and ask questions of the instructor through the network. Access isthrough Tymenet, Telenet, and Uninet at no additional charge.

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS AND TIMEX TRY TO BOOST SALES OF LOW-COST COMPUTERS

Texas Instruments, Lubbock, TX, has extended the $50 rebate on its 99/4A computer until January 31,1 984, and extended its warranty to one year. Tl will also provide 99/4A buyers with a free five-hourcourse or a free "Teach Yourself BASIC" cassette. In addition, Tl has cut the price of a disk-drive/memory system: the expansion unit, a 32K-byte RAM cartridge, and a disk drive and controller will becombined for a retail price of $550, down from $1200.

In another effort to boost sales, Timex Computer Corp., Waterbury, CT, is giving away a Timex watchto buyers of a Timex/Sinclair TS1000 and a RAM pack. Timex will also offer two free softwarepackages for every two purchased.

Circle 415 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

MICROBYTES

WANG ANNOUNCES A HIGH-DENSITY MEMORY MODULE

Wang Laboratories Inc., Lowell, MA, has announced the single in-line memory module (SIMM), a high-density memory package that fits nine 64K-bit RAM chips into a %- by 3-inch space on a printed circuitboard. Wang hopes to use 256K chips in the SIMM in the future and predicts that the SIMM could fit 1megabyte of memory in a 3- by 4-inch area using industry-standard mounting practices.

INTERLAN ANNOUNCES A $400 PER DEVICE ETHERNET LINK

Interlan Inc., Westford, MA, has announced a terminal server to link personal computers and peripheralsto Ethernet for as little as $400 per device. Any computer, printer, modem, or other device with an RS-232C (serial) interface can be attached to the NTS-10 terminal server, which links to Ethernet. An eight-port NTS-10 costs $3200, while a four-port version is $2500.

MYSTERY FIRM SIGNS LARGE CONTRACTS WITH IMI, TANDON

Tandon Corp., Chatsworth, CA, has announced a $310 million contract with an unnamed buyer forfloppy-disk drives. International Memories Inc. (IMI), Cupertino, CA, also announced a contract with anunnamed firm for more than $100 million worth of 5V4-inch Winchester hard-disk drives. The contractswill probably account for half of each company's business through 1984.

ONYX, SCHUCHARDT, AND MICRO RIM UNVEIL INTEGRATED SOFTWARE FOR UNIX, IRM

Onyx Systems, San Jose, CA, has announced what it says is the first integrated software package forthe Unix operating system. The Onyx Office includes a user interface "shell" that links word-processing,spreadsheet, database-management, and calendar features. Written in C, the package will be available inmid-October.

Schuchardt Software Systems, San Rafael, CA, has unveiled Intesoft, an integrated software packagefor the IBM Personal Computer. Based on Intebase, a $495 database-management system, the Intesoftseries also includes a $295 spreadsheet, a $149 time planner, a $195 critical-path package, and a$195 interactive application generator for creating other software. Five additional packages, including aword processor, should be available later this year.

Microrim, Bellevue, WA, has unveiled a new database-management package with "gateways" toother popular programs. R:Base can use files generated by Visicorp's Visicalc, Lotus's 1-2-3, Micropro'sWordstar, Microsoft's Multiplan, and Ashton-Tate's dBase II as well as Microrim's own database files.The package is available for the IBM PC for $495 and will soon be available for Unix.

NANOBYTES

Vault Corp., Westlake Village, CA, has introduced a new software-protection system, the Prolok disk. Atthe time of manufacture, the disk is physically modified with a unique "fingerprint." Programs can bebacked up to another disk but won't run without the fingerprint, which can't be copied orerased. . . .Radio Shack, Fort Worth, TX, has introduced a 64K version of its TRS-80 Color Computer.The revised system features a typewriter-quality keyboard, a white case, and Extended BASIC for$399.95. Radio Shack is also offering a single-button mechanical mouse for the Color Computer for$49.95. . . .Sorcim Corp., San Jose, CA, has added graphics capabilities to its Supercalc spreadsheetprogram. Supercalc 3, on one single-sided disk for a 64K IBM PC or Compaq, will cost $395. Sorcim isworking on a CP/M version. . . .Direct Inc., Santa Clara, CA, is introducing a $3995 16-bit computerwith full mainframe terminal capabilities. The 8088-based 1600 Series includes MS-DOS, a Z80 pro-cessor for CP/M-80 applications, and either an HP 2620-compatible or a DEC VT-1 31 -compatible ter-minal. . . .CBS Inc. and Tandy Corp. have agreed to grant each other software conversion rights. . . .Apple Computer, Cupertino, CA, has introduced a four-pen color plotter for $995. . . .The MicroproUser's Group (MUG), Larkspur, CA, has been established for users of Micropro International Corp. soft-ware, including Wordstar, Calcstar, and Infostar. . . .Micropro is now selling Wordstar for ConcurrentCP/M-86. . . Visicorp, San Jose, CA, has introduced Visicalc IV, combining Visicalc with MultisoftCorp.'s $99 Stretchcalc. Adding graphics and sorting features, Visicalc IV for the IBM PC costs$295. . . .Western Digital Corp., Irvine, CA, reports that its Ada compiler for its $20,000 Series 1 600microcomputer has been approved by the U.S. Department of Defense. . . .North Star Computers, SanLeandro, CA, is offering a "flexible" bundle of software with its Advantage and Horizon computers.Users can choose from among 26 programs —$1 100 to $2000 worth of software —offered by NorthStar. . . .Morrow Designs, San Leandro, CA, has introduced the Micro Decision MD-11, a $2745 hard-disk version of its Z80-based MD-1. i

8 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Letters

Feedback on

IBM PCWord Tools

"Word Tools for the IBM PersonalComputer" by Richard S. Shuford (May,page 176) has done more to educate me onthe subject than any other source I havebeen able to locate. I just had to write andlet you know how much I enjoyed it, eventhough I am not an IBM PC owner.

In particular, I found his comparisontable valuable, and I appreciate theperspective imparted by comparison ofthe programs (Volkswriter, Easywriter II,Wordstar, and The Final Word) on thebasis of what they do (and don't do) well.I'm sitting at the edge of my keyboardwaiting to learn the name of themysterious fifth program, which he usedto edit the article.

I noticed a string of features and com-mands in his comments on The FinalWord that appear to be nearly identical tothose in Perfect Writer. As examples, theembedded style commands in photo 12 onpage 210 appear identical to those inPerfect Writer, and the features describedin column 2 of the text on that page alsobear striking resemblances. Is there a com-mon origin for these characteristics?

Loren Marshall1705 Bartlett Dr.Anchorage, AK 99507

The "mysterious" fifth program wasSorcim Corporation's Superwriter, whichI used to write about two-thirds of the textin the review (the other third of the textwas written using The Final Word, and Ibanged out most of the large table on myelectric typewriter). We plan to reviewSuperwriter and several other new word-processing programs in future issues.

Both Mark of the Unicorn's The FinalWord and Perfect Software's PerfectWriter owe their inspiration to theEM ACS text-editing system developed byDr. Richard Stallman at the Massa-chusetts Institute of Technology. PerfectWriter and Mark of the Unicorn's MINCEmimic EMACS more closely than doesThe Final Word. . . . R.S.S.

I was very pleased to read the sectionon "preliminary cautions" in "Word Toolsfor the IBM Personal Computer" and thenchoose word-processing software basedon those needs. I think reviewers often

miss the crucial point that the user's ownneeds should be analyzed first. I have afew observations from my own experi-ences with a variety of word-processingprograms that some readers may find in-teresting. (I have never used an IBM PC,but my experiences with CP/M-80 wordprocessors certainly have the same impli-cations for PC owners.)

About a year ago, our company, whichspecializes in software and turnkey sys-tems for law firms, began installing an ex-tensive multiprocessor CP/M-compatiblesystem in our pilot-site law firm. Wordprocessing is the cornerstone of law-officeautomation, so we were eager to identifythe best possible software for the firm. Welooked at Benchmark, Select, and someothers but finally found two derivatives ofEMACS: Perfect Writer and The FinalWord. Perfect Writer, after evaluation,seemed a better choice than The FinalWord. One reason was that we didn't likethe forward/reverse orientation of TheFinal Word and preferred Perfect Writer'sseparate commands for backward andforward operations. In addition, I usePerfect Writer to compose my PL/I sourcecode and find it excellent for this purpose.However, our attempt at implementing itfor the law firm was an utter disaster.

A question that word-processing usersshould ask themselves is: "Am I primarilya text creator/manipulator, or am I a textprinter?" I would say that programmers,lawyers, and other professionals are large-ly text manipulators in that they either donot have a need for perfectly formattedprint or they have support staff do theirprinting for them. Secretaries and otherclerical workers are certainly interested intext-creation features, but to them thebottom line is getting that letter, brief, orreport to their bosses or in the mail in theproper format at the proper time.

After a few months of using PerfectWriter, this distinction became obvious tous. The embedded formatting-commandsapproach of Perfect Writer was impossi-ble for a busy law firm in which countlessprinted documents are produced eachday. We found that just one simple for-matting-command mistake would ruin theformat of an entire document, and even asimple two-page letter required enough ofthese embedded commands to make atleast one mistake likely. It frequently re-quired seven or eight attempts before adocument printed correctly. Although weclung to Perfect Writer for a long time, we

12 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

With all the clamor about personal computers,

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BYTE October 1983

13

Letters

eventually relented and installed Word-star. "What you see is what you get" hasproven to be the answer.

I strongly believe that the most impor-tant factor in choosing word-processingsoftware is deciding whether text creationor text printing is most important. If theuser is a text printer, then by all means gowith an "on-screen-formatting" type sys-tem and avoid the "embedded-commands"systems like The Final Word and PerfectWriter. Once you have made this distinc-tion, then you can leisurely comparesophisticated features among "on-screen"systems.

Paul W. StackhouseRobert Glass & Company1 Liberty Sq.Boston, MA 02109

Double-Spacing with Wordstar

I learned a great deal from Richard S.Shuford's lengthy review of word-processing programs for the IBM PersonalComputer. As an admirer and a heavyuser of Wordstar, I am often amusedwhen I observe that some of the importantspecial features of the program areunknown even by the experts. I learnsomething new about the program almostevery month.

This is a prelude to pointing out an er-ror in your article. You complained thatto print out single- and double-spaced ver-sions of the same manuscript you have toreformat all the paragraphs before the sec-ond printing. Not true. The dot commandcontrols line spacing. If it is the last dotcommand used at the beginning of themanuscript, it will not only print any de-sired line height (in n/48ths of an inch),but it will also display page breaks on thescreen where they will occur during print-ing. So you can choose any line heightyou want, edit on the screen single-spaced, and see the page breaks wherethey will occur when the manuscript istyped to your specifications. If you wantto print two copies of the manuscript withdifferent line spacings, you need onlychange the single dot command at the be-ginning of the text and resave. The pro-gram will take care of all the rest.

David Gutman5448 East View ParkChicago, IL 60615

The method of reformatting for linespacing (for double- or single-spaced text)

by the Control-Q, Control-Q, Control-Bsequence is not completely satisfactorybecause extra Return characters must beinserted or removed between the para-graphs for consistent spacing. Refor-matting the line spacing by the .LH dotcommand works if you have one of thedaisy-wheel printers supported by Micro-pro, but Wordstar does not seem to sup-port the feature for some less-commondaisy-wheel units and most dot-matrixprinters. . . . R.S.S.

I enjoyed the review of four word-pro-cessing programs. There is a way, how-ever, to change the line spacing in Word-star other than reforming each paragraph,which I found out by writing to MicroproInternational. I received this answer: atthe beginning of the document, insertthese two dot commands that will be in-terpreted by the Mailmerge routine:

.PFON.LSI (or2)

The first line turns on print-time for-matting; the second line sets the single- ordouble-spacing.

Bruce J. McLaren203 Briarwood Dr.Terre Haute, IN 47803

Acquiring Mailmerge does indeed giveyou more formatting capability, but thescope of the review was limited to onlythe four basic software products. In addi-tion to Micropro's Mailmerge and Spell-star, many software products from out-side vendors are on the market to addcapability to Wordstar. . . . R.S.S.

I may be able to help Mr. Shuford withone of his Wordstar difficulties: single-spacing drafts and double-spacing submis-sions.

Instead of running Wordstar on an IBMPC with an IBM or Epson printer, I'musing a new Morrow Micro Decision witha Star Micronics Gemini-10 printer andrunning the 8-bit CP/M Wordstar. I un-derstand, however, that the Gemini-10uses the same control codes and has es-sentially the same capabilities as the IBMor Epson (except for the Gemini-10's pro-portional font), so this might work.

When I'm using normal type (10 charac-ters per inch, 65 characters to a line), Ialways insert

.bp on.po0

at the beginning of the text (and see thequestion mark come up on the first line).Then, before printing, I run a simpleMicrosoft BASIC program that contains aprinter menu. For this form, it effectivelydoes

'1PRINT CHR$(27); "M"; CHR$(10);CHR$(27); "Q"; CHR$(75);"

—telling the printer that the leftmargin is 10 and the right limit is 75. Thatway, the printer runs full speed and doesthe work. (It makes a big difference inthroughput: I'm getting better than 50 cps(characters per second) start-to-finishspeed on articles using Wordstar, includ-ing waits, formfeeds, and all.)

For the double-spaced submission, youadd "CHR$(27); "A"; CHR$(24)" to yourLPRINT, and you add these lines at thebeginning of your Wordstar document:

.pi 33.mt 1.hmliml.mb 4

These define a shorter Wordstar page withnarrower margins, modified slightly todeal with the linefeed you get compli-ments of the LPRINT statement. That isfive lines of typing (of course, you canhave it as a text file on the Wordstar diskand copy it in to the document), but it'sbetter than reformatting. I'm inclined tomake a single inspection pass through thedocument before printing to check pagebreaks. Note that one other thing had tobe done, because the original-versionGemini buffer is either loading or print-ing, never both: change the transmissionspeed to 9600 bits per second. I've got theserial board—necessary for the Morrow—and it works like a champ at 9600 bps.

Walt Crawford

The Research Libraries Group

Stanford, CA 94305

/ don't have a Star Micronics Gemini-10printer handy, so I tried this with my Ep-son MX-80 with Graftrax-Plus. Asidefrom the Epson's lack of a printer com-mand to set the left margin, the double-spacing -worked, and the method doesprint somewhat faster than Wordstarunaided. (Incidentally, the later "X" ver-

14 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Letters.

sions of the Gemini printers are supposedto have remedied the bottleneck of thesingle-minded character buffer.) . . .R.S.S.

Searching for theUnsearchable

There was one error in Mr. Shuford'scomments that might be significant topeople deciding whether to buy Wordstar.He says it "is not possible to use the searchfunctions to locate embedded print-attribute characters. If you want tochange all of your underlined text to bold-face, you have to search for it the hardway—by eye."

This is true for only three of Wordstar'sapproximately 20 print-attribute com-mands: the ones for alternate characterwidth, nonbreak space characters, andunderlining. (Their codes, Control-A, -O,and -S, are used in the search functions aswildcard codes to allow searching for am-biguous characters.) Even so, there areways around this problem.

People using Wordstar with a moderndot-matrix printer will not often have aproblem with Control-S because they'd

probably rather use an italic font insteadof underlining. I have set up Control-Rand Control-Q to turn italics on and off.

By the way, it is possible to enter Con-trol-A, -O, and -S in a replace string, so asecond way to handle the problem is towrite the document with another charac-ter string substituting for the unsearchableone until the time comes to print, thenreplace it. This is especially appropriatewhen printing a draft on a dot-matrixprinter and the final copy on a daisy-wheel unit.

A third approach is to surround the un-searchable characters with searchablecharacters that do nothing. I use Control-D, Control-X, and Control-Y in this way:

IDtSID

IXtOIXtYtAlY

These guardian characters are ordinarilyused as toggles and cancel out after twooccurrences. In the search string, I enter:

IDtStD

ixtstx

IY1SIY

(Here, Control-S has its special wildcardmeaning: search for a nonalphabetic ornonnumeric character.) If you've used adouble-strike, strikeout, or ribbon-color-change as the printing-attribute character,you'll find it, too. (This should not causetrouble unless you are replacing globally.)

Admittedly, these added key codes aretedious unless you set up a keyboardmacroinstruction using a program likeSmartkey (from ICI Computers, POB255, Aurora, CO 97002) under CP/M-80or Prokey (from Rosesoft, POB 5850,Seattle, WA 98105) under PC-DOS.

The remainder of the 20-odd printingcodes can be searched for in the usualmanner, but enter them into the searchstring as they appear on the screen, not asyou would while typing them into thedocument. Some control codes are usedfor cursor movement in the search func-tions; Control-P must be entered beforethem—this somewhat obscure require-ment is a frequent source of confusion.

One important reason to search for theControl-A and Control-S codes is to makesure that their attributes are eventuallyturned off, so your printout doesn't go onwith page after page of underlining or

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Letters,

character spacing. It's a good idea to dothis with all print functions that modifymore than a single character.

John S. Allen40 Rugg Rd.Allston, MA 02134

Mr. Allen has rightly pointed out thatmost of the attribute characters can hesearched; I'm sorry that I did not ex-haustively test for searching all theprinting-attribute characters. (A minorquibble: in addition to Control-S, -O, and

A, Control-N cannot be used in a searchstring.) However, it seems desirable tohave program features work identicallyfor all possible cases. When a feature-works in one case and not another, theuser will probably be confused and willcertainly be burdened with keeping trackof what works and what doesn't. He orshe will probably disregard the feature.Likewise, for most users, if a feature ispoorly documented it might as well notexist.

Several other readers who wrote to in-form me about how Wordstar works on

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DISTRIBUTORS WELCOME FOR QUALIFICATIONS

Circle 272 on inquiry card.

8-bit CP/M-80 systems were not aware ofthe differences in support and documenta-tion in the 16-bit IBM PC version. Untilthe recent release of PC-DOS Wordstarversion 3.3, many customization featuresenjoyed by 8-bit users were simply notavailable to IBM PC users. But aside fromslightly better installation options andfaster writing of screen displays, version3.3 is not very different from the Word-star I tested. . . . R.S.S.

TRS-80 Model 16Problems

We recently purchased a Radio ShackModel 16 microcomputer and upgraded aModel II to a 16. We were faced with theprospect of no software for the Model 16for over six months. The software prom-ised by Radio Shack has finally arrivedand is a version of Xenix. A MicrosoftBASIC (TRS-Xenix BASIC) interpreter isalso available.

We were especially interested in obtain-ing what we expected would be a superiorperforming BASIC interpreter. The 68000processor would appear to offer a signifi-cant performance advantage over theZ80. We have run some simple bench-marks (benchmarks No. 1 and No. 2) totest the speed of the new 68000-based in-terpreter. Frankly, we're shocked!

Enclosed is a copy of the two bench-marks and timed results for various com-puters. Because of the poor performanceof the TRS-Xenix system, we were con-cerned about the effective clock speed ofthe 68000 in the Model 16. We rananother benchmark and found the clockspeed of the 68000 to be about 6 MHz, asadvertised by Radio Shack. Clearlysomething is seriously wrong with theTRS-Xenix BASIC and perhaps even withXenix as it is implemented on the Model16. We need a faster BASIC interpreterand are hoping some software supplierwill help us recover the investment wehave made in Radio Shack equipment.

We are not confident, though, that theModel 16 can be improved significantly.We have run two benchmarks on theModel 16, one using TRSDOS-16 with anassembly-language program, and Micro-soft BASIC in the Z80 mode. The bench-mark echoes the character "1" to thescreen 10,000 times. The assembly-lan-guage version uses TRSDOS-16 systemcalls. Shockingly, the BASIC version runstwice as fast. In our opinion, the speed ofthe Model 16 is totally unacceptable. We

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Amdek ... your guide to innovative computing! circle 32 on inquiry card.

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for keeping larger records,and for improved perfor-mance of your system.That's what our new EliteTwo and Elite Three offers.It's the first double headedApple® compatible diskdrive in the industry. And ofcourse, the technology isfrom Rana. We're the com-pany who gave you 163Kbytes of storage with our Elite One, a 14% increaseover Apple's. And now with our high tech doublesided heads, our Elite Two and Three offers you twoto four times more storage than Apple's. That'sreally taking a byte out of the competition.

We put our heads togetherto give you a superior disk drive.

We designed the Elite Three to give you nearhard disk capacity, with all the advantages of aminifloppy system. The double sided head oper-ates on 80 tracks per side, giving you a capacity of652K bytes. It would take 41/2 Apples to give youthat. And cost you three times our Elite Three'sreasonable $849 pricetag.

Rana's double sided heads give AppleII superior disk performance powerthan second generation personal com-puters such as IBM's.

It takes 4'/2 Apples to equal the capacityot our superior Elite Three.

The Elite Two offers an impressive 326K bytesand 40 tracks on each side. This drive is making areal hit with users who need extra storage, butdon't require top-of-the-line capacity. Costwise, ittakes 2!/2 Apple drives to equal the performance ofour Elite Two. And twice as many diskettes. Leave itto Rana to produce the most cost efficient diskdrive in the world.

We've always had the guts to be a leader.

Our double sided head may be an industryfirst for Apple computers, but nobody was surprised.

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©Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.Circle 395 on inquiry card.

Available at all participating Computerland stores and other fine computer dealers.

BYTE October 1983 23

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Letters __^_^__.

would welcome any response RadioShack might be willing to offer on the per-formance of its Model 16.

Sam Harp

Marvin Stone

Oklahoma State University

Department of Agricultural Engineering

Agricultural Hall, Room 227

Stillwater, OK 74078

Thank you for the opportunity to re-spond to the letter by Sam Harp and Mar-vin Stone of the Department of Agri-cultural Engineering at Oklahoma StateUniversity.

We have studied the benchmark tests assubmitted by OSU, and we do notsubstantially disagree with the timings ofthe tests for the TRS-80. The tests appearto make a Model II running a BASIC pro-gram under TRSDOS a faster machinethan a Model 16 running TRSDOS-16 or aModel 16 running TRS-Xenix.

As with all benchmark tests, it is appro-priate to say that the particular programused has much to do with the timed results.Benchmark §1 is a straightforward BASICprogram that evaluates the sine of an ex-pression containing one numeric variableraised to the power of a second variableand repeats this 1000 times. In Model IIBASIC, both the exponentiation and theSIN function are evaluated with singleprecision only, there being no other pos-sibility. In MBASIC for TRS-Xenix, thesame functions are evaluated with doubleprecision only, there being no possibilityof performing any math routine at anyother precision. So we have the situationwhere identical syntax typed into the twoBASICs will give comparisons of speedfor that program, but the two programsare radically different internally.

Radio Shack was pleased to be able tooffer the Decimal Math Pack as an in-tegral part of TRS-Xenix MBASIC. Thisremoves the "rounding errors" that are aninevitable part of Model II BASIC; ofcourse, this newfound "accuracy" hasbeen at the expense of the speed of somefunctions, particularly trigonometricfunctions such as SIN. The BCD (binary-coded decimal) math routines are one ofthe many ways in which we believe wehave been able to provide a superior per-forming BASIC. But this does not meanthat all math is slower because it is in dou-ble precision; in fact, a minor variation ofthe OSU benchmark (using any of thefour standard arithmetic operators insteadof exponentiation and the SIN function)

4— Circle 417 on inquiry card.

^I

Teletek'sNew ComboCould MakeYou A Hero!

The SBC-II could be just theright ingredient for your latestconcoction. The newest memberof Teletek's family of multi-user,multi-processing S-100 products,the SBC-II essentially combines,or "sandwiches" two TeletekSBC-I's into one board. The SBC-II provides the capability to sup-port two users from one standardsize IEEE-696/S-100 slave board.

The SBC-II maintains fullperformance for each user withan independent CPU (Z80A orZ80B), 64K RAM, Serial I/O, andFIFO communications port tothe system master. The systemintegrator benefits by gettingcomplete support for two usersfor the price of one board.

TurboDOS and MDZoperating systems will supportcombinations of SBC-I's andSBC-ll's offering system designefficiency and flexibility neverbefore possible.

If you're hungry for valueand efficiency, order an SBC-IIfrom Teletek. You'll love everybyte.

4600 Pell DriveSacramento, CA 95838(916) 920-4600Telex 4991834 TELETEKDealer inquiries invited.

©Teletek 1983

Circle 464 on inquiry card.

Letters ___^———_

will run faster on Xenix than on the ModelII.

Program mixes containing a substantialproportion of trigonometry will runslower than a program containing little orno trigonometry in either BASIC, and thistime differential will be greater onMBASIC than on Model II BASIC. OSU'sSolar Energy Benchmark program con-tains a substantial proportion of trigono-metric functions.

Philip S. Hurrell

Radio Shack Computer Customer Service

400 Atrium-One Tandy Center

Fort Worth, TX 76102

Program

230 "** MODEL 16 (TRS-XENIX) 132.0

240 A = 3.14159250 B = 3/7260 FOR 1=1 to 1000270 Z = SIN(A-B)280 NEXT I

Table 1:

BENCHMARK #1

EXECUTION TIME SECONDS

IBMPC(MS-DOS) 29.0

OSBORNE (CP/M) 43.0

MODEL II (TRSDOS) 43.0

APPLE II 75.0

Table 2:

BENCHMARK #2

EXECUTION TIME SECONDS

IBM PC (PODOS) 358

OSBORNE (CP/M) 379

MODEL II (TRSDOS) 429

MODEL 16 (TRS-XENIX) ONE USER. .677MODEL 16 (TRS-XENIX) TWO

USERS 1316

Editor's note: the program for Benchmark2 is an average BASIC program of 130 lines;due to lack of space, it is not includedhere. . . . G.W.

Commodore 64Comments

I must comment on several pointsraised in your review of the Commodore64 (July, page 232).

First, I don't know what the obsession iswith repeating keys. If you want all keysto repeat, then a POKE 650, 128 will dothe trick. A POKE 650, 0 will cause onlythe normal keys to repeat.

Second, it is true that you can entermost keywords with two keys (usually thefirst letter and the shifted second letter).However, only the screen editor showsthis coded form—any listed programprints the full word. When working withthe screen editor, switching to the upper/lower character set (press the Commodoreand shift keys at the same time) will figurethe code in a more readable form. For ex-ample, POKE 650, 0 would appear as "pO650, 0". I use this feature quite often forthe PRINT# keyword ("pR"). This savestyping the word PRINT and the shifted 3for the # character.

Third, the disk is awkward in someareas, but I feel your selection of the direc-tory display was a poor choice. After run-ning the WEDGE program, the directorycan be displayed by typing "@$". Notethat it is displayed—not loaded—with thiscommand. Is this any more awkward thanbooting the disk and typing "CATALOG"on an Apple7 You also state that becauseof the side sectors, a relative file fills theentire disk. This is not true—you shouldsay that a relative file can fill the entiredisk. Many small relative files can be puton one disk.

You should have been more critical

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PeachText 5000™ has arrived.A complete personal productivitysystem for word processing, financialmodeling, mailing lists and simpledata-base management. All at oneprice-$395.00. And all fromPeachtree Software Incorporated.

The quality is unmistakablyPeachtree: proven, powerful appli-cations with menu-driven features,easy-to-use documentation and quickaccess to "Help" prompts. And they'refully interactive.

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Word processing

PeachText™ word processor.PeachText has long been recognizedas one of the best in the industry,with sophisticated print capabilitiessecond to none and complete editingcapabilities for creating and manipu-lating a variety of documents. We'vemade it even better for PeachText 5000.

We've even installed the RandomHouse Electronic Thesaurus™ inPeachText.

Spelling Proofreader. This high-performance package can check a10,000-word document for spellingand typographical errors in less thantwo minutes.*

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Turn your computer's memoryinto a worksheet for financial andother mathematical analysis.PeachCalc™ will address up to 256Kof RAM, so you don't have to worryabout your memory space outstrippingPeachCalc's capacity. Combinespreadsheets with PeachCalc's mergefunctions or insert PeachCalc reports

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List Manager. This module usesPeachtree's state-of-the-art screenmanager and index file manager togive you complete control over thedesign and use of mailing lists, labelsand other files or reference aids.Output can be used with thePeachText word processor to indivi-dualise form letters or templatedocuments.

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*In actual trials using an IBM Personal Computerand 320K diskettes, Spelling Proofreader checked a10,024-word document in one minute and 15 seconds,using the standard 20,000-word dictionary suppliedwith the package. Checking times may vary dependingon your hardware.

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BYT 10/83

Circle 58 on inquiry card.

I

BTA's MODEL 524 MULTIPORTCONTROLLER is a code activated oneto four serial port expander — but that'snot all since it has separate and indepen-dent UARTS, buffers and handshakingeach port can operate with a differentconfiguration, i.e. different baud rates,stop bits, etc. These features also permittwo or more devices to communicatewith the 524 simultaneously.

Lettar-qualityprinter

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Expansion to 16 ports by cascading

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-MODEL 524 $249.00

•MODEL 524A $279.00

same as model 524 except has 256 byterx/tx buffers per port

•MODEL 524 D $269.00

same as model 524, plus continuous poll-ing of each peripheral device for datatransfer requests. The device is auto-matically connected when its 'turn comesup . ON, BUSY and OFF messages aresent to the peripheral device.

JOther models available — Contact us oryour dealer for additional information.

BAY TECHNICAL ASSOCIATES,inc..

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Letters.

about the poor quality (or quality control,perhaps) of the RF modulator. Of four TVsets, my Commodore 64 works on onlytwo. Nothing is said in the User's Guideabout any adjustments that can be made.After a few months of using the User'sGuide and the Programmer's ReferenceGuide, some of my pages are ready to fallout. I think this is due to the small size ofthe bindings.

James E. Borden641 Adams Rd.Carlisle, PA 17013

Two on Logo

I must applaud Gary Kildall and DavidThornburg for "Digital Research's DRLogo" (June, page 208). For the last yearand a half, I have been trying to convinceschool and college administrators thatLogo is a powerful, general-purpose pro-gramming language. Before Logo wasavailable on microcomputers, I taughtcollege and teacher in-service courses inBASIC. The most common myth aboutBASIC is that the relatively few primitiveoperations make it easy to learn. This isbelieved by those who have never tried toteach BASIC to neophytes. Most first-time users complain about the pickiness ofthe interpreter regarding misplaced quotesor semicolons, and numerous otherthings. Some adults I've taught even con-fuse PRINT and INPUT. Considering thatthese two statements do opposite things,one begins to wonder if BASIC is easy tolearn.

When comparing languages, I alwaysstay away from evaluating specific fea-tures of a language, such as whether ornot it supports pointer-type variables,Boolean operators, or whatever. The realissue is this: how easy is the language tothink in? The metaphor Logophiles oftenuse for the activity of programming isthat it is like teaching the computer (orturtle) a new word. More than just a met-aphor, this changes your perspective onsolving the problem. The fact that peoplecan have personalized input and definetheir own words gives them a sense ofpower over the machine and helps themview the computer as a mental aid. Thisresults in less blame being placed on themachine for an incorrect result becausethe user is the one that created the pro-cedure. The ability to create your ownkeywords encourages you to say to your-self, "How can I break this task up intochunks that are suitable for keyword

definitions?". Of course, it isn't necessaryto break the problem up into chunks. Theexample I often use in Logo courses,drawing stickmen, comes from Mind-storms, pages 100-103. Granted, drawingstickmen may be a trivial task on the out-side, but most people adopt this stucturedapproach because the solution is easier tovisualize, easier to think through, andeasier to debug, if necessary.

Obviously, I think Logo is an easier lan-guage to think in than BASIC. The adultsand children I have taught Logo to overthe past two years agree. They also agreethat Logo is a powerful language. Logo isa dialect of LISP, which, as Kildall andThornburg put it, "is a powerhouse of alanguage."

But there is more at stake here thansemicolons and quotation marks. Kildalland Thornburg say that Logo demystifiesartificial intelligence (AI) and puts AI in-to the hands of many. This is extremelyimportant. Expert systems and other con-tributions from AI will greatly affect theway we use computers and will turn thecomputer into a thinking tool, not onethat just crunches numbers very quickly.The impact that a thinking tool will haveon society as a whole must be dealt with,and to discuss it intelligently one shouldunderstand the ways and means of ar-tificial intelligence (i.e., its theories and itslanguages).

So wake up, you BASIC fans. LIST ismore than just a command that prints outyour program.

K. Sharman42 Rossmere Close SEMedicine Hat, AlbertaTIB 2J8, Canada

Request for Help

I am looking for a 12-inch green-screenmonitor or terminal with shielding toallow use by individuals with special innerear problems.

The medical problem I refer to allowscertain people to hear some normally in-audible high frequencies apparently gen-erated by the horizontal sweep circuits inall televisions and CRT monitors used forcomputer displays. These frequencies areboth heard and felt within the inner ear,resulting in physical nausea, loss of equi-librium, and other related physical andmental distress.

In local experiments with such people,assorted wrapping of some monitors infoam or placing them on foam pads par-

30 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Introducing the Most PowerfulBusiness Software Ever!

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' TRS80 is a trademark of the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corp. - "APPLE is a trademark of Apple Corp. - "IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp.

•CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research - #XEROX is a trademark ol Xerox Corp.

•OSBORNE is a Irademark of Osborne Corp.

HiMB

Letters.

tially attenuates the high-frequency noiseor sound, but not enough to permit the in-dividual to use the installation in an officeenvironment. There is also the problem ofreducing the circulation of cooling airthrough the equipment.

Have other readers run into this prob-lem, perhaps! We would appreciate hear-ing from anyone who has any sugges-tions, solutions, monitors, or computerterminals with effective shielding (sound,electromagnetic, or both) for dealing withthis problem.

John R. Page, PastorTrinity Bible Church828 Pennsylvania Ave.Medford, OR 97501

OK Modem TariffNot Okay

I am writing in regard to a serious prob-lem that modem users in the state of Okla-homa are facing.

Southwestern Bell Telephone Com-pany's Oklahoma tariffs call for the charg-ing of an "Information Terminal Service"

rate for anyone connecting a computer tothe telephone lines via a modem.

This rate is approximately 500 percenthigher than the standard residential baserate. The present residential rate is around$9 per month. If you connect a computerto the line with a modem, even if you onlycall CompuServe once a month, the ratejumps to a whopping $45.90. The addi-tional charge for Touch-Tone service alsoincreases, from $1.25 to $3.50 per month.This will undoubtedly increase dramati-cally if Bell gets the $301,000,000 increasethat it just applied for with the OklahomaCorporation Commission.

Obviously, this tariff dramatically af-fects the entire industry, as the tariff forall practical purposes prohibits noncom-mercial, hobbyist modem use. And if Bellis permitted to get away with the enforce-ment of the tariff (as it is now beginningto), a precedent will be set for other localoperating companies to follow in otherstates.

Apparently, Bell is just now beginningto apply this 1965 tariff to noncommercialmodem and computer users. And al-though Bell representatives have fallenback on the age of the tariff as an excuse,

they have no intention of exemptingresidential modem use from the provi-sions of the tariff.

Therefore, the Oklahoma Modem UsersGroup (OMUG) is fighting SouthwesternBell and its unfair tariff. We are doing thisthrough media attention, responsibleorganization, and speaking at Corpora-tion Commission hearings. If all else fails,we will institute legal action to attempt toforce a change in the tariffs.

Because of the national attention thisissue is just now beginning to attract andthe fact that we desperately need moresupport, we have taken several steps toensure that people are informed. We havea mailing list, and we send out a biweeklynewsletter covering the latest updates onthe tariff situation. We have also estab-lished a 24-hour hot line that is updateddaily with a one- to three-minute recordedannouncement; the number is (405)360-7462.

Robert Braver, PresidentOklahoma Modem Users Group911 West Imhoff Rd., #634Norman, OK 73069 ■

v^

AW-

1 -*#&

#*K'

PC WARE, INC.

Dep1 B

4883Tbnino Dr.San Jose, CA 95136VVARK 1408)978-8626

[PC

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TO ORDER

in USA shipping paid by us for orders

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For VISA orCA

VISA

32 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

See page 273 for our Apple Products

Circle 351 on inquiry card.

Free Genius In Every Box.

At CompuPro, we put a little genius into each of our systems. Maybe it's our dual processor that handles both8-bit and 16-bit software concurrently. Or another CompuPro first, M-Drive/H™ the board that does the work of adisk drive—only faster.

In every case you can get model-to-model expandability, six processors to choose from, 12- to 36-month productwarranties and nationwide on-site service from the Xerox® Service Group.

For performance, quality and reliability at a cost-effective price, try CompuPro's System 816 family of high-performance computers today.

Let our genius multiply your genius.

Model A. Single-user, expandable to multi-user. Includes dualprocessor, 128 Kbytes of static RAM, four serial ports, CPIM"-8-16™ SuperCalc-867M dBase II™ Hyper-Typer™ and FieldCompanion7M M-Drive™ software is also included.

Model B. Ultra-high performance single or multi-user. Includesdual processor, 256 Kbytes of static RAM, nine serial ports,same software as Model A, plus MP/M™ 8-16TM

Model C. Our top-of-the-line multi-user microcomputer.Supports as many as seven user workstations as well as acomplete complement of peripherals. Includes 512 Kbytesof static RAM, nine serial ports, same software as Model B.Bundled with on-site service from Xerox Service Group.

Model 86/87. For high-speed multi-user applications. Usesthe fastest CPU on the market (the 10MHz 8086). In addition,1.5 Mbytes of solid state disk memory give as many as fiveusers access to 16-bit software up to 35 times faster thandisk-based systems. Includes 512 Kbytes of 16-bit memory,CP/M-86f MP/M-86™ SuperCalc-86 and SuperWriter-86™plus Xerox service.

Model 68K. A single-user computer that optimizes the powerfulnew CP/M-68K™ operating system. Delivers ultra-high speedfor those who develop their own progams. Includes 256 Kbytesof 16-bit memory, 1.5 Mbytes of M-Drive/H, CP/M-68K,mapFORTH and C languages, as well as Xerox service.

All basic System 816 configurations provide as much as 4.8 Mbytes of floppy disk storage, and are expandable to 1 Mbyte ormore of RAM and as much as 4 Mbytes of M-Drive/H. They all have convenience features such as clock/calendar, interruptcontrollers, interval timers, and optional math processors. Programming languages available from CompuPro include Assembler,BASIC, Pascal, PL/1 and COBOL, as well as the new ANSI FORTRAN 77™ from Digital Research.

■

For your business, industrial and scientific computingsolutions, call (415) 786-0909, ext. 206 today for the location ofthe Full Service CompuPro System Center nearest you.

CP/M and CP/M-86 are registered trademarks and CP/M-68K, MP/M-86 andFORTRAN 77 are trademarks of Digital Research. Xerox is a registered trademarkol the Xerox Corporation. CP/M 8-16 and MP/M 8-16 are compound trademarks ofDigital Research and CompuPro. SuperCalc-86 and SuperWriter-86 are trademarksof Sorcim. dBASE II is a trademark of AshtonTate. Hyper-Typer is a trademark ofSummit Software Corp. Field Companion Is a trademark of Gensoft Corp. M-Drlveand M-Drive/H are trademarks of CompuPro.

Dealer inquiries ihvited

CompuPro, a G00B0UT Company3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545Circle 99 on inquiry card.

l|'i[lKJ|h

EMS

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Introducing the capability the world has been waiting for. A singlepersonal computer able to handle Apple, IBM, TRS-80, UNIX andCP/M-based software.

The Dimension 68000 Professional Personal Computer does it all.It actually contains the microprocessors found in all of today's popularpersonal computers. And a dramatic innovation creates the environmentthat lets these systems function merely by plugging in the software.

Add to this the incredible power of a 32 bit MC 68000 micro-processor with up to 16 megabytes of random access memory. You havethe machine that easily meets today's needs. And tomorrow's. It's the onlypractical way to upgrade without the need to recreate your data base.

Dimension. At about the same price as the IBM PC, it's obviouslythe best value you can find. For more information ask your dealer or callus at (214) 630-2562.

dimension

A product of Micro Craft Corporation, 4747 Irving Blvd., Suite 241. Dallas, Texas 75247. C19S3

Apple is u registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.; IBM is a registered trademark of International Business MaehinesCorporation; TRS-80 is a registered trademark of Ratlin Shack, a Tandy Corporation eompany; UNIX is a trademark of BellLaboratories, Inc.: CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research Corporation. Circie 301 on inquiry card.

I

I

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Product Preview

The HP 150

Magic is the code name for Hewlett-Packard's personal-computer project in Sunnyvale—and it fits.Something magical happens when you use the HP 150. The optical touchscreen trademarked as HPTouchgoes beyond other pointing devices; it makes you feel that you have remarkable powers in your fingertips.It's almost as if the touchscreen turns your finger into a conduit between your mind and the computer.

Hardware: Compact, Powerful, and Innovative

This compact machine packs thesystem-processor unit, memory,video-display unit and control cir-cuitry, three I/O (input/output) ports,and touchscreen electronics into anelegant package that is 1-foot square.Two free-expansion slots permit anetwork-interface board and expan-sion to 640K bytes of RAM (random-access, read/write memory). An op-tional user-installable thermal printerfits in an enclosure at the top of theunit, with its own connecting cable.The dual-floppy-disk unit containstwo single-sided Sony 3V2-inch disksholding 270K bytes each and has afootprint not much larger than themain unit's. The HPIB bus used toconnect the disk drives permits thecontroller to reside with the drives;no expansion slots are required toadd additional floppy or hard disks.

The compactness of the HP 150does have one drawback for per-sonal-computer users who do inten-sive computation. There was no wayto squeeze a socket in for an 8087 co-processor. Early indications are thatthe HP 150 will be an open systemwith respect to both hardware andsoftware, and perhaps someone willdevelop an 8087 board for one of thetwo expansion slots.

Photo 1 shows the back of the HP150 with its various I/O connectors.

In photo 2, part of the back of the sys-tem has been removed to expose thetwo expansion slots, one of which isoccupied by a memory board. Photo3 shows the system with the backremoved. The motherboard sits onelevel above the two expansion slotsand holds it own piggyback 256K-byte memory board. Above that, youcan see the video-controller board.Photo 4 shows the system from thefront with the bezel removed andturned around to face the camera.

The bezel contains the touchscreenelectronics—the grid of light-emittingdiodes and photo diodes. There are24 holes in each side of the bezel and40 holes in both the top and the bot-tom. This provides touch sensitivityfor each row of the display and foreach unit of two columns.

The touchscreen leaves no doubtthat the HP 150 intends to deliver thepower of personal computers to morepeople—nontechnical people. ForHP, always known as an outstandingmanufacturer of high-performanceproducts for engineers, the 150signals a bold entry into the broadermarket now dominated by IBM andApple. Cyril Yansouni, generalmanager of HP's new personal com-puter division, confirms this inter-pretation and describes the 150 as thefirst of a new family of products. Yan-

souni also says that the HP 150 willbe priced competitively, anotherdeparture for the company. A stan-dard system with 256K bytes of RAMand two Sony 3V2-inch disks provid-ing 540K bytes of storage, MS-DOS,the Personal Applications Managersoftware, and Microsoft BASIC willretail for approximately the sameprice as the IBM PC with equivalentmemory and mass storage. The HP150's unique touchscreen and user in-terface provide the magic in analready powerful computer.

High Performance

Hewlett-Packard's engineers didnot forsake their reputation for build-ing high-performance products whenthey designed the 150. The HP 150's8088 runs at 8 MHz compared to theusual 5 MHz or less, and the stan-dard amount of dynamic RAM is256K bytes. There are also 6K bytesof static RAM for the screen and 160Kbytes of ROM (read-only memory),bringing the total memory for thestandard machine to 422K bytes. Oneof the two standard RS-232C serial-communications ports also serves asa higher-speed RS-422 port, andseveral peripherals can be daisy-chained off the HPIB connector, per-mitting high-capacity mass storage.

36 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Hewlett-Packard makes some magic

by Phil Lemmons and Barbara Robertson

Hewlett-Packard plans to introducethe HP 150 at the November Comdexshow in Las Vegas and is alreadyworking with its dealers to provide allnecessary support for that introduc-tion, including major television andprint advertising campaigns. Accord-ing to Cyril Yansouni, generalmanager of HP's personal computerdivision, the company is establishingPersonal Computer Centers for train-ing dealers and end users. While thesecenters will not sell equipment or soft-ware, a professional training andmarketing staff will be available toanswer questions, conduct seminars,and refer prospective customers todealers. Twenty of these centers arealready open and 65 additionalcenters, located worldwide, arescheduled for completion by the end of1983. For more information on theavailability of the HP 150, or the loca-tion of a Personal Computer Center,call (800) FOR-HPPC.

Photo 1: A back viezv of the HP 150. Note the two serial ports (DATAC0M1 and DATAC0M2),the port for HPIB bus (used to connect a series of disk drives and parallel printers), and theeasily removed battery.

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Photo 2: The HP 150 comes with 256K bytes of RAM. This photo shows an optional 256K-byte memory board inone of the two expansion slots.

38 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 5 shows the back of the 150with its complement of I/O connec-tors and the optional thermal printeron top.

Available disk units include 5Vt-inch and 8-inch floppy-disk drives aswell as the 3V2-inch disks, plus high-capacity Winchester disks. The Sony3V2-inch disks run at 600 rpm (revolu-tions per minute) rather than slow-ing down to the 300-rpm standardadopted by an ANSI committee.

The performance of the video dis-play is also outstanding. The 9-inchscreen looks too small until you turnit on. The "At a Glance" box on page41 shows the HP 150 screen display-ing essential facts about the systemin a format similar to that of a cardin the Personal Card File, an elec-tronic Rolodex-like program availablefor the 150; a lot of information is dis-played quite clearly on the 9-inchscreen. With a resolution of 720 by378 as an alphanumeric display and512 by 390 as a bit-mapped graphicsdisplay, the green-phosphor screen

actually displays more pixels (pictureelements) than the IBM PC 12-inchmonochrome monitor, which has a720 by 350 display. As an alphanu-meric display, the HP 150's littlescreen provides 27 lines by 80 char-acters instead of the usual 24 by 80.Each character is formed by a 7 by 10dot matrix in a 9 by 14 dot cell. Thedots shift by half a dot to form clearcharacters, as the screen photos dem-onstrate.

The bottom line of the screen isreserved for system-status messages,and the two lines above that labelscreen areas programmed to performspecific commands when touched(softkeys). That leaves a full 24 by 80screen plus the extra lines at the bot-tom for system enhancements.

Two controllers handle the videodisplay. A custom gate array controlsthe graphics display, while the Stan-dard Microsystems Corporation 9007VPAC (Video Processor and Con-troller) takes charge of alphanumer-ics. As explained in "The CRT 9007

Video Processor and Controller"(April 1983 BYTE, page 96), the 9007has powerful memory-addressingcapabilities and flexible video-timingcontrol. Its 30 registers include 12 tokeep screen parameters and othersfor cursor control and light-pen oper-ation. The 9007's memory-addressingpower provides row-table-orientedmemory addressing that relieves thesystem's central processor of the taskof moving data on the screen.

The 9007 is partially responsible forthe high performance of the HP 150'sdisplay in alphanumeric mode and forthe gate array for the high-speedgraphics, but systems software alsoplays an important role. Just asseparate controllers control the twomodes of the display, two separatesoftware modules control screen I/O.The AIOS (alphanumeric input/out-put system) optimizes character I/Oand the GIOS (graphical input/out-put system) optimizes bit-mappedgraphical I/O. The GIOS includesroutines for powerful graphics func-tions such as filling areas.

HP designed the keyboard on theassumption that people should beable to use the computer to its fullestwithout the touchscreen. The key-board (see photo 6) has 107 sculptedkeys, including cursor controls,editing keys, a numeric pad that canbe shifted into a graphics-controlpad, and eight programmable func-

Benchmark

Empty Do LoopsDivision

Subroutine JumpMID$ (substring)Prime Number

HP 150

6.13

16.75

11.80

19.33

151.60

IBM

6.43

23.80

12.40

23.00

190.00

Table 1: Benchmark results for the HP 150against the IBM PC. The HP machine wasrunning under MS-DOS 2.0, BASIC86,prerelease version 5.28. The IBM PC wasrunning under PC-DOS 1.0, IBM BASIC.The benchmark programs are from "ACloser Look at the IBM Personal Com-puter" by Gregg Williams (January 1982BYTE, page 36).

Photo 3: The motherboard holds a 256K-bytememory board on the left. The video-controllerboard is directly above the motherboard.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

39

Photo 4: The inside of the touchscreen bezel with its light-emittingand photo diodes. The system recognizes a touch when an object breaksthe light beams crossing the screen.

Photo 5: These boards—the motherboard, piggyback and expansionmemory boards, and the video-controller board—are all packed intothe tiny monitor. In addition, two boards, the CRT sweep andpower-supply boards, stand on end on each side of the video screen.

Photo 6: The HP 150 keyboard.

40 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

At a Glance

Touch a tab in HP's Personal Card Fileprogram to look at a card at the card file.

-sonai Card File (PCFJ

Cardfile: PC :,p1;l/

ype in a new

1ANUFACTUREF

Hewlett-Packard

3 800-547-3400

;izi

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System Unit (including monitor) 12 x 12 x 11.3 in., 21 lbs. 1 oz.9 in. green phosphor, 27 lines, 24 x 80 char., 2 for touchkey labelsIntel 8088 BIHIMMWM 8 Mhz B 256K expandable to 640K bytes

II/0 PORT'1ASS STORAGERESOLUTIONREFRESH RAlMINTING DEVICEl(EYBOAPD

3PERATINGJSER INTERFACE!^PLICATIONS"

1 - RS232C only, 1 - RS422/RS232 combined, 1 - IEEE-488 port

2 270K byte 3 1/2 in. microfloppies; 600 rpm512 x 390 (graphics), 720 x 378 (alphanumeric)

60 Hz ISll 7 x 10 pixels in 9 x 14 cell .HPTouch optical touch screen 14 rows by 21 columnsDetached, autorepeat, n-key rollover, cursor keys,numeric pad, 6 foot cable (18 x 8.9 x 1.4 in., 4 lbs.)MS-DOS 2.0 tfKaUMftUfclirtB 2 freePersonal Application Manager and HPTouchWordStar, VisiCalc, Condor, Personal Card File, MemoMaker,DSN/LINK Communications, Picture Perfect Graphics, Diagraph

MicroSoft BASIC, Pascal, and more

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tion keys. The layout is excellent. Thiskeyboard will be the standard key-board for all HP machines and ter-minals for years to come. An 8041processor located in the system unitcontrols both the keyboard and thetouchscreen.

An NEC 7201 controls the serialports with a Texas Instruments con-

troller chip handling the HPIB bus.Both serial ports will operate at upto 19,200 bits per second (bps) asRS-232C ports and one will also oper-ate as a higher-speed RS-422 port.

BASIC Benchmarks

Although it isn't possible to quan-tify the display's performance in this

product preview, we did try five ofBYTE's interpretive BASIC computa-tional benchmarks on the 150, run-ning a prereleased version ofMicrosoft's BASIC86 version 5.28.Table 1 shows the results. Not sur-prisingly, the HP 150 did well. In theprime-number benchmark, the HP150 outdistanced the IBM PC by 38

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

41

Photo 7: Options 1 and 2 can be selected by touch. A simple BASIC program created thismenu (see listing 1).

seconds, even though the PC wasrunning IBM PC BASIC, Microsoft'smore advanced GW (Gee Whiz)BASIC, rather than BASIC86. Theprereleased HP 150 was alsosignificantly faster in the tests of divi-sion and string operations. The HP150's 3V2-inch disks performed well insimple disk I/O benchmarks— fasterthan all but a couple of the machinestested so far—but the results are notpublished here because HP plans tofurther improve the drives' per-formance.

Future products will expand the150 family to include a compatible

portable and transportable unit aswell as a version with color graphics.Plans call for enhancement of the 150family with faster clocks and a morepowerful processor. The 150 familywill also be able to communicate withnon-HP computers through anEthernet-compatible networkingscheme.

The Touchscreen andCompactness

You don't actually have to touch thescreen to make the touchscreen workbecause the beams of light passslightly above the surface of the

screen. One reason for choosing theoptical touchscreen was to avoidcoating the display screen with amaterial that would impair the sharp-ness of the display. Using a screencoat allows greater precision, but totake advantage of this precision youmust point with a device muchsmaller than a fingertip. The smallerpointing devices seem to sacrifice theintuitive correctness of pointing withyour finger.

While the 9-inch screen contrib-uted to the compactness of the HP150, it also reduced the size of thetouch cells. You never have difficultypointing to the defined touch areasat the bottom of the screen, or at thename of a file or program that youwant to run, but a single character isdifficult to select precisely. The cur-sor keys provide an easy alternativefor fine movements, and pressing theselect key selects the desired object.

The touchscreen also minimizesthis problem in another way. The sys-tem recognizes a touch when yourfinger breaks the vertical and hori-zontal beams of light that cross abovethe object, and shows its recognitionby displaying the object in inversevideo. But a touch is not equivalentto a selection. The system only rec-ognizes a selection when you with-draw your finger from the area andthe interrupted light beams againcross the screen to the photo re-ceivers under the bezel. You canmove your finger around the screenfor as long as you want, and the

A Potential User Looks at the Software

Phil Lemmons and I sat at hiskitchen table late one night with thepreview machine and prereleasedcopies of some of the software thatHewlett-Packard will offer for the HP150. The touchscreen conceptsounded interesting, but the onlyway to determine how it worked outwas to use it.

Before trying any serious applica-tions, we booted up the demonstra-tion disk because I wanted to playwith the graphics game. To create a

drawing, you must first touch thescreen in a least three places to markthe periphery. As I slid my fingeraround the screen, a small dot of lightfollowed it. When I lifted my finger,the dot changed to a highlighted barabout the size of a typical cursor. Thiswas obviously the first end point forthe drawing. I selected several pointsthis way, touched the label DrawGraphic in one of the eight functionblocks (softkeys) at the bottom of thescreen, and was fascinated as the

drawing started from each point andfilled in toward the center (photo 8).

I hadn't touched the keyboardonce, and I had learned everythingI needed to know about using theHP 150 touchscreen: to select a pointon the screen, I lift my finger, and tostart an operation, I touch one of thehighlighted blocks in the row at thebottom of the screen.

Then I moved on to more seriouswork.

The HP 150 will be packaged with

42 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

system continues to highlight everyobject as your fingertip passes ortouches it. When the desired objectis displayed in inverse video, yousimply withdraw your fingertip andthe system acts on your selection.This visual feedback compensates forthe limited precision of the array oftouch areas. Whether the HP touch-screen will meet your needs dependson the precision you require. If youneed to select individual pixels,HPTouch won't do. But the touch-screen takes care of much of the in-teraction during applications pro-grams, making many system-leveloperations effortless and natural.Touch is the easiest input device tolearn and the hardest to give up.

But can you use the touchscreen asan input device in your BASIC pro-grams? Yes. Miles Kehoe of HP pro-vided a quick example of a touch-sensitive menu. (See photo 7 andlisting 1.)

If you wonder what it's like to usethe touchscreen in more sophisti-cated programming, read the pro-gramming sidebar, "Adapting Exist-ing Programs to Use HPTouch: Pic-ture Perfect, Diagraph, and Word-star" on page 48. It describes Micro-pro's experiences in adapting Word-star (written in assembly language) touse the touchscreen and ComputerSupport Corporation's experiences inadapting the graphics programs Pic-ture Perfect (written in BASIC) andDiagraph (written in Pascal).

—Phil Lemmons

Listing 1: This simple BASIC program will create the menu shown in photo 7.

MS-DOS, Microsoft BASIC, and aprogram called Personal ApplicationManager. I wanted to follow the pro-cess a new buyer would—booting theoperating system, formatting somedisks, and copying the master. Fromthere I would look at some of theapplication-software packages thatwill be available for the machine, in-cluding some old friends that havebeen modified for the touchscreenand some new programs developedfor the HP 150.

10001010102010301040105010601070108010901100

111011201130114011501160117011801190120012101220123012401250126012701280129013001310132013301340135013601370138013901400141014201430144014501460147014801490150015101520

1530154015501560157015801590160016.101620163016401650166016701680169017001710172017301740175017601770178017901800

181018201830

Sample Menu Selection Sub-Program usProvided by TLA. All Rights Reserveduse of these routines is permissible

WIDTH 255CLS?=CHR?(27)+"h"+CHR?(27)+"J"

'Set 'infinite' screen width'Home up, clear display

'FNLOCATE is similar to the LOCATE command in some BASICSi

DEF FNLOCATE? ( ROW, COL) =CHR$ ( 2 7) + " £,a" +

STR?(ROW)+"r"+STR?(COL)+"C"i

'FNTOUCH will define a touch field on the screen. The field

' will be three rows long and eight columns wide

1 starting at the specified row and column. The

' character string to be returned is specified in

' the last parameter, and may be from 0 to 80 bytes

' in length.i

' The function as defined uses just one of many modes1 of touch field definition. The general form of the1 escape sequence is:

' ESC - z g <rowl>,<row2> r <coll>,<col2> c

<0/l> b <onenh> e <offenh> fi

1 <rptmode> m <attr> a <len> L (response)

' where:■

1 The 'b' field determines whether a touch will beep;

i The iei field specifies the video enhancement of the

' field when NOT being touchedi

1 The '£' field specifies the video enhancement of the' field when it IS being touched

' The 'm' field specifies the type of field (ie, row/col

1 reporting, ASCII (as shown here), etc.)■

1 The 'a' field specifies when to report (on touch, on

1 release, or both). ASCII mode is considered a 'keyboard

' replacement', hence reports on touch only regardless of

' this field (just like a keyboard key)i

' The 'L' specifies the length of the desired response stringi

■ (response) indicates the string to return when touched and' may include a carriage return if desired

DEF FNTOUCH?(ROW,COL,CHARS?)=CHR?(27)+"-zg"+STR$(ROW)+","+STR?(ROW+2)+"r"+STR?(COL)+","+STR?(COL+8)+"c"+"Ibl0e2f 2mla"+STR$ (LEN (CHARS?) ) +"L"'+CHARS$

REPT.MODE.0N?=CHR?(27)+"-z2nlA"REPT.MODE.OFF?=CHR?(27)+"-z0N"TOUCH.DELETES=CHR$(27)+"-zD"

' Display Main Menu

'Enable touch reporting'Disable touch reporting'Delete ALL touch fields

PRINT CLS?; 'Clear screen

PRINT FNLOCATE?(0,20) ,-"Sample Touchscreen Menu"

PRINT FNTOUCH?(5,5,"1"); 'Define touch field in

row 5-7, column 5-13 toreturn ASCII '1'

PRINT FNLOCATE$(6,6);"Option 1";

PRINT FNTOUCHS(10,5,"2");

PRINT FNLOCATE?(11,6);"Option 2";

'Put label in field 1

'Define touch field inrow 10-12, column 5-13 toreturn ASCII '2'

'Put label in field 2

Now enable reporting and wait for a characterPRINT REPT.MODE.ON?; 'Turn on reporting mode

'Input single character from keyboard OR touchscreenA?=INPUT?(1)

PRINT REPT.MODE.OFF?; 'Turn off reporting

IF INSTR("12",A?)=0 THEN PRINT CHR?(7);:

GOTO 1760 'Did not type a 1 or 2

IF A?="l" THEN CHAIN"PR0G1" 'Selection 1

CHAIN"PR0G2" 'Must be Selection 2

END

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 43

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Photo 8: A graphics-demonstration program by Hewlett-Packard forthe HP 150.

Photo 9: HP's operating system shell. Touch an application nameto select it, then touch "Start Applic." to run it.

P.A.M.

When you boot the system, insteadof the familiar A> from MS-DOSand a blank screen, you see Hewlett-Packard's Personal ApplicationManager, P.A.M., on the screen.P.A.M. automatically displays inalphabetical order the names of allthe installed programs on the disk.Photo 9 shows the first screen withseveral installed applications dis-played.

A small arrow pointed to the appli-cation named Format A, and it washighlighted, so I knew this was thedefault selection. I simply touchedthe Start Applic. softkey and the for-mat screen appeared, with severalbars indicating disk drives (photo 10).I touched the second bar for drive B,typed a label for the disk whenprompted, then touched HP Format.A small asterisk appeared next to thelabel. When the formatting was com-pleted, the Exit Format softkeyreturned the P.A.M. main menu.

Three touches to format a disk, andI didn't have to learn or rememberany operating-system commands!The only time I used the keyboardwas to type the optional disk-drivelabel.

Hewlett-Packard decided early inthe project to use the standard MS-DOS operating system (although thecompany added some features—seethe interview with Jim Sutton andJohn Lee on page 51) so that manypopular software packages could run

on the HP 150. To facilitate learningand use of the system, they createdP.A.M. as a shell for the operatingsystem.

The first P.A.M. screen (photo 8)demonstrates the convenient andsimple user interface. This interfaceis common to all the programsHewlett-Packard is offering for theHP 150: at the top, a program andmenu name followed by a line for ap-plication prompts and messages, andat the bottom, a row of softkeysfollowed by a line for systemmessages and the clock. (Hewlett-Packard wasn't sure if the clockwould be in the final version. Per-sonally, I hope it is. I often lose trackof time when I'm working on acomputer.)

The softkeys replace traditionalfunction menus whose items areusually selected by typing in code let-ters or numbers. In addition, eachsoftkey in a row can lead to an entiretree structure of more softkey func-tions accessed by touching thescreen.

The software discourages acciden-tal selections. You must move yourfinger directly into the softkey area.Sliding to a softkey doesn't work.However, because you don't actuallyhave to touch the screen, a fingerhovering in the softkey area some-times produces unexpected results.Selections are always highlighted forvisual feedback, and in addition,when a softkey is selected, it clicks.

The function keys at the top of thekeyboard mirror the softkeys on thescreen. You can carry out any opera-tion named on a softkey using thecorresponding function key.

Now to copy the master disk. AfterI touched the Copy/Backup softkey,screen messages prompted me totype the drive letters to copy fromand to. When I entered A: (copyfrom) the names of all the directoriesand files on the disk in drive A ap-peared on the screen. I chose theCopy File softkey when prompted; Isuspected I could select any files Iwanted to copy by touching the file-names, and in fact, I could. As Imoved my finger from one to an-other, highlighting each in turn, thesmall arrow followed. Only namesfrom which I lifted my finger re-mained highlighted (photo 11). TheStart Over or Unselect by Name soft-keys undo selections.

I wanted to copy the entire masterdisk, so when I finished playing withthe touchscreen, I touched the SelectAll and Start Copy softkeys. Thenumber of bytes available on the diskin drive B (in the counter at the topright of the screen) decreased untilthey matched the bytes available fordrive A. The computer politelybeeped when it was finished.

Four touches (and two disk-driveletters typed) from the File Managermenu, and I had copied the masterdisk.

In addition to the Copy Files func-

44 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 10: You can format disks in several drives simultaneously. Photo 11: Select files to copy by touching the filename on the screen.

tion, P.A.M. has a Backup functionthat stores files in a compressed for-mat. With this function, you canselect files by name or date. The pro-gram has enough intelligence toknow when there is not enoughspace left on a disk for the next fileand will fill the remaining space withsmaller files, then prompt you tochange disks. Users with hard diskswill find the Backup function espe-cially helpful for archiving data onfloppy disks.

The P.A.M. shell works. It simpli-fies standard MS-DOS functionssuch as formatting and copyingdisks. Enhancements such as auto-matically displayed directories areconvenient.

All the programs offered by HP areautomatically installed to run underP.A.M., and programs added laterare easy to install. You can customizeP.A.M.—changing application names,rearranging names on the screen, set-ting any application to start automat-ically—all by touching softkeys. Userswho prefer standard commands canselect the MS-DOS Commands ap-plication on the main P.A.M. screen.

When you have disks in more thanone drive (the HP 150 can handle 12disk drives), P.A.M. will display,alphabetically, the names of all the in-stalled programs on all the disksalong with the letter code for the diskdrive. Disks in several drives can beformatted simultaneously.

The P.A.M. instructions are easy to

understand, consistent, and predict-able. I used the system without onceconsulting a manual. There's no needto learn how to use the pointingdevice to position the cursor: there isnothing abstract about touching aparticular place on the screen withyour finger. In contrast, most com-puter systems require users to learn,remember, and always type correct-ly cryptic codes such as "dir a:" and"copy a:filename.xxx b:file-name.xxx" in a precise and initiallymysterious format. Utility programscreated specifically for a touchscreenare remarkably easy to use. I wantedto see how touch changed some oldfriends: Visicalc and Wordstar. Theyare among the applications that willbe available when the HP 150 is in-troduced.

Visicalc

I touched my way back to P.A.M.,selected Visicalc, touched Start Ap-plic, and saw Visicalc on screen. Justas in P.A.M., the top line of thescreen contains the program andmenu names, the second line amessage, and at the bottom is thefamiliar row of softkeys.

Rather than create a new work-sheet, I chose one from the directorydisplayed in the File Manager. It'seasy to move back and forth from anyapplication to the File Manager.Touching the File Manager softkeyputs the application on hold; theBack to Visicalc key sends you back

where you were (see photos 12 and13).

Of course, I immediately wanted toknow if I could select a cell by touch-ing it. I could, although it's a littletricky. It's easy to highlight the col-umn you want, but positioning thehighlighting on a particular row takessome practice. Still, it's often a loteasier than typing.

The softkeys contain most of theVisicalc commands, and I was able touse touch alone to move cells,replicate, open multiple windows,and select format and printing func-tions. Data can be transferred to agraphics program by touching a soft-key (see photos 14 and 15).

Experienced Visicalc users mayfind the familiar slash commandsfaster than touching softkeys. Butthey will be pleased with enhance-ments like additional print functions(photo 16), cell formats and protec-tion, and multiple windows.

Wordstar

My fingers did the walking back tothe familiar Wordstar opening menu,touched a softkey to open a file, andtyped a new file name. A screen,blank except for the softkeys, quick-ly appeared (photo 17). Having theWordstar help menus on the screenwould be redundant, so the helplevel is set to zero, allowing most ofthe screen to be used for text.

I couldn't wait to try my nemesis,a block move. I succeeded in mark-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 45

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Photo 13: A ivorksheet selected via the File Manager (see photo 12)being loaded into Visicalc.

ing and moving a block of text witha few touches on the screen and soft-keys (photos 18 and 19).

One of the most frequent objec-tions to Wordstar is the difficulty newusers have in learning and remem-bering the multitude of commandcodes. The IBM PC version 3.3alleviates some of this problem byassigning 10 user-modifiable controlcodes to the 10 function keys anddisplaying labels across the bottom ofthe screen. The HP 150 version ofWordstar takes this idea a bit further:all the commands are on softkeys.Choosing a softkey label markedwith lowercase letters produces morecommands. Many of the softkeyslead to a whole tree structure offunctions.

Typists who prefer not to take theirfingers from the keyboard can use theinherent Wordstar commands orfunction keys. The keyboard has ded-icated keys for common commandssuch as Insert Line, Delete Line,Clear Line, and Insert Character.

The ability to touch the screen toposition the cursor makes many edit-ing functions much easier. However,because the touchscreen is accurateonly to a 2-character width (see theinterview with Jim Sutton and JohnLee on page 51), you may need touse the keyboard for exact position-ing. Of course, you can't touch whatyou can't see, but the keyboard facil-itates scrolling with Roll up/Rolldown and Next page/Previous pagekeys.

In summary, the touchscreen im-proves Wordstar and Visicalc. Al-though these two programs are oldfriends to many of us, even the bestof friends have a few nasty habits thatwe wish they could break. In the caseof Wordstar and Visicalc, the nastyhabit has been the refusal to under-stand anything but control codes andcommand strings. HPTouch has re-formed these two old friends andmade them much more agreeable.

Memomaker

You might well ask why, if Word-star is available for the touchscreen,HP would offer a second word pro-cessor. HP's Memomaker is a simpleword processor, compatible withWordstar and designed for people

Photo 16: Visicalc print options can be selected and changed withtouch.

Photo 17: Wordstar on the HP 150. Softkeys with lowercase letterslead to another layer of functions.

46 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Photo 15: HP's ehhance'd Visicalc allowsimultiple windows.

who want a quick and easy way toenter text.

Even with the advantages the HP150 gives to Wordstar, many peopledon't need or want to learn how touse a full-featured word processor.That's why HP offers Memomaker.With touch to position the cursor andselect softkeys, and dedicated key-board keys for functions such as in-serting a line and deleting a character,you don't need to learn or rememberany commands. Most people coulduse Memomaker fully—to write let-ters, create memos, and do roughdrafts—without ever reading thedocumentation.

As in Wordstar, I used the touchfeature to position the cursor and doblock moves. I also tried changing the

right margin and realigning the text.Touch makes these functions as sim-ple as they should be. (See photos 20and 21.)

I could go to File Manager^ selectfiles, and read them into Memo-maker without ever using the key-board or learning any commands'(photo 22).

Memomaker shows text enhance-ments on screen—highlighting em-phasizes boldface, and italic charac-ters indicate underlining. Margins,tab settings, and standard memo for-mats can be stored in format files andread into a document.

Because Memomaker and Wordstarare fully compatible, documentscreated in one can be edited in theother. An experienced Wordstar user

can add advanced features to Memo-maker documents, while someoneunfamiliar with Wordstar can i useMemomaker to edit a Wordstar docu-ment. Memomaker is a great littleword processor for people who don'twant to do serious word processing.

Personal Card" File

The demonstration program for theHP 150 includes a sample of a nameand address program called PersonalCard File (PCF). The screen for thisprogram has a drawing that looks likea typical rotary card iridex found, onmany desks. To access a card in thefile, you touch a tab as if the card filewere made of paper and plptic; torotate the card file, touch the han-

dles-

would with

Photo 18: The cursor shows where I touched the screen.

Photo 19: The result ofd block move accomplished entirely by touch.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 47

Adapting Existing Programs toUse HPTouch: Picture Perfect,Diagraph, and Wordstar

Two software houses experienced dif-ferent levels of difficulty in adapting exist-ing software for the HPTouch system of theHP 150 Personal Computer. ComputerSupport Corporation found it easy to adaptits graphics software, but Micropro hadsome problems because of the unusual in-ternal structure of Wordstar.

Picture Perfect and Diagraph

Picture Perfect is a general charting pro-gram that makes it.easy to do businessgraphics, such as bar charts with three-dimensional effects. Diagraph is a programthat lets you draw flow charts, organiza-tion charts, circuit diagrams, and the likeby using a library of approximately 100primitives, including a variety of polygonsand many common symbols. ComputerSupport Corporation of Dallas, Texas, isadapting two programs to run on the HP150 and to use HPTouch. One program iswritten in Pascal and is being rewritten inthe Pascal of the HP 150. The other pro-gram is written in BASIC and is being con-verted to the Pascal of the 150.

Michael Kallet and Jack Hudler of Com-puter Support .explained how to useHPTouch this way: "You access the touch-screen through the HP 150'sAIOS (alpha-

numeric input/output system), which is inROM. You need to write some low-level as-sembly-language routines to access theAIOS. The same linker on the 150 handlesboth assembly language and Pascal.

"In fact, you access the touchscreen justas if it were any. other input/output device.You call an assembly-language routine toset up the mode of the touchscreen that youwant to use. We thought we would alwaysbe defining touch areas in terms of coor-dinates, checking for touches within thecoordinates, and then going to commandsthat were mapped to the touch areas. Butthe touchscreen has a mode that makes thetouch areas actually return a particularvalue just as if they were keys on the key-board. Another mode lets the user definean object by touching the screen.

"The most useful mode is the one thatmakes the touch areas return keycodes. Youturn that mode on and then set the touch-screen to report when it's been touched.Then you read the keyboard and wait forthe return of a keycode and a qualifier. Thequalifier says whether the code came fromthe keyboard or the touchscreen.

"Because of its different modes, thetouchscreen is more powerful than yourealize at first. You could use the row-column mode all the time if you wished,but you end up using the mode that direct-ly returns a particular value.

"In interpretive BASIC, you can turnscreen areas on and off with escape se-quences. In Pascal, you make assembly-lan-guage calls to AIOS routines. Interfacing

to HPTouch is easy in either case."

Adapting Wordstar

Since Wordstar is written in assemblylanguage, Micropro is using assembly-lan-guage calls to the AIOS to adapt thepopular word processor for HPTouch. Pro-grammer Joe Masters reports, "For everycharacter typed or screen area touched, youget information about which device thereturned value came from, whether shiftor control was pressed, and so on. This in-formation comes to you from the consoleI/O portion of the operating system. TheAIOS interprets the information.

"There are routines in the AIOS forwriting a line to the screen, writing an en-tire screen, getting coordinates from thescreen, and so on. The existing Wordstarmakes multiple single-character outputcalls to write a line. With the HP 150, youcan write an entire line at a time by call-ing a routine in the AIOS. It's difficult toget used to, but once you do, developmentgoes much faster."

Kirk Hurford, manager of Micropro'sOEM support group, explained the methodof adaptation: "In adapting Wordstar forspecific hardware, we go directly towardthe I/O. Wordstar operating in theMS-DOS environment has much slowerI/O because of the path that it takesthrough the operating system. In the caseof the HP 150, the effect that we put forthto improve performance is sophisticated.There is a fair amount of intelligence withwhich Wordstar makes decisions as it's up-

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Figure 1: This map shows the data transfer possible among the HP 150 applications.

48 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

desktop cardfile. (The "At a Glance"box on page 41 shows the card file inaction.)

PCF is designed to keep a handylist of names and addresses (whichcan be used in Wordstar form lettersvia Mailmerge). Key-field data ap-pears on the tabs, and the file issorted in key-field order. To searchand select data for an abbreviatedversion of the card file, select fieldsand type the criteria.

PCF is not meant to be a databaseprogram, so all the data from PCFcan be transferred to Condor, arelational-database program, formore sophisticated manipulation.

Graphics

With the high-resolution screenand a good selection of plotters

dating the screen. Wordstar uses differentAIOS calls based upon what it knows it'sgoing to do. When it's updating characters,for example, it uses different functions fromthose it would use when it knows it's go-ing to write an entire line.

"Without the AIOS, we would not haveachieved the high level of I/O performancethat we have on the 150. The only otherversion of Wordstar that is as fast is thelatest version for the IBM PC. That tookthree programmer months. Achieving thesame speed on the HP 150 took five pro-grammers weeks."

Masters made it clear that the hard partof adapting Wordstar for the 150 was onthe Wordstar side, not the HP side. "Thepart of the adapting that has to do withthe touch interface itself is self-explanatory.The documentation and a test programhave examples of using the AIOS. Butwhat we're doing on the Wordstar side isdifficult."

Hurford explained why: "Wordstar is14,000 lines of assembly-language code.The customization of the HP 150 is com-plex even though we get the informationthat we need from the AIOS instantly. Ittells us where to go on the screen. The hardpart is telling Wordstar how to get there."

"Wordstar identifies a screen location,"Masters said, "not by referring to coor-dinates on the screen but as a 24-bit posi-tion in the file. There are lots of transla-tions that have to take place to make Word-star understand what the AIOS has toldit."

available from Hewlett-Packard, it'snot surprising that HP will be offer-ing three graphics programs for the150—its own Series 100 Graphics plustwo from Computer Support Cor-poration (Picture Perfect and Dia-graph).

The Series 100 Graphics can usedata from Visicalc or Condor to plotbar charts, line graphs, pie charts,and scattergrams on paper or slides.You can transfer data in, select pencolors and shading, choose optionssuch as horizontal or vertical orien-tation, and pick paper type all byusing touch. Photo 23 shows theSeries 100 Graphics screen.

Photo 24 shows a bar chart createdwith Picture Perfect. Because of theHP 150's high resolution, the barchart assumes an almost three-

Photo 20: All the commands for Memomaker are on softkeys. The cursor is positioned fora new right-margin setting.

Photo 21: Realigning a block of text for the new right margin can be accomplished entirelywith touch.

Photo 22: You can store memo formats in a separate file and read them into Memomaker.The asterisk in the Help softkey shows Help is toggled on.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 49

VYioto 23: Series 100 graphics from HP use touch to select pen color,style, and the functions you see on softkeys.

Photo 24: A Picture Perfect bar chart demonstrates the high characterresolution on the HP 150.

dimensional appearance. Softkeymenus can be used to define and ad-just charts. Help messages containkey words that can be touched foradditional help.

Diagraph can be used for flowdiagrams, organizational charts,schematics, network design, slides,and presentation aids. Symbols onthe screen help nonartists createsophisticated drawings. You canmove, connect, and expand the sym-bols by touching the screen.

Communications and FileTransfers

To use the HP 150 as a terminal forcommunications, simply boot upP.A.M., touch the Terminal softkey toaccess the four configuration menus,then, using touch or the keyboard,enter or change information to set aconfiguration.

Instead of typing configurationdata, you can use touch to select dataon the screen. For example, the"baud rate" prompt displays a newbit-per-second rate with each touch.

For file transfers, Hewlett-Packardoffers the DSN (Distributed SystemsNetwork)/Link program. DSN/Linkcan transmit both ASCII and binarydata.

Transfers to the HP 3000 are easyand include error checking. Namethe file you want to send or receiveand initiate the transfer by touchingthe screen. Transfers to other com-puters require customization, but log-on procedures and repetitive com-

mands can be stored in a file, and asoftkey may be assigned for thosefiles so they can be accessed bytouch. Transfers to HP 120s, 125s, and150s can be made without a host-computer connection. Transfers canbe unattended, and the program in-cludes automatic logging to disk andprinters.

Data Transfer

When HP decided to offer popularsoftware packages on the HP 150, thecompany worked on facilitating datatransfer between them. Figure 1 illus-trates the possible data transfersamong Wordstar, Condor, Visicalc,Memomaker, PCF, and graphics. (JimSutton and John Lee explain howthey accomplished data transfer onpage 51.) The data transfer isn't asextensive as it would be in a fully in-tegrated program designed for thispurpose, but there is probablyenough movement possible for mostapplications, and most transfers cantake place using softkeys alone.

What Makes It Magic?

It's not just the touchscreen thatmakes this machine magical. It's thecombination of ease of use, sophisti-cation, and low price.

The decision to use a standard MS-DOS operating system means soft-ware houses can quickly modify theirpopular software packages for the HP150. Users familiar with these pro-grams can easily switch to touch.Novice users will find difficult pro-

grams are easier to learn with thetouch interface.

The modification of applications touse a common user interface gives acohesiveness and predictability to allthe programs on the HP 150. P.A.M.,HP's solution to the MS-DOS A > in-terface, gives new users a place tostart and makes utility commandsconvenient for everyone.

But users who wish to can ignorethe touchscreen in P.A.M., or anyother features that don't appeal tothem. Few, however, will ignoretouch. Pointing to a spot on thescreen is natural, and HP has paidcareful attention to preventing ac-cidental selection by touch. Mistakesare less likely than with a traditionalsystem that uses keyboard keys toissue commands. Anyone can quick-ly begin using this system and its ap-plications.

The HPTouch interface isn't flashy.It lacks spectacular effects such asdesktops full of icons and overlap-ping windows. These omissionsdon't cause any sense of deprivation;in fact, they help achieve a simplic-ity that contributes to the system'selegance.

Although elegance can suggest for-mality that often signals "don'ttouch," the HP 150 invites us to touch.That makes the HP 150 as inviting asit is elegant. Certainly the HP 150represents real progress toward thegoal of putting high technology at thedisposal of ordinary people.

—Barbara Robinson ■

50 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

An Interview: The HP 150'sDesign-team Leaders

by Phil Lemmons and Barbara Robertson

Jim Sutton and John Lee led the design team for the "Magic" personal computer system, now known as the HP 150. Suttonis a research and development section manager in the personal software division. Lee is a research and development projectmanager in the personal office computer division. Both talked to BYTE West Coast editors Phil Lemmons and Barbara Robertsonat Hewlett-Packard's offices in Sunnyvale, CA.

BYTE: What are the most innovativethings about the HP 150's hardware?Lee: The touchscreen and the com-pactness. The touchscreen is not anew input device, but getting it intothe box and lowering manufacturingcosts took a major effort.BYTE: How did you go about doingthat?

Lee: We researched the touchscreenand did some preliminary models,trying to get it to work with very in-expensive standard LEDs andphotodiodes.

BYTE: You used the optical approachbecause of inexpensive parts?

Lee: Well, the optical approachmeans we don't have to put a specialfilm on the CRT that reduces the con-trast and visibility. Also, with the op-tical approach, you usually don'thave the radiation problems that youget with other types of signals goingacross the screen. We also made sureour design provides ways of loadingthe parts so that each individual celldoesn't have to be adjusted separate-ly. That reduces our production cost.Sutton: One of the other issues inselecting that particular mechanismfor having a touchscreen was to makesure it would be at least as reliable as

the other components in the system.Some of the technologies that welooked at early on didn't seem topromise that kind of reliability. Withthis particular technology, the touch-screen would not be the first point offailure in the system.BYTE: How did you decide what res-olution the touchscreen should have?Lee: As far as resolution is con-cerned, it's really the pointingdevice's resolution that matters morethan the screen's resolution. Thesharper the pointing device, obvious-ly, the more precisely you can point.A light pen can get close to a pixel

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

5\

resolution, but we considered havingto pick up a special device with a wireattached to it less friendly. So ourresolution requirement was the endof a pencil. That was the smallest sizewe could deal with. Normally youdeal with finger size, which is largerthan pen size.

BYTE: Did you decide to use touchand begin thinking of how it mightbe used, or did you originally lookfor another input device?Lee: We were really looking for afriendlier way of interacting with thecomputer. We had already usedlabeled softkeys on the screen thatmatch a top row of function keys. Thesoftkey labels could change when thekeys changed their functions, buttheir use was limited by the key-board.

Sutton: Originally, touch was an op-tional feature. Over the course of thedevelopment of the product, we con-vinced ourselves first of the value oftouchscreen and second of our abili-ty to manufacture it for a cost lowenough to make the touchscreen astandard feature of the product.

We also had some customersdirecting us toward the touchscreenas an input device. HP has a partner'sprogram in which we work with cer-tain major customers in a very activerole and reveal to them some of ourfuture products with an agreementthat they won't reveal them. Inreturn, they give us some valuable in-sights into the products. Some ofthese customers played significantroles in deciding on the touchscreen'srole in this product.BYTE: Did anyone argue for elimi-nating cursor control or program-mable function keys, forcing peopleto go through the touchscreeninterface?

Lee: I think it was originally designedso that you were able to do anythingfrom the keyboard because at thattime the touchscreen was optional.Sutton: Nothing restricts you fromusing the keyboard as the only modeof cursor positioning. Customerswho choose to do coding might usethe keyboard rather than the touch-screen mode. But in some applica-tions—for example, on a shop floor-there might be no more than a cou-

ple of dozen possible input choices.Then it would be perfectly reasonableto put up the 24 possible choices sothat someone wearing a heavyleather glove could poke at the touch-screen and use it as the total inputsystem.

BYTE: What was the process bywhich you designed the keyboard?Sutton: A group was formed to tryand unify HP's planning for key-boards, and it did a thorough studyon the ergonomics of the keyboard.BYTE: How did you do that study?Sutton: I understand it was done byreviewing all of the external studiesthat have been done as well as re-viewing the ergonomic standardsestablished and particularly the Euro-pean standards.

Our resolution

requirement was the

end of a pencil—the

smallest size we could

deal with.

BYTE: According to the InternationalStandards Organization?Sutton: Right. We also did a lot oftesting with a number of mock-upsthat we built. The tilt and swivel fea-tures of the main unit are because ofthe same international ergonomicconsiderations.

BYTE: Does moving to a differentpart of the world affect the touch-screen?

Lee: There are differences as youmove into the Southern Hemisphere,where the magnetic fields are dif-ferent and affect the convergence onthe CRT. After we have converged itand centered it for the NorthernHemisphere, there is a shift when wetake it to South America. The usercan realign the touchscreen by usingone softkey that brings up an align-ment grid on the screen.BYTE: What are you aligning at thatpoint?

Lee: There is a set of holes you cansee on the side of the plastic bezel.That's where the light beams comethrough. We put a grid on the screenin graphics, and you position thewhole graphic screen to align with

the holes. In fact, that would prob-ably be necessary in the NorthernHemisphere if you dropped the ma-chine and the yoke at the back moveda little.

Sutton: Our production engineers inmanufacturing have been quite con-cerned with making sure we had anadequate solution to this problem.The need for adjusting the screen hasbeen minimized, but if it becomesnecessary it's easy.BYTE: What was the most difficultpart of the hardware design?Lee: The compactness, fitting every-thing into the box. That—and alsomeeting all the regulatory standardsset up by FCC and DBE.BYTE: DBE is the German equiva-lent of our FCC?

Lee: Yes. HP also has its own en-vironmental standards to meet.BYTE: Those are more stringent thanthe FCC standards, or unrelated tothe FCC?

Lee: The FCC deals only with radiointerference. We have standards deal-ing with shock test, transportation,and electrostatic discharge (so that ifyou are charged and touch the box,you will not cause the system toreset). Actually, the most importantthing for any computer user is dataintegrity. We try to make sure thatnothing that the user can do willcause loss or corruption of data.Every bit counts.

Sutton: You were asking about thekeyboard earlier. In fact, although weget our key switches from a verygood vendor, and the vendor doesextensive testing, we subjected all keyswitches to millions of keystrokeswith mechanical hands, off-centerkeystrokes with millions of repeti-tions, and so on. This testing iden-tified some problems so we wentback to the vendor and collaborateduntil we got solutions to those prob-lems. That's fairly typical. Usually wehave standards internal to HP that arehigher than any of the standards thatcome from regulatory agencies.BYTE: What did you have to do toget everything into that little box?Lee: Well, there are some designtrade-offs. For example, not using an8086, which would require a 16-bitbus instead of the 8088's 8-bit bus. In

52 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

general, when you do logic designyou have to pick parts very carefullyto make sure you don't use too manySSI (small-scale integration) parts.

Also, you make sure that the chipswill be in sync. The 8088 needs a lotof support chips, and the major func-tional chips must talk well to one an-other so you can massage the signalsgoing from one to the other.BYTE: What sort of a CRT is neces-sary to get the resolution so high ona 9-inch screen?

Lee: The CRT itself is not the majorproblem—it's the electronics thatdrive it, the discrete analog circuitry.We run at about twice the frequencythat people normally run, so ouranalog circuitry has higher frequencyresponse requirements. That usual-ly creates the much higher resolutionyou see on the screen.BYTE: The graphics are very fast.What did you do to make them thatway?

Lee: There are both hardware andsoftware factors. First, we have onegate array that handles our graphicsdisplay. Second, there is a carefuldesign of the algorithms that do thegraphics. We have a very stronggraphics group that understands thealgorithms of doing vector drawing,area fill, and so on.BYTE: The gate array plays the roleof a video-controller chip?Lee: That's right, for the graphics.BYTE: What about character-oriented I/O?

Lee: There's a separate controller. Wehave two planes, a graphics planeand an alphanumeric plane. A Stan-dard Microsystems 9007 does thealpha control. It's a highly functionalchip that replaces a lot of peripheralchips needed with the other con-trollers we have been using. The 9007also does a lot of things itself withoutrequiring the processor to support it.Even if the processor stops, thescreen will not. The screen will berefreshed properly.BYTE: Is some RAM (random-accessread/write memory) dedicated tographics storage, or is it all one con-tinuous address space?Lee: It's one continuous addressspace, but there are separate RAMsfor the display because they need

John Lee, project manager for research and development in HP's personal office computerdivision.

much faster access. We use somestatic RAMs.

Sutton: One of the other things thatmakes graphics fast from an applica-tions point of view is the additionallevel of interface to graphics that is ac-cessible without going through someof the overhead associated with theoperating system.BYTE: The GIOS?Sutton: That's right. The graphic I/Osystem allows an application usingthis level of interface to do so withoutincurring some of the overhead thatwould otherwise be necessary.Lee: That software interface also hassome other very important purposes.Most computers actually go directlyto the hardware in order to enhancetheir performance. That poses a veryserious compatibility problem in thefuture, because hardware willchange. The GIOS and AIOS (alpha-numeric input/output system) inter-faces give you high performance butare software, so future products canbe made compatible.

BYTE: Looking at other controllers,what microprocessor is in the key-board?

Lee: I guess it would depend on whatyou call the keyboard. The keyboarditself has no microprocessor in it, justa few random logic chips. We use an8041 on the main processor board tohandle the touchscreen and the key-board.

BYTE: Tell us a little bit about theHPIB (Hewlett-Packard interfacebus) and how that affects adding pe-ripherals to the system.Lee: The HPIB has been accepted asan IEEE standard and we conform toit. That bus provides the flexibility toadd a lot of peripherals through oneconnector in the main unit. You canjust tie in the whole daisy chain with-out any restrictions, except for theelectrical and loading restrictions.You can add disk drives and plottersand printers through the same bus.BYTE: What CPU chips did you con-sider, and why did you choose the8088?

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 53

Lee: The personal computer markettends to be mainly concentrated onthe Intel processor family. The Intelfamily was chosen so we could runan industry-standard operating sys-tem. Other HP divisions are develop-ing systems based on other pro-cessors, focusing on the Intel family.BYTE: Will the hardware be an opensystem? Will you cooperate withcompanies that want to make add-onproducts?Lee: Definitely.

BYTE: Does that apply to software aswell?

Sutton: Yes, it does.BYTE: The power supply in themain unit is 120 watts. Isn't thatunusually large for a power supplythat isn't also supporting diskdrives?

Lee: We computed the power re-quirement for up to 640K bytes ofRAM, with all the processors, thevideo, plus an internal thermalprinter. . .

BYTE: The power for the printer isin there, too?

Lee: Yes. The power supply will sup-port the printer and we have someleft over for the option cards. In fact,some of the option cards could takequite a bit of power.BYTE: Can you print the screenimage at any time with this system?Sutton: Yes, that's true, but with onecaveat. It's really printing the inter-nal memory image, not the screen, asyou might expect. There are separateplanes for graphics and alphanumer-ics, and, generally, you can print thenormal alpha you see on the screenand the graphics you see on screen,but if you are seeing alpha on top ofgraphics with both planes displayedat once, you cannot get those printedout and overlaid correctly.BYTE: What manages the HPIB andthe serial ports?

Lee: The HPIB is managed by anHPIB controller chip from Texas In-struments, and the serial ports aremanaged by the NEC 7201 serial pro-tocol controller.

BYTE: Did you make changes inhardware because of things thatcame up in the software? Jim, wasthere anything you asked John to doso that you could do something you

were having trouble with?Sutton: Clearly we made changes inthe firmware because of things thatcame up in the applications. John'srole has been primarily the firmware.He's been very helpful to us in termsof being able to provide the rightkinds of AIOS and GIOS calls for usto be able to get the very high screenperformance that we want.BYTE: John, you actually did theAIOS and the GIOS?Lee: A lot of people got involved inthat because it involves everythingfrom the operating system to. . .Sutton: However, the answer's yes.BYTE: What about manufacturingmethods? Is HP active in automatedmanufacturing?

Changes were made in

the firmware because

of things that came up

in the applications.

Sutton: We are increasingly inter-ested, as are all companies, in thisarea, to both improve our quality andreduce our manufacturing coststhrough factory automation. If youwalked out through the back roomyou would see some strange-lookingrobots making their way among thevarious devices.

We also have manufacturing repre-sentatives involved at extremely earlystages in the design of any productlike this, to make sure that the prod-uct is easily manufacturable with thekind of quality that we like to haveassociated with HP.Lee: Manufacturability is an issuethat's addressed on day one. It affectssome of the things that we do—howthe boards are laid out, where theholes are and how many screws weneed, and other such considerations.Currently I would guess our mostautomated process is building the PCboard. Production is automated andso is testing.

BYTE: You already have disk drivesin different sizes that use the HPIB,so all the 3V2-inch, 5V4-inch, and8-inch drives are available for the 150at its announcement?

Lee: Right, all those drives, the Win-chesters and floppies.BYTE: How compatible is the 150with IBM PC software?Sutton: Software that was writtenoriginally for the IBM PC is transport-able directly into our environment solong as it doesn't depend on specialhardware features of an IBM deviceand uses vanilla MS-DOS calls. If itdoes use vanilla calls, then it willwork equally well with our vanillaMS-DOS. Of course, our graphicsresolution is somewhat different, sothings that are written to makespecific use of our graphics may notbe directly transported to the IBMPC. Conversely, things written tomake use of special features on theIBM PC may not be directly trans-portable to the HP 150. People will-ing to make the effort of using specialfeatures in the IBM PC environmentmay well like to use the special fea-tures in our environment. For exam-ple, to be able to get the kind ofscreen performance that we have.BYTE: Will you be offering a Win-chester drive unit with the sameform factor as the double micro-floppy unit?

Sutton: Yes. Those units will be avail-able at first shipment of the 150.BYTE: Did you consider developingyour own operating system withperhaps an iconic interface and bit-map graphics, with your own appli-cations integrated into that?Sutton: Yes. We did a significant in-vestigation and a reasonable amountof work on our own interface and anoperating system that provided somesubstantial additional features overMS-DOS. But we viewed access tosoftware already in the marketplaceas critical to the success of the prod-uct. We decided to use MS-DOS forthat reason. We would like to providean extremely wide variety of in-dustry-standard software at the sametime we provide another rich set ofour own software, which will bemore valuable than competitive prod-ucts in the marketplace.Lee: Users should not really have tobe aware of what operating systemthe software is running under. Whatthey're more concerned with is howthey're interacting with the system,

54 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

and that's really through a shell or aprogram that's running on top ofwhat traditionally is called an oper-ating system. I think we achieve theadded user-interface capability with-out having to change the standardfunctions that MS-DOS provides.BYTE: How would you describe theoperating-system architecture? Wheredoes the touchscreen fit intothat?

Lee: The touchscreen is just anotherdevice in the system.BYTE: Handled the same way thekeyboard is?

Lee: Handled similarly to the key-board.

BYTE: Where do the AIOS andGIOS fit in?

Lee: You can view them as an exten-sion of MS-DOS functions. What wewant to do is design compatibility forfuture products at the operating-sys-tem level. MS-DOS is a standardoperating system and changing itwould make it nonstandard. But westill want to define a variety of newfunctions that a standard system can-not provide. So all the new functionsfit within the MS-DOS definition.What we do is go through the I/Ocontrol path of MS-DOS system callsto access all the AIOS and GIOSfunctions.

BYTE: What is the AIOS?Lee: In a nutshell, what AIOS doesis replace what current systems do towrite directly to video. That's themain goal of AIOS as far as outputis concerned. We want high perfor-mance and multifunction capabilityto write to video and much tightercontrol of what people see on thescreen. We provide that functionalitywhile at the same time hiding all thehardware dependencies of the sys-tem. We defined a logical interfacethat can be transferred.Sutton: You can think of AIOS andGIOS as being at a lower level thanMS-DOS. They bypass some of thethings that would normally go on interms of typical device output in MS-DOS. At the same time, the AIOSand GIOS are in essence at a higherlevel because instead of being char-acter-oriented in terms of its output,for example, they can deal with largeblocks of text going to the screen at

Jim Sutton, section manager for research and development in Hewlett-Packard's personal soft-ware division.

once. As a consequence, you canbypass many of the inefficiencies ofthe usual way of getting to thescreen, and at the same time dothings in large blocks of data ratherthan a character at a time. The netresult is multiplicative, making theactual screen transfer rates very high.Lee: The input our system allows isvery important. In a standard systeminput is single-character-oriented; hitone key, and you get one character.That is very limited information. Forexample, the up-arrow key is a non-ASCII (American National StandardCode for Information Interchange)key, so you have no standard ASCIIrepresentation of it in one byte. Togive the application better control ofhow the keyboard is actually used,you have to enhance input capability.BYTE: How is transfer to the screenhandled under the GIOS?Sutton: There isn't blocking of data,but there are high-level operationssuch as polygonal fill and vectordrawing. These are all handled assingle operations, so logically youmight consider that blocking of data.I can specify a polygon and fill it, andI don't have to send all the vectors todo the fill. A variety of fill patterns

and line styles are all built directly inas GIOS functions.Lee: Most operating systems arebasically designed so that you havea computer and two wires talking toa terminal. You view console I/O astalking serially to a terminal outsideof the computer, and that basically isa low-bandwidth path. We wanted apath whereby data goes out in aparallel fashion. The AIOS and GIOSachieve that.

Sutton: We can frequently write theentire screen in the blink of an eye.With that capability I don't have towonder about algorithms that willrewrite the precise part of the screenthat's changed. We've found thatusing the I/O structure simplifies anumber of the programs that we do.For example, in our extended versionof Visicalc, we don't write the wholescreen; we're more intelligent thanthat. We write columns when thescreen scrolls because we can writea column as a block on the screen.And we can do the things very rapid-ly. A trick we haven't made use of,but which I'm sure is awaiting ex-ploitation in some future productfrom us or an outside vendor, is tomake use of the two separate planes

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 55

of screen memory. If you are doingsomething in a graphics applicationand all your menus are completelyactive in the alpha plane, bringing upa menu just consists of turning on thealpha plane. This means you can fillan entire screen with a touchscreenmenu instantaneously. And as quick-ly as the person touches the item ofinterest on the menu, the menu candisappear, leaving the graphics intacton the screen. The I/O structure sug-gests a number of novel uses.BYTE: You did your work in Pascal.Did you consider other languages?Sutton: Actually, we did consider andused other languages for that matter.We actively considered using Pascalfrom a number of independent ven-dors instead of the Pascal from theHP 3000 and considered using C asa language.

BYTE: Why did you choose Pascalover C?

Sutton: There are a variety ofreasons. We like to get a great deal ofthe work done inside HP in a stan-dard language so that it's easy to portaround to other environments. Forexample, our Visicalc will be availableon the 3000. And that's because wewere able to write the program once.Then with changes to the I/O struc-ture going to the screen, we were ableto make that product run on bothmachines.

To be frank, we also wanted to havecontrol over the quality of the lan-guage. If things turned out to be gen-erating code that was too large for us,we knew we could go in and op-timize the compiler.

Some of the utility programs in thesystem are written in C, but for utili-ties specific to the 150, it wasn't im-portant to have a language with greatporting capability. It made moresense to choose a language for otherconsiderations, such as generatingsmaller or faster code.BYTE: Is P.A.M. the utility thatyou're talking about?Sutton: Part of P.A.M. was written inC and part in HP Pascal.BYTE: Will you be able to write pro-grams that use the touchscreen inany language?

Sutton: Any language can use touchalready. There's nothing magic about

touch. The touchscreen is controlledat the simplest level by escape se-quences. I send those escape se-quences just as if I were, if you will,printing them. And if I know whatthe escape sequences are, I read inmy manual the escape sequences toactivate a touch area at some certainarea, then I can do that in anylanguage.

BYTE: How did you decide whatpercentage of the resources, includ-ing memory, would be devoted toease of use? How important was easeof use?

Sutton: We wanted to differentiatethe 150 from other products in thismarketplace, and ease of use was oneof the critical differentiating factors,

It has always been our

goal to use popular

software packages and

to develop some of our

own.

which is one of the reasons, ofcourse, that we settled on the touch-screen.

We have a fairly formal procedureat HP for passing external specifica-tions through a rigorous review pro-cess before the product is actuallystarted. But I don't think we made aconscious decision during that pro-cess as to what amount of resourceswe would devote to ease of use. Ourmost important constraints, I think,are memory and disk size because wewant everything to run on our small-est-capacity disks. Those are impor-tant constraints, and some ease-of-use features do take machine re-sources. For example, we wanted toprevent the possibility of invalid in-put. I think it's quite easy to enter in-valid inputs and have the machinenot object to them in some of theproducts we see on the market. Themachine may not blow up, but it willdo something that is inconsistentwith the inputs. To us, ease of use isimportant in things as small as thatto things as large as using the touch-screen. It all takes effort and code andsize.

BYTE: Did you know from the be-ginning that you wanted to usepopular software packages on yourmachine?

Sutton: Yes; that has always been agoal.

BYTE: When did you decide to alsodevelop some of your own software?Sutton: That's always been involvedin the machine also.BYTE: To what degree do the appli-cations transfer data among them?Sutton: We have modified existingapplications or worked with vendorsto modify the applications to use thehigh-speed I/O and touchscreen fea-tures, and also, in a more limitedway, to have the ability to move databack and forth. We've often reworkedour own applications to facilitate thedata transfer. For example, our owncard-file package has been tested tomake sure that its data can be trans-ferred to and from the Condor data-base package. In the same way, we'vemade sure that our own Memomakereditor is able to transfer data betweenitself and word-processing packagesfrom outside vendors. We facilitatethe transfer by using outside vendors'file formats directly or by having easyways to get between our format andtheirs.

BYTE: You can move information be-tween the Personal Card File andCondor and between the PersonalCard File and Wordstar's Mailmergeprogram. Did you try for greater datatransfer?

Sutton: Yes. Our inability to do agreater degree of data transfer is insome sense a limitation of MS-DOS.One reason we thought about build-ing our own operating system wasthat we knew that with it we couldgive the appearance of integratingseparate, independently written pro-grams. We may yet be able to accom-plish that through other mechanismsor through future releases of MS-DOS.

To transfer data among our ownapplications, we have a mechanismthat might be considered similar toUnix pipes.

BYTE: What functions does the filemanager provide for applications?Sutton: Well, fundamentally, it pro-vides consistency across all applica-

56 October 3983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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tions, whether in-house or proprie-tary. The user has a consistent wayto get at data and files on the system.So, for example, using the filemanager, a person can readily viewany directory on any disk, see thatdirectory sorted in alphabetic order,and by simply pointing to a file causethat file to become the object of in-terest to the application. In additionit provides more functions—in fact,better functions—than conventionallyavailable in packages like Visicalc orour previously existing graphicspackages.

BYTE: How did you decide what en-hancements to add to Visicalc?Sutton: We looked at a number ofspreadsheet packages that are avail-able in the marketplace today, includ-ing the Advanced Visicalc package.Then we compiled a prioritized list offeatures we would like to see in thepackage. From that list we chose thefeatures that we could accomplish inthe time frame that we had for theproduct. We expect to continue add-ing important extensions to Visicalc.Our special interest right now is howto tie spreadsheet packages to a largernetwork environment.BYTE: How did you speed up soft-ware written in high-level lan-guages?

Sutton: Our approach has been todevelop the languages in a fairlystraightforward approach in the 3000environment and to bring those lan-guages across to the 150. We used theresults of that as a basis for analysison where we could tune and improveperformance. First and most obviouswas to modify all the I/O to use theAIOS/GIOS to improve performance.In addition, monitors tracked timewe spent on particular blocks of code.We used this to determine where, forexample, our run-time library mightneed to be optimized to make itfaster. Sometimes the compiler itselfneeded to be optimized in someways. Sometimes we could changeour coding practices and make useof particular algorithmic features. Forexample, our first version of Visicalcwrote the full screen in MS-DOSvanilla screenwriting. Our secondversion of Visicalc wrote the fullscreen using AIOS. The third version

would rewrite only the column thatwould move the whole screen overand then write only the new column,both of which are AIOS functions.BYTE: You've been working withlots of independent software ven-dors. Do you have a mechanism inplace for looking at proposals fromISVs (independent software vendors)and from independent, one-manprogramming firms that want towrite for the HP 150?Sutton: We have a mechanism inplace and a better one will certainlybe on the way by the time this articleappears. We are doing two thingssimultaneously. One is activelysoliciting all the vendors of top soft-ware packages in the marketplace,

A special interest ishow to tie spreadsheet

packages to a largernetwork environment.

and the second is being receptive tothe ideas of smaller vendors whodesire to participate. At the moment,we have an ISV cookbook that helpsvendors use all the features we've de-scribed. We also offer vendors tech-nical support and the physicalhardware.

In the future we will have parallelR&D and marketing activities: a com-plete R&D lab within the personalsoftware division, whose entireorientation is toward helping ISVsdevelop software for this machine,and a parallel marketing organizationhelping from the marketing side.BYTE: What was the hardest part ofthe whole project?Sutton: The hardest part of the wholeproject for me was the fact that a lotof things that are normally doneserially were being done in parallel.There were huge numbers of criticaland interrelated decisions going onat once.

BYTE: When were you convinced itwould really work as you had imag-ined it would all work?Sutton: I'm a true believer; I alwaysbelieved it would. The only variable

was the time.

BYTE: Did this project start before orafter the consolidation of the per-sonal computer division?Lee: Before.

BYTE: And is this the first project ofthat division, or is this a project thedivision inherited?Sutton: In a sense the division in-herited it, but I think that the notionof the project was one of the thingsthat caused the organizational re-structuring of the company. I thinkthat trying to decide your placementin the marketplace goes a long waytoward dictating the structure of yourorganization, and that was true here.BYTE: Was there a specific group ofpeople who worked throughout theproject, or were people pulled in andout of the Magic team?Sutton: It was a little bit of both.BYTE: How many people haveworked on this project?Sutton: About 50 R&D people areworking on it now.BYTE: Did people take the machinehome to continue work, or did youkeep it pretty well locked up?Sutton: Lately people have been tak-ing it home to work on. I know I tookit home. My kids had a wonderfultime playing with it. We will achievegreat penetration in the 4- to 7-year-old market as well as in the businessmarket.

BYTE: Was there a kernel of theteam, a group of people who've beenworking only on this who will go onto another project as a team?Lee: Not necessarily.Sutton: I think in the software areathat will probably be true. Our viewof the software area has a longerrange than this particular set of hard-ware. One of the purposes of form-ing the personal software division isto have compatible, consistent soft-ware across a range of products, boththe products that are available nowand in the future. ■

Phil Lemmons is West Coast Bureau Chief forBYTE. Barbara Robertson is West Coast TechnicalEditor. They can be reached at McGraw-Hill, 425Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

58 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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With Perfect Calc's™multiple window display, you can see twodifferent spreadsheets at the same time.Change your figures and see how the resulting variations affect each spreadsheet. Upto seven spreadsheets on-line at once.

Multiple Spreadsheets

Associated spreadsheetsAUTOMATIC:

No double work—use any information you

choose simply by referring to otherspreadsheets. Move information, formulas orwhole spreadsheets freely between multiple

spreadsheets. Permits fill-in-the-blanksautomatic forecasting and planning. Sixteenbuilt-in application programs are included.

Spreadsheet consolidationMANUAL:

Simple cut-and-paste spreadsheetentries. Line, column, or whole spreadsheet

additions from any one of seven on-linespreadsheets are also easy with Perfect Calc'.*

Only Perfect Calc"* does both!

How Perfect Calc's™ multiplefile association really pays off.

A good example is thebuilt-in Income StatementProgram.The income spread-sheet automatically reads fromthree other spreadsheets: Costof Goods Statement, General andAdministrative Expenses State-ment, and Sales Expenses. Allfour are on-line simultaneously.All you do is fill in the blanks.

Then use all that informa-tion to perform an instantanalysis and illustrate the re-sults of potential budget cutsor increases. You change justone spreadsheet using thefill-in-the-blanks style. PerfectCalc™ automatically takes care of the rest.

Setting up the Perfect™ spreadsheet!

Entering titles, labels, and additional informationon your spreadsheet is easy with Perfect Calc™ Itrecognizes words automatically and handles themcorrectly without any special commands. If you wantto use numbers — like dates— for item labels, that'seasy, too.

Individually variable column widths add flex-ibility in setting up your Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet.And once you've developed one spreadsheet,you canuse it as a template for other applications. Simplyrefer to it.

Self-teaching software.

Easy, software-based lessons are included tomake learning spreadsheet techniques simple.Thelessons are matched to guides in the user manuals so

62 BYTE October 1983

tCalc

ited spreadsheetsndow display

Sixteen applications built in. And that's only the beginning.

Perfect Calc's built-in programs:

(Add custom applications as you like.)

■ Income Statement Program • Cost of Goods Statement

• Sales Expense Statement "General and AdministrativeExpenses • Cashflow Assessment Program •AccountsReceivable Worksheet • Accounts Payable Worksheet

• Payroll Analysis Program • Stock Portfolio EvaluationProgram • Real Estate Analysis • Chi-square Analysis

. Professional Fee Analysis «Family Budget • FinancialNet Worth Program • Check Register Program> Individual Tax Return Analysis Program

you can follow alongin the text. Becauseyou learn on the com-puter at your ownpace, there's no pres-sure to perform.Trynew applicationswhen you are ready

The most completeapplications.

Perfect Calc™ isthe only spreadsheetyou can buy with 16applications built in.Standard paper and

pencil financial tools are ready to use. All you do isfill in the blanks.

Just a simple command is all you need to startworking. And on-screen tutorials and English promptsgive you assistance whenever you need it.

Handy cursor commands.

You can move the cursor easily to the top of acolumn, beginning or end of a line, to the page beforeor after—with a single command.

And you can go back and forth between twospreadsheets on split screen display with just asmuch ease.That makes multiple spreadsheet han-dling easier than ever before.

The most compatible spreadsheets.

Perfect Calc™ data is stored in true ASCII files —the files read and recognized by every computersystem. So, it's simple to use a Perfect Calc™ spread-sheet in a Perfect Writer™ report or letter. Or, buildgraphic displays using the information in one ofyour spreadsheets.

Circle 360 on inquiry card.

All the functions you need-and more.

You get standard functions forfinancial, scientific, and engineeringapplications plus an expandable functions librarywhich allows you to add new formulas as you like.Write your own complex applications programs. Justuse a Perfect Calc™ spreadsheet and take advan-tage of the powerfulassociated filesfeature.

Put the solutionsfor success to workfor you.

Using simpleplain-Englishprompts and on-linereferences, you can do sophisticated forecastingand planning in minutes.

Automatic associated spreadsheet informationmanagement. Standard spreadsheet calculation andconsolidation. Only Perfect Calc™ gives you both.

Start planning for success today with Perfect Calcm

Perfect Software, Inc.

Solutions for success

BYTE October 1983

63

Perfec

For successfumanas

The powerful records management solutionfor the personal computer user.

Put information to work for you.

Most information managementsystems are either too small or toodifficult to use. Now there's PerfectFiler,™ the executive informationmanagement system that's easy touse. You can keep track of mail-ing lists, clients, sales, merchan-dise, names and addresses, andmuch more.

Easy to get started.

Two ready-to-use dataentry forms are provided so thatyou can begin using PerfectFiler™ immediately One is forindividuals, the other for com-panies and organizations.Youtype important information justonce. Perfect Filer™ does therest for you. No special trainingis required. In fact, your entire staff can use it.

On-line references and English prompts provide

Information Management

Data entry formsAUTOMATIC:

To create your own records file,

just enter information on the convenient

on-screen form. All of the parameters

are predefined.

Information management

MANUAL:

Create custom data bases with ease.

Build an entirely new structure,

or "borrow" data entry groups

from existing formats.

Only Perfect Filer™ offers you both!

INSTANT DATA BASES AND REPORTS

assistance when you havequestions. And tutorials are in-cluded for improving your skills.

Personalized form letters.

Use Perfect Filer™ togetherwith Perfect Writer's™ wordprocessing features to add apersonal touch to mass mailingletters. You can even tag dif-ferent groups within one mailinglist so that your letters to themcan include special paragraphs,subsections or operator-typedcomments.

And Perfect Filer™ remem-bers nicknames, titles— evenyour special salutation forspecial clients or friends.Generate mailing lists.Form letters. Specialized record-keeping forms andsorted lists. Choose from the two data entry formsprovided or from seven data entry groups.

Creating custom data baseshas never been this automatic.

Single-keystroke data entry menus do the workfor you. You enter your data just once on a blankPerfect Filer™ data entry form—whether it be clientaddresses, direct mail sorting codes, payment records,inventory, or standing orders.

Successful information management. PerfectFiler™ makes it simple.

64 BYTE October 1983

t Filer

information^ment.

The integrated software solution.

When you learn one program,you've learned them all.

Perfect Software™All of themost-asked-for business and per-sonal computer appli-cations in one completepackage. Word proces-sing. Financial planning.Mail management.Records keeping. Per-fect Software™ providesthe solutions to thoseeveryday businessproblems. perfect calc-

Each Perfect Software™ program works smoothlyand efficiently with the others. All share commonfile structures. And, all use the same command con-

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Perfect Software™ works with IBM-PC DOS? CP/Mrand MS-DOS" operating systems as well as most 8-and 16-bit computers. And each Perfect Software™program is power packed with extra-value features,including:

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• Manual and automatic functions.

• Self-teaching software.

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You get more per-formance, more flexibil-ity and more auto-matic functions withPerfect Software™ thanwith conventional soft-ware packages. So, yousave time and effort.And Perfect Software™programs are self-teaching and fully inter-active, for productivityplus convenience.Perfect Calc™ provides unmatched spreadsheetperformance. Perfect Filer™ is a records man-agement powerhouse. Perfect Writer?™ Rated #1 byPersonal Computing; given highest marks by Info-World; and called "the most comprehensive wordprocessing package" by Esquire Magazine.

Perfect Software™ Your solutions for success.

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Perfect Software, Perfect Calc, Perfect Writer, Perfect Filer, and Perfect Speller are trade-marks of Perfect Soitware, Inc. IBM-PC and IBM-PC DOS are registered trademarks of Inter-national Business Machines. CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft.

"Purchases made as a part of computer manufacturer's original equipment offer do notqualify. Void where restricted by law. See in-store display lor details.

BYTE October 1983 65

This One DecisionSaved our Business and Grossed

over$ 1,000,000. in Sales

In 1979, our recreational manufacturing business was booming.And we had developed a new product that looked like a realwinner. The new product was extremely important, in that itappeared to be the answer to a seasonality problem associatedwith our other product lines.

By early summer, our order book was bulging. It really looked asif our off-season sales and production problems were over. Thenjust as quickly the roof fell in. Gas shortages devastated therecreational vehicle market overnight. And our order book forover two million dollars worth of the new product disintegrated.Faced with a fall and winter of virtually no sales, many thousandsof dollars of unneeded parts and excess production staff, I had nochoice but to shut down the production lines. And if a solution toour problem could not be found, the business itself was injeopardy.

A life saving decision

I spent many sleepless nights

trying to come up with a solution to

this nightmarish situation. Then I

remembered a course I had taken

in decision analysis. I spent the rest

of that night reviewing course

material and other books I had

bought on the subject. The next

day.I called an emergency meeting.

Using the decision making

techniques I had learned, we spent

the rest of the week searching for

and analysing potential solutions.

The net result was that not only was

the company pulled back from the brink of destruction, but we.

added over $1,000,000.00 in gross sales during that off-season.

A way of life

From that point on, almost every critical decision (and there weremany) regarding new products, marketing channels, pricing,advertising, production equipment, engineering projects, receivedthis same type of analysis.

Although the process was very time consuming and clumsy,because it had to be done by hand, our decisions were muchimproved. And there were some real benefits that we had notanticipated.

1. Our understanding of each problem was greatly increased.

2. We uncovered opportunities that we would not have thoughtof in any other way.

3. Our decisions were documented, preventing us from slippingoff the selected path or 'rehashing' the same things over and over.

4. Consensus became easier because we were forced to focusand resolve each part of the problem, one piece at a time.

The birth of Decision Analyst™

Decision—Analyst was created because the process of evaluatingcomplex decisions with multiple alternatives and many criteria isvery tedious and time-consuming if you do it on paper. And doingit in your head is virtually impossible.

Any complex decision usually requires multiple revisions tocriteria, alternatives, weights and values assigned to them. If donemanually, the ordeal of rewriting, recalculating and redocument-ing tends to discourage revisions, thus producing poor results.

• CP/M is a registered trademark bfDigital Research Inc. • MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.66 BYTE October 1983

Decision~AnaIyst overcomes these problems by asking for theminimum input possible from you, in the correct sequence. Itleads you step by step through the decision making process, thendoes all the necessary calculations and produces polished reportswithout any further effort. And all of your input is stored on yourdisk so that revisions and updates can be made easily at anytime.

Comprehensive but easy to use

Decision—Analyst is probably the easiest program you'll ever use.You can literally learn to operate the program using only the 'help'screens. But it comes with a thoroughly indexed manual whichincludes many pages of examples plus a step by step guide to thedecision making process.

And Decision—Analyst is no fly-weight. It uses over 100,000 bytesof fast compiled code and a 40,000character help file. The program isextremely 'bullet proof and doesall the work ... you do the thinking.And there is no danger of missing acritical step because your analysisis guided through each of the eightmenu- driven sections.

Endless opportunityfor use

If you're saying to yourself that youreally don't have any earthshattering applications for Decision—Analyst... then consider this.

If you're in-business, chances are that the most important thing

you do is make decisions.

Decision—Analyst can help you select key personnel, decide onnew machinery or equipment, prioritize major projects andallocate resources, choose a new product or a better pricestrategy, select new offices or plant locations, select the mostprofitable marketing channel or the best piece of computerhardware or software. Use it to analyse any decision which hasmore than one viable alternative.

In your personal life, it can help you choose the best job, selectthe right business, career or franchise, determine the best field ofinvestment or even the right home, boat or car. In fact, improvingyour decisions is probably the most rewarding thing you can do.

Let us help you make a$ 13900 decision

If there's a chance that Decision—Analyst could help you improveeven one decision, would it pay for itself? Chances are it would. Infact, it's likely that it could save you the price many times over!

So why not take advantage of this special $139.00 introductoryprice (plus $5.00 shipping) by calling us today? We'll even refundyour money, within 30 days, if you're not completely satisfied.

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705-722-3373

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Two North State Street, Dover, Delaware 19901

'" Decision— Analysl is a trademark of Executive Software Inc. ' Copyrighted 1983 by Executive Software Inc

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar

Build the Micro D-CamSolid-State Video Camera

Part 2: Computer Interfacesand Control Software

Serial interfaces for the Apple II and the IBM PersonalComputer and versatile software for the Apple II

Last month I introduced you to theMicro D-Cam, a relatively low-costdirect-output digital camera that youcan build, either from scratch or froma kit distributed by The Micromint.Using a 64K-bit dynamic memorychip as its optical sensor, it has aresolution of 256 by 128 pixels (pic-ture elements), which is adequate formany applications, including input ofgraphic images, pattern and characterrecognition, robotics, process control,and security.

In part 11 explained the principlesof operation of the IS32 Optic RAM(random-access read/write memory)and the rest of the Micro D-Cam'shardware. (Table 1 may help you re-call some of the IS32's characteristics.)This month I'd like to finish the proj-ect by discussing how the cameracan be attached to the expansionbuses of the Apple II Plus and theIBM Personal Computer and how thecamera is programmed to work.

The amount of software includedwith this article is somewhat morethan you've come to expect from ahardware-type fellow like me, but Ifeel it is necessary to properly show

Copyright © 1983 Steven A. Garcia. All rightsreserved.

by Steve Ciarcia

how software can be used to enhancethe final picture. In particular, someof you may be interested in themethod used to present a gray scaleon an Apple II computer.

A Quick Review

The IS32 Optic RAM from MicronTechnology Inc. is a memory chipspecially packaged to function as adigital image-sensing device. (Be-cause its output is a pure digitalsignal, it cannot be used to directlydrive a composite-video monitor.)The IS32 contains 32,768 usable light-sensitive elements arranged in amatrix of 128 rows and 256 columns.Each of the elements in the matrix isa light-sensitive capacitor, a memorycell that can be accessed randomly bysimply reading in the appropriate

1. two 128- by 256-element arrays eachmeasuring 5.504 by 1.088 millimeters

2. element size: 8 microns by 9 microns

3. vertical center-to-center spacing:21.5 microns

4. horizontal spacing: 8.5 microns

5. spacing between left and right arrays:150 microns

Table 1: Specifications of the Micron Tech-nology IS32 Optic RAM, a 64K-bit mem-ory chip that has the extra talent of serv-ing as a digital image detector.

row and column address. Light strik-ing a particular element causes thecapacitor, which is initially pre-charged to a fixed voltage, to dis-charge toward 0 volts (V). The capac-itor discharges at a rate proportionalto the light intensity throughout theduration of the exposure. When thecell's content is read, a logic 0 remain-ing in the cell indicates a brightpixel—the capacitor was exposed toa light intensity sufficient to dis-charge the capacitor past the thresh-old point. A dark pixel is indicatedby a logic 1 remaining in the cell,which happens when the light inten-sity is not sufficient to discharge thecapacitor past the threshold point.The operation of the image sensorcan be compared to the function offilm in a camera. The user canregulate the exposure by two adjust-ments: aperture (f-stop) and shutterspeed. The aperture adjustment con-trols the amount of light that isallowed to expose the light-sensitivemedium (either the IS32 or the filmemulsion) by mechanically wideningor narrowing the hole through whichthe light passes. The shutter speed(or scanning speed in the case of theIS32) dictates the amount of time thesensitive medium is exposed.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 67

SERIAL

SERIAL

SERIAL

APPLE

INTERFACE

OR

IBM PC

INTERFACE

OR

RS-232C

INTERFACE

+ 5VGND) SERIAL INSERIAL OUTEXT CLK

IS32

//

/

LIGHT

REFLECTED

FROM

Figure 1: A block diagram of the Micro D-Cam system.

The Micro D-Cam's equivalent ofan electronic shutter is controlled bycommands transmitted to the inter-face. Sending a SOAK command tothe Micro D-Cam has the effect ofopening the shutter. After the ap-propriate period of exposure haselapsed, two commands, REFRESHand SEND, stop the exposure (closethe shutter) and transmit the imageto the host computer.

Interfacing the Micro D-Cam

Last month, when we looked at thecontrol and driver electronics of thebasic Micro D-Cam, we found that itcommunicates with its host computerserially, one bit at a time. In itsminimal configuration, it requiresfour wires to be connected to the hostcomputer: two supplying +5 V andground potential and one each forserial data in and out. In a non-specific configuration, it can operate

asynchronously over an RS-232C link(at a data rate of up to 19,200 bps orbits per second), but I have devisedserial interfaces for the camera thatcan be attached directly to the IBMPC and Apple II computers' buses(although still communicating serial-ly). Using a fifth signal, an additionalexternal clock signal provided to thebus interfaces by the drive elec-tronics, the Micro D-Cam can thenfunction at data rates up to 153,600bps. The complexity of interface cir-cuits of this type depends upon thehost computer's bus structure andaddress range. The general scheme ofconnection is shown in figure 1.

Figure 2 is a schematic diagram ofthe circuit that forms the interfacefrom the Micro D-Cam circuitry(shown in part 1) to the expansionbus of the Apple II Plus computer. Itowes its simplicity to the predecodingof the I/O (input/output) slot ad-

dress already provided on theApple's main circuit board. The ad-dress decoders usually required in aperipheral interface are eliminated,and the complete serial interface canbe built with only two integrated cir-cuits. The 74LS245 octal bus trans-ceiver buffers the TTL- (transistor/transistor logic) level serial data intoand out of the MC6850 ACIA (asyn-chronous communication interfaceadapter). The serial bit rate is con-trolled by the external clock outputfrom the Micro D-Cam drive elec-tronics. For maximum speed, theclock frequency should be set for153,600 Hz.

Figure 3 on page 70 shows theserial interface circuit for the Micro D-Cam configured for the IBM PC'sbus. Due to the greater complexity ofthe Intel 8088 processor as comparedwith the Apple's 6502 and the PC'slarger memory-address space, the in-

APPLE IX BUS

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Figure 2: A schematic diagram of an Apple 11 Plus or Apple lie interface for the Micro D-Cam. The serial data stream from the Optic RAMis converted to parallel bytes and placed on the Apple's data bus by the ACIA and bus transceiver. Although operating asynchronously, highdata rates (up to 153,600 bps) are possible because of the external data-rate clock input from the camera-control circuitry.

68 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 457 on inquiry card.

Diskjungl^rs ClearsPath

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In today's hard disk \

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MASS STORAGE SYSTEMS with formattedHardFile™ capacities of 6,12, 20, 35 and 70 Mb,all with built-in tape backup.CONVENIENT INTEGRAL TAPE BACKUPSYSTEM allows rapid tape "image" streaming,or incremental file-by-file backup and restore onANSI standard inexpensive data cartridges,instead of the usual floppies, video cassettes, orlow-capacity removable Winchester devices.NETWORK READY and fully compatible withnetworks such as PCnet®and EtherShare™HIGH RELIABILITY with dual directory andread-after-write verify options. A dedicatedlanding zone, where the read/write heads residewhen the disk is idle, provides data protectionduring powerdowns and transportation.

EtherShare1M is a registered trademark of 3Com Corp.

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Follow the Tallgrass path to your local computerdealer and watch your personal computer transforminto a powerful data processing system.From $2,995.00 U.S. including integral tape backup.

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" § m

Last Night, 39 Musicians Had aCompuServe conference, so did 31 M.D.S,49 Sports Fans And 640 Apple polishers,

And No one had to Leave home.

The Electronic Forum,Cheaper than Long Distanceand Much More Rewarding.

Every night on the CompuServeInformation Service, professionaland social groups discuss a widerange of subjects. From what's newin medical technology to what'snouvelle in continental cuisine.

And every day more computerowners who share a commoninterest are discovering this excitingnew way to exchange ideas andeven transfer hard copy data.

Circle 525 on inquiry card.

And besides electronic forums,they leave messages for each otheron our national bulletin board,"talk" informally on our CB simulator,and communicate via CompuServe'selectronic mail.

But best of all, in most cases,CompuServe subscribers get all ofthese state of the art communicationsoptions, plus a world of on-lineinformation and entertainment forthe cost of a local phone call plusconnect time.

To become part of this flexiblecommunications network, all you

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In Ohio call 614-457-0802

An HS.R Block Company

BYTE October 1983

71

(2a)

Status Bit

012345

Meaning When Set to 1

data has been received from the camera

a command may be sent to the camera

unused

unused

received data was improperly framed

data received before previous byte read

(2b) Command Bit Meaning When Cleared to 0

7 none (always 1)

6 none (always 1)

5 alternating-bit mode (ALTBIT)

4 wide-pixel mode (WIDEPIX)

3 7-bit data bytes (7BIT)

2 transmit one frame instead of two (1ARRAY)

1 refresh instead of soak (REFRESH)

0 send the requested image (SEND)

Table 2: Meanings of bits in the status register (2a) and command word (2b) for the AppleII/Micro D-Cam interface.

terface requires three times as manyintegrated circuits. In the IBM, theMicro D-Cam's two port addressesare decoded by three chips: IC5, IC6,and IC7. These are 74LS136 open-collector exclusive-OR gates con-nected together in a "wired-OR" con-figuration. The voltages wired to the11 inputs of the address decoderdetermine the interface board's ad-dresses. As shown in figure 3, the ad-dresses I used were xD26 and xD27(where x can take on any hexadeci-mal value from 0 to F). The 6850ACIA (IC8) functions as previouslydescribed except that IC2 and IC4 areconfigured as a wait-state generatorto facilitate timely access to the bus.

Data and Command Format

The 6850 ACIA comprises a dataregister and a status register. You canconfigure operating parameters (suchas parity, stop bits, start bits, clock-ing, etc.) by writing values into thestatus register. Before the host com-puter can access the Micro D-Cam,the ACIA has to be initialized to theproper configuration. The controlsoftware does this by writing twobytes, a hexadecimal 03 followed bya hexadecimal 14, into the statusregister. The first byte performs amaster reset on the ACIA, while thesecond byte specifies that the serialtransmission protocol is 1 start bit,followed by 8 data bits, followed by1 stop bit.

Reading the status register allowsthe control program to determinewhen new data has been receivedand when the ACIA is ready to senddata. The meanings of the status bits,when set, are as shown in table 2a.

In normal use, only bit 0 is checkedwhen seeing if data is available fromthe camera. Bits 4 and 5 are used onlyin debugging, as these situationsshould not normally arise. When de-signing the program that receives theimage from the camera, it is a goodidea to incorporate a time-out mech-anism in case the camera stops send-ing bytes before the program expects;otherwise, the program can hang upif the software misses even a singlebyte.

In the Apple II Plus and He, thehexadecimal addresses of the typeCOnE access the status register of theACIA on an interface card pluggedinto the corresponding slot, whileCOnF addresses access the ACIA'sdata register. The n is the hexadeci-mal value of the slot number plus 8.For example, suppose the interfacecard were plugged into slot 3; 3 plus8 equals B, and so address COBE willaccess the status register and COBFthe data register.

Command Functions

While the camera is running, thehost computer directs the Micro D-Cam's operating modes by sending itcommand words. Each command

word is composed of 8 bits, withfunctions as summarized in table 2b.Let's look at each of these in detail:

ALTBIT Mode: When bit 5 is clear(equal to 0), the Micro D-Cam trans-mits only the pixels from the even-numbered rows and columns in theOptic RAM. This mode usually pro-duces a clearer image than theNOALTBIT mode at the expense oflosing resolution.

WIDEPIX Mode: When bit 4 is clear,the Micro D-Cam transmits eachpixel in the array twice. Each image-sensing element is rectanguJar inshape, so by "double-transmitting"the pixels, the proper width-to-height(aspect) ratio is maintained when theimage is displayed on the computer'svideo monitor.

7BIT Mode: The Apple II's imple-mentation of high-resolution graph-ics is somewhat peculiar. The mostsignificant bit of each byte on the hi-res graphics page is reserved as thecolor bit for a group of pixels, whileeach of the other 7 bits stores a 1 or0 as a bright or dark value for a pixel.In 7BIT mode, the Micro D-Camtransmits data in a format compati-ble with the Apple's high-resolutionformat, with 7 bits of pixel values perbyte. The 7BIT mode is selected byclearing bit 3 of the command byte to0. The alternative to 7BIT mode is8BIT mode, which is achieved by set-ting bit 3 to 1, The 8BIT mode causesthe camera to transmit in normal bit-mapped format, with all 8 bits in thebyte containing image data, and ispreferred for use with all computersother than the Apple.1ARRAY Mode: The 1ARRAY modeis selected by clearing bit 2 of thecommand byte. Using this mode,only data from the image focused onthe lower light-sensitive array istransmitted from the Micro D-Cam.By setting bit 2 of the command byte,2ARRAY mode is selected, whichcauses data from both arrays to betransmitted from the camera. The2ARRAY mode causes a split-screeneffect because of the space betweenthe two arrays in the image-sensorchip.

REFRESH Mode: In some ways, theMicro D-Cam is like any other

72 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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COMPUTER SYSTHMS

Circle 30 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 73

Command

Control

Character

Effect

>

increase exposure time

<

decrease exposure time

F

fix exposure time to current setting

L

load previously stored image from disk

N

print negative of screen image onto Epson printer

P

print screen output onto Epson (Graftrax option required)

Q

quit and return to main menu

R

toggle display of exposure time and light level

S

save current image to disk

T

use current light level and autotrack the exposure

Table 3: Options for control of the Micro D-Cam that may be selected in real time through

the distributed

menu-driven software. See table 4 for the options provided in the GREY16

program.

camera. It must receive the properamount of light to make the imagedevelop properly. Too much light willoverexpose the image, while too lit-tle light will underexpose the image.Exposure time is determined by howlong the control program in the hostcomputer allows the Optic RAM tobe exposed to light without its cellsbeing refreshed. Refreshing theimage sensor is the same processused in any dynamic memory: theexisting charge in each cell is sensed,the voltage compared with a thresh-old potential, and a fresh potentialof 0 V (for a logic 0) or +5 V (for 1)is rewritten into the cell. (The onlydifference in the Optic RAM is thatall cells must contain +5 V at thebeginning of an image-sensing cyclewhen refreshing stops.) If the imagesensor is not continually refreshed,the light focused on each cell causesthe voltage in each cell to leak awayat a rate proportional to the intensityof the light. When the image sensoris not being refreshed, we say it is"soaking" (in light). Allowing theimage sensor to soak for longerperiods of time enables the Micro D-Cam to see better in dimmer light.When the REFRESH mode isselected (by clearing bit 1 of the com-mand byte) the Micro D-Cam keepsthe image sensor's cells refreshedwhile it is sending an image. Whenbit 1 is set, SOAK mode is invoked.This causes the camera to soak (andtherefore remain sensitive to light)while it is transmitting an image.SEND Mode: When a command issent to the camera with SEND mode

selected (bit 0 cleared), the camerabegins transmitting an image.

Control Software

The software for controlling anddisplaying pictures is vital to theoperation of the Micro D-Cam.Menu-driven versions of the MicroD-Cam control software for both theApple II and IBM PC are availablefrom The Micromint.

However, some of you may alreadyhave the Micron Technology OpticRAM or a similar 64K-bit dynamicRAM device with suitable chip lay-out, and you may want to build theMicro D-Cam from scratch. Conse-quently, I have included with this ar-ticle complete listings of two controlprograms written for the Apple II.One provides experimenters with ameans for testing the Micro D-Cam;the second is a more sophisticatedsoftware routine that enhances theimage and performs gray-scaleordered dithering (I'll explain thisterm later). While the Micro D-Camsoftware includes some additionalmenu-driven utility programs (someoptions of which are shown in table3), all the Micro D-Cam photosprinted here and last month can bereproduced using only the two pro-grams in the magazine.

A Sample Control Program

The Micro D-Cam demonstrationprogram (listing 1 on pages 512through 518) illustrates the simplestpossible software needed to receivean image from the camera and dis-play it on the Apple's hi-res screen.

It is not really as long and compli-cated as it looks; the accompanyingflowchart (figure 4 on page 76) shouldreveal the general scheme of opera-tion. The software consists of twoparts: a short BASIC main program(listing la) and a set of machine-lan-guage subroutines (shown in assem-bled format in listing lb). The BASICprogram loads the machine-languagecode from disk, interactively sets thecorrect I/O-slot number and exposuretime, and calls the machine-languagecode to display the image; upon re-turning to BASIC, the calling pro-gram checks to see if you want to ter-minate the process.

The hard part of the work is donein the machine-language routines,which were necessary to allow theMicro D-Cam to operate at 153,600bps. When called, the machine codebegins by making sure that the hi-resscreen is being displayed. It then in-itializes the ACIA and sends a com-mand to tell the camera to soak with-out sending an image. (This effective-ly clears the Optic RAM and tells thecamera to begin the exposure.) Theprogram then waits for the durationof the exposure.

The next step is to read the imagefrom the camera and display it on thescreen. To save time and memory, thesoftware sends the picture straight tothe hi-res screen memory (ratherthan reading it into a separate bufferarea and then moving it) to minimizethe processing of the final image. Themode used is alternate-pixel, wide-pixel, with 7-bit data words. Beforeany part of the picture is received, anumber of memory pointers are setup to facilitate proper placement onthe screen. A command is sent to thecamera to begin transmitting the im-age, and the program loops to readin each byte of the image and put iton the screen.

The control software knows howmany bytes of image data it shouldreceive from the camera, but a prob-lem can arise from relying on byte-counting to determine when to stopreading data: if the computer missesone, it could hang the system up. Tobe on the safe side, a time-out loophas been provided in the image-read-ing routine. If the computer times out

74 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Plus there's QuadMaster Software, too.With QuadRAM Drive. The program thatlets you use part of system memory asmultiple RAM drives. Solid-state drivesthat let you store and retrieve importantinformation fast.

And Qspool. The buffer program that letsyou compute while you print. Now youwon't ever have to wait on your printeragain. And there's also Qswap. The programthat lets you change line printers 1 and2 back and forth. As often as you like.Whenever your printing needs change.

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( START J

SET UP DISPLAYFOR HI- RESPAGE 1

INITIALIZEACIA (SENDHEXADECIMAL 03THEN 14 TOSTATUS REG)

SEND COMMANDTO SOAKWITHOUT SEND(HEXADECIMAL D3)

WAIT FORDURATION OFEXPOSURE

SEND COMMANDTO SEND IMAGE(HEXADECIMAL CO)

INITIALIZEMEMORY POINTERSAND TIME OUTCOUNTER

DECREMENT

TIMEOUT

COUNTER

READ BYTE ANDSTORE IN MEMORYIN IT TIMEOUTCOUNTER

CLICK

APPLE'S SPEAKER

TRY AGAIN

GET THE STARTINGADDRESS OF THENEXT ROW ONTHE HI-RES SCREEN

TRANSFER BYTETO SCREENINCREMENTPOINTERS

CHECKKEYBOARD

SET

TEXT

MODE

f STOP J

Figure 4: A flowchart of the Micro D-Cam demonstration program for the Apple II. The program consists of a BASIC main routine, shownin listing la, and some 6502 machine-language subroutines, shown in assembly-language form in listing lb.

while waiting for the camera, it clicksthe speaker, checks for a keypress,and tries the entire command se-quence again. In this manner, you arealerted to any possible problems.

Because the Apple's hi-res screendisplay is mapped nonlinearly intomemory space, a lengthy table at theend of the machine-language codeprovides the starting address for eachconsecutive row of the hi-res screen.The program gets the address of thebeginning of each row and thenreads 40 bytes from the camera, plac-ing them consecutively on the

screen. The next row, and each rowafter it, is done in a similar manner.Once the image is on the screen, acommand is sent to the camera torefresh without sending. This gets itready for the next exposure. Finally,the machine code checks the key-board and processes any commandinputs before returning to BASIC.

Obtaining Gray Scale

A more user-friendly demonstra-tion of the Micro D-Cam that alsoprovides a level of gray-scale capabili-ty is the GREY16 program of listing

Command ControlCharacter Effect

N display the image in normal size (256 by 64)

F display the image in full size (256 by 128)

G create a picture (256 by 128) with 15 levels of gray (this process takes

about 30 seconds and displays a countdown of the number of ex-posures from F to 0)

E change the exposure time of the current displayed image, the upper

limit of the gray-scale image, or the lower limit of the gray-scaleimage

S save to disk the picture currently being displayed (this may be done in

any of the three display modes: normal, full, or gray)

Q quit the program and return to BASIC

Table 4: A summary of user commands implemented in the CREY16 program of listing 2.

2 (pages 518 through 538). It has onemode that allows you to do quickaiming and focusing of the camera,another to let you get an idea of whatthe final picture will look like, and athird to create a 15-intensity-levelgray-scale picture on the Apple II.(The processes involved are outlinedin the flowchart of figure 5. Unfor-tunately, space constraints preventme from showing you a similar pro-gram for the IBM PC.)

Using GREY16, you can change thelength of exposure for the image be-ing displayed, or you can change theupper and lower exposure limits ofthe gray-scale image. Once you've ob-tained a satisfactory picture, you cansave it on disk for later use or printit on an Epson MX-80 printer(equipped with Graftrax) using thescreen-dump program. A summaryof available commands in theGREY16 program is shown in table 4.

When it is first powered up, youstart the camera running by selectingone of the options from the GREY16menu. If the exposure time is insuf-ficient, the screen will be black. If theexposure time is excessive, the screenText continued on page 82

76 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

HOW DOES 1

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Advanced Digital's new SUPERSTAR™ is the first of a family ofS-100-based computer systems to beequipped with a 5-1/4" 5-MB Fixed/5-MB Removable Cartridge Win-chester disk drive (10 MB on-linestorage capacity) as standard. Nowyou can have the capacity of up to50 floppy diskettes and the speedand convenience of 100% backupusing the industry-standard Dysan5-MB cartridge.

SUPER STAR is the ideal systemfor business, professional, and educa-tional applications. Its CP/M*operating system (standard) givesyou access to a vast library of readilyavailable software programs. The six-slot motherboard allows plenty ofroom for expansion.

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(5a)

f START J

LOADROUTINES

I N IT

VARIABLES

POKESOAKTIME

DISPLAY

EXPOSURE

TIME

CALLSUBROUTINE

NORMDISPLAY

CALLSUBROUTINE

FULLDISPLAY

YES

G"

CALLSUBROUTINE

SETEXPOSURE

YES

CLEARSCREEN

( STOP J

SET

NORM

DISPLAY

YES

SET

FULL

DISPLAY

YES

V"

NO

POKE

EXPOSURE

LIMITS

CALLSUBROUTINE

GREYDISPLAY

GETKEYPRESS

B SAVEPICTURE

(5b)

( NORM A^DISPLAY J

CLEAR ACIA

INIT

POINTERS

TELL CAMERATO SOAKWITHOUT SEND

WAIT

EXPOSURE

TIME

TELL CAMERATO SEND IMAGE

.,

GET NEXTBYTE FROMCAMERA

PUT BYTEON SCREEN

INCREMENTPOINTERS

NO

/do

-( READ

NES.

ING \GE /

YES

\. IMA

( RETURN J

(5c)

( FULL ^)

^DISPLAYy/

CALLSUBROUTINE

TAKEPICTURE

CALLSUBROUTINE

DISPLAYPICTURE

f RETURN )

Figure 5: Flowcharts of the GREY16 program for the Apple 11 (the figure continues on pages 80 and 82). The BASIC portion appears aslisting la, the machine-language portion as listing 2b. The main routine (5a) calls various subroutines: NORM DISPLAY (5b), FULL DISPLAY(5c), SET EXPOSURE (5d), GREY DISPLAY (5e), TAKE PICTURE (5f), DISPLAY PIC (5g), and ENHANCE (5h).

The subroutine GREY DISPLAY takes sensor pixels from 15 exposures and translates them into arrays of the smaller display pixels torepresent intermediate brightnesses.

Figure continued on page 80

78 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

79

Figure 5 continued:

(5d)

^EXPOSURE/

GET NEW

HIGH

EXPOSURE

(5e)

GET NEW

LOW

EXPOSURE

f RETURN J

fGREY\I DISPLAY J

CLEAR TABLE

PRINTCOUNTDOWN

CALLSUBROUTINE

TAKEPICTURE

INCREMENT

PIXEL'S

COUNTER

ADD

INCREMENTTOSOAKTIME

IN IT

POINTERS

|

IS COUNTI GREATER THAN| VALUE IN

DITHER MAT.

NO

CALLSUBROUTINE

DISPLAYPICTURE

TURN ONPIXEL

1

>m

INCREMENTPOINTERS

f RETURN J

(5f)

f TAKE "N^PICTURE J

CLEAR ACIA

TELL CAMERATO SOAKWITHOUT SEND

WAIT

EXPOSURE

TIME

TELL CAMERATO SENDIMAGE

INITIALIZEPOINTERS

.'

!

GET BYTEFROM CAMERA

PUT BYTEIN BUFFERAND INCR.POINTERS

NO /»°

ne\

TH \GE /

YES

\^IMA

CALLSUBROUTINE

ENHANCE

( RETURN J

(5g)

( DISPLAY "\\_ PICTURE J

INITIALIZEPOINTERS

,'

»

NO

GET BYTEFROM BUFFER

PUT BYTEON SCREEN,INCR. POINTERS

/DO-( w

TH \

EEN/

YES

^ySCR

( RETURN J

80 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Figure continued on page 82

SPSS

IWI:Hjjl

Jra|

iiiiiniiiiii in in iMsmm

Why pay more for a 1200 ba212A Modem for your I

T

Flip the pages. You see PC modem cards withfewer features advertised for as much as $599.Up until now that's how much it cost to make amodem capable of transmitting at 1 20 charac-ters per second (1200 baud). It doesn't take acomputer to figure out the savings in phone linecharges when you communicate four timesfaster than the 30 character per second modems(300 baud). Now you can have the solution toyour communication needs at an unheard ofprice.

NOW COME THE SMART GUYS

You can imagine how precise the componentshad to be to convert tones over a phone line intocharacters. Precision equates to cost. With theadvent of the mass market in personal computersthe economics of scale drove the costs ofmanufacture down but did not effect the pre-cision required. The technology used is called"analog filtering". It is the process of sending(modulating) and receiving (demodulating) toneswith perfect pitch. A lot of adjusting, noisesuppression, and a little magic is required. Realexpensive. Some use lots of chips and filters(known as discrete components). The latestrage is LSI (Large Scale Integration) technology.Which is the same old analog stuff condensedonto fewer chips.

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We took a different approach. With the Qubie'PC modem card you can say goodbye to thefellow who delivers your ice because refriger-ation has been invented. Through the use offour microprocessors (see picture) the tones arechopped up digitally and measured millions oftimes per second, eliminating the need foranalog circuitry. Two microprocessors do themodulating, two the demodulating. The chipsare programmed to emulate the 103 (30 charac-ters per second) or 212 (210 characters persecond) standards and determine the correctspeed automatically. It's a proven technologythat provides outstanding performance. Best ofall, it's inexpensive and reliable.

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Figure 5 continued:

(5h)

f ENHANCE J

INITIALIZEPOINTERS

NO /THIS AN\ YES^EVEN ROW

BITS 0. 4 AREUNCHANGED

BITS 2. 6 AREUNCHANGED

BIT 2 GOES TOBIT 5 OF BYTEONE ROW AWAY

BIT 0 GOES TOBIT 3 OF BYTEONE ROW AWAY

BIT 6 GOES TOBIT 1 OF BYTE + 1ONE ROW AWAYINCR. POINTERS

BIT 4 GOES TOBIT 7 OF BYTEONE ROW AWAYINCR. POINTERS

INITIALIZE

FILLIN

POINTERS

YES

BITS 1, 2, 5, 6ARE "HOLES"

BITS 0. 3. 4. 7ARE "HOLES"

BITS 0, 4 AREUNCHANGED

BITS 2,6 AREUNCHANGED

BIT 3 COMESFROM BIT 0 OFBYTE ONEROW PREVIOUS

BIT 5 COMESFROM BIT 2 OFBYTE ONEROW PREVIOUS

BIT 7 COMESFROM BIT 4 OFBYTE ONEROW PREVIOUS

BIT 1 COMESFROM BIT 6 OFBYTE-1 ONEROW PREVIOUS

INCREMENTPOINTERS

( RETURN )

Text continued from page 76:will be completely white. Thesesituations may be remedied by in-creasing or decreasing the exposuretime or changing the lens aperture.You may need to focus, also. Even-tually, a clear picture will appear onthe video screen when the lens isproperly adjusted.

The gray-scale portion of the pro-gram demonstrates what can be donewith just a little bit of software en-hancement, permitting you to createimages with 14 intermediate levels ofbrightness (plus extreme dark andbright) and display them on theApple's hi-res screen. The image ofan automobile shown in photo 1 is anexample.

The technique used to display thegray-scale pictures on the Apple IIPlus and He computers is known as

ordered dithering, in which half-tonevalues are constructed from multiplebinary black or white images. Theprocess requires the Micro D-Cam

Photo 1: The Micro D-Cam was aimedat a car parked outside. The dithereddigital gray-scale image shown here isdisplayed by an Apple II Plus.

system to take 15 exposures of thesame subject, each lasting a littlelonger than the previous one. (Thisnormally takes only several seconds.)After each exposure is taken, everypixel in it is checked. If the pixel ison (showing a 1 value correspondingto brightness above that exposure'sthreshold), a counter location corre-sponding to that pixel is incre-mented. At the end of 15 passes, thisprocess yields a table of values, eachvalue describing the relative intensi-ty of its corresponding pixel. For ex-ample, if a pixel's final value is 15,that pixel should be displayed max-imally bright; if a pixel's value is 8, thepixel deserves a shade of gray half-way between the black and whiteextremes.

Once the pixel-intensity table hasbeen constructed, a 4 by 4 dither

82 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

More micro software is mug/' written for Hayes than for any other modems!

Because Hayes, the telecomput-ing leader, continues to lead theway! With popular-selling modemsthat make telecomputing a breezefor beginners or professionals. Andwith sophisticated engineering thatappeals to software developers.

Send for our free CommunicationsSoftware Directory. It lists more than

a hundred software programs writtenfor Hayes modems by independentprogrammers. For diverse communi-cation functions, from the practicalto the fun. But all maximizing theadvanced telecomputing capabilitiesof Hayes modems.

Whether you're collaborating oncompetitive strategies with offices

in the field. Doing your gift shoppingvia computer. Or collecting and analyz-ing commodity or stock information.Let Hayes provide the superior com-munications link!

Mail the coupon today for yourfree copy of the Hayes Communica-tions Directory. (Or pick one up atyour local computer store.)

Provides a comprehensive-portfolio management —system for active trader,money manager orinvestor.

Protects sensitive- information sent over—telephone lines so thatno unauthorized personcan decode files.

THE FLIGHT PLANNER

TR1.K GAMMON

- Permits use of normal -telephone lines foraccessing internationalTelex network.

\

Aviation software

- simplifies planning

and increases safety.

Automatically logs-onto networks, answersphone, saves incoming

- data, and allows it to bestored on disk, edited,and printed.

Transfers files between

- various micros, minis ormainframes.

Automatically answersphone in your name;

- receives, deliversmessages.

NOTE: More and moresoftware is being writtenfor Hayes modems every-day. Please let us know ifyou would like to haveyour program included inour next software directory.

Circle 205 on inquiry card.

Allows users to play— backgammon withplayers at distantlocations.

|

| Mail To: Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

I Attention: Marketing Services, 5923 PeachtreeIndustrial Blvd., Norcross, Georgia 30092.

Name

Address.City

. State.

.Zip.

Please send additional information on:D Smartmodem 300* **

□ Smartmodem 1200* **

□ Smartmodem 1200B*(plug-in board for IBM PC)

□ Micromodem He" (for Apple computers)

(D Hayes

*FCC approved in U.S.A.

* 'DOC approved in Canada.

'■ 1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.

Steven A. Ciarcia

Consulting Editor

BYTE

A McGraw-Hill Publication

70 Main Street

Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458

Telephone 603/924-9281

■inn

(2a)

(2b)

Photo 2: A corner of the author's businesscard (2a) was easily reproduced by theMicro D-Cam (2b) because the printingrepresents only two levels of brightness.One potential use of the image camera isin optical character recognition.

Steven A. (

Consulting Edil

matrix is used to assign a displayvalue (an array of binary pixels) toeach screen position. In this software,the matrix is as follows:

0 8 2 10

12 4 14 6

3 11 1 9

15 7 13 5

Then, one pixel at a time, thevalues in the table of final imagemagnitudes are compared to thearray-element values in the matrix. Ifthe image value for the pixel is

greater than the element's value, thatarray element is turned on. If the in-tensity value is 0, none of the matrixelements are displayed bright; if thevalue is 8, elements 0 through 8 aredisplayed bright; and if the value is15, all the elements become bright. Inthis manner, 15 levels of luminancemay be represented but at a certainloss of spatial definition. The processis repeated across the entire screenuntil each screen position has a valueassigned to it.

It would definitely be possible touse different-size dithering matrices,

with certain trade-offs. For example,a 2 by 2 matrix would yield only 5levels of gray but would have muchfiner spatial definition, while an 8 by8 matrix would yield 64 levels of graybut with much loss of spacial defini-tion.

The GREY16 program overcomesmany of the limitations associatedwith binary optical sensors. Whileblack print on white paper (like mybusiness card, shown in photo 2) iseasily viewed by the Micro D-Camwith no enhancement, we don't livein a pure-black-and-white world, andthree-dimensional objects needshading to be recognized on a two-dimensional video display.

This is most easily demonstratedwith a series of photos of a pair ofdice. Photo 3a shows the color andlighting conditions of our sample ob-ject. If we use the Micro D-Cam with-out gray scale, we obtain the binarypicture in photo 3b. (This slightlyvague yet quite representative pictureof the dice would probably be usablein robotics or some recognitionapplications.)

For a more representative picture,we can invoke the G command in theGREY16 program to produce photo3c. There is now no question of whatthe subject is or what value is shownon the dice. If the image were repro-duced on a computer capable of dis-playing half-tones, it would lookmuch more like photo 3a than thisdithered Apple II Plus display.

(3a)

(3b)

(3c)

Photo 3: A pair of dice (3a) was scanned by the Micro D-Cam. When only tioo levels of luminance are recorded and sent to the com-puter's display, the result is the output shown in photo 3b. When multiple gray-scale exposures and ordered dithering are invoked,the more easily recognizable output of photo 3c appears.

84 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

little of the best.

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ERG/68000

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HARDWARE OPTIONS

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D 256K/512K or 1MB DynamicRAM, with full parity (150 nsec)

□ 5V«" - 8" D/D, D/S floppy diskdrives

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SOFTWARE OPTIONS

D 68KFORTH1 systems languagewith MACRO assembler andMET A compiler, Multi-user,Multi-Tasking

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empirical Research Group, Inc.

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206-631-4855

Closing Observations

Two articles have not been enoughto describe all the capabilities of theMicro D-Cam. If I had more time, I'dtry some experiments using differentlenses and filters. Theoretically, ifthree exposures were taken throughred, green, and blue filters, weshould be able to create a colorimage.

One interesting fact I did observeis that the IS32, like most silicon-based image sensors, is infrared-sen-sitive. My test was somewhat un-scientific, and I have no precise dataon the Optic RAM's spectral sen-sitivity I merely lighted the subjectwith some infrared light-emittingdiodes, but it was clearly seen by theMicro D-Cam even in visible-lightdarkness.

This mild success leads me to con-sider related experiments. Don'tcount on it, but in a few months youjust might be reading about somesort of character-recognition wandI've built using an Optic RAM. In themeantime, if you find any otherdynamic RAM chips that are suitablein this application or wish to showme a character-recognition programof your own, please write and let meknow.

Next Month:

Communicating with their fellowhumans can be a problem for people whocannot speak. We'll look at a way digitalelectronics can be harnessed to remedythis dijficulty.m

Editor's Note: For a review of a similar assem-bled product, see page 316.

References

1. Ciarcia, Steve. "Analog Interfacing in the RealWorld." BYTE, January 1982, page 72.

2. Ciarcia, Steve. "Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera, Part 1: The IS32 OpticRAM and the Micro D-Cam Hardware." BYTE,September 1983, page 20.

3. Crow, Franklin C. "Three-Dimensional Com-puter Graphics." Part 1, BYTE, March 1981,page 54; Part 2, April 1981, page 290.

4. Grob, Bernard. Basic Television: Principlesand Servicing, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975.

5. Newman, William M. and Robert F. Sproull.Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics,2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1979.

6. Tomas, Joe. "Hardware Review: Dithertizer II."BYTE, February 1982, page 219.

7. Walker, Terry, Harry Garland, and RogerMelen. "Build Cyclops: First All Solid-State TVCamera for Experimenters." Popular Elec-tronics, February 1975, page 27

8. Williams, Thomas. "Digital Storage of Images."BYTE, November 1980, page 220.

The following items are available from

The Micromint Inc.561 Willow Ave.Cedarhurst, NY 11596

(800) 645-3479 for orders(516) 374-6793 for information

1. Complete Micro D-Cam unit including in-terface card, extension cable, IS32 OpticRAM, lens, remote housing, operator'smanual, and utility software. Specify Ap-ple 11 (11 Plus or lie) or IBM PersonalComputer.

Assembled and tested $295

2. Same as item 1 except in kit form. SpecifyApple 11 or IBM PC.

Complete kit $260

3. 1C32 Optic RAM sold separately.

Each $42

4. Serial-interface (RS-232C) Micro D-Cam forgeneral use. Software listings for several dif-ferent computers to be available soon.Call for price and delivery.

Please add $4 shipping and insurance in con-tinental United States, $20 overseas. New Yorkresidents, please include 7 percent sales tax.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previous Cir-cuit Cellar articles as reference material for eachmonth's current article. Many of these past articlesare available in reprint books from BYTE Books,McGraw-Hill Book Company, POB 400, Hights-town, N] 08250.

Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume I covers articlesthat appeared in BYTE from September 1977 throughNovember 1978. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, VolumeII contains articles from December 1978 throughJune 1980. Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar, Volume IIIcontains articles from July 1980 through December1981.

Special thanks to Carl Baker and Jim Herrud ofMicron Technology Inc. for their contributions tothis project.

To receive a complete list of Ciarcia'sCircuit Cellar project kits available,circle 100 on the reader service inquirycard at the back of the magazine.

Steve Ciarcia (POB 582, Glastonbury, CT06033)is an electronics engineer and computer consultantwith experience in process control, digital design,nuclear instrumentation, product development, andmarketing. In addition to writing for BYTE, he haspublished several books.

86 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

SAGE™ TECHNICAL BRIEFINGHSK INTERFACING SAGE MICROS

W^^^P^^C3"PB^WBW

he Faster The Floppy.

Floppies Think They're Winchesters.

People get awfully impatient withslow drives. But the awful truth is,most micros are slower than theslowest drives.

When a processor is unable to keepup with a drive, it simply slams thedoor shut after reading only part of atrack. The diskette continues speedingalong under the head, but no data isbeing transferred. After a sector ofdead time, the read resumes againwhere it left off.

Not so in a Sage™ micro.

It can read an entire trackin one revolution,step to the nextcylinder and readanother entire trackduring the secondrevolution. Time-wasting with interleavingand skewing never occur.

The lightning fast disk interfacingand 68000 processor actually let thefloppy drives on a Sage micro meet thetheoretical transfer rate for standard5'/4 inch floppy disk drives.

How fast is that? Fast enoughto load a 20K program in about asecond.

Our Winchesters Think Big.

There is only so much area on a 5!4inch hard disk. So how come we cangive you an extra l.5Mybytes on alOMybyte Winchester?

Remember, it's the computer, notthe drive, that makes the difference.

The Sage IV micro features full trackbuffering instead of one or two sectorbuffering. This means that the diskarea that usually must be reserved for

header information,synchronizing gaps and trailer gapscan now be used for storage.

Be A Sage Thinker.

No other computer gives you somuch disk performance and capacityfor so little.

So whether you'd be satisfied withone or two floppies that think they'reWinchesters, or if you need big Win-

chester capacity up to 200 megabytes,think Sage micros.

Call today for full details and thename of your nearest dealer.

Sage Computer Technology, Corpo-rate Office, 4905 Energy Way, Reno,Nevada 89502. Phone (702) 322-6868.TWX: 910-395-6073/SAGE RNO

Eastern United States

Sage Computer Technology,15 New England Executive ParkSuite 120, Burlington, MA 01803(617) 229-6868

In UK

TDI LTD, 29 Alma Vale Road,

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In GermanyMM Computer, GmbH,HallwangerStr. 59,8210 PrienTel: 08051/3074 Tx: 525 400 mmco-d

© 1983 Sage Computer Technology all rightsreserved Sage & Sage IV are trademarks ofSage Computer Technology

The computer you don't wait fori

Circle 409 on inquiry card.

Circle 543 on inquiry card.

Circle 542 on inquiry card.

• Disc Drivers

• Printers

• Switching Power Supply

• Monitors

• Personal Computers

SUPERC©

SUPERTRON ELECTRIC CO., LTD.

P.O. Box 55-1326, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.Telex: 24317 SUPEROHM Tel: (02) 713-3492

SPECIALIZING IN DISK DRIVER

"Capacity: 163K Bytes.*48TPI stepping mechanisnrecording.* Average rotational latency: 100 milliseconds."Track to track access time: 20 milliseconds.'Data transportation speed; 250K bits/sec."Mean time between failure, over 8,000 hours.*Disk rotation speed: 300 RPM.'Dimensions: 150(W)x51(H)x233(L).*Net weight: Less then 1.9kg.

FIDELITY DEVELOPMENT CORP., LTD.

P.O. Box 1625 Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.Telex: 21776 FIDCO

/

APPLE *

EXPANSION CARDS

16K RAM

$ 41.00

128K RAM

$315.00

80 Column Card

$130.00

Z-80 Card

$115.00

RS-232 Card

$ 75.00

RS-232C Card

$ 82.00

IEEE-488 Card

$149.00

Disk Control Card

$ 68.00

Parallel Interface Card

$ 61.00

Graphic Card 16K

$ 99.00

Grappler Card+ 16K Buffer

$129.00

Grappler +Printer Interface Card $ 99.00

Super Serial Card

$129.00

Super Copy Card-64K

$101.00

Clock Card

$ 85.00

Music Synthesizer Card

$175.00

W/2 external Speakers

6809 Card

$315.00

Forth-79 Card

$ 75.00

A-D/D-A Card

$199.00

A/D Conversion Card

$ 99.00

-16 channels

D/A Card -4 channels

$123.00

6522 VIA Card

$ 75.00

Communications Card

$ 98.00

SYSTEM SPECIALS

64K-Apple* Compatible, Disk Driver,

Disk Control and 80 Column Card.

12" Green Monitor

Z. $999 _S

64K-Apple* Compatible, Expandable to 192K

32K Rom, Advanced 78 Function Keyboard,

W/Disk Driver, Controller and 80 Column Card,

12" Green Monitor

CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS CORP.

2210 Wishire, Blvd., Suite 577Santa Monica, CA90403, USA.(213) 933-7183

ck/MO/B;

Cl«

t to change without notice and availability

nk r-.u-k- allow time for company or

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overages will be returned.• APPLE IS THE REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER, INC.

ACCESSORIES

KEYBOARD

(l)Apple* Compatible $ 83.00

(2)W/26 User Definable Keys $147.00

POWER SUPPLY

Heavy Duty Switching Power $ 86.00Supply

+ 5V 5A +12V 2 A-5V 0.5A -12V 0.5 AFan W/Surge Control $ 42.00

Powerstrip W/S Control $ 23.00

JOYSTICK

(l)Deluxe Model $ 39.00

(2)Basic Model $ 14.00

DISK DRIVER

Shugart SA-390 $230.00

MODEM

All Modem-300 Baud

Acoustic Moden $173.00

Auto Answer $169.00

Auto Answer-6 Slot $360.00

Auto Answer 12 Slot $473.00

Additional Slots $100.00

TELEPHONE

W/10 No. Memory $ 35.00

Cordless $ 85.00

Discounts on Volume Purchases

Further Items Available

on Request

88 BYTE October 1983

Circle 541 on inquiry card.

FfriC-

W^htWl oi* fi. vw\>

For a small business system Wats beer-budget priced there's no better buy today than the MIC-500from Multitech.

It's got the same sparkling performance features as other popular micros including Z-80A processor,64k RANI, CP/M 2.2 operating system, and a full compliment of business software including a word process-ing package, an electronic spreadsheet, a sorting utility, a mass mailing system and a data base system.This package is especially designed for the MIC-500 by the structured Systems croup, one of the topsoftware houses in the U.S.

Beyond that the MIC-500 is definitely not ordinaire. Dual floppy disk drives packing 500k bytes oflow profile storage give you the on-line power you need. For larger storage requirements, the MIC-500also comes with 2 megabytes of storage for only a moderately higher price, unlike comparably pricedmicros, the MIC-500 also features wide expandability via twoRS-232C ports and a parallel printer port.

The corker though is price: the mc-500 comes with the pricetag of an unbelievable $1195, inclusiveof the powerful business software package.

Of course, dealers and OEMs can expect discounts when you buy them by the case. For full detailson the powerful MIC-500, write Multitech Electronics, 195 El Camino Real, Sunnyvale, CA 91087. or phone(BOO) 538-1542; in California 1408) 773-8400.

Circle 320 on inquiry card.

MULTITECHELECTRONICS

195, W. El Camino Real,Sunnyvale, CA. 94087, U.S.A.TEL: (800) 538-1542,In California (408) 773-8400

Outside North America pleasecontact:

Multitech Industrial Corp.315, Fu Hsing N. Road,Taipei 104, Taiwan, R.O.C.TEL: (02) 713-4022 (20 lines)TLX: 23756 MULTIIC19162 MULTIIC

'The $999 pricB Is lot a minimum of 10 sets and is inclusive of the sollware package. Specifications subject to change Z-80 is a registered irademark of Zilog. Inc. CP/M is a registered trademark ol Digital Research Inc

Circle 536 on inquiry card.

Circle 537 on inquiry card.

AK-GC1

AK-GC5

Please feel free to contact us at:

ANKO ELECTRONIC CO.. LTD.

No. 180 Fuho Rd., Yungho City, Taipei County, Taiwan, R.O.C.

Cable: "ANKOELECO" Taipei Telex: 31375 ANKO

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In Western North America, Contact the exclusive dealer:

PRIDE COMPUTER PRODUCTS, INC.

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video Controllers *For home video entertain-ment systems 'Digital logic circuit push-buttoncontrols *5 RF input signals and impulse signalswitching to any of 3 devices allows differentcombinations of input/output "Contains asmall internal amplifier whfch strengthens weaksignals and minimizes TV picture noise♦Operates from 120 V AC 60 Hz line *Slzes:190(L)x260(W)x6 2(H)mm

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We also have switch boxes and video to VHF/UHF modulators.

LUNG HWA ELECTRONICS CO., LTD. LDD

Office & Fty: 5/F., No. 33, Pao Hsing Rd.,Hsin Tien City, Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, R.O.C.Cable: "IFTLUNGHWA" Taipei Telex: 31143 LUNGHWA Tel: (02) 914-5660 (5 Lines)USA OFFICE. DISTAR INC.2819Glauser Dr. San Jose, CA 95133 Tel: (408) 926-1875 Circle 535 on Inquiry card

LDD-103SSA

'Apple II is a registered trademark of

Apple Computer Inc.'IBM, PC is registered trademark of IBM

Corp.

,£M Micro -Professor

Learn Computing with theMicro-Professor-IP for $199

The Micro-Professor (MPF-IP) is acomplete hardware and software systemthat will expose you to the amazingworld of microprocessors.A comprehensive teaching manual givesyou detailed schematics and extensiveexamples of program code. All of thismakes for a superb learning tool forstudents, hobbyists and microprocessorenthusiasts alike. Also serves as anexcellent teaching aid for instructors ofelectrical engineering and computerscience.

With the Micro-Professor-IP you get:

• Z-80 processor chip

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• On board 4 K-byte RAM

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• Interactive Monitor

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• Disassembler

• Language options of BASIC andFORTH.

You'll also get a lot more including:

• Built-in speaker

• 20 digit alphanumerical green tubedisplay.

• 48 Input/Output lines

• Battery back-up circuits for RAM

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• Program storage/reading cassetteinterface

Options

• Student Workbook($15)

• Printer ($99)

• Speech Synthesizer Board ($139)

• Sound Generation Board ($99)

• EPROM Programming Board ($169)

• Input/Output and Memory Board ($139)

MPF-I Micro-Professor

Z-80* CPU, 2K RAM expandable to 4K,2K RAM, sophisticated monitorexpandable 8K, 6-digit LED display plusa built-in speaker, cassette interface,and sockets to accept optional

CTC/PIO, BUS isextendable. As wellas being anexciting learningtool, the MPF-I isa great lowcost: board for OEM's.

Circle 321 on inquiry card.

(mi)

MULTITECH ELECTRONICS INC.

195 WEST EL CAMINO REAL SUNNYVALE. CA

94087 U.S.A. TEL: 408-7738400

TLX: 176004 MAC SUVL FAX: 408-7498032

'Z-80 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

istributor list

.S.A

earning Labs, INC.

0. Box 122alhoun, GA 30701EL: 404-629-1521

echnlcal Laboratory(/stems, INC.

O. Box 218609ouston, TX77218EL: 713-465-9793

Canada

Future Electronics INC.

S1VAD INC

P.O. Box 16664,Jackson, MS39206TEL: 601-355-3110

L.A.B. Corporation

4416 River RoadAfton, MN 55001TEL: 612-436-1169

Etronics

3928 148th N.E.Redmond WA 98052206-881-0857

DIGIAC CORP.

175 Engineers Road,Smithtown, N.Y. 11787TEL: (516) 273-8600

Montreal

237 Hymus Boulevard

Pointe Claire, Quebec

H9R 5C7

TEL: (514) 694-7710

OTTAWA

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1050 Boxter Road,

Ottawa, Ontario K2C

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CALGARY

5809 Macleod TrailSouth Unit 109 Calgary,Alberta T2H 0J9

Vancouver

3070 KingswayVancouver, B.C. V5R 5J7

Outside of North America mail to:Multitech Industrial Corporation

977 Min Shen E. Road,105 Taipei, Taiwan. R.O.C.Tel: 02-769-1225 Tlx: 19162 MULTIIC23756 MULTIIC

An Unbeatable Partner ForYour Personal Computer

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ShapingConsumer Software

Trip Hawkins of Electronic Arts explains his criteria for judgingsoftware and presents his view of the programmer as artist

by Phil Lemmons and Barbara Robertson

The Aesthetics of Software

To judge computer software, we firstneed a basis for criticism, just as literatureand other forms of creative endeavor havetheir own criteria for excellence. The mostfamous basis forjudging drama, of course,is Aristotle's doctrine that tragedy mustpreserve the "three unities" of time, place,and action. But computer programs havean important characteristic that literaturelacks: multiple branching. Computer pro-grams have hundreds and thousands ofconditional steps, and a user can run aprogram many times without ever takingthe same path twice. Furthermore, thecomputer has special characteristics as amedium.

When William M. "Trip" Hawkins,president of Electronic Arts, talks of theneed for home computer software to be"hot, simple, and deep," he is suggestinga set of criteria for judging software. Inthe interview that follows, he explainsthose three terms in a way that amountsto an essay about the aesthetics of homecomputer software—a basis for criticismof home entertainment and educationalprograms. Hawkins's views shouldprompt discussions among computerusers about the nature of software, andin time those discussions may form thebasis of an aesthetic to stand alongsidethose of literature and art.

BYTE West Coast Bureau Chief PhilLemmons and West Coast TechnicalEditor Barbara Robertson interviewedHawkins at Electronic Arts' office in San

Mateo, California. BYTE's questions toHawkins appear in boldface, andHawkins's responses follow in lightface.

What Software Should Be LikeYou have said that software must be"hot, simple, and deep." Did youborrow those terms from some latter-day Marshall McLuhan?No, I made them up. "Simple" camefrom Lisa. The first time I started talk-ing about computers as a mediumwas when I started talking to peopleabout Lisa. At Apple we were tryingto get people to understand why Lisasoftware was only possible with Lisahardware. And the medium is themessage.

"Simple" just means I can mini-mize the amount of time it takes forsomebody to get into the product. Inthat sense, "simple" can apply to anykind of application, whether it's agame, an educational product, some-thing to satisfy the intellectualcuriosity of an adult, or somethingthat pays your bills for you.

When I worked at Apple, we hada struggle with Lisa in the early go-ing. The engineers wanted to knowwhether or not the person whowould be operating the Lisa wouldbe a naive or sophisticated user. Wefinally convinced them it really didn'tmatter whether it was a CEO or asecretary—everybody considers his

or her own time precious andwouldn't want to spend any timelearning to use the computer andsoftware.

And in the consumer market, lei-sure time is precious, too, whetherit's Johnny's leisure time after schoolor a parent's on the weekend. No-body wants to spend time studyinga manual to play a game. The idea ofhaving to read a manual to play agame is pretty scary in itself.

The "simple" part has to do withhow the program is presented on thescreen and what kind of controls youuse to interact with it. For example,Mule is an economic simulationgame, and there's a whole lot goingon. There are a lot of financial trans-actions, but you never do anythingexcept move your joystick and pushthe button.

"Hot" has more to do with howyou take advantage of what a specificcomputer can do. For example, theAtari offers much better sound thanthe Apple, so it's important for anAtari machine and an Atari owner toget a product that takes advantage ofthat. "Hot" means how well thisproduct uses the heat that's in thismedium, how well it takes advantageof the special things it can do.

You're always trying to take advan-tage of the maximum rate at whichsomebody can absorb information.And getting the medium as hot as

94 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

possible makes it easy to dothat.

The computer really has fourthings going for it as a medium.Two are sound and video—youhave to use sound and thescreen to the fullest advantage.The third asset of computers istheir interactiveness—thenatural feedback loop. Peopleget a lot just from the machinemaking a funny noise becauseof some action they've taken.The fourth asset is what I call"hidden machinery" the factthat the computer, because it'sa data-processing machine, cantake an enormous amount ofinformation and keep track ofit, providing a structure for it that iscompletely invisible to the consumer.

The best example I can think of isFlight Simulator. All you can see onthe screen is the view out the cock-pit and the controls spinning around,but there's all this scaffolding behindit that will sustain you in the air, andyou don't have to deal with any ofthat.

Flight Simulator creates a realisticexperience. Realism usually is basedon data, and the more data you havefor a situation, the more realistic it is.But if that data is apparent to you asyou use the program, then the com-plexity is going to be apparent to you.And that's the problem. Imaginewhat Flight Simulator would be likeif I played it as a board game. Itwould be a disaster. I'd be constantlycomputing my velocity, my altitude,and all kinds of other things.

The same thing goes for adventuregames. Think of an experience likeDungeons and Dragons, whereyou're trying to create a very realisticadventure. There are all these chartsand tables and complicated manuals,and you're trying to figure out howmuch weight each person's carrying

Trip Hawkins

and where he's holding differentweapons, how much each one is paidfor the weapons, what kind ofdamage the weapons do when theyhit, what percentage of the time theyhit, and what kind of monster they'reattacking. You have to keep track ofall this data. Computers are reallygood at keeping track of that, andthey should be used to hide themachinery.

Getting a program to be hot is acombination of taking advantage ofall four of a computer's assets. I thinkyou're failing to fulfill the promise ofhome computing if you're not push-ing those as far as you can with a par-ticular idea. Video games tend to bepurely visually oriented; sound ef-fects haven't been that far advanced.With a really good video game you'vegot some interesting interaction,some interesting graphics, and someinteresting sound, but you're not tak-ing advantage of the hiddenmachinery.

That's partly why "deep" comes in.A lot of video games are simple andhot, but almost none of them aredeep. A lot of that has to do with thefact that an arcade is a crazy place

with lots of noise and distrac-tion. You can't take time tothink about what you're doing;you've just got to be reacting.And the experience has to beover and done with in 60 sec-onds. In the home you don'thave that constraint, so you cando things differently and offergreater variety.

I don't think anybody's goingto have sustained interest insomething that's not involvingthem at all mentally. A mind-less reaction is OK for a fewminutes' relaxation, but it's cer-tainly not going to become alarge portion of your leisuretime over years.Parents don't particularly want toencourage that, anyway. What theyreally want is products that havedepth. Again, if I can use Mule as anexample, it's a very complicated eco-nomic simulation. But when youstart playing, there's a beginner ver-sion, so some of the complexity isvery deliberately stripped out of it,and you only have to learn how tomove the joystick and press the but-ton. There are some very interestingmusic and graphics, and it's still morecomplicated than a typical videogame. In other words, you have tolearn how to do a few things andunderstand a few mechanisms on thescreen. Once you get those down,you know how to play

But learning how to become a goodplayer of the tournament game istotally different—by the time you'replaying for the fiftieth time, you'restill learning things about it. And alot of the basic rules of economics arecleverly concealed, so you learnthings like the learning curve theoryof production, economies of scale,basic supply and demand and bar-gaining, acquired resources and scar-city or controlling price through

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

95

market share, and collusion. It'sphenomenal how much is going on.Even so, when you start out it canbe very simple; in fact, you can doother things in the game to handicappeople. If, for example, you have anadult playing with a 10-year-old forthe first time, the child can be givena special character that has morepoints and has a longer turn, and theadult can be handicapped. The wayyou handicap adults is to make themhumanoids, and since the game takesplace on a foreign planet, youassume that its harsh climate affectsthe humans.

Simple, Hot, and Deepin Other SoftwareDo ideas like "simple" and "hot"apply to both educational and enter-tainment software?Yes. Anyone who tries to make adistinction between education andentertainment doesn't know the firstthing about either. I see the meat ofthis market in products that combineentertainment and education anddon't consciously try to separate thetwo. A part of our market is still purefun, and another part is pure learn-ing, but I think the meat of themarket is those two in combination.

We see two other parts of themarket as distinct. We call one "per-sonal development" just becausethat's a better way of describing theway an adult thinks about education.In more cases than not, you're in-dulging a particular intellectualcuriosity about how computers work,about music, art, chemistry or any-thing you feel like learning about ortinkering around with. A computeris a very interactive playmate for do-ing that.

The fourth market after entertain-ment, education, and personal devel-opment is home management. Thatdivides into information manage-ment and financial management. In-formation management includesword processing, retrieving informa-tion from other computers, and soon. And then there's financial man-agement, which includes things likehow to make financial planning deci-sions and how to figure out how tofinance a new house or get your taxes

paid.

Do you see those things as straight-forward business-like applicationsor as games as well?

I think there's a direction we can gothere, but people still fundamental-ly want to get the job done. I thinkwe can make the experience of get-ting the job done a lot more interest-ing.

Sound effects for bouncing checks?I think there probably will be some

We're trying to

encourage people like

Gahan Wilson to get

involved with the

computer because

they're in the business

of using an artistic

medium to evoke an

emotional response.

playfulness for that sort of thing, butit had better not get in the way of ef-ficiency. Simple applies equally wellacross all those categories. Hot alsoapplies equally well because you'retrying to figure out how to take whata specific computer can do and makeit as compelling as possible. Deepreally has more to do with whetheror not I find the bottom of the prod-uct quickly. Clearly, I don't want tofind the bottom of it quickly; I wantit to continue to be interesting, con-tinue to unfold.

We understand some of your pro-grams are going to involve interest-ing collaborations.We're trying to get people like GahanWilson involved with the computerbecause they're in the business of us-ing an artistic medium to evoke anemotional response. Most people incomputers haven't thought about themedium that way. We're really tryingto encourage that. I think it's goingto take a style of software develop-ment that's more accessible, whereprogramming is no longer exclusive-ly the province of the people whoknow how to handcraft assemblycode. People who know how tohandcraft assembly code seldom areas aesthetically oriented as Bill Budgeor as oriented toward emotion as a

great film director. You're going tostart to see more collaborative efforts.

Rock, Flicks,and Object Code

Every artist shapes a creation or per-formance around the capabilities of theequipment used. The musician must workwith vocal cords or the harmonics of aninstrument. The actor calls upon facialexpression, body movements, and the par-ticular characteristics of the film camera.The software programmer, too, mustshape a program to existing technology.But the personal computer goes one stepbeyond by allowing interactiveness. Aperformance becomes an integration of theuser, the programmer's software, and thehardware. Yet the programmer, unlike theperformer, takes a back seat to theinstrument—the computer—when itcomes to recognition. With the exceptionof a few famed instruments such as theStradivarius violin, praise for the equip-ment over the performer does not occuranywhere but in the software program-ming industry.

Still, the entertainment industry pro-vides parallels for the software industry.Both combine the skills of many peopleto produce a product—be it an album, amotion picture, or a program. Financialarrangements, however, vary consider-ably.

In the popular music industry, thesongwriter, the musician, and the pro-ducer generally get royalties. The musi-cian divides royalties with an agent, abusiness manager, a personal manager,and perhaps a public relations firm. Inthe motion picture industry, the companyis the producer. Screenwriters get fees orperhaps a small percentage of the film'searnings. The actor gets fees, a percent-age, or both, and usually pays some partof the earnings to an agent, a businessmanager, a publicity agent, and so on.

The software industry is different. Theprogrammer may be an employee whowrites code to implement someone else'sidea, or he may generate the original idea,the detailed design, and the code itself.In the latter case, the programmer can sellthe program for a flat fee, give it to apublisher in exchange for a royalty, orproduce copies and contract with a dis-tributor to sell to retail stores or directlyto users.

Trip Hawkins and Electronic Arts are

96 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

97

leaders in the movement to treat program-mers as artists and reward them accord-ingly. As Hawkins notes, however, theanalogy of the software business to showbusiness can easily be strained.

When did you get the idea toorganize this software house on adifferent model?

At Apple, while we were working onLisa. Lisa software was inhibited bythe need to have so many peoplesimultaneously in agreement. Thatwould be difficult regardless of thecollection of people involved.

It occurred to me that in film, tele-vision, books, and other forms ofentertainment media, artists all workkind of independently. And alreadyby that time there were certainly ex-amples of that in programming. BillBudge, for example, had done somespace games and then he worked forApple for six months.

I think a lot of software people haveplunged into building a huge soft-ware organization without realizingthe limits to growth that eventuallyyou're going to have to live with.What are those?

The "mythical man-month," for one.Nine women can't make a baby in amonth. And there comes a point ina software project where if you addmore people it'll never get done. AndI think that you have to find ways tokeep things decentralized. Ourmodel of the world is sort of theultimate in decentralization.

The question is, how can we makethese talented programmers and pro-gram designers who are workingscattered all over the world as pro-ductive as possible? Once we cananswer that, making the companygrow indefinitely is just a function offinding the best talent and leveragingit more effectively than someone elsecan.

We have all the advantages that gowith a small company. We can havea more personal relationship with theprogrammers. Apple certainly wasn'ta huge company, but it had a lot oftrouble, as many corporations do,dealing with the idea of putting thesoftware people on a pedestal andtreating them differently from every-one else. I realized, hey, they are dif-

ferent—let's put them up on apedestal.

Based on your view of home com-puters as a new medium and of pro-grammers as artists, how have youorganized Electronic Arts different-ly from other software houses?The most important department isthe talent department, and that'sstaffed with producers. Producers

Our producers are very

important people—

they're a little like

book editors, a little

like film producers, and

a lot like product

managers.

basically manage the relationshipwith the artist. They find the talent,work out product deals, get contractssigned, manage them, and bringthem to their conclusion. The pro-ducers do most of the things that aproduct manager does. They don't dothe marketing, which in some casesproduct managers do. They don'tmake decisions about packaging andmerchandising, but they do getinvolved.

They're like book editors, then?Yes, they're a little like book editors,a little bit like film producers, and alot like product managers. I think thebiggest time sink for a producer overthe full course of the product devel-opment is working with the softwareartist while he's finishing the soft-ware—turning around new releasesand getting the bugs eliminated andgetting manuals straightened out.Usually what happens on the man-ual is that the original artist will pro-vide something in some rough form,and the producer will figure out howto turn that into a final manual.Do producers get salaries?Yes, they're on salary. Some day,when it becomes really easy to figureout a measure of a producer's effec-tiveness, these people will get a pieceof the action. Their performance willbe based on how well the productsdo. I'm already trying to get them tothink like portfolio managers—youhave this much cash to invest in

terms of advances, and you've gotthis kind of bottom line to play within terms of what royalty percentageyou can give out, so how much canyou spend on the overall marketing,that sort of thing. The idea is to figureout how to produce the most revenuefrom that. And whether you want acouple of really expensive high-risk,high-reward possibilities, or some ofthose balanced with some inexpen-sive 18-year-olds and one more ex-pensive educational group or what-ever.

What are the producers' back-grounds?

We have five of them full-time rightnow. Three of them worked at Apple;in fact, two of them worked directlyfor me. One was product marketingmanager for all the Lisa software, andshe's very good at working with en-gineering people. The other two peo-ple from Apple had similar kinds ofreputations for being good at work-ing with engineering people. Oneproducer sold computers for IBMand then became an executiverecruiter. He signed Gahan Wilson.Our fifth producer, who came fromone of our competitors, AutomatedSimulations, was basically doing allof the company's product marketing.She's basically a social scientist.Are most of your contracts with in-dividuals or with groups?It's a range. You have guys like BillBudge who are individuals and thenyou have guys from a company likeChildware, where it's a group ofabout four. Then there's anothercategory where there might be onekey individual, somebody like DanBunten at Ozark Softscape or JonFreeman at Free Fall Associates. DanBunten's the guy who did Cartels andCutthroats, Cytron Master, and Com-puter Quarterback. He did thosepretty much on his own, but now hehas his brother and some otherfamily members involved, and theyset up a separate company.

Then you have people like JonFreeman. He specializes in design-game design, not even program de-sign. His wife, Anne Westfall, spe-cializes in program design. And thenthere are two other guys that theywork with; one is strictly a program-

98 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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99

mer, and the other is a combinationprogramme! and game designer, soit ^ a little bit of everything Actually,i guess right now the solo performersaie the exception We have only four01 five who can really work that independently

L)o you, like book publishers, getunsolicited products, unsoliciteddisks?

We do. We expect that their volumeis going to go up a lot once we're onthe market

Do you welcome that?Absolutely, although you tend tohave a very low hit rate about onein a hundred 01 worse I've alreadybeen through that at Apple, and RichMelmon. otu vice president for mar-keting, went through it at VisicorpWhen a programmer signs a contractwith you, how is it likely to makehis life different than if he were doing software on his own?Ii's a ceally big difference The guy totalk to about that would be Bill Budgebecause he recently was tunning hisown company 1 know in Bill's case,

there's a lot of time you spendanswering the phone, talking todistributors, getting orders, approv-ing artwork or packaging, gettinglabels printed, doing mailings todealers, just doing a whole lot of stuffthat I find interesting. People like Bill

In some situations nowwe're much happier tobe dealing withlawyers rather thanprogrammers becausethey don't get freaked-out when they first seea contract.

find it thoroughly tedious. Some pro-grammers out there enjoy it, and 1think in some cases it will prove tobe their downfall because they're notvery good at it, but they like it, andso they'll do a mediocre job both run-ning a company and trying to do thesoftware.Do you expect to be dealing with

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agents for programmers some day?

Sometimes we already do. They doexist. In some cases they're just _lawyers, but, depending on theamount of experience they have, theycan be very smart. There are situa-tions right now where we're muchhappier to be dealing with lawyersbecause they don't get freaked-outwhen they first see a contract.

Contracts with ProgrammersWhat are contracts with program-mers like now?

The typical software contract spendsmost of the time talking aboutmaintenance and support and stufflike that. Once the kind of softwarethat we buy from an outsider is done,it's done, so there's less emphasis onissues like support. There's more em-phasis, though, on the rights to dif-ferent kinds of things. So in fact it'sreally much more closely modeledafter a recording contract. We want tomake sure that if we ever want to do"greatest hits of 1983," we can put allthe programs on one disk.What about the fundamental finan-cial aspects of the contract?It really boils down to a royalty rateon products that we manufacture,which is the market range, typically10 to 20 percent of the wholesalerevenue. Some manufacturers aremore out of sync with the marketthan others, but I think over the nextyear the rates will become reasonablystandard, the same way they are inthe record business. Right nowthey're still all over the map.How does the range in software com-pare with what's available in books?We don't actually encourage toomuch of a range. So much of ourbusiness is driven by percentages ofsales that you can't really justify pay-ing a much higher percentage of salesto one guy than another guy. Whatyou're really looking for is highertotal revenue on a better product. Ifyou look at our marketing costs, salescommissions, things like rack servic-ing fees and administrative and R&Dbudgets, they all tend to be set up asa percentage of sales. What you'rereally looking for in a big hit productis something that is going to do somuch more sales volume that all of

100 October 1983 © BY'Ih Publications Inc

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those percentages start to work inyour favor.

So all your programmers will be get-ting the same royalty?

No, I wasn't trying to suggest that. Acertain amount is a function ofbargaining and a certain amount isjust a function of what we think isfair. The rates are not widelydisparate. The thing that does changeis the amount of the advance, andthat's a function of the track recordof the software artist. If he or shereally has a strong track record or ifthe software development methodused is clearly more expensive thansomebody else's, but we think it's theright method, then we're going to payfor it.

For example, right now we're work-ing with Childware, a group that spe-cializes in educational software.When people from the companycame in and showed us their firstscript, it was something like 32 pro-fessionally drawn pictures on a story-board. That kind of richness of com-munication is going to cost you.

Some of these groups now have astaff graphic artist and a staff musi-cian, and they'll have certain ex-penses built into the way they do thedevelopment.

One other point I wanted to makeabout the royalties is that we dividethings into three categories. There areroyalty rates on products that we areactually manufacturing. There aretwo subcategories there. One is prod-ucts where the programming is doneby the original artist, who gets aresidual royalty rate. If it's a derivativeversion that's on a machine in whichthe artist did not do the original pro-gramming, he still gets some royal-ty, and that's worked out.

The second category is licenses. Forexample, the Bolivian governmentsays, "We'll pay you $100,000 just forthe rights to convert Pinball Con-struction Set to Bolivian." If there's astraight license, a much higher per-centage of that goes to the artistbecause we don't have to do anymanufacturing and distribution.

The third category really has more

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Research and DevelopmentYou also have a research and devel-opment department. With the soft-ware written mostly outside, whatdoes the research and developmentdepartment do?

Develop proprietary software toolsthat our software artists can use tobuild products faster and to buildproducts that they couldn't build ontheir own.

Utilities that construct graphics fora particular machine?Let me talk short term and then longterm. In the short term there arethings like software theft protection,assistance in getting up on a machinethat the particular artist is not familiarwith, and assistance with sound. It'smore the nuts and bolts kind of thingright now.

In the long term, we're going to puttogether a workstation that is specif-ically designed for creating the kindof software that we want to create.And the development system willhave things like languages and de-bugging tools and compilers, and it'llhave a lot more memory and a lotmore processing power than any ofthe machines that the consumer isultimately going to own, today or inthe future.

You're developing your own com-pilers?

We're not necessarily doing all of thedevelopment work ourselves. But wealready have a FORTH compiler thatruns on all four of our target ma-chines for this year—the Apple, theAtari, the Commodore 64, and theIBM PC. We're bringing it up on ourfirst version of the developmentsystem. We might have toolkits forsound and graphics, and so on.i

Phil Lemmons is BYTE's West Coast BureauChief. Barbara Robertson is West Coast TechnicalEditor. They can be reached at McGraw-Hill, 425Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

102 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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104 BYTE October 1983

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In all cases, we're interested in "friendly"software—with emphasis on quality and wideappeal. Programs with the greatest chanceof being published must be easy to use, offera better way to accomplish a task and providesomething special to the user.

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BYTE October 1983 105

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106 BYTE October 1983

Circle 221 on inquiry card.

User's Column

New Computers, Boards,Languages, and Other Tidbits

What may be a revolutionary medical program highlights this

month's potpourri

I'm writing a lot of this on myOtrona in a San Jose hotel room. Idon't quite know where the month ofJune went. Actually, I do: twospeeches, a convention, and a lot ofwork on my novel. Make that threespeeches.

Fortunately, there's a lot to writeabout. Of course, when you'rewriting about the micro business,there's always a lot to write about.

For example: Modula-2/86 is here.The version I have just now runs onthe IBM PC under CP/M-86; by thetime you read this, there should beothers. The Logitech version includessource code (in Modula-2, of course)for KEYBOARD.MOD and DISPLAY.MOD, which are the modules thatdefine the keyboards and display; byfooling about with them, you canmake Modula-2 work with a numberof PC work-alikes.

You can be sure I'll have more tosay about Modula-2.

Something Really Wonderful

I like to give speeches. Most writersdo, and as a former professor I oftenmiss my classroom. I simply don'thave the time to do it as often as Iwould like.

I particularly like to give speechesat conferences because I get to meetthe other speakers and I learn thingsit might take me years to discoverotherwise. That happened not long

by Jerry Pournelle

ago at a physicians' conference inVail, Colorado: I saw a real vision ofthe future of the micro.

I was supposed to speak at 0900, anhour I don't much care for. Physiciansapparently are much earlier risersthan I, for they were supposed tohave a speaker at 0830. She was sen-sible, though, and presumed it a mis-print, so they didn't have anyone atthat ghastly hour. Rather than wastetheir time, they invited the next day'sspeaker to begin. He turned out to beDr. Lawrence Weed, and he hadn'tfinished when I arrived. I thusdiscovered by accident the most ex-citing computer program I've seenthis year.

The official name is Problem-Knowledge Coupler. I'd be more like-ly to call it "Diagnosis by Computer"or an "Auto-Doc." The interestingthing is that the night before I wasdiscussing the possibility that "some-day" there would be computer pro-grams to assist in diagnosis, andseveral physicians and I agreed thatday would not come soon.

We were wrong. The Problem-Knowledge Coupler (PKC) is hereright now. Dr. Weed demonstrated itto a fascinated group of physicians.Although most were pleased to seeit, one medical student was terrified."What is there for us to do if themachines can do it all?" he asked.

Of course, the PKC doesn't "do it

all," but it sure does a lot.

It is common knowledge that a pa-tient's medical record is the singlemost important diagnostic tool avail-able to a physician. A case historyplus a good description of symptomsare vital to meaningful understand-ing. The PKC makes use of this.

A PKC is, of course, a computerprogram. The patient enters as muchof his case history and symptoms aspossible in response to a series ofquestions asked by the program. I'mtold this can be done as a dialoguebetween patient and machine, butI'm sure it's a lot smoother ifmediated by a medical professional,such as an office nurse.

Other information, such as bloodpressure, pulse, and the like, can beentered by the nurse or the physi-cian. When it's all done, the programoffers a list of possible causes.

Note that the machine hasn't"made a diagnosis." It doesn't evenpresent a weighted list; it merelygives all it knows about what couldhave caused the patient's problems.The physician is free to use intuition,leap to conclusions, order furthertests, or do anything else that seemsindicated.

It's possible that the physicianknows of causes that the machinehasn't listed, in which case the pro-gram should be updated. Accordingto Larry Weed, however, that's not

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 107

the typical situation.

Consider: we're dealing with a lotof symptoms and indicators. Age,weight, sex, presence or absence offacial hair, blood pressure, somatictype, hereditary factors, diet, previ-ous operations—all these can be im-portant. According to Dr. Weed, aphysician generally has to thinkabout as many as 40 indicators.Meanwhile, dozens of possiblecauses may exist, all linked to thevarious symptoms in highly complexways.

Medical diagnosis approaches fun-damental limits to human capabili-ties. Weed demonstrated this by giv-ing the audience a list of symptomsand asking for possible diagnoses.The conference, with more than 40physicians, could come up with nomore than a dozen possibilities; thecomputer program knew of 28.

Clearly, a physician plus Problem-Knowledge Coupler will be more ef-fective than the physician alone, andthe more obscure the problem, themore likely this is to be true.

What really astounded me is thatthe program runs on microcom-puters. Dr. Weed has versions forCP/M 2.2 on the North Star Advan-tage and the IBM PC. It should beeasily adaptable to other CP/Msystems.

Aye, There's the Rub

Now comes the disclaimer. I amnot a physician. My doctorates are inother fields entirely. Clearly, then, Iam not competent to evaluate themedical effectiveness of Larry Weed'scomputer programs.

The programs are certainly easy touse. They seem to run withoutglitches. I say "seem to" only becauseI've yet to do any exhaustive testing,although I intend to.

I spent a lot of time with LarryWeed, including taking part in adialogue discussion with the entiregroup, and I was much impressed.Weed has solid academic and medi-cal credentials. He's also fond ofpointing out that major leaguebaseball teams and professional

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opera companies do not make use ofcredentials when hiring talent. Per-formance organizations want to seewhat recruits can do, not whatthey've been taught.

Weed wants his PKC judged onthat basis—and of course I can't do it.I haven't the credentials. I can onlyoffer observations.

I've seen the program work withtest cases. I've watched it list outprobable diagnoses, each accom-panied by a reference to a medicaltext. I've seen it list everything a roomfull of physicians thought of, thenadd some they hadn't consideredbut which when put to them werepronounced both reasonable andpossible.

I haven't seen it "verified," nor canI think of a way the program couldbe verified. In particular, there's ob-viously no way to be certain that theprogram will list every possible causeof a particular patient's difficulties. Ido think, though, that the programcould be of great value to physicians.

My view isn't universal. Somephysicians I've spoken with are hor-rified, and a few have said the pro-grams are "demeaning." I fail tounderstand why. No one thinkschecklists are demeaning; how is itdifferent when the checklist is put ona machine? No one thinks referencelibraries are demeaning, and every-one insists that reference books haveindexes. The PKC looks to me like avery good index.

In any event, I found the programsfascinating, and I'll have more on thesubject in a later column. Meanwhile,I'd appreciate comments from thosewith medical qualifications.

Kaypro versus Osborne

When I give talks, there's one ques-tion I get fairly often: which do Irecommend, Kaypro or Osborne? Aswith most questions, the answer is,"It depends." They're both good ma-chines. When the Kaypro first cameout, the Osborne software packagewas clearly superior to the Kaypro's;that's no longer true. The Kaypro 4(which is in essence the originalKaypro II with double-sided disks)comes with an excellent selection ofsoftware.

108 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Book of Apple Software . $16 75

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Benji Space Rescue D.$29.75Home Manager C/D .. .$39.75

Cardprinter / LQ1 $499.00

Cardprint DM1 $109 00

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In-stock items shipped within 24 hours of order Persona!checks require four weeks clearance before shipping. NodeposltonC O.D orders Freeshipping on prepaidcashciderswithin the continental U.S PA residents add sales tax Allproducts subject to availability 3nd price chanqp Advertisedprices show 4% disccurt offered fa; cash, ndd 4%. foi Ms'ifjCard or Visa DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED.

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BYTE October 1983 109

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On the other hand, the OsborneExecutive comes with much intro-ductory material and a powerful soft-ware package, plus the possibility ofupdates to compatibility with theIBM PC, an option the Kayprodoesn't have. Osborne also has awidespread network of dealers andservice centers; more than Kaypro asof this writing. That, too, is subjectto change and could be different bythe time you read this.

I have experience with both ma-chines: I had a very early copy ofboth the Osborne 1 and the KayproII. Each had its problems, but allthose difficulties were fixable. Theearly Kaypro II had some softwareproblems that caused excessive diskwear. The early Osborne 1 had othertroubles, particularly with the key-boards. In both cases the problemshave been revised out of the later-production machines. I still have myold Osborne 1, and it does yeomanservice as a loan-out machine; BarryWorkman ended up buying (fromKaypro Corporation) my old KayproII. He has a special program that letsit read a wide selection of disk for-mats, and it has become a workhorsefor his operation. Neither machinehas required what I'd call excessivemaintenance. They've both had theirout-of-service periods, but nothing Iwouldn't expect given their hardusage.

Thus, I have no trouble recom-mending either the Osborne 1 orKaypro II as a first machine for some-one with a low budget. Neitherwould be my first choice if I could af-ford more, but both are more thanadequate as word processors andgeneral-purpose computers forwriters and small-business owners.

By the time you read this, however,you may not be able to find anOsborne 1; they don't make themanymore. They recently dropped theprice to $1295, and while they last,that's a pretty good deal. Some doappear on the used market. I'venever advised anyone to buy a usedcomputer. Given that this computerno longer exists, there's not a lot ofcompetition down at the low end ofthe "transportable" professional com-puter price scale.

110 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 147 on inquiry card.

THE EASY CHOICE

Best Separate Compilation — Best Error Handling — Best Implementation on a Small Computer

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"They're (RRS) honest to a fault, so they call theirlanguage JANUS; but its more nearly Ada than any othermicrocomputer implementation I know of... I watchedsome of the demonstrations and it works."Jerry Pournelle, Byte

Encouragement of this kind deserves a just reward;we now intend to complete our compiler and submitit for validation.

Our Ada line is available on the following operatingsystems: CP/M, CP/M-86, MS-DOS, PC-DOS andCCP/M-86

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BYTE October 1983 HI

Kaypro 4 versusOsborne Executive

Either the Kaypro or the Osborneis satisfactory as a first computer.They're both competitive with any-thing else in their price range. Myexperiences with them are a bitlimited, but so far neither has givenme any trouble, and both are notableimprovements over the earliermodels—so much so that I urgeanyone comtemplating a firstmachine to try to spring for the extrabucks to get the Executive or Kaypro4 rather than the Osborne 1 orKaypro II.

The Executive has true compositevideo output: you can plug it direct-

ly into a monitor (but not a TV). Ifyou want to use the Executive todrive a TV set for demonstrations orsimply because you want a largerscreen, you'll need an RF modulator.The Kaypro machines do not haveany external video output. On theother hand, the screens for both theExecutive and the Kaypro machinesare adequate, although if I were do-ing a lot of work with either, I'd wantsomething bigger

The Executive has a much nicerscreen, and the character set is morepleasing. These are matters of taste,of course, and not everyone wouldagree with me.

Neither the Osborne Executive nor

the Kaypro can be described as por-table. "Transportable," yes; but notportable. Both weigh the same: toomuch (about 28 pounds stripped). Ialready have arms like an orangutanfrom carrying the Otrona Attache.(That machine weighs only 18pounds, but with disks, power cord,documents, and shoulder-strapcarrying case the entire mess comesto about 25 pounds; I'd be smarter toput most of the documents in mychecked luggage.) Alex and I havecarried both Osborne and Kaypromachines all across the country; youcan do it, if you have to, although youwon't enjoy it.The Executive has single-sided

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double-density disks (180K bytes perdisk); the Kaypro 4 has full double-sided disks, for a full 380K bytes oneach. This is probably the mostsignificant hardware difference be-tween the two.

The Executive has two serial outputports and one parallel port that canbe either IEEE-488 or Centronics(printer) compatible. Kaypro ma-chines have one serial port and oneCentronics port.

The real difference between themachines shows up in packaging andsoftware. The Kaypro was designedby engineers and looks it. Alas, sowere most of the Kaypro documents.The latest ones are a vast improve-

ment over the ones that came withthe first machines, but they stillassume you're willing to learn a goodbit about CP/M and that you want toknow things about your computer.Example: whenever your Kayprodoes a warm boot, it tells you so byprinting the words "warm boot" onthe screen. Users not familiar withCP/M react to this in various ways,some of which can be ribald.

The Osborne "philosophy" is thatmost computer users know little andcare less about the way computerswork; Adam Osborne would rathercommit seppuku with a printed-circuit board than gratuitously tell hisusers that the machine has done a

"warm boot." The Executive runsvanilla CP/M+ (3.0). The Osbornedocuments assume you don't knowwhat that is and go from there.(When you turn the machine on witha Wordstar disk in it, the Osborneassumes you want to run Wordstarand brings that up; you never seeCP/M unless you want to.)

Osborne's software package in-cludes a number of industry stan-dards, such as Supercalc and, ofcourse, Wordstar. There's also Micro-soft MBASIC, Digital's CBASIC, anda run-time disk that will let you runprograms written in UCSD Pascal(but not write them; you'd have tobuy that separately). Also included

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highlight your data, ideas andconclusions, our Chart-Master™graphics software is available todo the job.)

Sign-Master can also be usedto create effective instructionmaterials, bulletin board an-

nouncements and direct mailpieces that demand attention.To generate real impact, Sign-Master word charts can be as col-orful as you like, depending on theplotter you use. And you can beas creative as you like by capital-

izing or italicizing a single charac-ter, a single word, or an entire lineat the touch of a button. In addi-tion, margins can be justified left,right or centered.

Best of all, Sign-Master's on-line instructions, power and vari-ety of options make you a "SignMaster" without special training.

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Software Designed for Decision Makers

Program

8-MHz 8087

5-MHz 8087

8-MHz

processor (no

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5-MHz processor

Test

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9.87 sec.

3 min.,53 sec.

6 min.,12 sec.

Mat20X

4,44 sec.

7.24 sec.

1 min.,11.96 sec.

1 min.,51 sec.

Mat50xTable 1:

1 min., 1 min.,3.5 sec. 41 sec.

Benchmark tests for the 8087

17 min.,52 sec.

Systems Support Board.

27 min.,38.7 sec.

is Personal Pearl—six disks' worth.Pearl is a "program writing program";in practice that means you can writefi]e-manager programs with it. If youwork at it, you can write some prettysophisticated stuff.

The Kaypro package is interesting.You have a choice of Perfect Writer orWordstar; either way you get WayneHolder's The Word Plus, the bestspelling program I know of. ThePerfect package includes PerfectWriter, Speller, Filer, and Calc.There's also Chang Lab's Profitplan,a spreadsheet something like Perfect-calc. It's not as good as Supercalc.The package now includes MBASICand an off-brand BASIC calledSBASIC (which is something likeCBASIC in both speed and programstructure).

In other words, the software pack-ages are comparable. The real dif-ference between Kaypro andOsborne is philosophical. If com-puters scare you but you can't livewithout them, Osborne is clearly thebetter way to go. If you're willing tolive with ambiguities and you'recurious about small computers, theKaypro may be more appealing.

They're both good machines.

That's Fast!

Jim Hudson has revised his 8087math board; it now plugs directly in-to a Compupro 8085/8088 Dual Pro-cessor without modifications to theCompupro board. The board was re-worked by Compupro, then redoneagain by Hudson, who tends to besomething of a perfectionist.

The problem with the 8087 "mathcruncher" chip is that it runs at 5

MHz (or 5 million cycles per second).That's somewhat slower than the 8MHz of the 8088 processor ("brain")chip; the result is that if you want theextra math processing speed of the8087, you have to slow the wholesystem down. This used to requiremodifications to the 8085/8088 pro-cessor board. Hudson's new boardtakes care of it without those modi-fications.

To install Hudson's math board,you must remove the 8088 chip fromyour processor, plug his board inwhere your chip used to be, and plugyour chip into the empty socket onhis board. Two pins on his board in-teract with the original Compuproprocessor board to slow it downwithout your having to do anythingelse.

You wouldn't think it would beworth the effort to slow your systemdown, but if you have many calcula-tions to make, it's not only worth-while, it's necessary. The speed im-provements are shown in table 1.Two benchmark tests are included inthis table: 32,000 mathematical oper-ations (program Test) and the matrixfilling and multiplication "bench-mark of sorts" I first described in myOctober 1982 BYTE column. As youexpect, "Mat20x" fills and multiplies20 by 20 matrices; the "Mat50x" timesare for 50 by 50 matrices.

As you can see, adding the 8087makes for dramatic speed improve-ments, even though you've slowedthe whole system from 8 MHz to 5MHz. For the past six months, I'verun my system at the slower speed inorder to take advantage of the 8087.

It's even nicer if you can get an

8-MHz 8087. Intel, which makes thechip, was kind enough to supply onefor my system. Hudson's board is de-signed to let you update by simplysnipping off two small pins (it's ex-plained fully in Hudson's docu-ments); that will put your 8088 backup to 8 MHz after you get the faster8087 chip. Intel's people say they'll beable to supply 8-MHz 8087 chips inquantity toward the end of 1983,possibly by the time you read this.

We put the 8-MHz 8087 in my sys-tem and speeded the 8088 back up to8 MHz. The speed improvement isnoticeable. There's also an improve-ment in disk operation speeds evenwhen running 8-bit software with the8085. My engineer friends tell methat's impossible. All I can say is thatit seems faster.

There's not a lot of software that canmake use of the 8087, but there'smore than I would have supposed.Digital Research supplies 8087 pack-ages with both Pascal MT+/86 and itsC86 compilers. In addition, Digital'sASM86 assembler comes with8087. LIB, a package of 8087 supportroutines. Supersoft advertises a FOR-TRAN 86 with 8087 support capabili-ty. Logitech's Modula-2 will have 8087support modules.

Finally, Jim Hudson's piggyback8087 board normally has no effect onthe 8085 (8-bit) half of a dual pro-cessor, but there can be exceptions,as with Jack Hersh's FORTRAN 80-87software reviewed below.

As I was writing this, Jim Hudsoncalled to say that he has a version ofthe 8087 board for the NEC PersonalComputer, and he expects to haveone for the Zenith Z-100 by the timethis is published. If you crunchnumbers, this is a must.

Speed, Precision . . .

The 8087, and especially the 8-MHz8087, will have a larger impact on themicro community than you mightthink.

Because 8-bit machines are so veryslow in operations involving high-precision numbers, a great deal of the8-bit software has been written to useonly single precision. The 8087 isn'tparticularly efficient at single-pre-cision calculations, so for much soft-

114 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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ANADEX, INC. • 9825 De Soto Avenue • Chatsworth, California 91311, U.S.A. • Telephone: (213) 998-8010 • TWX 910-494-2761U.S. Sales Offices: San Jose, CA (408) 247-3933* Irvine, CA (714) 557-0457'Schiller Park, I L(312) 671-1717 •Wakefield, MA (617) 245-9160Hauppauge, New York, Phone: (516) 435-0222 • Atlanta, Georgia, Phone: (404) 255-8006 • Austin, Texas, Phone: (512) 327-5250ANADEX, LTD. • Weaver House, Station Road • Hook, Basingstoke, Hants RG27 9JY, England • Tel: Hook (025672) 3401 • Telex: 858762 ANADEX GANADEX GmbH • Behringstrasse 5 • 8752 Mainaschaff • Frankfurt, W. Germany • Tel: 011-49-06021-7225 • Telex: 4188347

Circle 35 on inquiry card. BYTE October 1983 115

ware written for, say, the Z80, there'sonly a gain of a factor of 3 to 4 if youput an 8087 in the loop.

If you use double precision, there'sa gain of perhaps 500.

Thus, older micro programs maynot be much improved, but if youwant double precision (or greater)from a micro, there's a way to do it,provided you can work in FOR-TRAN. While I was at Jim Hudson'shouse, Jack Hersh came in.

People in the micro world tend tohave nonmicro origins. Jim Hudson,for example, was an anthropologymajor in college and ended up work-ing for Intel through a chain of coin-cidences. Similarly, Jack Hershstarted off to be a philosopher buthas become a computer whiz. Hemarkets his stuff under the nameAvant-Code.

Hersh has written a series of librarymodules for Microsoft's FORTRANF-80. You write a normal double-pre-cision program in FORTRAN andlink in his modules with Microsoft'sL-80 linker (which is supplied with its

FORTRAN).

Of course, that won't work on justany system. You need a CompuproDual Processor with Jim Hudson's

8087 board attached. In addition, youmust have the Compupro SystemsSupport Board, and you must runthe system under the Compuprostandard CBIOS (customized basicinput/output system). Hersh's pro-gram runs fine with M-Drive/Hpseudo disks, but it won't work withthe earlier M-Drive or Warp Drivesystem.

What's happening, of course, isthat although FORTRAN F-80 usesonly the 8085 part of a CompuproDual Processor Board, Hersh's rou-tines wake up the normally dormant

8088 chip and induce it to do themanagement necessary to coordinatethings for the 8087 chip. In order todo that, you need some extra mem-ory. There's a slot for that memory onthe Compupro Systems SupportBoard; Hersh supplies the memorychip to plug into the usually emptysocket.

It all sounds complex, but in prac-tice it's easy enough to install anduse, and if you have a lot of double-precision numbers to crunch andmust use 8-bit software, it's worthlooking into.

Jazz Up Your Z-19

The Heath/Zenith Z-19 is a goodterminal but has some problems. Forone thing, if you try to run it at areally high speed—say at 19,200 bps-it drops characters and otherwisegives me trouble.

Some time ago I was sent a simplefix for that. The Super-19 from Ex-tended Technology Systems does thejob nicely. For 50 bucks you get a newROM (read-only memory) chip andsome instructions on how to installit. The whole job, including figuringout how to remove the cover from theZ-19 if you've never done it before,takes no more than 10 minutes for aslow worker.

The documents say that you canrun the Z-19 at 38.4 kbps, but ourswouldn't run that fast. It goes at 19.2

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116 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 103 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

117

without a glitch, though. TheSuper-19 got a very extended testwhen Alex took the Z-19 terminal(with the Super-19 in it) off to UCSD(the school, not the system) last fall,and we both forgot to mention it inprevious columns. Alex has had thisinstalled as part of Helen (his CCSZ80 system) for months, with noproblems, and he says he'd never goback to 9600 bps now. Recom-mended.

A Glitch or Two

The Z-19 with Super-19 won't runat 38.4 kbps for the same reason thatyou can have trouble running theHeath/Zenith Z-29 terminal at 19.2kbps. The cables are very sensitive toelectrical noise.

In fact, if you want to run the Z-29at 19.2, you must use the cables sup-plied with the machine, and don't ex-tend them. Otherwise, the machinecan sometimes drop characters. Thiscan have dramatic results dependingon the character dropped; leavingthings out of a command string isalways inconvenient and often dis-astrous.

It's a good general principle: ifyou're trying to run things up towardtheir limits, pay a lot of attention tocables and cable connectors, andkeep all the lines as short as possi-ble. This is only common sense, butit's sense that's too often ignored.

As long as you pay attention to thecables, the Z-29 works fine at 19.2,and we still like it a lot.

Slowly but Surely . . .

A recent letter from Canada com-plains that the Compupro 8086/8087board doesn't seem to run muchfaster than a Z80. My correspondentthought this impossible. I put theproblem to Tony Pietsch, and tonightI got his report.

Much of the 8086 software, includ-ing the BIOS supplied by Compupro,is thinly reworked 8085 (8-bit) stuff.Some was hurriedly translated. Theresult is fast machines with v-e-r-ys-J-o-w software.

Help is on the way. Tony has begunrewriting all the Compupro BlOSesand is slowly working his waythrough all the products. He recent-

ly finished a new BIOS for the DualProcessor. I installed it tonight, andit speeds things up something won-derful. By the time you read this, theBIOS I use, including all the friend-ly little touches like recovering fromsome CP/M BDOS (basic disk operat-ing system) errors, will be standardwith Compupro equipment.

It does point up a problem: if youwant the absolutely latest state-of-the-art hardware, you may have toeither write your own software or putup with something not so fine for awhile. On the other hand, what Ithink of as "not so good" often turnsout to be better than what most peo-ple think is "standard," and whenyou have really high performancehardware, you can be certain thatsomeone will eventually developsoftware worthy of it.

Sweet Adeline

Alas, poor Adelle, my very lowserial number Otrona, is no longerwith me. She developed some prob-lems with the disk speed regulator.Under ordinary circumstances, she'dhave gone to an Otrona dealer to befixed. The dealers simply swap outmodular parts until the machineworks again. This is easy enoughbecause the Otrona is very modularin construction, and a very inexperi-enced technician can swap assem-blies.

However, in my case Otrona triedfixing things under time pressure—Iwas always about to leave for some-where—and with a minimum of in-convenience to me, meaning thatJudy Seelig, from CTI (which repre-sents Otrona in my area), wouldcome out to Chaos Manor with newdrives, new data separator chips, newsoftware, etc., and see if that didn'tsolve the problem.

Adelle was an older machine. She'dbeen on more than a dozen trips withme, including a long train trip in Italy.All these changes were designed tobring her up to date so that she'd besimilar to what Otrona is shippingnow.

Sigh; while the improvementswere obvious, none of those mea-sures solved the disk speed problem.The wizards at Otrona concluded

that the problem was with the diskcontroller chip itself, but by thenJudy had had enough of driving outhere every Saturday morning. Shecame one last time and swappedAdeline for Adelle. Then, beforeAdelle went back to the factory, Judytook some of the parts, like thescreen, to swap into her own system:Judy's Otrona is even older thanAdelle.

Thus I'm writing this on Adeline,who has been with me to all myspeeches and conventions thismonth and has also been in nearlyconstant use as an auxiliary machineat home. No hitches, no glitches, noproblems.

I can continue to recommend theOtrona Attache as both sophisticatedand reliable. The machine is easy touse, the keyboard is reconfigurable(we have one disk set up to changethe keyboard into one optimized forthe WRITE text editor we favor), andthe software package is very good. Icarry mine to all my conferences andspeeches, and just about everyone isimpressed. They particularly like theCharton graphics package that comeswith the Otrona.

Personal Basic

The war between Digital Researchand Microsoft continues. DR isheating it up with Personal Basic,which is an interpretive BASIC forCP/M-86 and MS-DOS.

Persona] Basic is a lot like Micro-soft's MBASIC. That's not a coinci-dence.

On the other hand, it isn't iden-tical. Some of the differences aresignificant. Others are simply annoy-ing.

The most annoying is that there'sno FILES statement in Personal Basic.Thus you cannot get a list of disk filesfrom within a BASIC program. Thisseems very odd; surely Digital Re-search of all firms would know howto implement it. Digital's CBASICand CB-80 don't have the featureeither; I wonder if it's a policy?

I send copies of the column to thepeople affected. The man who wrotePersonal Basic just called in someanxiety. The proper statement is DIR,which is what CP/M uses. In my

118 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

micro/SPFeducates micros

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PC-DOS and IBM are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Company. CP/M-86 is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.

Circle 366 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 119

defense, that was not listed underFILES, COMMANDS, or NAMES inthe index.

A big difference between PersonalBasic and MBASIC is the way pro-grams are stored. MBASIC wants youto do

SAVE "D: Filename" orSAVE "D:Filename.ASC",A

In the first line, the file would bestored as a .BAS file, and the storageformat would be binary; this has ad-vantages in storage space and speed

of loading. The second line wouldproduce art .ASC file that would bein ASCII characters, i.e., somethingreadable by people as well asmachines. To recover a program, youLOAD it:

LOAD "Filename"

Personal Basic wants you to do

SAVE Filename

in order to save a program. It will bestored as Filename.BAS and will be

act

improve

effect

enable

excel

SYSTEMS CORPORATION

655 Redwood Highway Suite 311 Mill Valley, Ca. 94941Software to be released December 1983 through selected Distributors.

in ASCII format; there is no provisionfor storing programs in binaryformat.

To get a Personal Basic programback, you don't LOAD; you type

OLD Filename

and if you alter the program andwant to save it, you type

REPLACE Filename

I suppose there's nothing wrongwith doing things this way; indeed,I recall being pretty tired of gettingsyntax errors when I didn't put thequote marks around a program namefor LOAD or SAVE operations.

A lot of the differences between DRPersonal Basic and MicrosoftMBASIC are like that: possibly im-provements, but not dramatic im-provements; and they do take gettingused to. The editing feature is verydifferent. As of this moment I don'tlike DR's as much as Microsoft's, al-though I'm prepared to be convincedit's mostly a matter of what I'm usedto, because it has some nice featuresnot found in the MBASIC statementeditor.

There are other differences. Takeerror messages, for example. If youtype something incomprehensible,MBASIC prints the message "SYN-TAX ERROR." Personal Basic prints"Something is wrong," which doesn'tseem a great deal more helpful; how-ever, Personal Basic also puts a smallcaret (-) at the point in your com-mand line where the interpreter gotlost. This can be useful.

The best and worst parts aboutDigital's Personal Basic are the docu-ments.

The best part is a tutorial thatteaches a fair amount about BASICfor people who've done zero BASICprogramming. It's well written andreasonably well indexed, but it's notcomplete and doesn't tell much aboutadvanced features like random-access files.

The tutorial is well written inEnglish, but that's not true for thereference manual. While better thanthe old Digital Research documents(the ones translated into binary and

120 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 539 on inquiry card.

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then Swahili before beingretranslated into English), this onereally isn't very good. Worse, it getstruly obscure as soon as it tacklessubjects too advanced for the tutorial.

Example: random-access files.

In order to have random-accessfiles on a disk, each file must beexactly the same length. Let's sup-pose each file is 50 bytes long; to findrecord number 30, the program needonly figure out where the 1500th byteis stored in that file; it goes and getsit and presents bytes 1501-1550.Similarly, if you want to alter the thir-tieth record, the program writes thenew 50-byte record in where bytes1501-1550 were on the disk. This isn'tparticularly simple for the program,but it's easy for the programmer.

The problem comes when youspecify what those 50 bytes are, andit's particularly tough if you want tocompress the data.

Data compression is complicated,but it does save time and disk space.Consider: a single "word" for an 8-bitcomputer consists of 2 bytes. It can

take all values between 0 and 65,535(or if we allow negative integers, be-tween -32,768 and +32,767, more orless).

Suppose I have two integers, II =2366 and 12 = 786, and I want to storethem. What must I do?

If I store them in ASCII (human-readable) form, that will take 7 bytes;in addition, I will need a byte toseparate the two numbers and an-other to separate the second numberfrom any data following it. That's 9bytes so far. This is the way CBASICstores integers. It wastes space, butit's simple.

On the other hand, if I compressthe data, I can do it all in 4 bytes: 2for each integer. This requires twothings: a routine that will convert myintegers into binary (and back) and away to tell my program that the first4 bytes in a record are two integers.

Both Microsoft MBASIC and Digi-tal Research Personal Basic do this.They do it in a slightly different way;Digital then thoughtfully supplies anoption that allows you to read and

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write compressed data in the sameformat as Microsoft.

Both recover compressed datathrough use of the dreaded FIELDstatement. The FIELD statement isn'tall that awful once you understandthe theory. In our example above, forinstance, the FIELD statement wouldbe

FIELD #8, 2 as 11$, 2 as 12$

because we are going to store two in-tegers, and each requires 2 bytes forstorage. We've made a sort of map.

Now we have to convert II and 12into strings. A special function con-verts integers to 2-byte strings(MKI$). Of course they're not realstrings; what they really are is binarynumbers. They can't be real stringsbecause they might contain goofynumbers such as 07 (which the com-puter interprets as a command to ringthe bell). However, they're stored asstrings and recovered that way.

We shove them into a record thatis controlled through use of this par-ticular FIELD associated with a par-ticular file (#8 in this case). When werecover those numbers, the value of11$ will be our original integer 2366.A special function (CVI) can converta 2-byte "string" into an integer, andwe use it: II = CVI(I1$).

You can have more than oneFIELD. If this is confusing, don'tworry about it. It's going to get worse.

Digital Research now tells us:"Reallocating field space does notcancel the original mapping; rather,the two maps coexist. For example, ifyou specify

FIELD #10, 20 AS X$, 40 AS Z$,10 AS Y$

and

FIELD #10, 70 AS N$

the first 20 bytesthe next 40 also10 also in Y$.

"Do not usestatement withdeclared in aOtherwise, themoves to stringthe buffer."

of N$ are also in X$,in Z$, and the final

an INPUT or LET

a variable that was

FIELD statement.

variable's pointer

space instead of to

122 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 71 on inquiry card.

NOVATION CATS*VS. HAYES

Take a close look at both andyou'll discover the Novation Smart-Cat™ modems give you everythingyou get with the Hayes Smartmodem—plus some critical extras.OFF-THE-SHELF SOFTWARE

It's a draw. There's a lot of softwarefor both.

For the Smart-Cats, there's ASCIIExpress "The Pro,""1 Crosstalk 16,™Transend1M and more that let you dovirtually anything you'd like. Nocompromises.

ONLY ON THE CATSInstant status report

Place a call and your Smart-Catknows what's going on every micro-second. Fail to get a dial tone.7 YourSmart-Cat tells you right now. WithHayes, you can wait through an en-tire call-answer cycle—then wonderwhat went wrong.Dial tone detect on long distance

With special long distance tele-phone services, you must wait fordial tone part way through a long

dialing sequence. The Hayes modemrelies on a pause—which works ifthings go just right. Smart-Cat waits,detects the tone, then completes dial-ing. It always works.True, automatic "redialing"

The Hayes modem gives you asimple Repeat of the last command.Enter another command since youlast dialed and you've lost thenumber.

Smart-Cats give you both Redialand Retry Redial calls the last numberdialed no matter what has happenedin between.

Retry keeps retrying on a busysignal. A handy time-saver.Easy on-line commands

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The Hayes modem has only inter-nal self-testing. But the Cats do

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Circle 331 on inquiry card.

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I read that five times before I couldfigure out what it meant. It says thatif you do one FIELD statement mak-ing one allocation (mapping) and an-other using different variable names do-ing another, then when you read inthe data from a random file you cantreat it either way: if you ask for N$,you'll get all 70 bytes of the record;if you ask for Z$, you'll get the mid-dle 40 bytes. This is useful if youdon't want all your records to haveidentical structures. (They must,however, all have the same length.)

Microsoft doesn't explain it a lotbetter, but it does give more ex-amples of programs making use offiles, so that it's a little easier to puz-zle out how it's done.

Someday a software publisher isgoing to explain complex stuff like filestructures as well as the simple stuff.That hasn't happened yet. DigitalResearch's Personal Basic tutorial is astep in the right direction, but it stopsfar short of what's really needed. Oh,well.

When I get my PC running prop-erly I'll benchmark Personal Basicagainst Microsoft MBASIC. My sub-jective impression is that they'repretty comparable, but I don't havea Microsoft MBASIC that runs underCP/M-86, so I can't do actual tests yet.

CB-80 Fans Take Notice

CB-80 (compiling CBASIC) also hasa means for compressing data andhas its equivalent of the dreadedFIELD statement. CB-80 makes use ofa Digital Research program calledAccess Manager; with it you canwrite some really complex CB-80 pro-grams. Indeed, you can write data-base programs that rival dBASE II intheir power and complexity.

I'll have a lot more on AccessManager in a later column; mean-while, serious CB-80 programmersought to be aware of it.

They also ought to be aware ofSoftware Magic.

Al Dallas is a part-time program-mer. He has developed some tools ofgreat value and interest and marketsthem under the firm name SoftwareMagic.

Dallas's tools consist of lots of little

124 October 1983 ® BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 37 on inquiry card.

YOU WANTED TO BE THE BOSS.

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To be competitive today means handling largeamounts of information quickly. To be on toptomorrow means managing much, much more.

The Boss Business Software Products are com-prehensive business software programs which getyou information you need, as you need it, when youneed it and the way you need it. You know yourfinancial picture at every moment. You don't have towait to close out the books at the end of every month.

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Circle 55 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

125

utilities that let you handle data withCB-80. As an example, he gives youthe function CVI(I$), which will con-vert a two-character string to an in-

teger, and the reciprocal MKI$(I),which will turn an integer into a2-byte string. There are lots of func-tions that call in the contents of the

Items Reviewed

Access Manager

$300

Personal Basic

$150

Digital Research

POB 579

Pacific Grove, CA 93950

(408) 649-3896

Attache Computer

$2995

Otrona Corporation

4755 Walnut St.

Boulder, CO 80301

(303) 444-8100

CB-80 Book

$74.95

Magic Library

$49.95

Software Magic

11669 Valerio St., #213

North Hollywood, CA 91605

(213) 765-3957

Executive Computer

$2495

Executive II Computer

$3195

Osborne Computer Corporation

26538 Danti Court

Hayward, CA 94545

(415) 887-8080

FORTRAN 8087 Library

$200

Avant-Code

1508A Oxford St.

Berkeley, CA 94709

(415) 549-3257

Kaypro 4 Computer

$1995

Kaypro Corporation

533 Stevens Ave.

Solana Beach, CA 92075

(619) 481-4300

Modula-2 for the IBM PC

$495

Logitech

165 University Ave.

Palo Alto, CA 94301

(415) 326-3885

Problem-Knowledge Coupler

Not available

PKC Corporation

RR 1, Box 630

Cambridge, VT 05444

Super-19

$49.95

Extended Technology Systems

1121 Briarwood

Bensalem, PA 19020

8087 Hardware Board

$495

Hudson and Associates

POB 2957

Santa Clara, CA 95051

(408) 554-1316

computer's registers; these are veryuseful if you're going to patch assem-bly-language routines into a CB-80program.

Also included are date functions,functions for use with AccessManager, a really efficient SORTfunction based on the Quicksort al-gorithm, and other goodies. Theseare all made available as a library offunctions you can call in a programand bring in at link time.

Al Dallas also has a book, InsideCB-80, that gives the addresses andactions of a whole lot of CB-80 rou-tines; if you're heavily into mixingassembly-language routines intoCB-80 programs, it is invaluable. It'sa sort of advanced grimoire of CB-80formulas; if you're not very familiarwith CB-80, it won't do you any good.

For that matter, his Magic Librarydocuments assume you know a goodbit about CB-80 and Access Manager,although nowhere near as much ashis book does. If you understand thedreaded FIELD statement, you canuse Magic Library to good advantage.If you don't, you'll have to learn itelsewhere.

Whimper . . .

Sigh. The pile of unreviewed—indeed, sometimes unopened—soft-ware, books, and even hardwaregrows daily. By its very nature, thiscolumn can tackle only stuff that I'vefound time to use. I cannot and willnot write "reviews" from spec sheetsand PR notices. Alas, that dooms meto fall farther and farther behind, butthere seems no help for that. To thosewho sent products for review, I canonly counsel patience. I'm dancing asfast as I can.H

jerry Pournelle is a former aerospace engineer andcurrent science-fiction writer who loves to play withcomputers.

Jerry Pournelle welcomes reader's' com-ments and opinions. Send a self-addressed,stamped envelope to Jerry Pournelle, doBYTE Publications, POB 372, Hancock,NH 03449. Please put your address on theletter as well as on the envelope. Due tothe high volume of letters, Jerry cannotguarantee a personal reply.

126 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Acceptno substitutes.

If you're looking to buy adBASE-like system, you'll reallylike dBASE II®

dBASE II is the relationaldatabase management system(DBMS) we introduced to themicrocomputer world in 1980. Itwas the best, most powerful andeasiest-to-use database manage-ment system available.

It still is.

You'll wonder how youmanaged without it.

Because it's so powerful yetso easy to use, dBASE II has becomethe standard for managing datawith a microcomputer.

Doctors and lawyers, accountants and sales-people, stockbrokers and students, big businessesand small are all managing their data better withdBASE II. Books have been written about it. Andother microcomputer data handling programsmeasure themselves against what dBASE II can do.

dBASE II turns data into a company resource

dBASE II starts where file handling systems(such as our own Friday!™) leave off.

You get a running start on your business solu-tions because dBASE II includes a complete hands-on tutorial. You can quickly and easily create a fullbusiness information system because all of your datais at your fingertips. Using English-like commands,you add, delete, edit, display, print and manipulateyour information.

Once you've decided on what you want done,you save the instructions so that even your leastexperienced personnel can perform the most complexbusiness functions with two words: Do Invoices, DoPayroll, Do anything that needs to be done.

Your data and your programs are independent,so you can change one without changing the other;in fact, change the way you do business withoutdestroying what you've done.

And dBASE II even simplifies conversion fromyour present system, and can handle data from otherprograms, or create files that other programs can use.

Circle 46 on inquiry card.

It's the most advanced information manage-ment tool available for your microcomputer. And it'sonly $700 (suggested retail price).

The best selling DBMS known to man.

dBASE II struck a responsive chord in the busi-ness community when it was introduced and quicklybecame the best selling database managementsystem made for any computer, micro or mainframe.

To see why, drop by your nearest computer orsoftware store and ask for a demonstration. Thentake a package home and use it for 30 days. If it's noteverything we said it was, return it and get yourmoney back.

But we think you'll keep it.

Can over 150,000 users be wrong?

Ashton-Tate, 10150 WestJefferson Boulevard, Culver City,CA 90230. (213) 204-5570.

ASHTON -TATE

©Ashton-Tate 1983

dBASE II is a registered trademark and Friday! is a trademark of Ashton-Tate.

BYTE October 1983 127

TKiSolver does for equationswhat word processing did forwords. The first thing you shouldknow about the TKiSolver"* program isthat it is not a spreadsheet. Instead, itdoes something completely unheardof (until now] — it turns your personalcomputer into a voracious equationprocessor.

The next thing you should know isthat if the TKiSolver program can'tmake life with your personal computereasier land pay for itself], even if youuse it only 15 minutes a week, you area very rare person.

And finally, you should know ex-actly what equation processing is,and how it works. If you keep readingthis, you will.

Equation processing withTKiSolver, or problem solvingmade easy. The best way to under-stand what the TKiSolver program is,is to understand what it does. Thefollowing simple example is designedto do just that. If you're still a little inthe dark after reading it, stop in atyour local computer store for a veryenlightening hands-on demonstration.

Begin by setting up your problem.The TKiSolver program lets you do itquickly, easily, and naturally. For ex-ample, a car costs $9785. What wouldbe the monthly payment on a three-year loan if the down payment is 25%and the interest rate is 15%?STEP 1. Formulate the necessaryequations to solve your problem andenter them on the "Rule Sheet" simply

(lr) Rule: CAR LOAN

St Input

::::::;; VARIABLE SHEET ===

Name Output Unit

price dollars

down 2446.25 dollars

loan 7338.75 dollarsdp percent

payment 254.40618 dollarsi percent

term years

======= RULE SHEET = = = = = = =

pr ice down-loan

down/price=dp

payment;loan»(i/(l-(1+ i )*-term))

price of car

down payment

bank loan

down payment percentage

monthly payment

interest rate

term of loan

by typing them in (as in the screenphoto). For example: "price-down =loan."

STEP 2. Enter your known values thesame way on the "Variable Sheet." Forexample: "9785" for price. You mayalso enter units and comments, if youwant*

STEP 3. Type the action command("I" on your keyboard) to solve theproblem.

STEP 4. TKiSolver displays the an-swer: the monthly payment is $254.40.Backsolving, the heart ofTKiSolver. Now that you've defined

the problem and solved it, TKISolver'sunique backsolving ability also letsyou think "backwards" to solve for anyvariable, regardless of its position inthe equation. For example, if you canonly afford a monthly payment of$200, you can re-solve the problem interms of that constraint. The TKiSolverprogram will solve the problem, dis-playing your choice of a higher downpayment, a longer loan term, or alesser interest rate. This unique back-solving capability forms the basis ofTKISolver's remarkably flexible prob-lem-solving ability.

128

BYTE October 1983

Also, as you can see from theexample on the screen, TKISolverdeals not only with single variables,but with entire equations and sets ofsimultaneous equations. It also dealswith much more complicated problemsthan this one. How complicated?That's up to you. What kinds of prob-lems? That's up to you, too, but pop-ular applications include finance,engineering, science, design, andeducation.

Other extremely useful andinteresting things TKISolverdoes. Aside from its basic problem-solving abilities, the TKISolver programperforms a number of pretty fancytricks. Like: Iterative Solving; in whichTKISolver performs successive approx-imations of an answer when con-fronted with equations that cannot besolved directly, I like exp (xl = 2 - x • yand sin (x • yl= 3 - x - yl. Like: ListSolving; in which TKISolver attackscomplete lists of input values andsolves them all, allowing you to exam-ine numerous alternative solutions, andpick the one you like best. Like: Tobiesand Graphs; using the values you pro-duced with the List Solver, the TKISolverprogram will automatically produce ta-bles and graphs of your data. You canlook at your formatted output on thescreen or send it to your printer witha single keystroke. And like: Automatic

Unit Conversion; in which TKISolverlets you formulate problems in one unitof measurement, and display answersin another. Very convenient what withall this talk about going metric.

The TKISolver program also pro-vides a wide variety of specializedbusiness and mathematical functionslike trig and log and net presentvalue.

Then, there's TKISolver's on-screenHelp facility that provides informationon commands and features any timeyou want it. Just type "?" and a topicname.

And of course the TKISolver pro-gram combines all these features inone integrated program.TKJSolverPacks make problem-solving a picnic. TKISolverPack™application packages are speciallydeveloped by experts in specific fields.Each package contains a diskette withabout a dozen models that includethe necessary equations, values, andtables for solving a particular problem.The models are usable as-is or youcan easily modify them.

TKISolverPack application pack-ages available from Software Artsinclude Financial Management,Mechanical Engineering, BuildingDesign and Construction, and Intro-ductory Science. Additional TKISolver-Packs are on the way from Software

Arts, McGraw-Hill, and others.We know you're out there. No

matter who you are, or what you do,if it involves using equations,theTKISolver program is an indispensabletool for you.

So, visit your local computer storetoday, and see TKISolver in action.You'll be amazed at how much fasterand more effectively you'll be able towork when you discover the power ofequation processing with the TKISolverprogram.

«&.

SKoms

Software Arts

The inventors of VisiCalc®

27 Mica Lane, Wellesley, Massachusetts 02181617/237-4000

*You can easily define appropriate unit conversions on the unit sheet.

TK.TK!, TKISolver, TKISolverPack, The Problem Cruncher, the stylized I and the slogan "NOW YOU DON'T HAVE: TO THINK LIKE A COMPUTER TO USE ONE!"

are trademarks or registered trademarks of Software Arts, Inc. SATN, TKISATN and DIF are trademarks or registered trademarks of Software Arts Products Corp.

Software Arts is a trademark of Software Arts, Inc. and Software Arts Products Corp. The TKISolver program and the TKISolverPack applications packages are

products of Software Arts, Inc. which is solely responsible for their contents. VisiCalc is a registered trademark of VisiCorp.

Copyright © 1983 Software Arts, Inc. All rights reserved P/N 100-092 P 8/83

Circle 432 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

129

The Unix Operating System

The Unix* operating system has descended from the realm of minicomputersinto the midst of microcomputers, mating advanced software features to newand powerful 16-bit microcomputer hardware designs. This multiuser, multitask-ing operating system developed at Bell Laboratories offers powers and abilitiesfar beyond those of normal microcomputer operating systems. Although Unixhas attracted attention for some time, access to it usually has meant being partof a research project or attending an academic institution. A growing marketnow takes advantage of portable software environment; the Unix operatingsystem, written in the C language (see August 1983 BYTE), makes the movefrom 16-bit microcomputers to IBM mainframes and the Cray-1 a simple pro-cess.

In the near future, Western Electric (the marketing arm of Bell Labs) will offerthe newest version of Unix, System 5, for the 80286, 6800, 16032, and Z8000microprocessors. Some of the licensed versions of Unix already available formicrocomputers are Xenix (Microsoft's enhanced Unix) for the Altos 586; Xenixand UniPlus-H for the Apple Lisa; 4.1 BSD Unix and Venix for Digital EquipmentCorporation's Professional 350; the Fortune 32:16 with Unix version 7; Venix andXenix for the IBM Personal Computer; and TRS-Xenix for the Model 16B.Western Electric is rumored to be planning a low-cost Unix microcomputer aswell.

Computer professionals who once refused to take microcomputers seriouslynow take a second look at the powerful 16-bit microcomputers and the ad-vanced software-development environment that Unix offers. Most find the vastcollection of software tools (small general-purpose programs) in Unix a boon totheir work. Other prominent features of the Unix operating system include itshierarchical (tree-structured) file system that allows you to break up your workarea into easily identified groups, the ability to run several programssimultaneously, a flexible command shell that lets you customize the Unixsystem, I/O (input/output) redirection, and automatic "piping" of the output ofone program into the input of the next program.

Unix also enables programs to make use of its advanced features. Applica-tions for microcomputer Unix systems, everything from Wangwriter-like word-processing programs to accounting applications, are bursting onto the scene.Many of these are migrating from the minicomputer/mainframe environmentand have multiuser/multitasking capabilities. Unfortunately, popular microcom-puter programs written in assembly language may be slow in coming to Unixand hampered by a single-user, single-task orientation. The flexibility of Unix'suser interface allows menu-driven command shells, such as those offered byFortune and Altos, that make Unix simple to learn and use.

Unix systems are selling. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) placed an orderfor $30-million worth of the Zilog System 8000 with the Unix operating systemto use for word-processing, financial-spreadsheet, and data-managernent appli-cations. (One of the largest users of Unix systems outside the Bell system is theFederal Government.) Even McDonalds, looking for a break today, is buyingUnix systems. With its expanding availability on microcomputers, the secondcoming of Unix is here. — Bruce Roberts

132 The Unix Tutorial, Part 3: Unix in theMicrocomputer Marketplace by

David Fiedler

160 Unix and the Standardization ofSmall Computer Systems by Jean L.Yates

I/O A Tour Through the Unix FileSystem by James Joyce

1 87 The Unix Shell by Stephen R.Bourne

209 Unix as an Application Environment

by Mark Krieger and Fred Pack

219 Usenet: A Bulletin Board for UnixUsers by Sandra L Emerson

241 The Unix Writer's Workbench Soft-ware by Lorinda L. Cherry and NinaH. Macdonald

253 Typsetting on the Unix System by

Bill Tuthill

266 Moving Unix to New Machines by

Michael Tilson

"UNIX is a trademark of Bell Laboratories.

Painting by Robert Tinney

130

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The Unix Tutorial

Part 3: Unix inthe Microcomputer Marketplace

Which software companies offer licensed Unixand which offer look-alikes and work-alikes

In the preceding two articles of thisseries, we've examined the featuresand facilities of the Unix operatingsystem, looked at a few of the manyapplications programs available touse with it, and seen how users cancustomize their working environ-ments in Unix to the point of creatingtheir own applications using availableutilities. This last article explains thedifferences between the various Unixversions and between true Unix andUnix look-alike systems. You'll alsosee what changes various softwarefirms have made to the Unix systemand some of the computers it runson.

Implementations Old and New

Over the past 10 years six notablemodifications of Unix have beenavailable to groups outside the BellSystem. In 1973, Unix Version 5 wasreleased to selected educational in-stitutions (version numbers weredesignated by the edition of the UnixProgrammer's Manual released withthe software). In 1975, Version 6became the first incarnation of Unixto be sold to commercial firms as wellas to schools. The most widely usedversion as recently as last year, Ver-sion 6 has been responsible for the

by David Fiedler

growth of the "Unix legend."

Because, under a government-ordered consent decree, the BellSystem was forbidden to compete inthe commercial marketplace, Unixwas offered to all users under veryrestrictive terms. A source licenseonly would be granted, and the soft-ware would be offered as is, with nosupport, no refunds, no warranty,and no maintenance.

These terms were decidedly un-competitive because a Unix licensewould cost a company $20,000 (edu-cational institutions were charged$200), but a few firms felt the im-proved productivity achieved withUnix was worth the fee.

Programmer's Workbench, morecommonly known as PWB, was es-sentially Version 6 with certain im-portant utilities added. Among thesewere:

• the Source Code Control System(SCCS), which allows you to keep ac-count of changes to a text file(whether program source code or anepic poem in German) so the text atany stage can be recreated

• a remote-job-entry (RJE) facilitythat lets Unix users process batchjobs on an IBM/370 system

• the nroff and troff packages for textformatting and typesetting support

The advent of Version 7 in 1979brought new attention to Unix. Manyof the previous rough spots had dis-appeared, the maximum file size hadgrown to 1 gigabyte, and a standardI/O (input/output) library had beenintroduced. During this period,microcomputers running Unix ap-peared, and Unix look-alikes such asWhitesmiths' Idris and MarkWilliams' Coherent emerged.

While it sometimes seems asthough Version 7 has been around fora long time, in fact it had been on themarket for only two years when Sys-tem III was announced in late 1981.Relatively few architectural changeswere made, but System III con-solidated the most important featuresof Version 6, PWB, and Version 7, thusallaying any uncertainty of potentialcustomers as to which version wasbest. A new pricing policy was in-stituted under which licensees couldoffer binary sublicenses to theircustomers for as little as $100. In theview of many observers within theindustry, System III was the begin-ning of AT&T's deeper commitment tothe Unix operating system as a com-

132 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 1: Digital Equipment Corporation's Micro/PDP-11 is a microcomputer version of the original PDP-11 that Unix was developed on.The system has a 10-megabyte hard disk (with floppy disks for backup) and 256K bytes of memory.

mercial product.

Unix System V was formally an-nounced in January 1983, at theUnicom conference in San Diego. Forthe first time, users outside the BellSystem would be working with thesame version of Unix used by thoseinside, and they would be eligible forthe same support, training, and ser-vice, as well. System V improve-ments included a redesigned file sys-tem for faster throughput and severalinternal changes for higher reliabili-

ty. AT&T's recent announcement thatit would be supporting source codelicensees for Unix System V on fouradvanced microprocessors (the Intel286, Motorola 68000, National Semi-conductor 16032, and Zilog Z8000)gave notice to the industry that AT&Tintends to keep promoting Unix ag-gressively in the fastest-growing seg-ment of the market.

Outside Bell Labs

Software developers are never

satisfied with anything—even Unix.From the day the first tape left BellLaboratories, Unix has been madebigger and smaller, faster and slower,friendlier and more cryptic. Surpris-ingly, all this poking around by peo-ple intent on improving Unix actual-ly yielded some useful results, in-cluding several variants that are com-mercially important on their own.

The noncommercial institution bestknown for its work with Unix is theUniversity of California at Berkeley.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 133

The Berkeley Computer Science De-partment, under the primary leader-ship of Bill Joy (now at Sun Microsys-tems), has added the following fea-tures (among others) to Unix:

• the ex and vi screen editors

• the INGRES database-manage-ment system

• a replacement for the standardUnix Bourne Shell, called the C-shell

• the general-purpose video ter-minal interface packages called cursesand termcap

• larger disk-blocking factors andother performance improvements

• an assortment of useful general-purpose utilities such as more,apropos, finger, head, and strings (exoticnames are a Berkeley hallmark)

As is typical with academic groups,the Berkeley people have been quitegenerous in sharing their improve-ments with others. While essentiallythe code of the Berkeley programs isin the public domain, much of it asdistributed discloses Bell Labs'licensed Unix software and so may besent only to Unix source licensees.Nevertheless, entire nine-track tapesfull of this code have been sentaround the world to licensed Unixsites. When distributed as a package,the Berkeley software is usuallyknown by release numbers. The 4.1BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution^package has been developed for theDigital Equipment Corporation(DEC) VAX line of computers, whileother BSD releases are intended forPDP-11 computers.

Other groups have updated theBerkeley software in turn and madeit more general in scope. Many of theBerkeley enhancements have beentransported to 68000-based machinesby Unisoft Systems as part of itspopular Uniplus + package. It is safeto say that a majority of Unix sites to-day run some programs originallydeveloped at Berkeley. Even AT&Tadopted several of these programs aspart of its latest Unix System Vrelease.

Commercial Enhancements

Interactive Systems (1212 SeventhSt., Santa Monica, CA 90401) was the

first commercial organization with aUnix license. The company also hasthe distinction of being the firstorganization to offer hardware andsoftware support for the Unix sys-tem. Since 1977, Interactive Systemshas been distributing its own en-hanced Unix system and set of utili-ties consisting primarily of whatwould today be called office-automa-tion software. Collectively called theIS/1 system, enhancements includepackages such as multiwindowscreen editors (INed), improved elec-tronic mail programs with Telex/TWXfacilities (INmail), and word-process-ing packages (INroff, INtext). Onceexclusively tied to DEC equipment,Interactive Systems now also sup-ports smaller computers such as theOnyx and Plexus.

Another firm that's been around awhile is HCR (Human ComputingResources, 10 St. Mary St., Toronto,Ontario M4Y 1P9, Canada). HCR hasachieved a reputation for customersupport while emphasizing a slight-ly different technical path from In-teractive Systems. HCR specializes intransporting Unix to different pro-cessors (such as the Three Rivers Perqmachine and National Semiconduc-tor 16032), and enhancing it withtechnical improvements such asgraphics and text overlay software.This last feature allows people usingsmaller processors in the DEC line todevelop and run software that wouldnormally be limited to largermachines such as the PDP-11/70.

Venturcom (139 Main St., Cam-bridge, MA 02142) has developed this, kind of "shoehorning" to a fine art.Its Venix system manages to bring fullUnix functionality to machines assmall as the IBM Personal Computerand DEC LSI-11/2. Even with its smallsize, Venix adds real-time extensionsthat make it equally useful for largercomputers. Venix has become quitepopular for laboratory use and hasgiven Venturcom a reputation forsmall-system expertise.

Microsoft (10700 Northup Way,Bellevue, WA 98004) is a name thathas long been associated withmicrocomputer system software, yetthe firm didn't offer Unix untilrelatively recently. While some early

versions of its Xenix system weredeveloped by other software houseson contract, Microsoft has turnedXenix into a well-supported productwith significant performance andreliability enhancements. Xenix isavailable on the Radio Shack Model16 and Apple Lisa, to name just tworecent versions.

The most widely used of the in-dependently available systems is Uni-plus + from Unisoft Systems (303West 42nd St., New York, NY 10036),a company whose specialty is thenarrowest of all. Unisoft's sole busi-ness is transporting Unix System IIIto 68000-based computers, and thecompany has plenty of experience,having done this 50 times or soalready. Anyone who buys a com-puter running Uniplus + gets notonly Unix System III but also someBerkeley enhancements as well as afew that Unisoft added. A goodnumber of compilers and applica-tions packages will work on any ma-chine with Uniplus +, including theNCR Tower, the Apple Lisa, the SunWorkstation, and computers fromDual, Callan, Codata, Pixel, andCorvus.

Unix Look-alikes

All of the software systems men-tioned so far are based on the originalBell Labs Unix that has been trans-ported to a new computer or other-wise modified. There has also beena thriving business in developingoperating systems that act like Unixto both the user and the applicationscode. Such look-alike systems occupya significant portion of the market.When the first few Unix look-alikeswere introduced, Unix sublicenseswere priced in the thousands ofdollars. Now that sublicense pricinghas been substantially cut, look-alikes must both drop in price andhave more functionality than beforein order to stay competitive. Even so,it's historically been easier for com-puter manufacturers to deal with thelook-alike vendors than with AT&T.

The first and best known look-alikesystem is Idris from Whitesmiths Ltd.,(97 Lowell Rd., Concord, MA 01742).At this writing Idris is still compati-ble only with Unix Version 6, but it

134 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ntroducing a whole new way of looking at data.

•GRAFOX worts with

IBM BASIC and other comma

i BASIC files. GRAFOX also sraphs .DIF files

; created on VisiCalc, 1-2-3, and DB MASTER

Introducing colorful charts and graphs all at thepush of\a button. Introducing a powerful, easy-\o-use data handling system that produces presen-tation quality graphics on most popular printers.Introducing GRAFOX, by Fox & Geller. The completegraphics software.

Turning data into colorful charts and graphsis what GRAFOX is all about. And GRAFOX doesit faster and easier than any other stand-alonegraphics package. V '...*

GRAFOX is powerful! With the ability to godirectly into IBM BASIC* and .DIF data files and usethe data for charts. And Fox & Geller's unique data-query capability enables GRAFOX to summarizedata from thousands of records. Thus eliminatingthe need for the user to do any manual processing ofraw material.

But most importantly, GRAFOX is easy-to-use.Requiring no prior experience.

If you want color charts or graphs on your screen,printer or plotter, you want GRAFOX. The powerful,new, complete graphics software from Fox & Geller.

FOX& GELLER INFORMATION HOTLINE (201)794-8883

Her, Inc. 604 Market Sfreet, Elmwood Park, N.J. 07407

FOX&GELLER

Fox & Geller, U.K. 17 Wigmore Street, London Wf, England. 011 441-580-5816

Circle 189 on Inquiry card,

has retained a loyal following amongits users due to its small size and highdegree of portability. An 8080-basedcomputer with bank-switched mem-ory running full Idris can write afloppy disk that can be read by a VAXrunning Idris—something that can'tgenerally be done with machinesrunning Unix. Idris now runs oncomputers based on any of five dif-ferent microprocessors.

Another prominent look-alike isCoherent, introduced a few years agoby the Mark Williams Company (1430West Wrightwood Ave., Chicago, IL60614). Coherent's main claims tofame are that it is fully compatiblewith Unix Version 7 and that it comeswith almost as many utilities as doesUnix. It has been transported to thePDP-11, Z8000, and 8086.

UNOS, written by Charles RiverData Systems (4 Tech Circle, Natick,MA 01760), was intended as a look-alike but goes even further thanUnix. While UNOS is compatiblewith Version 7, it also supports real-time operations for fast responsewhere necessary, such as in labora-

tory work or industrial process con-trol. CRDS's own Universe 68 com-puter uses UNOS, as does Motorolaon that firm's Versabus-based system.UNOS seems to be limited to 68000-based systems as a design constraint.

Unix on Personal Computers

Ignoring for the moment the rapid-ly dropping prices in the computerworld, most 16-bit computers thatrun Unix or Unix-like operating sys-tems are out of the financial reach ofmany individuals. Never underesti-mate the ingenuity of software devel-opers, though, who have made avariety of Unix-like systems targetedtoward specific computers or pro-cessors. Like Unix, these systems allhave hierarchical file arrangementsand most are multiuser and multi-tasking, but some are closer to trueUnix than others. While some ofthese systems may be able to run onfloppy-disk-based computers, a harddisk or other high-speed disk driveis necessary to fully exploit the powerof the software.

One of the oldest companies in the

microcomputer field, Cromemco (280Bernardo Ave., Mountain View, CA94043), introduced its Cromix oper-ating system on the Z80 processor in1981. Cromix might be properlytermed a work-alike rather than a look-alike: while its user interface, utilityprograms, and file system are pat-terned after Unix, its system calls arenot compatible. This somewhat limitsCromix in the marketplace becauseprograms written for Unix are notautomatically portable to Cromix(and vice versa). Nevertheless,Cromix has been popular amongowners of Cromemco equipmentbecause it can emulate their olderoperating system CDOS (itself aCP/M work-alike) and yields quiterespectable performance even on aZ80-based system. With the advent ofits dual processor Z80/68000 board,Cromemco introduced Cromix forthe 68000, also. This version hasprobably been less of a success dueto the large number of 68000-basedsystems running real Unix, but it stilllets you run CDOS programsbecause the Z80 is present. It is prob-

AZTEC C - ' C ' PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMPORTABLE SOFTWARE APPLE CPIM IBM

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136 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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able that Cromemco will eventuallyadopt Unix and release a Cromixemulator to support its currentcustomers.

Two work-alike systems for com-puters based on the underrated 6809processor are Uniflex from TechnicalSystems Consultants (POB 2570,West Lafayette, IN 47906) and OS-9from Microware Systems (5835Grand Ave., Des Moines, IA 50312).Both systems are supported by anumber of C compilers and applica-tions programs on computers fromseveral manufacturers.

Micronix is available from MorrowDesigns (5221 Central Ave., Rich-mond, CA 94804) on its Z80-basedDecision One line of computers only.This system is compatible with Ver-sion 6 Unix and includes a CP/Madapter that allows most programswritten for that operating system tobe run.

Owners of the IBM Personal Com-puter and its look-alikes can rejoicein the added power they get from the8088 processor and the ability to han-dle over 64K bytes of memory. Whileseveral of the transportable Unixlook-alike systems mentioned previ-ously can run on the IBM PC, twonewer products created expressly forthe PC are worth some attention.

QNX from Quantum Software Sys-tems (POB 5318, Station F, Ottawa,Ontario K2C 3H5, Canada) is a work-alike operating system that has theadditional features of interprocesscommunication, prioritized tasks,and support of disk emulators to im-prove system throughput. A specialutility allows you to transfer files be-tween QNX and standard MS-DOSmedia. A C compiler and full-screeneditor are included in the $650 price.

A firm called Lantech Systems (861Chartwell Dr., Dallas, TX 75243),which also specializes in user-trans-parent local-area network software,has announced an operating systemcalled Unetix. Selling for only $99,Unetix provides a special user inter-face that allows you to have as manyas 10 concurrently active tasks, eachone executing in its own separatewindow on the PC screen. Any or allof these tasks can be the includedMS-DOS emulator, which lets you

138 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The p-System from NCI gives youeverything you need in one system at farless than the cost to add similar utilitiesto any other OS. It includes a powerfulscreen editor, a multi-function filemanager and RAMdisk support for fastaccess to files. Dynamic memoryallocation lets you create programs largerthan 64K and a print buffer frees your

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run most current programs un-changed. While Unetix is a single-user system, it is compatible withUnix. Eventually, multiple PCs run-ning Unetix will be able to shareresources and communicate at highspeeds.

What About Real Unix onMicrocomputers?

Let's consider for a moment whyUnix wasn't initially transported tomachines both bigger and smallerthan the PDP-11. While a college stu-dent might not need to justify spend-ing hundreds of hours writing a Ccompiler for a new machine or mov-ing Unix to that machine to satisfy hisinnate curiosity, the situation is dif-ferent in the commercial world. ThePDP-11 minicomputer line has, foryears, been synonymous with goodperformance at a moderate price, andthere were few competitors with asbroad a base of installed systems asDEC had. It made little sense to moveUnix to a larger computer, for whatcompany would risk using an unsup-ported operating system on a$300,000 machine? As for transport-ing Unix to smaller systems, for anentire decade, PDP-lls and similarmachines were the smallest com-puters that could run Unix.

By the time Version 7 of Unix wasannounced in 1979, it was in use onhundreds of computers both insideand outside the Bell System, andthousands of computer science stu-dents at universities had begun toask, "Why doesn't everyone use sucha terrific system?" With this groundswell of support (and the entry intothe business world of those univer-sity graduates), only one thing heldback the general use of Unix—inex-pensive, powerful hardware.

Only in the last few years, with theadvent of 16-bit microprocessors, in-expensive semiconductor memory,and high-performance, low-costhard-disk systems, has it been possi-ble to bring the price of a powerfulcomputer within reach of most smallbusinesses and even many computerhobbyists. Unix, as both the first por-table operating system and the firstto emphasize programmer produc-tivity over machine efficiency, is the

Photo 2: Plexus' P/40 uses multiple Z8000microprocessors to achieve performance ap-proaching that of a VAX.

natural choice for such systems.

First Implementations onMicrocomputers: The Z8000

The first implementation of Unixon a microcomputer was the OnyxC8002, introduced in 1980. Based onthe Zilog Z8000 microprocessor, theoriginal Onyx was a desktop machinewith an integral hard disk, cartridge-tape backup, 256K bytes of memory,and enough RS-232C ports to sup-port eight users. At about $20,000 in-cluding the Unix operating system, atthe time it was about half the priceof any other computer that ran Unix.While early versions were hard-pressed to keep up with multipleusers, Onyx (25 East Trimble Ave.,San Jose, CA 95131) kept enhancingits machine's performance. Today'sOnyx offerings are much improved,and systems in its Sundance line areavailable with the entire computerbuilt into a video terminal—includingthe cartridge-tape backup, which hasbecome Onyx's hallmark.

Zilog (1315 Dell Ave., Campbell,CA 95008) was not far behind in in-troducing a computer based on itsown processor. The Z-Lab Model 20,a precursor of Zilog's current System8000 line, marked the first entry of

any microprocessor manufacturer in-to the Unix arena. At the time, thiswas especially important because itmeant factory support for the softwareand hardware both. The Zilog com-puters run ZEUS (Zilog EnhancedUnix System).

Probably the most carefully de-signed Z8000-based systems comefrom Plexus (2230 Martin Ave., SantaClara, CA 95050). Built around Intel'sMultibus, all Plexus machines sharethe same basic philosophy: spare themain processor from carrying the fullcomputing load. With this in mind,intelligent controllers are used to runthe disk, tape backup, terminal ports,and Ethernet interface. The part ofthe operating system code that runseach set of peripherals is actually resi-dent in the peripheral controller it-self. This way, the Unix code runningon the main processor needs to makeonly high-level requests of the con-trollers and can then continue pro-cessing user programs. The result isthat a computer such as the PlexusP/40 (see photo 2) has performancecomparable to a VAX at a fraction ofthe price.

An Aside on Chip Competition

Why were these machines basedon the Z8000, rather than the Intel8086 (which was available evenearlier), the LSI-11/23, or the now-popular Motorola 68000? The fact thatthe 8086 has no memory manage-ment would allow users on the same8086-based system to interfere witheach other's programs and data;recently, however, engineers havefound ways of adding this protection,and so 8086-based Unix systems haveappeared. The 68000 wasn't availableas a production item when the Onyxand Zilog machines were introduced,and other technical problems withthis chip caused further delays indevelopment of 68000-based com-puters. Perhaps as important as thesefactors is the similarity in architecturebetween the PDP-11 and Z8000: Ccompilers were developed quite earlyfor the Zilog chip, a necessary firststep for transporting Unix.

In spite of the early problems, thefact remains that the 68000 micropro-cessor can support a much larger

140 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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linear addressing space per user thanany other current 16-bit microproces-sor. It can also run at higher clockspeeds and support virtual-memoryschemes and has 32-bit internal reg-isters for manipulation of largernumbers than its competitors. Forthese reasons, and due to the rela-tively painless porting services pro-vided by Unisoft Systems, the 68000has become the most popular pro-cessor for small computers runningthe Unix system.This doesn't necessarily mean that

the 68000 is the best chip, though. In-tel, Zilog, and DEC would be quickto point out that any software firmwriting programs that could run onlyon 68000-based systems would becutting out a great deal of its possi-ble market. In general, it's almost im-possible to make a blanket statementas to which of these four processorsis best for high-performance Unixsystems because so much dependson the overall architecture of themachine. Selecting a computer thatruns Unix should be done on the

We listen, and look, and probeIt's surprising how much there is that's fresh and new.

Just waiting to be sharedIt's often that way with things that are simply elegant.

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basis of available software, expand-ability, adherence to industry stan-dards, support, service, and price-not just the type of processor used.

A Few 68000-Based Computers

Due to the large number of similar68000-based systems in today's mar-ket, we'll examine only a few that arerepresentative, innovative, or uniquein some way.

Fortune Systems' 32:16 machine,for example, has won a great deal ofadmiration for its introduction of amenu shell that lets even novice usersperform tasks ranging from file copy-ing to system maintenance by follow-ing menu choices. Included with theFortune machine is a powerful word-processing package and a stripped-down version of Unix. The C com-piler and many development toolsare available at extra cost, but becauseFortune's chief market is executives,this isn't considered a great draw-back. Fortune's base price of $5000created quite a stir when the systemwas introduced, although this is forjust a bare-bones floppy-disk-basedsystem. Still, the Fortune (1501 In-dustrial Rd., San Carlos, CA 94070)is highly competitive with an attrac-tive package and a great deal ofavailable software.

Pixel (1 Burtt Rd., Andover, MA01810) uses a strategy similar toPlexus in boosting the performanceof its 80/AP and 100/AP machines. ATMS9900 processor handles system-level I/O (input/output) and memorymapping, a 68000 microprocessorruns user programs and the Unix sys-tem itself, and intelligent peripheralcontrollers pick up the rest of theload. A unique twist is the use ofspecial video terminals that are mem-ory-mapped into the video controllermemory. The screen editor softwarecan then manipulate strings of text inthis memory directly, instantaneous-ly updating the display without theoverhead of sending the data over aserial port. Regular serial ports aresupported by a separate controller.

The Universe 68 from Charles RiverData Systems, as noted earlier, usesan in-house Unix look-alike calledUNOS. Both hardware and softwarehave been designed for high perfor-

142 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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mance. The computer uses Motor-ola's Versabus, a 32-bit bus that allowshigh data-transfer rates. A 4K-bytehigh-speed cache memory is pro-vided so that the main 68000 pro-cessor can run at 12.5 MHz withoutwait states, which would not be pos-sible otherwise. This architecture, ac-cording to the vendor, allows perfor-mance greater than that of aVAX-11/730 at a price comparable toa Micro/PDP-11.

Another high-performance ma-chine is designed for laboratory usebut could be equally well-suited to anoffice environment. The MasscompMC-500 uses three 68000 processorsand three separate buses internally.A separate graphics terminal with itsown 68000 and 384K bytes of mem-ory supports multiple processes witha joystick and special windowingsoftware. Masscomp (543 Great Rd.,Littleton, MA 01460) has modifiedUnix to add process locking andpriority scheduling and added avirtual-memory support packagefrom Berkeley. A multiple-windowmenu system and graph-plottinground out the package; data acquisi-tion runs on a separate processorstill. The result is one of the fastest68000-based computers on themarket.

As a generic look at Multibus-based 68000 computers, let's examinethe Sun Workstation from Sun Micro-systems (2550 Garcia Ave., MountainView, CA 94043). The original Sunprocessor board was developed atStanford University, while the boardSun itself uses has been furtherenhanced. Sun's long suit is a high-quality workstation with 1024- by800-pixel graphics. The Multibusallows Sun to provide a wide rangeof peripherals, and the company'ssoftware expertise enables it to offerthe Berkeley 4.2 version of Unix,which is otherwise available only forDEC's VAX series of computers. Vir-tual memory, an optical mouse,multiple screen windows, andEthernet support options enable auser to set up one Sun or a dozenwith equal ease.

What do I mean by "generic"? Sunlicenses its processor board design toa number of different manufacturers,

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BYTE October 1983 145

who generally go to Unisoft Systemsfor their Unix license and then to anymaker of Multibus peripheral andmemory boards. As a result, quite afew68000/Multibus/Sun-board/Uni-plus + systems are available, each ap-pealing to different market needs.While selecting between these sys-tems can be confusing, ultimately itprotects the consumer in the event ofa market shakeout—if one vendorgoes out of business, its survivingcompetitors can probably support itscustomers.

The Intel 8086 Processor

As I explained above, 8086 imple-mentations of Unix have beendelayed due to hardware considera-tions. Altos (2641 Orchard Park Way,San Jose, CA 95134) is the chief sup-plier of 8086-based Xenix machines.Its ACS8600 computer is configuredaround the Multibus, while its newer586 computer is based on a singleboard and is small, inexpensive, andpowerful. For around $8000, it pro-vides up to six users with the powerof a 10-MHz 8086 and 10-megabyte

hard disk. Intel's own Unix system isaimed primarily at OEMs and builtaround the Multibus, so future 80286microprocessor boards can be easilyintegrated.

Any mention of the 8086 would beincomplete without a reminder thatthe hundreds of thousands of IBMPersonal Computers and its clonesrepresent the largest potential marketfor Unix-like software. The IBM PCis based on the 8088, which is inter-nally like the 8086.

Other Implementations

While the 8086, 68000, and Z8000are the current "big three" in themicroprocessor world, other popularsingle-chip processors can run Unix.The next generation of micropro-cessor chips includes the NationalSemiconductor 16032 and Intel 80286,both of which will be supported byAT&T with Unix System V. BYTE haspresented in-depth technical cover-age of these processors already, so Iwill only mention in passing that thespecifications of the 16032 and 80286are comparable to several cabinets'

worth of mainframe hardware. HCRand National Semiconductor haveboth demonstrated working Unixsystems based on the 16032. Intel isalready demonstrating Unix for the80286.

Other computers are available thatuse proprietary microprocessors. Forexample, the DEC PDP-11/23 pro-cessor can be found in both tradi-tional minicomputer environmentsand in DEC's new Micro/PDP-11. TheMicro/PDP-11 is housed in a thincabinet (see photo 1 on page 133)with a 10-megabyte hard disk,floppy-disk backup, 256K bytes ofRAM, and two serial ports, all for$9200. While these specifications arenot unusual compared to some of the68000-based systems, they arenotable because they provide theMicro/PDP-11 user with upward com-patibility through the PDP-11 line allthe way up to the PDP-11/70. This canbe an important consideration for anend user or OEM, especially becausemost software written to run on theUnix system (particularly public-domain software) was originally writ-

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148 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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ten for the PDP-11.

Hewlett-Packard has its own imple-mentation of Unix running on itsHP-9000, which superficially re-sembles an Apple except that it hasthree-dimensional color graphics,runs like a VAX, and costs over$64,000. Three Rivers Computer'sPerq workstation supports an HCR-transported Unix with multiple win-dows and extremely high-resolutiongraphics.

Larger Unix Hosts

The PDP-lls have long been usedat Bell Laboratories for software de-velopment, engineering, and officeautomation under Unix. Use of bothUnix and the PDP-11 spread to theBell Operating Companies for thebusiness applications necessary torun the Bell System. The top of thePDP-11 line, the PDP-11/70 minicom-puter, requires several 6-foot-tall racksof equipment; this machine is rapid-ly becoming obsolete due to thenewer additions to the VAX line aswell as the more powerful microcom-puters.

The VAX is currently DEC's mostpowerful line of computers. A true32-bit machine with virtual address-ing capabilities, the VAX has alsobecome pervasive in the Unix world.Specific versions of Unix have beenwritten to take advantage of VAX ar-chitecture: Berkeley's 4.2 BSD and aprevious offering from AT&T knownas Unix 32V Other firms, such asHCR with its Unity system, havemade Unix facilities available to usersof Unix-based software "on top of"DEC's own operating system for theVAX, known as VMS.

The first non-DEC machine Unixwas transported to was an Interdata8/32. Interdata was replaced byPerkin-Elmer (2 Crescent Place,Oceanport, NJ 07757), the first mini-computer manufacturer to supportUnix. This firm's most recent line ofmachines, the 3210 series, comprisesfast 32-bit computers of file-cabinetsize with prices comparable to high-end microcomputers (in the $50,000range).

For those with budgets in the$300,000 range, Gould S.E.L. (POB9148, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33310) has its

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Concept 32/87 series. At this writing,these are the most powerful com-puters running Unix with full factorysupport. Gould is rapidly becomingan important factor in Unix circlesdue to its commitment to Unix andwide-ranging product line.

Last but not least in the minicom-puter world, we have the IBM Series1. While this is the first computerIBM has offered with Unix support,it surely won't be the last. Apart fromits Personal Computer, IBM is ex-pected to supply its 4300 mainframeseries with Unix as well.

Mainframes andSupercomputers

The customers for this class of ma-chines generally want operating sys-tems with more controls, checks, andaudit trails than Unix has: it's rarethat a firm buys a mainframe just tosupport software development. Evenso, Unix has been available on thefamous IBM/370 computers for years,although not from IBM, and not com-mercially; Bell Labs transported it awhile back to explore the ramifica-

tions of running Unix on thesebehemoths. Amdahl, the maker ofthe original IBM look-alikes, an-nounced in 1981 that it would sup-port Unix on its System 470 series.Any other mainframe Unix imple-mentations are for now at the rumorstage only. Current rumors includenot only the IBM 4300 series but alsothe next version of the Cray super-computer—without doubt theworld's fastest. While these develop-ments are indeed likely to occur, theypoint up a certain controversy:should every computer everywherereally run Unix? Is it necessary, de-sirable, and even possible?

Competition from Other Systems

Unix, if it is to be considered a can-didate for the "universal" operatingsystem, should be compared withevery operating system on everycomputer. In the interest of brevity Iwill limit the discussion to some ofthe most popular of today's operat-ing systems for microcomputers.Minicomputers and mainframes arein many cases capable of supporting

several operating systems simulta-neously; nevertheless, these largermachines are more likely to use themanufacturer's own operating systembecause of the larger installed base ofsoftware.

In the first article of this series, I ex-amined the CP/M operating systemand mentioned that it was limited to8080-compatible processors. Whilethis is true for the most widely usedversion of CP/M (CP/M 2.2, alsocalled CP/M-80), Digital ResearchInc., the creator of CP/M, has alsobeen selling versions of CP/M thatwill run on other processors:CP/M-86, CP/M-8000, and CP/M-68000. The user interface for theseversions is similar, but it is not alwayspossible to simply recompile all yourprograms written for CP/M-80. Thisis because fewer high-level languagecompilers are available for the 16-bitversions of CP/M, limiting the porta-bility of applications programs.

CP/M was not designed as a por-table operating system (although itwas written in the high-level lan-guage PL/M, oddly enough), so the

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150 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Before you bet your softwarebusiness on an OS, look who'sbetting on MS-DOS and XENIX.

A waiting market. If you write and sell 16-bitsoftware, MStm-DOS and XENIX™ give you thelargest installed base. In fact, over fifty 16-bitmanufacturers offer their microcomputers withMS-DOS or XENIX. IBM, Victor, Altos, Wang,Radio Shack, Zenith and Intel, to name just a few.And the list is growing. That means there's aready and expanding market for your 16-bitapplications software.

The UNIX™ connection. XENIX is the multi-user,multi-tasking, UNIX-derived operating systemfor 16-bit microcomputers. MS-DOS 2.0 isMicrosoft's single-user OS. MS-DOS and XENIXshare hierarchical file structure and I/O redirection,including simple piping. MS-DOS 2.0 also pro-vides XENIX-compatible system calls. That meansthere's a migration path for programs writtento run under MS-DOS and XENIX. What's more,both MS-DOS and XENIX are supported byMicrosoft® languages. That's your single-supplieradvantage from Microsoft.

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transported versions lack the univer-sality that originally made CP/M sopopular. Also, CP/M is a single-user,single-tasking system with relativelyfew built-in system utilities. In fact,many of the programs sold for usewith CP/M-80 are utilities that, whenadded together, give that systemmany of the features of Unix. Theonly problem is that by the timeyou've purchased all these programs,you're short of both money and usermemory. While CP/M-Plus will pro-vide more performance for 8-bit ma-chines, even the newer ConcurrentCP/M for 16-bit processors is only asingle-user system.

For these reasons, I don't expectCP/M to provide a serious challengeto Unix in those markets appropriatefor Unix unless its capabilities are en-hanced significantly. Even then,CP/M as a Unix-like system may findonly the same limited acceptance asother Unix-like systems do today.

What of MS-DOS, Microsoft'soperating system for the IBM PC thathas become a de facto standard on8086-based computers? Microsoft'splans for MS-DOS include gradualupgrades so that single-user MS-DOS will be virtually indistinguish-able from single-user Xenix. A casein point is the current version of MS-DOS known as 2.0. This system hasa hierarchical file structure, I/O re-direction, and supports shell-likecommand files. Because Microsoftowns both Xenix and MS-DOS, it's asmart move on the company's part tocoordinate an eventual merger.

However, this merging muddiesthe comparison. Clearly, if MS-DOSis to become like Xenix (and thereforelike Unix), it will no longer be con-sidered competition. MS-DOS is alsolimited to 8086 and 8088 processors,so let's look upon Xenix as the multi-user MS-DOS of the future and callthis a battle already won by Unix.

The UCSD p-System is one of thefew truly transportable operating sys-tems on the market that doesn'tresemble Unix. Sold by SoftechMicrosystems Inc. (16885 West Ber-nardo Dr., San Diego, CA 92127), thep-System's most distinctive feature isthat programs written for it haveclose to full object code compatibili-

ty regardless of what system theywere written for. Programs don't evenhave to be recompiled to run on a dif-ferent type of computer, as long asthe p-System is supported on bothmachines. Currently, the p-Systemruns on a wide range of processors,including the 8080/Z80, 8086/8088,6502, 6809, 68000, TMS9900, LSI-11,and PDP-11. However, the price youpay for this portability is speed.

The p-System depends on a specialtype of machine-independent objectcode called p-code. While p-code isthe same for all machines, it has tobe translated into the object code forany particular machine so it can ac-tually execute. The catch is that thistranslation is done while the programis running: it's interpreted, the waymost BASIC language implementa-tions work. Also, the p-System ismultitasking but not multiuser. Thep-System doesn't seem to have mademuch of a dent in CP/M sales andshouldn't hold Unix back a whole lot,either.

There's another operating systembeing talked about a great deal latelythat's considered by many to be new,but it was actually developed quite awhile ago. Like Unix, it's both multi-user and multitasking, programmerswho use it become inflamed withreligious zeal, and many small com-puter makers are beginning to use it.It's called Pick.

Pick Computer Works of Irvine,California, licenses the Pick system ona select group of minicomputers anda growing number of high-perfor-mance microcomputers. Pick's chiefstrengths are that it was developedspecifically with commercial applica-tions in mind (it's essentially builtaround a database-management sys-tem) and that it has a strong base ofapplications software already inplace. Pick has already proven itselfa worthy competitor of Unix becauseit's been implemented on a few com-puters that don't have Unix also.

The Pick brigade is small but grow-ing. A great deal depends, oddlyenough, on the Unix softwarehouses: if the visible output of Unix-based applications doesn't grow,word may spread that there's no soft-ware available for Unix. This would

152 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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cause a certain amount of disen-chantment among potential Unixend users and be a boon for Pick.However, this is all just windowdressing because already many moreapplications programs are availablefor Unix than for Pick. The PerchwellCorporation predicts that Pick will bethe system of choice among OEMswho choose not to use Unix for pro-prietary reasons and that Pick will besuccessful in this second-fiddle rolein much the same way that Oasis orTurbodos relates to CP/M.

Competition from Look-AIikes

If Unix functionality and com-patibility are the only way to go, thenit seems reasonable that the biggestcompetition for standard (i.e., AT&T)Unix will not be from other operatingsystems but from the look-alikes andderivatives. Here, we're talking aboutreal money competition rather than"which operating system is better"because all these implementors tacit-ly agree that Unix is better.

The biggest question mark isMicrosoft and its Xenix. Apart fromthe success Xenix has had with hard-ware manufacturers such as Altosand Radio Shack, the tie-in to IBMwith MS-DOS means that Microsoftis in a good position to bid on anypossible IBM PC contract. It's hard topredict whether IBM will support aUnix-like system on the current PC orwait for its upcoming 80286-basedmodel. AT&T itself could have the ad-vantage in the latter case (because itwill have the rights to the "official"80286-based Unix), so IBM could wellprefer to deal with AT&T directly.

IBM has proved unpredictablebefore, however, and might rather gowith Microsoft because it is smaller.The smallest company of all herewould be Venturcom, which has theadvantage that its Venix system iswell thought of by IBM. In theabsence of any decision by IBM, thesituation would be thrown open to allthe current PC-compatible systems.Of these, Unetix and Venix wouldmost likely end up ahead: the first forits price and the second for its em-bedded applications and heritage.

Look-alikes in general have some ofthe same advantages as systems such

154 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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as CP/M and Pick. Some manufac-turers will go for these systemsspecifically to have something theycan control a bit better (some will doit just for the price differential).Uniplus + will continue to be popularas long as the 68000 is king; it's aneasy way to get into the market.

The most important factor will becompatibility; look-alikes will surviveonly as long as applications softwareis available for them. If the dif-ferences between a look-alike and theoriginal mean that software has to be

transported to the look-alike, it won'tbe worth the trouble to use the look-alike in the long run. An effort is be-ing made among these vendors todetermine a standard system inter-face. This should go a long waytoward keeping them all in business.An interesting factor is that AT&T'ssize will actually promote competi-tion. Because it's so big, it can'tpossibly do everything, and if itcould, it certainly couldn't do every-thing right for everybody. And nowthat people are realizing how popular

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Unix is becoming, they're beginningto leave the universities, the BellOperating Companies, and Bell Labs.They all have their own ideas on howto improve Unix and write applica-tions for it, and youll be seeing manynew companies spring up from this"underground" base of talent.

Conclusions

We've seen that it's technicallypossible for just about any machinewith a 16-bit processor (or larger) anda reasonable amount of disk andmemory capacity to support Unix.And in spite of the other operatingsystems around, computer firms ap-pear to be hedging their bets: theymay support other systems, but aUnix implementation always hap-pens to be available. It seems neces-sary, at least in the market for todayand for the foreseeable future, formany computers to run Unix.

But do we really need Unix onevery machine? Industry analystshave called for a universal user inter-face that would let people move to anew job without having to relearn alltheir computer skills. This would goa long way toward the dream of com-puter literacy for the masses. Therapid proliferation of Unix seems toindicate that it might be a candidatefor such an honor. ■

A free, detailed set of charts listing companiesmentioned in this article, their addresses, andtheir products, can be obtained by sending astamped, self-addressed envelope to Unix Charts,do Infopro Systems, POB 33, East Hanover, NJ07936.

References

1. Fiedler, David and Susan. Unique: Your In-dependent UNIX and C Advisor, Volume 2.East Hanover, NJ: Infopro Systems, 1982,1983.

2. Freiboth, B. Unix System III Guide. El Cerrito,CA: Pacific Micro Tech, 1983.

3. McGilton, H. and R. Morgan. Introducing theUnix System. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.

David Fiedler (Infopro Systems, POB 33, EastHanover, N] 07936) is the editor of the monthlynewsletter Unique: Your Independent UNIXand C Advisor and the magazine UNIX Review.He is also an analyst for The Perchwell Corpora-tion, a consulting film assisting management ofcompanies using Unix.

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Unix and the Standardizationof Small Computer Systems

Developed at Bell Labs around 1970, Unix is heavily influencingthe assimilation of systems and applications software

Small computer systems were firststandardized at the hardware level,with standard microprocessors,buses, peripheral chips, andperipherals providing increasinglylow-cost systems. Major hardwarevendors are now working with soft-ware houses to standardize operating

by Jean L. Yates

systems and applications so thatmicrocomputers and mainframes cancommunicate on program, file, andmessage levels. Within the next threeyears, the most commonly used typeof personal computer will achievemultiprocessing capability, and thenumber of networks and multiuser

Time of

System'sPopular Use

1979

1981

1983

1985

Type ot Computer

Vector GraphicSystem B

Onyx

Altos 586

a futuresystem

Storage Capacity(bytes)

56K

256K

512K

2 megabytes

Microprocessor Used

Z80

Z8000

8086

68010, 286,386, or32032

Operating System

CP/M

Unix

Xenix

a virtual type

Number of Users

1

1 to 6

1 to 6

1 to 25

Storage Media

two 500K-bytefloppy disks

tape and5 to 10 mega-bytes on harddisk

1 megabyteof floppy-diskbackup for a10-megabytehard disk

a 2-megabytebackup for

50-200-mega-

byte hard

disk

Price

$5500

$15,000 to$30,000

$8000

$6000

Table 1: As great strides are made in improving hardware capabilities,business computers will return to 1979 levels.

prices of small-

systems will grow dramatically. TheUnix operating system and the Clanguage will be major factors in thestandardization of file handling andcompatibility across small systemsand mainframes.

Table 1 portrays the rapid declinein price and accompanying increasein hardware capabilities of typicalsmall-business microcomputers overthe past four years. In 1979 the Vec-tor Graphic System B was one of themost popular small-business sys-tems. With 56K bytes of memory, aZ80 microprocessor running CP/M,single-user capability, and 500K-bytefloppy disks (very high density for itstime), the system sold for $5500.

By 1981 a new generation of com-puters with increased hardwarecapability and a correspondinghigher price became popular. Onyx's8002, for example, which could han-dle up to six users, offered 256Kbytes of RAM (random-access read/write memory) with a Z8000 16-bitmicroprocessor and the Unix operat-ing system. A tape backed up its 5-to 10-megabyte hard disk, and thesystem sold for $15,000 to $30,000,depending upon the configuration.

Today, products such as the Radio

160 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Shack TRS-80 Model 16 and theAltos 586 have radically reduced theprice of Onyx-type systems. TheAltos 586, which provides 512K bytesof RAM, an 8086 microprocessor,Microsoft's Xenix version of the Unixoperating system, one- to six-usercapability, and 1 megabyte of floppy-disk backup to a 10-megabyte harddisk, sells for about $8000, depend-ing upon the configuration. Table 1points out that with $6000, userscould purchase much more comput-ing power in 1983 than in 1979. Inaddition to the Altos 586, the TRS-80Model 16, Fortune's 32:16, IBM PC-XT, and Victor 9000 are examples ofsystems offering high levels of hard-ware performance for a comparative-ly low price.

By 1985 a small-business micro-computer selling for $6000 will pro-vide 2 megabytes of memory, use a32-bit microprocessor such as the68010 or the 386, and offer a virtualoperating system. (Today, such sys-tems, which let you run other sys-tems over them—as you would ap-plications programs—are availableonly on 32-bit superminicomputersand mainframes.) This hypothetical1985 system should let up to 25 usersutilize a 2-megabyte floppy-disk,tape, or optical-storage backup and50 to 200 megabytes of hard-diskstorage.

Increasingly, operating systems forsmall-business computers are beingwritten in higher-level programminglanguages such as C. These systemsoffer networking and other commu-nications capabilities, hierarchical filesystems, and disk sharing. Unix isoften the vehicle used to take busi-ness applications from minicom-puters to microcomputers. Unix andthe C language are increasingly evi-dent in standard software for 16-bitmicros.

The Drive to Standards

The standardization of hardwarehas been clearly demonstrated, andstandardization of the operatingsystem is evident from the populari-ty of CP/M, MS-DOS, and Unix.These three operating systems arekeys to large libraries of applications

software. Currently, the big push instandards is to connect microcom-puters to minis and mainframes.Although the hardware and operat-ing-system levels are themselvesproblems, the biggest problem isconnecting packaged applicationssuch as Visicalc or word processorsto mainframes and allowing files tobe shared and manipulated frommini- or mainframe-based datastorage to micro workstations.

Licensed Unix sites

will number 1.4 million

by 1987.

Available for micros, minis, andmainframes, Unix becomes a viablestandard for file and program com-patibility.

Standardization Areas

To connect micros to mainframes,standardization must occur at severallevels. Although it might initially ap-pear that standardization should oc-cur at the hardware-connection level,most of the standardization neededfor software transfer to mainframesand across different types of microsoccurs at the operating-system level.

SOFTWARE

-OPERATING SYSTEMFILE FORMATUSER INTERFACECOMMAND NAMESDIRECTORY STRUCTURESI/ORECORD LOCKING

LANGUAGESSYNTAXGROSSSUBSETSSEMANTICS

FUNCTIONAL CALL NAMESAND ARGUMENTS

APPLICATIONS-DE FACTO DRIVER

BY MARKET AND

PRODUCT

CHARACTERISTICS-FILE TRANSFER

COMMUNICATIONS-X .25-ETHERNET-CHRISTENSEN'S MODEM

PROTOCOL-VIDEOTEX STANDARD

And in many cases, Unix is the stan-dard by which new operating-systemdevelopments are being compared.

At the operating-system level, thefile format, or the way in which filesare held on a floppy disk, is undergo-ing considerable standardization.The type and order of bits at thebeginning and end of files and theway in which data is held in the filemaintain, in many operating sys-tems, the same format that Unix hashistorically used. Unix holds almostall data and text files in standardASCII (American National StandardCode for Information Interchange)code and does not encode or encryptdata unless it proves absolutelynecessary. Great flexibility in movingor manipulating files is thus main-tained. You can observe most Unixfiles with a text editor and see whatthey contain, unlike binary or hexa-decimal files, which produce onlydashes and blips on the screen.

Command names, directory struc-tures (specifically the hierarchicaldirectory of Unix), I/O (input/out-put), and record locking are otherareas of standardization on whichUnix is having a great impact. Lan-guage (gross and subsets) syntax andfunction call names and argumentsare other areas where the C language

HARDWARE

CPU BUS STRUCTURE

DISK FORMATHARD AND FLOPPY

KEYBOARD

Figure 1: A look at the various areas that are experiencing standardization.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

161

and the system calls of Unix areevolving.

At the applications-software level,drivers for terminals and disks arestandardizing as vendors realize theimportance of offering a standard in-terface for easy transfer to their com-puters. File transfer from micros tomainframes is also becoming stan-dardized. A format growing inpopularity is Visicorp's DIF, whichhas been adopted by most spread-sheet-application vendors as thestandard way to hold and manipu-late spreadsheet data. For more in-formation on this data-interchangeformat, see "DIF: A Format for DataExchange between Applications Pro-grams" by Candace E. Kalish andMalinda F. Mayer (November 1981BYTE, page 174). Some of these stan-dards are shown in figure 1.

Standard Operating Systems

The three major families of stan-dard operating systems are MS-DOS, CP/M, and Unix. Figure 2shows that MS-DOS is expected tobe the market leader for the nextthree years. CP/M-80 and CP/M-86together match the market size ofMS-DOS, and the recent Visicorp/Digital Research alliance could pushCP/M-86 up near the MS-DOS level.(Visicorp and Digital Research have

Unix for Microcomputers—A History

Developed by Bell Laboratories around1970 for use on minicomputers, the Unixoperating system has evolved into a multi-user system for 16-bit business microcom-puters. In contrast to the Apple II, whichuses a 6502 8-bit microprocessor, or theTRS-80 Model 1, which incorporates aZ80, a 16-bit microcomputer includes suchmicroprocessors as the 8086 or the 68000.As a multiuser system, it lets many usersinteract simultaneously with the computerfrom different terminals.

Unix is actually an operating-systemchameleon; its many forms and flavors arethe result of adapting research and devel-opment software to commercial uses. To-day, the operating system is distributed bymore than 100 computer and software ven-

dors. Some versions are specifically for useon microcomputers, and some forms ofUnix have been reworked to meet the needsof such users as engineers, typesetters, andgovernment agencies.

The majority of Unix users are micro-computer owners whose specific needs dif-fer from those of the traditional computeruser. Many find themselves confrontinga multiuser operating system for the firsttime and are thus unfamiliar with thespecial software-maintenance requirementssuch systems involve. Because Unix wasnot developed for the uninstructed user,a beginner cannot take advantage of muchof its computing power.

Two companies in particular are promot-ing the adaptation of Unix for microcom-

agreed to place Visi On, Visicorp'suser interface, over Digital Re-search's operating systems and toprovide language and tool supportfor each other's products.)

The number of licensed Unix in-stallations by the end of 1986 will beonly 1.4 million, although pendingannouncements by small-systemmanufacturers, specifically Commo-dore, could boost that figure byanother million units. Although thenumber of Unix licenses is less than

that of MS-DOS or CP/M, thoseoperating systems' sales figures (indollars) are nearly equal. An averageUnix-based system is a higher-performance micro or mini that canaccommodate multiple users andcosts more than a system runningMS-DOS or CP/M.

Table 2 shows the number of newUnix licenses and the dollars that willbe spent on licensed mainframes,minicomputers, and microcomputersfrom 1981 through 1986. The micro-

CUMULATIVE SIZE OF INSTALLED BASE

1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

Figure 2: Projected sales of major nonproprietary operating systems through 1986.

162 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

CUMULATIVE NUMBER OF UNIX LICENSESTHROUGH DECEMBER 1986

MAINFRAME

1087

0.1%

MINICOMPUTER

26.000

1.9%

Figure 3: At the end of 1986, mainframe andminicomputer licenses for Unix will representonly 2 percent of the total number issued.

puters: Microsoft Corporation ofBellevue,Washington, with its Xenix operatingsystem for use on 8086-, Z8000-, and68000-based microcomputers, and UnisoftSystems of Berkeley, California, whichmakes a system for 68000-based microcom-puters. Other vendors have brought Unixto such computers as the Onyx andPlexus.

From its origins as a software programfor text editing and formatting, Unix hasevolved over a decade to the point that itis now a massive set of programming toolsfor software development, text preparation,and communications in addition to itsability to perform operating-system func-tions. The developers of Unix pioneered theconcept of software portability—the

capability of operating on various types ofcomputers. This concept was introducedby the Bell System because it didn't wantto have to write new software when itdecided to use a new type of computer.Portability has proven to be a major sell-ing point for Unix.

The C Language

Unix is written in the C language (seethe August 1983 BYTE), which was alsodeveloped at Bell Laboratories. Machine-independent C was designed for large soft-ware programs that can be used on varioustypes of systems; Unix derives its portabil-ity from C. Many microcomputer com-panies develop applications software in C,often using Unix tools, which are

specifically designed for efficient Cprogramming.

Bell Labs has continued to enhance Unixsoftware and releases periodic updates.With its release of System V earlier thisyear, Bell demonstrated support of versionsfor microcomputers in addition to its lineof minicomputer-oriented products. Bellmay decide to offer additional microcom-puter and business software in the future.Today, more than 200 independent soft-ware vendors offer Unix applications pack-ages for spreadsheet, accounting, inven-tory-control, and other business uses.

computer market represents the bulkof Unix units and dollars, althoughthe minicomputer sector is by nomeans insignificant. Figure 3diagrams the predicted preponder-ance of Unix licenses for microcom-puters through December 1986;those licenses will account for 98 per-cent of the total issued.

The Shift to Commercial Use

From 1980 to 1986, Unix end userswill change dramatically. As figure 4

indicates, Unix users in 1979 werealmost entirely from research facili-ties and universities, the Bell System,or the government/military. At thattime, commercial users made uponly 3 percent of the total. By thefourth quarter of 1983, however, 93percent of an estimated 100,000 totalUnix sites will be commercial.

As the Unix market changes tomeet commercial needs, it will alsoserve a vertical market, one that pro-vides specialized software to such

Annual Distribution of New Unix Licenses1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

42.2 88.3 111.9 119.1

115 248 325 370

On minicomputers

$ Million 220.5 357.0 542.0 838.0 1015.0 1053.0

n mainframes

$ Million

3.7

7.6

Units

9

20

Units

1310

2200

3375 5050 6710 7690

Total

372.81087

4025.526,335

On microcomputers

$ Million 31.4 447.3 1588.8 3437.7 4996.1 5256.5 15,757.8

Units 1320 23,710 110,600 269,800 414,800 495,500 1,315,730

Grand total

$ Million 255.6 811.9 2173.0 4364.0 6123.0 6428.6 20,156,1

Units 2639 25,930 114,090 275,098 421,835 530,560 1,343,152

Table 2: Demand for Unix licenses for microcomputers will skyrocket over the next threeyears.

diverse fields as banking andmedicine, which implement Unixyet cannot share applications pack-ages.

The Vertical Unix Market

Yates Ventures surveyed morethan 600 companies, mostly mini-computer systems houses that sellvertical-market software packages asturnkey systems with 16- or 32-bitminicomputers. Of the companiessurveyed, more than 400 have prod-ucts that could run under Unix; 250expressed an interest in or said theyplanned to offer their software on aUnix system.

The vertical market's potential forUnix varies from area to area. One ofthe largest areas is the banking in-dustry, which is particularly inter-ested in lower-cost fault-tolerant ornonstop systems. Fault-tolerant sys-tems provide built-in mechanismsthat work to prevent breakdowns.Tandem originally had the marketfor nonstop systems to itself. Suchcompanies as Auragen, Bunker-Ramo, Parallel, and Tolerant Trans-action Systems, however, are nowcompeting with Tandem and offer-ing much less expensive computers.These manufacturers are providing aviable alternative for those sectorspurchasing nonstop systems. Manyof these groups simply cannot affordthe bigger Tandem systems.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

163

Hank: Here's the report you've beenwaiting for. Hope you put your systemon automatic and didn't wait up.

lb all reps: Price changes on follow-'" items effective immediately:10-111A, 10-114A; 10-AL.

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Smartcom II™ We spent a lot of timedeveloping our software, so you canspend less time using it. Smartcom IIprompts you in the simple steps requiredto create, send, receive, display, list,name and re-name files. It even receivesdata completely unattended—especiallyhelpful when you're sending work fromhome to office, or vice versa.

And if you need it, there's always"help!' One of several special functionsassigned to IBM function keys, thisfeature explains prompts, messages,etc. to make communicating extra easy.

With Smartcom II, it is. The programremembers communication parametersfor 26 different remote systems. Justpunch a key, you're all set.

You can treat dial-up and log-onsequences the same way. In fact, Smart-com II comes with codes already set upfor four popular information services.COMPUSERVE®DIALOG'S KNOWLEDGEINDEX?" DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL1SERVICE, and THE SOURCE™ AMERICASINFORMATION UTILITY.™ Proceduresfor obtaining an account with each of theservices are included in the Smartcom IImanual. But that's not all.

Special offers for Smartcom II

ownersl Dow JonesNews/RetrievalService has a specialintroductory offer forSmartcom II owners. By calling a toll-free number, they receive a freepassword and one free hour of serviceanytime after 6:01 p.m., local time.

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164 BYTE October 1983

Welcome to TELEMAILI Your last accesswas/Tuesday, Jan. 4,1983 11:07 a.m.CHECK these bulletin boards:TELEMAIL...TELESO

END USERS OF UNIX

subscription offer for THE SOURCE.Smartcom II owners who subscribe toTHE SOURCE will receive one freehour of daytime service.

Like all our products, Smartcom IIand both Hayes Smartmodems arebacked — by excellent

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Smartcom II is a trademark of Hayes MicrocomputerProducts, Inc.

'TM American Telephone and Telegraph* "IBM is a registered trademark of International BusinessMachines. Corp.

© 1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products. Inc.Sold only in the U.S.A.

COMPUSERVE INFORMATION SERVICE is a registeredtrademark of CompuServe, Incorporated, an H S R BlockCompany.

KNOWLEDGE INDEX is a service mark of DIALOGInformation Services. Inc.

DOW JONES NEWS/RETRIEVAL is a registered trademark ofDow Jones & Company. Inc.

THE SOURCE and AMERICA'S INFORMATION UTILITY areservice marks of Source Telecomputing, a subsidiary of TheReader's Digest Association. Inc.

Circle 207 on inquiry card.

1979/4Q11500 SITES)

1982/2Q(8000 SITES)

GOVERNMENT/MILITARY 10%

COMMERCIAL3%

1983/40

(ESTIMATED 100,000 SITES)

GOVERNMENT/MILITARY 4%

GOVERNMENT/MILITARY 0.4%

UNIVERSITY 2.5%

BELL 4%

Figure 4: These pie charts show a projected shift in the type of user implementing Unix.By the end of this year, approximately 93 percent of licensed sites will be devoted to commer-cial applications.

The Market for UnixApplications Software

Based on marketing interviews itregularly conducts, Yates Ventureshas projected what types of applica-tions software will make up the totalUnix market of $282.6 million in1983. Accounting and business-systems software, for example, willrepresent 30 percent of the Unixmarket. Word-processing packageswill hold second place with a 25 per-cent share. The productivity-management sector, which includessuch packages as electronic spread-sheets, will represent 15 percent.Figure 5 compares the applications-software-market breakdown for 1983with projected figures for 1986.

By 1986 vertical-market packageswill dominate a $1.7 billion market,representing 37 percent of the total.Productivity-management packageswill make up 26 percent of the overallmarket, with accounting andbusiness-systems software runningthird at 15 percent. Figure 6 depictsthe shift toward verticality—Unixapplications-software vendors willsee significant growth in that seg-ment. Note, too, that in 1983 hard-ware vendors and applications-software developers will evenlyshare 80 percent of the sales of Unixapplications packages. Systems in-tegrators will represent a scant 4 per-cent. By 1986, however, that seg-ment will be selling microcomputers

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

165

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1986

DATABASEMANAGEMENT

$1747.2 m

Figure 5: Applications software for Unix16-bit systems will bring in more than $1.7billion in 1986.

with Unix as the standard operatingsystem, and its turnkey system forvertical markets will bring its marketshare to 55 percent. Also by thattime, independent third-party ven-dors of applications software willcontrol 30 percent of the marketwhile hardware vendors hold on to10 percent.

Conclusion

The standardization of small com-puter systems, which began at thehardware level, has now reachedoperating systems and applicationssoftware aimed at the Unix market.Encouraged by the availability ofUnix on microcomputers, minis, andmainframes, vendors will continue toadapt it across the spectrum ofmicrocomputer and mainframe prod-ucts. Moreover, the vertical market

APPLICATIONS-SOFTWAREVENDORS FOR UNIX

1983

SYSTEMSINTEGRATORS

1986

•OTHER INCLUDES INDEPENDENT CONSULTANTS.RETAIL DEALERS AND MAIL-ORDER HOUSES.

Figure 6: Turnkey systems for verticalmarkets will strengthen systems integrators'position among vendors of Unix applicationssoftware.

for Unix will expand. In the future,Unix microcomputers can be ex-pected to command a large share ofthe microcomputer market becausethey are priced higher than units thatrun MS-DOS and CP/M. In the yearsahead, those Unix-based micros willbe sold largely by systems integratorsthat will offer vertical-market turnkeysystems previously offered only onminicomputers with proprietaryoperating systems.■

jean L. Yates is president of Yates Ventures (4962El Camino Real, Los Altos, CA 94022), a firm thatconducts marketing research on Unix, publishesperiodicals and books, and produces trainingmaterials on the operating system's use. Author ofThe User Guide to the UNIX System andBusiness Guide to the UNIX System, she is alsoa member of the National Computer Conference pro-gram committee.

166 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

167

Introducing theFT-88 jet printer.

Anything else isjust a lot of noise.

In a market where noisy superlatives such as"incomparable", "second-to-none", and "theepitome of excellence" are casually appliedto a wide variety of printers, Siemens hastaken a more quiet and purposeful approach.

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A Tour Throughthe Unix File System

How to find your way around in the multiuserUnix operating system and its associated files

by James Joyce

Unix, a large operating system designed for multipleusers, gives rise to many system and user files that canbe segregated into different file areas, each with its owndirectory. This is preferable to having hundreds of fileslumped into one work area because a simple request fora directory listing would fill a terminal's screen severaltimes over. The Unix operating system, therefore, hasa hierarchical, or tree-like, file system (though the treeis upside down, with the root at the top), allowing direc-tories to contain subdirectories. Some users find them-selves at a loss to understand the tangle this seems topresent. Let's take a tour of the file system and pauseat points of interest to see the sights.

The first point of interest is where we get on the tourby logging into a Unix system. I'll use my company's sys-tem in these examples:

ITS UNIX Welcomes You. Please,

:login: guestPassword:

Step right this way for the tour!

%

The login procedure is standard on multiuser systems,with the system identifying itself and asking for user'sname and password, then giving the message of the dayonce you successfully log on. The % is the Unix com-mand interpreter's prompt character, letting you knowit awaits your next command. Unix users will recognizethe prompt as that of the C-shell developed by Bill Joyat the University of California at Berkeley. I will presentexamples in terms of the C-shell because it and otherBerkeley enhancements to Unix are in widespread use

throughout the Unix community and because all ex-amples will be typescripts of an actual tour through thefile system on my company's computer. Everything I typein and the system's responses have been captured by thescript program developed by Mark Horton while he wasalso at Berkeley.

To tell where we are in the file system, the pwd com-mand will print the working directory; that is, the direc-tory where we are currently working within the Unixfile system. In Unix, a directory is a file containing infor-mation about other files that are said to be "inside" it.

% pwd/usr/guest

%

The result of pwd is the full path name to the workingdirectory, showing which directories you go through toget to the present directory. The first slash (/) indicatesroot, the top of the file system hierarchy. The root file con-tains usr (pronounced "user'—the directory of users), andthe second slash separates the name usr from guest, ouraccount name. The guest directory is inside the usr direc-tory and contains all the files of the guest account. Figure1 is a diagram of this relationship. Directory entries in-clude pointers to files elsewhere on the disk, as the linesin the diagram suggest, rather than the actual files them-selves.

What's Inside /usr/guest ?

The login directory /usr/guest contains several fileswhose names you can see by typing the Is command tolist file names:

170 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Figure 1: The relationship of directories and files in the Unix hier-archical file system. (Photo by fames Joyce.)

%lstourtypescript

The file .cshrc is used by the C-shell to tailor its actionsto your desires. You can even customize the prompt tosomething else by typing

The file tour contains the text of this article, and typescriptis the copy of what appears on my screen during thetour presented here.

The command Is -a produces a list of all files, eventhose that begin with a period or "dot" (.), which usual-ly indicates special system file names.

% Is -a

.cshrctour

typescript%

We see three new files, the names of which are pro-nounced "dot," "dot-dot," and "dot-c-s-h-r-c." The firstfilename, "dot," is a nickname for the current directory.(Perhaps an easy way to remember this is to think of thedot as the Unix shell, or command interpreter, press-ing its finger against the inside of the screen to point towhere it's currently working.) The listing of files givesthe . and .. directories, too, which means directories alsoare files. The second file, "dot-dot," is short for the parentdirectory, one level up from where you are. Every direc-tory has at least two entries in it, one for "dot" and onefor "dot-dot," files that are automatically created when-ever a directory is made using mkdir, the make-directorycommand.

set prompt="Yes, Jim?"so that instead of % you are prompted withYes, Jim?

There is much more that can be done with the .cshrc file,but we must press on with the tour.

Permissions, Owners, Sizes of Files

So far we are learning how to be tourists in the Unixfile system. The pwd command tells us what directory weare in, and the Is command tells us what files are in thatdirectory. Next well learn about permissions, ownership,the size of files, and date stamping. The command Is-la produces the long listing of all files:

% Is -la

drwxr-xr-x 2 guestdrwxr-xr-x 32 root

-rwx 1 guest

-rw-rw-rw- 1 guest 1 guest

144 Jun 25 12:49 .

544 Jun 21 00:26 ..

98 Dec 18 1982 .cshrc

1561 Jun 25 12:46 tour

176 Jun 25 12:50 typescript

The first character in each line is either a hyphen, in-dicating the file is an ordinary file, or a d, indicating thefile is a directory. Not surprisingly, "dot" (our workingdirectory) and "dot-dot" (our parent directory) have a

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 171

d in the first position of the long listing of files.

We can see the file names in the right-most columnof the Is command's output. Reading from the right, wecan see a date stamp, expressed as month and day (Jun25 for typescript), and time of last modification (12:50 ona 24-hour clock). The 176 indicates the number of bytesin the file, and guest is the file's owner. The 1 indicatesthe number of links to the file. Because each file isminimally linked once to its parent directory, the numberof links is at least one. If the link count drops to zero,the file is deleted.

The line of hyphens for typescript tells us that all per-missions for the file are "turned off." However, the lineof permissions for tour says read and write permissions(r and w) are enabled for (from left to right) owner,group, and everyone else. This file is actually writableby anyone on the system—usually not a good idea, buta demonstration here of permissions.

Permissions for .cshrc are turned off for the group andeveryone else, but the owner can read, write, and ex-ecute (r, w, and x) the file. Note that although "dot" isowned by guest, "dot-dot" is not—it is owned by root, theparent of all Unix files.

Changing Directories

The cd command changes directories, and if you sim-ply want to go up one level the command is

%cd ..

and, to verify that you have done so:

% pwd

/usr

%

Instead of /usr/guest the response from pwd is /usr, mean-ing that you have successfully moved up one level in thefile system. The next thing to do is to see what files areat that level:

% Is -1

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

64 Jun 11 12:27

adm

drwxr-xr-x

2 check

400 Jun 22 14:22

bin

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

128 Jun 11 12:33

diet

drwxr-xr-x

3 root

336 Jun 11 12:38

games

drwxr-xr-x

2 guest

144 Jun 25 12:49

guest

drwxr-xr-x

4 root

448 Jun 11 12:46

include

drwxr-xr-x

9 jim

528 Jun 24 17:26

jim

drwxr-xr-x

13 root

496 Jun 13 15:41

lib

drwxr-xr-x

20 root

320 Jun 11 13:16

man

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

32 Jun 11 13:17

preserve

drwxr-xr-x

7 root

112 Jun 11 13:19

spool

drwxr-xr-x

14 root

320 May 30 15:06

sre

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

112 Jun 11 13:20

sys

%

lines have been omitted to save space.

We see guest in the list, the directory we just left. Itcomes alphabetically in the list, just after games, thedirectory where the Unix games are. The man directorycontains the online Unix Programmer's Manual, and sreand sys contain, respectively, the source code for the userutilities and for the Unix system.

A Visit to Root

The root directory, /, is the parent of all directories, theprimum mobile of the Unix system. And when we moveup one level, and look at the contents of root we see:

%cd ..

% pwd/

/

% Is -I

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

2672 Apr 5 16:38

bin

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

1024 Jun 8 15:21

dev

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

480 Jun 11 23:01

etc

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

448 Jun 8 17:00

lib

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

4128 Oct 5 1982

lost+found

drwxrwxrwx

2 root

32 Oct 5 1982

mnt

drwxrwxrwx

5 root

464 Jun 25 12:48

tmp

-rwxr—r—

1 root

65206 Jun 8 12:09

unix

drwxr-xr-x

32 root

544 Jun 21 00:26

usr

The directory bin (pronounced as it is spelled) containsthe executable binary versions of the Unix utilities, suchas Is and pwd. Scanning down the list, the eye leaps tothe file named unix. Unlike the other files, it is not adirectory. It is an executable file, as the permissions in-dicate, but it is executable only by root, the owner. Thefile unix is the kernel, or the control program, of the Unixsystem. Unix is a term that can apply either to the kernelof the Unix system or to the totality and functionalityof programs that run on the Unix system.Let's tour some of the more interesting directories.

Touring /bin

First we will change our working directory into /binand then find the number of files inside it.

% cd /bin% Is | wc -I165

The second line in the example is a two-part command.First Is is run, and its output is sent (or piped) to the wc(word count) program, which is in turn told to reportonly the number of lines it counts. There are 165 com-mands in /bin. To see them we type

In this and following long listings of directories, some

% Is -I

-rwx—x—x 1 bin

-rwx—x--x 1 bin

-rwx—x—x 1 bin

34964 Oct 5 1982 adb307 Oct 5 1982 calendar9216 Oct 5 1982 cat

172 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983 173

Figure 2: An example of piping the output of one program throughanother program. (Photo by fames Joyce.)

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

12060 Oct 5 1982

cb

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

12892 Oct 5 1982

cc

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

8288 Oct 5 1982

chmod

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

9528 Oct 5 1982

cp

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

61212 Oct 5 1982

csh

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

10836 Oct 5 1982

date

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

2748 Oct 5 1982

echo

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

40244 Oct 5 1982

eqn

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

12508 Oct 5 1982

file

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

14324 Oct 5 1982

find

-rwxr-xr-x

1 bin

438 Oct 5 1982

lint

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

20564 Oct 5 1982

login

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

21148 Oct 5 1982

Is

-rws—x—x

1 root

23972 Oct 5 1982

mail

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

12112 Oct 5 1982

man

-rws—x—x

1 root

8636 Oct 5 1982

mkdir

-rwx—x—x

1 root

10236 Oct 5 1982

mv

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

57844 Oct 5 1982

nroff

-rws—x—x

1 root

16808 Oct 5 1982

passwd

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

8436 Oct 5 1982

pwd

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

10140 Oct 5 1982

rm

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

12564 Oct 5 1982

script

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

24900 Oct 5 1982

sh

-rwxr-xr-x

1 bin

546 Oct 5 1982

spell

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

42964 Oct 5 1982

tbl

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

62496 Oct 5 1982

troff

-rwx—x—t

4 bin

120456 Oct 5 1982

vi

-rwx—x—x

1 bin

8536 Oct 5 1982

wc

%

Some of the files, such as vi, the visual screen editor,seem astonishingly large, and others, such as spell, theprogram that checks spelling, seem astonishingly small.One explanation is that small files may be shell scripts,or files containing lines of shell commands that call onother programs to do parts of the desired task under thedirection of the script.

Two entries in the long listing deserve brief mention.The vi entry has a t where execute permission for othersis normally indicated. The t signifies that the "sticky bit"is set, so that vi stays around in the system's swap space,ready for execution. The s in the entry for mkdir indicates

"set user identification code on execution," allowing theuser access to otherwise restricted files.

The vast number of commands in bin and the pipesymbol ( |) help applications developers join them likeTinkertoys to make new applications. A Tinkertoy-styleexample of piping the output of Is through wc can beseen in figure 2. Often, using shell scripts, developerscan produce applications by using existing general-purpose programs. These applications may be slowerthan specific programs written from scratch, butdevelopers will have something working quite a bitsooner.

Why /usr/bin ?

The /bin directory is quite large, and in part to keep itmanageable (remember that command names aresearched for sequentially), the overflow from /bin is putin /usr/bin. The /usr/bin directory is also the place for localprogram additions, although some installations createa directory called /local for that purpose. Let's see whatis in /usr/bin.

°/o cd /usr/bin% Is | wc -I

22% Is -I

-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root-rwxr-xr-x 1 root%

The first three files are parts of the CU, or call Unix, pro-gram that allows a user of one Unix system to call upanother computer system over a telephone line andeither execute commands on that system as thoughlogged in as a normal user or communicate between thetwo machines to put a file to that system or take a copy

17020 Oct 27 1982

cu

15652 Oct 27 1982

put

21764 Oct 27 1982

take

31060 Oct 5 1982

uucp

18204 Oct 5 1982

uulog

8712 Oct 5 1982

uuname

28708 Oct 5 1982

uux

174 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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of a file from that system. The other files are parts ofthe Unix-to-Unix copy program, an improved facilitysimilar to cu. These communications capabilities comewith the standard Unix system.

Relative Pathnames and /usr/lib

Because every directory's parent has the nickname"dot-dot," we can change into a directory at the samelevel (that is, attached to the same parent directory) asour present directory by using .. in the cd command.

% cd ../lib%

We are now in /usr/lib and can see how many files thereare and what they are by using the commands we'velearned.

% Is | wc -I

29

% Is -I

-rw-r—r—

1 root

57 Mar 17 23:27 crontab

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

432 Jun 11 12:53 font

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

64 Jun 11 12:49 lex

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

64 Jun 11 12:49 macros

-rwx—x—x

1 root

14876 Oct 27 1982 spell

drwxr-xr-x

2 root

192 Jun 11 12:51 tmac

drwxr-xr-x

3 root

496 Jun 11 12:52 uucp

%

The files are restricted in that they are readable byothers or executable by others but not writable by others.Just as with library books from your local public library,you are not to write in the holdings in this electroniclibrary.

Some of the directories here are specific libraries forthe named programs. For example, lex is a library for thelex program in /bin, and uucp is a library for the uucp pro-grams in /usr/bin. But what is the directory called font? Wecan go look with the command

% cd font%

Typing the commands to tell us how many files are ina directory and what they are is becoming a bit tiresome,and so it is time to introduce the history mechanism ofthe C-shell.

Historical Commands

To see the most recent commands we have given theC-shell, we enter

% history

21 Is | wc -I

22 Is -I

23 cd font

24 history%

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network is S11.995. MuSYS prices include 16 MB formatted Winchester.' Includes terminals.

BYTE October 1983

177

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The lines numbered 21 through 24 show the last fourcommands, indicating that they are the 21st through 24thcommands typed so far. To execute a previous command,type the exclamation point (!) followed by the commandnumber.

% 121

Is | wc

25

%

I wc -I

Command number 21 is shown on the screen so youcan see just what is being executed. After the commandfinishes, the output, 25, appears to let us know there are25 files in the directory /usr/lib/font. Here are a few ofthem:

% !22

ls-1

-rw-r—r— 1 root

256 Oct 27 1982

ftB

-rw-r—r— 1 root

256 Oct 27 1982

ftl

-rw-r—r— 1 root

256 Oct 27 1982

ftR

%

Again, a number of lines have been deleted in the in-terest of brevity. Those who know troff (the Unix typeset-ting utility) codes for the phototypesetter will recognizethese names as the principal fonts—boldface, italic, androman, respectively.

You Can Go Home Again

This tour has taken us far and wide in the file system,and even the most ardent Unix fan must admit to hav-ing gotten lost one time or another. Of course, we canalways find out where we are by using the pwdcommand.

% pwd/usr/lib/font

%

But how do we get back home, to our login directory?(In Unix terminology, the log-in directory is the homedirectory.) The cd command has a most pleasant default—if you do not type a file name, it defaults to your homedirectory.

% cd% pwd/usr/guest%

So no matter how much you explore Unix, no matterhow lost you may feel, and no matter how deep in direc-tories you may be, you can return to your home direc-tory by typing cd and pressing Return.

Unix offers many alternatives, and in fact there is an-other way to go home—through use of the tilde (~)notation:

178 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 314 on inquiry card.

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% cd -guest% pwd/usr/guest%

The tilde notation is not restricted to your home direc-tory but can be used with any valid login name.

% cd -jim% pwd/usr/jim

%

You can specify a directory within a login directory if youknow its name.

% cd —jim/letters

% pwd

/usr/jim/letters

%

The Unix System's Closet

We are nearing the close of our tour of the Unix filesystem, but we could not leave without looking into theUnix system's closet, /etc.

% cd /etc% Is | wc -I

28% Is -I

-rwx

-rw-r—r—-rw-r— r—-rwx

-rw-r—r—-rw-r—r—-rw-r—r—-rw-r—r—-rw-r—r—-rw-r—r—%

1 bin

1 root

1 bin

1 bin

1 bin

1 root

1 bin

1 bin

1 root

1 bin

7736

106

32

6248

32

2467

321

42020

31

49

Apr 5 16:18Jun 8 16:55Jun 8 16:54Apr 5 16:18Jun 23 10:23Jun 21 00:26Jun 21 15:43Apr 5 16:18Jun 23 13:33Jun 23 13:39

cron

group

ident

init

motd

passwd

re

termcap

ttys

ttytype

Many people may already know that the online pass-word file is /etc/passwd. Some may have heard of termcap,the file that describes terminal capabilities to such pro-grams as the vi screen editor, the rogue game (similar toDungeons and Dragons), and application programs do-ing screen-oriented updating using the curses package.But few will have heard of the other files here. They areemployed by the system rather than by users, althoughusers definitely benefit from them.

The ident file contains the greeting that identifies thesystem to a potential user. The contents of this file canbe displayed by typing cat, the Unix command common-ly used to display a file.

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ITS UNIX Welcomes You. Please,

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The motd file contains the message of the day, dis-played as each user logs into the system.

% cat motdStep right this way for the tour!

The ttys file tells whether a given terminal on the sys-tem is allowed to display a login message, and what datarate the terminal connected to it must be. The ttytype filetells the type of terminal that is connected to the sys-tem, so the routines that use termcap can look up thecharacteristics of a particular terminal and take advan-tage of its capabilities.

The End of This Tour

We now come to the end of this brief tour of the Unixfile system. The tour did not last long, but it did rangefairly widely over the file system. It should be apparentthat the file system is highly organized, although, as theUnix Programmer's Manual indicates, the position of filesis subject to change without notice. The warning is notgiven without reason.

Unix is disk-intensive, simply because there are somany files in so many directories. A typical Unix systemtakes 10 megabytes of disk storage to allow for severalusers. If the commands and user files are on the samedisk, that disk often cannot keep up with the processor's

demands for data. Some Unix systems achieve notice-able improvements in performance simply by putting the/usr files on a separate disk from /bin. Many other im-provements of a similar nature are quite straightforward;someone who has read this article carefully could an-ticipate them.

Those of you who have Unix available to you are en-couraged to take this tour on line, with the article nearyour terminal, taking notes of the differences. Drawinga diagram of your system will show you much I havenot had time to discuss here.

To leave the tour properly, we should return home:

°/ocd% pwd/usr/guest

%

and, finally, exit the Unix system with a Control-D or, inthe case of my system,

% logout!

James Joyce is president of International Technical Seminars, a Unix con-sulting firm, and founder of the Independent Unix Bookstore (520 Waller Street,San Francisco, CA 94117). .

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The Unix Shell

The Unix shell isand

both an interactive command interpretera programming language

The Unix shell is both a program-ming language and a command lan-guage. As a command language itprovides a user interface to the pro-cess- and file-handling facilities of theUnix operating system. As a pro-gramming language it containsmechanisms found in algorithmiclanguages. This combination en-courages use of important conceptsunique among operating systems.The shell can modify the environ-ment in which commands are exe-cuted; the outcome of a commandmay determine the flow of control.The flow of data may also be con-trolled and redirected via the shell,enabling communication betweenprocesses.

The shell executes commands thatare read from either a terminal or afile. Simple commands are written assequences of "words" separated byblanks. The first word is the name ofthe command to be executed; re-maining words are passed as argu-ments to the command invoked. Forexample, the command

Is -I

prints a list of the filenames in thecurrent directory. The argument -Itells Is to print the date of last use,the size, and the status of each file.Commands are similar to proce-dure calls in languages like Pascal orFORTRAN. The notation is differentin two respects. First, although thearguments are arbitrary strings, theyneed not be enclosed in quotes inmost cases. Second, there are neitherparentheses enclosing the list ofarguments nor commas separating

by Stephen R. Bourne

them. Command languages tend notto have the extensive expression syn-tax found in algorithmic languages.Their primary purpose is to issuecommands; it is therefore importantthat the notation be free fromsuperfluous characters.

To execute a command, the shellcreates a new process and waits forit to finish. These operations areprimitives available in the Unixoperating system. A command maybe run without waiting for it to finishusing the postfix operator &. Forexample,

print file &

calls the print command with theargument file and executes it in thebackground. The & is a metacharacter(i.e., has special meaning to the shell)interpreted by the shell and is notpassed as an argument to print.

Associated with each process is aset of file descriptors numbered0,1,..., used in all I/O (input/output)transactions between processes andthe operating system. File descriptor0 is termed the standard input, andfile descriptor 1 is termed the stan-dard output. Most commands pro-duce their output on the standardoutput that is initially (after loggingin) connected to a terminal. This out-put may be redirected for the dura-tion of a command, as in

Is -I > file

The notation >file is interpreted bythe shell and is not passed as anargument to Is. If the file does not

exist, it is created; otherwise, the con-tents of the file are replaced with theoutput from the command.

To append to a file, the notation>>file is provided, as in

Is -I > > file

The standard input may be takenfrom a file by writing, for example,

wc < file

Wc (word count) prints the number ofcharacters, words, and lines on thestandard input.

The standard output of one com-mand may be connected to the stan-dard input of another by writing the"pipe" operator, indicated by |, as in

Is -I | wc

Two commands connected in thisway constitute a "pipeline," and theoverall effect is the same as

Is -I > filewc < file

except that no file is used. Instead,the two processes are connected bya pipe created by an operating systemcall. Pipes are unidirectional; syn-chronization is achieved by halting wcwhen there is nothing to read andhalting Is when the pipe is full. TheUnix operating system, not the shell,deals with this matter.

A filter is a command that reads in-put, transforms it in some way, andprints the result as output. One suchfilter, grep (to search a file for a pat-

Circle 416 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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tern), selects from its input thoselines that contain some specifiedstring. For example,

Is | grep old

prints those filenames from the cur-rent directory that contain the stringold.

A pipeline may consist of morethan two commands; the input ofeach is connected to the output of itspredecessor. For example,

Is | grep old | wc —I

prints the number of files in the cur-rent directory with names containingthe string old.

Filename Generation

Many commands accept argumentsthat are filenames. For example,

Is -I main.c

prints information relating to the filemain.c. The shell provides a mecha-nism for generating a list of filenamesthat match a pattern. For example,

Is -I *.c

generates, as arguments, to Is allfilenames in the current directory thatend in .c. The character * is a patternthat matches any string including thenull string. In general, shell patternsare specified using the followingnotation: * matches any string ofcharacters including the null string;? matches any single character; [... ]matches any of the individual char-acters enclosed. A pair of charactersseparated by a minus matches anycharacter lexically between the pair.For example,

[a-z]*

matches all names in the currentdirectory beginning with one letterfrom a through z.

/usr/fred/epns/?*

matches all names in the directory/usr/fred/epns that consist of at least onecharacter. If no filename matches the

pattern, the pattern is passed, un-changed, as an argument. Thismechanism is useful both to save typ-ing and to select names according tosome pattern. It may also be used forfinding files. For example,

echo /usr/fred/*/core

finds and prints the names of all corefiles in first-level directories of/usr/fred. (Echo is a standard commandthat prints its arguments, separatedby spaces.) This feature can be expen-sive, requiring a scan of all subdirec-tories of /usr/fred.

There is one exception to the rulesgiven for patterns. The character ,(period) at the start of a filenamemust be explicitly matched.

echo *

therefore echoes all filenames thatdon't begin with . in the currentdirectory.

echo .*

echoes all filenames that begin with. in the current directory. This pre-vents inadvertent matching of thenames . ("current directory") and ..("parent directory"). (Ls suppressesinformation for . and .. .)

Care should be taken when youuse the rm command with generatedpatterns. You could easily removemore files than you intend. To reducethe chance of error, first echo the pat-tern, as shown in this example:

echo tmp*

followed by

rm tmp*

Be careful not to introduce a spacebetween tmp and *.

Interactive Use of the Shell

When the shell is used from a ter-minal, it issues a prompt before read-ing a command. By default thisprompt is $. It may be changed bysetting the prompt string:

PS1=yesdear

188 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Thirsty for 384k for Your IBM PC?Try a

Since the introduction of DOS 2.0, the capabilities ofthe PC have been increased with the ability toaddress up to 640k of memory. With the current PChaving 256kavailable on the computer motherboard,you need another 384k to reach 640k. Great you say,but multi-function boards only have room for 256kon them. Well look again, because nowyoucangetthe new SixPakPlus™ with up to 384k of memory,clock/calendar, asynchronous IRS232C serial) port,printer port, SuperDrive™ electronic disk emulation,and SuperSpooler™ printer spooling. There is evenan optional game port. And if you already haveenough memory for your present needs, you canstill get on the bandwagon by buying it without anymemory. When your needs for memory grow, thesockets are ready for you to install six banks of 64kparity checked memory.

With the SixPakPlus'" from AST Research you getthe most advanced multifunction board availablefrom the industry leader in IBM PC enhancements.

TM

You get a clock/calendar powered by a clip-onbattery which does not require factory service toreplace. It automatically loads the correct time anddate when you turn on your computer. The serialport can be configured as COMI or COM2, and hasjumpers for simplifying wiring of cables. The printerport uses all the same signals as IBM's — you caneven use the IBM diagnostics on it. The optionalgame pot: uses any IBM compatiblejoystick.

The board is backed up with a one-year warrantyon parts and labor and the Oubie' satisfactionguarantee. If for any reason you are not satisfiedwith the performance of your board within 30 daysof purchase, you may return it for a full refund,including the postage to return it. And if your boardshould need warranty service we do the repairs in48 hours or we replace your board with a new one.That's the level of service that has made us thelargest dealer in the world for AST Research products.

Mega PI us II & l/O-Plus IIThe Ultimate Expansion for IBM PC or XT

The AST Research MegaPlus II'" has three functionsstandard Parity checked and fully socketed memoryup to 256k in 64k increments; clock/ calendar withbattery back-up for automatic loading of time anddate when the computer is turned on; and asyn-chronous communication port (RS232C serial) whichcsn be used as COMI or COM2, (DTE for a printer,or DCE for a modern). Also included is SuperDrive™"electronic disk" software. This program builds"disk drives" in memory which accessyour programsat the speed of RAM. You get SuperSpooler™. printspooling software. It operates your printer whileyou continue to work with your computerOptions include a 100% IBM compatible parallelprinter port fcan be configured as LPT1. or LPT2), anda second RS232C asynchronous port ICOMl orCOM2|, Three MegaPak'" options can plug ontoyour MegaPlus II "piggyback" style to give you anadditional 128k or 256k of memory, or a game port.

I/O-Plus II™, is the answer for those who don'tneed additional memory but would like all thoseother multi-function board features. The l/O-PlusII'" comes standard with a clip-on battery poweredclock/calendar, an asynchronous communicationport (RS232C serial). SuperDrive'" electronic disk,and SuperSpooler'" print spooling software.

Optional is a second asynchronous port |DTE, orDCE), a parallel printer adapter, and the best gamepaddle adapter on the market. II is an IBM standardgame port, but it can also use Apple compatiblepaddles and joysticks. Options are all socketed sothey may be added later should the need arise

Both boards come with a one year factorywarranty and the Oubie' satisfaction guarantee. Iffor any reason you are not satisfied with theperformance of your board within thirty days ofpurchase, you may return it for a full refund,including the postage to return it.

TO ORDER

BY MAIL INCLUDE:

-complete description of products requested-daytime phone number-California residents add 6% sales tax-check or credit card number with

expiration date (personal checks take

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TO ORDER BY PHONE:

In California (805) 482-9829

Outside California TOLL FREE (800) 821-4479

PRICES:

l/O-Plus 2'" with Clock/calendar, serial (asyn-chronous) port, SuperDrive'" and SuperSpool'"

SI29

MegaPlus II™ no memory, with clock, serial,and software - S229

SixPakPlus™ no memory, with clock, serial port,printer port, and software: $229

Each 64k of memory installed and tested on

MegaPlus, SixPakPlus or alone S50

Parallel Printer Port S35

Second Asynchronous Port S35

Game Adapter {I/O or SixPakPlus] S35

MegaPak™ with 256k of Memory S299

128k of Memory S199

GamePak for MegaPlusll $40

ConnectAII Cable Bracket SI 9

Cable to Parallel Printer S35

Cable to Modem or Serial Printer S25

Diagnostics Program $10

SUPERWRITER by Sorcim SI79

SUPERCALC by Sorcim SI59

dBASE II by Ashton-Tate S409

Word Processing Keyboard S229

Keyboard/Superwriter Package S399

SHIPMENT

Normal shipment is day after receipt of order.We pay UPS surface charges on all items exceptkeyboards. For keyboards add S5 for surface. SI0for 2 day air. All COD shipments add S3handling.

QUANTITY PURCHASES?

If your corporation, institution, or users grouphas needs for quantities of boards, call us fordetails on our quantity purchase program.

OUBIEDISTRIBUTING

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sets the prompt to be the stringyesdear. If a newline (carriage return)is typed and further input is needed,the shell issues the prompt >. Mis-typing a quotation mark sometimescauses this. If the prompt is unex-pected, an interrupt returns the shellto read another command. Thisprompt may be changed by saying,for example,

PS2=more

Following login, the shell reads andexecutes commands typed at the ter-minal. If your home directory con-tains a file named .profile, the shell ex-ecutes it before reading any com-mands from the terminal. The follow-ing .profile is typical:

date

calendar

MAIL=/usr/spool/mail/srb

HOME=/usr/srb

PATH=.:./bin:/bin:/usr/bin:$HOME/bin

TERM=...

export MAIL HOME PATH TERM

This profile also prints the date andchecks the calendar reminder service.If you always use the same terminal,then you should set the TERM vari-able in the profile.

Shell Procedures

The shell may be used to read andexecute commands contained in afile. For example,

sh file arg-i arg2 . . .

calls the shell (itself a program, calledsh) to read commands from file. Sucha file is called a "shell procedure."Arguments supplied with the call arereferred to within the procedureusing the positional parameters$1,$2,.... If the file wg contains

who | grep $1

then

sh wg fred

is equivalent to

who | grep fred

where $1 is replaced by fred, and shis an append command. (The com-mand to end the case statement isesac, "case" spelled backward.) Whenappend is called with one argument,as inwg fred

is equivalent to

sh wg fred

This enables shell procedures andprograms to be used interchangeably.Frequently, procedures are used toloop through the arguments ($1,$2,...), executing commands once foreach argument. An example of sucha procedure is tel, which searches thefile /usr/lib/telnos containing lines of theform

fred 277-0123bert 277-0789

Cttek

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DR Utility Package allows communica-tion with 7128. 7228. and 7956programmers from the CP/M com-mand line. Source Code is provided.PGX utility package allows the samething, but will also allow you to specifya range of addresses to send to theprogrammer, Verify, set the Eprom<ype.

MODEL 7316 PAL PROGRAMMER

Programs all series 20 PALS. Softwareincluded for compiling PAL sourcecodes.

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Programs all series 20 & 24 PALS.Operates stand alone or via KS232.

190 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 199 on inquiry card.

A coloring book for your computer.

This is no children's toy. This isno-nonsense quality, yet affordable.It's the Panasonic Digital Plotter —the high-speed peripheral thatturns business computer graphicsinto high resolution full colorhard copy.

Nothing can match the PanasonicPlotter in its price range. It providessix-color graphics at a fast 400mm(16") per second, with a choice offiber, ball point or plastic tip pensin black, red, purple, blue, greenand brown.

What's more, it's got a high levelof built-in intelligence that greatlysimplifies external programming.With simple commands, you createlines, circles and a full ASCIIcharacter set. Plus complex, color-

r.raV

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It features an electrostatic paper-holding system for secure, high-stability plotting. An AutomaticChart Advance option for contin-uous, unattended plotting. Andthree available interfaces — 8-bitparallel, RS232C serial andGP-IB — for compatibility with most

u common minis and micros, as wellas for instrumentation graphics.For complete details, write orcall today: Panasonic IndustrialCompany, Information SystemsGroup, One Panasonic Way,Secaucus, NJ 07094; (201)

% 348-5337. In Chicago call (31 2)

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The text of tel is

fori

do grep $i </usr/lib/telnos; done

The default in list for a for loop is thepositional parameters. The command

tel fred bert

prints those lines in /usr/lib/telnos thatcontain the string fred, followed bythose lines that contain bert.

You can use procedures to tailor thecommand environment to yourneeds. Because procedures are textfiles requiring no compilation, theyare easy to create and maintain. Thecapability to try out parts of a pro-cedure at a terminal helps in debug-ging. To further assist debugging, theshell provides two tracing mecha-nisms. If a procedure is invoked withthe -v flag, as in

sh -v proc

the lines of proc are printed as theyare read. This is useful when check-ing procedures for syntactic errors,particularly in conjunction with the-n flag, which suppresses commandexecution. An execution trace is spec-ified by the -x flag and causes eachcommand to be printed as it is ex-ecuted. When errors in the flow ofcontrol are suspected, the -x flag ismore useful than -v.

During the execution of a pro-cedure, the standard I/O is left un-changed, allowing procedures to beused as filters. However, commandssometimes require inline data. A spe-cial input redirection notation, «, isused to achieve this effect. For exam-ple, the editor takes its commandsfrom the standard input. At aterminal,

ed file

calls the editor and reads editing re-quests from the terminal. Within aprocedure, this is written

ed file «!editing requests

The lines between «! and ! arecalled a here document; they are readby the shell and made available as thestandard input to the command be-ing executed. The string I is arbitrary;a line that consists of the stringfollowing « terminates the docu-ment. There are a number of advan-tages to making "here" documentsexplicitly visible. The number of linesread from the procedure is under thecontrol of the procedure writer, en-abling a procedure to be understoodwithout having to know what com-mands such as ed do. Furthermore,because the shell is the first to seesuch input, parameter substitutioncan be optionally applied to the textof the document.

Control Flow

The case and for constructs providefor data-driven branching and loop-ing. The for loop notation is recog-nized by the shell and has the generalform

for name in wl w2 . . .do command-listdone

A command list is a sequence of oneor more simple commands separatedor terminated by a newline or ;(semicolon). Furthermore, reservedwords like do and done are normallypreceded by a newline or ;. A shellvariable called name is set to thewords wlwl... in turn each time thecommand list following do is ex-ecuted. If in wl wl. . . is omitted, theloop is executed once for each posi-tional parameter; that is, in $* isassumed.

Another example of the use of thefor loop is the create command

for i do >$i; done

The command

create alpha beta

ensures that two empty files, alphaand beta, exist and are empty. Thenotation >file may be used on its ownto create or to clear the contents of afile. Also note the ; (or newline) re-quired before done. The notation <file

may also be used to test for the exis-tence of a file.

A multiple-way branch is providedby the case notation. For example,

case $# in

1) cat »$1 ;;

2) cat »$2 <$1 ;;

*) echo usage: append [ from ] to ;;esac

is an append command. (The com-mand to end the case statement isesac, "case" spelled backward.) Whenappend is called with one argument,as in

append file

$# is the string 1 and the standard in-put is copied onto the end of fileusing the command cat >>$1.

append filel file2

appends the contents of filel ontofile2. If the number of arguments sup-plied to append is other than 1 or 2, amessage indicating proper usage isprinted.

The general form of the case com-mand is

case word inpattern) command-list ;;

esac

each branch being terminated by ;;.The ;; preceding esac is optional.

The shell attempts to match wordwith each pattern in the order the pat-terns appear. If a match is found, theassociated command list is executed,and execution of the case is complete.Because * is the pattern that matchesany string, it can be used for thedefault case. Caution: no check ismade to ensure that only one patternmatches the case word. The firstmatch found defines the set of com-mands to be executed. Below, thecommands following the second *will never be executed.

case $# in

esac

192 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

SuperSof t BASIC Compiler

,®

for CP/M-86, MS DOS, and PC DOS

Compatible with Microsoft BASIC

The SuperSoft BASIC compiler, available underCP/M-86 and MS DOS, is compatible withMicrosoft* BASIC and follows the ANSII standard.If you want to compile BASIC programs underCP/M-86, PC DOS, and MS DOS, SuperSoffsBASIC compiler is the answer.

Greater accuracy with BCD math routines

If you have used other languages without BCDmath, you know how disconcerting decimal roundoff errors can be. For example:

With IBM PC*

With SuperSoft

BASIC

BASIC with

BCD math

10 A=.99

10 A=.99

20 PRINT A

20 PRINT A

30 END

30 END

Output: .9899999

Output: .99

As you can see, SuperSoft BASIC with BCDprovides greater assurance in applications whereaccuracy is critical.

SuperSoffs BASIC is a true native code compiler,not an intermediate code interpreter. It is asuperset of standard BASIC, supporting numerousextensions to the language. Important featuresinclude:

• Four variable types: Integer, String, and Singleand Double Precision Floating Point (13 digit)

• Full PRINT USING for formatted output

• Long variable names

• Error trapping

• Matrices with up to 32 dimensions

• Boolean operators OR, AND, NOT, XOR,EQV, IMP

• Supports random and sequential disk files with acomplete set of file manipulation statements

• IEEE floating point available soon as an option

In addition, SuperSoft BASIC has no run timelicense fee. SuperSoffs line of fine languagecompilers includes FORTRAN, BASIC, C, andAda.

SuperSoft BASIC lets me run compiled BASICprograms under either CP/M-86 or MS DOS.

*SuperSoft BASIC is compatible with MicrosoftBASIC interpreter and IBM PC BASIC. Due toversion differences and inherent differences incompilers and interpreters some minor variationsmay be found. Machine dependent commandsmay not be supported. The vast majority of pro-grams will run with no changes.

Japanese Distributor: ASR CorporationInternational, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi,Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan. TEL (03)-4375371.Telex: 0242-2723.

European Agent: SuperSoft International Ltd.,51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, EnglandTN2 5TE. TEL. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

SuperS ft

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PO Box 1628 Champaign IL 61820 (2171359-2112 Telex 270365

Requires:BASIC compiler:

128K memory$300.00

SUPERSOFT LANGUAGES: THE STANDARD OF EXCELLENCE.

Circle 446 on inquiry card.

Microsoft ic a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines I

CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research.

poration.

BYTE October 1983

193

(TAURUS ONE) + (YOUR PC) = (PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEM)

Now a new micro computer based data acquisition andcontrol front end that gives you:—

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RS232C, RS422, or IEEE 488 port on yourPersonal Computer • Powerful Command |functions that include: simple reads andwrites, high speed block analog reads,pulse counting, frequency, change ofstate detection, direct thermocoupleinput, and more • Results in engineer- Aing units • Convenient screw termi- **nal panels • Compatible isolatedAC/DC 3 amp switchers and ,

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The case construction can also beused to distinguish different forms ofan argument. The following exampleis a fragment of a cc command.

for i

do case $i in

-[ocs])...;;

- *) echo unknown flag $i;;

*.c) /Iib/c0 $i...;;

*) echo unexpected argument $i ;;

esacdone

To allow the same commands to beassociated with more than one pat-tern, the case command provides foralternative patterns separated by a |.For example,

case $i in

-x|-y) ■ • ■esac

is equivalent to

case $i in

-N) ■ ■ ■esac

The usual quoting conventionsapply; thus

case $i in\?)...esac

matches the character ?.

When a command finishes execu-tion, it returns an exit status (returncode). Conventionally, a zero exitstatus means the command suc-ceeded; nonzero means it failed. ThisBoolean value can be tested using theif and while constructs. The generalform of the conditional branch is

if command-listthen command-listelse command-listfi

The else part is optional. The valuetested by if is that of the last simplecommand in the command listfollowing if. Because this construc-tion is bracketed by if and fi, it may

< Circle 459 on inquiry card.

SuperSoft's NEW C Compiler... when quality counts.

In 1982 SuperSoft helped C programmers around theworld move their applications from 8 to 16 bit operatingsystems with the first C compiler under CP/M-86® PCDOS, and MS DOS.

With SuperSoft's new release of version 1.2.6, with itsenhancements, upgrades, and improvements SuperSoft ishelping those programmers stay ahead of the pack.SuperSoft was there when it counted in 1982 and willcontinue to be there for you in the future. Today there areseveral C compilers on the market, and you can look atthem all. But if you want a C that's fully portable,syntactically compatible with UNIX version 7 C, rigorouslytested, fast in both compilation and execution, packed withmore library functions than any other, and produces a veryhighly optimized assembly code...then you'll find only one.The SuperSoft C compiler.

Professional Qualify

Recently companies have been scrambling to catchup by releasing C compilers. SuperSoft started working onC over three years ago, and the work has never stopped.While others were struggling to put in features, SuperSoftwas refining and polishing...adding the qualityprofessionals depend on.

Thoroughly Tested

SuperSoft C has been tested with hundreds ofcommercial application programs. And all this testing haspaid off...with a compiler that's highly reliable in everyphase of operation.

Portable

SuperSoft C is now available in most operating systemenvironments. Since we don't sell operating systems, wecan support them all. And as new operating systemsbecome popular, SuperSoft C will be there.

Circle 447 on inquiry card.

Packed with Library Functions

SuperSoft now has the most complete set of libraryfunctions available. All provided with source code.

Thorough User Manual

The new user manual is extensive—jammed withthorough explanations to help you every step of the way.And our technical hotline can help answer any additionalquestions.

SuperSoft's line of fine language compilersincludes Fortran, BASIC, Ada, and C.

So when quality counts, think SuperSoft.

SuperSoft C, CP/M version: $275.00all other versions: $500.00

SuperS ft

FIRST IN SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY P.O.Box 1628 Champaign. IL61820 (217)359-2112 Telex 270365

Japanese Distributor:

ASR Corporation International, 3-23-8, Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan.Tel. (03)-4375371. Telex: 0242-2723.

European Distributor:

SuperSoft International Ltd., 51 The Pantiles,Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England TN2 5TE.Tel. 0892-45433. Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

UNIX is a trademark of Bell LaboratoriesCP/M-86 is a trademark of Digital Research

BYTE October 1983

195

be used unambiguously in any posi-tion that a simple command may beused. This is true of all the control-flow constructions. Furthermore, inthe case of if there is no dangling elseambiguity. Apart from considerationsof language design, this is importantfor interactive use. A C-languagestyle if... then ... else, in which the elseis optional, involves looking ahead tosee if the else is present. In this case,the shell is incapable of determiningthat the if construct is ended until thenext command is read.

The conditional AND and ORoperators are also provided for test-ing the success of a command; theyare written && and ||, respectively.

command^ \\ command2

(2)

command^ && command2

(1)

executes command2 only if command)succeeds. It is equivalent to

if command)then command2fi

Conversely,

executes command2 only if command)fails. The value returned by theseconstructions is the value of the lastcommand executed. Thus (1) returnstrue if and only if both command) andcommandj succeed, whereas (2)returns true if and only if eithercommand) or command^ succeeds.

The while loop has a form similar toif.

while command-list)do command-list2done

Command-list) is executed and itsvalue tested each time around theloop. This provides a notation for abreak in the middle of a loop, as in

while a; bdo cdone

First a, then b, is executed. If breturns false, the loop exits; other-wise, c is executed and the loop

resumes at a. This deals with manyloop breaks, but break and continue arealso available. Both take an optionalinteger argument specifying howmany levels of loop to break from orat which level to continue, the defaultbeing considered one level.

Variables

The shell provides string-valuedvariables that may be used withinshell procedures and interactively asabbreviations for frequently usedstrings. Variable names begin with aletter and consist of letters, digits,and underscores.

Variables may be given values by anassignment or when a procedure isinvoked. An argument to a procedureof the form name=value causes valueto be assigned to name before execu-tion of the procedure begins. Thevalue of name in the invoking shell isnot affected. Such names are some-times called keyword parameters.

Keyword parameters may be ex-ported from a procedure by saying

export user box

IBMPC-8087SUPPORTFTK)MMICROWARE

87FORTRAN/RTOS™ is a full ANSI-

77 subset with 8087 extensions It generatesin line 8087 code allowing use of all 8087data types, including 32, 64 and 80 bit realsand 64 bit integers The complete subset I/Ois supported including Internal and ExternalFiles and List Directed I/O. Extensionsinclude recursive subroutines, interrupthandlers and the generation of softwareinterrupts 87FORTRAN/RTOS uses the Intellarge memory model, allowing data/codestructures which utilize the full megabyte. Thecompiler provides direct access to 8088 portsand supports logical operations on 8 and 16bit operands normally treated in assemblylanguage. 87FORTRAN/RTOS is ideal forapplications which are number intensive orcontrol hardware. 95% of all "main frame" sizeprograms compile and run without extensiveediting. The price includes support for oneyear and RTOS $1350

87PASCAL7RTOS™ is the most

powerful compiler available to PC users atthis time. It is an ISO-Standard Pascal, with8087-8088 exceptions These make it possi-ble to use all the 8087 data types directly,while generating modules in one of the threeIntel Memory Models Modules producedusing different memory models can be inter-faced and linked This gives the user com-plete control of the memory model/speedtrade off characteristic of iAPX cpus Allexceptions to the ISO definition are clearlymarked with a grey background in a manualwhich is a standard of the industry, and morereadable than many tutorials. The compilermakes it possible to cause or handle inter-rupts It also reads ports and performs all thetasks necessary to control iAPX-86 hardware.Use of 87 PASCAL guarantees you upwardcompatibility with future Intel processors andlanguages. Includes RTOS $1350

RTOS™ — Real Time Operating System

RTOS is a MicroWare configured version of iRMX-86, Intel's legendary real time operatingsystem. This DOS is entirely re-entrant and provides many features found only on mainframes Itincludes the Intel Assembler, ASM-86, which supports the 8086, 8087, 8088 and 80186. Allmodules produced by the compilers or ASM-86 are combined, loaded and managed with theUtilities LINK-86, LOC-86 and LIB-86. These products make it possible to load modulesanywhere in RAM, and resolve external references between runtime modules Overlays with asingle root job are supported by the linker. Binding of modules is accomplished at link or loadtime. RTOS/ASM-86/LINK-86/LOC-86/LIB-86 $600

MicroWare

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You CanTalkToUs!

MicroWare 8087 Products

8087-3 CHIP in stock $223

87MACRO - our developmentpackage for the IBM Assembler includesa Preprocessor which translates 8087opcodes source for a library of code macrosand a COMPLETE function library withtrigonometries transcendentals, encoder/decoder and conversions $150

87BASIC - includes patches forBASCOM.COM, BASCOM.LIB andBASRUN.EXE and the MicroWare 8087runtime routines $150

MATRIXPAK - assembly languagematrix routines callable from any 8087compatible IBM compiler. Allows user-specified very large matrices Size is limitedby available ram $150

87FASTPAK - includes one Micro-Ware runtime library, the 87/88 Guide, an8087, and installation instructions $375

87/88GUIDE - an excellent tutorial onwriting 8087 code and interfacing it withcompilers Full of code that runs! $30

Microsoft Fortran 3.1 289

Microsoft Pascal 3.1 289

Microsoft Business Basic Compiler 495

Microsoft C Compiler with Librarian 450

Computer Innovations CI/C86 345

Supersoft Fortran 340

Energraphics 235

Abstat 345

64K RAM Upgrade Kit 64

Hayes Smartmodem 1200B 499

Sandstar Modular Expansion Boards call

Epson FX-100 or C Itoh Printers call

196 October 1^83 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 311 on inquiry card.

SuperSof t FORTRAN

For CP/M-86, MS DOS, IBM PC DOS, and CP/M-80®

SuperSoft FORTRAN is the answer to thegrowing need for a high quality FORTRANcompiler running under CP/M-86 and IBM PCDOS. It has major advantages over otherFORTRAN compilers for the 8086. For example,consider the benchmark program used to testthe IBM FORTRAN in InfoWorld. p. 44, Oct. 25,1982. (While the differential listed will not be thesame for all benchmark programs, we feel it is agood indication of the quality of our compiler.)Results are as follows:

IBM FORTRAN:SuperSoft FORTRAN:

38.0 Seconds2.8 Seconds

In its first release SuperSoft FORTRANoffers the following outstanding features:

1. Full ANSI 66 standard FORTRAN withimportant extensions

2. Standard data types, double precision,varying string length, complex numbers

3. Free format input and free format stringoutput

4. Compact object code and run time support

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Modification of such variables withinthe called procedure does not affectthe values in the calling procedure.(Generally, a process may not modifythe environment of its caller withoutan explicit request on the part of thatcaller. Files and shared file descrip-tors are the exceptions to this rule.)A name with value intended to re-main constant throughout a proce-dure may be declared readonly. Theform of this command is similar tothe export command,

readonly name ...

Subsequent attempts to set readonlyvariables are illegal.

Variables within a procedure are setby writing, for example,

user=fred

The value of a variable may be sub-stituted by preceding its name with

$;

echo $user

echoes fred. (Echo is a standard com-mand that prints its arguments, sep-arated by blanks.) The general nota-tion for parameter (or variable) sub-stitution is

${name}

and is used, for example, when theparameter name is followed by a let-ter or a digit. If a parameter is not set,the null string is substituted for it.Alternatively, a default string may begiven, as in

echo${d-.}

which echoes the value of d if it isset, and . otherwise. Substitutionsmay be nested; thus

echo${d-$1}

echoes the value of d if it is set;otherwise, it echoes the value (if any)of $1. A variable may be assigned adefault value using the notation

${d=.}

which substitutes the same string as

${d-.}

unless d was not previously set, inwhich case it is set to the string ..(The notation ${... = ...} is not avail-able for positional parameters.)

When a parameter is required to beset, the notation

${d?message}

substitutes the value of the variabled if it has one; otherwise, message isprinted, and execution of the proce-dure is abandoned. If message is ab-sent, a standard message is printed.A procedure that requires some pa-rameters to be set might start with

: ${user?} ${acct?} ${bin?}

The : command is built-in to the shelland does nothing after its argumentsare evaluated. In this example, if anyof the variables user, acct, or bin are notset, the shell abandons execution ofthe procedure. Some variables havea special meaning to the shell (seetable 1).

Command Substitution

Standard output from a commandcan be substituted in a way similar toparameter substitution. The com-mand pwd prints on its standard out-put the name of the current workingdirectory. If the current directory is/usr/fred/bin, the command

d = vpwd'

is equivalent to

d=/usr/f red/bin

The entire string between grave ac-cents ('. ..') is taken as the commandto be executed and is replaced withthe output from the command. Thecommand is written with the usualquoting conventions except a ' mustbe escaped using \ . For example,

Is 'echo "$1m

is equivalent to

198 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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(a)

$-

(b)

SMAIL

$HOME

$CDPATH

$PATH

$PS1SPS2

$IFS

The exit status (return code) of the last command executed as a decimalstring. Most commands return a zero exit status if they complete successfullyand return a nonzero exit status otherwise. Testing the value of return codesis deferred until the section on if and while commands.

The name of the command procedure being executed. This variable can beused to distinguish cases when a command has more than one name. Forexample, the following script is called ttytek and a link to the same file existscalled ttyblit. If the file has any other name, and is executed by that name, thedefault case applies. The command sets terminal options using the sttycommand

case $0 in

ttyblit) stty erase * H Ittytek) stty erase * H I') stty erase * H I

esac

) ffO tabs ;;) tek -tabs ;

The number of positional parameters (in decimal); used, for example, in theappend command to check the number of parameters. $# is also updated bythe set command.

The process number of this shell (in decimal). Because process numbers areunique among all existing processes, this string is frequently used togenerate temporary filenames. For example,

ps a >/tmp/ps$$rm /tmp/ps$$

The process number of the last process run in the background (in decimal).

The current shell flags, such as -x and -v.

When used interactively, the shell looks at the file specified by this variablebefore it issues a prompt. If the specified file has been modified since it waslast looked at, the shell prints the message you have mail before prompting forthe next command. For user fred, this variable is set as MAIL=/usr/spool/mail/fred

The default argument for the cd command. The current directory is used toresolve filename references that do not begin with a / and is changed usingthe cd command. For example, cd /usr/fred/bin makes the current directory/usr/fred/bin. Cd with no argument is equivalent to cd $HOME

The list of directories searched by cd. Each directory name is separated by :.A typical setting of this variable, CDPATH=:.. :$HOME/desk specifies that cd shouldsearch the current directory, the parent directory, .., and $HOME/desk. If thedirectory ../src exists, and there is no src directory in the current directory, cd srcchanges the directory to ../src and prints this string as confirmation.

A list of directories that contain commands (the search path). Each time acommand is executed by the shell, a list of directories is searched for an ex-ecutable file. If $PATH is not set, the current directory, /bin, and /usr/bin aresearched by default. $PATH consists of directory names separated by : . Forexample, PATH=.:./bin:$HOME/bin:/bin:/usr/bin specifies that the current directory (the

before the first :), ./bin, $HOME/bin, /bin, and /usr/bin are to be searched in thatorder. In this way, individual users can have their own commands in $HOME/binaccessible independently of the current directory. The directory ./bin allows ac-cess to any directory named bin from the current directory. This separatescommands from data files within a directory associated with some project oractivity. If the command name contains a /, the directory search is not used;a single attempt is made to execute the command. The form ./cmd may beused to bypass the search path for command in the current directory.

The primary shell prompt string, by default, $.

The shell prompts with $PS2 when more input is needed; by default, the valueis >.

The set of characters used for blank interpretation.

Table 1: Variables that have special meaning to the shell. In table la, the variable $? isset after each execution of a command; all others are set initially by the shell. The variablesin table lb are typically set in the file .profile in the user's home directory.

IS $1

Command substitution occurs inall contexts in which parameter sub-stitution occurs (including "here"documents) and the resulting text istreated the same in both cases. Thismechanism allows string processingcommands to be used within shellprocedures. An example of such acommand is basename, which re-moves a specified suffix from a string.For example,

basename main.c .c

prints the string main. The followingfragment from a cc command illus-trates the use of basename.

case $A in

*.c) B='basename $A .cl

esac

sets B to the part of $A with the suf-fix .c stripped. Here are some com-posite examples:

for i in 'Is -tl; do ...

The variable is set to the names offiles in time order, with the most re-cent files first.

set 'date1; echo $6 $2 $3, $4

Print the date arguments in the orderspecified, e.g., 1970 Feb 3,11:59:59. Theoutput from date is Tue Feb 3 11:59:59GMT 1970 and the shell breaks up thisoutput as arguments for the set com-mand. The result is assigned to thepositional parameters.

a='expr $a + 1'

Increment the shell variable a by 1using the output from the exprcommand.

Evaluation and Quoting

The shell provides parameter sub-stitution, command substitution, andfilename generation for the argu-ments to commands. Let's look at theorder in which substitutions occurand the effects of quoting mechanisms.

200 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Before a command is executed, thefollowing evaluations occur.

• parameter substitution, e.g., $user

• command substitution, e.g., 'pwd1

Substituted strings are not re-scanned. For example, if the value ofthe variable X is the string $y, then

echo $X

echoes $y.

After these substitutions have oc-curred, the resulting characters arebroken into words (blank interpreta-tion); the null string is not regardedas a word unless it is quoted. Forexample,

echo''

passes on the null string as the firstargument to echo, whereas

echo $null

calls echo with no arguments if thevariable null is not set or is set to the

null string. Each word is thenscanned for the file pattern characters*, ?, and [...], and an alphabeticallist of filenames is generated toreplace the word. Each such filenameis a separate argument.

Metacharacters such as <,>,*, ?,|, and & have a special meaning. Any-character preceded by a \ is quotedand loses its special meaning, if any.The \ is ignored; thus

echo\?\\

echoes ? \. To allow long strings tocontinue beyond one line, the se-quence \ neivline is ignored.

A \ is convenient for quotingsingle characters. When more thanone character needs quoting, theabove mechanism is clumsy and er-ror prone. A string of characters maybe quoted by enclosing part of thestring between single quotes, as in

echo ' *'

The quoted string may not contain asingle quote.

A third quoting mechanism usesdouble quotes and prevents inter-pretation of some, but not all, meta-characters. Within double quotes,parameter substitution and com-mand substitution occur, but file-name generation and the interpreta-tion of blanks do not. The charactersin table 2 have a special meaningwithin double quotes and may bequoted using \ . For example,

echo "$x"

passes the value of the variable x toecho, whereas

echo '$x'

passes the string $x to echo.

In cases requiring more than oneevaluation of a string, the built-incommand eval may be used. The evalcommand reads its arguments(which have therefore been evaluatedonce) and executes the resulting com-mand^). If the variable X has thevalue $y, and if y has the value pqr,

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202 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

then

eval echo $X

echoes the string pqr.

Errors and Faults

The treatment of errors depends onthe type of error and on whether theshell is being used interactively. Aninteractive shell is one with I/O con-nected to a terminal. Execution of acommand may fail for any of thefollowing reasons:

• I/O redirection fails because a filedoes hot exist or cannot be created;in this case, the command is notexecuted

• the command itself does not existor is not executable

• the command terminates abnor-mally; for example, with a "memoryfault"

• the command terminates normal-ly but returns a nonzero exit status

In all of these cases, the shell goes onto execute the next command. Except

parameter substitutioncommand substitutionends the quoted stringquotes the special characters

Table 2: These characters have specialmeaning when enclosed in double quotes;they should be quoted using \ .

for the last case, an error message isprinted.

All remaining errors cause an exitfrom a procedure. An interactive shellreturns to read another commandfrom the terminal. Such errorsinclude

• syntax errors; e.g., if.. . then . .. done

• a signal such as terminal interrupt;the shell waits for the current com-mand, if any, to finish execution andthen either exits or returns to theterminal

• failure of any of the built-in com-mands, such as cd

If any error is detected, the flag -e

causes the shell to terminate.

Procedures normally terminatewhen an interrupt is received fromthe terminal. An interrupt is com-municated to a process as a signal. Ifcleaning up (e.g., removing tem-porary files) is required, the built-incommand trap is used.

trap 'rm /tmp/ps$$; exit' 2

sets a trap for terminal interrupt(signal 2) and, if this interrupt is re-ceived, executes the commands

rm /tmp/ps$$; exit

Another built-in command is exit,which terminates a procedure. Theexit is required in the preceding ex-ample; otherwise, after the trap istaken, execution resumes at the placewhere interrupted.

Signals can be handled by a pro-cess in one of three ways. They canbe ignored, in which case the signalis never sent to the process; they canbe caught, in which case the processmust decide what to do; or they can

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October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 203

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be left to terminate the process. If asignal is ignored on entry to the pro-cedure by invoking the procedure inthe background, trap commands (andthe signal) are ignored.

A procedure itself may elect to ig-nore signals by specifying the nullstring as the argument to trap. A trapmay be reset by saying, for example,

trap 2

which resets the trap for signal 2 toits default value (exit).

The procedure scan exemplifies theuse of trap without an exit in the trapcommand. The scan command takeseach directory in the current direc-tory, prompts with its name, then ex-ecutes the command typed at the ter-minal. Interrupts are ignored whileexecuting the requested commandsbut cause termination when scan iswaiting for input.

d='pwdvfor i in *

do if test -d $d/$ithen cd$d/$i

while echo "$i:"trap exit 2read xdo trap : 2; eval $x; donefidone

The command

read x

is built-in to the shell and reads thenext line from the standard input andassigns it to the variable x. Thecommand

test -d arg

returns true if arg is a directory andfalse otherwise.

To execute a command, a new pro-cess is created using the system callfork. The execution environment forthe command includes I/O and thestates of signals. The environment isestablished in the created processbefore the command is executed. Thebuilt-in command exec is used in therare cases requiring no fork.

The environment for a command

run in the background, such as

list *.c | Ipr &

is modified in two ways. First, thedefault standard input for this kindof a command is the empty file/dev/null. This prevents two parallelprocesses, the shell and the com-mand, from trying to read the sameinput. Chaos would otherwiseensue.

ed file &

allows both the editor and the shellto read from the same input at thesame time. The other means of modi-fying the environment of a back-ground command is to turn off thequit and interrupt signals so they areignored by the command, thus ena-bling use of these signals at the ter-minal without causing backgroundcommands to terminate.

Summary

You should now be able to beginusing the Unix shell as a program-ming language to write your ownshell scripts. Existing Unix com-mands can be easily combined tocreate your own tools. Some of theexamples shown in this article are ex-tremely useful. I recommend thatavid Unix users go on to greater pro-ficiency with the Unix shell.

The major alternative to the stan-dard Unix "Bourne" shell is the C-shell developed at the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley. The C-shell issuperior for interactive use with itsaliasing, history, and job-controlfacilities. But if you want to write por-table shell scripts that can be used onany Unix system, use of the standardUnix shell is recommended becauseit is available on all Unix systems. ■

Dr. Stephen Bourne is best known for his con-tributions to the Unix system, including the"Bourne" shell and the book The Unix System.An internationally known computer scientist with15 years of computer systems experience, he is oneof the designers of the Cambridge Capability Com-puter and is recognized for his contributions toprogramming-language design and compiler-con-struction techniques. Dr. Bourne can be reached atSilicon Graphics Inc., 630 Clyde Court, MountainView, CA 94043.

204 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

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Unix as an ApplicationEnvironment

A tools approach to the needs of the business community

The operating system defines acomputer's environment. And thefirst requirement of an environmentis that it be reliable. Users need arobust software foundation—onethat's not susceptible to a crash yet isable to exit gracefully when neces-sary. The system's stability shouldquell the need for releases of new ap-plications, and the sponsoring organ-ization should provide reliable sup-port. Generally speaking, the oper-ating system should be mature.

Users also have secondary needs.The operating system must providea framework for its two kinds ofUsers: the developers and the ehdusers. Developers are most produc-tive when they have good tools to aidthe programming process. Thesetools include languages, debuggingaids, text editors, and other utilities.End users have an entirely differentset of needs. They should be isolatedfrom the esoterica of the computerand be given something that is easyto use.

Finally, various technical featuresare needed:

• the ability to handle multiple users

• interprocess communication andconcurrent operations so thatusers and their tasks can worktogether

by Mark Krieger and Fred Pack

• communication capability so thatusers on different machines canwork together

• file locking so that users do not getin each others' way

• a rich set of utilities so that we arespared from having to create ourown routines

• portability so that the programswe write today will continue func-tioning in the advanced machinesavailable in the future

• a large body of applications so thatthe computer can immediatelyperform useful work for us

Because it meets these criteria, webelieve that the Unix operating sys-tem is one of the systems of choice.

General Software Problems

Unfortunately, most designers ofoperating systems neglect the heedsof the end user. The early designersdidn't expect their systems to be usedin the mass market, and later design-ers patterned their products after theoriginals to provide compatibility.Furthermore, most computer usersWere technically adept; system soft-ware "hand holding" wasn't neces-sary. Finally, until quite recentlymicrocomputers' limited computa-tional power kept designers from de-

voting the machine resources re-quired to make the system softwareeasy to use.

These historical problems are beingovercome due to the dramatic dropin microcomputer prices and the in-crease in computer capabilities.Stated simply, a low-cost computermust not require extensive operatortraining. The typical computer useris someone with a problem to solve,not a computer professional.

The increased computer "horse-power," storage, and graphics capa-bilities that are standard today per-mit the system designer to make thesystem infinitely more pleasant to usefor both computer professionals andthe problem solver.

The historical problems of operat-ing systems center on their tenden-cy to be cryptic, unfriendly, and un-standardized. Phrasing a commandprecisely can require extensive studyi of a dense, technically oriented, and1 usually poorly worded system man-ual. Occasionally, machines respondeven to proper commands withsystem-error-messages such asBDOS ERROR or ERR ON DEV 0/1,which are incomprehensible. Theuser may find that his data is lostbecause he forgot to issue the SYNCcommand when he turned off the

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 209

machine.

Integrated software applicationpackages such as 1-2-3 from LotusDevelopment and Visi On from Visi-corp provide session guidance, com-mon data and command structures,and consistent documentation. How-ever, a fully integrated environmentcan be achieved only by the underly-ing operating system. Apple's Lisa isthe first of such systems. Lisa pro-vides extensive graphical representa-tion, lets users issue commandswithout keying, and can exchangedata with all the integrated applica-tions.

Alternatives

Several operating systems are vy-ing for a significant share of themicrocomputer marketplace. Theprimary ones are CP/M, MS-DOS,Pick, and Unix. Lisa-style operatingsystems will soon be contenders.

CP/M: CP/M was the first signifi-cant microcomputer operating sys-tem. Consequently, it has the largestcollection of application software.Because the older microcomputershad limited power, CP/M did not pro-vide sophistication for either devel-opers or users. Updated versionshave added concurrency, multiusercapability, and portability. Many ofCP/M's features have become de factostandards because of CP/M's popu-larity on 8-bit computers; however,CP/M is hampered by its limitedabilities.

MS-DOS: MS-DOS, designed forthe newer 16-bit machines, remainslargely compatible with the com-mand syntax of CP/M. This hasproven to be a winning strategy, andMS-DOS is very successful. At thistime, MS-DOS is not portable andruns only on the 8086 microprocessorfamily. MS-DOS is evolving to moreclosely resemble Unix, by mimickingthe tools approach and file structure,which is so useful for program devel-opment and applications.

Pick: the Pick operating system, anapplications environment, was de-signed around databases and queryfacilities, which means it is easy touse. Because it permits programmingonly in BASIC, it is not efficient formath or computational applications.

Of course, a good deal of data pro-cessing is concerned specifically withdatabases. Pick is portable and runson a wide range of machines. Origi-nally designed for larger machines, ithas the sophisticated facilities busi-ness users demand.

Unix: the Unix operating system,designed by Bell Laboratories 10 yearsago as a program-development base,originally ran on minicomputers. It is

Several operating

systems are vying for a

significant share of the

microcomputer

marketplace. The

primary ones are CP/M,

MS-DOS, Pick, and

Unix.

very portable and has migrated bothup- and down-scale. Though a finedevelopment system, until recentlyUnix lacked application programsand was not for the end user. It hasalways provided an integrated, con-sistent, and powerful environment tosoftware developers through thetools approach. We'll discuss Unix'sstrengths, weaknesses, and potentialin greater detail later.

Lisa: the Lisa-style operating sys-tem will have a profound effect onthe front-ends of all future operatingsystems. A Lisa user sees a graphicsdisplay with pictorial representationsinstead of words. He operates thesystem by manipulating a mouse,which moves the cursor among thepictures (or "icons"), each of whichsignifies a command or the data to behandled. In addition, extensive useis made of windowing, which en-ables the user to see several displaysat once.

Mice and windows are proliferatingin new application designs even forother operating systems. For in-stance, Multitool-Word, a new wordprocessor from Microsoft, uses amouse and multiple windows, as doVisi On and the Unipress EMACS ex-tensible screen editor for Unix.

Strengths of Unix

Unix has a reputation as the best

environment for writing and main-taining programs, but it is considereda poor basis for end-user applica-tions. We feel that the acclaim is just-ly deserved, but the negative senti-ment is not as appropriate regardingapplications use.

Unix is multiuser: because the costof a machine is borne by severalusers, it can be lower than multiplesingle-user alternatives. Other oper-ating systems are moving towardmultiuser capability, but Unix hasalways had this facility.

A less obvious advantage of multi-user systems is the availability ofshared data. Most applications relyon a database of some kind, and thisdata is usually of general interest tothe user community. While networksof single-user machines can theoret-ically access a common data bank, inpractice this is a cumbersomeprocess.

Another inherent virtue of multi-user systems is the ability to developsoftware jointly. Large projects re-quire many people, and the in-dividually created components be-come integrated during the course ofthe project. Interim testing and finalintegration are greatly simplifiedwhen all the components reside onthe same computer. MP/M, a mem-ber of the CP/M family, is available ina multiuser format, as is Pick. Lisaand MS-DOS 2.0 are not multiusersystems.

Multitasking capability: the processof running more than one programconcurrently is another asset of theUnix system. This permits you to domore than one job at your terminal:for example, you could query adatabase while printing a lengthyreport. Most microcomputer operat-ing systems do not provide this capa-bility, and even some mainframeoperating systems limit the scope ofmultitasking. Unix has no built-inconstraints on the degree of concur-rent work.

Unix is the best program-developmentsystem: though most computer usersare not programmers, they do rely onthe programmers' creations. Thus,Unix applications can be particular-ly sophisticated because the develop-ment environment is so rich.

210 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

A number of standard languagesare included in Unix, among them C,assembler, and FORTRAN. Pascal,COBOL, BASIC, and Ada are alsoavailable. C combines the efficiencyof assembly-language with the con-trol structures of modern high-levellanguages. Many applications existfor most of the other languages. Unixalso provides several editors and de-bugging aids. The standard ed lineeditor is usually supplemented withthe vi screen editor, which is nowpart of Unix System V.

The concept of reusable tools per-mits existing program segments to bestrung together. Many applicationsrequire sorting of data, for example.Under most operating systems, theprogrammer must either write hisown sort or obtain a commerciallyavailable one. Using this sort may bea separate job step. As one of its hun-dreds of built-in utilities, Unix in-cludes a sort that can be run as a con-current task or as a separate step. Allof these utilities can interface witheither terminals or files and com-municate with each other. An exam-ple is the /RDB database package./RDB is a collection of approximate-ly 40 interacting tools that let youbuild a relational database withoutwriting a single program.

An advanced file system: historically,operating systems organized files ina "flat" structure so that users' dataand programs were commingled. Assystem complexities and disk sizesgrew, flat file systems became in-tolerable. Unix provides a far ad-vanced method of managing dataand programs: the tree-structured filehierarchy.

In Unix, files are members of direc-tories, which are themselves mem-bers of higher-level directories. Dataand programs can therefore be orga-nized coherently according to need.Any file or directory can be protectedagainst unauthorized access. Thisprotection extends to read/write/ex-ecute access for specific users, groupsof users, and the entire user com-munity. The file system is easilynavigable from within programs orthe command line.

Unix has extensive communicationscapabilities: standard Unix utilities

transfer files between computers. Inaddition, the communications pack-age permits a user to pass throughone computer and log into another.

Weaknesses of Unix

The most often cited criticisms ofUnix are its "user unfriendliness," itstendency to destroy files when thehardware crashes, its lack of recordinterlock needed to permit multiple,simultaneous write access to shareddata, and the lack of a body of avail-

able applications. Until recently, theBell System seemed unconcernedwith the commercial potential of itsUnix product and thus did not takethe steps needed to ensure its successin the marketplace.

User unfriendliness: Unix was de-signed for computer professionals, anaudience that appreciates terse com-mand syntax because a minimum ofkeystrokes are needed to get results.Thus, to copy files you enter cp in-stead of "copy." This minimalist

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October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

211

philosophy extends to the Unixmanuals, which require considerablestudy to comprehend. Few examplesare given, which further makes thesystem difficult to learn.

In reality, Unix is no harder to usethan any command-line-oriented sys-tem. You must learn the syntax of thecommands, and Unix cannot befaulted for having so many com-mands; these commands, after all,are what give it great power. Thecommands use a standard formatand syntax, unlike some competingproducts. In addition, the develop-ment of new menu-oriented shells ismaking Unix more accessible to theend user. The documentation is im-proving considerably, and numerousbooks have been written on Unix,which improve the learning process.

Propensity to destroy files: thecriticism goes back a few years.Because Unix uses a "write behind"file mechanism to improve disk per-formance, there is a risk of file cor-ruption or data loss if the hardwareis not properly turned off (e.g., dur-

ing a power failure). Such file lossesoccurred with regularity years ago;however, recent improvements havemade Unix at least as robust as othersystems.

Lack of record interlock: the lack of arecord-interlock feature has been aserious impediment to widespreadcommercial use of Unix. Most data-processing applications require usersto share a common database, and, asdiscussed earlier, Unix made shared

Unix comes with C andFORTRAN, and other

languages are

becoming available as

demand increases.

data possible by its multiuser nature.Unfortunately, Unix did not protectthese files against simultaneous writeaccess, which created the risk of filedegradation. Of course, applicationdevelopers could arrange for theirown protection, and many did. Even

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so, the operating system is the bestplace for such protection, and Unixhas not had it until recently.

The Bell System: another criticism ofUnix has been that it is a creature ofthe Bell System, whose interests maynot correspond to those of the com-mercial computer world. This obser-vation has certainly been valid, andas Unix progressed (without com-plete upward compatibility) from Ver-sion 6 to 7, and later from System IIIto V, observers had the right to feelthat the system was too unstable forthem to rely on.

Bell has clearly responded to thoseobjections: the royalty fee has beenreduced, the company has promisedthat it will not make future enhance-ments at the expense of compatibili-ty, and Bell Labs has begun workingclosely with the major hardwaremanufacturers so that Unix can beavailable in a standard manner on allthe popular 16-bit microprocessors.

Unix as an Applications Base

Unix is a sound vehicle for appli-cations programs. The body of exist-ing, commercially available Unixapplications is not yet very largebecause until recently few microcom-puter manufacturers supplied Unixwith their machines. Applications arewritten as authors see a new marketdevelop, and authors can reliably beexpected to service the Unix area, justas they have flooded the MS-DOSarena, which did not even exist twoyears ago.

For years Unix has been theprimary system in many researchlabs and engineering firms. Thesecenters have designed many applica-tions for internal use, and some ofthese are now appearing commer-cially.

Languages: Unix comes with C andFORTRAN, and other languages arebecoming available as demand in-creases. Thus, both RM and CISCOBOLs, which are very popular onCP/M systems, now exist for Unix.BASIC from Microsoft and SMC havebeen ported. The first Ada imple-mentations have been for Unixbecause Unix offered the best devel-opment base for its authors. Pascal,BASIC, and FORTRAN from SVS are

212 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 482 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1983 213

available from certain hardwaremanufacturers.

Menu systems: the "user unfriend-liness" issue has been disposed of byfront-ends to Unix, which replace thecommand-line interpreter (shell) witha formatted screen that displays amenu. For example, Fortune andAltos Unix machines both include amenu shell. In addition, Unipress'smenu system can be tailored easilyeither as a replacement Unix shell oras a front-end to any application.Properly configured menus cansignificantly reduce the learningperiod and error rates and guide theuser.

Word processors and editors: Unix in-cludes both word processors and texteditors: the nroff/troff package is ex-tremely powerful, although difficultto learn and use; the ed line editorhas recently been supplemented withthe full-screen vi product.

Software vendors are now provid-ing excellent additional tools. TheXED, Horizon, LEX, and the FortuneForword word processors have fea-tures heretofore available only on ded-icated word-processing machines.

EMACS is a screen editor that hasmigrated to Unix from its origins onDEC 10/20. This product has extraor-dinary powers; for example, multiplewindows enable several files to beedited simultaneously, and a built-incompiled MLISP programming lan-guage provides great extensibility.

Spreadsheets: the microcomputerage was to an extent built upon thespreadsheet. Such programs are nowavailable for Unix. The Unix environ-

ment is so powerful that spread-sheets like Ultracalc have no practicallimits on the numbers of rows or col-umns. Unicalc is compatible withVisicalc and Supercalc. Both thesespreadsheets are written in C, so theycan be placed easily on any Unixmachine. Multiplan is also available.

Database and ISAM: because Unixitself does not provide a keyed filemechanism, products have beenwritten to fill this need. (Only Pickhas been designed with a built-indatabase.) A variety of modern rela-tional databases are now available.Mistress, Informix, Unify, Ingress,and /RDB are all tailored for Unix.Some of them also support querylanguages.

Programmers often want to accessdata based upon a key or index, with-out needing a full database system.The Phact ISAM (indexed sequential-access method) system from Uni-press enables the C language pro-grammer to build and maintain so-phisticated multi-index, variable-length record, ISAM files. The Infor-mix package also has an ISAMsystem.

Emulators: because so much soft-ware is designed for the older 8080/Z80 CP/M computers, several Unixsoftware houses have written emula-tion packages that can interpret CP/Mobject code. This capability vastly ex-tends the range of usable applicationsfor Unix. Because Mimix, anemulator for CP/M, is written in C,it is portable and runs on PDP-11,VAX, 8086, and MC68000 Unix sys-tems. The Bridge is another example.

Emulators for MS-DOS, AppleDOS, and CP/M-86 should be avail-able soon.

Business applications: the word pro-cessors and spreadsheets mentionedabove are the first step toward fullbusiness applications. In addition,now that COBOL and BASIC func-tion on Unix, a tremendous body ofapplication software for business canbe ported to Unix. The Open Sys-tems and MBSI financial packagesalready function on Unix, and othersare following.

Summary

This powerful operating system isdemanding new applications; its soft-ware foundation is growing, and BellLabs' decision to lower royalties andwork with equipment manufacturersis giving Unix a needed push. As aresult, great numbers of microcom-puter users are being attracted by thismultiuser operating system, nolonger labeled unfriendly since theimplementation of front-end menus.The Unix system is catering to theneeds of both developers and endusers, and a continued increase inwidely known business applicationswill ensure that Unix meets itspotential. ■

Mark Krieger earned an M. S. in computer sciencefrom Pratt Institute and was a visiting computerscientist at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland. He ispresident and cofounder of Unipress Software.

Fred Pack earned an M.B.A. from Nezv YorkUniversity. He is vice-president and cofounder ofUnipress Softivare (1164 Raritan Ave., HighlandPark, Nf 08904).

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214 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

215

How HP business graphics

Enhance your reputation for being more pro-fessional, persuasive, credible and effectivethan your competition with the new HP 7475ABusiness Professional's Plotter.

Make a first impression that lasts

The vital importance of graphics to today's business professional

cannot be overstated. In survey

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Even more im-portant, graphicscan actually increasepersonal and companyproductivity. And createfirst impression of quality andprofessionalism that lasts and lasts.

Graphics: the end to meetingsthat go nowhere

In a fascinating research project conducted by The University ofPennsylvania, 123 MBA candidates were involved in a studydesigned to test the effectiveness of business graphics in meetingsituations. The results were startling. In the group where visualaids were used:

• Meetings were shorter: The study showed a 28% reduction inmeeting length when transparencies were used.

• Group consensus was faster: Agreement was reached by 79% ofthe group using transparencies, compared with only 8% amongthe control group using no visual aids.

• The decision process was accelerated: 64% of study participantssaid they made their business decisions immediately after the vis-ual presentation. When overheads were not used, the control groupsaid they delayed decision-making until some time after the group

discussion following the presentation.

• Presenters with visual aids were perceived as being more profes-sional, persuasive, credible and effective than those not usingvisual aids.

Now, with the new HP 7475A Business Professional's Plotter,your meetings can have immediate and productive results likethese.

How the quality lookof HP graphics can help

The way you present your information can be equally as importantas the actual information you're presenting. And that's where thenew HP 7475A Business Professional's Plotter lets your profes-sionalism shine through.

Standards unsurpassed in theplotter business

The technical standards of the HP 7475A have no equal for pro-ducing quality graphics. With a resolution of one-thousandth-of-an-inch, curved lines are smooth, not jagged, and straight lines areconsistently straight. Its exceptional repeatability (the ability of apen to return precisely to a given point) assures that intersectinglines and circular shapes will meet exactly. The result is high-qualitycharts and graphs you'll be proud to present.

Why 6 pens when experts say 4 will do?

Graphics industry experts maintain that

good graphics contain four colors per

chart. But Hewlett-Packard goes the

experts two better by providing a

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With the HP 7475A, you alsoget automatic pen capping to pre-vent pens from drying out betweenuses, and special "pen damping'(gently lowering the pen to the paper ortransparency) to increase pen life and ensure better line quality...use after use after use. You also get a rainbow of 10 colors tochoose from, in two line widths.

Your choice: 2 paper sizes and today'smost popular graphics software packages

While most professional business applications will be satisfied withstandard Wi x 11" paper or transparencies, the HP 7475A adds the

216 BYTE October 1983

can be the key to your success.

capability of plotting on larger 11 x17" media, too. The larger plots areespecially well-suited for time lines,PERT charts, schematics and engineeringdrawings.

Best of all, you don't have to be a programmerto produce quality graphics on the HP 7475A.It's supported by a variety of professional graphicssoftware packages for both HP and non-HP desktopand personal computers.

Naturally, speaking of software compatibility leads us tohardware compatibility....

Compatible with almost any personalcomputer in the marketplace today

With two interfaces available, the HP 7475A quickly "makes friends"with most models of today's most popular personal computers,including IBM? Apple,™ Compaq™ Osborne® and Commodore™—as well as a host of HP computers.

The cost? Surprisingly affordable

The new HP 7475A Business Professional's Plotter is an amazinglyaffordable $1895. When you consider that a typical fee for a singlefive-color transparency from a graphics service is $50—and thatthe same transparency can be prepared for about $1 in materialson the HP 7475A —the return on your investment is almostimmediate.

Another choice: HP's low-cost,high performancePersonal Computer Plotter

For the "business on a budget'.' you may also want a look at our2-pen Personal Computer Plotter, the 7470A. Its low cost (only$1095) is as remarkable as the quality of its plots. With many ofthe same features as the new HP 7475A, the HP 7470A plotson a single paper size (8'A x 11"). It stores and caps two pens,

and you can easily change the pens

yourself for multi-color plotting. Best of

all, the HP 7470A 2-pen plotter lets you

turn your personal computer into a personal

graphics workstation for only $1095.

Send for your FREE "BetterPresentations Package" today!

For a FREE sample plot, overhead transparency, and more

details, mail the coupon below today. We'll also enclose a list

of software packages you can use with the HP 7475A or HP 7470A.

For the name of your nearestHewlett-Packard dealer calltoll-free 800-547-3400.

■435

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BYTE October 1983 217

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Usenet

A Bulletin Board for Unix Users

You can easily connect to a nationwide network of Unix enthusiasts

Although they aren't as well knownas Unix text editors and program-development tools, Unix communica-tions programs are powerful pack-ages that provide access to Usenet,an electronic network that links Unixusers around the country. You needonly a Unix system and a modem toelectronically send and receive mail,transfer files, and discuss the delightsand frustrations of using Bell Labor-atories' operating system. The com-prehensive set of networking capabil-ities even enables you to log in toboth a local and a remote system andwork on the two simultaneously.

The Usenet Network

Usenet provides a set of programs(collectively called netnews) that allowsmessages to be posted in newsgroups, where user-defined topicsare discussed. Anyone who has ac-cess to a Unix system running Usenetcan participate in this network: thereare no special membership require-ments. The network is managed andmaintained cooperatively by volun-teers. Although no central adminis-tration exists, individual memberswho devote a significant amount oftime to Usenet are generally consid-ered opinion leaders when policy orstrategy decisions are needed. MarkHorton, who works at a Bell Labora-tories branch in Columbus, Ohio, issuch a leader. Horton, who became

by Sandra L. Emerson

interested in Usenet while at the Uni-versity of California at Berkeley,helped develop the current Usenetprograms. He points out that Usenethas grown from 50 sites two yearsago to more than 500 today, with 5 to10 new sites joining every month. InJanuary of this year, Horton polledUsenet members to assess their feel-ings about a potential surge in mem-bership resulting from the spread ofdesktop Unix systems now availableat more popular prices. Althoughsome members were concerned thatthe network might become over-loaded, the general sentiment was infavor of continuing to allow anyonewith access to a Unix system to join.

Participation in Usenet

To set up a Usenet site, you needa Unix system, a modem (preferablyan auto-dial type), and disk storageto cope with the flood of messagesthat Usenet will unload once you areconnected. It's not unusual for a largeUsenet site to have more than 2megabytes of messages in its queue.

The C-language Usenet programsrun under the Unix operating sys-tem, but physical networks otherthan Unix's native uucp (Unix-to-Unixcopy) can be used to carry the news:for example, gateways exist on alimited basis to the Defense Depart-ment's ARPANET and IBM's Bitnet.The majority of sites, however, use

the uucp programs because they arealready supplied with the rest of theUnix software and their use requiresno special hardware.

Usenet members can sign up forany of several dozen news groups ontopics ranging from assembly lan-guage to auto mechanics. And anyuser can start a news group. TheUsenet community—currently madeup of Unix users at universities,manufacturers and packagers of Unixsystems, and providers of Unix-related services—has already built alarge, unique, and occasionally richdatabase of news and commentary.

Usenet's History

The Usenet software was devel-oped by a group of programmers—Steve Daniel, Tom Truscott, SteveBellovin, and James Ellis—at DukeUniversity in the spring of 1980. Thefirst connection they made was to theneighboring University of NorthCarolina. Prior to the development ofUsenet, Unix users could send elec-tronic mail and files from point topoint using the existing Unix networkfacilities, but no larger organizationalframework or technical support wasavailable for pooling news from awide reading audience.

Version A of the Usenet front-endsoftware was originally intended foruse by the members of Usenix (uni-versity Unix users group) as a means

Circle 119 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 219

for online publication of their news-letter, but this implementation neverreally materialized. In the fall of 1980,Mark Horton at Berkeley learned ofUsenet and became the first WestCoast link. After the network was in-troduced at a Usenix meeting inDelaware, several more Unix siteswere connected to it. Soon Usenetsites were scattered across the coun-try; Oregon's Reed College and theUniversity of Oklahoma were earlymembers. Shortly afterward, pro-grammers at Bell Labs (at the mothernode in Holmdel, New Jersey) tooknotice, and Usenet was strengthenedby the addition of Bell Labs person-nel and facilities. With very littleadvertising, Usenet gained 50 mem-ber sites in its first year.

The Usenet software was original-ly designed to deal with a volume ofone or two news articles per week.With an increasing volume of mes-sages (the current level of activity isnearly 50 new articles per day), itbecame clear that new front-end soft-ware was needed. Aided by a tal-ented young programmer namedMatt Glickman, then a high schoolsophomore, Mark Horton and othersat Berkeley rewrote the Usenet soft-ware early in 1982. The version B pro-grams could handle the increasedvolume and, more important, couldsort the messages by topic. Previous-ly, messages for all news groups hadbeen delivered in the order in whichthey arrived at the news machine.The version B programs (B News)contributed significantly to thegrowth of the network. The latestrelease of these programs is B News2.10 (spring of 1983). The older formof the news programs, A News, is stillin use at two of the original Usenetsites. A screen-editing front-endpackage called notesfiles is alsoavailable at some Usenet sites.

Between releases of front-end soft-ware, any Usenet member may sug-gest improvements or solutions forbugs and post them in a news group.They are then distributed to the net-work from news groups such asnet.sources.

When a new member joins Usenet,a neighboring site sends a copy of thesource for the news programs and

documentation to the new site. In-stalling the programs and custom-tailoring them to individual needs isnot particularly complicated; ade-quate disk storage, however, is quiteimportant because the programs anddocuments themselves now consumeabout 700,000 bytes. Because of itssize, the 2.10 B News release is beingdistributed in Unix tar format(suitable for tape or disk) instead ofthrough the net.sources news group.Finding your nearest local site is akey part of getting on Usenet, eitheras a new site or as a user. Becausethere is no central distribution pointfor the Usenet programs, the spreadof both news and software dependson the cooperation of member sitesin forwarding materials to their partof the network.

It's a Bulletin Board

Although the protocols of gettingon Usenet and adding or readingmessages are slightly more elaboratethan those for The Source or Compu-Serve, Usenet does appear to the useras would most electronic bulletinboards. Messages are dated andposted in news groups, each ofwhich is named according to themain subject matter of the messagesit posts. Anyone entering a messagemust decide which news groupsshould receive it. Messages and an-nouncements of general interest areposted to net.general. For example,net.general might announce the forma-tion of new news groups, post triviaquestions, and relate other miscella-neous messages.

As in many information utilities,each subscriber can select a personallist of topics. However, users mayread articles from any news group atany time. The software can keep trackof which articles have been read;unread articles are listed chronologi-cally by publication date, beginningwith the earliest.

Of the more than 500 officialUsenet sites, most are at universitiesand Bell Labs research facilities. Eachsite that has an intelligent modem(and can therefore forward messages)agrees, by convention, to forwardnews to at least two or three othermachines. This agreement cuts down

on phone costs and helps distributenetwork maintenance. However, eachregion also has one or more back-bone network machines that link toup to 50 Unix systems. Recently,manufacturers of Unix systems andsoftware and providers of Unix-related services have been joiningUsenet in increasing numbers. Theuser population might therefore beshifting from an academic andresearch community to one includingmany representatives from the out-side world. The Usenet reading au-dience undoubtedly numbers in thethousands.

A Map of the Network

Of course, you don't have to be anofficial site in order to participate inUsenet. Many Usenet users simplyobtain accounts on major networknode machines, such as the nearestVAX, and dial into these machines toread the news. Users at officialUsenet sites who have agreed to storeand forward news set up uucp linkswith the network node machine andwith their neighboring Usenetmachines. The uucp programs func-tion by queueing up work in a spool-ing directory and performing it attimes specified in system files. Thefact that the uucp process always in-volves copying—copying out work tobe sent and copying in work to bereceived—is another reason that ade-quate disk storage is important forUsenet sites. Usenet sites poll thenetwork on a regular basis, telephon-ing specific machines at agreed-upontimes to send and receive work.

If you own a desktop Unix system,to join Usenet you will likely becomean end node connected as a satelliteto the nearest large Unix system. Par-ticularly in the San Francisco Bayarea, some manufacturers of Unixsystems and software have beenmaking their in-house developmentmachines available on a limited basisfor Usenet use.

Although no formal mechanism fornetwork self-study is set up, inter-ested users periodically measure thevolume of traffic, make a map of thenetwork, and even analyze the con-tent of network news and post it tothe appropriate news groups. Several

220 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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different network maps have beenproduced according to variousschemes. A list of longitude andlatitude points of Usenet sites hasalso been published, but users com-ment that when lines are drawn to in-dicate links, the resulting map isquite confusing. Many cross-countrylinks exist, and a geographical mapof the network is therefore both hardto read and not particularly useful.Every few months, users such as Billand Karen Shannon and Karen Sum-mers Horton produce logical maps ofthe network. The Shannons' UsenetLogical Map (figure 1) is designed tobe legible even in output from dot-matrix printers and will fit on onenotebook page when reduced. Asfigure 1 shows, Usenet is a lumpynetwork, and, predictably, some ofthe largest nodes are supported bymachines at Bell Labs. In recentmonths, the map has spawned anoutrigger of West Coast Unix systemmanufacturers in its upper leftquadrant, as witnessed by namessuch as Varian, Zehntel, Fortune,Altos 86, Sun, and Onyx.

Current News Groups

Presently more than 100 newsgroups are in Usenet, includingseveral groups whose messages arepiped to Usenet from ARPANET.News groups with the prefix "fa"come from ARPANET: those prefixedwith "net" are of network-wide dis-tribution, and news groups with noprefix are local ones.

What do Usenet users talk about?As might be expected, this communi-ty of Unix users devotes most of itsenergy, by volume of news, to dis-cussing Unix itself. Because the Unixprograms and utilities were devel-oped over more than 10 years in rela-tively sheltered environments such asBerkeley and Bell Labs, such discus-sions could go on for years. Not onlyare there hundreds of utility pro-grams in the standard Bell Labs Unixdistributions, but dozens more areunder development. Moreover, sys-tems such as Whitesmith's Idris con-stantly sound variations on the Unixtheme. Now that Unix is availablecommercially, dozens of applicationsprograms are being developed, each

Announcing

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c Copyright Synetix Systems, Inc., 1983BYTE October 1983 223

Circle 504 on inquiry card.

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USENET LOGICAL MAP - April 2, 1983

az70 aus86 omsvax orstcs kirk ism750 n44a images ico

I I I I I 'I I I I

arizona ssovax--f=icalqa=+ hp-ped—hp-cvd cfib—+=====+==ima==+=====+

i ii i- i i i i

kprto nbires—cires | I hplabsb hplabsc inmet imd ipa I ism780I I I I I I I

cvl +====+=hao=======+=+—+===hplabs+=+========+ sri-unix cca—osin

I I I I I I

rlgvax--+ I crystal | csu-cs hpda —+ brunix—rayssd I cg-d

I I

presby—seismo—uwvax I

I I ' . I

burdvax I rocksvax I

I I I

ritcv—rochester menlo70

I

I I I

ya}.e -comix—+===+==+===+==IItwg I sultan

I I

avsdS—atd—dsd—fortune--wdl1 II I I

hpdb—hpdcIavsdF hptabu

rocks34 syteka—sytek avsdT p500vax—megatest—sun—decwrl—amd70I I ' I I I

varian—zehntel—zps ubvax altos86 I flairvax

I I

crimson | tekchips tekid turtlevax

II II

bronze—tekmdp +=======tektronix==+=======+—uebcad—+====ucbvax======+

II I I I I I

dadla-a iddic reed—teklabs tekqad populi I ucbonyxII I "I I

dadla-b—dadla tektinker sequel—ogevax—metheus—cdi ucsfcgl maxvaxI I

dadla-d ullOOs ullOOa pegasus

I I I

+====================== | ==npo is============+ +=========+====

I I I I I

I whuxlb | wbux5 sescent I cbosg whuxk hogpb

I II III I

npoiv eisx—pyuxbb osu-dbs—cbosgd — nscs rmc hogpc v-

II III

abnjh—pyuxll I mhuxd mhuxi—aluxz mork-cb t—n

III I

pyuxmm—pyuxdd burl—mhuxv—mhuxj s

I I I

pyuxec—+==pyuxjj==+—mhuxm I

I III

pyuxk pyuxl I I

I I I

pyuxss pyuxvv I

I

research hlexa—bwkna—mhuxh

I I

I rabbit mhb5c—+=mhuxa=+

II' II I

h—alice princeton--mhb5b mhuxt

'I I I

mhtsa +====eagle=======+====+ ihlpb ihldt ihpsl

II II I'll

mh3bs allegra—psuvax mit-vax I ihaml ihlts I ixlpa I ixn5k |

I II I I I I I I

dvlcn slinac masscomp I +======+===+===+===+===+===+=

I III I I I I

wheps psi sask—hssg40—adec23 | ihnet ihps4 ixlpc | ihwld II'll I .11

zeppo utah-cs--utah-gr--pwa-b I inmet--esquire ihnpl ih4ep

I I II

Figure 1: An outdated example of the Usenet logical map. The double lines surrounding somesite names indicate places with backbone machines for the network (at the time this map wascreated).

I uicsg uiuccsl moria

II I I

| uiesl h==+=uiucdcs====H

I ' i I

I uiucuxc—uiuceml parsec

i i i

f uiucsrl ihtnt ctvax

of which could gather its own newsand bug reports. The list of newsgroups changes constantly as newgroups form and inactive ones dieoff. Like the network map, a directoryof active news groups can be only anapproximation and is quickly out-dated.

The topics listed as news groups in-clude a number of bug-related gripesessions, such as net.bugs, net.bugs.2bsd,net.bugs.4bsd, net.bugs.v7, and last, butby no means least, net.bugs.uucp.

Three of these bug groups concernvarious versions of standard Unix;

4bsd, for example, refers to the FourthBerkeley Standard Distribution,which operates on VAX and VAX-likemachines.

In the best tradition of getting one'sinformation about Unix straight fromthe guru's mouth, there is a verylarge and active news group for Unixwizards. A news group has alsoformed to serve the Usenix usersgroup. (The commercial usersgroups, /usr/grp and Uni-Ops, arenot currently represented by Usenetnews groups.)

Based on a title count at the time

224 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 2 on inquiry card.

alberta—ubc-vision--sfucmpt wjhl2—foxvaxl utcsstat—utcsrgv--trigraph111 I I

ubc-medgen I mprvaxa grkermit—genrad--mitccc wateng--watdaisy I dciemItel tone—uw-beaver — uw-june--uw7 0I I

microsoft--fluke—vaxl uw-vlsiI III

I ssc-vax vax2 vortex unhI I I

I I Ilinus—security watmath +==utzoo==+

II II Irfivax vaxine watarts watcgl her

I I

I medman--cwruecmp--cwrunix I

I I I

I I

ittapp I ndcuts tpdcvax twin40--web40 mi-cec—idis—pitt—driO I adironI I I I I I II

+====ittvax==+=====+--bunker ikonas—+===+=mcnc=+=+==+ +====duke+==+--phs

I I I I I I I I I

qumix sii dedwest wxlvax uvacs—ncsu tucc—+unc+ ucf-cs--uf-che

I I I I I

trwspf trwspp +=====sdcsvax===+—sdchema msdc ecs brl-bmd fau

I

I sdcsla

trw-unix V

I I I

sdcrdcf—sdccsu3 phonlab

I IIIbmeg sdcattb—sdcatta noscvaxIsdcar1

I I

philabs--+ emory udrelay unm-ivax—nmtvax

I I I

micomvax I cmcll nybcb rocky2 lanl-a cubs45III III

==cmcl2=====+== ====H esquire +

I

tpsa—spankyI594 lux—machaids--hocdaI I

==houxm=====+ (houx*) q r y +==houxzI I I I I

b—+==+houxa+==+--+=houxi==+--p

I I I I I-h—j—k c f o hound uofm-cv

I

e f g j (hoes*) 1 sbesI I I I I I

d--+=hocsb==+—k | periI I I

:==+=+ hou5d--hou5a +===floyd====+

I I I

ihps3 hou5e vaxl35

I I Inpoiv hou5c I CornellI III

bpa—sb6 scbhq + mb2b—uofm-hfh

I I Iatt3 —11 1 — + = = = = sbl« =+—burl — kcwin—we 5 3I I I

===+ +====:wel3===+

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1 uw-beaverI

+===+==otuxa=======+

I I I

we04-3b nwuxc inuxa inuxb inuxd uniq

I I I I IPrinceton +=====+==inuxc======+ ixn5c—druxs--drux[h-r,t-z

houxe orion--ariel

I I I h=lime=H houti--houca

I I Ihoh-2 houxg deimos

pur-ee—luvax—isrnix

I Iminn-ua I ecn-pa—ecn-pb—ecn-edI I

umn-cs purdue pucc-h— pur-phy

I I I

stolaf ncrday—cincy pucc-i

iwlc8

iwsl 1

ihhf 1Iihps3 I ihnss ixn5h iheds ihn5i IIII I I II+=+=+=+==+=+=+===++==+===+===+==+=+=ihnp4I I I I I I IIII ihpad I ixlpb I ixn5e ihtpa I ihux[a-j,1-u,w,x]III I

ixn5d ihima ixn5c cdlncch—laidbak—trsvax

iwlc7—iwsl3--iwsl2I

ihps2 iwsl4 — iwlc6

I I I

I iwsl5 iwsl6

I ihuxk—ihlap

I I I

=====harpo=

* European map *****************

North American Map

I

phi labs

I

regi vu44 I diku—ibt edcaad

I I I I I

ukc—+==+=mcvax=+=====+--edee—edmiru

vub

dutesta

of this writing, six out of the 100 ac-tive groups are discussing specifictechnical aspects of Unix. Another 16news groups are concerned withother aspects of the computer in-dustry. For example, six groups are

discussing microcomputers, onegroup has an interest in peripherals,and another is addressing data com-munications.

In short, the Usenet online con-ference is somewhat like a real-time

o««*>

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control

net.games.emp

net.micro. pc

net.sf-lovers

fa.arms-d

net.games. rogue

net.misc

net.singles

fa.editor-p

netgames.trivia

net. movies

net.social

fa.info-terms

net.garden

netmusic

net.sources

fa.info-vax

net.general

net.new.group

net.space

fa.info-vlsi

net.graphics

net. news

net.sport

junk

net. ham-radio

net.news.config

net.sport. baseball

msgs

net. invest

new.news.groups

net.startrek

net.ai

net.jobs

net.news.map

net.suicide

net.audio

net. joke

net. news, newsite

net.taxes

net. auto

net.jokes

net.nlang

net.test

net.aviation

net.jokes.d

net. notes

net.travel

net. books

net. Ian

net.periphs

net.tv

net.bugs.2bsd

net.lang

net. pets

net.unix-wizards

net.bugs.4bsd

net.lang.c

net.philosophy

net.usoft.s

net.bugs.uucp

net.lang.pasca

net. physics

net.wanted

net.college

net.lang.pascal

net. poems

net.wine

net.columbia

net.mail

net. politics

net.wines

net.comics

net. math

net. railroad

net.wobegon

net.cooks

net.med

net.rec

net.women

net.cycle

net.micro

net.rec.caves

net.works

net.dcom

net.micro.68k

net.rec. photo

parents

net.emacs

net.micro.apple

net. records

net.flame

net.micro.atari

net. religion

net.followup

net.micro.cpm

net, rumor

Table 1: A list <

)/ active news groups

compiled from a San Francisco Bay area news

machine in May

1983. The net.cooks,

net.unix-wizards, and net.sf-lovers were among the

list's most active

groups; each contained more than 500 cu

rrent articles.

conference composed mostly of aca-demic, technically sophisticated com-puterists: their favorite play is theirwork. However, at least a third of thenews groups are concerned withhobbies and recreation. Computergames—mostly of the Dungeons andDragons genre—are well repre-sented. There have also been groupson birds, boats, bridges, caves, coins,photography, and scuba diving. Thenews groups on science fiction (net.sf-lovers) and the Star Wars movies haveattracted so much activity that somemembers have grumbled publiclyabout these "groupies" and theamount of disk space they consume.Because messages stay on the net-work for two weeks unless an earlierexpiration date is specified, a very ac-tive news group can indeed loomlarge on the network terrain. (For apartial listing of Usenet news groups,see table 1.)

Usenet Site Requirements

The most important prerequisitefor becoming a Usenet site is to knowthe location of the nearest existingUsenet site and the name and tele-phone number of the person incharge of it. You must have access toa Unix system and have system-man-

ager (superuser) privileges in orderto set up the uucp and netnews systemfiles. You also need a modem, prefer-ably an auto-dial one (to initiatetransactions), and sufficient diskstorage to handle the news flow.

With an auto-dial modem, yoursystem can telephone other systemsand initiate uucp work, includingUsenet work. Such systems are calledactive uucp sites. When an active sys-tem initiates a uucp transaction, ittelephones the remote system andallows that system to log in as a user.The active system then performswork for the remote system. Withoutan auto-dial modem, you must waituntil a neighboring active site tele-phones your system, then your workis passed along to the active site onlyafter it has emptied its queue of workbeing sent to your system. Althoughbeing a passive site is not a greatlimitation, you must arrange for anactive site to poll your system on aregular basis. You can do so by ex-changing tokens such as systemnames and setting up system filesthat contain phone numbers and call-ing times. Although an active site canpoll 7 to 10 machines for work, theuucp link connects only two machinesat any time.

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Circle 231 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

227

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Installing the uucp Programs

Installing the uucp programs is thefirst major hurdle a prospective Use-net site must clear. Some manufac-turers of Unix systems, such as Intel,which makes the Xenix-based 86/330system, are currently supporting uucpversions that are known to work. Al-though Microsoft's Xenix and Uni-soft's Uniplus+ standard distribu-tions include cleaned-up and newlydocumented versions of uucp, directsupport from software suppliersranges from limited to nonexistent.

The uucp programs were developedfor much more restricted networkingthan they are currently being askedto sustain for Usenet and other uses.According to Mark Horton, the uucpprograms have not been thoroughlyrevised since 1978, and they'veneeded many patches and fixes sincethen. Fortunately, Usenet itself hasbeen the means of distributing manyof these improvements, but mostpeople who have tried to install theuucp programs would agree that theyare remarkably temperamental. PaulMiller of Horizon Software Systems,who is currently writing a book withCharles Clanton on Unix system ad-ministration, enjoys using uucp butadmits that the best way to get it upand running might be to hire some-one who's done it before.

While I don't intend to providehere a complete guide to installinguucp, I can offer a few handy hints forsystem managers. Volume 1 of theUNIX Programmer's Manual (NewYork: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,1983) provides additional instructionin the use of uucp under entries foruucp, uux, and mail. Tutorial papers,"A Dial-up Network of Unix Sys-tems" and "Uucp ImplementationDescription" are included in volume2 (part B).

Some of uucp's problems resultfrom the nature of its assigned task.The ability of one system to log intoanother system (usually as a usernamed uucp) and receive or send filesrepresents a fundamental breach ofsystem security unless authorized ac-cess is verified. Many of uucp'sfailures are caused by lack of permis-sion at some point in the transaction.

Every file in the Unix file system is

228 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 209 on inquiry card.

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Computerizewithout changing a thing.

To automate your business, don't change all your familiar business forms. Change to VersaForm.

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Also, VersaForm prints the kind of reports that help manage your business, within today's tighterprofit margins. Like sales reports based on familiar information. Information that VersaForm tabulates,automatically.

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Circle 546 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

229

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CP/M is the runawayleader in disk operatingsystems, but until now ownersof Radio Shack computershave been locked out of thethousands of useful programsthat operate on CP/M.

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230 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 368 on inquiry card.

Figure 2: This diagram represents part of aUnix file system tree. Beginning with root (I),it shows four directories in root, three user di-rectories, and four directories mimed by sandy,one of which (Letters) contains two files.

flagged with a set of permission bitsdefining levels of access for the file'sowner, the owner's group, and thegeneral public. Access is defined as"read" (can read or copy), "write"(can edit), or "execute" (can executea command or command file, orsearch a directory). Files are arrangedhierarchically; beginning with theroot of the file system, files are in-dexed in directories, which in turnpoint to other directories, and soforth (see figure 2).

The relationship of any file to theroot directory is expressed as the file'spath, which consists of directorynames separated by slashes, endingin the file's name. For example, thefile memo in the directory Lettersmight have the following path:

/usr/sandy/Letters/memo

(This user capitalizes the first letterof each of her directories so that theywill be listed first in a directorylisting.) The usr directory is a nameconventionally given to the directoryused to index the work of systemusers. When a user logs in, work isbegun in the home directory, whichusually has the same name as the ac-count name. If the appropriate per-missions are not in effect at any pointin the path of a file involved in a uucptransaction, the transaction fails.

In addition to requiring appropriatepermissions on the files and direc-tories involved in uucp work, anumber of system files are installed

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in order to improve and refine uucpperformance and security. These sys-tem files contain telephone numbers,site names, and access informationused for linking to a remote machine.The first requirement for perform-ing uucp work is that a log-in nameexist by which remote computers canidentify themselves when they log into your machine. Traditionally theuser name uucp is used, and an en-try is made in the user account file,/etc/passwd.

Locations of uucp Programsand System Files

Most uucp programs and files arestored in four areas: a commands di-rectory (such as /usr/bin), a library(/usr/lib/uucp), a system-administrationdirectory (/etc), and the spoolingdirectory (/usr/spool/uucp).

System files such as L-devices, L-dial-codes, Lsys, SQFILE, and USERFILE con-tain utility and security information.Each machine in the network has auucp site name; a machine's ownname is usually stored in a file in the

/etc system-administration directory(e.g., /etc/systemname). The library fileL.sys records the names of remotemachines that will be logging in asuucp on your machine. Yourmachine's name, in turn, must be in-stalled in the L.sys files of machinesthat yours will log into. The L.sys filemust list the site names and connec-tion information for all machineswith which you plan to connect. Apassword for the uucp user may alsobe included in the L.sys file entry.Here are some sample entries froman L.sys file:

frobish Any tty13 1200 tty13 login:-

EOT-login: uucp ssword: Uucp-psswdusxvax Any ACU 1200 6328792 login:-

EOT-login: uucp ssword: Uucp-psswdcranshaw Any ACU 300 sr6760884

login:-EOT-login: uucp ssword:

Uucp-psswd

L.sys entries include the site name,calling times, the device and speedfor the connection, and a simulationof the log-in sequence. The letters

ACU in the sample entries stand forautomatic calling device (or auto-dialer), and a telephone number thatwill be used by the intelligent modemappears. If no ACU is mentioned, theconnection is assumed to be hard-wired. Area codes and their abbrevia-tions (such as "sr" for Santa Rosa,California) are stored in the L-dialcodesfile, which is also in the library direc-tory. The dashes and EOT symbolsbetween log-in tokens indicate apause, so that the modems and com-puters can synchronize with oneanother. Because the leading lettersof "password" are usually lost intransmission, they are omitted in theL.sys file entry. There are many dif-ferent opinions on the correct way toset up the L.sys file. Some installa-tions, for example, also use ogin: forlogin:. If trial and error doesn't resultin success, try to make your L.sys filecongruent with those of the ma-chines you will be calling. The L-devices file contains one entry for eachdevice on which uucp may call out.For example:

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232 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 377 on inquiry card.

Circle 72 on inquiry card.

ONIY THE WORLDS

BEST WORD PROCESSOR

COULD GENERATE

WORDS LIKE THESE

"PIE: Writer, outscored every other wordprocessing program for microcomputers...(It)crams an incredible amount of power into asmall and inexpensive package...PIE:Wnterbeat four out of six dedicated word processors.

Arthur Naiman"Word Processing Buyer's Guide"McGraw Hill Book Company

"PIE:Writer is hard to beat..There islittle I can't do with it..Do not fail to

check out this program if you are

a first time purchaser."

James MartellaroPeelings II

Why are some of the most respected authorities inthe field of software saying all these nice things aboutPIE:Writer'"? The answer is easy.Easy to Learn. Easy to Use.Part of the reason that PIE:Writer is the top rankedword processor is that it's just plain simple to run.In fact, you can use it as soon as you get it home.To write a letter, for instance, just (a) load the program,(b) type the letter 'E', and (c) write your letter. Then,(d) type 'F' to enter the print mode for either screen orpaper and you're ready to print. You'll get a perfectlytyped, spaced and formatted letter. Now what couldbe easier than that?Powerful Features.

Don't confuse our use of the word simple with unso-histicated. PIE:Writer offers features and capabilitiesar beyond any other word processing programs formicrocomputers. And that goes for most of the dedi-cated word processors as well. Here are just a few:

• A tutorial sectionthat easilyacquaints youwith the featuresof the programin step-by-steptransactions.

1

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Overall Score$15,000 94>A

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35

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• You can customize the design of your letters andreports with integrated centering, bold facing,special tab features, mail merge capabilities,automatic page numbering, line lengths andmuch more.

• PIE:Writer is also compatible with both theApple He and IBM Personal Computer and otherpopular compatibles.

The Hayden Advantage.

With thousands already in use, PIE:Writer is part ofHayden's growing "Personal Information Environ-ment" family of software products. This includesPIE: Speller, a 20,000-word dictionary spelling checkerwith the ability to add user-specific dictionaries. Youcan expect some very exciting PIE additions in thenear future. And naturally, full technical support fromthe company that has built its reputation on qualityand service.

But don't take our word for it. Or the experts, either,for that matter. Try PIE:Writer for yourself and enjoythe ease and excitement of writing with the world'sbest word processor.

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HAYDEN SOFTWARE

Circle 203 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

233

tty5 tty5 300tty5 tty5 1200tty2 0 9600

This sample L-devices file specifiesthat calls may be made at 300 or 1200bps (bits per second) through devicetty5. A hard-wire link to anothermachine through device tty2 operatesat 9600 bps. If the L-devices file isempty, the site is defined as passive-incapable of calling remote machines.

USERFILE

The USERFILE restricts a local orremote uucp user's ability to accessthe local file system. Each entry inUSERFILE may contain a user ID, asite name, and one or more pathnames. Each line specifies what areasof the file system a given user mayaccess. The user can be a person log-ging into the system or a computercalling to perform uucp work.

For example, USERFILE couldcontain:

CRT FILTERS

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Attached in minutes withouttools, Optech diffuses ambient light(external light) while dramaticallyimproving contrast. The result? Datadisplayed as never before —clear,bright, and without interference. Andsince Optech CRT filters come in a

variety of sizes to custom fit the ;most popular computer terminalson the market today, they actuallyappeal- to be built into the terminalwhen attached. Beautiful? Ofcourse. Both in its effectivenessand appearance. And its pricetag is less than an inexpensiveprogram.But you be the judge. Call tollfree for your nearest Optechdealer. You'll see how to quickly, eco-nomically, and efficiently say good-byeto the CRT eyesore forever.

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/

ELJBJ^UEL

, /usr/public

root, /

uucp, /usr/public /usr/spool/uucp

The first entry allows any user (in-dicated by a null field followed by acomma) access to files beginningwith the prefix /usr/public. The secondentry allows the user root to accessfiles beginning with the prefix "/";this means those beginning with theroot directory and extending to thewhole file system. The third entryspecifies that any remote computerlogging in as uucp can access filesbeginning with the path /usr/public or/usr/spool/uucp.

Frequently, a shell script will besupplied with your uucp programsthat will correctly set up the owner-ship and permission structure for theuucp files and programs. If no suchscript exists, a list of ownership andpermission requirements is providedin the tutorial on uucp implementa-tion.

Information about uucp transac-tions is accumulated in severalrecord-keeping files in the /usr/spool/uucp directory. Periodically, old logfiles should be removed in order torecover disk space. The secondaryprograms uulog and uuclean aid inmaintenance work: uulog updates theuucp log file or, optionally, reports onits contents; uuclean removes old filesfrom the spool directory.

Testing uucp

The quickest way to test whetheryou have correctly set up the uucpsystem files is to copy a file to anotherplace on the local system, using the-x9 option to provide the maximumamount of debugging information.Once you succeed (return status 0),you can try calling or being called bya remote system. Of course, you mustfirst telephone someone at the otherend of the potential connection sothat you can install each other in yoursystem files in an agreed-upon way.

The syntax of the uucp commandrequires that each remote systemname be followed by an exclamationpoint. Because uucp cannot deducerouting information on its own, eachsite name in a machine-to-machine

234 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 420 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1983 235

path must be included on the com-mand line. For example,

uucp -x9 /user/sandy/Letters/memofrobish!usxvax!cranshaw!/usr/arnold

would copy sandy's memo file to thearnold directory on the cranshawmachine via machines frobish andusxvax.

Currently more than 1500 Unixsystems are known to be uucp sites.A Usenet news group lists contact in-formation for many of these ma-chines. Mail and file-transfer services,as well as the Usenet news service,are supported.

On the Network

Once you have established a uucplink to your nearest Usenet neighbor,you can copy over the news programsand install them. Matt Glickman haswritten a USENET Version B Installa-tion Guide, which should be part ofthe initial documentation you receive.One of the first articles you submitshould go to net.news.newsite in order

to provide contact information for useby the network. If you are planningto forward news to other sites, youmust also install their site names andthe names of the news groups to beforwarded in a sys file, which issimilar to uucp's L.sys file.

Like other Unix programs, thenews programs are simple com-mands with a number of options. Onone command line, you specify whatyou want to do to whom and to whatextent.

The basic Usenet news commandis readnews, which forwards news toyou from a default subscription list.Any user can custom-tailor the sub-scription list by creating a .newsrc filein the home directory. The news pro-grams automatically update the.newsrc file with the number of newsarticles that have been read. A rough-ly accurate list of active news groupscan be obtained by listing the newsspooling directory, /usr/spool/news.

As each article is presented, aheader indicates the name of theauthor, the subject, and the length of

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the article (in number of lines). Amore detailed header giving thetransmission path of the article isshown on request. Entering a ques-tion mark will get you the completelist of news commands. A number ofresponses are possible; you can readall or part of an article, decline to readan article, skip to the next newsgroup, or reply to any item. Whenyou use the quit command (q), arecord is made of which articles youread or refused, and you then exitfrom netnews.

Usenet is remarkable for its nation-wide scope and density of informa-tion flow, but in many respects itresembles other bulletin-board sys-tems. Much of the dialogue concernsthe operation (or nonoperation) ofsoftware, including the news pro-grams themselves. Useful informa-tion is present but may be buried ina host of humdrum commentariesand rather trivial complaints. If you'repatient and persistent, though, theoccasional gems can make reading allthat other news worthwhile. More-over, some of the articles indicate thatreading and writing the news canalso be a satisfying social activity fornetwork members.

What is really remarkable is thatthe whole Usenet structure has beenbuilt and maintained by volunteersand that thus far no heavy-handedcentral administration has been nec-essary. Usenet is an egalitarian com-munications medium, still open tonew members because of the goodwill of its current members. The im-plicit social contract that exists amongUsenet members—to forward news,respond to requests for information,and participate in network mainten-ance—will continue to be a vital partof Usenet.■

Acknowledgment

Thanks to James Joyce, who runs InternationalTechnical Seminars and The UNIX Bookstore, forsuggesting this article and providing invaluable ad-vice and support.

Sandra L. Emerson (309 63rd St., Apt. D,Oakland, CA 94618) is a freelance technical writerand coauthor of a book on the Unix operating sys-tem. She holds a B.A. in English from Duke Univer-sity and an M.S. in health education from theUniversity of Toronto.

236 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 318 on inquiry card.

/MicroAge

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MCllrftDV ALIID l/ITC Add-on 10 your memory cards or motherWlCIVlUni l^nlr M I O board. 100% tested. Wtlh 90 day warranty.

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ComboPlus.64Kw.asyncpara&clockcalendar $ 395AboveComboPlus.256K.SP/C $ 695

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rPrimV 256KRAMCardwthFaslrak"RAMdiskemulalorV^OITVV and printer spoolersottware 2YearWarranty $695

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Microlazer, vrCopy, Par-Par, 6K, #MP8wPower Supply

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Moolazet,*Copy.Par Par. 129K.#MP128 wPowet Supply

Microlazer. Snapon. 8K. Par Par, Epson. #ME8, w-Power Supply

Microlazer. Snap-on, 64K. Par Par. Epson. #ME64, wvPwr Supply

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Joystick

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* DISK DRIVES. Double Sided 360K 320K. Same as now suppliedwith IBM-PC & XT Tested, bumed-in. Wrth installation instructions60daywarrantybyus- leach S 529

2 or more S 529

HallHeighl360Kor320KDritfes.sameasal»ve $ 395

* HA\/ONG INTERNAL Hard Disk, 5-6MB $1995m {FofPC-1,complete) CLOSEOUT

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same with Parallel Pod $ 275

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PHACTICALPERIPHERALS, Microbuller In-Line 64K. Parallel 5 349 $259

MicrotouHer In- Line 54K Serial S 349 S 259

* STAR VICRONICS, 9x9 Dol Matrix, 120cps, 2 3K. Gemini 10 X S 499 $289

9x9DotMalnx. lOOcps,2.3K, Gemini 15" $649 $469

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Applelnleriace andCablelor Epson or Gemini 5 95 $ 59

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12"Amber.#300A 5 210 $159

12"Ambet,310AlorlBM-PCXT $ 230 $ 169

+ 13"Colorl.Composite $ 379 $ 299

* 13" Color II. HGB. Hi Hes (Ap. II. Ill & IBM-PC) $529 $459

13"Colorlll.HGB.Commercial. |Ap. II.Ill) $479 $399

DVM, Color llor III In Apple II Inleriace $ 199 $ 175

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HAYES. Micromodem II (lor Ihe Apple II) S 379 $275

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IBM-PC lo Modem Cable 5 39 $ 29

NOVATION. Applecal II Modem.300 BAUD S 389 $269

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nnnrniu^ iiirAniiATinn a Lin tchiio All Mail: P.O. Box 23068, Portland, OR 97223, include telephone number,URDERINu INrUHMAllUN AINU IbKMb: All items usually in stock. We immediately honor Cashiers Checks. Money Orders. Fortune 1000 Checks andGovernment Checks Personal or Company Checks allow 20 days to clear No C.O.O. Prices relied a 3% cash discount so ADD 3% lo above prices lor VISA or MC. For U.S. Mainland,add 3% lor shipping, insurance and handling (StSH) by UPS with $5 minimum for SI&H. UPS ground is standard so add 3% more tor UPS Blue with SlOminimumfor SI&H. Add 12% totalfor SI&H for US Postal. APO or FPO with S15 minimum lor SI&H For Hawaii, Alaska and Canada. UPS is in some areas only, all others are Poslal so call, wnte, or specify Postal. Foreignorders except Canada for S.I&H add 18% or S25 minimum for SI&H except lor monitors add 30% or $50 minimum tor SI&H. Prices subject to change and typo errors, so call to verify- AHgoods are new. include wananty and are guaranleed lo work. Due lo our low prices. ALL SALES ARE FINAL. Call before reluming goods for repair or replacement. Orders received withinsufficient S.I&H charges will be refunded. ORDER DESK HOURS 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. PST, Monday through Friday and 10 to 4 Saturday. 6 A.M. here is 9 A.M. in New York.OUR REFERENCES! We have been in computers and electronics since 1958, a computer dealer since 1979 and in mail order since 1980. Banks: 1st Interstate Bank,1503] 643-4678 We belong to the Chamber ot Commerce (503) 644-0123, Better Business Bureau (503) 227-0648 and Direct Marketing Association, or call Dunn and Bradstreet if youare a subscriber. Fastrak'" and Genenk" are trademarks ot ComX Corporation. WordStar, MailMerge, Starlndex, IntoStar, are trademarks ot MicroPro.

238

BYTE October 1983

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The Unix Writer's Workbench

Software

With this package, you can spot stylistic as well as grammatical

problems in your prose

by Lorinda L. Cherry and Nina H. Macdonald

The Unix Writer's Workbench soft-ware, consisting of programs anddatabases, is designed to help im-prove your writing. The package in-cludes programs that identify mis-takes and stylistic problems in yourdraft text as well as interactive pro-grams to help you answer spellingand word-choice questions. Becausethe programs are general, you canuse them with a variety of texts fromletters to journal articles. You can alsoadapt the programs to meet yourown needs. This article describesprograms you might use in writingand revising a paper and how youcan tailor the Writer's Workbenchsoftware to your own writing.

Writing Help

Let's set the scene. You have justfinished a huge program and can nolonger avoid writing it up. You havea Unix operating system and areeither composing your first draft atthe terminal or writing it off line,planning to type it in later. You'reusing the standard Unix mm (memo-randum) or ms (manuscript) macrosfor formatting. In one sentence, youuse the word "seperate'—or should itbe "separate"? The spelltell programcan help you find out with its data-base of commonly misspelled words.If you can spell part of the word, the

program will return all the words onits list that match your entry. You type"sep.rate" or "*sep" or "rate$" andget the correct spelling, "separate."(The period stands for any character,the caret for the beginning of theword, and the dollar sign for the endof the word.) Next you want to de-scribe the "affect'—or should it be "ef-fect"?—of your program on its inputdata. The worduse program and itsdatabase, with explanations of about700 commonly confused or misusedwords, can set you straight.

Proofreading Help

You've finished the first draft, it'sstored in a file, and you now face thedreaded task of proofreading and re-vising it. It's time to put the mainWriter's Workbench program, wwb, towork. The wwb program has two sec-tions, proofr and prose, which mayeach be run separately; in fact, theWriter's Workbench system has ahierarchical structure, as shown inlisting 1, and most of its smaller pro-grams can be run independently. Ifyou're a poor typist or speller, how-ever, you should probably run spellon your paper before invoking wwb;the stylistic analysis part of wwb relieson the words in the text being spelledcorrectly.

Proofr first checks spelling and gives

you a list of misspelled words (seelisting 2). Next, it runs the punctua-tion checker, punct. The errors it findsinclude unbalanced quotation marksor parentheses, violations of the stan-dard rules governing the order ofpunctuation marks, and sentencesthat do not begin with a capital let-ter. If you do not understand why thechecker is complaining about yourpunctuation, type punctrules and get adisplay of the rules the punct programenforces.

Proofr then checks the text for "dou-ble" words; that is, a word occurringtwice in a row. This common mistakeis easier for the computer than ahuman proofreader to find. Proofrnext gives the diction output, whichdisplays sentences containing wordyor frequently misused phrases andrecommends substitutions. Diction hasa database of about 450 awkward orwordy phrases; each sentence in thetext containing one of these phrasesis printed with the unacceptablephrase set off in special marks (*[ and]*). And sometimes, for the sake of ef-ficiency, only part of the unacceptablephrase is bracketed. However, youshould not assume the program isalways right. Proofr also looks for splitinfinitives. If you don't recognize splitinfinitives or don't know why youshouldn't use them, call splitrules to

Circle 135 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

241

get information.

Help with Prose

Perhaps the most important sectionof wwb output is prose, which analyzesyour writing style by using a programthat finds parts of speech. Prosegathers statistics, compares themwith a standard you choose, and ex-plains in English how the text mightbe improved. If your text comparesfavorably to the standards, prose willtell you so. If your text differs greatlyfrom the standards, prose will suggestways to improve it (see listing 3). The

program uses measures that writingexperts agree lead to well-writtentext—varying sentence length andsentence type and avoiding thepassive voice, for example.

With wwb output in hand, you'llprobably want to start by making thechanges suggested by proofr. Thesechanges are fairly straightforward,but you will have to consider careful-ly the changes recommended in thesection on word choice. It may beeven harder for you to figure out howto follow the recommendations ofprose. You can then run another pro-

Listing 1: A summary of the Unix Writer's Workbench system hierarchy.COMMAND-FUNCTION TABLE

Commands

abst file evaluates text abstractness

aero file finds acronyms

findbe file identifies difficult syntax

match stylefilel 2 N collates statistics from different texts

org file shows text structure

parts file assigns grammatical parts of speech

sexist file finds sexist phrases and suggests changes

spelltell pattern prints commonly misspelled words containing pattern

style file summarizes stylistic features

syl -n file prints words of n syllables or longer

topic file provides clue to topic, keywords

parts file assigns grammatical parts of speech

wwb file runs proofreading and stylistic analysis

proofr file gives proofreading comments

finds split infinitives

diction file finds awkward phrases and suggests changes

double file detects repeated typings of words

punct file checks punctuation

spellwwb file checks spelling, using spelldict

prose file gives extended editorial comments

style file summarizes stylistic features

parts file assigns grammatical parts of speech

Explanations

prosestand prints standards used by prose to evaluate documents

punctrules explains punctuation rules

splitrules explains split infinitives

worduse word explains frequently misused or confused words

wwbhelp word gives information about commands and functions

wwbinfo prints a copy of this table

Environmental Tailoring

dictadd adds phrases to ddict, spelldict, sexdict dictionary

spelladd adds words to spelldict dictionary

mkstand builds standards for prose from user documents

User Specified Dictionaries

ddict personal list of awkward phrases

sexdict personal list of sexist terms

spelldict personal list of correct spellings

Note. Indented commands are automatically run by the lessindented commands that immediately precede them.

gram, style, to find all sentences withcertain characteristics. For example,you can ask style to print all sentenceswith passive verbs, nominalizations,expletives, or all sentences longerthan 50 words. (See listing 3 fordefinitions.) This output should giveyou an idea of where to start. If youhave too many passive verbs, try thefindbe program, which provides a for-matted draft of your text highlightingall forms of the verb "to be." Gothrough this draft and try to rewritethe highlighted verbs to lower yourcount. If there are many long wordsin your article, use syl to find them;give an integer to syl—5, forexample—and it prints all the wordsin your article with five or moresyllables.

Finishing Touches

The Writer's Workbench systemcontains several programs that let youlook at text in different ways. The orgprogram, for instance, prints allheadings and the first and lastsentences of each paragraph. If yourtext is well organized, the output oforg should be reasonably coherentand can be used as a basis for a sum-mary of the paper. If the output isn'tcoherent, you may have a seriousproblem. No program can tell youhow to reorganize your paper; you'llhave to decide how to present it toyour readers. Org may help you seethat you have problems, but it doesn'tcorrect them.

Suppose you also wrote a shortdocument to tell a user how to imple-ment your program. Did you assumethat your user was male or female?Many people resent such assump-tions. A quick run of your documen-tation through the sexist program willensure you won't make such amistake. Sexist is simply a variant ofthe diction program with a differentdictionary of phrases and substitu-tions.

If you need keywords for yourpaper, the topic program helps byprinting the 20 most frequently usednoun and adjective-noun pairs in thetext. Topic's output also gives you anidea of the subjects you've empha-sized. A program called aero search-es the text for acronyms, letting you

242 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

243

quickly check if you've defined themupon introduction.

Tailoring the System

Next, let's say you're finished withyour paper and have submitted it forpublication. The last time you ranproofr, however, it complained aboutthe spelling of your last name andabout that cute acronym you used toname your program. You can use die-tadd to create your own supple-

mentary file that will be searchedautomatically next time you use theWriter's Workbench system. Some ofthe phrases proofr complains aboutare appropriate in context. Use dictaddand make a private file of phrases; inthe future, proofr will ignore some ofits own phrases and use yours in-stead. Using this supplementary fileconcept, you can adapt the output ofthe Writer's Workbench system toyour own needs.

Listing 2: The proofr program's output for a first draft of this article.****************************** SPELLING *******************************Possible spelling errors in byte_draft are:

meta

sep.rate

SPELLTELL

misspeled

seperate

WORDCHOICE

sep

If any of these words are spelled correctly, later type

spelladd wordl word2 ... wordnto have them added to your spelldict file.

***************************** PUNCTUATION *****************************

The punctuation in byte_draft is first described.

0 double quotes and 18 single quotes

2 apostrophes

0 left parentheses and 1 right ones

Because of the unbalanced parentheses, the following check for mistakes

may make errors.

The program next prints any sentence that it thinks isincorrectly punctuated and follows it by its correction.

line 3

OLD: you have just finished a super program and

NEW: You have just finished a super program and

For more information about punctuation rules, type:punctrules

***************************** DOUBLE WORDS ****************************

For file byte_draft:

the the appears beginning line 10 byte_draft

***************************** WORD CHOICE *****************************

Sentences with possibly wordy or misused phrases are listed next,followed by suggested revisions.

For file byte_draft

beginning line 15 byte_draft

You *[ utiliz]*e the SPELLTELL program, an interactive program

with a data base of the most commonly misspelled words, to find

out.

Listing 2 continued on page 246

Suppose you decide the audienceyou usually address is much less so-phisticated technically than readersof technical instructional manuals,and therefore you'd like differentstandards for prose. Or perhaps youhave a favorite author whose styleyou would like to emulate. To adaptthe software for such styles, you firsthave to gather text samples thatreflect your standards. Because theWriter's Workbench system calculatesstatistics, you must have a reasonablenumber of samples on line—at least20 samples of more than 2000 wordseach. Once you have the text in files,the mkstand (for "make standard")program will calculate all the statisticsnecessary for prose. Subsequently,when you run the program, you canhave your text compared to your ownstandards rather than those of thesystem.

How It's All Done

The proofreading programs look atall the words in the text. The stylisticprograms, on the other hand, sepa-rate the words in sentences from thewords in headings and figures andtables. Those words should not be in-cluded in any counts of words insentences, nor should they be in-cluded as part of any sentence.Writer's Workbench programs useembedded formatting commands todiscard nonsentence text. Users ofthe Unix formatting macro packageslabel their nonsentence text withmacros for headings, tables, centeredlines, and other displays that are notpart of the regular text. Thus, thestylistic programs can figure outwhich characters to include in theiranalyses. Word-processing systems inwhich a typist types as though on atypewriter do not allow this analysis,and the Writer's Workbench stylisticprograms would be difficult to imple-ment with such systems.

Conclusion

The programs we've described arenot designed to do everything for awriter; rather, they remove some ofthe tedious burden of proofreadingand provide guidelines about style.In this way, they free writers to ex-amine their organization and content.

244 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 2 continued:

beginning line 27 byte_draft

*[ Through the use of]* WORDCHOICE you discover (he difference.

beginning line 27 byte_draft

WORDCHOICE is also an interactive program and has a

*[ very]* large data base of the commonly confused or misused

words.

file byte_draft: number of lines 29 number of phrases found 3

Please wait for the substitution phrases

- Table of Substitutions

PHRASE

SUBSTITUTION

through the use of: use "by, with" for " through the use of"

utiliz: use "use" for " utilize"

very: use "OMIT" for " very"

very: use "doubtless, no doubt" for " there is very little doubt that"

very: use "in a sense or OMIT WHOLE PHRASE" for " in a very real sense"

very: use "unimportant" for " of very minor importance"

* Not all the revisions will be appropriate for your document.

* When there is more than one suggestion for just one bracketedword, you will have to choose the case that fits your use.

* Capitalized words are instructions, not suggestions.

* To find out more about each phrase, type "worduse phrase."

NOTE: If you want this program to look for additional phrasesor to stop looking for some, for instance to stopflagging "impact," type the command dictadd.

May 19 17:08 1983 PROOFR OUTPUT FOR byte_draft Page 3*************************** spi it INFINITIVFS ************************For file byte_draft:

Possible split infinitives:to now describe

For information on split infinitives type:

splitrules

Listing 3: The prose program provided these comments on a poorly written technical paper.

NOTE: Your document is being compared against standardsderived from 30 technical memoranda, classified as goodby managers in the research area of Bell Laboratories.

READABILITY

The Kincaid readability formula predicts that your textcan be read by someone with 16 or more years of schooling,which is rather high for this type of document. Goodtechnical papers average close to 13th grade level,even though the audience has more education than that.

The programs were designed hier-archically; casual users can get a lotof information with just one com-mand, and experienced users canrun individual programs when nec-essary.

The Writer's Workbench softwarehas been very well received bywriters who have used it. They reportthat they like getting informationabout their papers privately; only thecomputer knows. They prefer specificsuggestions to comments such as"vague" or "poorly written" that theyoften get from human reviewers.Many claim their writing has im-proved simply because the systemhas prodded them to think about thechoices they make when writing. ■

References

Cherry, L. L. and W. Vesterman. "WritingTools—The STYLE and DICTION Programs,"Computing Science Technical Report, 91, BellLaboratories, 1981.

Cherry, L. L. "Writing Tools," IEEE Trans-actions. Communications, Special Issue onCommunications in the Automated Office, 30,No. 1 (January 1982), pages 100-105.Macdonald, N. H. "The Unix Writer's Work-bench Software: Rationale and Design," BellSystem Technical Journal, 62, No. 6, Part 3(July-August 1983), pages 1891-1908.Macdonald, N. H., L. T Frase, P. S. Gingrich,and S. A. Keenan. 'Writer's Workbench: Com-puter Aids for Text Analysis," IEEE Transac-tions. Communications, Special Issue onCommunications in the Automated Office, 30,No. 1 (January 1982), pages 105-110

Lorinda Cherrxj has a master's degree in computerscience. She is a member of the technical staff of theComputing Science Research Center at BellLaboratories (600 Mountain Ave., Murray Hill, Nj07974).

Nina H. Macdonald holds a doctorate inlinguistics from the University of Michigan andivorks at Bell Laboratories (6 Corporate PL,Piscataiuay, N] 08854).

This text includes many long words. Consider runningthe syllable counting program, syl, to look at the words inthis text with five or more syllables. To do this type thefollowing command when this program is done.

Listing 3 continued on page 248

Where to Learn More

To find out more about the Unix

Writer's Workbench software that

was announced at the July 1983

Usenix conference, contact

Western Electric Software

Sales and Marketing

POB 25000

Greensboro, NC 27420

(919) 697-6530

246 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 3 continued:

syl -5 filename

If most of the long words are technical terms that you mustuse, consider providing a glossary of terms to make thispaper easier to read. If the words aren't technical terms,use shorter words wherever you can. In changing your text,be sure not to use several different words for the sameconcept; such synonyms are frequently confusing to thereader.

VARIATION

You have an appropriate distribution of sentence types.

SENTENCE STRUCTURE

Passives

This text contains a higher percentage of passive verbs(32.0%) than is common in good documents of this type (22%)A sentence is in the passive voice when its grammaticalsubject is the receiver of the action.

PASSIVE: The ball was hit by the boy.

When the doer of the action in a sentence is the subject,the sentence is in the active voice.

ACTIVE: The boy hit the ball.

The passive voice is sometimes needed

1. to emphasize the object of the sentence,

2. to vary the rhythm of the text, or

3. to avoid naming an unimportant actor.

EXAMPLE: The appropriations were approved.

Although passive sentences are sometimes needed,psychological research has shown that they are harder tocomprehend than active sentences. Because of this youshould transform as many of your passives to actives aspossible. You can use the style program to find all yoursentences with passive verbs in them, by typing thefollowing command when this program is finished.

style — p filename

Nominalizations

You have appropriately limited your nominalizations(nouns made from verbs, e.g., "description").

Expletives

This text contains a higher percentage of expletives( 8.0%) than is common in good documents of this type ( 3%).Expletives are words that have no content. For instance,"it" and "there" are often used as expletives in sentencessuch as "It is dark" and "There are three solutions to thispuzzle." In these sentences, "it" and "there" have nocontent; they are simply linguistic placeholders.

Expletives are sometimes necessary, e.g., "It israining." Often, however, they add unnecessary words to asentence: "There are three solutions to this puzzle" can

easily be shortened to "This puzzle has three solutions."

To find all the expletives counted by this program,type the following command after this program is finished.

style — e filename

PROSE OUTPUTS

Options

You can request that your document be compared againstdifferent standards; typing -t with the prose command, e.g.,

prose -t filename

will compare your text against training documents.

A —s option will provide a very short version of the_pr_o_s_£ output.

prose — s filename

If you already have a style table in a file, you cansave time by using it as the input to _pi_o_s_e. rather than thetextfile. To do this, precede the style table filename witha -f, e.g.,

prose — f styletable-filename

All the options can be selected at the same time andlisted in any order.

prose -f styletable-filename — s -t

Statistics

The table of statistics generated by the program _s_Ly_l_ecan be found in your file styl.tmp. If you want to look atit type:

cat styl.tmp

You can also use the match program, which provides a betterformat, type:

match styl.tmp

If you are not interested in the file, remove it by typing:

rm styl.tmp

ORGANIZATION

The _p_r_g.sj; program cannot check the content ororganization of your text. One way to look at the overallstructure of your text is to use _g_r_£_p to list all theheadings that were specified for the _m_m formatter. To dothis, type:

grep ".H' filename

You can also use the organization program, _o_r_g, to lookat the structure of your text. _0_r_g will format your paperwith all the headings and paragraph divisions intact, butwill only print the first and last sentence of eachparagraph in your text so you can check your flow of ideas.

org filename

248 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Typesetting on the Unix

System

The formatting and typesetting system built around the troffprogram works reliably and can be learned in a day

by Bill Tuthill

The Unix text and formattingsystem, based on the troff (TypesetterRunOFF) program, is the mainstay ofdocument preparation at Bell Labor-atories as well as many universitiesand research institutions. Offeredfree of charge with any computer thatruns Unix, troff (pronounced tea-roff)is a dependable system that is easyto learn. Studies have shown thatUnix composition is about 2.5 timesas fast as typewriter composition andcosts a third less (see reference 5).The current facility provides speciallanguages that make tables, equa-tions, and bibliographies easy tospecify and format. Without change,it can have the same text file line-printed, typewritten (perhaps withproportional spacing), and photo-typeset for publication. In newerreleases the typesetting system alsoprovides languages for drawing dia-grams within a document.

The troff program was written inPDP assembly language in 1973 byJoseph Ossanna. The nroff program(New RunOFF) was devised to drivetypewriter terminals instead of atypesetter and shares source codewith troff. Updated programs wererewritten in the C language around1975 and evolved slowly but steadilyuntil late 1977, when Ossanna waskilled in an automobile accident.Because nobody else knew exactlyhow troff worked, its evolution cameto a halt.

Offshoots of troff

Other programs later grew uparound troff: tbl for producing com-plex tables, eqn for typesettingmathematical equations, and refer forhandling bibliographic references.These programs are preprocessors fortroff. That is, they look for appropriateareas of text and transform a high-level specification language into low-level typesetting codes. These codesare then passed from the preproces-sors to troff using the Unix pipe

The original troff

allowed for only four

fonts and 15 point

sizes; the new one

permits 256 fonts and

128 point sizes.

mechanism. The functionality thepreprocessors provide could neverhave been built into troff itself giventhe memory constraints of the timewhen troff was first used.

Another advantage of preproces-sors is that existing ones can bechanged, and new ones written,without modification of troff itself.Thus, the modularity provided by theUnix system allowed typesetting soft-ware to grow through accretion intothe full, mature system it is today.

The first versions of troff producedtypesetting code only for the Graph-ics Systems (later Wang) CAT/4. Inlate 1979 Brian Kernighan began re-writing troff to produce intermediateASCII (American National StandardCode for Information Interchange)code, which could then, theoretical-ly, be converted to binary codes forany typesetter. In 1982 this softwarewas released to the public.

Educational source licenses cost$300 per processor, and commercialsource licenses sell for $4000 per pro-cessor. Both are available only to Unixlicense holders. The distribution tapeincludes translating programs for theMergenthaler Linotron 202, Compu-graphic 8400, and Autologic APS-5phototypesetters and the ImagenCanon LBP-10 laser printer. Note,however, that recent releases of Unix,including 4.1 BSD and System V, donot include the new device-independent troff.

The original troff allowed for onlyfour fonts and 15 point sizes; the newone permits 256 fonts and 128 pointsizes. In addition, the former line-length limit of 7.54 inches has beenlifted. The new troff also providesgraphics primitives for drawing diag-onal lines, circles, ellipses, arcs, andsplines. Two new preprocessors, picand ideal, provide a way to includediagrams in typeset documents. Pic issimpler and thus easier to learn, butideal provides more powerful con-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 253

structs for shading and opaquing.Unfortunately, neither program is aseasy to use as Lisa Draw becausethey require that diagrams be speci-fied linguistically rather than graph-ically.

The coding and design of troff areoften criticized. It is true that its oldC source code is largely uncom-mented, but it is also well organizedand has proven extremely robust.The native input syntax is terse andunnatural, yet it is sufficientlygeneral that macros at the user levelare natural, mnemonic, and extensi-ble. Troff is also criticized for itsvoracious appetite for computerresources, particularly when used inconjunction with the preprocessors.However, some typesetting systemsare even worse. Let's face it: the com-puting required for text processing isinherently much greater than that re-quired for numerical processing.Strings take up more space inmemory than numbers; calculatingcharacter widths and filling and ad-justing lines require a lot of numbercrunching.

Other Formatting Systems

Most formatting systems that runon mainframes are based on therunoff formatter written at MIT in theearly 1960s. The idea behind that for-matter was to mix text and formattingdirectives in the same file. Formattingcommands appear on lines startingwith a period, whereas text lines donot start with a period. With this typeof formatter, which could be called abatch system, files are prepared witha text editor and then material is runoff with a separate program. The troffprogram descended from runoff anduses the same arrangement to specifycommands.

Today, most word processors thatrun on microcomputers are interac-tive—files are formatted while youare entering text, using one unifiedprogram. In many ways this arrange-ment works better than a batch for-matting system, because you aren'tsurprised by unusual results whenyou run off a file for the first time.However, the theory that "what yousee is what you get" also implies that"what you see is all you get." Word-

star, for example, does not provideproportional spacing on a daisy-wheel printer, let alone the ability todo phototypesetting, mathematicalequations, and complex tables.

The troff system has two principalcompetitors: TEX, from StanfordUniversity, and Scribe from Unilogic.(In addition, many commercial type-setting systems are available that donot compete directly because of theirhigh cost and because they do notrun on general-purpose computers.)

TEX was developed in 1978 byDonald Knuth at Stanford. Parts of it,especially its equation-formattingcapability, were inspired by the eqnprogram on Unix. The strength ofTEX lies in its algorithms for boxes,

Batch formatting may

produce unusual results

but offers more

powerful options.

paragraphing, hyphenation, and"glue." TEX considers text objects(such as paragraphs and lists) to beboxes separated from each other bystretchable glue. Entire paragraphsare held in a data structure then out-put all at once to prevent orphansand widows. (An orphan is a singleline from the beginning of a para-graph appearing at the bottom of apage, and a widow is a single linefrom the end of a paragraph appear-ing at the top of a page.) Hyphena-tion is avoided, if at all possible,simply by measuring how muchroom is left on the final line of aparagraph and placing extra wordsthere. By contrast, troff works a lineat a time. Therefore, widows andhyphenation problems occur everynow and then, although orphans caneasily be avoided.

The first version of TEX was writ-ten in Sail; newer versions are in anonstandard version of Pascal. Theprincipal drawbacks of TEX are thatit is difficult to learn and use andpoorly documented. Its input lan-guage is baroque and hard to read,and no useful beginner's manual isavailable—the one book by Knuthmust suffice. In addition, many sym-

bols required by TEX are not availableon standard ASCII keyboards. Tablesare difficult to specify using TEX, nobibliographic tools are provided, andTEX has no graphics language. Onthe other hand, Knuth's Metafontprovides a means of describing andcreating entirely new symbols. Sup-port for various output devices, bothlaser printers and typesetters, has im-proved. TEX was chosen by theAmerican Mathematical Society as itsstandard document-formatting lan-guage. The American Physical Socie-ty chose troff as its standard language.

Arguably the easiest to use of allthe batch formatting systems, Scribewas written in 1979 by Brian Reid atCarnegie-Mellon University and isnow marketed by Unilogic Ltd. inPittsburgh. Although not so muchsimpler to use that it can hold its ownagainst interactive mouse-drivensystems, the Scribe formatter does ac-commodate different types of docu-ments (such as letters, articles,theses, books) and high-level textconstructs (such as paragraphs, titles,and headers). Document types andtext constructs are defined in an easi-ly modified Scribe database. Thissystem's beginner-level manual is ex-cellent, as is the documentation formore advanced users.

Scribe has two principal draw-backs, however. Its licensing cost isrelatively high, and the current ver-sion has no facility for producingmathematical equations, althoughsuch a feature is promised for futureversions. Tables are fairly difficult tospecify using Scribe, and it providesno graphics language.

Some users also complain thatScribe is verbose; when convertingScribe input to troff input, deletion isthe most common operation re-quired. However, Scribe support fordifferent output devices is (andalways has been) excellent. In addi-tion to supporting typesetters thatthe new troff supports, and some thatit doesn't, Scribe supports the Xerox9700 laser printer.

Typesetting with troff

To use the troff system, you entertext and interspersed formatting com-mands (lines beginning with a

254 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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' s

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©AshtonTate 1983

period) into a file using a text editor.Most people use vi (pronounced vee-eye and standing for visual), a screeneditor developed at the University ofCalifornia. Some installations preferthe Rand editor in one of its many in-carnations (ned, red, ined, e) or someversion of emacs, originally from MITand the inspiration for MINCE andPerfect Writer. All these editors arescreen oriented. Some diehards andunderprivileged typists still use lineeditors such as ed, which makesthem far less productive than theywould be using a good screen editor.When you are ready to run off thetext, the file is written to disk and thenroff formatter is invoked:

$ nroff -ms file

A macro package (such as -ms) isalmost always involved because itprovides pagination and commontext structures such as headers, para-graphs, footnotes, and displays. Hereis a short list of the most frequentlyused -ms macros:

TL title

.SH section header

PP paragraph

.DS display start

.DE display end

.FS footnote start

.FE footnote end

The nroff formatter provides type-writer output. If you want to typesetthe file, this command would be usedinstead:

$ troff -ms file

Theoretically, it would not benecessary to change the file. How-ever, lineation and pagination are dif-ferent with troff because the typeset-ter packs more words per line andthus more words per page.

If the text had particularly trickytables, you might want to employ thetbl preprocessor:

$ tbl file | nroff -ms

or

$ tbl file | troff -ms

256 October 1983 © BYTE Publications 1

Circle 47 on inquiry card.

3y/$tffcetf/oii<

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CONTRPL DATA

(la)

.vs 1M

.TS

allbox ;

cfE s s s s

c c c c c

1 1 n 1 1 .

.sp

\s+2Northern California

.sp

\fIRiver

Lower Klamath

Cal Salmon

Yuba N Fork

American N Fork U-5

American Middle 3-^

American S For

Stanislaus

Tuolumne

Merced

Carson E Fork

Truckee

• TE

Vhitewater\s-2

CI ass

Length

Season

Comments\

2-3

25 mi .

summer

warm wate

4-5

21 mi.

spring

extremely

3-4

9 mi .

spring

portage 1

U_5

13 mi.

spring

beautiful

3-4

17 mi .

summer

has tunne

2_?

1P mi .

summer

most popu

2-3

9 mi .

summer

inundated

4-5

1P mi.

summer

cont inuou

^-4

14 mi.

spring

no dams a

2

20 mi .

spring

scenic , i

1-3

25 mi .

spring

scenic , e

fp

r and pleasant scenerytechnical, many rocks

0 ft. waterfall at end

, several portages required

1 through rock, 3 portageslar Whitewater section

by New Melones Reservoirsly difficult and fastbove, very cold waterncludes hot springsasy access, variety

(lb)

Northern California Whitewater

River

Class

Length

Season

Comments

Lower Klamath

2-3

25 mi.

summer

warm water and pleasant scenery

Cal Salmon

4-5

21 mi.

spring

extremely technical, many rocks

Yuba N Fork

3-4

9 mi.

spring

portage 10 ft. waterfall at end

American N Fork

4-5

13 mi.

spring

beautiful, several portages required

American Middle

3-4

17 mi.

summer

has tunnel through rock, 3 portages

American S Fork

2-3

18 mi.

summer

most popular Whitewater section

Stanislaus

2-3

9 mi.

summer

inundated by New Melones Reservoir

Tuolumne

4-5

18 mi.

summer

continuously difficult and fast

Merced

3-4

14 mi.

spring

no dams above, very cold water

Carson E Fork

2

20 mi.

spring

scenic, includes hot springs

Truckee

1-3

25 mi.

spring

scenic, easy access, variety

Figure 1: Through use of the tbl preprocessor, the input in la resulted in the attractive table shown in lb.

Simple lists can be done by hand, butit's difficult to make them work prop-erly on both a typewriter and a type-setter. If you fail to call the tbl pro-gram, junk will appear in place of agood-looking table. See figure 1 foran example of table input andoutput.If the text contains mathematical

equations, you will want to invoke

the eqn preprocessor:

$ neqn file | nroff -ms

or

$ eqn file | troff -ms

The neqn variant is used for type-writers, while eqn is used with atypesetter. Both programs, developedby a compiler-compiler, translate asimple context-free grammar into ap-propriate formatting commands. Seefigure 2 for an example of equationinput and output.

The refer preprocessor can be usedto deal with bibliographic material.The pic and ideal languages providefor the inclusion of graphics into a

document. Tables of contents, as infigure 3, can be collected and gener-ated automatically or produced as anafterthought.

Documentation Guide

The troff system is a well-documented one. The original man-uals from Bell Laboratories are notsuitable for beginners, however,because they are organized by pro-gram rather than in tutorial order andassume far too much knowledge onthe part of the reader. Better materialis available, though. For people with

258 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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M

(2a)

..EQ

gsize 12

alpha over {2 pi} int from 1 to omega ~

left { sum from k=1 to inf sin sup 2 X sub k (t) right }

left [ f(t) + g(t) right ] cdot sqrt {lambda over phi}

.EN

<2b)a r

Isin2^(r)

k-\

fU)+g(t)

IV?

Figure 2: Example of input (2a) and the resulting equation (2b) set using the eqn preprocessor.

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

The Unix System 2

The Terminal 5

Tutorial Session 1

Logging In and Logging Out 6

Using the Shell 9

Tutorial Session 2

Using the Editor 11

Writing to Disk 14

Tutorial Session 3

The Shell Revisited 15

Changing Your Password 17

Sending and Receiving Mail 18

Tutorial Session 4

The Editor Revisited 19

Address Arithmetic, Pattern Searching 20

Tutorial Session 5

Elementary Text Formatting 23

To Format or Not to Format 24

Formatting Larger Documents 26

Tutorial Session 6

The Shell Revisited Again 30

Input/Output Redirection 31

Filename Expansion 32

Spelling and Syntax Checkers 33

Tutorial Session 7

The Editor Revisited Again 34

Preserving and Recovering Files 37

Appendix 1: Directories A-l

Appendix 2: Login Files A-5

Appendix 3: The Unix Network A-8

Appendix 4: Permissions A-9

Appendix 5: Shell Scripts A-l 1

Appendix 6: Setting Search Paths A-12

Appendix 7: Miscellaneous Shell Metacharacters A-14

Figure 3: Information for a contents page like this one can be gathered and generatedautomatically or collected later in the production cycle.

260 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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no previous computer experience,one book teaches editing and format-ting in about eight hours. The UnixTutorial by Peter Birns, Pat Brown,and John Muster (UC Berkeley, 1983,to be published by Prentice-Hall latethis year as Unix for People) starts withthe vi screen editor, as is appropriate,rather than with an outmoded lineeditor such as ed or ex.

For those interested in learning allthe facets of Unix, rather than mere-ly document preparation, Introducingthe Unix System by Henry McGilton

and Rachel Morgan (McGraw-Hill,1983) is a clear but detailed book thatincludes several chapters on thevarious editors and formatting tools.It is so good that it is unlikely to besuperseded. The System V Unixrelease from AT&T includes a newguide to document preparation. Un-fortunately, like most of the newdocumentation from Western Elec-tric, this guide adds more paper tothe stack of Unix manuals—but littlefunctionality. It is hard to use thisbook, and the text is often lifted ver-

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batim from material available else-where. Consult the books listed inthe references list at the end of thisarticle for more on the Unix format-ting and typesetting system.

But realize that by the time a soft-ware system is as mature, reliable,and well documented as troff is, it isalready outmoded. Anybody whohas thought seriously about troff willtell you that someone should write abetter formatting and typesettingsystem. Such a system would provideinteractive previewing on a bit-mapdisplay, the capability of incor-porating pictures and graphs withina document, and a simple icon-oriented user interface. Of course,those people never volunteer to writethis system themselves, nor do theyoffer to pay for the years of labor re-quired to carry out such a project.Until a better system is developed,users can try some of the sophisticat-ed Unix-based systems, such as theBedford system, that are already onthe market. Those alternatives, how-ever, are very expensive. ■

References

1. Joy, Bill and Mark Horton. "An Introductionto Display Editing with Vi." VAX Unix Program-mer's Manual, Vol. 2c, University of Califor-nia, Berkeley, 1980.

2. Kernighan, Brian W. and Lorinda L. Cherry."Typesetting Mathematics—User's Guide."Unix Programmer's Manual, Vol. 2a, BellLaboratories, 1979.

3. Knuth, Donald. TEX and Metafont: NewDirections in Typesetting. Bedford, MA: DigitalPress, 1979.

4. Lesk, M. E. "Tbl—A Program to FormatTables." Unix Programmer's Manual, Vol. 2a,Bell Laboratories, 1979.

5. Lesk, M. E. and Brian W. Kernighan. "Com-puter Typesetting of Technical Journals onUnix." Proceedings of the National ComputerConference, Vol. 46, 1977, pages 879-888.

6. Reid, Brian K. and Janet H. Walker. ScribeIntroductory User's Manual. Pittsburgh, PA:Unilogic Ltd., 1980.

7. Saltzer, J. E. "Runoff. The Compatible Time-Sharing System, edited by P. A. Crisman.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1965.

8. Western Electric. Document ProcessingGuide: Unix System. 1982.

Bill Tuthill is a programmer at lmagen Corp.(2660 Marine Way, Mountain View, CA 94043).He has a bachelor's degree from Middlebury Col-lege and a master's degree from the University ofCalifornia, Berkeley. His interests include music andoutdoor sports.

262 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

265

Moving Unix to NewMachines

Some portability considerations and a case historyof Unix for the NS16032

Noted for its power and elegance,the Unix operating system is highlyportable. As a result, largely compati-ble versions of Unix exist on a stag-gering number of computers. Thetask of moving ("porting," in Unixjargon) the operating system to a newmachine, however, can prove chal-lenging, as we will see.

Software History

Before we look at a case study, con-sider the trends that have influencedsoftware development and the fea-tures that make Unix portable. A ma-jor development in the history of soft-ware has been the movement awayfrom machine-specific (nonportable)code toward machine-independent(portable) code. The earliest com-puters were programmed in machinelanguage, and the resulting programswould run only on a specific type ofmachine.

Later, high-level languages made itpossible for programs to be writtenmore quickly; these languages coulddirectly express high-level concepts,freeing programmers from having todeal with many machine-leveldetails. The high-level concept of ad-dition, for example, is independentof the machinery that performs thecalculation, and high-level languagesthat directly express the idea of ad-

by Michael Tilson

dition with the + operator can freeprogrammers from having to knowthe format of a particular machine-level ADD instruction. This program-ming ease made software usable onmore than one type of machine whenhigh-level languages were imple-mented on new machine environ-ments.

Although languages quicklyachieved a high degree of computa-tional portability, things were not aseasy when it came to noncomputa-tional tasks. The operating-systemenvironments in which the high-levelprograms ran were very differentfrom one machine type to the next.Although the ability to open, read,and write files is as important in real-world applications as computation,each operating system had a differentway of performing these basic func-tions as well as a different commandsyntax and a different set of utilityprograms for editing or file mainten-ance. Moreover, most operating sys-tems required that the programmerdeal with machine details (such asdisk-track size) that were unimpor-tant from an applications standpoint.

Unix Portability Advantages

In an attempt to overcome thesedrawbacks, Unix was designed to beportable. Because the Unix system

hides most machine details, it canserve a broad range of computers. Infact, Unix is available on machinesranging in price from a few thousanddollars to tens of millions of dollars.No other system has the same degreeof portability (see table 1).

Portability, in this case, means thatsoftware developed for Unix can runwithout change on almost everyavailable computer (if that computeris running Unix). Programmers alsobenefit from this portability. For ex-ample, a programmer using a 16-bitmicrocomputer version of Unix canmake use of the full set of Unixutilities, and if he or she moves to anAmdahl mainframe, the same pro-gramming environment can be used.The same commands are used tocopy or remove files or to compile Cprograms. A few details may be dif-ferent, but the programmer needn'trelearn everything.

Other operating systems take otherapproaches to portability. The origi-nal CP/M, for example, was portablein the sense that binary 8080 pro-grams could be insulated from thedetails of device support. Because the8080 (and Z80) was dominant in theearly personal computer market, pro-grams that used CP/M could run onmany machines. However, mostCP/M programs were written in 8080

266 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

assembly language, somoving these programs tonew processors such asthe 68000 is not easy.CP/M is also unable toprovide some servicesneeded by larger systems,such as multiprocess andmultiuser support or astandard high-level im-plementation language.Thus, it does not span therange of machines Unixdoes. It is hard to imagine,for instance, the CP/Msystem in control of anIBM mainframe.

Another approach toportability that hasachieved wide acceptanceis the UCSD p-System.P-System programs are typically writ-ten in Pascal. Like Unix, the p-Sys-tem provides an entire operating en-vironment. Because the p-System isinterpretive, it is possible to writebinary programs that can run on anyp-System machine, making p-Systemapplications highly portable. Unfor-tunately, the interpretation is ineffi-cient. And, as with CP/M, the p-Sys-tem environment lacks multiprocessand multiuser support and does notcomfortably scale up to larger config-urations.

Photo 1: The NS16000 workstation, which includes memory-man-agement and floating-point capabilities. This workstation was usedto port a demand-paging virtual-memory implementation of Unix tothe NS16032 processor.

Another portability approachmakes use of a "layer" of software.The layer's function is to hide theugly details of the operating systems.The most widely known example ofthis is the Software Tools package,which provides a virtual operatingsystem. With it, programs are writ-ten in highly portable FORTRAN(using a preprocessor to translate anenhanced language into standardFORTRAN). All operating-systemfunctions are performed using onlya standard set of library routines.

Thus, all that is requiredto move a program is stan-dard FORTRAN and thenecessary library.

Now consider the Unixsystem. It is portable atthe source-code level;therefore, if an applica-tions program is writtenin the C language usingstandard Unix systemcalls, that program shouldbe portable to any Unixenvironment. The Unixsystem comes with a com-plete set of utility pro-grams, so that large ap-plications can be con-structed using standardtools that function in thesame way on all machines.The system has enough power to beused on large machines as well asmicrocomputers.

What Makes Unix Portable?

To understand the portability ofUnix, we must look at the steps in-volved in porting Unix. How doesone get Unix on a new machine?There are three components: a Ccompiler, the Unix kernel, and theUnix utilities.

The Unix system is written almostentirely in the C high-level systems-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

267

Altos

Ithaca Intersystems

Amdahl

LMC

Apollo

Masscomp

Apple

Megadata

Auragen Systems

Momentum

BBN

Mostek

Burroughs

Motorola

Callan Data Systems

Nabu

Charles River

National Semiconductor

CIE Systems

NCR

Codata

Nixdorf

Columbia Data Products

Onyx

Computer Automation

Paradyne

Computer Consoles

Perkin-Elmer

Computhink

Philips

Convergent Technologies

Pixel

Cyb Systems

Plessey Peripheral Systems

Data General

Plexus

DEC

Sun Microsystems

Dual Systems

Tandy/Radio Shack

Durango

Tektronix

Fortune Systems

Televideo

General Automation

Three Rivers

Gould S.E.L.

Torch

Hewlett-Packard

Univac

Honeywell

Western Electric

IBM

Wicat

ICL

Zentec

Intel

Zilog

Table 1: A partial list of manufacturers

whose computers can run Unix.

implementation language. C issimilar to Pascal, although C has amore abbreviated syntax, greater ex-pressive power, and offers muchmore freedom to access low-levelmachine resources. The use of C ispervasive throughout the Unix codefor both the system proper and theutility programs. Thus, a reliable Ccompiler is a prerequisite for portingUnix to a new machine. The portableC compiler is an important part of theUnix system. This compiler is de-signed to be adaptable to newmachines.

The Unix system, which consists ofapproximately 200 programs, is struc-tured in two levels: the kernel leveland the user level. The kernel has fullcontrol of the machine resources,while user-level code has no directaccess to any resource. The kernel isresponsible for process management,I/O (input/output) support, and file-system management. All resourceusage (for example, process creation,file creation, or file I/O) is ac-complished by system calls to thekernel. There are about 40 importantsystem calls. Over the years, addi-tional features have been added to

the Unix kernel. These features arefrills—the basic 40 system calls sup-port 99 percent of the applicationsprograms.

These system calls are machine in-dependent to enhance Unix's port-ability. For example, the write systemcall writes an arbitrary number ofbytes to a file at an arbitrary byteposition. The parameters do not de-pend in any way on disk-track sizesor other hardware features. In fact,one can write to a file, a tape, or a lineprinter in exactly the same way. Mostaspects of the file-system, process-management, and process-schedul-ing functions are also machine-independent.

The kernel interface is narrow andpowerful. A small set of primitivesprovides the necessary services in away that does not depend on thefeatures of the underlying hardware.This hardware independence stemsfrom the original Unix system'sdesign, which was based on a sim-ple but high-level notion of operat-ing-system service; this concept isakin to the idea of providing the +operator in a high-level languagerather than using machine-level ADD

instructions. Although the first ver-sions of Unix were not portable (infact, the earliest Unix system waswritten in assembly language), thehigh-level concepts involved are in-herently portable. The "ideas" of ad-dition and file I/O are the same on allmachines.

The Unix kernel, which is mostlymachine-independent and writtenalmost entirely in C, consists of lessthan 20,000 lines of code. Roughly1000 of these lines are low-levelassembly-language support routines.Around 4000 lines are devoted todevice, memory-management, andprocess support. If these 1000-lineand 4000-line sections are rewritten,the kernel should run on a newmachine.

The remainder of the Unix system(the kernel represents only a fractionof the total code) consists of machine-independent user-level code—eventhe Unix command interpreter is justan ordinary user-level C program thatneeds no special machine-dependentprivileges at the hardware level.Therefore, to implement Unix on anew machine, you need only build aC compiler and implement the Unixkernel. In theory, everything elsecomes easily. In practice, it isn't thatsimple.

The Challenge of Porting Unix

One consideration in the imple-mentation of Unix is its demand onhardware—Unix needs more hard-ware facilities than either CP/M orthe p-System. For example, becauseUnix is a true multiuser, multiprocessoperating system, it usually requiresmemory management and protec-tion. Memory management enablesthe system to allocate processes toany free area of memory, and mem-ory protection prevents one programfrom destroying the code or data ofanother program that may be run-ning simultaneously. Memory pro-tection is also used to enforce the nar-row and well-defined interface be-tween the user level and the kernellevel.

Unix systems are oriented towarddisk access. Users can request largeamounts of work from the system(this means less work for people and

268 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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more work for machines). As a re-sult, the system makes heavy use ofthe disk for program loading and fileI/O. The design of the system re-volves around the file system; there-fore, it is not reasonable to run thesystem without a hard disk. Finally,most Unix configurations require atleast 256K bytes of semiconductormain memory.

Although Unix is a powerful sys-tem, it can't run on all computers—the hardware must have a certainlevel of sophistication. An IBM Per-sonal Computer with a hard diskprobably represents the minimumconfiguration. Although the IBM PC,based on the 8088 processor, lacksmemory protection, it can run Unixbecause it is a single-user machineand needs less memory protectionthan a multiuser system would.

Portability Problems

Given the right hardware, it seemseasy to implement Unix. However,Unix is not perfect, and various prob-lems will arise. For example, manyUnix utilities make unfortunate as-sumptions about the underlyingmachine. It is usually easy to com-pensate for these assumptions on amachine for which they are false, butit can take some time to test all 200Unix programs to discover any port-ability problems.

Ironically, some portability prob-lems arise from features built into theC language, which was chosen inpart to enhance Unix's portability.The C language is about twice as ex-tensive as Pascal, mainly becausemany low-level features (such asarithmetic on pointers) have been in-cluded in the language to allowmachine-independent programming.For example, if a C command in-crements a pointer by one, thepointer points to the location of thenext data item in memory, not to thelocation of the next byte. (The latterresult would typically occur inresponse to a hardware-dependentpointer-increment command.) Thus,with the C implementation, addingone to a pointer that points to adouble-precision number yields apointer to the next double-precisionnumber; this operation has the same

meaning on all machines running C.

Unfortunately (at least from thestandpoint of portability), however,some machine-dependent operationsare also allowed in C. For example,C allows you to treat a pointer as aninteger and to perform bit-maskingtests on the value of that pointer.Although this capability can beuseful for implementing functionssuch as storage managers, the capa-bility is inherently nonportablebecause some machines store point-ers simply as byte numbers whileothers use more complex schemes. Ifa program knows that a certain bit ina pointer indicates a certain fact, thenthe program can successfully runonly on machines for which that bitindicates the same fact.

Another difficulty encountered inporting Unix is implementing the Ccompiler. On some machines, imple-mentation is not difficult, but becausethe language is large and subtle, elim-inating all of the bugs is never a trivialtask. On other machines, construc-tion of the compiler can be a formid-able undertaking. For example, the"character" is a C data type, and theC language requires pointers to char-acter (i.e., byte) locations. But somemachines are word-addressed—theirnatural machine pointer can onlyrefer to an entire 16- or 32-bit word,and the compiler may have to resortto extreme measures to provide thenecessary byte pointers. At HumanComputing Resources (HCR) our im-plementation team has implementedcompilers for two such machines andhas found the task difficult.

The C language is based on a sim-ple model of the underlying hard-ware; some more complicated ma-chines have been designed specific-ally for other languages such asPascal. The implementation of a Ccompiler on single-language ma-chines often requires ingenuitybecause all of those "good" machinefeatures turn into obstacles that mustbe circumvented, subverted, or other-wise overcome. (For example, C andPascal subroutine calling conventionsare quite different. If a machine isdesigned specifically for the Pascalconvention, implementation of the Cconvention may be difficult.) At HCR

we did it once, and we can testify thatit isn't easy.

Once a C compiler is implemented,it is necessary to implement thekernel. Again, some machines fit wellwith Unix, while other machineshave features that must be overcome.The closer the fit, the shorter the im-plementation time required.

Other problems are not so obvious.For instance, a machine may haveused its own proprietary operatingsystem for years, and the programsthat drive its various peripheraldevices (often written in assemblylanguage) have been passed downfrom one generation of programmersto the next. In some cases, nobodyhas looked at the hardware manualsfor years. Unix is a whole new sys-tem. The implementation team mustsit down with the manuals and writethe kernel hardware-support rou-tines. Because the kernel is written ina high-level language, it will probablyuse all of the available hardware fea-tures. In fact, Unix is known for driv-ing machines harder than any othersystem. When implementing Unix,programmers often find that themanuals are incorrect or incompleteor that some hardware feature hasnever before been used and doesn'twork. This can wreak havoc with im-plementation schedules.

New machines have similar prob-lems. The documentation may be in-complete or wrong. The machinesmay have design errors. Again, theseerrors are often not apparent intesting but show up under the loadof a Unix system. Prototype machinesespecially tend to have reliabilityproblems. Most programmers neverexpected to have to learn how to usea logic analyzer and often find track-ing down subtle hardware errors afrustrating experience. At HCR, weoften experience this problembecause our implementation teamusually uses prototype machines ayear or more before they reach thepublic.

A Case Study: the NS16032

This case study provides some in-sight into the process of portingUnix. In mid-1982, we began work onour Unity version of Unix for the Na-

270 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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tional Semiconductor 16032. (Thiswork resulted in a public demonstra-tion at the November 1982 Comdexshow. That demonstration was thefirst public exhibit of a true demand-paged, virtual-memory implementa-tion of Unix on a microprocessor.)

The National 16000 series is prob-ably the most suitable chip set avail-able for Unix. It has a 32-bit softwarearchitecture, so there are no unneces-sary memory-addressing limits. Theinstruction set has been designed tosupport high-level languages. Archi-tecturally similar to the DEC VAXsuperminicomputer, the 16032 hassome additional features. Fullmemory management is providedwith a standard chip, including de-mand paging, which allows virtualmemory to be supported. A floating-point chip provides a true floating-point instruction set; the NS16032does not rely on the cumbersome co-processor scheme used by someother machines. Although the detailsand actual instructions are different,the machine may be described as a"VAX on a chip." Because the stan-dard Bell Laboratory release of Unixran on the VAX, we expected this im-plementation to be easier than others.

The basic process of a "Unix port"is simple, but there are many com-plicated details. The first step in-volves becoming familiar with thetarget machine. In my company'scase, we took delivery of a prototypeworkstation from National Semicon-ductor (see photo 1). This station hadall of the necessary equipment but nosoftware except for some bootstrapROMs and some diagnostics. All ini-tial software development took placeon a VAX 780 running Unix. (It is con-ceivable that one could port Unixwithout a nearby Unix developmentsystem, but it would be needlesslydifficult.) A period of reading and ex-perimenting ensued.

When doing work of this sort, it'salways a good idea to start withsimilar software and modify it.We used the portable C compiler forthe VAX and converted it into a16000 compiler. A skeleton of the16000 compiler already existed. Im-plementation of the compiler properposed no great technical problems.

We did have to make a significantdesign tradeoff: the 16000 architec-ture allows global data and pro-cedures to be directly addressed, oryou can access data and code via the"module table." The latter procedureis a bit slower but results in smallercode because a user might often beable to use 8-bit offsets into themodule table rather than full 32-bitaddress constants. We decided to usethe module table because there aremany benefits to having smallercode. Smaller code reduces programloading time and reduces the virtual-memory paging rate. The VAX doesnot have an equivalent feature.

The portable C compiler generatessymbolic assembly code. That code isthen assembled, and the resultingobject module is linked with othermodules and library routines.

The idea of porting

Unix is simple; the

implementation can

become complicated.

The second step in porting Unixwas construction of an assembler andlinker. The main difficulties here in-volved the large variety of addressingmodes and the correspondingly com-plicated program-relocation informa-tion needed by the linker. Themodule table added significant com-plexity. The assembler and linkerprobably involved as much work asthe compiler.

Having "finished" the compiler/assembler/linker, we had to test theresult. We developed down-lineloading software so that we couldcompile programs on the VAX andrun them on the National machine.We then started to test the compiler.During previous projects (HCR hasported Unix to a number ofmachines, including the MC68000,the Computer Automation 4/95, andthe Three Rivers PERQ), HCR haddeveloped an extensive test suite forthe C compiler. This test suite re-quires minimal hardware support—only the ability to print characters.The test suite is not perfect, but it

does check out a large fraction of thecompiler. On the National machine,the compiler stabilized quickly.Because the machine architecture isvery regular, there are not a largenumber of special cases, which areoften a source of compiler bugs.

In parallel with the compiler effort,we began work on the kernel. Thefirst requirements were for a boot-strap loader, a low-level machineassist, some software to handle com-munication with the host develop-ment machine, and driver softwarefor the disk unit. When these weremet, we ran our first stand-alone pro-grams. These stand-alone programswere some of the basic Unixmaintenance programs, modified tocall a library of stand-alone routinesrather than the (as yet nonexistent)operating system. The programswere used for initial setup, such asconstruction of an empty file systemon the disk or loading of files into thefile system. This stage also checkedout the team's fundamental under-standing of the hardware.

The kernel was the next big step.We adapted a VAX version of Unix torun with the National hardware. Asexpected, most of the code ran un-changed. It was especially helpfulthat the memory-managementscheme closely resembles that of theVAX. We used the demand-pagingcode from the Berkeley version ofUnix. That code was far from perfect,but it did work, and it gave us a start-ing point. The initial kernel had anumber of loose ends, but it wassolid enough to start loading pro-cesses. We have an initial kernel testprocess that verifies that basic func-tions work correctly.

Once the initial kernel had comeup, we were ready to finish the job.We started cross-compiling the utili-ty programs, starting with the mostimportant. (The utility that rebuildsdamaged file systems is quite usefulat this point because the system isstill likely to crash from time to time.)At the same time, we finished offloose ends in the kernel. Movingutility programs was easy becausethe 16000 architecture is so similar tothat of the VAX. In fact, it is hard fora C program to know that the

272 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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machine is not a VAX. This is in starkcontrast to other machines in our ex-perience. The major task was toverify that all of the utilities areoperational. Again we employed atest suite. As a result we found a fewmore compiler bugs and one or twokernel bugs.

Some other programs requireadaptation to the specific machine(for example, the FORTRAN com-piler). We also added a few extra sys-tem features, such as bitmap displaysupport.

Moving C programs to

the 16032 was easy

because the 16000

architecture is similarto that of the VAX.

All of this sounds too easy. In fact,we did encounter some difficulties.Nearly all of the problems stemmedfrom the fact that we were using pro-totype hardware with engineeringsample chips. At one time or another,everything that could go wrong did.There were errors in the documenta-tion. The disk did not work. The diskcontroller did not work. The centralprocessor board did not work. Thecentral processor chip did not work.The memory-management chip didnot work. The interrupt controller didnot work. The floating-point chip didnot exist at first and then did notwork. The problems were usually in-termittent, often subtle, and alwaysmaddening.

(Important note: it would be falseto conclude that the National chipsor hardware are unreliable; theseproblems always occur with newchips or prototype hardware. Beforeparts reach production quality, theyexist in experimental form. Nationalprovided good support during theproject and the problems have beensolved. We have since then had ex-cellent success in making our productrun on original equipment manufac-turer (OEM) machines using the16032 processor. Because chip-development cycles are long, we

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often had to patch around the prob-lems to continue work. We were onlyable to demonstrate at Comdexbecause of the quality, dedication,and perseverance of the implemen-tation team. This kind of debuggingrequires a high level of expertise.Having to do this debugging is thepenalty you pay for being on theleading edge—if you wait for the finalproduction hardware, you won't befirst.)

Finishing the Job

Many people think that it is easyto bring up the Unix system on a newmachine. In fact, it is possible tobring up a limping kernel with a

buggy compiler in about fourmonths. However, to bring up a sys-tem with all of the utilities, with anallowance for inevitable problems,with some performance tuning andcommercial enhancements, and witheverything tested and solid, takesabout a year. Once Unix has beenported to a particular hardware type(e.g., the 16032 chip set), you canadapt the system to other configura-tions fairly quickly. Each OEM willuse the chip set to build systems withvarious bus structures and I/Odevices. Adapting Unix to a new con-figuration can take from one or twoweeks (if the target machine worksand only one or two device drivers

are required) to several months (if thehardware doesn't work or is other-wise intractable, or if "strange"devices must be supported). Somepeople also refer to this configurationprocess as "porting" Unix, but thefinal process of adaptation to OEMrequirements is not nearly sodifficult. ■

Michael Tilson is vice-president for technicaldevelopment at Human Computing Resources Cor-poration (10 St. Mary St., Toronto, Ontario M4Y1P9, Canada). He has many years of experiencewith Unix and Unix-based software products. Hehas been involved with the implementation of Unixon several machines and is actively involved withindustry efforts to increase the level of standardiza-tion of Unix-like systems.

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BYTE October 1983 279

System Review

The NEC Advanced Personal

Computer

High-resolution graphics, color, and 16-bit performance

in an attractive package

by David

Not long ago, I started looking for a new microcom-puter. Actually, I wasn't looking so much as musingabout which computer would be a significant step upfrom my 8080-based system. My next computer, I knew,would have a 16-bit CPU (central processing unit). Itwould use Digital Research's CP/M-86, have a high-res-olution color-graphics display, and come with dual8-inch disk drives. The drives would be arranged so thatthe disks could be inserted vertically. (Perhaps I havestrange wrist bones, but I find it uncomfortable to haveto load disks horizontally.) I also wanted a detachablekeyboard with four cursor-control keys arranged in adiamond-shaped pattern. The keyboard would have tohave a separate calculator-style keypad for easy entry ofnumeric data and some special-function keys to makeapplication programs (such as word processors) easier.

Nothing advertised in the magazines met my require-ments. I thought I would have to start making some com-promises.

The APC

Perhaps NECIS (NEC Information Systems) read mymind. Its APC (Advanced Personal Computer) fulfilledmy expectations (see photo 1) and, in fact, exceededthem. The NEC APC also has double-sided double-den-sity disk drives; the keyboard has 22 programmablefunction keys; there is a user-definable character set; andthe system includes a real-time calendar/clock, a single-voice music generator, 128K bytes of RAM (random-

B. Suits

access read/write memory), and 4K bytes of battery-powered RAM that will retain data even when the com-puter is off (see At a Glance box on page 284). There isalso an automatic power-off feature so the machine canbe turned off under software control.

The APC is available in a monochrome or color model.The monochrome model comes with one disk drive; twodrives are optional. The color model comes with two in-tegrated drives. The disk-controller chip, the NEC 765,handles up to four single- or double-density floppy-diskdrives. Having "grown up" with single-density 5V4-inchdisks, I was impressed by the new double-density 8-inchdisks. The formatted capacity of each disk is 1 megabyte,and data is transferred via DMA (direct memory access)at 62.5K bytes per second.

The APC Display

The 12-inch CRT (cathode-ray tube) display is handledby NEC's 7220 GDC (Graphics Display Controller), acomplex and powerful chip that can control up to 256K16-bit words of display memory, partition the display intofour text or graphics areas, and perform figure drawing,area fill, panning, and zooming. The APC display refreshmemory (without the optional graphics subsystem in-stalled) consists of 12K bytes of static RAM separate fromthe 8086 microprocessor's main memory.

The screen has 25 lines of 80 characters each, with a26th line, or status line, at the top (see photo 2). Thestatus line shows a digital calendar/clock, indicates which

280 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 1: The NEC APC (color model), with five volumes of documentation. The main power switch is under the display. The brightnessand volume controls are under the disk drives. Note the main power cord, which attaches to the front of the system.

of four latching-switch keys is down (Caps Lock, Grphl,Grph2, and Alt), and shows what NECIS calls the"speed," a number from 0 to 9 that indicates the relativespeed with which characters are output to the screen.(The speed is user-determinable from the keyboard, butit is not clear where its usefulness lies.)

Each of the character positions on the screen is com-posed from a matrix 8 pixels wide by 19 pixels high.While some APC special characters use the entire widthor height of the matrix, the ASCII (American NationalStandard Code for Information Interchange) charactersare displayed in an 8 by 13 subarea, and the user-definedcharacters are formed in an 8 by 16 subarea.

The 8 by 19 character box and the 25-line by 80-char-acter screen give the screen a resolution of 640 pixelshorizontally by 475 pixels vertically. However, the statusline at the top of the screen also occupies displaymemory, so the actual vertical resolution is 494 pixels.NECIS's CBIOS (customized basic input/output system)routines that come with CP/M-86 allow for turning thestatus line on and off but not for moving the cursor intothat line. To make use of the full 26 display lines, I hadto write a custom routine to handle the GDC. The docu-mentation supplied with the APC is extensive but

seemed complex. After I understood the basics of theGDC, however, I found that it was relatively simple toget it to do what I wanted in the way of cursor, charac-ter, and attribute manipulation. The powerful graphicsfeatures of the GDC are a bit more difficult to manage,and I have only recently begun to tackle them.

Any display character may have six attributes: overline,underline, vertical strike through, reverse video, blink,and color. The overlines, underlines, and vertical linesalways appear in steady green, even if the character ap-pears in some other color or is blinking.

There are eight screen colors available: black, red, blue,purple, green, yellow, light blue, and white (see photo2). (I prefer "magenta" to "purple" and "cyan" to "lightblue," but NECIS uses the less esoteric names. On theother hand, NECIS refers to black as "secret.") In themonochrome version only black, green, and "highlight"(bright green) are available as color attributes. When the"reverse" attribute bit is set, the selected color appearsas the background for the character, and the characteritself is black. (I wish there were a way to select fore-ground and background colors on the color model socharacters could appear in any of the eight colors againstany of eight background colors. But that would require

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

281

Photo 2: The APC display, showing normal ASCII characters, specialcharacters, and user-defined characters. Eight colors are available (innormal and reverse video), plus underline, overline, vertical line, andblink.

Photo 3: Examples of color graphics on the APC. Although eachpixel may be only one of eight colors, different colored pixels that areclose to each other appear as new hues or shades.

Photo 4: The APC keyboard. Twenty-two programmable functionkeys are above the regular keys. At the top of the keyboard is an overlaystrip that can be used to indicate the programmed functions of thespecial keys. Notice that the left Shift key is upside doiun (see text).

that each character's attribute be extended by three bits.)The attribute for each character is set independently ofthe attribute for any other character.

NECIS offers an optional graphics subsystem boardfor the APC that consists of a second 7220 GDC andenough memory to specify the color for each pixel in a1024 by 1024 array. (The actual screen display, however,is a 640 by 494 movable "window" into that larger area.)For the monochrome model, 128K bytes of RAM areadded; for the color model, the graphics board contains384K bytes.

The second GDC runs independently of the first, andthe outputs of each are combined and sent to the screen.This means not only that text and high-resolution graph-ics may be displayed simultaneously, but also that theyare manipulated independently of each other (like twotransparent display planes, one on top of the other).

The color graphics are impressive and fast (see photo3). The GDC chip is capable of a wide variety of figuredrawing with area fill (including many kinds of patterns),panning, and zooming.

The Keyboard

The APC keyboard is detached from the mainenclosure and sports 108 keys; 22 are user-programmablefunction keys on the top of the keyboard (see photo 4).The KEY utility program provided on disk allows theuser to program only the first 16 of these keys; the re-maining six keys are "reserved," although no definite useis claimed for them anywhere in the documentation.They are programmable, but you would have to dip in-to the CBIOS routines to program them. To the left ofthese function keys is a key labeled FNC, which acts asa shift key, giving each of the 22 function keys a secondfunction (also programmable).

In addition to the alphanumeric and programmablefunction keys, there are, on either side of the space bar,four new keys: Grphl, Grph2, Alt, and Help. The Grphland Grph2 keys access the APC's special characters(Greek letters, mathematic symbols, and charactergraphics). The Alt key is supposed to allow access to theuser-defined character set, but it does not. (I had to writemy own assembly-language routine to access this set.In the process I discovered that the APC's CBIOSroutines could have easily allowed the Alt key to ac-cess the user-defined characters, but, for some reason,did not. I suspect that it was a mistake that might beremedied with one or two additional instructions in thecode.) The Help key ordinarily echoes as a questionmark, but application programmers may reprogram itto present help messages.

Separate from the main set of keys is a 25-key clusterincluding a numeric keypad, a Delete key, an Insert key,a Clear/Home key, a Print key, a Break/Stop key, and fourcursor-control keys. The CP/M-86 utility programsrecognize the Break/Stop key as a Pause key (Control-S);pressing it once causes processing to stop and pressingit a second time causes processing to continue. Press-ing Shift along with the Break/Stop key generates Con-

282 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

THE IDEA PROCESSOR ™

A NEW CONCEPT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF TEXT AND GRAPHICS

Much more than just the finest text editor—much more than just the most powerful cardfile system—muchmore than just a comprehensive document formatter—it's an integrated system that provides incredible powerin the manipulation of text, graphics (from any source!), spreadsheets, programs, or just about any kind ofinformation you can store in a file on your IBM Personal Computer. Index your source material—spreadsheets,graphs, excerpts from letters, memos, contracts, books—then build your document, using the marvelousIdea Processor editor in conjunction with the instant text database access afforded by the Cardfile. Or copysections of your document into your own cross-indexed archive: legal boiler-plate, literary quotations, subroutinelibraries—you design it. Cross-index each citation up to 10 ways. Print your document with auto-footnoting,auto-indexing, and imbedded graphs and spreadsheets. The Idea Processor thinks along with you . . .to multiplyyour productivity.

TEXT SOURCE MATERIAL(from ANY standard ASCII file]

Note

Drawings

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Bar Charts

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Title

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Line Charts

Subroutine Library

Diagrams

The Idea Processor

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GRAPHICS SOURCE MATERIAL[from ANY Graphics Program]

Your Document

The Idea Processor is more than just a program. It's even more than a software system. It's a new way oilooking at the management of text, graphics, and documents. Use it to build your next contract, program,memo, letter, or article. You'll see what we mean.

• The finest Editor available

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• Move all or any part of a card to the docu-ment, or vice versa

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• All commands entered via function keys orlabelled keys for ease of use

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The Idea Processor

• Keyboard MACRO commands replace 100keystrokes with a single keystroke

• On screen underline and Boldface

• Edits files up to 160K

• Saves and indexes spreadsheets and graphicsgenerated by any program

• Incorporates spreadsheets and graphs inprinted text

• Auto Footnoting and Auto Indexing

• Bi-directional continuous line and pagescrolling

• Uses full power of IBM keyboard and printer

• Complete novices use it comfortably in anhour; full proficiency in four hours

$295

Integrated editor and cardfile program, text formatter, graphics management tointegrate graphics from other programs into document and cards

Requires an IBM-compatible personal computer with 192K of memory

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IBM is a trademark of InternationalBusiness Machines Inc.

At a Glance

Name

NEC APC (Advanced Personal Computer)

Manufacturer

NEC Information Systems5 Militia Dr.Lexington, MA 02173(617) 862-3120

(NEC Information Systems should not be confused with NECHome Electronics, distributors of the PC-8000 microcomputer,although both organizations are divisions of Nippon Electric Com-pany, Ltd.)

Dimensions

Main enclosure: 18.5 by 13.8 by 18.1 inches; keyboard: 18.9 by 2.2by 8.5 inches

Weight

Main enclosure: monochrome model—52.8 pounds (24 kg);color model—74.8 pounds (34 kg); keyboard: 5.1pounds (2.3 kg)

Power Requirements

105 volts to 130VAC, 50/60 Hz; 150-340 watts maximum(without options)

Processor

5-MHz NEC PD8086 16-bit microprocessor

Memory

4K bytes of bootstrap ROM, 128K bytes of dynamic RAM (expand-able to 640K bytes in increments of I28K bytes), and 4K bytesCMOS RAM with battery backup power

Standard Configuration

Main unit with integrated CRT display, integrated disk drive(s) andfive-slot card cage, parallel-printer interface, RS-232C synchronousor asynchronous serial interface, programmable music generatorwith speaker, hardware calendar/clock, 108-key keyboard

Video Display

12-inch diagonal CRT with long-persistence phosphor.

black/green/highlight (monochrome model) or eight colors (colormodel). 80 characters by 25 lines plus a 26th status line. Videoresolution is 640 by 494 pixels with underline, overline, verticalline, reverse video, and blink. Character ROM has 224 characterswith 256 user-definable characters. The video is controlled by aNEC 7220 Graphics Display Controller

Keyboard

Detached with 108 keys, including four cursor keys, a numerickeypad, and 22 dual-mode programmable function keys

Disk Drives

One (standard with monochrome model) or two (standard withcolor model) 8-inch double-sided double-density floppy-disk driveswith a capacity of 1.2 megabytes each (single-density disks arealso supported), integrated into the main enclosure

Options

RAM expandable to 640K, second serial interface, 8231 arithmeticchip, graphics subsystem board, hard disk, prototyping boards

Software Supported by IMECIS

Accounting Plus (S695), Benchmark Word Processor (S495),Benchmark Telecommunicator (S95), Benchmark Mailing ListManager (S195), Microplan Financial Spreadsheet (SI95), MicroplanBusiness Planner ($495), dBASE II ($695), CP/M-86 ($150), MS-DOS(S150), various terminal emulator and communications packages(from S245-S1485)

Prices

APC-HOl (monochrome, one disk drive)APC-H02 (monochrome, two disk drives)APC-H03 (color, two disk drives)Additional 128K bytes RAMEach additional 128K bytes RAMMonochrome graphics subsystemColor graphics subsystemArithmetic coprocessor chipAdditional serial port (with cable)12-megabyte hard diskSecond hard diskEngineering-development boards

S2748$3448$4198S 700$ 200

S 448$ 648S 250S 335S2698S2398S 89

trol-C, which CP/M-86 interprets as an interrupt. Printis a convenient way to issue Control-P and causes databeing sent to the screen to be sent to the printer as well.Pressing Print a second time turns off that function. Delacts as an "erase input line" key (Control-X). Ins, whichissues character code 1C hexadecimal, is merely echoedas Control-backslash. Clear/Home sends the cursor tothe top left corner of the screen; pressing it in conjunc-tion with Shift will erase the screen.

The four cursor-control keys are positioned in a dia-mond shape so that the up-arrow key is on top, the left-arrow key is on the left, etc.

There is a useful feature that enables the screen to actas a "window" into a 50-line display area at any giventime. Using the Control key in conjunction with the up-or down-arrow keys causes the window to move up ordown through the larger display area, so that up to 25lines that have already scrolled up and off the screen canbe easily displayed.

The keys have an excellent feel and sound. It is thefastest and most comfortable keyboard I have used, andtyping on it is a joy (with one exception, which I'll men-tion later).

Inside the keyboard is an 8048 8-bit microprocessorthat monitors the keys. When a key is pressed, the 8048decodes it, sends an interrupt request to the 8086, andpresents the key code to one of the 8086's ports. At thesame time, the status of the switch keys (Shift, Control,etc.) is presented to another port. When the 8086acknowledges the interrupt, a software routine reads thekeyboard data into a 64-byte FIFO (first in, first out) buf-fer. This manner of handling the keyboard has twodesirable consequences. First, it relieves the 8086 fromhaving to interrupt what it is doing to poll the keyboardevery so many milliseconds to see if a key is pressed;second, the 64-byte buffer acts as a type-ahead bufferso that if you type faster than the application programcan process the input, no characters are likely to be lost.

284 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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TheEsprit product linehas the right performerforeveryterminal role. It begins with Esprit I, an editingterminal at a conversational price. This basic Espritpresents crisp, clear video in comfortable green phosphor on a 12"diagonal screen. The integral typewriter keyboard has a 14-key numeric padwith alternate function key modes. Esprit II delivers additional editing features, plus theconvenience of a detached keyboard; enhancements you'll appreciate in data entry.Esprit III meetsa wide range of terminal applications. It costs much less than a TVI 925, but gives a significantlystronger performance including line drawing graphics, a broad repertoire of video attributesand editing commands, 22 user definable function keys and an optional 4-page display memory.Esprit III COLOR delivers the full Esprit III performance in eight brilliant colors.

There's an Esprit that's ready to star in all your terminal roles. Auditions are being held by yourEsprit dealer right now.

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286 BYTE October 1983

Circle 178 on inquiry card.

Photo 5: The APC nonmaskable interrupt switch. Access to the switchis possible only by removing a rubber plug in the rear of the keyboard.

The keyboard has an undocumented feature. A closelook reveals the absence of any CPU reset key. Nor doesthe main enclosure have such a switch. The only "panicbutton" evident is the main power switch, which is apoor substitute for a reset. There is nevertheless a hard-ware reset switch hidden inside the keyboard. (It tookme several weeks to realize it was there.) Access to it ispossible only by removing the rubber plug on the rearof the keyboard (see photo 5). You can stick a finger in-side and press a momentary-contact switch that gener-ates the 8086 nonmaskable interrupt. Unfortunately,unless you have inserted the proper jump vector intolow memory, the 8086 jumps to a routine that prints"INTERRUPT TRAP HALT" on the screen and thenstops dead in its tracks. The APC then has to be turnedoff and back on. I would have thought a warm or coldboot of CP/M-86 would have been more useful, but thisis better than nothing.

Inside the Main Enclosure

One reason I was especially interested in the APC wasbecause I had learned to associate NECIS with high-quality products. I was not disappointed.

On the outside, the APC has a clean and aestheticallypleasing design. A peek inside the main enclosure (seephoto 6) reveals a thick steel chassis that reminds meof the tough insides of NEC's Spinwriter. The top coversecuring latches, for example, could have been plastic,but instead they are y8-inch steel. The routing of all cablesis neat and secure. There is nothing that hints of anylast minute changes (except that the red, blue, and greenbias pots on the analog board have been replaced bysmall shorting jumpers).

The two slim 8-inch disk drives to the right of the CRTare NEC's own (FD 1165 S). The six-slot card cage is oc-cupied by three 100-contact circuit boards (not, alas,S-100). One board is the main processor board with the8086 and 128K bytes of RAM. Another board containsthe controllers for the CRT, disk drives, and serial andparallel interfaces, with an empty socket for an optional

8231 arithmetic coprocessor chip. (Rumor has it thatNECIS may soon offer the 8087 chip instead.) The thirdboard contains an additional 128K bytes of RAM and thesecond 7220 GDC with its own 384K bytes of RAM. Add-ing a second serial controller and the hard-disk controllerwould take up two more slots on the card cage, leavingonly one. But the size of the boards (11 by 9Vi inches)allows for a great deal of hardware on one board. Youcould, for example, get another 384K bytes of RAM(bringing it up to the maximum 640K allowed) on an-other board and still have room for something else. (Alight pen would be nice.)

Documentation

The APC documentation is slick. Pages are typeset andarranged in two small three-ring binders. The Operator'sGuide gives the user a brief overview of the system, un-packing instructions, etc. The System Reference Guide con-sists of several hundred pages of detailed descriptionsof the APC hardware. I was amazed at the amount ofinformation provided. There are even IC (integrated cir-cuit) data sheets for the 8086 processor, the 7220 GDC,the 765 disk controller, and other important chips. (Notincluded are the data on the 8048 keyboard controller,the 8255A programmable peripheral interface, and the1771 sound generator.) In addition, there are 22 pagesof schematics. Even the PAL (Programmable Array Logic)decoding specifications are provided. Each manual hasa table of contents, and the System Reference Guide hasa glossary.

The CP/M-86 operating system has two other manuals:the CP/M-86 System User's Guide and the CP/M-86 SystemReference Guide. They are typeset versions of DigitalResearch's manuals, with additions and caveats concern-ing the APC implementation and APC-specific featuressuch as music generation, user-programmable charac-

Photo 6: Inside the APC (color model). At left are the two 8-inchdisk drives. To the right is the ventilation fan. Behind the fan is thesix-slot card cage, presently occupied by three boards. To the left ofthe card cage is the CRT, and behind that is the main analog board.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

287

ters, and so on. These manuals live up to DigitalResearch's strict requirements for near-completenessamid utter confusion. But a clever reader can often figureout some way to arrange a series of trial-and-error ex-periments on the computer to discover what the manualswere hinting at. Maybe.

In the text portions of the four manuals, I found onlyfive typographical errors. The tables and drawings, how-ever, were another matter. At last count there were 76errors, most of them minor, but some of them the sourceof a great deal of confusion and wasted time.

An optional Maintenance Guide includes data not pro-vided in the System Reference Guide, most notably atrouble-shooting guide, schematics for the analog board,and several pages of illustrated parts breakdowns. Thetrouble-shooting guide is interesting in that, if a faultypart is located, it instructs you to send the entire sub-system in for replacement. I suspect that this will makefield maintenance of the APC a simple matter. Fortunate-ly, my machine has been performing flawlessly from thetime I first plugged it in, so I have had no occasion toseek maintenance.

Problems

The APC has some minor annoyances. I mentionedthat the keyboard is excellent with one exception—theleft Shift key. The key cap is about two and a half timeswider than usual, which makes finding it with your lit-tle finger an easy matter. The cap attaches to the switchunderneath by means of a shaft that comes down fromthe left edge of the cap. Unfortunately, a typist's fast-moving little finger often presses down near the centeror the right edge of the cap. This applies torque to theshaft, which then binds—a real nuisance. Fortunately,the key can be unsoldered from the printed-circuit boardunderneath and moved over to the right (it's as thoughthe keyboard was designed for the key to be solderedinto either spot). This solves the problem of the stick-ing key, but at a slight aesthetic cost: the keycap mustnow be turned around, and you see Shift printed up-side down.

A second problem has to do with the way the CBIOSroutines handle the keyboard under CP/M-86. I men-tioned before that the Alt key is not decoded to giveaccess to the user-defined characters as it should. In ad-dition, there are certain key strokes which the CBIOSroutines will not allow your program to know about.Specifically, the programmable-function keys will alwaysgenerate 'their programmed sequence of characters, andCONTROL plus the up- or down-arrow key will alwayscause the screen to scroll up or down. There is no wayto intercept these key codes to take some other actionunless you write your own keyboard-decoding routine.

The third problem concerns the display. When a largeportion of the screen holds characters in reverse video(or when the graphics have printed over a large area ofthe screen), there is a flicker to the display. The displayalso wiggles slightly, although most people probablywould not notice it.

Support

What kind of support is the APC owner likely to getfrom NECIS? Over the past four years I have occasionallydealt with NECIS for servicing of my (second-hand)Spinwriter printer. I have found the company consistent-ly courteous, prompt, and helpful (over the phone,anyway). Although the printer is years out of warranty,they sent me, free of charge, an upgraded main pro-cessor board for it, along with a more recent usersmanual.

Although NECIS wants its APC customers to deal withtheir dealers and not directly with the head office, thehead office seems to be bypassing its dealers and goingdirectly to its customers. I was recently mailed an up-dated version of the CP/M-86 disk, but my dealer hasnot received a copy. (The updated version, by the way,provided for a 200 percent speed improvement in cer-tain disk accesses and included Digital Research's GSX-86graphics-system extension package which providesgraphics handling routines allowing programs to talk toa number of graphics devices (CRTs, printers, plotters)in a uniform manner without having to worry aboutcoordinate translations and scaling.)

Several months ago I received a letter from NECIS say-ing that some users felt the ventilating fan in the colormodel was too loud. (It is. The fan is a 4V2-inch Sanyothat is noisy when the APC is positioned close to a wallthat reflects the noise.) The letter said that users will beable to pick up smaller fans from their dealers and in-stall them themselves. How much will this cost the user?Nothing. Moreover, NECIS does not even require theoriginal fan in exchange. Unfortunately, my dealer wasnot told about these new fans, and even after severalmonths he has still not been able to get any.

In spite of the lack of communication between NECIS'shead office and the dealers, I believe that NECIS is tak-ing a continued interest in customer satisfaction. Thecompany distributes a number of software packages forthe APC and each package is guaranteed to conform tothe specifications supplied with it. (If it doesn't, NECISwill fix it or give you your money back.) Because the soft-ware includes database management, accounting,spreadsheet, word-processing, and communicationpackages, the company's guarantee is a significant in-dication of its support for the APC.

All of its software, however, must be run under theCP/M-86 operating system. Will NECIS support anyhigh-level language or any other operating system? Yesand no. MS-DOS, the operating system from Microsoftthat the IBM Personal Computer has made so popular,is now available for the APC. Getting a copy, however,has been so far impossible. I'll have to wait and see whathappens. As for a high-level language from NECIS, thereis PTOS BASIC, a BASIC interpreter provided only todealers for running some graphics demonstration pro-grams. Although no documentation is provided withPTOS BASIC, I did a little experimenting that revealedthat it is similar to Microsoft BASIC with almost all thebells and whistles you could imagine and with some

288 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1: The Sieve of Eratosthenes Benchmark Program writtenin PTOS BASIC for the NEC APC.

5 DEFINT A-Z

10 S = 8190

20 DIM F(S)

30 PRINT "10 ITERATIONS"

40 FOR M = 1 TO 10

50 C = 0:FORI = 1 TO S:F(I) = 1:NEXT

60 FOR 1= 1 TO S:IF F(I) = 0 THEN 100

70 P = I + I + 3:K = I + P

80 IF K < or = S THEN F(K) = 0:K = K + P:GOTO 80

90 C = C+1

100 NEXT

110 NEXT

120 PRINT C" PRIMES"

powerful graphics commands. I hope NECIS chooses torelease this BASIC.

To test the speed of the APC, I rewrote the Sieve ofEratosthenes program (see listing 1) in PTOS BASIC. Ex-ecution time (10 iterations): 1680 seconds. After remov-ing line 5 (so that variables were single-precision floatingpoint), execution time slowed to 2070 seconds. (The pro-gram was adapted from the BASIC version for the pro-gram listed in "Eratosthenes Revisited, Once Morethrough the Sieve," January 1983 BYTE, page 283).

The APC is a member of the new generation of high-performance microcomputers. It will not compete in thelow-end market dominated by Apple, Atari, RadioShack, and Commodore. It does, however, represent anoption to the IBM PC, but its success as a PC competitorwill depend to a large extent on independent hardwareand software vendors. There are already dozens ofCP/M-86 programs—from business applications to lan-guages to games—available from independent vendorsthat are written for, or can be customized for, the APC.

The list is too long to include here (NECIS can provideabout a 30-page list), but one item is worthy of note:Ticom (13470 Washington Blvd., Marina del Rey, CA90291) has reportedly adapted the UCSD p-System forthe APC and added support for the APC's graphics,music, and clock/calendar features. This opens a wholenew range of application software.

It is by now a firm tradition that each brand of com-puter be supported by some kind of newsletter. An in-dependent APC news journal, NexWorld (285 Beach St.,Belmont, MA 02178), began publication in April. A slick(and a bit expensive) monthly publication, it is underthe editorship of Kenneth T. Mazur.

Conclusion

When I set out on my search for a new-generationmicrocomputer, I had a checklist of desirable features.The APC fulfilled all my requirements and then some.I am pleased with its quality, design, and power. Thehigh-resolution color graphics are impressive. Themanuals supplied with the system contain a great dealof information about the machine's hardware. The prob-lems I've encountered after six months of fairly intimatework with the APC can be classified as minor an-noyances. On a scale of 1 to 10, I give the NEC APC a9.1

I would like to thank the staff of the Computer Center of Rochester, NewYork, for their assistance in the preparation of this article.

David B. Suits, assistant professor of Philosophy at the Rochester Instituteof Technology, is currently studying for an MS in Computer Science. He haswritten articles for other microcomputer publications, published the book ColorGraphics for Intecolor 3651 and Compucolor II Computers, and iscoeditor of Colorcue, a newsletter for Compucolor and Intecolor computerusers. He can be reached at the College of Liberal Arts, Rochester Instituteof Technology, POB 9887, Rochester, NY 14623.

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Hardware Review

Photo 1: The TRS-80 Model 4 may look like a Model III in a white cabinet, but it is really a new computer. (All photos by Glenn Mead.)

Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4

This Model Ill-compatible computer has a host of new features and

a lower price tag than its precursor

by Rowland

The design of Radio Shack's new TRS-80 Model 4 com-puter is proof that large corporations can be responsiveto the needs of their customers. An enhanced versionof the popular TRS-80 Model III, its new features readlike a Model III owner's wish list. Highlights include a24-line by 80-column screen with normal and reversevideo, an enhanced keyboard, a 4-MHz Z80A centralprocessor, up to 128K bytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory), the ability to run normal CP/M,and an internal speaker for sound output. The Model

Archer Jr.

4 can also run any Model III software in a totally com-patible mode. I tried hard, but I couldn't find a singlepiece of Model III software that didn't run perfectly onthe Model 4.

Overview

The least expensive Model 4 is the $999 tape-based ver-sion. For $1699 you can get a Model 4 with one diskdrive; most people will probably buy the two-drivesystem, priced at $1999. You can start with any model

292 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

and upgrade in stages all the way to the top of the line.Separately priced options include 64K bytes of memoryfor $149, the first disk drive for $649, the second diskdrive for $240, and a 5-megabyte Winchester disk drivefor $1999. There is an additional installation charge (notspecified) for any upgrade. Radio Shack plans to offera high-resolution (640 by 240 pixels) monochromegraphics plug-in card for $249.95.

If you own a Model III, you weren't forgotten. You canupgrade a Model HI to a Model 4 for $799. This may seemexpensive, but the upgrade includes a completely newmain circuit board and keyboard, lets you run all yourold software, and gets you into the new Model 4 world.

The cassette version of the Model 4 looks (photo 1) andacts a lot like a TRS-80 Model III in a white case. It in-cludes 16K bytes of RAM, Microsoft BASIC in ROM(read-only memory), a 16-line by 64-column upper- andlowercase display, a parallel printer port, and a cassetteI/O (input/output) port. The keyboard has been upgrad-ed to include a control key, a caps lock key, and threefunction keys. Those are the only new features that arestandard with the cassette-based Model 4. You must addat least one disk drive to get any other Model 4 features,even the internal speaker.

The single-disk system includes the above featuresplus one 180K-byte single-sided double-density diskdrive with 40 tracks. The $1999, two-drive system alsoadds an RS-232C serial port.

A disk-based Model 4 is a dual-personality machine.When you run Model III software, it mimics a Model IIIexactly. But when you boot the TRSDOS 6.0 disk that

Photo 2: A nest of blue wires bears witness to an engineering staff'slast-minute work to get the bugs out of the Model 4.

comes with any disk system or upgrade, the real Model4 and all of its features emerge. CP/M Plus, an extra-costoption not available at the time of this writing, will alsorun in Model 4 mode.

Any Model 4 can be upgraded to 128K bytes of RAM.Because the Z80 can address only 64K bytes of memoryat a time, the extra memory is switched in and out ofthe top 32K-byte bank of the Z80's address space.TRSDOS 6.0 software can use the extra memory for aprinter spooler or memory disk (more on these later).

Model III Compatibility

When my Model 4 arrived, the first thing on my mindwas to check out the claimed Model III compatibility. I

At a Glance

Name

Keyboard

Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 4

70 keys including control, caps lock, three function keys, andseparate numeric data-entry pad

Manufacturer

Radio Shack

Standard Features

One Tandy Center

16-line by 64-column display, full ASCII character set, parallel

Fort Worth. TX 76102

printer port. Model III compatibility on all models; Model 4 modewith 24-line by 80-column display, sound capability on disk-

Price

based systems, RS-232C serial port on two-disk systems

S199 [16K bytes of RAM; cassette storage)

S1699 (64K bytes of RAM; one disk drive)

Software

SI999 |64K bytes of RAM; two disk drives)

Runs all Model III software; all models include Model III ROM

$149 [additional 64K bytes of RAM, I28K bytes maximum)

BASIC; disk systems include TRSDOS 6.0 and TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC;CP/M Plus optional

Dimensions

18/2 by 20'/2 by 12/2 inches

Documentation

36 lbs. (with two disk drives)

Getting Started with TRS-80 BASIC, beginner's guide, 342 pp.Model 4 Disk System Owner's Manual, advanced users

Processor

loose-leaf reference guide, 500 pp.

Z80A running at 2 MHz (Model III mode) or 4 MHz (Model 4

Introduction to Your Disk System, TRS-80 Model 4, beginner's

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guide, 42 pp. All the above include table of contents and index.Model 4 Quick Reference Guide, TRSDOS 6.0 and BASIC com-

Memory

mands, 38 pp.

16K bytes of RAM minimum, optional 64K bytes or I28K bytes;

I4K bytes of ROM (active only in Model III mode)

Audience

Users looking for an expandable system capable of running

Data Storage

BASIC and a wide range of Model III TRS-80 and CP/M software

Cassette in Model III mode; a maximum of four |two in main

unit, two external) single-sided double-density floppy-disk drives

holding I80K bytes each; a maximum of four 5-megabyte exter-

nal hard-disk drives may be added

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 293

was admittedly skeptical because when the Model IIIwas announced, it was claimed to be compatible withits predecessor, the Model I. There was some truth tothis claim, but there were also enough differences tocause most non-BASIC Model I software to requiremodification before it would run on the Model III.

After unpacking the Model 4 and admiring its off-white, textured plastic case (no tears here for the demiseof battleship gray), I plugged it in and booted up a ModelIII TRSDOS disk. The familiar opening graphics of aModel III appeared, and everything worked OK begin-ning with the "TRSDOS Ready" prompt. I ran severalBASIC programs and found no problems. So far I wasnot too surprised, because BASIC provides a fair amountof insulation from hardware differences.

Determined to find the cracks in the Model 4's armor,I started running Radio Shack machine-language soft-ware. Scripsit, Visicalc, and Profile all checked out OK.Then I ran some non-Radio Shack arcade games—stillno problems. Getting desperate, I moved on to self-booting disks such as Powersoft's Super Utility Plus. Itcame up flying, opening graphics and all. The Model4 is truly compatible with the Model III.

Part of the key to the Model 4's compatibility with theModel III is the inclusion of a complete set of Model IIIROMs, the chips containing Model III BASIC and theModel III I/O driver routines that handle the screen,keyboard, line printer, and cassette port. These chipsenable software that makes use of Model III ROMroutines to work without changes. The Model III ROMsare located at the beginning of the Z80's address space,in conflict with addresses reserved by CP/M. When yourun in Model 4 mode, these ROMs are switched out ofthe Z80's address space and replaced with RAM. Theresult is a full-fledged 64K-byte Z80 machine that can runnormal CP/M.

Radio Shack deserves a lot of credit for adding so manynew features to the Model 4 while retaining total ModelIII compatibility. The Model 4 user has immediate ac-cess to a large range of Model III software and will beable to take advantage ofCP/M and TRSDOS 6.0software as it becomesavailable.

Screen and Keyboard

The Model 4 has four dif-ferent screen formats. Twoare in Model III mode: 16lines by 64 columns and adouble-width charactermode with 32 charactersper line. TRSDOS 6.0 auto-matically switches thescreen to a 24-line by80-column format. Double-width characters, in Model4 mode, result in 40 charac-ters per line. One annoy-

Photo 3: The Model 4's keyboard enhances the Model Ill's with acaps lock, control key, and three function keys.

ance is the need to readjust the brightness when youswitch between 16 by 64 and 24 by 80 modes. Apparentlythe increase in the number of video scan lines to create24 lines of characters reduces the brightness of each line,making the overall screen image dimmer. When a largesolid graphics object is displayed, such as the Tandyhourglass logo that accompanies TRSDOS 6.0 booting,a noticeable hash pattern appears over the graphics im-age, and bright vertical lines occur where each columnmeets an adjacent column. This is not a serious deficien-cy but could benefit from some cleanup work in futurerevisions of the Model 4. As photo 2 shows, several wir-ing modifications were made after the PC board wasdesigned, a sure sign that a new PC board is comingsoon.

When the Model 4 is in 24 by 80 mode, the videomemory is not directly accessible to BASIC programs viaPEEK and POKE, as it is in Model III mode. The samephysical RAM supports both the 16 by 64 and the 24 by80 modes, but in the latter mode it is relocated out ofdirectly addressable memory. The Model III graphicscharacter set is available in 24 by 80 mode, and the newlarger screen format has higher resolution: 72 by 160 in-dividual pixels in Model 4 mode instead of the ModelIll's 48 by 128.

The new keyboard (see photo 3) adds several desirablekeys to the Model Ill's layout: a control key (to the leftof the space bar, marked CTRL), an uppercase lock key(to the right of the space bar, marked CAPS), and threefunction keys (over the numeric keypad, marked Fl, F2,and F3). With the shift key, the function keys producesix different programmable functions. Keyboards are oneof those things that no two people ever seem to agreeon, but I think this one has a good feel and is pleasantto use. The control key is somewhat out of the way, downby the space bar, but it is still an improvement over theModel III, which has no control key at all.

The keyboard does not have separate keys to generatesome of the less frequently used ASCII (American Na-tional Standard Code for Information Interchange)

characters, such as braces({ }) or brackets ([ ]).These characters can begenerated, however, bycompound key sequencessuch as CLEAR plus "<"to generate the left bracket,CLEAR plus " > " to gener-ate the right bracket, and soon. Key sequences are pro-vided for all 128 ASCIIcharacters as well as formost of the high rangecodes (128 to 255).

TRSDOS lets you turn anaudible key click sound onor off during key depres-sion. The sound is verymuted and seems to get lost

294 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 139 on Inquiry card.

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Photo 4: The Model 4 exposed: the video-display terminal and analog video board are in the top half of the cabinet; everything else residesin the bottom half.

in the mechanical clatter of key presses, so I left it turnedoff.

Inside the Model 4

The Model 4's hardware secrets are easily exposed byremoving one screw on the back and 10 on the bottomof the case. The video display and analog video boardare mounted in the top half of the cabinet, as you cansee in photo 4. The bottom half of the cabinet holds mostof the Model 4's goodies. Disk-based Model Ills have twopower supplies; the Model 4s have one, mounted ver-tically to the left of the disk drives. A small board carry-ing the amplifier and speaker for internal sound islocated behind the disk drives. The RS-232C board andthe disk controller are also mounted out of sight acrossthe back of the cabinet.

A piece of grounded aluminum completely covers themotherboard, shielding nearby radios and televisionsfrom the radio-frequency interference (RFI) generated byall computer circuitry. All potentially interfering cablesare wrapped with aluminum tape to help cut RFI. Thisshielding pays off; I enjoy listening to shortwave stationswhile I compute, and my TRS-80 Model I was a horri-ble broadband polluter. The Model 4's RFI is barelynoticeable on a radio in the same room.

Removing the shield exposes the main circuit board

(photo 5). To the lower right, you can see the two banksof eight 64K-bit RAM chips that make up the 128K bytes.The three large chips at the bottom and left of center arethe ROMs that hold Model III BASIC and I/O supportroutines.

A custom programmable array logic (PAL) chip is thesecond chip to the right of the ROM marked "C" at thebottom of the board. The PAL is added when you up-grade from 64K bytes to 128K bytes; because it is acustom chip, it will slow down alternate vendors of low-cost memory upgrades. The first 40-pin chip above theROMs is the Z80 central processor; just above it is the6845 video-controller chip. The two large chips at thecenter and near the top of the board, from left to right,are video RAM and the custom character-generatorROM.

A tangle of blue wire-wrap wires toward the upper left-hand corner attests to a host of last-minute engineeringchanges (photo 2). My test machine was serial number5831, so Radio Shack has been doing a lot of hand-wiring.

The cassette-port connector is located at the back ofthe machine near the power cord feed-through. Card-edge connectors are exposed at the bottom of the Model4 for parallel printer, external floppy-disk drive, andmaster I/O bus connections. RS-232C connection is made

296 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 5: The Model 4's main circuit board. See the text for a tour of its major features.

through a female DB-25 connector on the bottom of themachine.

TRSDOS 6.0

Every disk-based Model 4 computer includes TRSDOS6.0, which is identical to LDOS 6.00, the latest revisionfrom Logical Systems Inc. LDOS grew out of the originalTRSDOS and is largely a superset of it. It should be fairlyeasy for the experienced TRSDOS user to learn theessentials of TRSDOS 6.0.

TRSDOS 6.0 is totally RAM-based, meaning that itdoes not use any ROM support code. The Model IIIROMs are switched out of the Z8CXS address space whenTRSDOS 6.0 is running. Memory locations 0000 (hexa-decimal) to 25FF are used by the resident portion ofTRSDOS 6.0. Overlays are mapped from 2600 to 2FFF.User memory starts at 3000, leaving 52K bytes free in a64K-byte system.

TRSDOS 6.0 can read and write any LDOS formatteddisk and convert files from a TRSDOS 1.3 disk. All thepowerful features of LDOS are included; see the March1982 BYTE for a complete review. Suffice it to say herethat LDOS is a well-documented, tested, and supportedoperating system that has sold thousands of copies formore than $100 each; it is a substantial piece of softwareto include with the Model 4.

Most of the command syntax of TRSDOS 6.0 is iden-tical to that of LDOS 5.1.3. The following new featuresare incorporated as well:

• SETKI sets the delay until a key repeats and the rate

at which it repeats

•KILL has been replaced by REMOVE, which accepts

a list of filenames to delete (TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC still uses

the keyword KILL to delete files)

•TAPE100 can read and write Model 100-format cassette

tapes, allowing BASIC program and text-file exchange

As mentioned above, the Model 4 can be configuredwith 128K bytes of RAM. TRSDOS 6.0 includes two pro-grams that take advantage of the extra 64K-byte bank ofmemory. The first, called MEMDISK, lets you addressthe extra memory as if it were a disk drive. MEMDISKcan also work in a 64K-byte machine, using the availablememory you allocate to it. Any files put in a MEMDISKwill be accessed at memory speeds, much faster thanfloppy-disk access times. If you put the TRSDOS systemoverlay files there, you can make TRSDOS totallymemory resident, meaning that you can take the DOSdisk out of drive 0 and use that disk drive for a data-storage disk.

The other TRSDOS command that can use the extra

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 297

LMC's ^32-Bit VirtualMemory MegaMicroIs The-State-Of-The-ArtUNIX Microcomputer

LMC's 32-bit MegaMicro provides mainframeor super-minicomputer performance at prices com-petitive with today's far less powerful 8- and 16-bitmicrocomputers. This is made possible by use ofthe next generation of logic chips-the NationalSemiconductor 16000-series. LMCMegaMicrosincorporate: the NS16032 central processing unitwhich has true 32-bit internal logic and internal datapath configured on the IEEE 796 multibus;demand-paged virtual memory implemented inhardware; and hardware 64-bit double-precisionfloating-point arithmetic.

The LMC MegaMicro is supplied with HCR'sUNITY* which is a full implementation of UNIX**and includes the Berkeley 4.1 enhancements totake advantage of demand-paged virtual memory.Also included are C and FORTRAN. Typical multi-user systems with 20 megs, of fast (30 ms. averageaccess time) Winchester disk storage, a half meg.of RAM, virtual memory, hardware floating-pointarithmetic, UNIX, C, and FORTRAN 77 are avail-able for $15,000 (and even less with quantity orOEM discounts).

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memory is SPOOL. Like MEMDISK, SPOOL can useavailable memory (and disk space) in a 64K-bytemachine. The most common use of SPOOL is a printerspooler. Output destined for the printer is buffered inmemory and sent to the printer whenever it is ready toaccept characters to print. As long as your program'sprinter output does not exceed available memory, it canproceed without having to wait for the printer. For ex-ample, you can print a file from TRSDOS, then do otherthings while it is printing. Although the spooler workedfine from TRSDOS, the version I tested had a probleminteracting with BASIC: BASIC generated an internal er-ror whenever I tried to print using the spooler.

For assembly-language programmers, TRSDOS 6.0 hasone major difference from TRSDOS 1.3: the use of"supervisor calls" (SVCs), instead of vector addresses,to call DOS routines. SVCs tie down less memory thanvector addresses because one address is called with afunction number in the A register instead of calling adifferent address for each function. The Model Ill's DOSvector table was located above the ROMs, putting it inthe middle of user program space on the all-RAM-basedModel 4. As a result, any machine-language programthat used TRSDOS 1.3 vectors to perform I/O or handleinterrupts will not function under TRSDOS 6.0 until ithas been changed to use SVCs. LDOS 5.1.3 supportedboth vector addresses and SVCs, and the manual warnedthat the use of SVCs was recommended for compatibili-ty with future releases of LDOS. Vendors that took thiswarning seriously will have the easiest time convertingto TRSDOS 6.0.

TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC

Model 4 disk systems also include a new MicrosoftBASIC. Although Model 4 BASIC is largely compatiblewith Model III BASIC, enough differences exist thatmany programs will require conversion to run in Model4 mode. The differences are as follows:

•The first 40 characters of variable names are significant;Model III BASIC supported only two significant charac-ters

•Spaces are required between keywords and variables;Model III BASIC allowed them to be omitted in manyplaces

•Floating-point numbers are rounded instead of trun-cated when they are converted to integers; e.g., PRINTTAB (X), where X is 7.5, prints in column 8 underTRSDOS 6.0 BASIC; it prints at column 7 under ModelIII BASIC

•ERR is the actual error number, not ERR/2+1•POINT, SET, and RESET are gone: you can onlyPRINT graphics characters, and there is no way to PEEKor POKE to the screen

•If a FOR. . .NEXT loop test fails before the first timethrough the loop, the loop is skipped altogether; ModelIII BASIC always performs the loop at least once

The entire set of CMD functions (CMD "A" throughCMD "Z") is gone; many of the functions have been

298 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 273 on inquiry card.

Circle 162 on Inquiry card.

DYNAMITE

replaced by new ones with different syntax, e.g.,SYSTEM instead of the old CMD "S" command returnsyou to TRSDOS Ready. There are no replacements forthe following functions, however: CMD "C" (compressa BASIC program), CMD "J" (Julian date conversion),CMD "O" (string array sort), and CMD "X" (programcross-reference).TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC has quite a few new features:

• WHILE. . .WEND loop control•OPTION BASE selects array origin as 0 or 1•COMMON stores variable values when CHAINingbetween BASIC programs

• SWAP exchanges the values of two variables in a singlestatement

• ERASE removes arrays during program execution•WAIT suspends execution until a given value is seenat a Z80 port

•WRITE # automatically supplies double quotes andcommas when writing strings to a file•PRINT @ takes either a linear screen position or a row,column location to position the cursor before printing•WIDTH sets the output line width on either the videodisplay or printer

•CALL augments USR with the ability to call assembly-language routines and pass more parameters•HEX$ converts integers to hexadecimal ASCII strings•OCT$ converts integers to octal ASCII strings

•LPOS returns the current line printer output columnposition

• CLEAR sets the high memory pointer and reservesstack space. CLEAR is no longer needed to reserve stringspace; strings use available memory dynamically

• SYSTEM("command") executes a TRSDOS commandand returns to BASIC

TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC is a more powerful BASIC in manyways than Model III BASIC, but it will require programconversion to make use of those features. Fortunately,Model III BASIC will also run on the Model 4, so youcan run your old applications without rewriting them.

Documentation

Model 4 disk systems come with one old and threenew manuals. The old one is the Model I and III in-troductory BASIC manual, Getting Started with TRS-80BASIC, a tutorial that is written in a light, entertainingstyle without being condescending. It follows the tradi-tion of the highly commended Level I BASIC manualwritten by David Lien. Examples abound, and lots of tipsand techniques are highlighted in the margins. I wishthis manual had been around when I learned BASIC.

The new manuals are a tutorial introduction to Model4 disk systems, a large TRSDOS 6.0 and TRSDOS 6.0BASIC reference manual, and a quick reference guide.Introduction to Your Disk System takes the new user stepby step from plugging the computer in through running

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• ma

300 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 167 on inquiry card.

Don't limit yourcomputer's input with amouse. A mouse can move acursor on a screen. Period.With GTCO's new Micro Digi-Pad™ you can position ascreen cursor...or draw, trace,select menu functions on thetablet, even use the stylus likea joystick. Micro Digi-Padis priced like a mouse...andyou can use it like a mouse.Or use it with a stylus for inputas natural as a pencil on paper.

GTCO's patented digitalelectromagnetic scanning-with no mechanical parts-lends itself to operation inoffice and industrialenvironments that cripple anoptical or mechanical mouse.

The Micro Digi-Pad isGTCO's answer to the need forlow cost,versatile graphic input.

COMPARE

IM,

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MICROFEATURE DIGI-PAD

vs. MOUSE

Low cost

Yes

Yes

Small Package

Yes

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Ergonomic

Yes

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Low Power

Yes

Yes

Single Voltage

Yes

No

(RS-232C Model)

AbsoluteCoordinates

Yes

NO

Off Screen Menu

Yes

No

Trace Graphics

Yes

No

Stylus Option Yes No

4D (Stylus tiltoutput)*

Yes

No

4 buttons

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Yes

No

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Yes

?

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GTCO is the largest supplier ofelectromagnetic digitizersworldwide.

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BASIC application programs. A sample mailing-list pro-gram, written in BASIC, is supplied with TRSDOS 6.0.Chapter 4 takes you through the process of loading andrunning the program. Even though this is a smallmanual (42 pages), it thoughtfully includes an index.

The Model 4 Disk System Owner's Manual, based on theLDOS manual, is a large, loose-leaf volume containingboth TRSDOS 6.0 and TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC documenta-tion. Each command is described in detail and many ex-amples are given. Written for the programmer, thismanual is quite a step up from the introductory booklet.The LDOS technical reference section is not includedhere; I hope it will be in the promised technical referencemanual. Those who need to interface to TRSDOS 6.0through SVC calls should consult with LDOS 5.1.3documentation until the technical reference manualbecomes available.

The BASIC section of the manual is similar in layoutand style to the TRSDOS part. A good understandingof BASIC programming is assumed, and the novice hadbetter work through the Getting Started manual beforetackling this one. There are a number of appendixes, in-cluding a glossary, error message discussion, a list of dif-ferences between Model HI and TRSDOS 6.0 BASIC, andseveral on TRSDOS 6.0 programming techniques suchas the use of logical devices and filters. The manualcloses with a fairly complete index. This manual will re-quire a lot of study on the part of a new user, while ex-

perienced LDOS users should have little trouble.

The Quick Reference Guide's 33 pages include an alpha-betical listing of TRSDOS 6.0 and TRSDOS 6.0 BASICcommands, statements, and functions. Each command'ssyntax is given, followed by a one-sentence descriptionand one or two examples. I found the quick referencevery helpful once I had learned a command, but not veryuseful for learning new commands.

Conclusion

The TRS-80 Model 4 provides a lot of flexible com-puting power. It incorporates many of the most frequent-ly requested enhancements to the Model III. Althougha very large library of Model III software already exists,the lack of Model 4 mode software at the time of thisreview made me feel as if I was driving a sports car thatwas rigged to keep it from going over 55 MPH. By thetime you read this, plenty of CP/M and at least somebasic TRSDOS 6.0 software packages should be available.

Given all the new features in the TRS-80 Model 4 anda price that's lower than its predecessor, the popularModel III, it's safe to say that Radio Shack has aguaranteed winner. ■

Rowland Archer ]r. (5420 Loyal Place, Durham, NC 27TB) is managerof software development for a minicomputer company. He has been workingwith TRSSOs for four years.

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302 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983 303

The Corona PC's, desktop and portable, giveyou everything you've ever wanted in an IBM-compatible PC and more. For a great deal less.

Compatible and more.

The Corona PC is a 16-bit microcomputerbased on the 8088 microprocessor, just like theIBM PC. And like the IBM PC, it runs any softwarethat conforms to the IBM standard.

But unlike the IBM PC, the Corona PC comeswith 128K of memory. Supports up to 512K on themain board. Includes a 320K floppy drive, a com-munication port, a printer port and an improvedIBM PC keyboard.

Both the desktop and portable Corona PC'sinclude high-resolution monitors and built-ingraphics. Higher character definition makes bothmodels easier to read, and our 640 x 325 pixel high-resolution graphics are over 60% better than the

IBM PC. It's a complete system, the standard formicrocomputing in the IBM-compatible world.

You can take it with you.

And unlike IBM, we have a portable version.

Its high-resolution, high-contrast 9" display iseasy to read. It has all the power and features of ourdesktop, but lets you take it to the office next door,across the country or just conveniently tuck it ontoa comer of your desk.

More expandability.

You may never add a thing to your Corona PCbecause we've built in so much capability.

But just in case, we've built all the importantcomponents into the main system board, leavingthe four expansion slots free. And provided an extralarge power supply to support any capabilities youmay want to add in the future.

Ocoronci

. ^m 1

," i

I-disk for incredible speed.

Our RAM-disk software lets you treat an area ofyour computer's memory as if it were a disk drive.So you can copy your programs and data intomemory, then watch your work get done faster.

More software.

The Corona PC includes the MS-DOS operatingsystem and comes with GW-BASIC, the MultiMate1word processor and the PC Tutor2 training course.So you can start being productive immediately

And you can run Context MBA? dBASE II?LogiCalc5and LogiQuestfthe EasyFamily? Wordstar7and the "Star" family the SuperWare8 series, T.I.M?,the VisiSeries10 and Perfect Series11 of programs andmost other popular software.

And it improves your bottom line.

The Corona Portable PC" is $2,545, the desktop

version is $2,595. Both about a thousand dollaless than the equivalent IBM PC.

For more information, contact Corona DataSystems, 31324 Via Colinas, Westlake Village,CA 91361. (213) 991-1144. Call (800) 621-6746toll-free.

Or better yet, just grab your hat and head tothe nearest Corona PC dealer for a very convincingdemonstration.

O coronaThe Compatible Company

©Corona Data Systems 1983 1: TM Softword Systems. 2: TM ComprehensiveSoftware Support. 3: TM Context Management Systems. 4: TM Ashton-Tate.5: TM Software Products International. 6: TM Information Unlimited Software.7: TM Micropro. 8: TM Sorcim Corp. 9; TM Innovative Software. I0i TM Visicorp.Ill TM Perfect Software Inc.

Circle 538 on inquiry card.

System Review

The Morrow Micro Decision

A look at Morrow's first effort at a single-board, stand-alone

personal computer

by Tom

A new contender has entered the field of midrangecomputers: the Micro Decision, created by MorrowDesigns (see photo 1). Midrange computers bridge thegap between low-cost home computers, such as Sinclair,Radio Shack, and Atari machines, and the more expen-sive systems such as IBM's Personal Computer and thevarious S-100 and professional systems. The hallmarksof this breed are a large software library (included in theprice of the machine) and a price that is always under$2000.

The midrange category was opened by the Osborne1 and its close rival, the Kaypro II. The Micro Decision issimilar to both these systems and should be a direct com-petitor with them.

Morrow Designs and its founder, George Morrow,have been in the microcomputer industry for almost aslong as the industry has existed. Morrow is knownprimarily for his work in the area of high-quality S-100components and systems. The Micro Decision is his firsteffort in the single-board, stand-alone personal computermarket. It is based, in part, on the Decision I, anS-100-based system that is currently Morrow's mainstay.

System Overview

The Morrow Micro Decision is composed of a pro-cessor unit, including disk drives and input/outputports, and a terminal. The portable system is builtaround a single circuit board containing a Zilog Z80Amicroprocessor running at 4 MHz, 64K bytes of memory(no other size is available), a floppy-disk-drive controller,and two RS-232C serial ports.

The cabinet, which is similar in design to that of IBM's

Wadlow

Personal Computer, is fairly small and will fit easily ona desk or tabletop. The top of the cabinet is a convenientplace for the video display. The keyboard is not attachedto the display, allowing the screen to be placed at eyelevel without making the computer uncomfortable totype at. The computer's Reset button is inconspicuous-ly located at the lower right front corner of the processorunit, under the lip of the cabinet frame, making it im-possible to reset the system by bumping the chassis withthe keyboard. The power switch is on the back of thecabinet.

The terminal provided with the Micro Decision is aLear Siegler ADM 20), a two-piece unit with the keyboardconnected to the back of the display by a coiled 4-footcable. Brightness and power controls are located on thefront of the display. The keyboard has a numeric keypadand cursor control keys in addition to the alphanumerickeypad.

The basic Micro Decision comes equipped with asingle 5V4-inch disk drive that holds approximately 200Kbytes of information and software that allows you toread and write disks in Osborne, Xerox, and IBMformats.

Micro Decision Hardware

One of the two serial ports is dedicated for communi-cations with the terminal, and the other can be used asa printer port or for connection to a modem. There isalso a connector to allow additional disk drives. Lack ofa third port is somewhat annoying, as most people prefernot to disconnect cables to switch between their modemand printer. Fortunately, the terminal is equipped with

306 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

an auxiliary serial port, and cable swapping can beavoided by connecting the modem to the second serialport and the printer to the terminal's auxiliary port. Mor-row should consider, however, addition of a parallelprinter port to leave the second serial line free for themodem. This would allow greater printing speed anda wider choice of printers.

Disk Storage

Unlike the Osborne and Kaypro, which each comeequipped with two 5V4-inch disk drives, the Micro Deci-sion basic system has only one. The basic drive is single-sided single-density and stores about 200K bytes. Alsoavailable are double-sided double-density drives. Pro-grams distributed with the system allow the user to setdrive characteristics so that the Micro Decision can beused to read and write formats other than its own. Cur-rently, programs are available for IBM Personal Computer(CP/M-86, not PC-DOS), Osborne, and Xerox disks.

I reviewed a Micro Decision 3. The differences betweensystems 1, 2, and 3 are in the type of disk drives thatare installed. An MD-1 is a system with a single two-thirds-height 5 ¥4-inch drive, an MD-2 has a pair of two-thirds-height drives, and an MD-3 has between two and

four half-height drives. The MD-1 and MD-2 drives aresingle-sided, with 200K bytes of storage per drive. Thehalf-height drives for the MD-3 are double-sided with384K bytes per drive. The drives for all systems aremanufactured by Tandon.

Tandon half-height drives are very quiet. I would nothesitate to recommend them for use in a small office,where even the hum of a fan can be annoying. On thesame note, the Micro Decision has no cooling fans, soother than the faint, intermittent noise of the disks, theunit is absolutely quiet. All Micro Decision drives spinfor a few moments after they have been used and thenshut down to preserve the media and the equipment(Tandon drives are also fast). Other pleasing features ofthe system include the Morrow virtual-drive capabilityand the rewritten software for the disk controller.

The Micro Decision can have up to four physical drivesand any number of virtual drives. For example, if youreference a third drive in a two-drive system (perhapsby performing a "STAT C:"), the BDOS (basic disk oper-ating system) will redefine drive A: as drive C: and askyou to change floppy disks. A reference to drive A: willundo the change, again causing a request for you to swapdisks.

Photo 1: The Morrow Micro Decision. The system consists of a single-board computer based on Zilog's Z80 processor, some number of5Vt-inchfloppy-disk drives, and a hear Siegler ADM 20 terminal. At press time, Morrow planned to offer a Freedom terminal with the system insteadof the Lear Siegler terminal.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

307

Photo 2: This photo shows the rather odd arrangement used to closethe disk drives.

Rewritten software for the disk controller offers theuser a choice of responses when faced with CP/M'sBDOS error messages. Instead of "BDOS ERROR onB:R/0," the user is now given the option of retrying,aborting the operation, or ignoring the error.

One feature of the system that I did not care for,however, was the knob used to secure the media in thedrive (see photo 2). Instead of the usual "garage-door"type latch, these knobs must be turned 90 degrees toclose the drive. This is an unnatural motion for most peo-ple. But it is a minor inconvenience when consideringthere are four disk drives in a small enclosure.

Morrow PILOT and CP/M: When the Micro Decision'soperating system is first loaded, the computer displaysa menu of available CP/M commands (see photo 3). Thismenu is written in PILOT (Programmed Inquiry, Learn-ing or Teaching language), originally designed forwriting computer-aided instruction lessons. The menusystem provides a clean, simple way to use most of thecapabilities of CP/M. Each possibility is described clear-ly and concisely, with the CP/M command that will beinvoked listed with the explanation. Two or three key-strokes will implement almost any command. As eachcommand is executed, the user can watch PILOT invokethe commands from the conventional CP/M prompt. Fora novice user, this automated walk-through makes upfor the slowness of the menu system because he or shecan see the command happening each time. After watch-ing menu commands, the user should gain the con-fidence and familiarity with CP/M to try the system inthe usual interactive manner.

From the menus it is also possible to call each of thepackages provided, such as Wordstar and Logicalc. Anambitious user could learn PILOT well enough to addentries to the menu, or perhaps entire new pages con-taining customized menus.

Logicalc is an interactive spreadsheet program, follow-ing the tradition of Visicalc. A spreadsheet calculatorconsists of an array of cells; each may contain a number,a label, or an equation based on the value of other cells.

The Terminal

My misgivings about this system concern the terminal.I found the keyboard layout poor. For example, the Con-trol key is next to the Space bar, putting it underneaththe palm of the left hand; the cursor control keys are inthe top row, above the number keys, when there is anumeric keypad that could have doubled as arrow keys(as on many popular terminals); there is a huge Cap-lock key, but a tiny Delete key; and the terminal has anextremely loud and annoying bell tone, with no volumecontrol.

The display, however, is crisp and clear. The terminalhas two levels of brightness (an advantage in the menu-driven CP/M provided by Morrow).

Very little information about the terminal comes withthe computer. In addition, the terminal is delivered un-configured. A new Micro Decision user must set the ter-minal characteristics using a single sheet of instructionsand two cursor keys while looking at a baffling row ofIs and 0s that appear at the bottom of the screen. For-tunately, the terminal has a nonvolatile memory, so thissetup need only be performed once.

Software

Like the Osborne and the Kaypro, the Micro Decisioncomes equipped with a basic set of programs, makingthe computer useful immediately. It also is equippedwith a CP/M-compatible screen-oriented text editor, aspreadsheet program, and a database manager.

At a Glance

Name

Morrow Micro Decision

Use

Personal and general-purpose computing

Manufacturer

Morrow

600 McCormick St.San Leandro, CA 94577(800) 521-3493

Size

16.7 by 5.3 by 11.3 inches

Standard Features

Hardware: 4-MHz Z80A processor, 64K bytes of RAMSoftware: CP/M 2.2 disk operating system, Wordstar, Correct-It,Logicalc, Microsoft BASIC, North Star-compatible BaZic, PersonalPearl Database

Options

May be ordered with a Lear Siegler ADM 20 video terminaland one or two single-sided disk drives, or two double-sidedhalf-height drives

Price

With one drive: S1195; with two drives: S1545; with two half-height drives: $1695; S595 for the video terminal

Mass Storage

Up to four 5 'A -inch floppy-disk drives

308 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Like television and stereo, computerscan be used by many different people,in offices and business, in schools andat home ...the interest in programs isthe difference.

Excessiveconsumptionof mass quanti-ties is EASY withZ80A and 6502processors and upto FOUR 400KBDISK DRIVES.

Here are a few of the ways (or softwareprograms) in which you can put Magicin your life.

Extensive selec-tion of software

abound every-where atV economy

levels.

Professional Appointment Book •Income Tax Preparation • AccountsReceivable

64K RAM, dualprocessor sys-tem, video, com-munications andprinter interfaces.

AccountsPayableand AgingSchool

i Administration

[/•Property andAsset Manage-ment • Engi-neering Cir-cuitry •Sports andActivity Sta-tistics • Medical and Legal Accounting •Wordprocessing and Letters • Travel

Circle 283 on

HUMAMT''

/

wsumm

- the computer for the serious of mind.

Planning and Scheduling • Church andAssociation Management • Mortgageand Interest Details*

LOVE is aready-to-usecomputer system

Games for Execu-tives • Menu and Recipe Files • Retail and StoreManagement • Mail List Operations •Activity and Hobby Organizing • Learn-ing FORTRAN • Order and Sales Entry• Christmas Presents List • College

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inquiry card.

'. - - \ »\ ■■- \ \ "- ■ » "• ■ - ■ - — •£■- i* • * 1 '\

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WRITE TO: Magic Computer Company, Inc. • Two Executive Drive • Fort Lee, NJ 07024(201) 944-6700-CALL: (800) 221-1565 -Telex: 144594

(3a)

TIC MICRO DECISION MICRO MENU

This wnu is sour road Mp through the CP/H operating lyitei. Toperform these functions, just enter the appropriate nuioer afterthe OPTION prompt belon, then follon the instructions given.

CREATE ft WORKING DISKETTE

RUM Pi PROGRAM

DISPLAY A DISKETTE DIRECTORY (SIR)

,'IEU OR PRINT A FILE (TYPE, PIP)

COPY A FILE (PIP)

FOPtlAT A DISKETTE (FORMAT)

RAKE A BACKUP DISKETTE (FORMAT, BACKUP)

CHECK DISKETTE AND FILE SIZE (STAT)

OTHER OPTIONS (PIN, ERA, STAT)

EXECUTE A CP/11 COMMAND

E'-IT TO CP/11

Current File:

Current Drive: h:

(3b)

DISPLAY ft DISKETTE DIRECTORY (DIR)

an -:5a obtain an on-screen list of files on a diskette byentering your choice after the OPTION proapt.

1 Display of files on current drive

2 Display of files on another drive or disketteESC Exit to CP/MENU

(3c)

COPY ft FILE

Choices in this menu allow you to copy a single file, or a groupof files, onto another diskette. The diskette upon uhich thefiles will be copied must already be formatted and have enoughroom to accept the neui files. Enter your choice froi the listbelou after the OPTION prompt.

1 Copy a single file to another diskette1 Copy all files on one diskette to another disketteESC Exit to CP/MENU

Photo 3: Menu-driven CP/M. Photo 3a shows the main menu andthe CP/M commands that may he accessed through it. Photos 3b and3c show the submenus for displaying the directory of a disk and copy-ing a file.

By changing the value of key cells, it is possible to playthe game of "what-if?" Spreadsheets are popular withpeople who work with a large volume of interrelatednumeric calculations.

Logicalc can handle a universe of 255 rows by 127 col-umns of cells. Of those 32,385 cells, only 10 rows by upto 15 columns are visible at any one time, using the stan-dard display mode. An extended-screen mode is pro-vided that permits a display of 15 rows (see photo 4).

Correct-It is an interactive spelling

corrector. Given the name of a text

file, it will pass through the file

and display words it does not

recognize. You can leave the word

as is or correct it in the text.Correct-It is well written, but slow.

Logicalc is not as easy to use as Visicalc, creating someproblems for novice users, but it does the job. Its majorfailing in the Micro Decision environment is that it is notintegrated well with this computer. Logicalc does not re-quire the use of terminal cursor keys, but rather a groupof control characters on the left side of the keyboard.With the inconvenient placement of the Control key, myleft hand was cramped during extended Logicalc use.Also, I found the Logicalc installation process confusing.

Another problem with Logicalc is its lack of com-patibility with other packages. Although it can save andload spreadsheets, the format of those files is not in theDIF (Data Interchange Format) standard, making it im-possible to use Logicalc in conjunction with otherpopular software on the market. It is, however, compati-ble with packages written by Software Products Inter-national, the authors of Logicalc.

Wordstar and Correct-It: Wordstar is one of the mostpopular personal computer text editors on the markettoday. It is a screen-oriented editor that is used as botha word-processing system and in the creation of soft-ware.

Correct-It is an interactive spelling corrector writtenby Aspen Software. Given the name of a text file,Correct-It will pass through the file and display wordsit does not recognize. The user has the option of leav-ing the word as is or correcting it in the text. Correct-Itcan add to its dictionary, so that it can 'learn" new wordsas they occur in the text. It has a basic dictionary of 36,000words and knows about the dot (text formatting) com-mands used by Wordstar.

Correct-It is well written, but slow. It took approx-imately a minute to load and sort a text file that consistedof a single sentence of 14 words, three of which weremisspelled. For full-sized documents, it would be usable,but frustrating.

MBASIC and BaZic: The Micro Decision is availablewith two versions of BASIC. Microsoft BASIC is a stan-

310 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

IS THIS LEVEL OF RELIABILITYREALLY NECESSARY?

ACCUTRACK

in

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If you've ever lost data due to afaulty disk, you know how impor-tant reliability can be.

That's why Accutrack disks arecritically certified at 2-3 times theerror threshold of your system.Why they're precision fabricated forhigher signal quality longer life andless head wear. And why we takesuch extra steps as testing single-density mini disks at double-densitylevels. So you don't have to worryabout the reliability of your media.

Accutrack disks. OEMs havespecified them for years. You cantrust them for your data. Call toll-free (800 225-8715) for your nearestdealer.

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Circle 146 on inquiry card.

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Dealers: Give your customers achoice—Accutrack's OEM perform-ance as well as your heavily adver-tised brand. We have the industry'sonly complete line of disks, cas-settes and mag cards, includingvirtually all special formats.If you want a quality line, smallminimums, the ability to mixand match, private labeling,fast delivery and great price, calltoday. Find out how responsive amedia supplier can be.

Photo 4: The Logicalc spreadsheet program.

dard in the personal computer industry, running on both8080 and Z80 microcomputer systems. BaZic is a NorthStar-compatible BASIC interpreter (written by MicroMike's Inc. of Amarillo, Texas) that uses the full Z80 in-struction set. It is faster than MBASIC but more idiosyn-cratic. Many, but not all, MBASIC programs will rununder BaZic.

Personal Pearl will be the database managerdistributed as standard software with the Micro Deci-sion. At the time of this review, Personal Pearl was un-available for examination.

The Bottom Line

As previously stated, the price of midrange computersis approximately $2000, and the price of various versionsof the Micro Decision is roughly the same. However, theMicro Decision price can be reduced. It can be purchasedwithout a terminal ($595), bringing the price of the basicunit (MD-1) to $1195. The MD-2 costs $1545, and theMD-3 costs $1695. Full systems cost $1790, $2140, and$2290, respectively.

Comments and Conclusions

The Micro Decision would make a good second com-puter for people who are familiar with CP/M systemsor for those who have had experience with computers.From a hardware-design standpoint, the system is wellconstructed and reliable. Morrow's software is not suit-able for novice users; the documentation for Logicalc andCorrect-It consists of references containing little in theway of tutorials (tutorials and examples are vital for in-experienced users).

The major failing of the system is its terminal; however,it is possible to purchase a Micro Decision without one.The software can be configured to work with mostpopular terminals on the market today. ■

Tom Wadlow is an engineer and freelance writer living in the San FranciscoBay area. He can be reached at Apt. 226, 5157 Norma Way, Livermore, CA94550.

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IBM is a registered trademark of IBM CorporationDiskSystems is a copyright of Interface Inc

Prices are suggested retail and subject to change without notice

e 1983 Interface Inc

312 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 550 for dealers inquiries. Circle 551 for end-user inquiries.

MULTIUSER SYSTEMS MADE POWERFUL...

MuJtiMicro Computer raisesexpectations for multiuser systems.In fact, our new system is so goodwe call it the MicroMainframe?And we can prove it.Each user gets their own processor.Each processor has 64 K of RAM. TheMicroMainframe has over 1 megabyteof system memory and up to 450megabytes of hard disk memory.That's right, 450 megabytes.There's more.

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CP/M™ Digital Research. • TurboDOS'" Software 2000 Inc. • Centronics'" Centronics, Inc.Circle 319 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 313

WRITE IT.PROOF IT.SEND IT.

THE WORD JUGGLEFTSYSTEMFROM QUARK.

t

rre serious about word processing onmf Apple lie or Apple III, you should test theWord Juggler System from Quark. Integratedpols that combine ease of use with extra-ordinary power.

WRITE IT

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The anchor of the system is Quark's WordJuggler word processor, a program that letsyou easily perform the most intricate editingtasks. For example, you can delete characters,words, even paragraphs with just a single key-stroke. You can instantly copy, move or deleteentire blocks of text. Then display or printyour document by simply pressing a key.

And there's virtually nothing to memorize.Because editing and formatting commandsare always right there on the keyboard. WordJuggler for the Apple III comes with specialtemplates which identify principal wordprocessing functions. On our version for thelie, the editing commands are labeled oneasy-to-install, replacement keycaps.

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Once you've written your document, you canquickly proof it with Lexicheck—a high per-formance spelling checker with a 50,000-worddictionary. Simple and fast, Lexicheck is in-voked from within Word Juggler by a singlekeystroke. The program scans your documentand highlights unrecognized words in contextIf the words are actually misspelled, you canquickly correct them. If words are merely un-known, as with jargon or abbreviations, youcan add them easily to your own personal, dictionary.

W

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WITH TERMINUS

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And with Quark's new Terminus communica-tions program, you can use Word Juggler forelectronic mail applications. A single keystrokeinvokes the program from within the wordprocessor, allowing you to communicate withmost any RS232 device. You can predefine theprotocols you need to communicate with asmany as 14 different systems, at transmissionrates up to 9600 baud.

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TEST ITTODAY.

Your dealer wants to give you a complete dem-onstration of all the features and capabilities ofThe Word Juggler System from Quark. Andwhile you're there, check into Quark's full lineof Office Automation Tools for the Apple III.

Word Juggler for the Apple III, $295Word Juggler He, $239Lexicheck for the Apple III, $149Lexicheck lie, $129

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Quark, Word Juggler, Lexicheck and Terminus are trademarks ofQuark, Incorporated.

Apple and Quick File are registered trademarks of Apple ComputiPFS is a registered trademark of Software Publishing Corporation

evlnc.

Hardware Review

The Microneye

This low-cost image-sensing camera interfaces easily witha variety of popular microcomputers

by Dr. Chris

If you stop and think for a minute about science-fictionmovies in which a computer goes wild and turns on itsowner, the computer always possesses one attribute-vision. Invariably, as its hapless victim tries one thingafter another to escape, the mad computer watches,blocking each attempt at just the last minute, the betterto torment its victim. One can only assume that com-puters have a twisted sense of humor; surely, many com-puter users can attest to that fact.

Fortunately, such computers have thus far been keptin check because the cost of adding vision has been outof reach for nearly all computer users. So far, few stories

Wieland

have appeared in the newspapers about home com-puters turning on their owners. This situation maychange dramatically, however, thanks to the introduc-tion of a product called the Microneye.

The Microneye is a low-cost (as little as $295) imagingsystem designed to interface easily with a variety ofpopular microcomputers. Made by Micron Technologyof Boise, Idaho, this solid-state camera is capable of re-cording high-resolution images at rates of up to 15 framesper second (or a frame every 67 milliseconds). In otherwords, this imaging device can function as a moviecamera, catching the activity of any moving object. Con-

Figure 1: Two examples of images produced by the Microneye solid-state camera. On the left is a view of one of those annoying subscribercards that fall out of magazines. On the right is a picture of a photograph of the author. The card was photographed at a distance of about3 feet, the author's photo from about 5 feet. Both images were displayed on an Apple high-resolution screen and printed on an Axiom printerusing a screen-dump routine. The broad black band at the bottom of each image is a result of the fact that the 256- by 128-pixel area of theMicroneye does not completely fill the 256- by 192-pixel area of the Apple's high-resolution screen.

316 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

(

5.504 MM

f> 7

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25G x

128 RRRRY

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CD

5

0.0215 MM|t

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ENLARGEMENT OF DETHIL

Figure 2: Dimensions of the photosensitive array of the IS32 OpticRAM chip. Enlargement shows center-to-center spacing distances ofindividual light-sensing elements (pixels). Each pixel is 8 by 9 micro-meters. Array and detail dimensions are drawn to scale.

At a Glance

Name

Microneye Bullet, Microneye camera, and RS-232 camera package

Manufacturer

Micron Technology Inc.2805 East Columbia Rd.Boise. ID 83706(208) 383-4000

Price

Microneye Bullet camera. S295; Microneye camera. S485; RS-232Microneye camera package, S540

Hardware Required

Apple II Plus. IBM PC, or Commodore 64 with one disk drive;Radio Shack Color Computer or Commodore 64 with cassette in-terface; or any computer with RS-232C interface for RS-232 unit

Documentation

19-page operator's manual; program listings on copyable disk

Audience

Anyone who needs low-cost, high-resolution imaging

sequently, the Microneye can be used for motion detec-tion or image analysis; the camera can replace similar,but more expensive, solid-state systems such as thosebased on CCDs (charge-coupled devices) or photodiodearrays.

Inside the Camera

The basis of the Microneye camera, and a major reasonfor its low cost, is an integrated circuit called the IS32Optic RAM, manufactured by Micron Technology. TheRAM in the name of this image-sensing chip is wellchosen because the chip is precisely that, a dynamic 64K-by 1-bit RAM (random-access read/write memory) cir-cuit modified for image-sensing capabilities. This chipkeeps the cost of the Microneye quite reasonable becausethe process of manufacturing dynamic RAM chips isalready well established; thus, Micron avoided the costof developing a totally new silicon technology.

Forming an Image

If you are familiar with the operation of dynamicmemory, you know that dynamic RAMs must be re-freshed (recharged) every so often or they lose their data.Each storage location, or bit, in the memory acts like atiny capacitor or battery that slowly loses its charge ifit is not periodically refreshed to its original voltage level.

When light falls on the surface of a dynamic RAMsilicon chip, it accelerates the rate at which charge is lostfrom the memory locations in the chip. This photosen-sitive property is the basis of the image-sensing capabili-ty of the IS32 Optic RAM. The Microneye produces apicture for the host computer when an image is optical-ly focused on the surface of the Optic RAM. Light from

an image reaches the surface through a rectangularquartz window in the top of the IC. The window coversthe small square of silicon comprising the chip andmakes it look physically much like an EPROM (erasableprogrammable read-only memory) chip. To create theimage, the data in every memory location is initially setto a value of logic 1. Then, after a specific delay, the datafrom the memory is read back. Under normal circum-stances the data does not change; it is still all Is. How-ever, because light focuses on certain areas of the chip,indeed on specific memory storage "cells," the dischargerate of these memory locations accelerates. As a result,the contents of these particular memory locations changefrom Is into Os.

Now, if you take each memory location and displayit on your computer's graphics display in the same con-figuration found on the surface of the Optic RAM (usinga white dot to represent a 1 and a black dot to representa 0), you'll have a picture of the image focused on thechip (figure 1).

The resolution of the IS32 Optic RAM chip is 128 by256 pixels (picture elements). However, the Optic RAMactually contains two 128 by 256 photosensitive arraysseparated by a narrow nonphotosensitive strip (seefigure 2), making a total array size of 256 by 256 elements.Through software manipulation, you can partition thearray into smaller units to provide, for example, zoomeffects or to meet user requirements dictated by limitedmemory space. Thus, depending on your needs, you canform the picture into a square of 100 by 100 pixels or along rectangle of 256 by 8 pixels.

You can choose from three models—the MicroneyeBullet, the Microneye camera, and the RS-232 Microneye

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

317

MicronEve

■^jjj0^

Photo 1: Microneye, Bullet version.

camera—to meet your computer, budget, and image-sensing requirements. The Microneye Bullet (photo 1)is designed for use with the Apple II Plus, the IBM Per-sonal Computer, the Radio Shack Color Computer, andthe Commodore 64. The name Bullet refers to the shapeof the cylindrical case in which the image-sensing ele-ment is housed. This unit is quite small—less than 3V2inches long and IV2 inches in diameter—and is com-posed of only a C-mount lens and the IS32 Optic RAMchip in a cylindrical housing. A double-sided PC boardthat plugs into a specific user slot on each computer con-tains the electronics that interface the chip to the com-puter. Because the controls of the IS32 Optic RAM arelocated within the computer and because many signalsmust travel between the interface board and the Bulletunit, a user is limited to 4 feet of cable connecting thecomputer to the Bullet.

I am currently using this version with my Apple II Pluscomputer and find the short cable to be only slightlyrestrictive. A nice feature of this unit is its small size;it can be mounted where other image-recording deviceswould never fit.

A second version, the Microneye camera, has all theinterfacing electronics, along with the Optic RAM andthe lens, located in the camera case (photo 2). With thisversion, a six-conductor modular telephone cable con-nects the camera to a small 3- by 3-inch card located inthe computer, allowing remote sensing at distances ofup to 25 feet (although only a 6-foot cable is suppliedwith the unit). This second version is available for thesame four computers listed for the Bullet.

The third version, the RS-232 Microneye camera, is ful-ly self-contained and enables data and camera com-mands to be sent over a standard RS-232C interface,making it usable with nearly any computer. Externally,the RS-232 version looks identical to the Microneyecamera.

Included with each camera is an easy-to-use software-driver package. This package comes on a 5 ¥4-inch disk

Photo 2: Microneye, camera version.

for the Apple II Plus, IBM PC, and Commodore 64 oron cassette tape for the Radio Shack Color Computerand Commodore 64. Pascal and 6502 assembly-languagelistings are available for the RS-232 version. A smalltripod is also included for camera mounting. All versionsderive power from the host computer and use only 50milliamperes of current from the + 5-volt supply, owingto the extensive use of CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) circuitry.

The User Interface

The software driver is quite easy to use; it is clear thatMicron Technology worked hard to develop a softwarepackage that lets you quickly start up the camera witha minimum of difficulty and allows you to retain com-plete flexibility in changing the camera's operating mode.The main program begins by presenting a menu of op-erating conditions you select through single keystrokes.You can control the light sensitivity of the camera byselecting options from the menu; exposure times maybe set at ranges from 0.001 seconds for bright images to60 seconds for dimly lit scenes or time-exposure effects.In addition, the exposure rate can be set to a mode inwhich the time is automatically changed to match a user-selected light level. Pictures may be saved or loaded fromthe storage medium or dumped to a printer withgraphics capabilities. When you use a graphics printerfor display, you can generate images using gray levels(figure 3). This image generation is accomplished byaveraging multiple samples of the same image (taken atvarying exposures) to estimate the relative intensity ofeach pixel.

The software can be listed and copied and is fullydocumented with comments that even encourage a userto make modifications.

Possible Applications

If the preceding description has not yet made you rushto order the Microneye, perhaps a few ideas about ap-

318 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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plications will change your mind. My own applicationfor the Microneye involves automation of scientificanimal-behavior experiments. Many studies of animalbehavior require that the position, orientation, ormechanical motion of animals be recorded. Often, suchmaterial must be recorded for long periods of time atevenly spaced intervals; at other times, the activity tobe recorded may last only 5 seconds and need to beanalyzed 10 times per second. Such studies can be car-ried out with videotape or film systems; however, theextraction of data from these media is tedious, to say theleast, and the cost of either system is prohibitive.

Because of the limitations of video and film, the in-troduction of the Microneye is welcome. Now, for a verylow cost, the experiments mentioned above can be car-ried out automatically by a camera and computer; datacollection as well as analysis can be automated (figure 4).

Some other applications for this solid-state camerainclude robotics, motion detection, security systems, im-age analysis and pattern recognition, graphic arts work,remote sensing stations, position and size monitoringfor production, and inexpensive reading machines forthe blind.

The Microneye camera is an extremely versatile image-sensing device that can be used in many personal, scien-tific, or industrial applications. The unit's cost, relative-ly low compared to standard video systems or more ex-otic schemes of image recording, makes it particularlyattractive. ■

Editor's Note: For information on how you can build a digital camera similarto the Microneye, see page 67.

Figure 3: An example of an image incorporating gray levels, generatedwith a graphics printer.

Dr. Chris Wieland (Campus Box B-334, University of Colorado, Boulder,CO 80309) holds a PhD in biology. A research associate at the Universityof Colorado, he is studying the neurophysiology of animal behavior.

Figure 4: An example of image analysis based on a digital image generated by the Microneye. Shown are sequential frames, "filmed" frombeneath a glass aquarium, of a goldfish executing a turn. Using binary image information supplied by the Microneye camera and image-analysis programs (designed by the author and not supplied with the camera), it is possible to determine mechanical properties (such asangular velocity and displacement speed) of the fish's turn. Time between each frame is 370 milliseconds. A shows the fish silhouette (theoriginal camera image); B, the computer-generated outline; and C, the computer-generated midline.

320 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 211 on Inquiry card.-

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VoiceDrive •..

USING A COMPUTER HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.

The Future of Microcomputing

First there were punch cards

and paper tape,

then the terminal,

light pen,

and mouse.

Now there is yo^^mivi -

providing voice control of

computers —the next step in

making computers easier

to use. And at SupetS ft,

the future has arrived.

Imagine the freedom of using an electronicspreadsheet without having to touch the key-board. You just say "insert column^' or "showme profits"... What could be simpler? Voicecontrol is easier to learn, easier to remember,and easier to use than the keyboard. This meansa faster learning curve and greater productivity.

Vocal engineering for specific applications.

VoiceDrive is software which interfaces tovoice recognition hardware. It has taken thecritical step of tailoring voice recognition tospecific application programs. Scratchpad -SuperSoft's state-of-the-art electronicspreadsheet- is the first program to utilize theVoiceDrive interface. Word processing,graphics, and others are soon to come. AllVoiceDrive programs give you complete use ofvoice entry while still allowing traditionalkeyboard control.

Circle 449 on inquiry card.

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines.Tecmar is a trademark of Tecmar, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio.

Scratchpad with VoiceDrive.The spreadsheet you can talk to.

Scratchpad with VoiceDrive is the electronicspreadsheet which allows complete voicecontrol of all commands and data entry. Thisis the key to providing solutions - solutions forsecretaries and managers who don't have timeto learn cryptic keyboard commands - solutionsfor those who want to use a computer whiledoing other things like writing or lookingthrough papers - solutions for those givingcomputer presentations who don't want to betied to a keyboard - and solutions for peoplewho just wish computers were easier to use.

Scratchpad with VoiceDrive is currentlycompatible with the Tecmar voice recognitioncard for the IBM PC, with compatibility in otherenvironments soon to come. Both softwareand hardware can be purchased throughSuperSoft and its dealers worldwide.

Scratchpad with VoiceDrive: $495.00

Scratchpad with VoiceDriveand Tecmar Voice RecognitionBoard: $995.00

Japanese Distributor: ASR CorporationInternational, 3-23-8, Mishi-Shimbashi,Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105, Japan.TEL. (03)4375371. Telex: 0242-2723.European Agent: SuperSoft InternationalLtd., 51 The Pantiles, Tunbridge Wells, Kent,England, TN2 5TE. TEL. 0892-45433.Telex: 95441 Micro-G.

For more information about VoiceDrivecall or write: SuperSoft, RO. Box 1628,Champaign, IL 61820, 217-359-2112.Telex 270365.

SuperS ft

Hardware Review

The M68000 EducationalComputer Board

A look at Motorola's $495, 68000-based single-board computer

by Robert

If you're interested in getting acquainted withMotorola's 6800016-bit microprocessor but can't part with$5000 or more, Motorola offers a usable system for only$495. For that price, don't expect a disk drive and a Unixoperating system, but do expect a 68000-based single-board computer with 32K bytes of RAM (random-accessread/write memory) and what may be the best monitorprogram in ROM (read-only memory) ever developed.

At $495 per unit, Motorola is not going to get rich byselling its Educational Computer Board (ECB). Obviouslythe strategy is to educate the coming generation ofengineers and programmers about the 68000, with theexpectation that they will design products that use the68000. In addition to its intended audience of educatorsand students, this board is of interest to both hobbyistsand people involved in developing 68000-based prod-ucts. It is not a development system, but its interpretativeassembler and disassembler make it handy to quicklytest short routines.

The 68000

The 68000 is becoming an increasingly importantmicroprocessor in today's market, as evidenced by thefrequent announcements of products using the 68000.The chip is expandable by design, and Motorola has an-nounced that a full 32-bit version will be available in 1984.Before jumping on the bandwagon, however, you should

W. Floyd

know that the 68000 is not just a bigger version of theold 8-bit microcomputer; it is considerably more com-plex than many of the 16-bit minicomputers popularsince the 1970s.

Before reviewing the system, I'll briefly highlight someof the major differences between the 68000 and the old8-bit devices we're familiar with. The machine languagesupports byte, word (16-bit), and long-word (32-bit) oper-ations. It has eight data registers and eight addressregisters, each 32 bits wide. Except for one register, A7,which is always the current stack pointer, all address anddata registers are treated identically.

The processor operates in two states: user and super-visor. Certain instructions are legal only in the super-visor states. Once in the user state, the processor willstay there until an exception occurs. Exceptions may becaused by resets, interrupts, bus errors, a variety of run-time errors, and executions of TRAR Besides some ofthe interrupt conditions, all exceptions are auto-vectored;when the exception occurs, the processor gets the ad-dress of the exception-handling program from a specificlocation in memory. These exception vectors take up thefirst IK bytes of memory and should all be initializedimmediately after a reset occurs if you don't want yourprocessor going off in strange directions.

The large number of 16-bit op codes makes a greaterassortment of instructions possible. In the 68000, thesepossibilities appear as both new operations and a vari-

324 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

9 (fefiaWlfSW

IwL

Photo 1: 27ie ivn/ /sr^e integrated circuit (IC) in the upper right is the 68000. The other large 1C near the wire-wrap area is the 48-pinMC68230 parallel interface/timer. The two serial interface ICs are at lower left. The edge connectors on the bottom are, from left to right,serial port 2 (host), serial port 1 (terminal), port 4 (cassette recorder), and port 3 (Centronics-type parallel printer).

ety of addressing modes for the standard operations.Most of these operations fall into the general scheme ofsupporting higher-level languages. These include in-structions such as a branch subroutine (BSR), whichallows relative branches to any address within 32K wordsabove the program counter's address; the LINK andUNLINK instructions, which ease the construction ofreentrant subroutines; and the move-multiple-registersinstruction (MOVEM) for quickly saving registers. Inaddition, 12 addressing modes contain many instruc-tions. These different modes are available for data trans-fer and logical and arithmetical operations. They can alsobe used in some of the transfer-of-control operations. Inother words, a jump to subroutine (JSR) doesn't haveto go to an absolute address—it might go to the addresscalculated by adding a data register to an address registerplus an immediate value included in the instruction (bythe way, that's one I haven't used yet). The result of thisaddressing arrangement is that it takes skill to write aprogram shorter than 64K bytes that is not relocatable,and it is very easy to write reentrant subroutines.

If Motorola simply added eight more address and eightmore data lines to an 8-bit processor, only 56 pins wouldbe needed. You well might ask what other functions havebeen added to require 64 pins. First, the 68000 is asyn-chronous in operation; it will not terminate any bus cy-cle until it recognizes that data transfer is complete,which is normally done by having the memory or pe-

ripheral device assert a data transfer acknowledge(DTACK). Because not all devices run asynchronously,the 68000 has a provision for synchronous devices, par-ticularly those designed for the old 6800 microprocessor.In this case, a line called valid peripheral address (VPA)is used instead of DTACK.

When the 68000 detects this signal, it replies with avalid memory address (VMA) signal and synchronizesthe bus operation to the Motorola 6800 E cycle. To pro-vide more flexibility in the interrupt structure, three in-terrupt control lines produce seven levels of interrupts.Three bus arbitration lines allow DMA (direct memoryaccess), refresh, and so on. One last note—RESET isbidirectional, so the 68000 can execute an instruction thatresets all peripheral devices but does not affect opera-tion of the processor.

Hardware

Let's take a look at what you get for $495. The ECB isa single-board computer measuring 7Vi by 10% inches.The quality of construction is excellent. The board's edgecontacts as well as its traces are gold plated. The ECBprovides a 68000 operating at 4 MHz, a 16K-byte ROMmonitor, 32K bytes of dynamic RAM, two RS-232C serialinterface ports, and the MC68230 parallel interface/timer(PIT) that provides a cassette tape recorder interface, aCentronics-type printer interface, a 24-bit timer, plus

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Mnemonic

Function

HE

MD

help; displays Tutor commandsmemory display

MM, M

modify memory

MS

store into memory

.AO-.A7

display/set address registers

.DO-.D7

display/set data registers

.PC

display/set program counter

,SR

display/set status register

ss

display/set supervisor stack pointer

.us

display/set user slack pointer

DF

display formatted registers

OF

display offset registers

.RO-.R6

display/set offset registers

DC

convert decimal to hexadecimal

BF

block of memory fill

BM

block of memory move

BS

block of memory search

BT

block of memory test

BR

set a breakpoint

NOBR

remove breakpoint

GO, G

execute user program

GT

execute until breakpoint

GD

execute without setting breakpoints

TR, T

trace

TT

temporary breakpoint trace

DU

dump memory to a port

LO

load memory from a port

VE

verify memory load/dump

PA

printer attach

NOPA

reset printer attach

PF

port format

TM

transparent mode

*

send message

Table 1: The commands

available in the Tutor monitor.

some uncommitted I/O (input/output) pins tor a userto play with (see photo 1).

The MC68000L4 microprocessor in this kit is the slow-est version Motorola makes of this chip, running at 4MHz (compared to 12V2 MHz for the fastest version).Remember: this board was designed for educators, notbenchmark freaks. Yet even at this leisurely pace itsminimum instruction time is only 1 microsecond.Because any given instruction on a 16-bit chip generallydoes a lot more than a single instruction on an 8-bitmicroprocessor, the throughput of a slow 16-bit chip isseveral times greater than that of the fastest 8-bitmachine.

326 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The 32K bytes of RAM are located in the lowest mem-ory space and consist of sixteen 16K by 1-bit dynamicRAM chips. The monitor program, which resides in two8K by 8-bit ROMs, is located in address space 8000 toBFFF (hexadecimal), making it awkward to expand theRAM because any additional memory will be noncon-tiguous with the original RAM. (Because it should beno more difficult to have the monitor reside at highermemory, why not do so and give hobbyists moreflexibility?)

Communication to the ECB is through one of its twoRS-232C serial ports. The data rate is user-selected from110 to 9600 bits per second. Although any RS-232C ter-minal can be used, a video terminal is definitely prefer-able. For example, if you are doing a program trace, dis-playing eighteen 32-bit registers can burn a lot of paperand time. Also, the assembler works by first disassem-bling an instruction, letting the programmer change it,then overwriting the original instruction with the new.This makes for a pretty messy display if you're using ateletype.

In addition to the transmit and receive lines (pins 2and 3), serial port 1 must supply the DTR (data-terminalready) signal. Pin 1 is not connected on the board, somake sure ground is tied to pin 7 on your DB-25 con-nector. The other serial port, the designated host port,allows the ECB to act like a terminal to a host computer,which enables programs to be downloaded from (or up-loaded to) a host computer. The serial ports on the ECBcome out to 20-pin edge connectors instead of to a DB-25connector. If you don't want to make or modify your owncables, Motorola sells cables that mate from the edge con-nector to a standard DB-25.

The operation of the MC68230 PIT, a remarkable devicein itself, requires a 32-page manual. The chip providesthree 8-bit parallel ports with handshake and a 24-bittimer. Separate interrupt vectors for both the parallelports and the timer may be stored in the PIT. This chipsupports a Centronics-type parallel printer port (whichdrives my Epson MX-80) and provides a cassette-recorderinterface.

In addition to the peripherals, you need a power sup-ply for the ECB. The board requires only 5 volts at 750milliamperes and +12 volts at 100 milliamperes. All thecomponents are tied together on the board on a simple,unbuffered bus. Although there is no edge-of-board con-nector for system expansion, most of the 68000's pinsare brought out to a wire-wrap area, and a provisionexists for inserting a 50-pin connector for expansion bythe user. Because these lines are unbuffered, three-statebuffers should be installed if more than a couple of extrachips are added to the bus.

Software

The ECB contains a monitor in ROM called Tutor. Inaddition to the usual monitor functions, it provides adisassembler and a line-by-line assembler. Compared towhat else is on the market, the monitor alone is worth

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Circle 495 on inquiry card. October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 329

At a Glance

Name

M68000 Educational Computer Board (Motorola part# MEX68KECBJ

Manufacturer

Motorola Inc.

Microsystems Division

3102 North 56th St.

Phoenix, AZ 85018

Distributed by Hamilton/Avnet Electronics

Hardware

Single-board computer, 6/2 by 10/2 inches, containing a 68000microprocessor running at 4 MHz; l6K-byte monitor ROM; 32K-byte dynamic RAM; two serial I/O ports with data rate individuallyselectable from 110 to 9600 bps; MC68230 parallel port/timer thatprovides three 8-bit parallel ports with handshaking; audio cassetteI/O; Centronics-type printer port; and wire-wrap area. Operationrequires an external power supply ( + 5V at 750 mA, +I2V at 100mA). RS-232C-compatible video terminal, and connecting cable

Software

16K-byte monitor ROM with most of the functions of theMotorola Macsbug plus interpretative assembler, disassembler,printer and tape recorder functions, and a series of TRAP #14functions that allows user program access to most of the monitordata conversion and I/O routines

Options

Interface cables to connect computer board to terminals, printers

Price

S495

Warranty

90-day warranty includes parts, labor, and return shipping

Documentation

Over 450 pages, including data sheets on LSI circuits, a softwaremanual for the 68000, and a manual on the ECB hardware andmonitor

Audience

Educators, students, hard-core hobbyists, and 68000 systemsdevelopers who would like to use the ECB as a supplementaryaid

the price of the board. Table 1 lists the monitor com-mands provided in Tutor. Most of them resemble thoseof run-of-the-mill monitors, but a few require some ex-planation. Note the variety of addressing commands forTutor. Most other monitor commands work only in theimmediate mode (the user enters the explicit physicaladdress), but Tutor has eight separate addressing modes.The most important of these are absolute, absolute plusthe contents of an offset register, address register in-direct, address register plus displacement indirect, andmemory indirect.

One of the more sophisticated monitor commands is.Rn, which enables you to display and modify any ofthe eight special registers. Remember that the 68000 pro-grams are intrinsically relocatable. These registers helpusers write position-independent code by being auto-matically added to addresses specified in Tutor com-mands. For example, it's generally easier to write assem-

bly-language programs starting at an even address, suchas 1000 hexadecimal. If you are following the book 68000Assembly Language Programming by Gerry Kane, DougHawkins, and Lance Leventhal (Berkeley, CA: Osborne/McGraw-Hill, 1981), you will notice that all the programsin the book start at 4000 hexadecimal. However, if morethan one program is being used, the others have toreside somewhere else in memory.

Assigning the starting addresses of the routines to off-set registers makes testing the routines a lot easier. Let'stry an example. Assume you have a routine that startsat 4F7E hexadecimal and you'd like to test a piece of codehexadecimal 1A6 bytes from the origin. If adept at thissort of thing, you could perform hexadecimal arithmetic,come up with 5124, then type GO 5124. An easier wayof doing this is to set R1=4F7E and then type GORl + 1A6 (or whatever displacement you need). The sametechnique is used for looking at the nth item of a bufferand checking the value in a peripheral chip.

The block search command (BS) lets you searchthrough any block of memory looking for either ASCII(American National Standard Code for Information In-terchange) strings or binary data. This is useful whenlooking for particular memory references, such as I/Olocations. The block fill command (BF) is useful for zero-ing memory or buffers or for setting ASCII buffers toall space characters. The GO command starts programexecution at a specified location, but a return fromsubroutine (RTS) will not return to the monitor. To doso, you have to use a special TRAP instruction.

In transparent mode (TM), the ECB acts as a dumbterminal to a host computer. Everything received on port1 is immediately transmitted on port 2.1 was able to usethe TM command to good advantage when installing theECB in my Heath H-19 video terminal. Internally, I wiredthe output of the H-19 to the terminal port of the ECB,and the ECB's host port to the input of the H-19. Whenfirst powered on, the H-19 talks to the ECB; but once TMis executed, it behaves like a normal H-19.

DU (dump) and LO (load) commands let you dumpautomatically formatted binary files either to or frommemory. Normally this command is used with port 4for a tape recorder or with port 2 to a host computer.The VE (verify) command reloads a program saved usingthe DU command and verifies that it matches what isis in memory. The contents of memory can be eitherdumped or loaded using the DU and LO commands,respectively. Memory is dumped in what Motoroladesignates "S" records, which consist of header and datadumps in hexadecimal ASCII. You can use the DU com-mand with all supported I/O channels (terminal, host,printer, and cassette tape). The LO command supportsinput from all but the printer. Because data is transferredin hexadecimal ASCII instead of straight binary, 2 bytesneed to be saved for every single byte of actual data,which can be annoying when you have to wait twominutes to load a 4K-byte file.

Probably the two most important parts of the monitorare the assembler and disassembler. These features are

330 October 19S3 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Photo 2: The assembly and disassembly functions, invoked by typ-ing Dl after a memory display or memory modify command. Assemblyis done line by line—the code at the current memory is first disas-sembled and followed by a question mark. The programmer then typesin the correct code, and the original code is overwritten with the neiv.Any value not recognized as a valid op code is disassembled as thedeclare word (DC.W) pseudo op.

of much greater necessity than their counterparts on an8-bit computer. Many times I've hand-assembled 100 orso lines of 6502 code, but I wouldn't even think of hand-assembling more than one line of 68000 code. Each in-struction must be coded on a bit-by-bit basis, and theresults must be converted to hexadecimal.

The assembler is a line-by-line interpretative routine,invoked by typing the MM (memory modify) command,the starting address, and the DI option. The assemblerfirst disassembles the code at the current location, thenprompts the programmer to enter the new instructionto be assembled. The new instruction is then writtenover the original. This process requires a video terminalbecause a printing terminal would type the new instruc-tion over the old, resulting in illegible copy. Because itis a line-by-line assembler, labels can't be used in theoperand field. Previously defined offsets, however, canbe used. For forward references (address unknown), the* can be used. This generates the code for a jump to thelocation of the operation just assembled. When the en-tire routine has been written, it can be disassembled andthe correct memory location inserted at all instructionsthat branch to themselves.

The disassembler may be invoked in the same man-ner as the assembler: it disassembles one line at a time.To get a complete listing, the MD (memory display) com-mand can be used with the DI option (see photo 2). Thelisting can be directed to all four I/O ports. However, the

332 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 257 on inquiry card.

Heath/Zenith Users—

Get the Information You Need;

Read the only independent magazine with a specific focus on your system—

SfiXl^ftg?- the Independent Magazine for the— "" Entire Zenith Computer Community.

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Whether vou use anH/Z100, H/Z89, Z90, H88,or H8—you'll find articlesin every issue which apply toyour system.

Explore CP/M, HDOS, andZ-DOS capabilities throughSextant's articles. Applications,programs, compatible hard-ware and software, and thelatest developments in theHeath/Zenith community areamong the topics included inSextant on a regular basis.

Carefully edited to bringyou a broad coverage ofthe Heath/Zenith community,Sextant features include:• A broad range of "how-to"articles which will help youimplement system enhance-ments as you need them.Read about how other usershave altered their systemsto suit their needs—andhow vou can do the same.

• Reviews of products fromZenith and independentsuppliers will help you sortout the questions you

have about hardware andsoftware options you mightconsider.

• Short program listings,including utility programs andgames, give you practicaloptions which you can imple-ment immediately.

• For your system needs,you 11 find over 90 advertise-ments of compatible prod-ucts in each issue of Sextant.Many advertisers find theindependent magazine for theentire Zenith computercommunity the most directmedium to market theirHeath/Zenith-specificproducts—you'll find inde-pendent suppliers withproducts you won t findadvertised elsewhere.

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• And, so that you'll beinformed of the latest progressand innovations in yourHeath/Zenith community,Sextant provides extensivecoverage of communityaffairs. Read about majorevents in the Heath/Zenithcommunity, as Heath/Zenithusers meet to discuss re-cent developments and futureprojections. Specific com-panies and individuals arehighlighted as they makesignificant contributions tothe Heath/Zenith community.

A Whole World of Information About Your System, Available to You Now.Start your subscription today! Call Toll Free: mm. i " 800/341-1522

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Card#.

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Sextant, Dept. B, 716 E Street S.E., Washington, DC 20003

Circle 418 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 333

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software does not support reading anything other than"S" files from the tape recorder, and I have not yet founda way of retrieving disassembled listings from tape.

Motorola does not supply source listings of the Tutorprogram, which could be a pain for anyone writing I/Oroutines, but it does support a large number of user-available routines that can be accessed through the TRAP#14 instruction. The TRAP function is the only gracefulway to enter supervisor mode from user mode. The func-tion desired is passed as a parameter in register D7. Cur-rently, 28 different I/O and utility routines are availableto the user through the TRAP, and 127 additional num-bers are available for user-defined functions.

Tutor is the only software available for the ECB. Asdedicated software hackers get the board, this situationwill change. I plan to purchase the FORTH source codefor the 68000, along with the installation manual, fromthe FORTH Interest Group (FIG).

Documentation

When you first open the shipping container, the boardseems dwarfed by the nearly 500 pages of documenta-tion that come with the system (see photo 3). The docu-mentation consists of a 240-page programming manualfor the 68000, a 130-page manual for the educationalboard, and data booklets on the three major LSI (large-scale integration) chips on the board—the MC68000microprocessor, the MC68230 parallel interface adapterand timer, and the MC6850 asynchronous communica-tions interface.

I've read a lot of computer documentation and havefound, as a rule, that Motorola documentation is themost thorough and intelligible. The documentation forthe ECB is no exception. Only the source listing for Tutoris lacking. The documentation is not simple because thecomputer and its software are complex, but so far Ihaven't come across any problems that couldn't be solvedby reading the book. Overall, the material reflects a stan-dard of excellence I would like to see other manufacturersemulate.

ALL PRICES SUJBECT TO CHANGECUSTOMER SERVICE (602) 863-0759

Photo 3: The documentation seems to dwarf the ECB. Clockwise fromleft are the Educational Computer Board Users' Manual, databooks on the MC68230 timer, the 68000, the MC6850 serial inter-face adapter, and the MC68000 Programmer's Manual.

334 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 180 on inquiry card.

From Japan's largest computer company.Quality. Value. Performance.

Fujitsu, Japan's largest computer

company, introduces its Micro 16s™

personal business computer. The Micro 16s

combines Fujitsu's knowledge of semiconductor technology and the step-by-step

quality control in manufacturing that's made Fujitsu Japan's number one

computer company.

You'll find the Micro 16s is a complete system. Its price includes the CP/M-86"operating system, SuperCalc2™ spreadsheet, WordStar word processing pro-gram, a high resolution color monitor, and both the Z80A 8-bit and the 808616-bit microprocessors.

With the Micro 16s, you can use over 3,000 8- and 16-bit CPAfsoftwareprograms available today. In addition, MS-DOS and the multi-tasking ConcurrentCP/M™are available as options.

Micro 16s performance results from its flexibility of design. The Micro 16sfeatures expansion slots that allow you to add up to one megabyte of memory,hard disks, and local area networking.The design flexibility will also give youthe capability to add the advanced 16- and 32-bit microprocessors of tomorrow.

If you're looking for quality, value, and performance in a personal businesscomputer, ask for the Fujitsu Micro 16s. For more information, call toll free1-800-MICRO 16. Or write Fujitsu Microelectronics, Inc. Professional ^SJIStsuMicrosystems Division, 3320 Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA95051.

CP/M and Concurrent CP/M are trademarks ol Digital Research Corporation SuperCalc-7 is a trademark ot Sorcim Corporation WordStar 13 a registered trademark ol MicroPro International MS is a trademark ol Microsoft Z80 is a registered trademark ol Zilog. Inc

Circle 191 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 335

i 11 iu n n ■«■»'»!■

i't.iv 1 * lift'.

A S 0 f « IH fj * I |{ f f.

z x c iv % M ■ »» If If.

Ill

in;

Photo 4: The ECB fits neatly into a Heathkit H-19 terminal. Regulatedpower is obtained from the H-19 through the wires in the upper left.The serial output of the terminal goes directly to the ECB, and thehost port of the ECB is wired to the serial output port of the H-19.Separate holes punched in the rear chassis are for the cassette anddisk I/O connectors.

homebrew project. In fact, that was my prime motiva-tion in buying the board. Because it starts out with anexcellent monitor, 32K bytes of RAM, and some basicI/O functions, I was already on the way to having a sys-tem with reasonable capabilities.

I wanted video capabilities, so I installed the board in-side a Heathkit H-19 terminal (see photo 4). The ECBdraws only a few watts, thus there is no problem withit using the H-19 power supply. The serial output of theH-19 board goes directly into the ECB board, and port2 of the board hooks to the DB-25 connector on the back.In this way, the system acts like a normal H-19 terminalwhen the program is in transparent mode.

Because I soon tired of loading programs from tapeand had an old 8-inch disk drive I had picked up at aswap meet, I decided to construct a disk controller. Thedesign I used is a modification of Nicholson and Camp's"Super Simple Floppy-Disk Interface" (see May 1981BYTE, page 360). The interface turned out to be evensimpler on the ECB because the 68000 is fast enough toperform some functions in software that had been im-plemented in hardware on the original design.

Conclusions

If you are interested in learning about the 68000, andparticularly about 68000 assembly language, the ECB ishard to beat. Even if you already have a 68000 develop-ment system, the ECB is valuable for writing and testingshort routines.

The monitor program alone, which includes an assem-bler and disassembler, is worth the price of the board.I expect a 16K-byte monitor to be very powerful, and thisone is.

The Motorola documentation is excellent but lacks asource listing of the monitor program. However, mostof the important I/O and conversion routines are avail-able through the TRAP #14 function.■

Homebrew Capabilities

Although the board is designed primarily for educa-tional purposes, it has great potential as the basis of a

Robert W. Floyd (1123 Kainui Dr., Kailua, HI 96734) works as a physicistat the Naval Ocean Systems Center, Hawaii Laboratory.

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336 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 463 on inquiry card.

DISKSCOME

THE HARDPART IS MAKING SURETHEYSTAYTHATWAY.

A disk is built with certain safeguards. That's why most disk makersoffer guarantees that the product you receive comes to you error free.We at Memtek Products are concerned that the minidisk remainserror free. Every time you use it. After exposure to dust, cigarettesmoke, fingerprints, even wear caused by your computer. And so, wehave built safeguards around the disk, as well.

Memtek Products' latest innovation...acknowledgment of a real worldbeyond the laboratory.

The hub ring. Designed to prevent our minidisks from jam-ming in your machine. Rigid. Durable. Reinforced.The coating. A critically-controlled coating of high-energymagnetic oxide particles that covers the disk's surface, which is thenmicro-polished to improve head to disk contact, preventingdropouts, lowering head abrasion.

The lubrication system. A constant lubricant protects both thedisk surface and the drive head from wear.The sleeve. Comes with a soft liner that protects the disk whilegently cleaning the surface.

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The Memtek lineup.Premium, double and quaddensity minidisks as well as 10-and 15-minute computercassettes and a 5!4" disk drivehead cleaner.

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The Disk StorageAdvantage.

The TI Professional Computer givesyou standard 320K floppy disk stor-age. That's twice the standard datastorage of the leading competitor.

The Function KeyAdvantage.

We give you 12 function keys thatyou can easily preprogram to makeyour work simpler and easier. Thebest the competition can do is 10 orfewer function keys.

The KeyboardAdvantage.

Our standard touch-typing layoutmakes word processing as easy as sit-ting at a typewriter. The separatenumeric and cursor control keypadslet you isolate information and enternumbers for spreadsheets morequickly. And with our isolated edit/delete keys, you'll never have to

worry about accidentally erasing val-uable data.

The MonitorAdvantage.

Our monitor gives you 40-50%better resolution than the leadingpersonal computers. Which meansyou get clearer displays that are easyon the eyes. And some of the sharp-est graphics possible today.

The SoftwareAdvantage.

There's software available now forthe TI Professional Computer thatmeets virtually every professionaland small business need. And withour memory expansion board, youcan use advanced integrated softwarelike Lotus 1-2-3 ™ to help you doseveral kinds of work withoutchanging programs.

The ExpandabilityAdvantage.

Our standard features like the floppydisk controller and printer supportare built-in so they don't take up thevaluable expansion slots you'll needfor adding optional features likecommunications and up to tenmegabytes of hard-disk storage.Which leads to one of our mostexciting advantages...

The Future EnhancementAdvantage.

No one wants to buy a personalcomputer that's already on the roadto obsolescence. That's why we'redeveloping exciting new featuresthat you can easily add to yourTI Professional Computer—likespeech recognition. Imagine beingable to say, "Spreadsheet, please"and having it appear instantly onyour monitor. This and more will beavailable this fall.

One additional benefit makes theTI Professional Computer especiallyattractive — the price. Feature forfeature, dollar for dollar, you'll getmore computer for your money.

Get the business computer thatputs these benefits to your advan-tage. Visit your TI authorized dealeror write: Texas Instruments DataSystems Group CA, Dept. 062BY,P. O. Box 402430, Dallas,TX 75240. Or call toll-free:1-800-527-3500.

«?

TexasInstruments

Creating useful productsand services for you.

Copyright © 1983 Texas Instniments

1-2-3 and Lotus are trademarks of Lotus Development Corporation

261477 -Rl

BYTE October 1983

339

You don't need a computerto talk to another computer.

DISPLAY (VP3012D). Highperformance, 12" diagonal,non-glare, green phosphorusscreen.

RESIDENT MENUS. User-friendly

terminal set-up and

phone directory maintenance.

DIRECT CONNECT MODEM

Built-in, 300 baud,originate/answer/auto answer

AUTO DIAL. Tone or pulse dialingof up to 26 stored phone numbers,voice or data base calls.

AUTO-LOG-ON. Enters informationautomatically after auto dialing.—""

VIDEO OUTPUT. Selectable 80or 40 characters x 24 lineson standard monitor.

TV OUTPUT. Displays

40 characters x 24 lines

on Ch. 3/Ch. 4 of standard TV set.

MEMORY BACKUP. Minimum48-hour storage of directory, log-on and other parameters withoutplug-in power. No batteriesrequired.

FUNCTION KEYS. Userprogrammable ordownloadablefrom host computer.

APT VP4801

The new RCA APT (All Purpose Terminal) expands yourdata communications capabilities for a lot less money.

For business, professional and personaldata communications, you'll find more user-friendly features and greater communicationscapabilities in the RCA APT than in other termi-nals selling for up to three times the price.

The new APT terminals are ideally suitedto multi-data base time sharing and dedicated,direct computer-connected applications. Theyfeature menu-controlled operation and a pro-grammable "personality" to match specificcommunications requirements for your databases.

A single keypress can dial a stored num-ber, send the log-on sequence to the hostcomputer, and return terminal control to theuser. Password protection prevents unauthor-ized access to designated numbers. APTcan also be used as an auto-dialer for voicecommunications.

OTHER FEATURES

RS232C port for direct computer connections at data rates to9600 baud, or for connecting high speed modems and otheraccessories. Parallel printer port for hard copy. Numerickeypad, can dial phone numbers not in terminal directory.Built-in speaker with adjustable volume control for audiomonitoring of phone line. Smooth scroll display. Automaticscreen blanking to reduce possibility of burn. Briefcase size:17" x 7" x 2". Weight: under 4 lbs.

Quite simply, matching features with price,there is no other professional quality terminalavailable today that can do as much at suchlow cost.

APT terminals list for $399, in your choiceof full stroke or membrane keyboard versions.Either style is also available with a displaymonitor for $598 list. The data display monitoralone, VP3012D, $229 list.

For more information—or to order-call 800-233-0094. In Penna., call collect to717-393-0446. Or write for fully descriptivebrochure to RCA Microcomputer Products,New Holland Avenue, Lancaster, PA 17604.OEM and dealer pricing available. The newRCA APT Expansive. Not expensive.

APT VP3801. Flexible

membrane keyboardversiondesigned fortravel and hostileenvironments.

ItC/l

340 BYTE October 1983

Circle 399 on inquiry card.

Software Review

Fancy Font

Increase the versatility

by Paul E.

Since before the age of wooden presses, typographershave been concerned with designing typefaces to suitspecifications and tastes; that concern continues in thisday of dot-matrix machines. Softcraft has released a pro-gram called Fancy Font that lets Epson printer usersdesign their own type styles.

Epson printers, because they use dot-addressablegraphics, are capable of considerable versatility; however,modifying your own program to directly control each pinin the Epson's print head is a difficult and time-consum-ing task.

With the Fancy Font system, you can alter the size andstyle of characters and create unique symbols. This easy-to-use package runs under CP/M-80 or PC-DOS andworks with any MX-80, MX-100, FX-80, or FX-100 printer.(The MX series must have Graftrax graphics chips; all

Style

Sizes

Roman regular

8, 10, 11. 12, 18. 40

Roman italic

10, 11, 12, 18

Roman bold

10, 11, 12, 18

Roman subscript

8

Roman superscript

8

Sans serif regular

8, 10. 11, 12, 18

Sans serif italic

12

Old English

18, 20, 40

Script

12, 14, 18, 20, 40

Special characters

12, 20, 40

Table 1: Sizes of fonts supplied

with Fancy Font. All sizes are

given in points; 1 point is equa

I to 1172 of an inch.

of your Epson printer

Hoffman

FX printers come with the Graftrax installed.) With justa few additions to your text files, you can print in roman,italic, sans serif, Old English, script, or a font of yourown design.

Fancy Font achieves a very high quality print by usingthe Epson's dot-addressable characteristics—it prints thenecessary dots for each line, moves down a fraction ofa dot-width, prints the line again, and so on, six passesper line. Although this procedure makes printing yourfinal draft quite slow, the output is significantly moreattractive than the standard type style available.

The people at Softcraft have apparently gone to greatlengths to make Fancy Font a usable program; they'vepackaged extensive command-line options, help mes-sages at all prompts, informative error messages, and,most important, a complete and well-written usersmanual for $180. The market for Fancy Font includesanyone with a CP/M-80 or PC-DOS machine and an Ep-son printer who wants a variety of type styles.

Features of Fancy Font

Fancy Font, loaded with features, lets you customizeoutput to fit your needs. As a result, you can actuallycome up with new uses, instead of a list of wishes, forthe system. This flexibility is important to anyone whouses a computer for different applications.

One of the package's most apparent features is thenumber of predefined fonts it offers. The 33 font files(see table 1) provide enough latitude that you will prob-ably never need to define your own font. The fonts arevery well designed and resemble closely the type froma standard typesetter; examples of each font are shownin figure 1.

You can have as many as 10 fonts active at any one

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

341

These are Roman regular, Roman italic, and Roman bold.Many people prefer the Sans Serif regular or Sans Serif italic,

©lb English

Figure 1: Samples of the type styles provided with Fancy Font.

time. Fancy Font tries to load into memory as many fontsas possible in order to reduce disk access time, but itwill swap fonts in and out of memory as necessary. Youprobably won't use more than three or four type stylesin any one document, but you might have many fileswith the special symbols and characters you create, andyou may want to use different sizes of one style for thingssuch as headings, body, and footnotes.

You need to make only minor modifications to yourcurrent text files to accommodate Fancy Font. All format-ting commands are given with a backslash and can beinserted in-line. The commands let you space verticallyon the page with accuracy to 1/72 of an inch, spacehorizontally with accuracy to 1/120 of an inch, justify text,substitute strings specified on the command line, anda host of other functions (see table 2).

Tables are especially easy to format with Fancy Fontbecause you can specify both relative movements (fromyour position on the page) or absolute movements (fromthe top or left margin).

Command

Description

fn

Switch to font number n

vn

Move down n/72 inches

wn

Move to n/72 inches from the top of page

h

Move right by 1/120 of an inch

in

Move right n/120 inches

an

Move to n/120 inches from the left margin

P (or

"L)

Go to next top of page

t (or*

1)

Move to next tab stop

u

Toggle underlining

c

Center the current line

r

Make the current line flush right

bi

Break the current lineTurn on justification

k

Turn off justification

dn

Print ASCII character n

sn

Substitute string number n

s#

Substitute the current page number

sf

Substitute the current filename

Table 2: Formatting commands in Fancy Font. These commandsmay appear anywhere on a line of text. They are all preceded bya backslash (e.g., \ c).

Because Fancy Font works with any text editor, you cantype in the text you want to print, then add the format-ting commands afterward. Unfortunately, Fancy Fontdoes not format paragraphs, so each line has to be theright length; however, with the justification command,there is a reasonable amount of leeway. Many text editorslet you set the margins for their own paragraph filling;you can simply adjust these to the ones you choose inyour Fancy Font output.

People rarely agree on how they like their text to look,so Softcraft has included an editor that lets you changethe characters provided. Though it's not quite as easyto use as the formatting program, the new user can pickit up fairly quickly. The program lets you modify existingfonts and create your own. Figure 2 shows three lettersas they appear on the distribution disk and after modi-fication using Fancy Font. It took less than two minutesto make the changes. To modify characters, you choosea character set for the originals and instruct Fancy Fontto save each character as a file of asterisks, each asteriskrepresenting a dot to be printed. You then edit each file,asterisk by asterisk, shaping the letters to your prefer-ence; for example, you can add asterisks to make char-acters bolder or wider and remove asterisks to makecharacters lighter or more narrow.

You may want to create special characters that do notcorrespond to ASCII (American National Standard Codefor Information Interchange) codes. The Fancy Font sys-tem contains a program called Cfont that lets you selectcharacters from the Hershey set, a collection of graphicssymbols and letters, and insert them in your own fonts.Of course, you can also modify these characters the sameway you modify the ASCII characters.

Figure 3 shows an AND gate in a shaded box and theinput to the formatter that made the figure. The gate wascreated with a text editor, and the shaded box was sup-plied as a combination of the characters in one of thespecial fonts. In font 0 (the supplied special-characterfont), b makes the vertical line and g makes the box. Infont 1 (created with the electronic symbols), A generatesthe AND gate.

With the Hershey set's four type styles and almost 1600symbols (including Greek, Hebrew, and Russian char-acters), you may think you have all the printing charac-ters you would ever want. One of the nicest features ofFancy Font is that its writers knew this would not be thecase and that you would want an easy way to create yourown characters.

342 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Here are just a few ways PENPAD®can be used:

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Only PENPAD® allows you to perform the functions of a keyboard,mouse and graphics tablet with a single, friendly means of input—a pen.

Only PENPAD® has Dynamic Character Recognition which convertsyour own handwriting into characters and displays them on the screen asif they were typed on a keyboard.

Only PENPAD® lets you compose text and graphics on the screensimultaneously. It combines the freehand capability of a multi-color highresolution graphics tablet with Dynamic Character Recognition andenables you to switch between text and freehand modes instantly.

Only PENPAD® puts the cursor in your hand at the point of your pen.Write anywhere or touch user-programmable function areas on the tablet.You can design function areas in any size or location on the pad andpoint to objects and icons at the touch of a pen.

Not only can PENPAD® draw circles around a keyboard and a mouse,it also lets you enter text by handprinting, select your own commands,use objects and icons, and sketch out rough ideas...all with one hand tiedbehind your back.

• PENPAD* works with most popular PC's like IBM, Apple, Wang, DEC, Seiko, and others.

• Software product developers call for special opportunities.

Circle 355 on inquiry card.

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Before Fancy Font begins formatting your text, you cangive commands that set margins, substitute strings, andprint the copy you need. You can give these parameters(see table 3) on the CP/M or PC-DOS command line,have them stored in the PFONT command file for repet-itive use of the formatter, or enter them interactively.

The interactive input for these parameters is especial-ly easy to use; every software company should be ashelpful in guiding users as Softcraft is. At any prompt,you can type a ? to get more information about whatyour options are at that point. You can also type a & tofind out all of the current values, a < and a filename(a la Unix) to get more parameter commands from a com-mand file, a Control-V to get a general help message, ora Control-C to quit (the system asks if you are sure beforetossing you back to the operating system).

While your file is printing, you can abort the printingof an individual page by typing a Control-P, abort therest of the current file by typing a Control-F, or abortprinting completely by typing a Control-C. Perhaps thisseems like an excessive number of features, but once youstart using Fancy Font you will probably want them all.

Disadvantages

Fancy Font is a very useful program; however, it hastwo disadvantages. First, because the program requiressix passes over each line (and prevents the printer fromrunning bidirectionally), it takes an incredibly long timeto print anything. Second, the formatter does not know

Old:

New:

XYZXYZ

At a Glance

Name

Fancy Font version 1.7

Type

Text formatter for enhanced printing with Epson printers

Manufacturer

Softcraft

8726 South Sepulveda Blvd.. Suite 1641

Los Angeles, CA 90045

(213) 821-8476

Price

SI80

Format

5 'A - or 8-inch floppy disk for CP/M, Apple CP/M, Kaypro. EpsonQX-10, Osborne, and IBM PC-DOS; files can be transferred to ahard disk

Computer System

CP/M-80-based system with 48K bytes of usable RAM or IBM PCwith PC-DOS; Epson MX-80, MX-100, FX-80, or FX-100 with Graf-trax PROMs; full 8-bit parallel or serial printer interface

Documentation

94 pages, including nine appendixes and a table of contents

Audience

Users who want high-quality, fancy printing from an EpsonMX-80, MX-100, FX-80. or FX-100

Figure 2: The top line shows characters from the distribution disk.The bottom line shows those characters modified using Fancy Font.

\f0bgb\a0003\flA

Figure 3: An AND gate in a shaded box and the line of text usedto produce it. The AND gate was designed with a text editor andmade part of a font of electronic symbols.

Command Description

Fl Name of file(s) to print; up to 15 may be specified

FO Name of fonts to use; up to 10 may be specified

RD Rough draft mode; this allows two faster, but lower-quality,print modes

EP Use normal Epson fonts, including compressed, ex-panded, double-strike, etc.

SD Screen display

SU Strings to substitute for

FP First page to print

LP Last page to print

CF Concatenate files without a page break

LM Left margin

SP Spacing between lines

TM Top margin (between page top and text)

BM Bottom margin (between text and page bottom)

HM Heading margin (between page top and header)

FM Footing margin (between footer and page bottom)

PL Total page length in inches

LW Line width

HL Heading line for top of page

FL Footing line for bottom of page

NF Suppress header and footer on first page

PP Pause between pages for paper insertion

PF Process formfeeds

PN Initial page number

CI Change command indicator

IS Set initialization string

PG Enable vertical margins

TB Set tab stops

Table 3: Parameters to the PFONT command.

344 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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346 October 1983 © byte Publications Inc. Circle 118 on inquiry card.

how to wrap paragraphs; the lines in your input file mustbe the correct length when you run the formatter.

The lack of paragraph wrap is a program deficiencyI hope will be rectified in future releases of Fancy Font.Although Softcraft claims you can generally guess thecorrect line length, you will more than likely need to gothrough two rough drafts to get the line lengths right.It would be much handier for Softcraft to simply figureout how many characters can fit on a line (accountingfor differences in character sizes) and break the line atthe nearest word.

The slow printing speed is necessary for Fancy Fontto produce high-quality type. To partially alleviate thisproblem, Softcraft gives you three choices of type forrough drafts: two lower-density print modes and thestraightforward Epson typeface. You can look at roughdrafts of your work, then print out the final copy later.The two rough-draft modes run about three and fourtimes faster than the final draft mode but about half asfast as the Epson font mode. In the high-quality mode,it takes 10 to 15 minutes to type an average page of text.

Documentation

As you would expect from a program with an excellentuser interface, the manual is clear and easy to read. Thetext begins with an example of how to start printing withFancy Font and explains all options and parameters indetail.

The nine appendixes cover everything from usingFancy Font with Wordstar to the internal formats of thefont files. They also show samples of the different typestyles and all of the characters in the Hershey set. Theback cover serves as a reference card for the formatterparameters and options.

The people at Softcraft, very responsive on the tele-phone, are more than willing to answer detailed tech-nical questions.

Conclusions

Fancy Font will give your CP/M-80 or PC-DOS com-puter a new way to present text. The system's resolu-tion is quite good (it can be improved by reducing theprinted output with a photocopier), and the programis very easy to learn and use.

Although the final output takes a significantly longtime to print, its high quality is usually worth the wait.Also, being able to design your own characters and sym-bols frees you from having to cut and paste them onprinted pages.

The number of Fancy Font's print features is im-pressive. For anyone with an Epson printer, Fancy Font'sease of use makes it a package worth considering. Theprice of the package is fair compared to others on themarket, and its capabilities make it a very good buy.H

Paul E. Hoffman, president of Proper Software (Suite 1024, 2000 CenterSt., Berkeley, CA 94704), writes manuals for many microcomputer companiesin the San Francisco area.

Before Johann Sebastian Bach developeda new method of tuning, you had tochange instruments practically every timeyou wanted to change keys.Very difficult.

Before Avocet introduced its family ofcross-assemblers, developing micro-pro-cessor software was much the same. Youneeded a separate development systemfor practically every type of processor.Very difficult and very expensive.

But with Avocet's cross-assemblers, asingle computer can develop software forvirtually any microprocessor! Does thatput us in a league with Bach? You decide.

The Well-Tempered Cross-Assembler

Development Tools That Work

Avocet cross-assemblers are fast, reliableand user-proven in over 3 years of actualuse. AskNASA, IBM, XEROXorthe hun-dreds of other organizations that use them.Every time you see a new microprocessor-based product, there's a good chance itwas developed with Avocet cross-assemblers.

Avocet cross-assemblers are easy to use.They run on any computer with CP/M*and process assembly language for themost popular microprocessor families.

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Turn Your Computer Into AComplete Development System

Of course, there's more. Avocet has thetools you need from start to finish to enter,assemble and test your software and finallycast it in EPROM:

Text Editor VEDIT -- full-screen text edi-tor by CompuView. Makes source codeentry a snap. Full-screen text editing, plusTECO-like macro facility for repetitivelasks. Pre-configured for over 40 terminalsand personal computers as well as in user-configurable form.

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ROM Simulator-ROMSIMby Inner Ac-cess eliminates need to erase andreprogram EPROM. Installed in an S-100host, ROMSIM substitutes RAM forEPROM in external target system. 16Kmemory can be configured to simulate the2708, 2758, 2716, 2516, 2732, 2532,2764. 2564 in either byte or wordorganization. Avocet's configurable drivermakes loading of HEX or COM files fastand easy.

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TargetMicroprocessor

CP/M-80Version

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(Coming soon: XASM68K...68000)

EPROM Programmer Model 7128EPROM Programmer by GTek programsmost EPROMS without the need for per-sonality modules. Self-contained powersupply . . accepts ASCII commands anddata from any computer through RS 232serial interface. Cross-assembler hex ob-ject files can be down-loaded directly.Commands include verify and read, aswell as partial programming.

PROM types supported: 2508, 2758.2516, 2716, 2532, 2732, 2732A,27C32. MCM8766, 2564, 2764, 27C64,27128, 8748,8741, 8749, 8742, 8751,8755. plus Seeq and Xicor EEPROMS.

(Upgrade kits will be available for newPROM types as they are introduced.)

Programmer $389

Options include:

Software Driver Package $ 30

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8748 family socket adaptor $ 98

8751 family socket adaptor $174

Call Us

If you're thinking about development sys-tems, call us for some straight talk. If wedon't have what you need, we'll help youfind out who does. If you like, we'll eventalk about Bach.

VISA and Mastercard accepted: All popular disc formats nowavailable ■■ please specify Prices do not include shipping andhandling ■■ call for exact quotes OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

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BYTE October 1983

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Photographic Animation ofMicrocomputer Graphics

By compensating for a computer's slow rate of display generation, amovie camera can produce pleasing animated graphics

A computer's ability to generatepictorial displays opens the door tomany exciting applications, but mostcomputers can't achieve the anima-tion quality of commercial movies orTV. Interfacing a movie camera to acomputer, however, can overcomethis drawback.

The inability of most computers toachieve TV-quality animation stemsfrom their video-display generationrates. These low rates prevent a com-puter from generating the successive,slightly different images quicklyenough to create the illusion of con-tinuous motion as perceived by thehuman eye. For example, simulating

by Peter Cann

a piece of TV footage in real time (re-quiring 60 frames per second) is achallenge beyond the capability ofany ordinary computer.

The phrase "in real time" in thepreceding paragraph is significant.Without it, the sentence it qualifieswould be false. For in terms of reso-lution, many computers can generateimages showing much more detailthan can broadcast TV, even thoughthese computers might not be able toflash a new frame on the screen every1/24 or 1/60 second, as can movie andTV equipment, respectively.

One way to solve the speed prob-lem is to photographically animate a

MONITOR

COMPUTER

INTERFACE

(IF NECESSARY]

/ I \

1

Figure 1: A si/stem block diagram. In this configuration, the animation camera is focusedon the monitor, which in turn receives and displays the computer's video output. The camera'strigger circuit is interfaced to the computer.

computer's visual output. This tech-nique allows a computer to take asmuch time as it needs to generateeach frame. When the computercompletes one frame, a moviecamera, whose shutter is triggeredelectronically by the computer, trans-fers that image to a single frame offilm and then advances the film byone frame. The computer then beginsto draw the next frame. When itfinishes, the camera records thatframe and again advances its film oneframe. When the entire presentationhas been captured one frame at atime in this manner, the film is de-veloped and shown at sufficientspeeds to be of interest to people.

Effective use of this technique re-quires an understanding of the fac-tors that affect still photography ofvideo images, such as exposure tim-ing, ambient light, and the alignmentof the camera with the screen. For allbut the briefest presentations, it isalmost imperative to have the cameracontrolled by the computer (seefigure 1).

This article offers various tips forthose interested in still or stop-actionphotography of video displays.Along with explanations and sugges-tions of a general nature, I will pre-sent examples, including programsand camera-control interfaces, for theTI-99/4 and Apple II computers.

350 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Photo 1: Video display and cabbage. Photo la shows that bright external light and a brief (1/125 second) exposure are good for the cabbagebut bad for the video display. Photo lb, in contrast, shows that no external light and a long (1/2 second) exposure are great for video display-but where's the cabbage?

Shooting Video

Photographing a TV picture is notthe same as photographing, say, acabbage (see photo 1). The TV imageis created by an electron beam ofvarying intensity that scans acrossthe phosphor-coated screen at highspeed. The phosphor glows wherethe beam hits it, with a brightnessrelated to the beam's intensity. Thebeam scans one horizontal line every60 microseconds or so, generating acomplete frame every 1/60 second.

A photograph of a TV screen ex-posed for less than 1/60 secondcomes out with parts of the picturemuch darker than the rest (see photo2a). These parts may not be com-pletely black because the phosphorcontinues to glow dimly for a shorttime after the electron beam stopsstriking it. An exposure slightly(2a)

longer than 1/60 second results inparts of the picture being somewhatbrighter than the rest (see photo 2b);the bright parts were scanned twiceduring the exposure while the rest ofthe picture was scanned only once.

Any exposure that is an exact multi-ple of 1/60 second should provide anexcellent picture, but camera timingaccuracy must be better than ± 1 per-cent for the lower multiples—for ex-ample, 2/60 or 3/60 second. The fewcameras whose timing accuracies Ihave observed have not met this re-quirement (see photo 2c).

One good way to photograph anunchanging TV image is with a verylong exposure. Because each dot isgenerally scanned either n or w+1times during an exposure, you cansimply make n great enough so thatthe difference between the two pos-(2b)

sibilities is insignificant. I recom-mend something like 1/2 second,which entails about 30 video scans.Anything shorter than 1/15 secondresults in noticeable image degrada-tion due to timing effects.

These timing problems are muchless serious if a monitor with a high-persistence phosphor is used. Thepersistence of a phosphor is ameasure of how long a piece of itglows after being momentarily ex-cited by an electron beam. Thephosphor used in most green-screenmonitors has much higher per-sistence than that found on TV.

Another threat to picture quality isstray light. Unlike the cabbage, whichwe see by means of the light itreflects, the TV picture is luminous.It makes its own light, and any lightstriking it from outside only washes(2c)

Photo 2: Video-display photographs illustrating the effects of camera timing. The 1/125-second exposure used to take photo 2a zoas too briefto record a whole frame. The shutter opened while the middle of the screen urns being scanned and closed before the electron beam returnedto the top of the screen. Note that the phosphor near the top ivas still glowing during the exposure even though the electron beam had passedon. In taking photo 2b, the timing control was set between 1/60 and 1/30 second; thus, some screen areas were scanned twice while theshutter zoas open, some only once. To take photo 2c, the camera was set for a 1/30-second exposure. Every part of the screen should havebeen scanned exactly twice while the shutter was open. Unfortunately, the camera's timing mechanism is not sufficiently precise for this purpose.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 351

Photo 3: Video display with candle, resulting in two sharp reflec-tions of the candle's flame: one from the front surface of the glass screenand another from the back surface. Light from the flame also scattersback from the phosphor in all directions.

Photo 4: This photo indicates parallax effects. Although the two linesshown here are of equal length on the computer monitor, the lowerone looks longer because the camera was positioned below the monitor,looking up at an angle of about 45 degrees.

out the picture. This problem mani-fests itself in two modes: some lightmay bounce from the surface of theglass as if from a mirror, while otherlight may scatter back from the light-gray phosphor inside (see photo 3).Cue lights on the front of the camerashould not be overlooked as a sourceof such interference. For example, thejumbo red LED (light-emitting diode)on the front of our animation cameraat Logo Computer Systems Inc.(LCSI) bounced light off the surfaceof the screen and into the lens, show-ing up on the film. To prevent imagedegradation due to this light, weusually covered the LED with tape.One last point: if the camera is notaligned squarely with the screen,parallax distortion occurs. For exam-ple, if two parallel lines of equal

length are displayed on the screen,and the part of the screen containingone line is closer to the camera thanthe part containing the other, thecloser line will appear longer on thefilm (see photo 4).

The Animation Camera

At LCSI we used a Canon 1014 XL-S camera for animation. This Super-8camera with single-frame capabilityand electronic remote control (seephoto 5) offers three film speeds: 9,18, and 24 frames per second, as setby the film-speed knob. In run modethese film speeds result in approx-imate exposure times of 1/15, 1/30,and 1/60 second, respectively. The1/15-second exposure works prettywell for shooting video images.

With the camera in single-frame

mode, the film-speed knob continuesto control exposure time. Unfor-tunately, the 9-frames-per-secondposition now gives a 1/30-second ex-posure. This setting produces an un-satisfactory picture with flickeringdiagonal stripes resulting from in-teraction of the camera's rotatingslotted-disk shutter with the videoscan.

While playing with the camera, wediscovered that it would shoot asingle frame at 1/15 second if we putit in the 9-frames-per-second runmode and closed the camera's triggercircuit for 1/3 second. (It seems like-ly that many cameras without asingle-frame mode could be con-vinced to shoot single frames byusing this method. Even the oldwindup movie cameras could prob-

Photo 5: Two views of the Canon 1014 XLS animation camera.

352 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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AMPLIFIER

PULSE-TRAINDETECTOR

BEEP

—•—

OUTPUT-PULSEGENERATOR

RELAY

"l

TOCAMERA

Figure 2: A block diagram of the TI-99/4A interface. The audio signal is amplified and fedto a detection circuit, which provides a digital output indicating whether a tone is present.Pressing the push button simulates a tone. A tone-presence signal BEEP is fed to the output-pulse generator. Pulses are triggered by the falling edge of BEEP. The relay can be driven bythe output-pulse generator or directly from BEEP or it can be left unconnected.

ably be controlled this way if youcould devise an electromagnetic ac-tuator for the trigger.)

Interfacing

I was originally retained by LCSI todevelop an interface to permit aTI-99/4 computer to control a Super-8animation camera under control ofthe TI Logo language. The interfacewas to be used in the production ofan experimental animated movie.

I decided to control my Tl-to-camera interface with the audio out-put of the 99/4, which is usually

plugged into the monitor. TI Logosupports the generation of a 1/2-volt(V), 400-Hz square wave at this out-put. The duration of the camera trig-gering pulse could have been con-trolled by a WAIT < time > instruc-tion in the software, but thereseemed to be some risk that Logohousekeeping operations, known asgarbage collections, might occasional-ly occur during the pulse, extendingit and causing the camera to shoot anumber of frames when only onewas wanted. In view of this possibleproblem, my interface provides a

hardware-timed contact closure thatis triggered for a single pulse everytime the audio signal goes away (seefigure 2).

In the interface the audio input iscontinuously compared to a thresh-old voltage selected to be slightly lessthan the peak audio voltage. Thecomparison result NOT-PEAK is nor-mally high ( + 9 V), going low (0 V)whenever the audio level exceeds thethreshold level or whenever the pushbutton is pressed. The retriggerableone-shot output BEEP is high if—andonly if—its input was low within theprevious 1/100 second—in otherwords, during the BEEP or while thebutton is being pressed. The output-pulse generator is triggered on thefalling edge of BEEP. A three-positiontoggle switch allows connection ofthe output-relay coil to the output-pulse generator, nothing, or BEEP.The center (open) position is usefulfor preventing a power-on glitch fromfiring the camera.

Figure 3 shows the TI-99/4-interfaceschematic diagram. In this circuit theaudio signal runs through a 6-kHzlow-pass filter made up of Rl and CIto remove high-frequency noise. It is

£

TO) VIDEO OUT

Rl

IK

—w/v-

tO) VIDEO IN

CI

0.05jiF

^1—

■Hi) AUDIO IN

■C2

O.l/iF

-wv—m-

SW19V SPST

R2

56K

R44.7K

N AI-

RS

IK

LM741C

INVERTINGINPUT

OUTPUT

NONINVERTINGINPUT

-N/C

N/C—H DISCHARGE Vcc

LM556

R7

15K

Dl1N914

-w-

— N/C

N/C —

N/C-

THRESHOLD DISCHARGE

CONTROLVOLTAGE

■C3

N/C=NO CONNECTION

Figure 3: A schematic diagram of the TI-99/4 interface.

354 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

OUTPUT

TRIGGER

SW2SPDTCENTER OFF

I

I

To put yourmicro computer on

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Put labelson your list.

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The labels are designed especially for micro computers.And they're packaged to fit neatly behind your printer. Lookfor them wherever you buy computer supplies.

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356 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

JH|aWH_

Circle 50 for dealer inquiries.Circle 51 for end-user inquiries.

then AC-coupled to the inverting in-put of the LM741C op amp throughC2. This input is biased at +2.5 V bythe voltage divider consisting of R2and R3. The noninverting input ofthe op amp is tied to a voltage in therange of + 2.5 to + 3.6 V by the adjust-able voltage divider consisting of R4,R5, and R6. The exact voltage isselected by experiment.

The output of the op amp is filteredby the R7-C3 combination. Diode Dlprovides the desired fast-discharge,slow-charge action. Push button PB1,when pressed, holds C3 in the dis-charged state, duplicating the effectof the audio-beep signal. The voltageacross C3 is interpreted by one of thetwin 555-type timers in the LM556chip. This half of the chip is con-figured as an inverter with hysteresis.Trip points at the input are 1/3 and2/3 of the supply voltage. IncludingR7, C3, and Dl, this circuit can becalled a retriggerable one-shot.

The retriggerable one-shot output(LM556 pin 5) is made available toSW2 (mode select) and is coupled tothe output-pulse-generator trigger in-put (LM556 pin 8) through the C4-R8high-pass filter. Diode D2 protectsthis input from the +18-V spikecreated by the rising edge of the one-shot's output. The time constant forthe output-pulse generator equals(R9+R10)C5, RIO added to avoid thepossibility of a short circuit at low set-tings of R9.

SW2 connects the reed-relay coil toLM556 pin 5 (direct mode), nothing(safe mode), or LM556 pin 9 (pulsemode). Freewheeling diode D3 killsspikes created when the reed-relaycoil is deenergized, and ballastresistor Rll reduces the load on thepulse-generator output (LM556 pin 9)sufficiently to ensure proper opera-tion when SW2 is in pulse mode.(Adding Rll shouldn't be necessary;a healthy LM556 chip should be ableto function while supplying up to 200milliamperes to the relay. The inter-face that I built, however, couldn'tend the output pulse until I installedthe resistor. Other solutions might in-volve more careful layout or in-creased use of filter capacitors on thepower lines.)

Power from a 9-V battery is con-

LET THE "ANGEL" DO THEWAITING

Two RS-232C Connectors for serial input and output

6 Leds to indicate power, transmissionand reception status, buffer activities,page number, etc.

SKIP and REPRINT provide independantpage controls to reprint portions ofdocumentation.

40 Pin Expansion Bus available forfuture expansion

COPY provides convenient one key opera-tion for single copy or multi-copy of text

3 externally accessible Dip Switches forbaudrate, device type, and parallel andserial selections. Selections can be madewithout losing buffer

Connect an "ANGEL" between your com-puter and your printer, and let the "ANGEL"do the waiting ....

Your valuable computer spends 95% of itstime waiting for the printer to catch up...andwhile the computer waits, the payroll con-tinues.

The computer sends data to the "ANGEL"at speeds up to 19.2K baud. The "ANGEL"stores data and sends it to the printer at aspeed the printer can handle, and your com-puter is free to continue working without in-terruption.A USER WRITES:"I tried the "ANGEL" with my Altossystem connected to an Epson MX-100,both set at 9600 baud. Without the"ANGEL" it takes 30 minutes to print 210doctors' requisition forms. With the"ANGEL" installed, my computer is freeafter 90 seconds."With "ANGEL'S" self diagnostics andmemory test, the entire system thoroughlychecks itself every time you power up.PAGE REPRINT is another unique feature.EXAMPLE: You are printing a 32 pagereport, and the paper jams at page 11.Reset the printer to the top of the form,press PAGE REPRINT, and resume printingat the top of page 11. Want to restart twopages back? Press PAGE REPRINT twice,and you resume at page 10.

Function keys extend the useful com-mands to more than 10, including: hex-dump, memory test, remote loading, etc.

Independant PAUSE and HOLD controls to suspend transmission and reception.

8 easy-to-cperate membrane key switches.

Two 20 Pin Edge Connectors for parallelinput and output

"ANGEL" is compatible with almost all Micro-Computers, including IBM, Apple, TRS-80, Vector Graphic, NorthStar. Altos,Xerox, Heath, Zenith, NEC, DEC, etc., with RS-232 serial, Hardware Handshaking, or Centronics compatible parallel interface.The manufacturer reserves the right to change the product specification.

...And think of these other possibilities:HEX DUMP. Display or printout every bitof data your computer sends out to theprinter in an easy-to-read Hexidecimal andASCII format. A must for your programmer.Pause and Hold for real time programs.Page skip for selective printing. What awaste to print the entire documentation ifyou only need part of it.Simple external switch settings, let the"ANGEL" accept either RS-232 serial orCentronics parallel data and can outputeither/or in any combination,(S-S,S-P,P-S,P-P). The "ANGEL" is com-patible with almost all Micro-Computers,and can be installed by anyone in minutes.Switches are clearly marked for ease ofoperation, and a concise, USER FRIENDLYoperator reference card is included witheach unit.The "ANGEL" has a full one year limited warranty.

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Photo 6: Filming under control of TVs Logo language.

Photo 7: For a few dollars, this interface lets the Apple computercontrol an isolated set of contacts, which can control cameras, cassettedecks, model trains, and other items. Game paddles can be pluggedin on top.

trolled by SW1 and filtered by C6. C7reduces harmful arcing of the reed-relay contacts. Video ground is usedas a reference for interpreting thevoltage on the single audio conduc-tor supplied by the 99/4.

In use the camera is focused on themonitor screen and connected to theinterface (see photo 6). The interfaceaccepts the 99/4's audio and videoplugs and provides a video plug tothe monitor. The video plug is in-volved because the 99/4 has only onewire going to the audio plug; the in-terface, like the monitor, uses videoground as a reference for interpretingthe audio signal.

I have also made a camera-controlinterface for the Apple that is muchless complex than that for the 99/4.This relative simplicity is possiblebecause the Apple provides latchedlogic outputs at its game I/O (input/output) socket along with power foruser circuits. These outputs are con-trolled by referencing certain physi-cal-memory addresses. The variousLogo implementations for the Applesupport this output control with.DEPOSIT < address > < value >and .EXAMINE < address > com-mands. They also provide a means offorcing a garbage collection, whichprevents arbitrary garbage collections

N/C

lis

N/C

N/C

lis

N/CllZ

N/C111

N/C

lio

N/C|9

APPLE GAME I/O SOCKET

N/C

|3

N/C

4.7K.Q—wv—

N/C

N/C

|6

N/C

I?N/C

TO (A) l|-

"REMOTE"(CAMERA ORCASSETTE)

4.7K.Q—Ws,

N/C = NO CONNECTION

Figure 4: Apple-interface schematic diagram. The Annunciator 0 output of the Apple isamplified by the transistor and used to control the relay. The resistors protect the Apple andthe transistor and ensure that the transistor turns off when it should. The diode alloios therelay's coil current to decay gradually when the transistor turns off.

from popping up for a little while,allowing generation of an accuratedelay with a software loop.

The Apple interface consists of arelay driven by a transistor that is inturn driven by the Apple's Annun-ciator 0 (ANNO) output. The circuitis constructed on a vector board witha 16-pin wire-wrapping socket usedas a plug to mate with the Apple'sgame I/O socket (see photo 7). Usingthe wire-wrapping socket is an easyway to allow things to be plugged inon top of the interface. If you feel un-comfortable about forcing the wire-wrapping pins into the Apple'ssocket, you can use a 16-pin header.This interface can be used withoutmodification to control a cassette-deck motor.

The device to be controlled is con-nected to the normally open contactsof the relay (see figure 4). WhenANNO (pin 15) goes high, the resistornetwork pulls up the base of the tran-sistor, saturating the transistor andenergizing the relay coil. The resistornetwork limits the current in the basecircuit when ANNO is high anddivides the voltage from ANNO by afactor sufficient to ensure that, whenANNO is low, the voltage on the baseis comfortably below the turn-onthreshold of the transistor. Referenc-ing physical address 49241 turns therelay on, and referencing 49240 turnsit off. Note the diode across the relaycoil that allows for the orderlydisposal of energy stored in the coil'smagnetic field. Without the diode, a

358 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Qiv/'et high-quality printers at prices that won'tscratch holes in your pocketbook.

$299, manufacturer'ssuggested retail price, for aprinter that puts 80 columnsof full-size text, 136 columnsof compressed print, andcomputer-generated graphicson crisp white paper. Or $249for the 40/80-column model.Price is about the only waythat our new 3M Silent PCPrinters draw attention tothemselves. At home or in theoffice, they're virtuallyinaudible since their non-impact electronic printingelements skim across thepaper with none of themonkeylike chatter that youhear from ordinary matrixprinters. Result: Lessdistraction for you, and lessdisturbance to others.

Our Silent PC Printers differfrom most other sensibly-priced printers in another way,too. They print sharp, blackcharacters from one end ofthe paper roll to the other,since there's no ribbon towear out.

Maintenance is kept to aminimum since 3M Silent PCPrinters have only two movingparts: the pinless printheadand the DC stepper-motorpaper drive. They come with aone-year warranty (90 dayson Printhead), and they'remade in the U.S.A.by 3M, acompany whose name issynonymous with quality.

Either serial or parallelinterfaces are available. Forliterature, and for the name

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of a dealer who can giveyou a demonstration, call800-538-8157 Ext. 928 tollfree. (In California, call800-672-3470 Ext. 928.] InCanada, call 1-800-268-9055and ask for operator #11. Or,if the cat's got your tongue,mail the coupon instead.

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Don't miss the event of the 80'sas the Sun Belt explodes withthe first automated manufactur-ing exhibition and conference.

Planned to bring the lateststate-of-the-art hi-tech manu-facturing and processing intothe heart of the rapidlyexpanding industrial South,AM84 offers a full 4 day con-ference and exhibition.

The conference will havespeakers of international stat-ure. Both events will cover allareas of automated manufac-turing and technologies. Thiswill include robotics, metal-working, materials handling,CAD/CAM, process controlinstrumentation, CNC, micro-processing, flexible manufac-turing systems and otherrelated fields.

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voltage many times greater than thesupply voltage could appear acrossthe transistor when the transistortries to interrupt the current in therelay coil.

On machines already equippedwith a software-controllable cas-sette-motor relay, the Remote cord

can be plugged directly into the 1014XL-S camera. Such a direct connec-tion should also work with machinesthat use a transistor to control thecassette motor if the wiring is suchthat the camera's control-circuit cur-rent can flow through the transistorin the appropriate direction.

Listing 1: Tl Logo procedures used to generate an animated film, frames of which appearin photo 8.

TO ACTION

TO DRAWFORWARD :STEPS

TELL TURTLE

IF :STEPS = 0 THEN STOP

CLEARSCREEN

FORWARD 1

HIDETURTLE

BUILDPENCIL

COLORBACKGROUND 1

SHOOT

SETCOLOR 15

DRAWFORWARD ( :STEPS - 1 )

SX - 80

END

SY 30

SETHEADING 90

TO BUILDPENCIL

L

MAKE "X ( XCOR - 7 )

0

MAKE "Y YCOR

G

TELL SPRITE 0

O

SETCOLOR 4

NOPENCIL

SY ( :Y + 4 )

REPEAT 24 [SHOOT]

SX :X

SIGNAL

CARRY 0

END

TELL SPRITE 1SETCOLOR 11

TO L

SY ( :Y + 12 )

PENDOWN

SX :X

RIGHT 90

CARRY 1

DRAWFORWARD

24

TELL [2 3]

LEFT 90

SETCOLOR 3

DRAWFORWARD

16

SY ( :Y + 28 )

PENUP

SX :X

LEFT 90

CARRY 2

DRAWFORWARD

24

TELL SPRITE 3

RIGHT 90

SY ( :Y + 44 )

DRAWFORWARD

4

TELL SPRITE 4

END

SETCOLOR 6

SY ( :Y + 60 )

TO 0

SX :X

PENUP

CARRY 3

DRAWFORWARD

12

TELL TURTLE

PENDOWN

HIDETURTLE

REPEAT 72 [DRAWFORWARD 1 RIGHT 5]

END

PENUP

DRAWFORWARD

16

TO SHOOT

END

BEEPWAIT 10

TO G

NOBEEP

PENUP

WAIT 60

DRAWFORWARD

12

END

REPEAT 9 [DRAWFORWARD 1 RIGHT 5]

RIGHT 180

TO NOPENCIL

PENDOWN

TELL [01234]

REPEAT 63 [DRAWFORWARD 1 LEFT 5]

SETCOLOR 0

LEFT 90

END

DRAWFORWARD

12

PENUP

TO SIGNAL

RIGHT 90

COLORBACKGROUND 15

DRAWFORWARD

12

PRINT [ALL DONE.]

RIGHT 90

WAIT 60

DRAWFORWARD

16

COLORBACKGROUND 1

END

WAIT 30SIGNAL

END

360 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Photo 8: 77 Logo shape definitions (photos 8a through 8d) and the resulting action shots (photos 8e through 8g).

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 361

Listing 2: An Applesoft listing used to generate a time-varying graph.

100 TEXT : HOME : VTAB 5

200 PRINT "THIS PROGRAM GENERATES AN ANIMATED FILM"

300 PRINT "OF A TIME-VARYING GRAPH OF VOLTAGE (Y) "

400 PRINT "VERSUS POSITION (X) VERSUS TIME (T) FOR"

500 PRINT "A RESONATING LENGTH OF PERFECT TRANS-"

600 PRINT "MISSION LINE WITH SHUNTED ENDS."

700 PRINT

800 PRINT "THE LINE IS ASSUMED TO BE RESONATING"

900 PRINT "AT ITS FIRST AND SECOND HARMONICS WITH"

1000 PRINT "EQUAL AMPLITUDES."

1100 PRINT

1200 PRINT "WHEN PROJECTED AT 24 FRAMES PER SECOND"

1300 PRINT "EACH CYCLE OF THE FIRST HARMONIC TAKES"

1400 PRINT "ABOUT ONE SECOND."

1500 PRINT : PRINT

1600 PRINT "PLEASE ENTER THE NUMBER OF SECONDS TO"

1700 PRINT "BE FILMED. RETURN TO BEGIN. >";

1800 INPUT S

1825 PRINT

1850 PRINT "STANDING WAVE,"

1875 PRINT "FIRST AND SECOND HARMONICS."

1890 HCOLOR= 7

1900 FOR T = 0 TO (S * 6.28318) STEP .261799

2000 HGR

2100 FORX= -1TO +1 STEP .02

2200 Yl = SIN (T) * COS (X * 1.57080)

2300 Y2 = SIN (T * 2) * COS ((X + .5) * 3.14159)

2400 Y = Yl + Y2

2500 HPLOT (130 + (X * 120)), (90 + (Y * 40))

2600 NEXT X

2700 POKE 49241f0

2800 FOR D = 1 TO 300

2900 NEXT D

3000 POKE 49240,0

3100 FOR D = 1 TO 1000

3200 NEXT D

3300 NEXT T

3400 TEXT : HOME : VTAB 10

3500 FLASH

3600 PRINT "*************************"

3700 INVERSE

3800 PRINT : PRINT "FILMING COMPLETED."

3900 NORMAL

4000 END

Photo 9: Two examples of the Applesoft transmission-line model in action.

362 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

PhotographicAnimation Examples

The set of TI Logo proceduresshown in listing 1 and shape defini-tions shown in photo 8 cause the pre-viously described TI hardware sys-tem to generate an animated film ofa pencil writing the word "LOGO."Although this animation looks prettygood on the monitor, the film pro-vides better animation quality. Theprocedures are given in the order thatthey are first called. ACTION is thetop-level, script procedure.

The Applesoft program shown inlisting 2 generates a time-varyinggraph (see photo 9). The graph rep-resents relative voltage in terms oftime and position along a resonatinglength of perfect transmission linewith shunted ends. The line is as-sumed to be resonating electromag-netically at its first and second har-monics. The length of the line isequal to one-half the wavelength ofthe lower frequency and one wave-length of the higher. The amplitudesof the two frequencies are the same.

Conclusion

It is often useful to photograph acomputer-generated video image. Ex-posure timing, ambient light, and thepositions of the camera and monitorare critical to the success of suchphotography.

When a computer is able to gen-erate a series of displays that wouldbe interesting or useful if—and onlyif—display rates could be many timesfaster, photographic animation can beused to achieve the desired multipli-cation of speed. In almost all applica-tions of this technique, it is extreme-ly desirable to place the cameraunder the control of the programgenerating the display. ■

This project was carried out under the auspicesof Logo Computer Systems Inc. (9960 Cote de Liesse,Lachine, Quebec HST 1A1, Canada, (514) 631-7081).

Peter Cann, who is almost entirely self-educatedin the computer field, has a near congenital fascina-tion with machines. His first exposure was to anIBM 370 running FORTRAN. After a brief stay atMIT and a few years of freight handling, he woundup at Logo Computer Systems. He is now with Atari(5 Cambridge Ctr., Cambridge, MA 02142) main-taining a Unix VAX. Peter enjoys hacking anythingthat beeps, whirrs, or crunches.

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INTRODUCING THE NEW DS220

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In the beginning was the Datasouth DS180. A printerthat defined high performance printing, with a balance ofhigh technology design and mechanical simplicity. A highthroughput printer that produced clean hardcopy under themost severe conditions.

Now there's the Datasouth DS220. A printer that raisesthose high performance standards and applies Datasouthtechnology to multiple printing tasks— all at one time.

The Datasouth DS220 redefines high performance formultimode printing the way the DS180 did for data qualityprinting.

For speed, the DS220 combines a 220 CP5 print speedwith servo-controlled logic seeking and high-speed tabbingover blank spaces. This allows the DS220 to zip instantlyfrom one printable character to the next. In side-by-sidetests of real-task performance—not just spec-sheet compar-isons—the DS220 out performs its rivals time after time.

For correspondence, the DS220 uses its 40 CPS bi-directional NLQ mode to form characters with the precisionand clarity you would expect from a word processing printer.

And for graphics, the DS220 adds high performanceartistry to popular microcomputer applications programsthrough high-resolution, dot-addressable output. Sharpnew details emerge from business charts and graphs, andfrom engineering drawings.

The sum is even more than three printers in one. TheDS220 offers a total of eleven different pitches and fontsalong with seven international character sets. Plus non-volatile space for up to 64 do-it-yourself characters fordownloading from the host computer.

And those are just the printing capabilities. In otherrespects, the DS220 outperforms not just itself but virtuallyevery other printer on the market. Its front panel program-ming sets new standards in user friendly printer ergonomics.Its four digit LED display and push button panel allow pro-gramming of over fifty features, with a minimum of fussand confusion. Those features include a variety of interfaceand communications selections that allow compatibilitywith a wide range of mini and microcomputers. And theDS220 handles six part forms with its adjustable tractor feed,as well as cut sheets and letterhead with its friction feed

Best of all, the DS220 advances all the engineering,design and mechanical virtues established by its forerunner,the DS180. In the Datasouth tradition, the DS220 is madeto run virtually nonstop in a wide variety of applications.

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IH

The Fourth National

Computer Graphics

Association Conference

Graphics hardware is better, faster, and cheaper—but the software

still lags behind

by Alexander Pournelle

Photo 1: A vieiv of McCormick Place, where NCGA 1983 was held. (Photo by the author.)

366 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

The National Computer GraphicsAssociation (NCGA) Conference is tocomputer graphics what the NationalComputer Conference (NCC) is tothe entire computer industry. All themanufacturers go to the NCGA showto exhibit their latest in picture-making equipment. The conferenceis only about a quarter the size of theNCC, but that means there's a fight-ing chance one person can see thewhole show. (Some of the companiesrepresented at NCGA and SIG-GRAPH are listed in the text box atthe end of this article.)

This summer's NCGA was held inChicago's McCormick Place, thelargest convention hall in the UnitedStates (see photo 1). I spent only twodays at the show last year. I was atthis year's for four solid days and stilldidn't see every booth and exhibit.

What can these newfangled ma-chines do that Aunt Rhoda's Atarican't? Well, an Atari 800 can displayonly eight colors at a time on a fieldof 320 by 192 pixels (pictureelements). The very best in computergraphics displays are 4096 by 4096pixels and can display over 16 millioncolors. Top-of-the-line machinery canwrite at more than 10 million pixelsper second, making images move in-credibly fast. Only the most demand-ing applications can currently justifythe high price ($30,000 and up) thatquality demands. Prices are falling,however. What was $100,000 last yearis now $50,000.

The theme of 1982's NCGA confer-ence was electronic drafting. Thisyear, the focus moved to electronicgraphs. Businessmen surpass engi-neers as the largest market segment.Businesses want "presentation graph-ics'—bar and line graphs, pie charts—and they're willing to pay a lot forthem. The tone of this year's NCGAshow was quite different from lastyear's. Electronic drafting andCAD/CAM (computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture), al-though still very important, weresecond-place topics behind presenta-tion graphics. Office automation(which overlaps the graphics in-dustry) and imaging tied for thirdplace. New companies making one ortwo graphics devices were the most

exciting part of the show, as always.

Robert Heinlein fans will be hap-py to know that Drafting Dan, fromthe book Door into Summer, is aliveand well. Heinlein described Dan asa cross between a drafting table anda typewriter but didn't predict thatplans would be laid out on a videodisplay before pen ever touchedpaper. Tedious redrawing for engi-neering change orders can be all buteliminated with current CAD/CAMequipment.

Why are so many people interestedin business graphics? It seems thatdesigning a building is less importantthan presenting last year's salesfigures in color. Management wantsmore productivity; color graphs canbe drawn by computer much more

Drawing software at

the conference ranged

from poor to good.

quickly than by hand. The data isavailable before it's out of date."Graphics at Work" was the show'sofficial theme, but "ImprovingBusiness Communications" would bemore accurate.

What are people in business doingwith computer graphics? They're do-ing lines, bars, and pies: the threebasic chart groups. I thought it wastragic to see so much equipmentmaking such unimaginative pictures.I can only hope this will change. (Forthe author's report on a show em-phasizing more imaginative graphics,see the text box at the end of thisarticle.)

Last year I complained about thelack of games at the conference; it'sa shame because games can demon-strate just what all this incrediblemachinery can do. This year I figuredout why there are no games: credi-bility. The attitude I encounteredwas, "Can you imagine some cor-porate vice-president walking up tomy booth and seeing Star Raiders?He'd never buy anything from me!"

Show Highlights and Lowlights

Interest in graphics is accelerating—the NCGA show grew about 20 per-

cent in floor space this year; alreadythe number of companies signed upfor 1984's show exceeds the numberof this year's exhibitors. The highlightof 1983's show was galloping tech-nology that's resulting in some out-standing equipment with astonishingpotential. The show's lowlight wasthe drawing software, which trans-lates the operator's (or artist's) com-mands into pictures. Drawing soft-ware at the conference ranged frompoor to good; none of it wasexcellent.

The drawing software currentlyavailable enables you to draw lines,boxes, shades, circles, planes, and soon, but it lags behind the hardwareby two years or so. Like most micro-computer software, it's not very self-explanatory or helpful. Slowly,microcomputer software has im-proved; there's a bunch that is reallyoutstanding. I see that trend in draw-ing programs. A major cause of thelag is that companies formed to makenew graphics products usually makehardware. If they write any software,it is often to test their new boards. Asa result, the new guys on the block(and there are a lot of them) have in-credibly powerful hardware butnothing to do with it. When the IBMPersonal Computer was announced,little software was available. Thesituation improved when softwarewriters saw the enormous potentialmarket. The graphics market isperhaps less concentrated but almostas large as the PC software market.

New Product Profiles

Shows are horrible places to getany in-depth data on new products;nothing works perfectly. One com-pany's main processor died the firstafternoon of NCGA and wasn't re-vived until the next day. On the otherhand, shows are great if you're wor-ried about a company's productreliability. Electronics are notoriousfor breaking when moved.

Prices are plummeting. New, low-priced, medium-performance, medi-um-density boards were everywherethis year. Of course, low price to peo-ple in the graphics industry means$4000 and up because they're used topaying $40,000.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 367

Photo 2: Color graphics from the Rampage board by Parallax Systems. The Rampage cur-rently runs on LSJ-11 machines, including the Heath H-ll. (Photo by the author.)

A new product of interest is theRampage, a low-priced, high-perfor-mance, medium-density board. Themanufacturer, Parallax Systems Inc.,started (of course) in a garage. Sevenex-employees of other graphics com-panies thought they could do betterthan their old bosses.

They may have been right. TheRampage awed other design engi-neers at the show. They would comeover to the Parallax booth, quietlywatch some demonstrations, thenreturn later with more designers.What was so impressive was not theactual pictures being displayed butthe speed with which they could bemanipulated. Photo 2 shows theParallax company logo in transpar-ency; note how the lines behind it aredashed. The Rampage can switchquickly between this translucentmode and hidden-line mode (inwhich none of the back side shows).The board (about $7000) is priced atless than a quarter of the nearestcompetition. Currently, the Rampageworks only on the Digital EquipmentCorp. (DEC) Q-bus, althoughParallax plans to make different ver-sions available quickly.

3M (you know, the makers ofScotch Tape) announced an interest-ing item: a fast overhead-transpar-ency maker. Expect it at your graph-ics service bureau late this year orearly next.

CP/M has long lacked any kind ofgraphics standard. Digital ResearchInc. (DR) formulated what it callsGSX, or Graphics System Extension,

but almost no companies use it. TheVisual 1050, a CP/M-based machine(see photo 3) that has true mono-

chrome dot graphics (640 by 300)built in at no extra cost, debuted atNCGA. The 1050 uses DR's GSX, canemulate a DEC VT-100, and comeswith Wordstar, Multiplan, CBASIC,and CP/M 3.0; it should be availableby the time you read this.

Speaking of CP/M, DR had betterwatch out for Unix. I was surprisedlast year to see so many CP/M-com-patible machines but was more sur-prised this year to see a great switch-over to Unix and Unix-like operatingsystems. Graphics depend partiallyon operating systems for portability,and CP/M is still not set up properlyfor graphics.

As IBM PC look-alikes proliferate inthe micro world, so do DEC VT-100and Tektronix Inc. 4014 look-alikes inthe graphics world. There are many

Photo 3: Visual Technology's first move from terminals to computers. This version of the 1050,with software, two drives, CP/M 3.0, and manuals, lists for $2695. True dot graphics aredisplayed with text. (Photo by the author.)

368 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Our drives are not only small in price and size but they are big in performance.Our half-high drive (41 millimeters high) is half the size of the standard Appledrive. The half-high drive provides a big 160K bytes of dual density storagerunning either DOS 3.2 or 3.3. Our contemporary slim line styling, coolinglouvers, auto eject of diskette for operator convenience, a unique quick-releasecontroller cable, and a fast 12 milliseconds head access time are features thatyou won't find at any price.

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The Changing Face of Computer Graphics

Computer graphics systems are usual-ly composed of the same basic parts.First, there's the operator, withoutwhom not much gets done. Next is themain processor or host computer, whichdoes the thinking. Then there's thedisplay computer, which holds and mayprocess the image being displayed.These pictures or images are displayedon a video monitor, which is much likethe guts of your television set. The soft-ware controls everything.

Getting data into the computer re-quires input devices such as mice, bitpads, trackballs, keyboards, and videocameras. For more permanent imagecopies, there are output devices likeplotters, printers, and slide cameras.Communications links, usually cables,connect all these parts. A typical com-puter graphics system is shown in thephoto below.

The division between these parts issomewhat arbitrary; the host com-puter, for instance, may be part of thegraphics system. There may be only oneprocessor hosting and displaying (as inApple Computer Inc.'s Lisa). Howeverthe parts fall together, the sum is onlyas fast as its weakest link. That weaklink is often the controlling software.

Standards

The difficulty of moving softwarefrom one machine to another is direct-

ly proportional to the differences be-tween the two machines. That's why thewhole graphics industry has decided onsome de facto standards and one for-malized one. The formalized standardis the ACM/SIGGRAPH CORE stan-dard. Unfortunately, it came along toolate for universal acceptance. Manymachines conform to it, but older, lessambitious standards—namely PLOT10and FORTRAN—are still prevalent.

PLOT10 was designed by Tektronixmore than 10 years ago so that FOR-TRAN programs could draw pictures onthe then-new Tektronix graphics ter-minals. One Tektronix employee ad-mitted no one ever expected PLOT10 tosurvive longer than five years. But likecolor television and the QWERTY key-board, any standard will survive ifenough units are in the field. The samereasoning applies to FORTRAN, whichhas become self-perpetuating. Everynew machine must have a FORTRANcompiler: no one wants to rewrite thatgiant catalog of old programs. If this isn'tdepressing enough, one of the productsat the NCGA show was a processor thatran FORTRAN directly in microcode.

Graphics systems come in two types:raster and vector. A television is a rasterdevice—pictures are drawn from left toright across the screen, a line at a time.In vector graphics, the lines in a pictureare drawn contiguously; to draw a

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A complete graphics system that includes an Apple lie (background left) and a Jupiter 7(foreground right). Commands are entered with a Summagraphics bit-pad pointer.

square, vector graphics draws all foursides, one at a time. (See GreggWilliams' article "A Graphics Primer,"November 1982 BYTE, page 448 formore information.) Vector graphicsmachines are slowly losing their posi-tion; even CAD/CAM systems, thelargest users of vector graphics, areswitching to raster. Vector may never dieout completely, but raster will be whatthe majority use.

Two Strategies for GeneratingImages

Generating computer pictures re-quires much data manipulation. Onephoto represents millions of operationsby the computer. These operations canbe performed either directly by special-purpose hardware or by special-purpose software running on a general-purpose computer.

Among those who generate video andfilm computer graphics are followers ofboth camps. Lucasfilm, the companythat brought you the Return of the Jedigraphics, uses a lot of specialized hard-ware. Digital Productions owns a Cray-1,a very fast general-purpose mainframe,and doesn't use much specialized hard-ware. Both approaches have their plusesand minuses. Hardware takes longer torealize but can manipulate very quick-ly. Developing software that generatesimages takes less time than developinghardware, but the finished software isn'tas fast as special-purpose hardware. Acombination of new hardware and soft-ware is much more difficult to coor-dinate; at least some items should be"stock" or familiar.

Communications

Computers usually talk to terminalsand modems in "serial" fashion: one bitat a time. The most popular method ofcommunicating, the RS-232C port, issusceptible to noise, can work only overshort distances (25 feet), and is com-paratively slow (only up to about 1000characters per second). Two much moremodern methods of communicating,serially are the RS-422A and RS-423Aports, but the industry, largely due toinertia, has not yet changed to thesestandards. It's unfortunate becausethese newer communications standardssolve the problems of the RS-232C andrun very fast. Speed is important

370 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

because most display and host com-puters can run much faster than the linebetween them, which means screen up-dates (displaying new pictures) takelonger than they ought to. I know of nocomputer company (graphics or other-wise) that uses RS-422A or RS-423Aports to move data. In the graphics field,I had hoped to see optional RS-422A onsome terminals and computers, but itdidn't happen this year. Sooner or later,at least one company will offer RS-422Aand RS-232C ports, and the ball will roll.A really fast terminal is especially im-portant in graphics because a nice pic-ture can be as long as 25,000 words.

Portrait of the Computeras a Young Artist

I'm not a very good draftsman or ar-tist. With a computer, I can drawstraight lines; more important, I canerase. Artists and nonartists alike canbenefit from computerized graphics sys-tems. Nonartists benefit because an-other means of communication opensfor them; artists benefit because thedrudgery, the repetitive work is less-ened. If the world wants "boilerplate"pies, bars, and lines, it can have themquickly and professionally.

Computers are great for the commer-cial arts, but what about the fine arts?The photo at right shows an image thatcould qualify as an example of eithercommercial or fine art. At SIGGRAPH,there is an art show just for computergraphics art.

I don't think artists will be replacedby computers. Instead, the drudge workwill be automated, leaving more time forcreative work. A computer can be anartist's tool, just as premade brushes area tool. Soon, an artist will be able towalk into an art supply store and buya new reflections package as he woulda tube of gouache. This will be a sort ofindustrial revolution for art.

There is, however, one major con-troversy. When is art actually original?If I have the tools, it doesn't take longto set up the machine to make a reallybeautiful drawing. But I didn't do thework of painting the reflections—thecomputer did, with software someoneelse may have written. The problem willfade in importance as the publicbecomes more familiar with computerpictures and more demanding about

Is it commercial art or fine art? Eleanor Matthews used the Beacon Illustrator system byFlorida Computer Graphics to produce this picture. The Beacon has a point resolutionof 640 by 480, but the picture's resolution was increased to 2000 by 2000 with MatrixCorp.'s Lasergraphics enhancer unit. The image was then photographed with a Matrix QCR.

what it sees. The problem of judgingoriginality should lessen as graphics ac-quire a history.

What It's All Good For

Education: Schools and computergraphics will go well together. Considerhow much easier teaching economicswould be if graphs of demand curvesand gross national product could bechanged instantly. If students could ac-cess and experiment with the data,"math phobia" could be conquered.

Such developments await lowerprices, better software, and teacher ac-ceptance. The first two are inevitable.An Apple or IBM PC would suffice inthe classroom, although not as well asa larger machine. With the comingprecipitous drops in prices, such toolscould be in common use in less thanfive years.

Office: Computers are slowly beingaccepted in the workplace. Computergraphics lag behind office automationin businesses. Word processing is stillused only by word-processing special-ists, not by managers.

But many people entering the work-force now have grown up with com-

puters and aren't afraid to type. Theywill help their coworkers learn to usecomputers. Almost every office in mid-dle management will have its own ter-minal in five years, if only because in-teroffice mail and electronic memos areso much easier than the paper equiva-lents. The trend of acceptance will slow-ly come to include graphics, too. Aftera while, almost everyone will latch onto the simple graphics triumvirate,bar/line/pie, although artists will still becalled to make the more complicateddrawings.

Engineering Productivity

Because there aren't enough engi-neers, we have to make the ones wehave work faster. Blueprint changes nolonger need be a slow and tedious pro-cess. The next barrier is that everyengineer will want to have a terminal onhis desk rather than wait in line for oneof a few terminals. When prices comedown, terminals will proliferate veryquickly just as soon as managementrealizes how much more can be accom-plished. Several companies, notablyApollo and Versatec, are pushing suchcombined office/engineering networks.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 371

Photo 4: An example of computer-aideddesign. This DEC schematic demonstrates justhow much detail the best equipment can show.On the original screen, you could see thetiniest writing in the bottom right corner.(Photo by the author, taken from a Conracmonitor using a Lexidata generator with DECgraphics data.)

of these terminals out on the markettoday and ample software, too. In asurprise move, Tektronix has broughtout a relatively low-cost line of ter-minals that emulate both a VT-100and Tektronix's own 4014 with color.At $4000 to $8000, the 4100 family isgoing to be very popular.

Last year I said that Conrac (a long-time maker of video monitors) didn'twant to be overrun by the Japaneseand was quickening its usuallysedentary pace of product introduc-tion. It displayed several new prod-ucts, including what I thought wasthe best monitor at the show. It wasa 19-inch 60-Hz noninterlaced modelthat was great to watch. Photo 4shows an image from that monitor;I warn you that it looks better inperson.

If picture quality is of major impor-tance to you, a dedicated camera isin order. Polaroid Corp. has nowentered the graphics camera marketwith low- to medium-priced ($2000 to$7500) camera packages that attach toIBM PCs or Apples and make trans-parencies, prints, or slides. TheVideoprinter line was making im-pressive screen copies from an IBMPC. Lang Systems Inc., maker of theVideoslide recorder, was worriedabout such large competition, but itsunit is more adaptable than Pola-roid's. The market should supportboth. These cameras don't do muchmore than take a picture from ascreen. That means the picture's

resolution—how many dots high andwide—is the same as your screen's.More ambitious pictures, ones withmore colors and more dots, requiremore ambitious hardware to smoothout jagged lines, use more naturalcolors, and so on. Such hardware isexpensive but impressive.

If your needs are greater than yourbudget, a graphics service bureau,which takes your data and returnsfinished graphics, is still the way togo. Hardware investments are lowerbecause most of the expensive equip-ment is theirs, not yours. You sendyour picture data over a modem andthey photograph and return your pic-tures, usually in two days. Mostbureaus automatically remove jagsand beautify your pictures. If you'reworried about others seeing yourvaluable data, most service bureauswill send your pictures back undevel-oped. Bureaus charge between $5and $15 a slide (less for large orders).

True 3-D was before its time and re-mains a pretty sideshow. Obviously,true three-dimensional display (ascompared to three-dimensional pro-jection on a two-dimensional picturetube) is a powerful tool, but it's yetto be perfected or accepted. I hopeI'm at the show when holographiccomputer graphics are first demon-strated; it will be an exciting mile-stone.

The prize for best give-away itemgoes to Jupiter Systems for its "ShowHospitality Sweet," a chocolateshaped like the planet Jupiter, com-plete with red spot. Jupiter alsoshowed off its new Jupiter 12, a com-puter graphics workstation withhigher resolution than the Jupiter 7.

The Works, scheduled to be the firstall-computer-graphics, full-lengthmotion picture, is still stalled withoutenough capital. The world will waitanother year.

Commercial graphics houses areproducing. Digital Productions ishandling the space footage for TheLast Starfighter, to be released nextyear. The company is rumored to beworking on good computer modelsof the human figure, too. I wish Icould show you some pictures, butDigital Productions is understand-ably secretive.

Photo 5: The Enter Computer Sweet-P plot-ter fits into a briefcase and is relatively light.The pen moves in one direction only; the papermoves in the opposite direction. Enter hasmade plots "up to 10 feet long" on the Sweet-P using this feature. (Photo by the author.)

Networks and Graphics

Versatec's network, called the Ex-pert, is based on the ill-marketedXerox Star and combines office auto-mation and CAD. Versatec (a divisionof Xerox) is more famous for a laserprinter/plotter that intersperses pic-tures and text. The unit does a pro-fessional job, and I've noticed onlyone problem: the text doesn't look asgood as phototypeset text, which I'mtold is a function of how many dotsper inch are laid down. The new gen-eration of laser printers should be animprovement.

Apollo Computer Inc.'s Domainnetwork is meant more for officeautomation than design, although itdoes both. It has some very impor-tant network features. You can accessdata from other nodes (terminals) aseasily as from your own, whichmeans you can get a program fromyour coworker's disk and run it orsend files to any printer on the net-work. The network has some am-bitious security provisions. One im-portant security item: each terminalhas a floppy disk, so you can takeyour data with you. Why don't themicro companies sell a network likethis?

At the moment, the cost of suchnetworks prohibits giving every usera terminal, but don't be surprised ifthis changes in two years.

Some Product Developments

You may have seen their ads: Enter

372 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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The result? No degradationin processing performance, evenwhen there are eight users onthe system.

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Photo 6: 77ns image was drawn by hand. Theartist used a Summagraphics bit pad and soft-ware designed for drawing by hand. The sys-tem, put together by New England Technol-ogy, uses a Jupiter 7 and an Apple lie. (Photoby Quick Brown Fox.)

Computer Corp. has a cute little plot-ter it calls the Sweet-P (see photo 5).Unlike the more advanced plotters,the Sweet-P is easily interfaced tomost common micros over a Cen-tronics or RS-232C line. Enter showedthe Sweet-P working on a Compaqand a Kaypro II. Plot commands canbe sent in an MBASIC LPRINT state-ment, meaning you don't need verysophisticated software to make somerather impressive graphs. Plot pensare changed by hand. Epson AmericaInc., the world's largest volume-manufacturer of printers, has selectedthe $795 Sweet-P as the companionto its QX-10 computer.

Eagle Computers makes more thancomputers: Eagle started as AudioVisual Laboratories and thenbranched into computers. This ex-plains the keyboard on its IBM PCwork-alikes; it has keys marked withvisual terms such as "enhance." Nowthere is a combination product: "Acomplete desktop computer graphicssystem" that includes a digitizingpad, an 8086-based computer, a high-resolution monitor, and a camera.

Ithaca Intersystems, an S-100 com-puter company brought out theGraphos VT-100-compatible colorgraphics terminal. The Graphos hasa screen resolution of 640 by 480pixels; it supports up to 16 windowsor independent screens within thescreen. Each of these windows candisplay 16 different colors. Graphosstarts at $8000 (a lot less than mostof its competition) and can be ex-

panded to include an S-100 card cage.I asked the Ithaca people why a niceS-100 company is going into graphics,and they said they didn't want to staya nice little S-100 company. Bravo.

Computer graphics can be createdtwo ways: from scratch (by hand, asin photo 6) or from real-world data(photos, maps, diagrams, or any tele-vision image). The second method iscalled imaging, a very powerful tool.Imaging is used in medicine to "cleanup" x-rays and CAT scans. Space andastronomical photographs are en-hanced on similar equipment. GouldInc.'s DeAnza Imaging and Graphicsdivision had what I thought was thebest imaging equipment at the show.DeAnza was showing images goodenough to eat (see photo 7).

Color Picture Tubes

Color "bottles" are all foreign-made, mostly in Japan. The Ameri-can firms have given up without afight. American graphics companieswould love to use domestic tube; it'soften the only foreign-built part intheir machines. But unless somemore elegant display method comesalong, the foreign monopoly is like-ly to continue.

There's still no replacement for thetelevision picture tube. IBM an-nounced a step toward it at NCC: adense plasma display (July 1983BYTE, page 297) which it had work-ing on a PC. The display doesn't offercolor and it isn't cheap, but the onlyvacuum tube most of us use is closerto being replaced. I won't be sorry to

Photo 7: Tasty imaging. This picture was first taken with a high-quality television camera,digitized, then stored on disk; what you see here was shot from a monitor. Such images canbe called up at any time and manipulated; you could zoom in, enhance one section of the pic-ture, save that result, then return to the original. (Photo by the author.)

374 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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see it go. By decade's end, all-in-onecomputers and terminals will op-tionally come with something otherthan a picture tube. The tube willnever die out; it's like black-and-white film—too familiar and toocapable to become obsolete. But thecompetition will have advantages:smaller computers, lower power con-

sumption, fewer parts to align. Thenew displays will represent the singlelargest change in computer com-ponents since magnetic cores werereplaced by memory chips.

Competition

The Japanese aren't here yet. Theydisplayed a few interesting things at

the conference but remain in thewings. Most companies are runningscared of their competitors, foreignand domestic; consequently, devel-opment proceeds at a fast pace. Noone wants to be blind-sided, especial-ly in an industry in which being hitunawares means waiting until the en-tire crowd passes over you. Because

For More Information

Slide makers and graphics photo-graphic recorders:

Lang Systems Inc.1392 Borregas Ave.Sunnyvale, CA 94086(408) 734-3332

Polaroid Corp.575 Technology Sq.Cambridge, MA 02139(617) 577-2000

Sweet-P plotter:

Enter Computer Inc.

6867 Nancy Ridge Dr., Suite D

San Diego, CA 92121

(619) 450-0601

Fiber optics communications:

Artel Communications Corp.POB 100, West Side StationWorcester, MA 01602(617) 752-5690

Video monitors:

Amtron Corp.5620 Freedom Blvd.Aptos, CA 95003(408) 688-4445

Overhead (Vue-Graph) maker:

3M Audio Visual Division, AV82-19

POB 33600

Saint Paul, MN 55133

Jupiter series of graphics terminals:

Jupiter Systems2126 Sixth St.Berkeley, CA 94710(415) 644-1024

Office automation networks withgraphics:

Versatec, a division of Xerox2710 Walsh Ave.Santa Clara, CA 95051(408) 988-2800

Apollo Computer Inc.15 Elizabeth Dr.Chelmsford, MA 01824(617) 256-6600

Image-processing systems:

Gould Inc., DeAnza Imaging andGraphics Division1870 Lundy Ave.San ]ose, CA 95131(408) 263-7155

Visual 1050 personal CP/M computerwith graphics:

Visual Technology Inc.540 Main St.Tewksbury, MA 01876(617) 851-5000

Rampage fast graphics add-on board:

Parallax Systems Inc.

1030 East Duane Ave., Suite H

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

(408) 720-1600

Color VT-100-compatible graphicsterminals:

Ithaca Intersystems Inc.200 East Buffalo, Box 91Ithaca, NY 14851

Tektronix Inc.POB 500

Beaverton, OR 97077(501) 644-0161

Graphics presentation makers (soft-ware and hardware):

New England Technology Group400 West Cummings ParkWoburn, MA 01801(617) 938-8833

Audio Visual Laboratories/Eagle500 Hillside Ave.

Atlantic Highlands, NJ 07716-2197(201) 291-4400

Antics animation software:

Grove Park Studio Animations Ltd.

104 Grove Park

Camberwell, London SE5 8LE

England

AC gas discharge plasma display:

Photonics Technology

POB 432

Luckey, OH 43443

Apple/IBM color graphics add-ons:

Number Nine Computer Engineering Inc.POB 1802Hartford, CT 06144(203) 233-8134

Software for Number Nine board:

Visual Data EnterprisesPOB 30563

Los Angeles, CA 90030(213) 250-4977

Apple/IBM-based postproductiongraphics equipment:

Symtec Inc.

15933 West Eight Mile Rd.Detroit, Ml 48235(313) 272-2950

Beacon Illustrator system:

Florida Computer Graphics1000 Sandy Pond Rd.Lake Mary, FL 32746(305) 321-3000

Graphics shows and associations:

National Computer Graphics Association8401 Arlington Blvd., Suite 601Fairfax, VA 22031

Special Interest Group on Computer

Graphics (SIGGRAPH)

Association for Computing Machinery

HI East Wacker Dr.

Chicago, IL 60601

(312) 644-6610

376 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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neither hardware nor software can domuch alone, the single technological"gotcha" is not as large a worry as thecompany that quietly goes for twoyears without a major productchange and then announces a wholeline of new machines. No one didthat at this year's show, but I wonderif it won't happen in 1984.

People frequently start graphicscompanies to compete with theirformer employers, often with directproduct copies. Watch for a shakeout,with some "me-too" companiesmerging. One-product companiesthat don't branch out may findthemselves in serious trouble. Willthe market support four firms mak-ing exactly the same CAD/CAMequipment?

For all of you who have read TracyKidder's The Soul of a New Machine,this won't come as a surprise. DataGeneral (DG) announced theMV/10000, a more powerful MV/8000(the machine described in Kidder'sbook). The MV/8000 is a direct com-

petitor of DEC'S VAX 11/780 compu-ter, but the MV/1000 has no real com-petition (from DEC, anyway). Oneprominent DEC employee was over-heard saying DEC won't have any-thing for at least a year and a half tocompete with the MV/10000. This isa perfect example of how a singleproduct can stomp the competition.DEC will lose customers to DG theway DG lost customers to DEC, thenDEC might come out with an ultra-VAX that takes customers from theMV/10000.

Computer graphics require largeamounts of data very quickly; mostlarge color terminals have enormouscable bundles connecting them totheir host. Fiber optic cables transmitover a much more modest light-conducting fiber, which Artel Corp.demonstrated by sending data frombooth to booth over very thin cables.The image received wasn't quite asgood as one transmitted by coaxialcable, but fiber optic lines really comeinto their own after about 50 feet. At

longer distances, coaxial cables aresusceptible to screen interference;fiber optic cables are not.

What Next?

Within five years, I think a lot ofsmall businesses from interior deco-rators to tailors will make use ofgraphics. Home animators, archi-tects, and (of course) game designersalready use graphics; watch formagazines like Computer Animator.Rock bands are already using graph-ics. Anyone who wants fast previewsof reality without waiting for a drafts-man will appreciate CAD/CAM-typesystems. We can expect graphics con-sulting houses to spring up the sameway software companies have. High-density, low-cost computer graphicsare as powerful a wave as the micro-computer revolution itself. ■

Alex Pournelle is chief programmer at WorkmanAssociates (112 Marion Ave., Pasadena, CA 91106).He also attends UC San Diego and is collaboratingon a textbook. He would like to hear from peopleworking on low-cost graphics visuals.

The SIGGRAPH Conference

The NCGA show focuses on thebusiness side of graphics; the SIG-GRAPH conference focuses on inno-vation. SIGGRAPHs are run by theSpecial Interest Group on Graphics,which is part of the Association forComputing Machinery (an organiza-tion of computer professionals, stu-dents, and academicians). The confer-ence is officially named the "AnnualConference on Computer Graphicsand Interactive Techniques," buteveryone calls them SIGGRAPHs.This year's, the tenth, was held inDetroit's Cobo Hall in July.

For a novice, SIGGRAPHs are muchmore engaging than NCGA shows. Ifyou're curious about what Lucasfilmis up to, want to make your own car-toons at home, or want a fast educa-tion on graphics, this conference is theplace to be; you see the leading edgein computer graphics. Don't misun-derstand: the two conferences are dif-ferent in emphasis, not in quality. AtSIGGRAPH, the emphasis is on thenew, whether it's better pictures, bet-

ter machinery, faster computers, ornew ways of using graphics.

The art show was worth the tripalone. There were exhibits of "pic-tures" (wall hangings) and "videos"(moving pictures on videotape), bothranging from fair to superior. Severalpieces required less than $15,000 inequipment, which is a modest invest-ment in this field. Encouragingly,much of the work came from schoolswith computer graphics courses.

In addition to the art exhibit, therewas a film and video show. About fourhours of computer graphics wereshown over two nights. The materialranged from pure art to pure entertain-ment. Demonstration reels includedcommercials, network logos, and pre-sentations. Not all of the notable ar-tistic films and videos were computer-generated; some were computer-en-hanced or hybrid (analog/digital)material.

"ACT III," six minutes of graphicssynchronized to Philip Glass music,was an impressive piece. "Oua Oua,"

made live by Ed Tannenbaum on hishomebrew Apple-based system, waspure fun. The piece that elicited thegreatest reaction from the crowd wasa short segment (about 45 secondslong) from The Works, billed as the"first all-computer-generated, full-length motion picture." This film wasstarted by the New York Institute ofTechnology's Computer GraphicsLaboratory about three years ago, butlack of computing power and moneyhave delayed its completion.

SIGGRAPH also sponsors one- andtwo-day courses on various topicswithin the field: computer-aideddesign (CAD), robotics, solids model-ing, animation, and so on. I attendedmost of the Introduction to Anima-tion course and was very impressed.I learned a lot about computer anima-tion and how much more there is tolearn.

More New Products

Because NCGA and SIGGRAPH are

Text box continued on page 380

378 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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vision

A frame from an animated film produced by the Nippon Animation Co., Tokyo, using the Antics software.

Text box continued from page 378:only a month apart, I thought SIG-GRAPH would offer little new to see.But that was not the case. Several com-panies decided to skip NCGA andshow off their new products only atSIGGRAPH. What follows is a shortreport on the newest and the best.

For the Apple II or IBM PersonalComputer user, there's a new series ofhigh-resolution color boards fromNumber Nine Computer Engineering(named after the Beatles' song"Revolution Number Nine"). Startingas low as $895, this expandable boardhas software from Visual Data Enter-prises that lets you "paint" and drawon the screen and save images on anApple disk. Based on the cursory lookI got at the system, I'd say NumberNine has a real winner. Most functions(zoom, pan, scroll, plane selection) areunder software control. The boardcomes standard with 16 colors, 512 by512 resolution, and RGB-TTL interface.It's definitely worth examining if youwant to do some home or businessgraphics.

There is a lot of room betweenNumber Nine and companies that

make equipment for the television net-works. Symtec Inc. announced thePGS Tfl system for the Apple II or IBMPC. Designed to produce graphics forlow- to medium-budget video projects,this box is good for postproductionwork. It can't compete with networkbroadcast graphics and isn't meant to.At $2000 (black and white) to $10,000(deluxe color), the PGS III is muchmore affordable than the equipmentthe networks use.

Plasma screens are here and theylook great if you want a big, bright,monochrome (one-color) display. Pho-tonics Technology showed its 42- by42-inch orange plasma display, whichis only Vi-inch thick. It's very easy tolook at in any light; because it'stransparent, you can put a drawingbehind it for tracing. Although too ex-pensive for the average user, expect tofind them commonly used for designconferences in five years. Consideringthat plasma units are very large(1-meter diagonal measure), they arethe most rugged thing available. Thearmy is using them for battlefieldsituation displays.

IBM also believes in plasma displays.

Big Blue exhibited a plasma display, ina terminal, that can show one to fourseparate tasks simultaneously. Theunit is a smaller version of the Photon-ics display. Only three things arewrong with it: it's $7000, usesEBCDIC, and has an Egyptian key-board. Well, hieroglyphic. The samepeople who brought you the mostpopular keyboard in America (theSelectric layout) now have one evenmore cryptic than the PC's. There's alittle picture of an open lock on theShift Lock key, and an arrow shapedlike a reversed L on the Return key.Pardon my density, but I didn't figureout that the little open lock meant"shift lock." English is more readablethan pictograms. Didn't pictograms goout with hieroglyphics?

Graphics Engines

You thought the 8087 was expensive:most graphics involve crunching awhole lot of floating-point (i.e., real)numbers. Most computers aren't verygood at this alone and need an add-on box or card to increase their speed.For instance, the chip that does this forthe IBM PC (and other 8086/88

380 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ooo

This title frame, from a sequence designed by Nippon Animation, illustrates the coloring and shading capabilities of the Antics package.

machines) is the Intel Corp. 8087, cur-rently about $100. Be happy that it'scheap. Real number crunching beginsat "only" $50,000 for minis. Of course,those units are incredibly fast; they arerequired for the sheer numbers ofcalculations that graphics require.

Cray Research was pushing theCray-1 and its bigger brothers asgraphics engines. Cray was the onlycompany that didn't bring its ownmachine; the Cray-1 is a little hard tocarry around. If the Mercedes is thesign that you've made it in Hollywood,the Cray (starting at $5 million) is thesign that you want to compute somepretty impressive graphics.

More proof that FORTRAN willnever die: the Antics animation soft-ware package is written in it. Thispackage has been developed by agroup in England called Grove Park

Studio Animations Ltd. Antics (notrelated to ANTIC, the graphics chip inAtaris) works with most hardware (soyou can upgrade your black boxes)and allows a great variety of creatureand object animation. The photosabove and at left are examples ofAntics graphics. We have seen onlythe beginning of the revolution; thereare concepts and wrinkles not eventhought of yet. And yet Grove Parkmust use a 25-year-old language forportability.

The Japanese embrace computergraphics with professional relish. Theywill be a force to reckon with. I expectthem to use computer graphics tochurn out more film animation. Cur-rently, just about all graphics equip-ment (except the TV tube) is Ameri-can-made, as is most innovation. Butthis is changing rapidly. The U.S. still

has a lead but isn't accelerating fastenough to stay ahead. I think com-puter graphics will become a rage inJapan like cartoon animation is now.One problem with covering theseshows is that there's too much to see.By Thursday, the day the exhibitsclosed, everyone was exhausted.Videos that had made people applaudor laugh on Monday were greetedwith silence on Thursday. Such showscause information overload. Even ifonly half the exhibitors have some-thing worth looking at, 10 minutes perbooth works out to about 14 hours oflooking at equipment. Then there's theart show, the film and video show,technical lectures, parties, and classes.Five full days is barely enough time tospend at SIG GRAPH if you're tryingto cover everything.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 381

THE VICTORY FACTOR. MICROCOMPUTERARCHITECTURE WITH NO END IN SIGHT

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Echonet

Part 2: The Compiler

How Echonet produces relocatable codefrom English-like programs

by C. Bradford Barber

Last month, I introduced Echonet with scenarios anda comparison to other programming systems. Thismonth I'll show how Echonet works by examples anda glossary. The first example presents the Echonet con-cept and the second example describes, in detail, theEchonet compiler.

In brief, programs in Echonet are entries and objectsstored in an Echonet dictionary. Entries consist of an en-try name, an entry definition, and the relocatable machinecode that causes a computer to perform the entry's task.Entries are defined by instructions that indicate other en-tries and objects. Objects contain data used by entries.

Echonet describes programs in terms of their design.While programmers using other languages go througha cycle of establishing requirements and specifications,designing, encoding, testing, and maintenance, anEchonet user repeats a shorter cycle of idea, design, andtest. The key is the Echonet dictionary, whose many en-tries offer a broad selection of preprogrammed functions.Each time a new program is designed, the Echonet dic-tionary is enhanced by that program for the next designcycle.

Programming Languages

Before studying Echonet, let's review how program-ming systems currently work. A programming systemprovides a programming language, an editor for writingprograms, and an interpreter or compiler. Interpreters(e.g., most BASICs) execute a program one instruction

Echonet is a trademark of Echo Systems Company.

at a time, while compilers (e.g., FORTRAN) translate aprogram into machine instructions.

A programming language—whether it is compiled orinterpreted—provides a fixed set of statements, opera-tions, and data types. A language's reference manualdescribes:

•statements that specify actions; for example, the BASICstatement PRINT X prints the value of X•operations that specify functions of one or more vari-ables; for example, X + Y computes the value of X plus Y• data types that describe variables; for example, an in-teger data type may be any whole number between-32768 and +32767

When you write a program, you write a sequence ofinstructions, comments, and declarations. The follow-ing BASIC program prints 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc., until youinterrupt it:

0010 REM PRINT NUMBERS0020 LET J = 00030 PRINT J0040 LET J = J + 10050 GO TO 30

Line 10 is a comment. The instruction at line 20 sets avariable, J, to zero. The instruction at line 30 prints thevalue of J. The instruction at line 40 increments J by add-ing 1 to the old value. The instruction at line 50 repeatsexecution starting at line 30.This program is short. Unfortunately, useful programs

384 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

are much longer. Programs of 300 instructions, 3000 in-structions, and even 10,000 instructions are common.

Invented Words, Mysterious Instructions

Programs are unusual documents. They're heavyreading in both senses of the word. They are hard to readbecause programs are not written in English, nor arethey really written in a programming language. Let's lookat the short BASIC program. Not counting line numbersand comments, it contains eight words and notationsprovided by BASIC: LET, =, PRINT, LET, =, +, GO, andTO. I invented the other seven words and numbers forthe program: }, 0, J, J, J, 1, and 30. This is not unusual—in a typical program, almost half of the words are in-vented for that program or for a collection of relatedprograms.

Besides invented words, programs contain mysteriousinstructions that the reader must decode. For example,line 40 of the BASIC program means "increment J" yetsays "LET J = J + 1."

If a program were written once and then forgotten, aninvented language wouldn't be a problem. Unfortunate-ly, most programs are modified many times during theiruseful lives. Once the program is finished, it is set aside.Soon it needs enhancement or correction. The programis modified, then set aside again until the next change.Each time, the program must be read. Each time, itsmysteries must be decoded and understood.

Echonet and Entries

With Echonet, you write programs as understandablephrases. Let's look at an example entry used in solvingthe Hanoi Tower Puzzle. Figure 1 diagrams the puzzle.The aim is to move a stack of rings from one tower toanother tower. You can move the topmost ring of a towerto any other tower, but you cannot place a larger ring

on top of a smaller ring. Listing 1 shows some of theentries used in solving the Hanoi Tower Puzzle. Eachentry has an entry name shown in bold type and an en-try definition written underneath. (In the followingdiscussion, I have italicized words that have specialmeaning; for a glossary of these terms, see page 394.)

The first entry in listing 1 moves the topmost ring ofany tower in figure 1 to any other tower. It is one stepin solving the Hanoi Tower Puzzle. It has an entry name(move TowerRing from HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB),an entry definition (the three lines following the entryname), and relocatable code (Echonet stores relocatablecode for executing the entry or compiling other entries).

The first entry definition in listing 1 is a sequence ofthree instructions with one instruction per line. Each in-struction in the sequence starts at the same column. Inthis way, the visual appearance of an entry correspondsto its internal structure.

Each instruction in an entry definition indicates anotherentry. The three instructions in the first entry definitionof listing 1 indicate the other three entries in listing 1.In turn, every instruction in these three entries indicatesother entries (not shown) in an Echonet dictionary.

In an Echonet dictionary, every entry has a unique en-try name. This makes all names unambiguous; given anentry name, both you and the computer can locate theentry.

Objects

In Echonet, words that start with a capital letter in-dicate objects. Table 1 lists the objects used in listing 1.Every object has an object name for indicating the object,data for describing the object, and data types for indicatingentries by instructions. Objects are used as arguments,parameters, and data types.

Data typing in Echonet is a way of using objects to

(la)

J+L

Figure 1: The Hanoi Tower Puzzle. Figure la shows the initial posi-tion, figure lb the first move. The object is to transfer all the disksto another tower without ever placing a larger disk on a smaller one.

Listing 1: Four entries used in solving the Hanoi Tower Puzzle. Thename of each entry appears in boldface type, while its definition ap-pears below.

move TowerRing from HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB

raise TowerRing above HanoiTowerA

move TowerRing above HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB

lower TowerRing onto HanoiTowerB

raise TowerRing above HanoiTower

for ScreenLine from TowerRing. .position to above. .HanoiTowererase TowerRing on HanoiTower at ScreenLinedraw TowerRing on HanoiTower at next Higher. .ScreenLine

move TowerRing above HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB

on line above. .HanoiTowerA, move TowerRing from HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB

lower TowerRing onto HanoiTower

for ScreenLine from above. .HanoiTower to onTopOf. .HanoiTowererase TowerRing on HanoiTower at next Higher. .ScreenLinedraw TowerRing on HanoiTower at ScreenLine

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

385

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Object Name

Data Type

Description

HanoiTower

HanoiTower

any tower in figure 1

HanoiTowerA

HanoiTower

any tower in figure 1

HanoiTowerB

HanoiTower

any tower in figure 1

Screen Line

Screen Line

any line of the screen

TowerRing

TowerRing

any ring on a HanoiTower

Table 1: The objects used in listing 1.

match instructions with entry names. Every object hasone or more data types, and every data type is an ob-ject. An instruction matches an entry name if (1) all namewords and notations in both instruction and entry namematch exactly, (2) arguments and parameters occur at thesame locations in both instruction and entry name, and(3) a data type of each argument is the same as a datatype of the corresponding parameter. For example, theinstruction "raise TowerRing above HanoiTowerA" in-dicates the entry raise TowerRing above HanoiTower,as does any instruction "raise XXXX above YYYY" wherea data type of XXXX is TowerRing and a data type ofYYYY is HanoiTower.

Operations

The third entry in listing 1 contains a . . (double dot),

a (triple underscore), and a comma. The double

dot makes the surrounding words ("above" and "Hanoi-TowerA") belong to an operation. The triple underscoremakes the second line a continuation of the first line.The comma matches a comma in the indicated entryname.

Operations in Echonet are like value-returning func-tion calls in a programming language. Just as with func-tion calls, the results of operations become argumentsto instructions. When Echonet looks up an instructionin an Echonet dictionary, it first replaces operations witha temporary object that is the operation's result.

In the third entry of listing 1, the operation "above.HanoiTowerA" is like a function call "getScreenLine-Above (HanoiTowerA)." It indicates the entry ScreenLine: = above. .HanoiTower, and it is replaced by a tem-porary object, TemporaryA, whose data type is made tobe ScreenLine. After replacing the operation, the entry'sinstruction would read "on line TemporaryA, moveTowerRing from HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB," whichindicates the entry on line ScreenLine, move TowerRingfrom HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB.

Indented Programs

The last feature of listing 1 is indentation that definesan indented program. For example, the entry raise Tower-Ring above HanoiTower indents two instructions belowthe first instruction. The first instruction is similar to aBASIC statement such as FOR I = 1 TO 4. It startsScreenLine at "TowerRing. .position" and repeats the in-dented program until ScreenLine is "above. .Hanoi-Tower." Each repetition erases a TowerRing at its current

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387

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position and redraws it one line higher. The first instruc-tion contains two operations that indicate entriesScreenLine : = TowerRing. .position and ScreenLine : =above. .HanoiTower.

Because the first parameter of each entry is Screen-Line, and the data type of an indented program is In-dentedProgram, the first instruction indicates the entryfor ScreenLine from ScreenLineA to ScreenLineBIndentedProgram.

Entries in Echonet are like words in

a dictionary. As with words, people

will use them many times.

As described below, an indented program is compiledinto relocatable code for an entry. A similar construct,not used in this example, is an embedded clause. Its mainpurpose is to embed conditional expressions intorelocatable code (e.g., "while A = B do . . ." containsA = B as an embedded clause).

A Review of Entries

The entries in listing 1 illustrate several properties ofEchonet:

•Echonet divides programs into components called en-tries and objects.

•Objects contain data. Object names start with a capitalletter (e.g., TowerRing).

• Every entry has a multiword name that describes theentry (e.g., move TowerRing from HanoiTowerA toHanoiTowerB).

•Entries are defined by instructions that indicate entriesand objects. Instructions may include operations or em-bedded clauses.

Entries in Echonet are like words in a dictionary. En-tries are durable. As with words, people will use themmany times. Instead of starting from scratch—inventingvariable names, procedure names, and program names—Echonet users build upon an Echonet dictionary of en-tries and objects written by many people. Instead of en-coding their programs in an invented language, Echonetusers write their programs in a language made fromentries.

Relocatable Code

Unlike words in a dictionary, Echonet entries containrelocatable code for execution by a computer. Echonetcompiles relocatable code for an entry by (1) dividing theentry definition into instructions, (2) locating entries andobjects indicated by the instructions, and (3) creating

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Listing 2: Entries for demonstrating the Echonet compiler. The in-structions in listing 2a clear and increment Count, while the instruc-tions in listing 2b repeat the code of-listing 2a.

(2a) (2b)

nonsense instruction forever nonsense

clear Countincrement Count

repeatnonsense instruction

Listing 3: Entries for demonstrating the Echonet compiler (listedalphabetically). The entries in listing 3a are indicated by instructionsin listing 2. The entries in listing 3b are indicated by instructionsin listing 3a. Entries in listing 3c are indicated by code instructionsin listings 3a, 3b, and 3c; entries not listed here are preceded by"append."

(3a)

clear Integer

Integer < - 0

increment Integer

Code_increment_16Bits of Count

repeat IndentedProgram

label Loop

do IndentedProgram

go to Loop

(3b)

do IndentedProgram

Code_do_program of IndentedProgram

go to Label

Code_go_to_label of Label

Integer < - Number

Code_set_16Bits of Integer to Number

label Label

Code_define_label of Label

(3c)

CodeValue instruction

execute during compile:append CodeValue to New relocatable code

CodeValue of Object

execute during compile:append CodeValue to New_relocatable_codeappend Object to New_relocatable_code

CodeValue of ObjectA to ObjectB

execute during compile:append CodeValue to New_relocatable_codeappend ObjectA to New_relocatable_codeappend ObjectB to New_relocatable_code

execute during compile: IndentedProgram

Code_compiler_executes instructiondo IndentedProgramCode_finish_executes instruction

new relocatable code from relocatable code stored witheach indicated entry.

When Echonet compiles relocatable code for the firstentry in listing 1, it concatenates relocatable code fromthree entries (raise TowerRing above HanoiTower, moveTowerRing above HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB, andlower TowerRing onto HanoiTower) and stores the newrelocatable code into a fourth entry (move TowerRingfrom HanoiTowerA to HanoiTowerB). The resultingrelocatable code can execute directly. It doesn't need anoperating system or an interpreter. It is like a programstored on a disk, but with two advantages: it can executeanywhere in computer memory, and other entries canuse it for compiling new relocatable code.

Compiling Relocatable Codefrom Relocatable Code

The following will describe how Echonet compilesrelocatable code. Listing 2 shows two entries: one callednonsense instruction, which clears and increments acount, the other called forever nonsense, which repeats"nonsense instruction" forever. Listings 3a, 3b, and 3c

Relocatable code for an entry is asequence of code instructions. The

sequence is compiled byconcatenating shorter sequences.

show entries indicated by these instructions. Table 2describes all objects used in the demonstration.

Relocatable code for an entry is a sequence of code in-structions. The sequence is compiled by concatenatingshorter sequences together. These shorter sequenceswere compiled by concatenating still shorter sequencestogether. The shortest sequence is a single code instruc-tion. If you look at the definition of an entry, the defini-tions of each instruction, and the definitions of the in-structions of the definitions of each instruction, you willin due course find code instructions. If you look at thecode for an entry, you will find relocatable code.

Note that the entries in listing 3c reference each other.Echonet can have circular references because the mean-ing of an entry is different from its definition. The formeris relocatable code while the latter is readable text. Thisdifference distinguishes Echonet from programming lan-guages such as FORTH and Smalltalk and from macro-processors used with assembly languages.

Compiling an Entry

Echonet compiles an entry by concatenating relocat-able code indicated by instructions. Let's see howEchonet compiles nonsense instruction (from listing 2).

Step 1: The compiler looks up the first instruction,

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 391

Object Name

Data Type

Description

Code_compiler_executes

CodeValue

start compiler execution

Code_define_label

CodeValue

define a label

Code_do_program

CodeValue

compile a program

Code_finish_execut.es

CodeValue

finish compiler execution

Code_go_to_label

CodeValue

branch to a label

Code_increment_16Bits

CodeValue

increment a 16-bit value

Code_set_16Bits

CodeValue

set a 16-bit value

CodeValue

CodeValue

a data type that represents a numeric value for select-ing a code instruction

Count

Integer

an integer counter

IndentedProgram

IndentedProgram

a data type that represents a sequence of indentedinstructions

Integer

Integer

a data type that represents a 16-bit value

Label

Label

a data type that represents a location's label

Loop

Label

a label for looping

New_relocatable_code

RelocatableCode

a buffer for building relocatable code

Number

Number

any numeric literal

Object

Object

a data type that represents any object in Echonet

ObjectA

Object

an Object

ObjectB

Object

an Object

Table 2: The objects used in listings 2 and 3.

"clear Count." This instruction indicates clear Integer(listing 3a) because Integer is the data type of Count.The compiler appends the relocatable code for clear In-teger to the new relocatable code. It replaces theparameter Integer with the argument Count. Theresulting code is:

new relocatable code

relocatable code for "Integer < - 0"

which after parameter replacement produces the samecode as:

new relocatable code

Code set 16Bits of Count to 0

Because Count is not a parameter of nonsense instruc-tion, the compiler allocates Count as the first temporaryvalue in nonsense instruction.

Step 2: The compiler looks up the entry for "incrementCount" and finds increment Integer (listing 3a). It ap-pends this entry's relocatable code to the new relocatablecode and replaces the parameter Integer with the argu-ment Count:

new relocatable code

Code set 16Bits of Count to 0

Code increment 16Bits of Count

Step 3: The compiler finishes the code and stores itwith nonsense instruction. The result is:

relocatable code for— nonsense instruction

Code set 16Bits of Count to 0

Code increment 16Bits of Count

The entry nonsense instruction is no different from otherentries; after an entry is compiled, it contains relocatablecode. This code can be executed or used for compilingan entry. You execute an entry by writing the entry'sname and pressing the function key labeled Do. If youtyped in the words "nonsense instruction" and pressedDo, Echonet would look up the entry named nonsenseinstruction, load the entry's relocatable code, and executethe loaded code.

Compiling an Entry with an Indented Program

In listing 2b, I used "nonsense instruction" for defin-ing forever nonsense. After compiling nonsense instruc-tion Echonet has relocatable code for compiling forevernonsense.

Step 1: The compiler looks up the instruction "repeat"followed by an indented program. Because the data typeof an indented program is IndentedProgram, "repeat"indicates the entry repeat IndentedProgram (listing 3a).Echonet had compiled this entry from three instructions:

relocatable code for—repeat IndentedProgram

relocatable code for "label Loop"relocatable code for "do IndentedProgram"relocatable code for "go to Loop"

which produced a sequence of code instructions:

elocatable code for—repeat IndentedProgram

Code define label of Loop

Code do program of IndentedProgram

Code go to label of Loop

Step 2: The compiler appends the first code instruc-tion of repeat IndentedProgram:

392 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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new relocatable code

Code define label of Loop

Step 3: The second code instruction of repeat Indent-edProgram is "Code do program of Indented-Program." This is a special code instruction that tells thecompiler to start appending relocatable code for the in-dented program.

Step 4: The indented program of forever nonsense(listing 2) consists of a single instruction, "nonsense in-struction." The compiler locates the relocatable code for"nonsense instruction" and appends it to the new re-locatable code:

new relocatable code

Code define label of Loop

Code set 16Bits of Count to 0

Code increment 16Bits of Count

Step 5: The compiler has finished the indented pro-gram of forever nonsense, so it returns to the relocatablecode for repeat IndentedProgram.

Step 6: The compiler appends the third code instruc-tion of repeat IndentedProgram:

new relocatable code

Code define label of Loop

Code_set_16Bits of Count to 0

Code increment 16Bits of Count

Code go to label of Loop

Step 7: The compiler is finished with the relocatablecode for repeat IndentedProgram. It returns to thedefinition of forever nonsense (listing 2). It doesn't findany more instructions in forever nonsense, so it storesthe new relocatable code. The result is:

relocatable code for—forever nonsense

Code define label of Loop

Code set 16Bits of Count to 0

Code increment 16Bits of Count

Code go to label of Loop

Now you can execute forever nonsense or use it in com-piling another entry. If you typed "forever nonsense"and pressed Do, Echonet would load the relocatable codestored with forever nonsense and start the computer ex-ecuting that code. On a Z80 microcomputer, Echonetwould load:

Glossary of Echonet Ter;

The following glossary defines the Echonet system Inmefiningthe important words used for describing Echonet. Becaus^Echonetis a new way of looking at programs and programming, it usesmany of these familiar words in new ways. All words wtfined bythe glossary are italicized at some point in the main.axt.

1

argument: the part of an instruction or operation thaMndicatesan object. An argument may be an object name, an opdmion, anindented program, an embedded clause, a string, or a ntfflber. Forexample, the operation "Count + 3" has two argumemk objectname Count and number 3. fB

code: data that defines a sequence of computer instmctions.For example, code 60 in a Z80 microprocessor increments theaccumulator. -|

code instruction: the smallest unit of code that Echonet canexecute or use in compiling an entry. A code instruction is iden-tified by a numeric value called a "code value." A code instructioncontains data that describes its arguments. Relocatable code is asequence of code instructions.

compile: to generate relocatable code from an entry definitionand an Echonet dictionary. Echonet compiles relocatable code fromrelocatable code stored with entries indicated by instructions andoperations.

data: a bit string stored in a computer or stored on computer-readable media. A bit string is a sequence of ones and zeros thatencodes a sequence of numeric values. Everything in Echonet isultimately represented as data stored in an Echonet dictionary.

data type: an object assigned to objects and operations that isused for indicating entries with instructions and operations. Forexample, the object TowerRing is a data type for the objectsTowerRingA and TowerRing. This allows the instruction "drawTowerRingA' to indicate the entry draw TowerRing. Usersassign data types to objects when they define an object.

Echonet dictionary: a dictionary of entries and objects accessedby unique entry names and unique object names. An Echonet dic-tionary stores entries and objects for a user and for groups of users.An Echonet dictionary may contain hundreds of thousands of en-tries and objects.

embedded clause: part of an instruction identified by anembedded-clause pattern. An embedded clause is an argumentwhose data type is the object EmbeddedClause. On compila-tion, an embedded clause is passed as text to the indicated relocat-able code.

embedded-clause pattern: a sequence of name words, nota-tions, and textual classes. For example, "while any-clause do" isan embedded-clause pattern.

entry: an entry name, an entry definition, and data. Many en-tries contain relocatable code for execution or for compiling otherentries. An Echonet dictionary stores entries.

entry definition: either text or a sequence of instructions. Anentry definition describes an entry. The Echonet compiler turnsan entry definition into relocatable code.

entry name: a sequence of name words, notations, and objectnames. Instructions and operations indicate entries by entry names.Object names in an entry name indicate parameters. Each entryname is unique within an Echonet dictionary.

394 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Loop:

;; repeat

Id hi, 0

;; nonsense instruction

inc hi

jp Loop

;hl = Count

The values of Count would be 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, etc.

Discussion

I named Echonet after the Echo 1 satellite, which, inI960, introduced me to information technology. At thattime, Echo 1 reflected messages from earth. Now,Echonet reflects and captures ideas for computerprograms.

Research on Echonet started when I first saw assembly-language listings produced by an optimizing ALGOLcompiler. Such listings, especially those for nonarith-metic programs, were verbose and convoluted. By study-ing these listings, I learned that high-level programminglanguages did not accurately specify computer actions.

Echonet resulted from my search for a programmingsystem that could symbolically represent any sequenceof computer actions. The first breakthrough was decidingto make entry names the grammar for instructions. Thesecond breakthrough was separating entry definitionsfrom relocatable code. This removed the need for built-

in instructions. The third breakthrough was using en-tries as" Echonet's user interface.

One of my guiding principles was to accept the fun-damental differences between people and computers.For example, computers can compute and store data farbetter than people can, while people recognizesimilarities and differences far better than computerscan..'The Echonet compiler connects the two by auto-matically translating from the personal world of sym-bolic entries and objects into the computer worid of dataand executable code.H

Brad Barber runs Echo Systems Company (FOB 5192, Westport, CT 06881),a one-person research firm. He recently joined ITT Programming as part ofa research group that works on coordination systems.

Acknowledgments

Careful reviews by Terry Baker, Charles Barber, Robin Barber, Earl Gilmore,Chris LeTocq, and Gregg Williams greatly enhanced this article. My thanksto them and to the editors of BYTE for their help and encouragement.

Echonet is a research project of Echo Systems Company. To receive thenext Eehonet Newsletter, please sent a stamped, self-addressed envelopeto Newsletter, Echo Systems Company, POB 5192, Westport, CT 06881.

indented program: an indented sequence of instructions beloivanother instruction. An indented program is an argument of thepreceding instruction. The object IndentedProgram is the datatype of an indented program.

indicate: to select an entry with an instruction or operation.Also, to select an object by matching text with an object name.An instruction or operation indicates an entry when it matchesan entry name. Before matching, Echonet replaces arguments andparameters with data types. If a match fails, Echonet trys otherdata types for the arguments.

instruction: one line of text. An instruction can indicate anentry. Many instructions indicate entries that have relocatable code.Instructions often contain arguments.

name word: a sequence of letters, digits, and underscores thatstarts with a lowercase letter. Name words occur in embedded-clause patterns, entry names, and operator patterns.

notation: printable characters other than letters and digits. Forexample, "$" and "= > " are notations.

number: a sequence of digits. A number has the data typeNumber. For example, the instruction "print 123" indicates theentry print Number.

object: an object name, data types, and data. The same objectcan act as parameter, argument, or data type, depending on itsuse. An Echonet dictionary stores objects.

object name: a sequence of letters, digits, and underscores thatstarts with a capital letter. An object name is unique within anEchonet dictionary. Instructions and entry names indicate objectsby object names.

operation: part of an instruction that matches an operator pat-

m

tern! Mtoperation is an argument to an instruction or operation.OperaWns indicate entries whose entry names start with aparameter followed by := . The data types of an operation are thedata types of the initial parameter. For example, the instruction"print mteger + 3" contains the operation "Integer +3." Thisoperation: indicates the entry IntegerResult : = Integer +Numb& which has an Integer data type. So, this instructionindicatMthe entry print Integer.

operator pattern: a sequence of name words, notations, andtextualwjksses. For example, "any-object-riame + any-object-name"is an omrntor pattern. Operator patterns show the operations inan insWBction.

par Aeter: an object indicated by an object name in an entryname, Wpr example, the entry print Integer has a parameter In-teger.'ijn: an entry definition, parameters become arguments toinstructions and operations.

relocatable code: a sequence of code instructions that Echonetcan execute anywhere in computer memory. Echonet usesrelocatable code to compile new relocatable code. Relocatable codemay contain several thousand code instructions.

string: text enclosed by quotes. A string has the data typeString. For example, the instructions print "this is a string" in-dicates the entry print String.

text: characters that can appear on a page or a screen. Text maybe 212 characters wide.

textual class: a pattern element that identifies an object name,a name word, a clause, end of line, or start of line; textual classesoccur in operator patterns and embedded-clause patterns.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 395

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Computer Crime: A Growing

Threat

The proliferation of home computers has eased illegal access tosmall-business computers and corporate mainframes

by Collen Gillard and Jim Smith

In this article, Collen Gillard and Jim Smith describe two facets of the computer crime problem. Gillard begins by introducingbackground information based on documented cases of computer crime. The names of individuals and companies have been changedto protect their privacy. Starting on page 412, Smith discusses the technical requirements of a security system designed to deterthe computer criminal.

Few businesses can operate todaywithout the help of a computer.Computer-stored data, once the prov-ince of wealthy corporations, is nowavailable to small-business owners aswell, thanks to the falling costs ofmicrocomputers and the develop-ment of easy-to-use applications soft-ware. Unfortunately, however, thissame machine that provides busi-nesses with a competitive edge alsoplaces them at the mercy of a newtype of lawbreaker—the computercriminal.

Consider this case from the files ofthe International Association of Com-puter Crime Investigators (IACCI),headquartered in Burlingame,California:

In San Jose, California, in 1982, asuccessful software company lost akey employee in a dispute over a payraise. The disgruntled ex-employeesoon began to market a similar soft-ware line. To develop a customerbase, he merely turned to his homecomputer, equipped with a modem,for easy access to his formeremployer's confidential files.

From the privacy of his home, hedialed the former employer's com-puter and, discovering that his filehad been deactivated, tried those ofcompany employees, guessing attheir passwords. After a few at-tempts, he penetrated the system andlocated proprietary product-develop-ment information as well as customer

lists. In minutes, his chief com-petitor's business secrets were flow-ing from the printer in his study.

The former employer's customerssoon revealed that he was approach-ing them with products similar tothose of his former employer, but atattractive discounts.

Knowing that their product dataand customer records were confiden-tial, the company's executives coulddraw only one conclusion—theircomputer system had been tapped.Fortunately, though, because a secretmonitoring device was in place, theintrusion was identified and, after adetailed investigation, the ex-employee was apprehended andprosecuted. However, during the in-vestigation, service for more than 50key customers was interrupted. Thiscase is unusual because it wasdetected and prosecuted. The vastmajority of intrusions go undetected,and an untold number of crimes aretherefore not prosecuted.

The Potential for Damage

Trade secrets and marketing dataare not the only types of materialthreatened by the access home com-puters and remote terminals provide.The government stores sensitive in-formation on its military installations,manpower, and defense plans incomputer systems. Are these top-secret files safe from unauthorizedaccess?

In the recent film, WarGames, ateenage computer whiz nearlylaunches World War III while playingwhat he believes to be a simulatedwar game with a remote computer.

Although parts of the plot may befarfetched, the film highlights somecurrent realities: namely, the easewith which dial-up access is gainedto an airline reservations system anda bank. Moreover, months before thefilm was released, a group of 12teenagers from Milwaukee managedto gain access to computers in thenuclear-weapons laboratory at LosAlamos, New Mexico. TheMilwaukee teenagers used pro-cedures for dial-up entry andpassword search not unlike thoseused by the high-school student inthe movie. In wry homage to themovie after its release, one of theMilwaukee students began to sign in-to the Los Alamos computer as"Joshua," the password that enabledthe computer whiz in the film to logonto the game-playing computer.

A disturbing aspect of the LosAlamos raid is a statement from oneof the youths whose knowledge ofthe machines consisted of a six-weekcomputer course. He described thebreak-in as "really easy to do. All youhave to find is someone with a com-puter and modem. And we all havecomputers and modems."

The youths, aged 15 to 21, hadlogged onto the Los Alamos system

398 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

through dialing into the Telenet net-work. Such a national network re-quires only a local telephone numberto get into the service and an accountnumber to use it.

As one youth summed up thesituation, the problem occurredbecause of the vulnerability of thecomputers. He admitted that "it gotout of hand," but added that, "it's notour fault, either. There's no securityin it ... It didn't take too much in-telligence to get into the things."

In this case, the violated systemscontained no classified material. Butwhat if the perpetrators had beenmore threatening and the computerfiles more sensitive?

The case of the Milwaukee youths,

who also admitted breaking intobusiness and corporate computers,proves that illegal forays into com-puter systems can be as simple as theacquisition of a telephone numberand a password code. Dial-up pene-tration of computer systems today isa serious threat to businesses largeand small. For large corporations andinstitutions like the U.S. government,such threats can have far-reachingconsequences.

In a similar case from a year ago,a student who was enrolled atCarnegie-Mellon University in Pitts-burgh demonstrated the vulnerabili-ty of the military's computer systemsfrom his dormitory room when hebroke into the U.S. Department of

Defense computer network. Fromthere, he moved onto an Air Forcecomputer system. When discoveredand questioned as to his intentions,he said he was gathering "missileplans" to publish in an undergroundnewsletter called TAP.

Geoffrey Goodfellow, a systemsanalyst with Stanford Research In-stitute (SRI) International in MenloPark, California, explains: "Oncesomeone accesses a national networklike the one used by the Departmentof Defense, that person has unlimitedaccess to any of the computer sys-tems belonging to the universities orcorporations hooked to the network.In this case, the student fromCarnegie-Mellon wandered in and

Photo 1: The Secure Access Unit works with a telephone and modem that provide direct-dial access to a computer. It calls back a remoteterminal to verify that the user is requesting access at an authorized location.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 399

out of systems all over the country,accessing directories, reading files-just, as the student put it, 'browsingaround for something interesting.' "The point? Casual intruders canhave two effects: while browsing,they can innocently destroy recordsand alter operating systems; and,when they do find interesting infor-mation, the temptation to steal it isstrong.

Fear of PublicityCripples Awareness

Although most authorities on com-puter security won't speculate onhow much computer criminals stealannually, all agree that the dollarfigure is far into the millions. CharlesWood of SRI points out, "We willnever know how many crimes go un-detected and how many unreported.Many firms don't want the publicity,nor do they want to encourage otherthieves. Banks, in particular, shunpublicity. There is nothing like thiskind of publicity to foster loss of con-fidence in your firm's ability to han-dle security."

Although solid data on losses re-sulting from computer crimes is notavailable, statistics from the F.B.I, arestill illuminating. They reveal that theaverage amount stolen in an armedrobbery is $3000; by embezzlers,$19,000; and by computer thieves, anastounding $100,000.

Doug DeVries, DP security mana-ger at Hewlett-Packard Co., warnsthat unless businesses act on theproblem, losses from computer crimecould increase in the future. Expertsrecommend computer security sys-tems to protect highly vulnerablesystems and curb computer crime.

The fast-moving field of computertechnology has surpassed computerlaw and its associated areas, par-ticularly criminal investigation. Ac-cording to Bruce Goldstein, com-puter criminologist and founder ofthe IACCI, "In all the world, approx-imately 200 police investigators havecompleted technical training in thisspecial type of criminality. Presentdatabases indicate a far-reachingproblem beyond the scope of thislimited number of individuals." In-

deed, as many computer security an-alysts admit, part of the problem liesjust in anticipating the locations of asystem's vulnerability.

At one time, corporate officialsthought that the highly technicalnature of computers ensured their se-curity. After observing how vulner-able those systems actually are, firmsare now forming "tiger teams" to findholes in their computer security sys-tems.

These teams are composed of com-puter experts in systems analysis,operating systems, applications pro-gramming, and physical security.They take a "no holds barred" ap-proach and attack the integrity andsecurity of an entire computer systemin order to find exposures and vul-nerabilities. Such teams are discover-ing that a multiplicity of solutions isnecessary to plug security holes.Technical products include encryp-tion devices, password and softwaresystems, and a call-back device suchas the Secure Access Unit (SAU) andits multiport cousin, the Secure Ac-cess Multiport (SAM) from a San

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Francisco company named LeeMAH.These devices restrict outside dial-ups to certain authorized locations.All function best when employedtogether to secure a system. No singlesolution can do the job.

A Different Kind of Culprit

In a sense, computer crimes do notdiffer significantly from more tradi-tional crimes. As SRI computer se-curity specialist Donn Parker and hisassociate Charles Wood explain, suchcrimes as fraud, theft, larceny, em-bezzlement, extortion, sabotage, es-

pionage, and violation of privacyhave the same results regardless ofthe means used. Yet computer crimeis different. "The occupations of theperpetrators, the timing of the acts,the geographic locations of the par-ties involved, and the environmentsin which these acts take place haveall changed," say Parker and Wood.Computer criminals, for example,are generally white-collar, well-educated professionals withoutpolice records. When caught, manyhave based effective defenses on theclaim that their ethical judgment was

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undermined by the impersonalnature of their act.

In his book, Crime by Computer,Donn Parker states that the mostcommon characteristic among com-puter criminals is that, as formerlyhonest people, they have difficultyaccepting their dishonesty. Hence,they work hard to rationalize theircrimes. For example, they claim theydon't steal from people, only fromcorporations; or, because they don'tlike their bosses, they say theyembezzle more for revenge than per-sonal gain and try to justify theirretaliation.

Computer embezzlers often preferto see themselves as borrowers—notthieves—who became criminals with-out intending to. They often haveproblems with alcoholism, drugs, orfinancial responsibilities, says Parker,adding that computer criminals aregenerally people who by nature seekeasy solutions to complex problems.

In August of 1977 the New Yorkertold the story of an accountant whoembezzled more than $200,000 a yearfrom the produce-packing companywhere he worked. "I had a verytough job at best, organizing the ac-counts of a company run by peopleI didn't like," he said.

When he didn't get the bonus he'dbeen expecting, he warned, "There'sone guy in this organization youshouldn't fool around with." He saidhis motive for embezzling wasrevenge.

A more recent case involved aformer Federal Reserve Bankemployee who illegally accessed thebank's database. The culprit was ableto dial up using the password of anexisting employee to obtain confiden-tial data on money supply and in-terest rates.

The Hacker

For many young computer en-thusiasts, though, breaking into acomputer system is just a game. Suchelectronic whiz-kids—'hackers" incomputer lingo—say they break in forthe challenge, or "because it's there."

Consider, for example, the case inwhich workers at the New JerseyBoard of Education turned on theirterminals one morning to find their

402 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 506 on inquiry card.

normally friendly machines withnew foulmouthed personas. In addi-tion, the board's files had beenwiped out. Security operators final-ly located the perpetrator—a 15-year-old.

Unauthorized computer users andtheir motives fall into three groups:employees (for embezzlement orvengeful destruction), hackers—high-school and college students (formalicious reasons or out of curiosi-ty), and computer users from outsidea company (committing grand theft).Alan Fielding meets what security ex-perts consider the profile of thecurious hacker turned by temptationto illegal profit.

When the law caught up withFielding, the 21-year-old computerwhiz had already illegally made amillion dollars from a telephonesupply company that he set up.

While studying engineering atU.C.L.A., Fielding developed intimateknowledge of telephone companytechnology. Referring to telephonecompany discards he had collectedsince youth, he developed a scheme

to obtain equipment from a Califor-nia telephone company and resell it.He had used one telephone com-pany's computerized ordering systemto build a lucrative illegal business.He ultimately was prosecuted andconvicted.

Fielding is an example of whatmany computer security experts fearmost: the high-school hacker whoturns to bigger things. MassachusettsInstitute of Technology programmerRichard Stallman defines a hacker as"someone who knows computers in-side and out, gets a nonprofessionalamount of fun out of them, and canappreciate the irony and beauty of aprogram."

As applied to students, this de-scription must also include an ele-ment of youthful and undisciplinedexuberance. As Wood puts it, "Kidsare often motivated by challenge orthe respect of their peers. It's like joy-riding in cars used to be. And, likejoyriding, it's mostly a malephenomenon. Our obvious concernis, what happens when these kidsgrow up and mischief turns to per-

sonal gain?"

SRI's Geoffrey Goodfellow brokeinto his first major computer networkat age 15. He calls himself a hacker—aterm, he notes, that once had lessderogatory connotations.

Although Goodfellow distinguish-es the malicious from the mischie-vous or harmless hacker from themore dangerous computer criminal,security officials take a dim view ofanyone who romps through companyfiles. Such innocent romps, they say,sometimes cause as much damage asintentional assaults.

The Basic Tools

Fielding is just one of many whohave discovered that the phone lines,a modem, and a home computer pro-vide a computer wizard with all theburglary tools necessary to dial upand break into a computer system.From there, the possibilities are asunlimited as your imagination andskill and the information a computersystem stores.

The basic tools for a computerbreak-in can be purchased at any

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October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 403

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computer store or by mail. The infor-mation required for breaking in canbe bought, sold, or traded on an easi-ly accessed dial-up computerizedbulletin board.

Computer security experts haveidentified both legitimate and"cracker" bulletin boards. The"cracker boards" are fed and mannedby "T.H.E.M.," as the group is calledin computer crime circles. T.H.E.M.is an acronym for Telecommunica-tions Hackers, Embezzlers, andManipulators. There are more than800 of these boards operating today

in the United States, according toIACCI founder Goldstein.

The computer criminal, then, hasall the needed tools: hardware to usein illegal access and, via the bulletinboards, access codes to computersacross the country.

The Legal Issues

Newspaper and magazine reportshave sensationalized crime com-mitted with computers. Many articlesclaim that the nature of the mediummakes detection of unauthorized useimpossible, or that even if such use

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is detected, it is impossible to provein court. These claims are the subjectof much debate.

Legislators and the courts are be-ginning to take computer crime veryseriously. Some states, particularlythose with industry bases in hightechnology, have passed some legis-lation helping to govern computercrime; indeed, bills have been pro-posed in the U.S. House of Represen-tatives that may bring clarity to amultitude of complex and inter-related questions. Sentences may oneday reflect the magnitude of theoffense.

Unfortunately, the legal processtakes time, whether at the state, local,or national level. And victims andpotential victims cannot wait forthose channels to yield solutions tocomputer-crime-related issues.

If the problem arises through tech-nical vulnerabilities, the obvioussolutions are to be found on a tech-nical level. Technical innovations noware available that can limit vulner-ability and make computer systemswith dial-up access much easier toprotect.

Limiting Computer Access

In the past, log-in passwords gavecomputer systems at least superficialprotection from outside dial-up in-truders. A "gray market" in thesepasswords, however, has weakenedthe protection those words once af-forded. Computer gray markets,DeVries explains, operate out ofunderground newspapers and elec-tronic bulletin boards, which adver-tise the availability of such items astelephone numbers, log-in or usernames, and passwords for companycomputers. Such information is avail-able in trade for similar means ofaccess.

DeVries points out that the largerthe computer system and the greaterthe amount of information it stores,the harder it is to supervise thoseusing it. A system's ports of access,he says, are the weak links in a sys-tem's security.

Today new products are emergingto address the growing concern overcomputer security. The LeeMAHSecure Access Unit (SAU), for exam-

406 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 142 on inquiry card.

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Circle 285 on inquiry card.

Protecting Information fromUnauthorized Access

A variety of security techniques haveemerged to combat the costly and destruc-tive types of computer crime described inthis article. The purpose of each of themis to limit access to such authorized usersas employees who are traveling or work-ing at home.

Communication with a computer froma remote terminal is usually carried out viaa direct-dial telephone network. Althoughmany online terminals are connected to thehost via dedicated or private-line telephonecircuits, an employee working away fromhis office normally accesses the companycomputer through the standard local andlong-distance telephone network. This ar-rangement permits the greatest flexibilityat the lowest cost.

pie, is a device designed to protectsingle-port systems; its recently in-troduced counterpart, the Secure Ac-cess Multiport (SAM), guards multi-port systems. These products andothers are designed to prevent un-authorized access to a system.

DeVries says that one advantage ofthe SAU is that it limits dial-up accessto previously selected dial-up sites.Like an answering service, it screenscallers before they reach the com-pany's computer modem and log on.(See the text box on this page fordetails.)

Callers use a push-button tele-phone to send the SAU a six-digitLocation-Identification Number(LIN). The device receives it, hangsup, and checks its memory for theauthorized six digits.

Like an automatic electronic watch-man, the SAU and the SAM answerall incoming calls to the system andprovide call-back access only to thosewho are at authorized locations.

Within a matter of seconds, thedevice answers the call and receivesthe six-digit LIN via a push-buttontelephone. At this point, the deviceemits an acknowledgment tone anddisconnects.

The device searches its call-backdirectory for a preprogrammed tele-phone number of the authorized

location. It then calls back. At theauthorized site, the user answers thecall, enters a one-digit connectioncode, and is connected to the system.If the incoming call came from anunauthorized site, the attempt tobreach the security is thwarted, and,in the case of the SAM, an audit traillogs the unsuccessful attempt. Addi-tionally, the audit trail monitors suc-cessful connections and reports onmodem and line operation.

Phone-line access to company sys-tems permits thefts of software, files,money, and materials from any dis-tance, DeVries notes. "The tremen-dous proliferation of personal com-puters, modems, and hacking skillmeans that there are statistically justthat many more people out therewith the capability of breaking intocompany systems," DeVries says. "To-day there are more and more peoplewho know how to program, how toget passwords, how files and direc-tories look, and who just might seesomething interesting on your sys-tem. With just passwords, someone

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Games can be written for any personalcomputer, in any language with thisbook. This book gives you all the toolsyou need for quick results. The authorprovides the basic game algorithmsand shows you how to convert themto run on your system. You can enjoydesigning and adding refinements.Available October, 1983, est. pages 250,includes 33 color photos and 175 draw-ings of actual games $16.00, paper-bound. Order #EY-00025-DP

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ORDERING INFORMATION

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408 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 153 on inquiry card.

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in Timbuktu would have everythinghe needed."

"Computers are dumb and acceptat face value any material put tothem," Goodfellow says. For thisreason, he is dissatisfied with thepassword system of protection. "It'stoo easily broken, or obtained, to pro-vide security to something as valu-able as a computer system," he ex-plains. "People often have ridiculous-ly obvious passwords, like their ini-tials [or] wife's, children's, or dog'snames. And if it isn't sufficientlymnemonic, they'll write it downsomewhere on their desk. Obvious-ly, for this last reason, it's impracticalto assign them."

And as sensational news storieshave shown, reliance upon pass-words to block outsiders is foolhardyand only a partial step toward reliablesecurity. A first step might be toremove one's computer's telephonenumber, thus limiting the computer'sexposure to the finite number of tele-phone numbers in its directory.

As Goodfellow says, "What's niceabout the SAU is that you know ex-actly who's getting in, and you canstop him at any time. You can stop ex-employees by removing their author-ization numbers from the SAUdirectory."

A View from a ComputerCriminologist

"In the 1980s," notes IACCI Ex-ecutive Director Goldstein, "almostall phases of our lives have been com-puterized—from offices to assemblylines to farms to homes, we are in-creasingly in contact with computerinformation networks.

"We have made ourselves evenmore vulnerable by allowing not onlyour internal losses to cripple us—wehave opened this door to the cor-porate vaults (our computer-storeddata) to a dial-up criminal who canrob us from the safety and comfortof his home computer. WarGames ofanother ilk is a reality."

Goldstein added that, "One recom-mendation that represents a realisticappraisal of the situation is to con-sider a viable telecommunicationsdevice to limit or control access to thecomputer."

410 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 254 on inquiry card.

What did one computersag to the other?

Nothing much,until ASCOM came along.

With ASCOM™, personal computercommunication has never been soeasy. That's why Big 8 accountingfirms and Fortune 500 companies useASCOM. ASCOM is an interactivemicrocomputer telecommunicationsprogram for timesharing and datatransfers. It is easy to use because itemploys menus, simple commandsand features on-line help facility.

A typical use of ASCOM is to ac-cess a data base to retrieve data forstorage and analysis on your micro-computer. It can also be used to trans-mit program files to another machinerunning ASCOM or MODEM 7.This can be done locally throughdirect connection,

or over the telephone with a modem.

ASCOM works on IBM PC,MS-DOS, CP/M-86, CP/M-80,and TURBODOScompatible micros.

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Easy Access: Curse Or Boon?

Easy access, while a blessing to thecomputer user away from the office,also makes the computer vulnerableto intruders. Through the samedirect-dial access port that allows acompany's outside personnel to ac-cess the computer, so can a computerhacker dial in and attempt to accessprivate and sensitive information. Toprevent the loss of important data,many companies avoid direct-dialtelephone access into their corporatecomputers. But for those companiesthat permit telephone access, severalhardware and software devices andsystems aid in preventing and detect-ing unauthorized usage.

Improving Security Tools

One of the simplest and oldestways to protect a direct-dial interfaceport is to use an unpublished tele-phone number. This technique usu-ally prevents unauthorized companypersonnel from dialing into the com-puter just to have fun. However, anunlisted telephone number is a poorsecurity solution. Keeping a numbersecret and changing it as neededpose difficult problems. But perhapsthe biggest drawback of usingunlisted numbers is the fact that aserious attempt to discover the direct-dial-access port of a computer re-quires no knowledge of the tele-phone number itself. A smart ter-minal or personal computer systemequipped with a simple control pro-gram and the appropriate modemand automatic dialer circuitry can beused to dial telephone numbers atrandom and identify those numbersthat answer with the conventionalmodem carrier tone. This renderseven an unlisted telephone numberuseless.

The most popular security ap-proach in use is the password sys-tem. This software technique requiresa user to enter a password to gain ac-cess to a computer's operatingsystem. The password, like anunlisted telephone number, is keptsecret and often reassignedperiodically to prevent unauthorizeduse. And, like the unlisted telephonenumber, the secret password is vul-nerable to random or systematic at-

412 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 363 on inquiry card.

NEW FOR APPLE II AND lie

1111 r\ - n' ■ -ii

MAKES BACKUP COPIES OF PROTECTED SOFTWAREQUICKLY, EASILY, WITH JUST A PUSH OF A BUTTON.

New software locking schemes have rendered even the latest generation ofcopy programs virtually unusable. Locksmith™, Nibbles Away™ and other"Nibble copiers" require complicated parameter settings, much patience andgreat effort to use. More often than not, the results are disappointing. WILD-CARD is different. Rather than copying disks track by track, WILDCARDignores the disk and any copy protection encrypted on it. Instead, WILDCARD

takes a snapshot of memory in your Apple® II.Now you can make back-up copiesof protected software withthe push of a button.

FEATURES

□ Hardware copying device...push button operation.

□ Copies 48K memory residentsoftware, most 64K software.

□ No programming experience orparameters necessary.

a Backs up DOS 3.2 and DOS 3.3disks.

□ Creates DOS 3.3 unprotectedand autobooting disks.

d WILDCARD lives in any slot.Undetectable by software.

□ Produces autobooting disk in2 minutes.

□ Copies are DOS 3.3 compatible.a Copies become accessible for

alterations.n Simple, easy-to-use softwareincluded.

WILDCARD Utility Disk 1 also in-cluded, featuring:o Automatic program compres-sion and BRUN file maker.

□ Multiple programs can beplaced on the same disk.

□ Recreates basic files to load andsave.

□ Files can be placed on a harddisk...and more.

Software is not copy protected.System requirements: Apple IIPlus with 64K and DOS 3.3 orApple lie. Franklin Ace alsosupported.

*Wildcard does not operate withCP/M" or other microprocessorbased software.

Circle 166 on inquiry card.

WILDCARD

$139.95

Order direct from East Side Soft-ware Co., 344 E. 63 St., Suite 14-A,New York City 10021, 212-355-2860.Please include $3.00 for shippingand handling. Orders outsidecontinental U.S. please add $10.00for shipping and handling. Mailand phone orders may be chargedto MasterCard and VISA.N.Y. State residents add sales tax.Dealer inquiries welcome.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: The WILDCARD is offeredfor the purpose of enabling you to make archivalcopies only. Under the Copyright Law you, as the

owner of a copy of a computer program, areentitled to make a new copy for archival pur-poses only and the WILDCARD will enable you

to do so. The WILDCARD is offered for no otherpurpose and you are not permitted to utilize itfor any other use, other than that specified.

Apple and the Apple logo are registeredtrademarks of Apple Computer, Inc.—CP/M—trademark of Digital Research, Inc. Locksmith—trademark of Omega Microwave, Inc. NibblesAway—trademark of Computer: applications.

tack using a personal computer. Adedicated hacker using an unrelent-ing trial-and-error technique canoften uncover a valid password andunlock a company's computer soft-ware system with little or no effort.In fact, the major problem with apassword approach is that usersoften assign very simple and easy-to-remember (and guess) passwordsthat often go unchanged for monthsand even years.

In fact, it is not uncommon for anemployee to leave a company andfind that the password he was as-signed is still completely valid longafter his departure.

Related to the password approachis a hardware solution known as thepass-through technique. With thismethod, after an incoming call isanswered, the calling party enters anidentification code, usually using theTouch-Tone telephone to enter thedata. A valid code causes the pass-through circuitry to establish a fullconnection between the caller andthe computer modem. A normal con-nection sequence then occurs. The

relative ease of determining a secretcode and gaining entry makes thissystem as susceptible to failure as thepassword approach is.

Although these three approachesare effective for individual situations,none provides solid protection for thedirect-dial computer-access port. Yetall are widely used. They should notbe totally scrapped, but instead usedto provide layers of security accord-ing to the requirements of the in-dividual installations. Unpublishedtelephone numbers and passwordsare valuable defenses even if addi-tional security equipment and soft-ware are in place.

An Emerging Technology

Several new techniques aimed atlimiting computer access are emerg-ing. Four are data encryption, voiceand fingerprint recognition, andretina scan. The first is not actuallyan access-control method but a mes-sage-coding technique. Voice andfingerprint recognition, on the otherhand, are normally used as a user-unique "password" to control com-

puter access.

The accepted method for data en-cryption is the National Bureau ofStandards' Data Encryption Standard(DES). This technique scrambles thetransmitted data by iterative multipli-cation with a randomly generated56-bit key. An additional 8 data bitsin the key are provided for paritychecking, thus making the DES key64 bits long. DES keys are themselveshighly secret and must be guarded ascarefully as passwords.

The major drawback to data en-cryption is the high cost to imple-ment even a simple system. An en-crypted communications channel re-quires DES circuitry at both ends ofa link. At the host computer, wherethe number of data-access ports islimited, the added cost of encryptionequipment is small compared to thecost of the entire system, and theDES equipment is easily justified.Because similar equipment must alsobe installed at each terminal used toaccess the host computer, the result-ing cost to modify these terminals fordata encryption can easily exceed the

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414 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 264 on inquiry card.

Circle 554 on inquiry card.

TDK Floppy Disks.Invaluable security for irreplaceable information.

&TD*

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re

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&TDK

•102*

Today, more and more companies are relying on convenient floppy disks to record,store and safeguard information. Irreplaceable information which is vital to their businessinterests. It is precisely the value placed on this information that makes the floppy disk aninvaluable tool for storage and security. And this is where TDK floppy disks become invalu-able to you. TDK floppy disks are guaranteed 100% error-free at the time of manufactureand certified for double-density encoding. Furthermore, each track of every TDK floppyi ii i ■■mi ii i i disk is tested to exceed industry standards... including

those of IBM, Shugart, ANSI, ECMA, ISO and JIS. Once youinsert a quality TDK floppy disk into your computer system,you're guaranteed highly reliable, ultra smooth perform-ance. This is due to TDK's proprietary disk-burnishing tech-nique that provides optimum head-to-disk contact.

TDK floppy disks are available in 5V4 and 8-inch sizes inthe most popular formats. Each disk comes in its own pro-tective Tyvek-type envelope. For a copy of our brochure,"Some Straight Talk About Floppy Disks," write to: TDK Elec-tronics Corp., Computer Products Marketing Dept., 12 HarborPark Drive, Port Washington, NY 11050, or call 516-625-0100.

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©1982 TDK Electronics CorpCircle 461 on inquiry card.

OTDK

The heart of your system.

BYTE October 1983

415

terminal's initial cost by a factor oftwo or more. Furthermore, manage-ment of a DES key can prove difficult;a terminal with DES key codes in-stalled is an easy target for anunauthorized user and thus provideslittle security. The implementation ofdata encryption often only shifts thedata-security problem from one ofcontrolling computer access to con-trolling terminal use.

Two other security techniques,voice and fingerprint recognition, arerelatively new, expensive, and un-proven, but they could prove usefulin the future. For use in monitoringdial-access connections, voice recog-nition is more attractive than finger-print verification because it does notrequire the use of additional hard-ware on remote terminal equipment.The purpose of both methods, how-ever, is the same: to identify the user.

Tracking Attempts to Breachthe System

To monitor the effectiveness of anyof these security methods, a com-puter system should also generate an

audit trail, a record of the transac-tions it makes. A typical recordwould describe the telephone line orlines involved in each connection, thetime and duration of each connec-tion, and the access codes used toestablish the connection. A log ofsuccessful and unsuccessful accessattempts should also be included.This record, coupled with the call ac-counting records generated by mostof the modern PABX and telephone-company switching systems, can beinvaluable in tracing computercriminal activity.

User vs. Location Authorization

The security approaches describedthus far are used to identify the useron a direct-dial access port into acomputer. A second, highly accuratetechnique identifies the user's loca-tion rather than the actual user or histerminal. Because most legitimateusers access a company computerfrom home or a company field office,location identification can be an im-portant way to spot an unauthorizeduser.

The Secure Access Unit (SAU) pro-vides the means to implement thistechnique. It verifies the location ofa direct-dial access request anddenies access if the call originates atan unauthorized location. This sim-ple, low-cost hardware solutionoperates outside of the host com-puter equipment and its dial-accessmodems. The latter feature is impor-tant because many computer securityproblems stem from the unauthorizedalteration of computer softwareor data by personnel who have accessto the machine through unprotectedonline terminals. Once system soft-ware has been altered, the securitycontrol on outside access may becompromised.

The SAU telephone-line interface ishoused in a package that's 8.5 by 11by 2V4 inches deep (see photo 1 andfigure 1). It is installed between thedirect-dial telephone network andthe modem on a computer-interfaceport; it can also be used on theremote-access port of any remotelycontrolled equipment and workswith any conventional modem or ac-

HP 9816Word Processor

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• Mail list and low cost options available

• Unprotected HP BASIC source codesupplied

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416 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 245 on inquiry card.

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ie communications features of the CLEO-3270 Softwarepackage allows your microprocessor to emulate a clusterof IBM terminal devices.

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Circle 15 on inquiry card.

Circle 428 on inquiry card.

cess controller that functions withvoice-band data communications.Typically installed on a wall in thetelephone-equipment closet next to acomputer room, the unit can alter-natively be rack mounted in the com-puter room.

The SAU contains the circuitryneeded to answer all incoming calls,accept a valid Location-IdentificationNumber (LIN), and return a call tothe appropriate location before a finalconnection is allowed. The return callprevents general unauthorized accessby positively establishing the locationof the calling party before allowingaccess to the computer. Note that theSAU identifies the proper location ofa remote user but not his identity(unless the LIN is known to only oneperson). In general, the SAU wouldbe used with several security mea-sures on a system. Passwords, soft-ware partitioning, and even data en-cryption could still be required to en-sure complete control.

The SAU comes with a directory ofreturn-call telephone numbers—amaster number and as many as 99authorized-location telephone num-bers. Each telephone number can beas many as 16 digits long. From themaster location, usually a securedtelephone, the 99 other numbers canbe added, deleted, or modified.

The newly introduced Secure Ac-cess Multiport (SAM) can support2304 users and interface as many as64 telephone lines with one con-troller. Audit-trail record keeping,remote-access control of directory in-formation, and unique line partition-ing and return call routing optionsare also available for the multiple-lineunit.

The SAU can be used to accesssmall single-line systems and theSAM can be used for larger systems.Usually the SAU operates with onetelephone line. Because it must con-trol access into the data modem ofthe computer's interface port, it canfunction with any standard modemat any data rate. After allowing a userto access a protected computer, theunit becomes transparent during theactual data connection. The micro-processor-controlled device includesextensive self-test and maintenance

ANOTHER TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCE FROM SHARP.

SHARP HAS DEVELOPED THECOMPUTER SYSTEM THAT LETSYOU DEVELOP THE CHIPS.

Are you a custom program developer looking for acost-effective way to put your programs in module form?

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If so, Sharp has the simplest and most directdevelopment system available.

Introducing, the Sharp PC-1500A Computer, theCE-165 Writer and the CE-160 Memory Module.

The PC-1500A is an 8K portable computer pro-grammable in BASIC, making it the ideal computer totake your completed programs into the field. It alsoserves as the input for the chip development process.

When used with the CE-165 Writer, thePC-1500A gives you the ability to write and verifyyour own programs into 16 8K-byte memorymodules all at the same time and all in anincredibly fast 8 seconds! It also erases 16chips in only 10 seconds!

With this kind of simplicity andspeed, you can control your owndelivery schedule, inventoryand distribution.

And finally there's the small matter of the chip.It's another big plus for our system. The Sharp CE-160Memory Modules are made with CMOS technologyand lithium batteries that assure years of retention.They're even made with a security circuit that guardsagainst "L-LIST" commands.

All in all, the remarkable system gives you theability to develop your own chips while retaining con-trol and confidentiality over your own programming.

To find out more or to learn how this systemcan be customized to meet your needs, call Sharp at(800) 526-0264 or (201) 265-5600. Ask forSystems Division, Vertical Marketing Group.

Sharp Electronics Corp., 10 Sharp Plaza, Faramus NJ 07652Circle 362 on inquiry card.

FROM SHARP MEVDSCOME SHARP PRODUCTS

BYTE October 1983

419

tip<D-

I

PROTECTIVEGROUND

O-!

RING<3

1

MODEM TIP <3"

LOOPMONITOR

RIN6DETECT

Kl

MODEM RING<3-

RINGGENERATOR

Kl

LOOPLOAD

RELAYDRIVER

LINEINTERFACE

AC

POWER

RECTIFIED

VOLTAGE

REGULATOR

-Ovi

-O GROUND-O V2

TONERECEIVER

TONEGENERATOR

CONTROL INTERFACE

OPTIONAL

MODEM

CONNECTOR

MODEMINTERFACE

256 X4

DIRECTORY

PROM

I

6503MICROPROCESSOR

INTERRUPT

LED

DRIVER

ACTIVITY

INDICATOR

LAMP

Figure 1: A block diagram of the Secure Access Unit's circuitry.

2K X 8

CONTROL

PROM

IK X 8STATICRAM

2KX8DIRECTORYEEPROM(OPTIONAL)

RESET AND

TIMER

CIRCUITS

capabilities, fail-safe control ofmalfunctions, and remote testingfeatures.

Figure 1 is a block diagram of theSAU's circuitry. The device normallyderives power from a wall-plug low-voltage transformer. The circuit boardis enclosed in a metal housing witha hinged-cover door that can beequipped with a locking latch.

The SAU interfaces the telephoneline through the 'TIP' and "RING"terminals. Detection of the ringcurrent is accomplished with theblock marked Ring Detect, an opto-isolator coupler detection circuit thatprovides high isolation between thetelephone line and the SAU's controlcircuits. The 6503-based main con-troller analyzes the ring signal infor-mation and answers the incomingcall by operating relay K2. Next, a DCloop load circuit block and an AC lineinterface block are connected to theTIP and RING terminals. The SAU isthen prepared to receive the LIN asa tone code from the calling party.

After the SAU receives the LIN, asequence of six digits, it checks thecode against a table of telephone

numbers stored in its directory. If amatch is found, it uses the tonegenerator to send the user anacknowledgment tone and thenmonitors the DC loop conditions forthe proper network disconnect signalto ensure that the user has properlyhung up the telephone handset. Ifthis network signal does not occur atthe appropriate time, the SAU beginsa forced disconnect procedure.

The SAU also terminates incomingtelephone calls that do not result ina valid LIN code within a preset timeperiod. This function prevents acaller from hanging on the line to tieup the device and the computer portit protects.

As depicted in the operational flow-chart in figure 2, the SAU continuesits security function by returning toan off-hook state and dialing the tele-phone number that corresponds tothe valid LIN it received. After theuser answers this return call andenters a one- or two-digit connectioncode, the SAU activates its associatedmodem and relay Kl to connect theuser through to the host computer'smodem. The SAU monitors the con-

nection first through the normal line-interface circuit block to ensure aproper modem handshake sequencehas occurred and then through thehigh-impedance loop-monitor circuitblock to detect the completion of thecall. When this call is complete, theSAU returns to its idle state, ready toreceive the next call.

The SAU can interface the hostcomputer modem in one of twoways. Because normal direct-dial in-terface ports are arranged with auto-matic answer modems, the SAU'sprimary interface arrangement isthrough the ring-generator circuitblock; the unit is wired to the modemthrough the two terminals markedMODEM TIP and MODEM RING.When the SAU is ready to activate themodem, it synthesizes a high-voltage20-Hz ring signal that it transmits tothe idle modem. The modem, inter-preting this signal as an incomingcall, connects to the MODEM TIPand MODEM RING lines to answerthe call. The SAU then operates theKl relay and connects the modem tothe normal TIP and RING telephonelines.

420 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Circle 469 on inquiry card.

POWER-UPSTATE ANDSELF-TEST

CONTINUE

ON-HOOKIDLE STATE

TIMEOUT

23 SECONDSWITH NOINPUT DIGIT

FIRST VALID RING SIGNALFAILED SELF-TEST

FUNCTIONALSELF-TESTSTATE

SECOND VALIDRING SIGNAL

ANSWER STATE.USER ENTERSLIN

FALSE LIN

23 SECOND TIMEOUTOR DETECTION OF AFORWARD DISCONNECT

ANSWER

ABORT

STATE

VALID LIN

SAU SENDS

ACKNOWLEDGE

TONE

USER DISCONNECTIONDETECTED

SAU GOESON-HOOK

TIMEOUT

SAU RETURNSTO OFF-HOOKSTATE

DIAL TONEDETECTED

SAU DIALS

TELEPHONE

NUMBER

MODIFYDISCONNECTABORT TIMEOUT

DIGITS 1-9

CONTINUE

CONTINUE

CONNECT STATE.USER ENTERSCONNECT CODE

DIGIT 0

MODEM

ANSWER-MODECONNECTIONSTATE

MODEMDISCONNECT

ABORT

DISCONNECT

TIMEOUT

DIGIT*

MODEM

ORIGINATE-MODECONNECTIONSTATE

MODEMDISCONNECT

ABORT

DISCONNECT

TIMEOUT

60 SECONDS WITH NO INPUT DIGIT

REMOTETEST STATE

TIMEOUT OR DISCONNECT

Figure 2: This flowchart describes the Secure Access Unit's (SAU) operation. Note that ifthe unit receives an invalid (false) Location-Identification Number (LIN), it aborts the at-tempt to access the host computer and returns to the idle state.

An auxiliary connector (marked infigure 1 as the optional modem con-nector) and the modem-interface cir-cuit block provide additional controlleads and functions to activate anoriginate-mode modem. In this inter-facing scheme, the SAU connects theMODEM TIP and MODEM RINGlines to the telephone lines while itoperates a control lead to themodem. The modem is forced intothe connection state—originatemode—and listens for the normalanswer-tone carrier signal from theuser's modem. After the connectionis established, the SAU resumes itsline-monitoring functions.

Several control and dialing features

are provided in the SAU's software.For installations with full automaticmodem equipment at both ends ofthe connection, the SAU can functionwithout the need for a connectioncode from the user after the return-call operation is complete. Also, thedevice can be requested to dial outone of ten 16-digit prefix numbersbefore dialing a regular number fromits return-call directory. This systemhas two advantages: it allows tele-phone numbers as long as 30 digitsto be dialed, and the prefix numbersneed only be entered into the direc-tory once.

The SAU performs several self-testsbefore it answers an incoming call.

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On-line HELP, file searching, userdefined prompt, and multiple commandsper line.

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Technical

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October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 423

These include functional verificationof the tone generator and receiver,tests of the telephone line loopvoltage and impedance, tests of theconnection veracity between SAUand the modem, and verification thatthe proper connection arrangementexists between the SAU and the tele-phone line. Should a test fail, the unitdoes not answer calls, thus guaran-teeing that no malfunctions occurduring the critical return-calloperation.

In addition to performing self-tests,the SAU can be placed in a remote-test operating mode. Remote testingallows a reading of the directory serialnumber (not its contents), measure-ment of tone levels and frequenciesfrom the tone generator, correctoperation of the tone receiver, andverification of the connection wiringto the companion modem. As are allthe SAU's operations, the remote-teststate is protected by the return-call se-quence to prevent unauthorizedremote-controlled tampering of theunit.

The SAU/SAM return-call securitytechnique, like almost any computer-security method, increases the timeneeded for access-port connection. Ina normal automatic-answer direct-dial modem setup, it adds approx-imately 15 to 45 seconds to the timerequired to establish a data connec-tion—the time it takes the user to dialthe LIN and that required for thereturn-call operation. Once a dataconnection is established, the unitdoes not delay the actual data trans-mission.

Password and voice- and finger-print-recognition security schemestake less overall time than the unit;the data-encryption approach prob-ably increases the call duration,though, because it reduces datathroughput. Time added to make aconnection can be an annoyance, butit's a minor inconvenience comparedto those resulting from unauthorizedentry into a corporate computer'sdata banks.

Similar to the SAU technique is themanual call-screening process in

which an operator (instead of theSAU) verifies each incoming call byreturning a call to a prearrangedtelephone number. Unless the callingparty has wiretapped the telephoneline or broken into the location of theauthorized telephone number andguessed the correct LIN, this return-call operation is very effective atestablishing a legitimate connection.Such techniques as encryption, pass-words, or pass-through connectionscannot provide a similar level ofsecurity at a comparable cost.

Remember, however, that theSAU/SAM does not provide the totalsolution for every situation. Layers ofsecurity control are crucial andshould be carefully considered beforea total direct-dial-access securitypackage is chosen.■

Collen Gillard holds a master's degree in com-munications from Stanford University and writesfrequently on computer-related subjects. Jim Smithis a partner in Omnicom Engineering, a design firmthat developed the LeeMAH Security Accessproducts.

IP*

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P.O. Box 8000, Westboro, Mass. 01581CALL TOLL FREE: 1-800-343-0874

Mass customers call (617) 366-0500

424 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 34 on inquiry card.

Circle 14 on inquiry card.

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426 BYTE October 1983

Apple users.

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BYTE October 1983 427

Software Review

More Unix-Style Software Tools

for CP/M

The CP/M Microtools include the most popular utilities available

for the Unix operating system

by Christopher O. Kern

Microtools, a package of Unix-style utilities for the dard console command processor (CCP) of CP/M andCP/M environment, testifies to the popularity of the Unix creates a Unix-like framework within which the Micro-operating system and its utilities. The 26 programs in tools programs run. Both Microtools and Microshell arethis package can be used with regular CP/M or with distributed by the same company hence it's not surpris-CP/M enhanced by Microshell, a command interpreter ing that they work together.

similar to the Unix Shell. Microshell replaces the stan- The Microtools package is similar, in many respects,

to another set of Unix-style software tools, called Unica,which I reviewed in a previous issue (see "Microshelland Unica: Unix-Style Enhancements for CP/M,"December 1982 BYTE, page 206). There is some overlapbetween Microtools and Unica. For example, both prod-ucts include pattern-matching programs modeled afterthe Unix grep family of utilities and both offer file-comparison programs based on the diff utility that isavailable on Unix systems (see listing 1).

The two products are guided by the same philosophyof small, general-purpose programs, as well. Both, forinstance, provide a consistent command syntax. Optionsand parameters for the programs are specified in asimilar manner for all the programs in each package.The programs in each package are also designed towork together. Using temporary files, they can be com-bined in "pipelines" that read the output of one programinto the input of the next program, as shown in listing2c. Both packages feed the output from one program toa temporary file, from which the next program reads itsinput. That means that the time required to execute apipeline is equal to at least the sum of the times requiredto run the programs individually. Unica is also capableof these composite functions.

Under Unix, which is a multiuser, multitasking oper-ating system, the programs in a pipeline execute simul-taneously. The system provides coordination and trans-fers data between them.

There are some important differences between Micro-tools and Unica, however. The Microtools programs areall designed to be compatible with the Microshell com-

At a Glance

Name

Microtools

Type

Unix-style utilities for CP/M

Author

Donald GraftMicrotool SoftwarePOB 12Naperville. IL 60566

Distributor

New Generation Systems Inc.2153 Golf Course Dr.Reston, VA 22091(703) 476-9143

Price

S150

Format

Various CP/M floppy-disk formats

Computer

8080/8085/Z80-based computers with the CP/M-80 operatingsystem

Documentation

73-page users manual

Audience

Business users and hobbyists who want the utilities available onUnix

428 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 1: A comparison of the Microtools and Unica utility programs made by using the col program.

FUNCTION

Concatenate files

List words in file

Compare text files

Search for regular expression in file

Create file link

Create pipeline without Microshell

Concatenate files horizontally

Sort lines in memory

Save temporary file from pipeline

Find unique lines in file

Count words, lines, characters

Print files in columns

Print lines common to two files

Encrypt file

Cut columns from file

Remove editor commands

Echo arguments

Search for string in file

Get drive, user for Microshell

Merge sorted files

Get item from list for Microshell

Print files in pages

Print records on separate lines

Delay processing

Split file into pieces

Find strings in binary file

Compare binary files

Copy file(s )

Create disk allocation map

Compute file CRC

List contents of directory

Change name of file

Set (change ) file attributes

Find spelling errors

Transliterate characters in file

Look up words in dictionary

MICROTOOLS

cat.com

deform.com (option)

diff.com

grep.com

In.com

p. com

paste.com

sort.com

tee.com

uniq.com

wc.com

col.comcom.comcrypt.comcut.comdeform.comecho.comfind.comget.commerge.comnext.compr.comrec.comsleep.comspl.comstr.com

n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

UNICA

cat.com

wx.com

sc.com

sr.com

In.com

(not necessary)

he.com

srt.com

tee.com

srt.com (option )

wc.com

n/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a

be.comcp.comdm.comfid.comIs.commv.coms fa.comsp.comtr.comwl.com

mand interpreter. The Unica programs, on the otherhand, are designed to stand alone, although I have usedmost of them under Microshell with no serious ill ef-fects. The Microtools programs were written in C (alas,no source code is included). The Unica utilities, by con-trast, were written in a structured Z80 assembly lan-guage. As a result, the Microtools programs tend to besomewhat larger and slower than their Unica counter-parts.

Microcomputer Software Tools

The Microtools packages are distributed by New Gen-eration Systems of Reston, Virginia, the manufacturerof Microshell, and their compatibility with Microshellis one of the main features of the programs. As youmight suspect, the company recommends Microshell foruse with Microtools.

The Microtools programs, however, can also work withthe normal CP/M command interpreter. They containcode to perform input and output redirection and aspecial, separate utility simulates pipelines. It works bycreating a file for submit.com, the batch-processing pro-gram supplied with CP/M.

Nevertheless, pipelines are much simpler and cleanerunder Microshell. And Microshell provides many otherfeatures that these programs can use. The most impor-tant is the ability to create "shell files," also known asshell procedures. As the name implies, these files areexecutable procedures. Their components are whole pro-grams rather than the statements of a programming lan-guage.

Two Microtools programs, get.com and next.com, are de-signed especially for Microshell. They manipulate valuesin memory that can be used within shell files to passparameters to programs or to alter program flow.

For example, next.com and another Microtools program,find.com, can be used to create a shell file for erasing somemembers of a group of related files. This shell file is in-voked by typing

eraq < ambiguous filename >

after which you're prompted for the files you want toerase.

The source code—a normal text file—is shown in listing3. The first line uses the -w option of the find program

October 19B3 © BYTE Publications Inc. 429

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Listing 2: Using shell files and pipelines. A sample telephone listing (a) is encrypted by the Microtools crypt program using the password"justice" (b). Getphone.sub, a simple Microshell shell file containing a pipeline, is shown in (c). It reads the encrypted file, phones.cpt, usingthe d(ecrypt) option of the crypt program with the second argument of the command line (the password). The output of the crypt programis then "piped" (using the \ symbol) to the grep pattern-matching utility. An invocation of getphone.sub under Microshell is shown in (d).The tilde (~) character indicates that the name Johnson begins with an uppercase "J." (The Microshell prompt is "A0> ".)

(2a)

Blair, John

789-1796

Chase, Samuel

796-1811

Cushing, William

789-1810

Iredell, James

790-1799

Johnson, Thomas

791-1794

Johnson, William

804-1834

Livingston, Brockholst

806-1823

Moore, Alfred

799-1804

Paterson, William

793-1806

Todd, Thomas

807-1826

Washington, Bushrod

798-1829

Wilson, James

789-1798

(2b)

X2*8;T0#XT' )4E<FFGK e-,8)WU8I[]LZ BJA7BS\_

Z+0/@HGfY7Sfil"iDUYSQWWv

k:'%->Nqk/EXZx ?@>EYbjd_.7@KA?dbF]jbUn%

OWIDO_qod((8MLQi\:ViloalKPWVTZ\g q4;-9<X\]Vsn:zztvr '>B f]jk ))$

elAG@aT|Q[ jC\?QTNLRQ_ W. ;+?JVX | j@Yfwtz JV* ]gh_l

"<71XSlU_cpb HCP8CQUi!%62-RNaVTywI #r{ "dleYdu )w(2C0Quc,Jvhy

<DOSZfbx

(2c)

%break off : ignore attempts to interrupt commandcrypt -dp 32 phones.cpt | grep SIibreak on

(2d)

A0> getphone "Johnson justiceJohnson, Thomas 791-1794Johnson, William 804-1834

A0>

to list all files matching the ambiguous file reference. Findlists one filename on each line. The list is placed in thetemporary file eraq.tmp using Microshell's outputredirection.

Next.com fetches the name of each program from thelist in sequence, erases it from the temporary file, andplaces it where the Microshell command interpreter canfind it. The shell file then prints each filename, askingwhether the file should be erased. Depending on theanswer, the shell file either erases the file or loops im-mediately to the next filename. The percent (%) characterintroduces intrinsic Microshell commands; %print<string> outputs a string to the console terminal. Theresult is a new CP/M utility "program." It works moreslowly than a compiled program, but it took only a fewminutes to create and debug.

The Microtools programs can also be used in-dependently. For example, I used the program col.com tocreate the columns in listing 1. Listing 4 shows part ofthe source file that was fed to col to produce it.

The fact that the programs can work together smoothlyis also very important. It makes it possible to create newprocedures by constructing shell files. For example, usingMicroshell and the Microtools utilities, it would be rela-tively easy to construct a menu-driven software shell,or "front-end", for CP/M.

This front-end processor displays the commands thatare available and prompts you in your choice.

Or a simple spelling aid could be created from theMicrotools deform.com, sort.com, and uniq.com. Deform (withthe -w or word-list option) would break a text file intoindividual words, one per line. The output of deform

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 431

Listing 3: Eraq.sub—a Microshell shell file to erase multiple files,with a query before each erasure. The shell file (a) uses two Microtoolsprograms, find.com and next.com. The syntax is eraq <ambiguousfilename >. An invocation of eraq.sub under Microshell is shown in(b).

(3a)

Listing 4: The source file for listing 1. The file was fed to theMicrotools program col.com to produce the multicolumn output. Onlythe first 39 lines of this file are printed.

FUNCTION

MICROTOOLS

UNICA

find -%loop

%fin

w SI >eraq.tmp

next eraq.tmp

%memstr %1

%if %1 = done then goto fin

%print -n "Erase "

%print -n %1

%print -n " (y/n)? "

%getchr %AS <5T

%print

%locase %AS

%if %A3 NE y then goto %loop

era SI

%print -n %1

%print " erased"

%goto loop

era eraq.tmp%exit

(3b)

AO> eraq byte*.txt

Erase BYTE882.TXT (y/n)? y

BYTE282.TXT erased

Erase BYTE1282.TXT (y/n)? y

BYTE1282.TXT erased

Erase BYTE18 3.TXT (y/n)? n

Erase BYTE283.TXT (y/n)? n

Erase BYTE883.TXT (y/n)? n

AO>

Concatenate files

cat.com

cat.com

List words in file

deform.com (option)

wx.com

Compare text files

diff.com

sccom

Search for regular expression in file

grep.com

sr.com

Create file link

In.com

In.com

Create pipeline without Microshell

p. com

(not necessary)

Concatenate files horizontally

paste.com

he.com

Sort lines in memory

sort.com

srt.com

Save temporary file from pipeline

tee.com

tee.com

Find unique lines in file

uniq.com

srt.com (option)

Count words, lines, characters

wc.com

wc.com

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BYTE October 1983 433

Unica: an Update

There has been one major change in the Unica utilities sinceBYTE last reported on them. The package now includes an out-standing implementation of the Unix utility grep, which standsfor "Globally look for Regular Expressions and Print."

Grep is a pattern-matching program. The pattern is a regularexpression, composed of normal characters and "metacharacters."The metacharacters generate ambiguously defined patterns thatgrep then searches for. For example, the command

grep BYTE . *page <filename>

will find all lines in a file that contain the word "BYTE" followedby the word "page" and then print them on the console.

An implementation of grep is included with the Microtoolspackage. It is roughly equivalent to a version of grep, originallydistributed by the DEC users' group, DECUS. I adapted it forCP/M and placed it in the public domain earlier this year. In fact,the public-domain program is a bit faster than the Microtools ver-sion. (The program is available for the taking from a number ofremote CP/M systems around the country.)

The Unica program sr.com is considerably more sophisticated.It accepts full regular expressions, including conditionals. For ex-ample, the command

sr unix:microtools:unica <filemme>

will print each line containing the words "Unix," "Microtools,"or "Unica." Each subexpression can contain metacharacters andbe of arbitrary complexity.

The astonishing thing about sr is that it is more than twice asfast as either the public-domain or Microtools programs, neitherof which permits conditional expressions. The key is a betteralgorithm—better, as it turns out, than the one used by the Unixutility that matches full regular expressions, egrep.

A character-transliteration program has also been added to theUnica package. This enables you to make certain substitutions intext files. For example, Unica's tr.com can be used to map all thecharacters in a file to either lowercase or uppercase.

A spelling program, which was almost unusable in the firstrelease of Unica, has been improved. A large dictionary is nowavailable. Unfortunately, the program still doesn't recognize manycommon variants of root words. And it is much slower than thecommercial spelling programs I have seen.

The developers of Unica have taken obvious care to make sureits documentation is properly updated to reflect the current ver-sions of the programs. I wish every software vendor were asconscientious.

would be passed to sort.com in a pipeline. Sort, in turn,would put the lines (words) in alphabetical order.Uniq.com, the last program in the pipeline, would filterout duplicate words. The result: a list of the individualwords in the text file, in alphabetical order. The list couldthen be scanned for any possible misspellings.

Unfortunately, sort.com uses a relatively slow "shellsort" algorithm. It took almost twice as long to sort afile of 1000 words as my homegrown in-memory sortingprogram, which was created with the same compiler thatwas used for the Microtools but which utilizes a "quick-sort" algorithm. The Unica sorting utility, which waswritten in a form of assembly language, was faster yet.

Used intelligently, the Microtools programs can be put

together to provide some of the facilities of a simple data-base management system. One of the examples in thewell-written manual shows how you can take a text filecontaining lines of the form—name:address:phone:nota-tion, then cut it up, reformat it, and use it to print mail-ing labels.

The manual is well organized and clear. But becausethe idea of connecting programs together is probably anew one for most CP/M users, more examples would beuseful. ■

Christopher O. Kern (201 I St., SW, Apartment 839, Washington, DC20024) is a journalist and computer hobbyist. He is a frequent contributorto BYTE.

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- 1 X 1024 X 1024 $995

FEATURES

Starting Prices

Software drivers, Hardware zoom, Programmable DisplayResolution. Windowing, Multi-Controller Capability,NEC UPD7220 Graphic Controller

ULTRA-RES Trademark CSD Inc.IBM-PC Trademark IBM

C.S.D. IncorporatedP.O. BOX 253 Sudbury, MA 01776(617) 443-2750

434 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 74 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

cheap

c h . e

Cherry Hill

1930 E. Marlton PikeCherry Hill, N.J. 08003

Fort Lee

Two Executive DriveFort Lee, N.J. 07024

Pasadena

1370 E. Walnut St.Pasadena, CA 91106(213) 304-9166

Nashua

3H Taggart Dr. (off Daniel Webster Hwy.)Nashua, New Hampshire 03060

Huntington Beach

16168 Beach Blvd.

Suite 151-S

Huntington Beach, CA 92647

(714) 841-5555

OPENING SOON: Chicago, IL

Pittsburgh, PADetroit, MlCleveland, OHCincinnati, OHMaryland areaDenver, COKansas City, MOSt. Louis, MODallas, TXHouston, TX

dBASE II $398

The most widely sold dmbs for micm, dBASE11 defines tHe state of the THE DATABASE ACCELERATOR: Automatically creates menus and "in-art. An inexperienced user can create a dBASE file, begin data entry, and telligent" data entry screens which check input for correctness. Eliminates 80— .

printoutareportinminutesjtheexperiencedprogrammercancrealecom- 10qo/0 0f dBASE proqramminq time! SI 95

plex program systems using dBASE s unique programming language. r ° °

^TpSfaXK* ?'8SB™'S'8rt QUICKCODE: Fox & Geller's popular generator $185

dGRAPH: Allows you to see your dBASE file in graphic form—a real aid to j,mt% —

dBASEIf,Abstat,andFox&Cellerproductsinalmostall understanding 9 I Tf 3

CP/MBOand 8" cp/m 86 formats. A B STAT: Allowsyouto analyze your data using a wide variety of statistical tests.

Can be used with dBASE files or by itself. Also does bar graphs and plots ., y wJ V

LOTUS 1-2-3 $369

Integrating spreadsheet, graphics, and database capabilities,

lotus' 1-2-3" has become the number one selling package for (Available at your local Software to go)

the IBM PC and XT. 1-2-3™ is one of the most user-friendly pro-ducts on the market. Excellent manual, sophisticated tutorial,complete on-line help facilities.

EPIX&WORPIX

EDIX is a full-screen editor specifically designed to take advantage of

the advanced features of the IBM PC; WORDIX is the best text formatter EDIX alone Si 49

onthemarket. Together, they are an unbeatable combination, the finest X— m*\

word processor available on a micro—at an unbeatable pricel WORDIX W I "§ jt

SMARTMODEM 300 $209

These Hayes Stack Modems link your computer's RS232 serial port direct- * ^iW mf VW ^r

^^£S±^^^3BSCtfS The!2°0Bis'he 120°baud m°demintheform°f°nadd-onb°ardf°rthe <>,Ao

higher speed, the Smartmodem 1200canrunat 1200 baud. IBM PC yTO»

Circle 527 on inquiry card. byte October 1983 435

SOF

IBM PC SOFTWABI

(PC/MS DOS)

Micro Pro

BusinessAmerican Training

MailmergeSpellstar

250250

165165

Information Unlimited Software

Sierra On Line

Crossfire

30

22

Wooll

Move It

150

99

International

LIST

SALE

Word/Mail. .

695

426

Easy Filer

4UU

279

Frogger

Strategic Simulations

Warp Factor

3540

2630

Power lor PC DOSAshtonTate

Financial Planner

75

700

56

489

Word/Spell

Word/Spell/Mail

Wordstar

695845

495

426558

327

Innovative Software

TIM III . .Link Systems

495

279

IBM PC HARDWARE

Friday

295

202

Microsoft '

Data Fax

299

224

Language

Hardware

Aspen Software

Multiplan'"

275

189

MDBS

Lifeboat

LIST

SALE

Corvus

Grammatik

75

56

Multitool Budget

109

Knowledge Man

500

327

Lattice C Compiler .

500

415

PC Interface, Cable.

Proofreader 32K .

50

38

Multitool Financial

69

Micro Pro

Microsoft ">

Man. . .

300

239

Proofreader 50K

50

38

Oasis

Intostar . ..

495

327

C Compiler'"

500

400

Hayes Microcomputer

Products

Proofreader 80K

50

38

Punctuation & Style

109

North American Business Systems

Mumath/Musimp" ..

300

225

Smartmodem 1200B

599

479

Best Products

The Word Plus

150

112

< <Answer>>

250

159

muLisp/MuStar"

250

188

Kraft

Personal Financial

PBL Corporation

Software Publishers

Ryan-McParland

Joystick

70

52

Pgm .

95

66

Personal Investor

145

98

PFS- File .

140

105

RM/Cobol

Microsoft 9

Comprehensive Software Suoonri

Peachlree

PFS: Report

125

94

Full Dev System

950

713

Mouse"

195

149

PC Tutor

80

60

SERIES 4 PAK

Supersofl

RM/Cobol Runtime

Programming International

Continental Software

(GL.AR.AP)

595

349

Personal Data Base

125

93

Only

250

188

PC-Hayes Cable

35

29

FCM (Firsl Class

Select Information Systems

Visicorp

LMilily/Comm/Grapllics

QCS

Mail)

125

79

Select Word

Visifile ...

300

219

Alpha Software

LIST

SALE

Big Blue . .Quadrum

595

449

Home Accountant

Processor

595

339

Home/Education/Games

Apple-IBM

Plus

150

99

Software Arts

Automated Simulations/

Connection..

195

135

256K QUADB0ARD

64K QuadnoardSymtec

Light PenTtS Pmducts

Joystick

Tandon

TM100-2 Drive

(514" DS)

595

435

Eagle Software Publishing

TKISolver

224

Epyx

LIST

SALE

Typefaces. .

125

87

395

289

Money Pack Vol. 1

Sorclm

Curse of Ra

20

15

Byrom Software

&2

400

299

Supercalc

195

129

Temple of Apshai

40

30

BSTAM

200

149

150

126

Emerging Technology

Supercalc 2

295

185

Upper Reaches

BSTMS . .

200

149

Edix

195

149

Vlsicorp

of Apshai . .

20

15

Central Point

65

49

Wordix

195

149

Visicalc

250

169

Avalon Hill

Copy II PC

40

35

Edix + Wordix

390

279

Visispell

225

183

Computer

Hayes

Edix/Wordix/Spellix

325

Visiword

375

298

Stocks S Bonds

25

19

Smartcom 2

119

90

650

249

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer

250

185

DatabaseAlpha Software

LIST

SALE

Midway CampaignBible Research

21

16

Hercules

Graphics Card

499

399

PC SOFTWARE -

CP/M-86

information Unlimited Software

Mail List

95

67

THE WORD

Innovative Software

Easy Planner

250

188

Applied Software Technology

Processor..

146

Fast Graphs

295

159

Ashton-Tale

LIST

SALE

Easy Speller 2

225

135

Versaform

389

259

Blue Chip

Insotl

dBASE II

700

398

Easy Writer II

350

229

Ashton-Tale

Millionaire

100

75

Data Design

225

169

Fox & Geller

Lexisofl

dBASE II....

700

398

Broderbund Software

ISM

Quickcode

295

195

Spellbinder

495

259

dBASE II w/user's

Apple Panic

30

22

Graphmagic

90

65

dGRAPH

295

195

Lifelree

guide

729

419

Infocom

Graphmagic Combo

150

119

dUTIL

99

59

Volkswriter

195

129

Conceptual Instruments

Deadline

50

37

Microstul

Digital Research

LIST

SALE

International

Desk Organizer

245

Starcross

40

30

Crosstalk/

CBASIC 86

200

150

Volkswriter. .

205

139

Condor Computer Corporation

Suspended

50

38

Smartmodem

195

135

CP/M-86

60

45

Mark of the Unicorn

Condor 3

650

398

Zork I

40

30

Peter Norton

Pascal MT+86

The Final Word

300

223

Fox t Heller

ISM

Utilities

80

60

With SPP-86 .

600

450

Mince

175

139

Quickcode ...

295

185

Mathemagic

90

65

Versa Computing

Wooll

Metasoft

dGRAPH

295

195

Lightning

Versawriter Graphics

Move It

150

99

Benchmark Mail List

250

184

dUTIL

99

59

Master Type

50

38

Tabl

299

249

'" = Manufacturer's trademark

Benchmark

Ft% Inc.

MicrosoftLr

Visicorp

' = Indicates a manufacturer's

Word Processor

500

367

Superfile

195

129

Flight Simulator"

50

38

Visitrend/Plot

300

215

registered trademark

(D

TELEPHONE ORDERS

Inside CA (800) 631-4400Outside CA (800) 222-8811

local (415) 324-3730

Order lines are manned 6:30—6 Monday thru Friday and 9—5 Saturday. Other lines are open 9—5 Monday thru Friday.

Programming International

Technical SupportOrder StatusSales Manager

(415)324-0311(415)324-0306(415)324-0305

Orders must be PAIDby October 31

to quality forthese special prices

More CPM- . APPLE- , IBM PC",UCSD p-System'" software, hardware,etc.: call for quote.

505 Hamilton Avenue • Suite 301Palo Alto, California 94301

TERMS: All prices subject to change without notice and availability. Cashier's check/MO/banktransfer. Allow time for company or personal checks to clear. Prices reflect cash prepaid dis-count. VISA/MASTERCARD/COD/PO's + 3%. CA residents add sales tax. All sales final torgames & special orders.

SHIPPING: $3 per item lor UPS surface ($6 for Blue Label) within Continental USA, except whereshipping cost is specified in square brackets, UPS does not go to Canada, Alaska. APO's, FPO's;call for ship charge or add 15%—we will refund/credit difference.

RETURNS: All returns subject to managers approval, must have authorization number, obtainedat415-324-0305. Unauthorized returns will be refused; damaged goods will be refused. All returnssubject to 15% restocking fee. No return after 30 days.

436 BYTE October 1983

soFTUAm;

APPLE HARDWARE"

Hardware

Eastside LIST SALE

Wildcard (for lie

only) 130 109

Hayes

Micromodem II 379 259

Kensington

System Saver Fan 90 69

UK

Lower Case Char

Gen 25 19

Microsoft "

16K RAM Card" 100 69

Premium System'" 695 489

Softcard'" 345 219

New Premium Card'- 495 369TC

Joystick 60 45

met

Enhancer II ....... 149 119

Videoterm with

Softswitch 375 239

APPLE II/1I- DOS ■

Business

Artsci LIST SALE

Magic Mailer 70 49

Magic Window II 150 109

Magic Words ...... 70 49

Broderbund

General Ledger w/AP 495 305Continental

CPA #1,2,3.4 (ALL

4) 1000 609

CPA #1-GL , 250 159

CPA #2-AR 250 159

CPA #3-AP 250 159

CPA M-PAYROLL ,. 250 159

CPA #5-Property

Management 495 352

FCM (First Class

Mail) 100 75

Home Accountant 75 52

Decision Support

Accountant With

DBCALC 149 112

Accountant 129 97

Hayden

Piewriter/

Multi 80 Column . 150 108

Highlands

EZ Ledger 60 37

Kensington

Format II 150 113

UK

Letlr Perct

W/Mail Merge 150 112

Micro Lab

Wall Streeter 300 216

Microsoft <"

Multiplan" ...... 275 198

Muse

Supertext Home

Office 125 94

Supertext

Professional 99 74

PBL

Personal investor... 145 99Sensible

Sensible Speller 125 94

Sierra On Line

Dictionary 100 70

Screenwriter II..., 130 85

Circle 528 on inquiry card.

Executive Speller

Software DimensionsAccounting + II GRAccounting + II ARAccounting + II APAccounting + II

Inventory

Accounting + II

Payroll

Accounting + II

SOE

Accounting + II

POE

Accounting + IIPOS

SynergisticGlobal ProgramLine Editor

VlsicorpBusiness Forecasting

Model

Desktop Plan

Visicalc

Visiplot

DatabaseAST

Versaform

Broderbund

Bank Street WriterMicro Lab

Data Factory

Muse

Address Book

Silicon Valley

List Handler

Software Publishers

PFS: File

PFS: Graph

PFS: Report

Stoneware

DBMaster

DBMaster/Hard Disk

Utility Pak 1

Utility Pak 2

Synergistic

Modifiable DatabaseVisicorp

Visifile

395395395

395

395

395

395

395

100250

250200

LIST

389

70

300

50

90

125125125

229

499

99

99

Home/Education/GamesBeagle Brothers

Alpha Plot

Lightning Software

Master Type ....Micro Lab

English SAT #1 .

Learning System

US Constitution

Tutor

Microsoft 9

Typing Tutor II™Optimized

Speed Read PlusSynergistic

Stargazer's Guide

LIST

40

30

150

289289289

289

289

289

289

30

LanguageMicrosoft ®

Applesoft Compiler

(TASC)™ 175

Mumath/Musimp

(ADI0S)" 250

78184169156

SALE

269

5321636

9494

1483596565

59

169

SALE

28

30

22108

22

19

43

23

119194

Utility/Comm/Graphics

Avant Garde

LIST

SALE

Ultra

Plot/DIF/Datagraph

99

71

Beagle Brothers

Apple Mechanic

30

22

Beagle Bag

30

23

DOS Boss

24

U

Double Take

35

27

Pronto DOS

30

23

Utility City

30

22

Crane

Menu Generator

40

29

Hayes

Terminal Program

100

75

Insoft

Electric Duet

30

23

Graforth II

75

56

Link Systems

Link Index

195

149

Link Video

55

42

Lotus

Executive Briefing

System

199

149

Muse

Dataplot . .

60

43

Omega Microwave

Inspector

60

49

Locksmith

100

75

Penguin

Comp Graphics/

Apple Tablet

120

m

Complete Graphics

System

70

50

Graphics Magician

60

4b

Special Effects

40

30

Special Effects

Apple Tablet

70

50

Phoenix

Zoom Graphics

50

38

Sensible

DOS Plus

25

19

Disk Organizer

30

23

Disk Recovery

30

23

Image Printer II .

50

35

Multi Disk Catalog

25

19

Super Disk Copy

35

26

Sirius

Pascal Graphics

Editor

100

75

Southeastern

Data Capture Videx

90

65

Southwestern Data

ASCII Express

Professional

130

89

Printographer

50

38

Stoneware

Graphics Proc. Sys.

(standard),. ,

69

52

Graphics Proc. Sys

(professional)

179

129

Visicorp

Visiterm

100

79

Visitrend/Plot

300

234

APPLE lie

Most Apple II products also run

on

the lie (call for details).

Products

below are specially designed for the

He.

Sierra On Line LIST

Screenwriter II. 130Software Publishers

PFS: File 125

PFS: Graph ....... 125

SALE

90

9494

PFS: Report 125 94

Visicorp

Visicalc 250

HARDWARE,NOT MACHINE SPECIFIC

Amdek LIST SALE

Color 11 (RGB) 899 645

Hayes Microcomputer Products

Chronograph .. 249 199

Smartmodem 1200 699 509

Smartmodem 300 279 209

NECMonitor 12" Green

Hi-Res 285 167

Novation

J Cat 149 119

Smart Cat 103 . .. 259 207

Smart Cat 103/212 595 476

CP/M-10 (8" Standard SSSD)

Other formats are available as specialorders thru Software to go.

Business

ATI LIST SALE

Power for CP/M .75 54

Artificial Intelligence

Medical (PAS-3). 995 749

Ashton-Tale

Bottom Line

Strategist 400 279

Aspen

Grammatik 75 56

Proofreader (32K or

80K) 50 38

Designer Software

Palantir 425 319

Dictronics

Random House

Thesaurus . 150 319

Digital Research

Display Manager 400 295

Epic

Supervyz 150 94

Mark of the Unicorn

The Final Word .... 300 223

Mince 175 139

Micro Pro

Calcstar 145 96

Mailmerge 250 165

Spellstar 250 165

Starindex

Word/Mail 695 426

Word/Spell 695 426

Wordstar Prof.

(Word/Spell/Mail) 845 558

Wordstar 495 327

Microsoft 1

Multiplan" 275 198

Oasis

The Word Plus 150 112

Select

Select Word

Processor 595 356

Sorclm

Supercalc 195 129

Supercalc 2 285 179

Superspellguard... 195 129

Superwriter 295 185

Database

Anderson-Bell LIST SALE

Abstat 395 359

Ashton-Tale

dBASE II 700 398

dBASE II

w/user's guide 729 419

Caxton

Cardbox

245

177

Condor

650

398

DJR

FMS 80

395

275

Digital Research

Access Manager

300

225

FYI

Superfile

195

129

Fox S Beller

Ouickcode

295

195

Quickscreen/dBASE

II

149

125

dGRAPH

295

195

dUTIL

99

59

Human Soft

DBPIus

125

95

Micro Pro

Infostar

495

327

Microsoft •

Sorting Facility

(MSORT)™

195

151

Optimal

Accelerator'"

195

dCLONE™

295

Pearl Soft

Personal Pear!

295

229

T/Maker Co

T/Maker III

275

215

Home/Education/Games

Infocom

LIST

SALE

Deadline

60

43

Starcross

50

38

Zork I

50

38

Zork II

50

38

Zork III

50

38

Superset!

Dungeon Master

40

30

Nemesis

45

34

Language

Digital Research

LIST

SALE

CB80

500

395

CBASIC

150

94

MAC

90

75

PL/1 80

500

375

Pascal MT+

350

262

Pascal MT+ with

SPP

500

395

SID

75

63

ZSID

100

88

Microsoft •

Basic 80

350

252

Basic Compiler ....

395

296

Cobol 80

750

562

Fortran 80

500

360

MACRO 80

200

150

(iLisp/(iStar

200

156

Sorcim

ACT 80

175175

126

ACT 86/88

126

Supersoft

ADA Compiler

300

22b

C Compiler

250

188

Utility/Comm/Graphics

Byrom

LIST

SALE

BASTAM

200

149

Digital Research

Despool

50

38

Mlcmslul

Crosstalk/

Smartmodem

195

135

Supersoft

Disk Doctor

100

75

Wooll

125

83

BYTE October 1983

437

Announcing

the most sophisticated database program development tools available on any personal

computer anywhere.

The Database

ACCELERATOR

Automatic program, screen, menu, report generation.Automatically checks, formats, documents your programs.Now available for the IBM PC at an introductoryprice of $195. 30 day money back guarantee.

from

Optimal Software

The Database Accelerator is atrademark of Optimal Software.

Distributed by Programming International

505 Hamilton Avenue. Suite 301. Palo Alto, CA 94301

(800)222-8811 inside California: (800)831-4400

Dealer inquiries welcome.

Also available at

and other linesoftware dealers

438 BYTE October 1983

Circle 529 on inquiry card.

Technical Forum

Mainframe Graphics on aMicrocomputer

Display Tektronix-type plots on your microcomputer

Did you ever wish you could dis-play complex graphics displays onyour microcomputer? Interfacing amicrocomputer to a mainframe givesyou several advantages. You can dou-ble or triple the capabilities of yoursystem. But not all the power of amainframe is easily available. Thehigh-resolution graphics available onmost mainframes require expensivegraphics terminals. Except for simpleline-plot graphics, most microcom-puters don't have the speed or soft-ware to handle mainframe graphics.

If you have a microcomputer cap-able of high-resolution graphics anda smart-terminal program, it's possi-ble to display high-resolution main-frame graphics previously requiringexpensive terminals. Just save themainframe's output as a disk file,then display it on your microcom-puter's screen. It's only a matter ofconverting the output from the main-frame system into a form that yourcomputer will understand.

Tektronix (the oscilloscope com-pany) was the first to produce a high-resolution graphics terminal for largecomputers. Along with the terminalit produced the software that gener-ated the code necessary to tell the ter-minal what to do. This set a de factostandard for the industry. Most largecomputers will produce the code to

by Mahlon Kelly

drive Tektronix terminals. But howcan you put the display on the screenof your microcomputer?

The Problem

My research work generates a lotof data that must be interpretedvisually. (See "Data Collection witha Microcomputer," March 1983 BYTE,page 295.) The recorded data are sentto a Cyber computer, where they areprocessed and massaged in variousways. The reduced data are then sentback to my microcomputer for fur-ther processing and storage.

The problem is that I can get a goodlook at the data using various graph-ics programs, but those programssend output only to a Tektronix ter-minal or some other terminal that'sconfigured to think it's a Tektronix.(The Renographies package pro-duced by Digital Engineering for theADM-3A is a good example.) I wasspending too much time commutingbetween my own LNW-80 microcom-puter and our University's Tektronixfacility. I needed to send the graphicsoutput to my microcomputer anddisplay it on the screen. Althoughthat seemed difficult at first, it tookonly a 30-line BASIC program to dothe whole job (it took about twoweeks of spare time to figure outhow). The Tektronix emulation pro-

gram (see listing 1) has beendeveloped for LNWBASIC on theLNW-80, a microcomputer that isfunctionally the same as the TRS-80Model I but that, among otherfeatures, has both high-resolutionblack-and-white and color graphics.The program can easily be translatedto other versions of BASIC.

Communications

To understand how the Tektronixterminal works, it's important tounderstand how computers and ter-minals communicate over the phonelines. Most terminals respond toASCII (American National StandardCode for Information Interchange)characters that are transmitted bit bybit. The Tektronix does everything inresponse to ASCII characters. Thesecharacters consist of seven bits of in-formation that can be converted intoa set of 127 different decimal-basednumbers or an equivalent number ofalphanumeric and control characters.The first 31 ASCII characters are con-trol characters. They tell a "normal"terminal what to do. For example, anASCII 7 tells the terminal to beep orsound a bell, an 8 tells it to do a back-space. Characters 32 through 63 rep-resent various special characters suchas *, ?, %, and the numbers 1 through9. The characters 64 through 95

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 439

Listing 1: The Tektronix emulation program to translate a file of Tektronix graphics control characters to a plot on a microcomputer screen.The program is designed for an LNW-80, but only five lines need to be changed to adapt it to other machines.

10 ' THIS PROGRAM TO PLOT A FILE IN EMULATION GF A TEKTRONIX TERMINAL HAS BEEN DESIGNED TO BE USED ON A LNW-80.

20 ' THE FIVE LINES WITH A REMARK STATEMENT STARTING WITH 'SB' USE THE LNWBASIC GRAPHICS LANGUAGE. THEY SHOULD BE

30 ' MODIFIED FOR WHATEVER SYSTEM IS TO BE USED. THE PURPOSE OF THOSE LINES SHOULD BE SELF-EXPLANATORY,

40 '

50 '

60 CLEAR 1000

70 MODE 1 ' mi PUTS THE LNW IN HIGH RESOLUTION MODE

80 ' mi IN LINE 40 PCLS CLEARS THE HIGH RESOLUTION SCREEN; CLS CLEARS ALPHANUMERICS.

90 pcls: cls: hx=o: hy=o: lx=o: ly=o: old=o:ch=o

100 flag$="t" ' tells the program to expect text as a default

110 print"what is the input file name? "!

120 lineinput file*

130 '

HO ' START THE INPUT.

150 '

160 OPEN"IM,FILE* ' OPEN THE INPUT FILE.

170 LINEINPUT #1,A* ' LINEINPUT BECAUSE THE STRING MAY HAVE UNPRINTABLE CHARACTERS.

180 IF LEN(A*)=0 GOTO 170 ' IF THE INPUT WAS A NULL STRING, GET ANOTHER.

190 '

200 FOR 1=1 TO LEN(A*) ' LOOK AT THE WHOLE STRING CHARACTER BY CHARACTER.

210 OLD=CH ' SAVE THE ASCII VALUE OF THE PRECEDING CHARACTER,

220 CH=ASC(MIDt<A*,I,l)) ' LET CH = THE ASCII VALUE OF THE CHARACTER POINTED TO,

230 IF CH=29 FLAG*="B" ' IF THE CHARACTER IS A CONTROL GS, SET A FLAG SO THAT THE PEN WILL BE MOVED BUT THE LINE NOT DRAWN.

240 IF CH=12 AND 0LD=27 THEN CLS! PCLS ' IF THE CHARACTER PAIR ESC,FF WAS RECEIVED, CLEAR THE GRAPHICS AND ALPHANUMERIC SCREEN.

250 F CH=31 THEN FLAG*="T" ' F US WAS RECEIVED, SET THE FLAG TO EXPECT ALPHANUMERIC INPUT.

260 IF CH<32 GOTO 290 ' F THE CHARACTER IS A CONTROL CHARACTER, JUMP.

270 IF FLAG*="T" PRINT CHR$(CH)!!GOTO 290 ' F IN FXT MODE, PRINT THE CHARACTER AND GET ANOTHER.

280 GOSUB 350 ' BRANCH TO THE SUBROUTINE THAT DECIDES WHAT THE GRAPHICS CHARACTER DOES.

290 NEXT I ' GO GET ANOTHER CHARACTER,

300 IF EOF(l) THEN CLOSE! STOP ' QUIT IF FILE DONE.

310 GOTO 170 ' GO GET ANOTHER STRING.

320 '

330 ' FOLLOWING IS A SUBROUTINE TO DECIDE WHAT TO DO WITH THE GRAPHICS CHARACTERS.

340 '

350 IF CH>31 AND CH<64 AND 0LD>95 AND 0UK128 THEN HX=CH! OLD=CH! RETURN ' IF THE CHARACTER IS A 'HI'

360 ' AND THE PREVIOUS WAS A 'LO Y', THEN THE CHARACTER IS A 'HI X' (SEE TEXT).

370 IF CH>31 AND CH<64 THEN HY=CH! OLD=CH! RETURN ' IF THE CHARACTER HAS A VALUE BETWEEN 31 AND 64,

380 ' THEN IT'S A 'HI Y'? IT ISN'T A 'HI X' BECAUSE IT PASSED THE FST OF THE PREVIOUS STATEHENT.

390 F CH>95 AND OK128 THEN LY=CH! OLD=CH! RETURN ' F THE CHARACTER VALUE IS BETWEEN 95 AND 128 THEN IT'S A 'LO Y'.

400 F CH>63 AND DK96 THEN LX=CH! OLD=CH! GOSUB 4401 RETURN ' IF THE VALUE IS BETWEEN 63 AND 96 THEN IT'S A 'LO X'f DO A PLOT,

410 '

420 ' SUBROUTINE FOR ACTUAL PLOTTING! CHANGE LINES 480 AND 490 FOR APPROPRIATE SCREEN RESOLUTION. SEE TEXT.

430 '

440 X=.47K(HX-32)i32+LX-64) ' m CONVERT HX AND LX TO THE VALUE OF X TO BE PLOTTED. SEE TEXT.

450 Y=192-.25K(HY-32)i32+LY-96) ' mi CONVERT HY AND LY TO THE VALUE OF Y TO BE PLOTTED. SEE TEXT

460 DRAW"XFLAG$,MX,Y" ' mi F FLAG*="B" MOVE TO X AND Y BUT DON'T DRAW. F FLAG$="A" THEN MOVE AND DRAW.

470 FLAGt="A" ' SET IT SO THE NEXT LINE WILL BE DRAWN.

480 RETURN

represent uppercase letters and a fewsymbols like @. From 96 through 127,the input represents lowercase lettersand a few other symbols. While mostterminals will respond to the ASCIIcodes—that is, they will print a Bwhen the code 66 is sent—theTektronix can either act like a normalterminal or interpret the characters todraw straight lines.

That's all the Tektronix terminal cando. In terms of graphics, all it can do

is draw straight lines. Think of it asa plotter with a point on the screenthat can move from one point (spe-cified as an x,y coordinate) to anotherpoint. It can move the pen in a downor lifted position; that is, it can moveit and draw a line or move it withoutdrawing a line. Of course, very short,straight lines when combined end toend can look like a curve. Everythingon a Tektronix screen is the productof a series of straight lines, written

with the pen either in the up or downposition.

How can this help you use a micro-computer to plot a graph intended fora Tektronix? First, you need to receivethe characters intended for thegraphics terminal. If you have a goodsmart-terminal package and you canaccess a mainframe, tell the main-frame that you are using a Tektronixterminal (you would tell the same lieif you had a modified ADM-3), set it

440 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listing 2: Part of an output file giving directions for a graphics plot on a Tektronix terminal. Although it may look like garbage, it producesvery precise instructions and plots.

AZcChFlHnKpMPoRMUjWgZda '....$ I /BwDrGttlhLbN* I QwSrVMXiC:e330e,"'C<:ExHvJtMsOrRTWsYu\xA I :l.AC*dFklT,KyN$aPhSpUwX^Z%e3j„o2 B r D t G J l....s 0 q Q a T .1. V J Y g [ d A * 3 (!» $ "J C :•: E s H o J j M f P c R # U I W y 7. v \ t _ r 4A p D riF m I k K N P SlV«XoCs3x5e C B *• E * b GhJpLxO%sGlfTiUnYr\tAv6ACFuH t K q M a P wR j U g WdZ 3 3 * J z 7 B v D

r G a I k L i N f Q d S b Vs X t * C |D <! 8 (I? z C y E1-1,1M 0 C R I T > W «• Y \ * a A c 9 A C d FIK N e P f S g (J i X j Z "J _ i 5 B g D e G c I a L s 01Q^T>V-CYyt:wA"r*DFIKNPQSUVXC3r%eBBEGHJM0QTVYC\Ar&AGFGIKMMPRUXYZ1 r ' BDGIKLNQQSUYi: 3 ::ir < G»BDEHJMOPRUVWY\Ar ) ABDFHIKNPSTUXZZ3_rxBEFGJLMNQTUYYi:A„r+ACEH"dKMPG J UEUWtU*JACDFIK N 0 QS WXZ 3 r - S B B E GH J M 0 R T T V YI \ A r . A C F hi K I... N P R l.J W X1.1...... r / B D F1K L N Q Q S V Y C "IA r 0 (!> B C E l-l JMOORTU W Z

\ A r 1A C F l-l IK N P R T V XZZ1.... r 2 B E F G J I... I... NQTVXYCAAr3@C F H J J M 0 G R U WZ \ 1... r 't B C D FIK N 0 Q S UMX C 3 r 5 @ A B E G

G J I... 0RSTVYZCAr6A C F F l-l K L N P R l.J WXZ 3 A _ f 7 B D G1,1L. N P Q S V X C \ A r 8 6 C C E G J M 0 0 R T U W 2 \ A r 9 A A C F GIK N P S U XY Z 3.... r• J BD E G JI... I... 0 B S VX Y C A A :i. J M G j F1F n G M1N j N :i. M o N q N r M N q M N r N M q M v N w M G x F C. F | G M -C NxNwM>NMG*v F b

FcGMbNv N " M#eN " f Cr 5A*oAo J CeGgF :i. F j GH i IgI iI j KMiNgNeMINnNoMNnMNoNMnMsNtMGuFxFy GMxNuNt M z N C M G > F F"/N G M * N > N r M Z a N $ o C o:A 8. k A k J C g G f F c F b GMcN f N g I... f K b L h N k N1M N k MNlNMkMpNqM G r F u F v GMuNrNqMwNxMGyFIF3GMINyNxM^NkCk5A(hAhIC'M(sNcNdMGcFv F'H(vIdleNh

up to send the output for a plot, andthen save the output to a disk file.You may have to change the transla-tion tables in your smart-terminalprogram so that the control charac-ters aren't changed, but that shouldbe straightforward. You now have afile that was intended to produce aplot. It will look like garbage (listing2 shows part of such a file), but itreally does have meaning.

How does the Tektronix interpretthe characters it receives to draw aline? This is the hard part. First,remember that it only draws astraight line from a point where thelast line left off to a new pointspecified by X and Y coordinates withthe pen either lifted or down. (At thestart of a program the terminalassumes the pen to be at coordinates

0,0.) The terminal has to receive 4bytes (actually four 7-bit charactersbetween 0 and 127 decimal) to knowwhere to end the line. There's notenough information in a single byteto specify an X or Y coordinate, soeach coordinate uses 2 bytes. Thebytes are called Hi X (HX) and Lo X(LX) and Hi Y (HY) and Lo Y (LY);Hi specifies the larger part of thenumber for the coordinate and Lospecifies the smaller. HY and LY areconverted to a value corresponding toa Y coordinate and HX and LX do thesame for X. The numbers are stored,and as soon as an LX is received, theterminal responds by drawing a line.When it receives HX, HY, or LY, itsimply stores them while waiting forthe LX.

How does the terminal know

whether the character it receives is anHX, an LY, or whatever? Rememberthat each character that's received hasan associated numerical value. If thevalue is between 64 and 95, it's an LX.If it's between 96 and 127, it's an LY.If it's between 32 and 63, it can beeither an HX or an HY. If the Hinumber is immediately preceded by anLY, then it is an HX; otherwise it's anHY. So the terminal stores LX and LYaccording to the value of the incom-ing byte, and it stores HX or HY ac-cording to the value of the byte andwhether the previous byte was an LY.You might think that the computerwould send 4 bytes for every line tobe plotted, but it doesn't. Because theline is often short, HX and HYchange infrequently, and often onlyX or Y changes. To wait for 4 bytes

afVDlO SHACK COLOR COMPUTE** ftftODEM COMMUNICATIOn/s

Make your Color Computer an intelligent printing terminal with off-line storage!

•Talk lo a timeshare system or information service • Printout what is received as it is received «Savereceived text to cassette tape 'Re-display the received text even while on-line •Communicate withother computers 'Using your computer as a general-purpose 300-baud terminal 'Downloadingprograms from other computers

THI

The Microtext module is a program pack containing notonly firmware but a second serial port so that both yourprinter and modem can be connected at the same time.Microtext can be configured for any serial printer thatwill work with the Color Computer, even if it requiresline feeds! But even if you don't have a printer, you cankeep a permanent copy of your data by storing tocassette tape. Also, any Radio Shack/Centronics-compatible parallel printer may be used by adding theMicro Works' P180C parallel interlace.

For those of you with special terminal applications,Microtext has selectable parity; it sends odd, even,mark or space. With mark parity (which is default) youcan send to computers requiring either seven or eightbits. All 128 ASCII codes can be sent. Exchangeprograms with other Color Computer users! Basic pro-grams may be downloaded from other computers ortimesharing systems.

You'll find many uses for this versatile module! Avail-able in ROMPACK. ready-to-use, for $59.95

r$\0©[^§>

First-rate Programming Tools • Books • Games • Memory Upgrade KitsHardware • Keyboards • Parts

P.O. BOX 1110 DEL MAR, CA 92014

Circle 299 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

441

to be sent when 1, 2, and 3 would dois very inefficient. Of course, if HY,LY, HX, and LX are sent in that order,all will be stored, and that's OK withthe terminal. However, if only the LoX value must be changed, then onlyan LX is sent (remember that a lineis drawn whenever an LX is re-ceived). If LY and LX must bechanged, two bytes will be sent (LYand LX). If HX and LX must bechanged, then LY, HX, and LX willbe sent in that order. The LY tells theterminal that the Hi byte is an HXand not an HY. If HY and LX mustbe changed, then HY and LX aresent. To change all 4 bytes, all 4 bytesare sent.

Once the terminal has 4 bytes inmemory and it receives an LX, howdoes it know where to draw the line?First, the line starts at the end of thelast line. That's simple. The end ofthe new line is specified by HY, LY,HX, and LX as they are stored inmemory. The coordinates are calcu-lated as follows:

and

X = (HX-32)*32 + LX-64

Y = (HY-32)*32 + LY-96.

Those equations are for a Tektronixterminal, and that terminal has amaximum value for X of 1024 and amaximum for Y of 780. You mustmultiply X and Y by appropriate fac-tors if your screen has a lower resolu-tion. For example, my LNW has amaximum resolution for X of 492,and I must multiply X by 492/1024 tohave all of the plot on the screen. Afew computers expect Y = 0 to be inthe upper left-hand corner. In thatcase, subtraction is needed, as for myLNW. For the LNW, Y = 192-(192/780*((HY-32)*32 + LY-96)) and X =492/1024*((HX - 32)*32 + LX - 64) willproduce a plot with X = 0 and Y = 0 inthe lower left-hand corner.

The terminal also responds to con-trol characters. The two most impor-tant characters have ASCII values of31 and 29. Remember that the ter-minal has two modes of operation:graphics and alphanumerics. If it's ingraphics mode and receives a 31, the

442 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

terminal sets itself to alphanumericmode and will print the string "rose"not as the flower but the word. If itreceives 31 while in alphanumericmode, it will do nothing. If it receivesa 29 while in alphanumeric mode, itwill go into graphics mode. The firstcoordinate it receives (as HY, LY, HX,LX) will make it move its pen, butwith the pen raised, thus going to anew line origin. The second set ofcoordinates will make it draw a line.Each set of coordinates after that willproduce another line. If it receives a29 in graphics mode, the pen will belifted and go to the next set of coor-dinates to be received. If the receivedcoordinates are exactly the same aswere previously received, then asingle point will be drawn. Using thisscheme any shape can be drawn, andthe pen can be moved around to plotanywhere on the screen (if a 29 issent first).

There are other control codes. Themost important is a sequence of twobytes: 27 (escape) and then 12. Thistells the terminal to erase the screen,both the graphics and alphanumericmodes. The code 26 erases the alpha-numerics but not the plot.

It should be possible for some en-terprising programmer who under-stands mainframe graphics to writea smart-terminal program for mostmicrocomputers that would eliminatethe step of storing the graphics fileand then displaying it with a BASICprogram. The microcomputer, inother words, would act just like aTektronix terminal with the plot ap-pearing as it came in over the phone.The advantages would be that theplot could be stored on disk and sentto a point-addressable printer. Writ-ing such a program is beyond myability and ambition.

Tektronix has defined the mostsimple and efficient way to transfergraphics output. If the procedure isunderstood by microcomputer pro-grammers, we will soon have smartterminals that have the ability toreceive not only alphanumeric out-put but graphics displays as well.B

Mahlon Kelly (268 Turkey Ridge Rd., Charlottes-ville, VA 22901) is associate professor of Environ-mental Sciences at the University of Virginia.

To find out where we're showingoff the P1350 printer, call one ofthese Toshiba distributors:

COMPUSHOP1355 Glenville DriveRichardson, TX 75081(214)783-1252

CYPRESS DISTRIBUTING CO , INC1266 Lincoln AvenueSuite 109

San Jose. CA 95125(408) 297-9800DIGITAL ENTRY SYSTEMS27 Spruce StreetWaltham.MA02154(617)899-6111GENERAL BUSINESSCOMPUTERS. INC2 North Olney AvenueCherry Hill. NJ 08003(609) 424-6500GENERAL MICROCOMPUTERGeorgetown Center52303 Emmons Road #26South Bend, IN 46637(219) 277-4972INTECH GROUPRoyal Commerce Center2025 Royal LaneDallas, TX 75229(214)241-1717

KALTRONICS DISTRIBUTORS INC702LandwehrRdNorth brook, IL 60062(312)291-1220MICRO DISTRIBUTORS11794 Parklawn DriveRockville.MD 20852(301)468-6450 or(800)638-6621

MICROAMERICA DISTRIBUTING CO17103 Kingsview AvenueCarson, CA 90746(213)327-60301050 Remington RoadSchaumburg, IL 60195(312)882-0095366 Washington StreetWellesley, MA 02181(617)431-76601461 Exchange DriveRichardson, TX 75081(214)235-3616

MICROWARE DISTRIBUTORS, INC20415 SW Blanton AvenueAloha, OR 97007(503)642-7679MIDTEC ASSOCIATES8363 Ouivira RoadLenexa.KN 66215(913)541-1711MONROE DISTRIBUTING CO2999 Payne AvenueCleveland. OH 44114(216)781-4600PARAGON SALES. INC780 Charcot AvenueSan Jose. CA 95131(408)263-7955

PREMIER SOURCE DISTRIBUTING1882 McGaw AvenueIrvine, CA 92714(714)261-2011STAR DATA, INC4021 N 30th Street, Suite 4Phoenix. AZ 85016(602)955-9233SYSPRINT. INC

7777 S Central Expressway. Suite 2ARichardson. TX 75080(214)669-3666

TRANSALASKA DATA SYSTEMS. INC200 Center CourtAnchorage, AK 99502(907)561-1776.. .Or these Toshiba RegionalOffices:

TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC

177 Madison Avenue

Post Office Box 2331R

Mornstown, NJ 07960

(201)326-9777

TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC

662 Office Parkway

The Colonnade Building

St Louis, MO 63141

(314)991-0751

TOSHIBA AMERICA, Inc

2555 Cumberland Parkway, Suite 285

Atlanta, GA 30339

(404)434-3891

TOSHIBA AMERICA. INC

18017 Sky Park Circle

Suites P and O

Irvine. CA 92714

(714)250-0151

In Touch with Tomorrow

TOSHIBA

Circle 476 on inquiry card.

Nothing shows offyour IBM PC

likefoshibafe P1350

printer.

Now there's one three-way printerthat fully equals the word processingdata and graphics capacity of yourIBM PC: Toshiba's P1350.

But the P1350 is more than com-patible with PC hardware. It willprint programs like Lotus 1-2-3 dataprocessing and graphics output withremarkable character definition*

For even more flexibility, theToshiba P1350 with Qume SPRINT 5emulation handles all popular wordprocessing programs. Under softwarecommand, the P1350 will print high-speed drafts or switch to letter-qualitytext and graphics.

The innovation behind this three-in-one flexibility is Toshiba's printhead. Pin diameter has been reducedto just eight mils. And the number of

pins in the print headhas been increased to 24.

The result is a superior 360 by 180dot-per-inch density pattern in thetext mode. Instead of spinning yourwheels at 40 cps, the P1350 producesletter-quality printing at 100 cps. Inits draft mode, Toshiba's P1350 canaccelerate up to 192 cps.

When it comes to graphics, theP1350 really shows its stuff. Whateveryour computer displays, Toshiba'sP1350 prints.With astonishinglyclear definition. And extra-fine repro-duction that can only come from aprint head capable of 200 millionimpressions and exclusive 180 by 180dot-per-inch graphics density pattern.

In Touch with Tomorrow

TOSHIBA

Information Systems Division. TOSHIBA AMERICA, INC.

Then, if that's notI enough to pique your| interest, the P1350 alsofeatures three differentfonts. Variablepitch. Subscripts, superscripts andunderlining without the need of asecond pass. A super-reliable,optionalsheet feeder. And more.

So show offyour IBM. OR ANYOTHER PERSONAL COMPUTER.With the superior quality andflexibility of Toshiba's spectacularP1350 printer.

Distributors on the adjacent listmake it easy to find the P1350. Orget more information by calling,toll-free, 1-800-457-7777.

' IBM PC to P1350 graphics utilizes PanerScreen and colorgraphics adapter.IBM PC is a Trademark of InternationalBusiness Machines. Lotus and 1-2-3 areTrademarksof LotusDevelopment Corporation. (©1983Toshiba America.Inc.

Circle 477 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

443

We think you're calculating enough to

And we've devised a little test to prove it. All youhave to do is compare our PC-8200's specs with thespecs for Radio Shack's Model 100 or the HP-75.For someone who's savvy enough about computersto read this magazine, you shouldn't have any troublepicking the best one. So here goes:

NEC

RadioShack

Hewlett-Packard

Price

$799*

$799

$995

RAM/ROM

16K/32K

8K/32K

16K/48K

RAM Expandability To 96K To 32K(Internal/External) (64K/32K) (32K/nor

To24Kle) (24K/none)

Free bundledsoftware

Yes

No

No

Function keys

10

8

0

RAM cartridges

Yes

No

No

Bar CodeReader, RS232,Parallel Port,Cassette Port

Yes

Yes

NotStandard

Floppy Disk andSIO Port,Cursor Cluster

Yes

No

NotStandard

•Includes perpetual deck calendar. NiCad battery pack, AC adThe PC-8200 is a battery-operated CMOS-based system.

apter charger optional.

It all boils down to more power and better featuresfor the same price. And, of course, more software—14 FREE programs to start, including linearforecasting and word processing.

The PC-8200 portable from NEC. We thinkyou should be impressed. If you're not, maybeyou picked up the wrong magazine.

Productivity at your fingertips

NEC

NEC Home Electronics (U.S.A), Inc.Personal Computer Division

1401 Estes Avenue

Elk Grove Village, IL 60007

NEC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan

Circle 325 on inquiry card.

get more computer for your money.

vcipc-820lfl

LOW BATTERY

Announcing

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ORCAIM

Now. The kind of high-level supportyou'd only expect lo find on a mainframe.

ORCA/M (Hayden's Object Relocat-able Code Assembler for Micros)lets you develop sophisticatedapplications with the speed and easeof a high-level language, yet retainthe control and efficiency that onlyassembly language can give.

Here's what ORCA/M gives you:The Assembler

Macro language features:

o Conditional assembly of source andmacro files

o Separate source and macro files

o Nestable macros

o Parameter mid-string and stringsearch functions

o Symbolic parameter assignment

o Numeric, string, and boolean typeparameters

o Parameter subscripting

° Global communication betweenmacros

o Macro expansion loop control

o Count, length and type parameter-attribute functions

Extensive Macro Libraries

Memory Constant Declarations:

o Integero Charactero Four-byte Integero Hexadecimalo Floating Point

Relocatable object modulegeneration

Fast assembly directly to disk

Program segmentation:

o Selectively assembly individual

subroutineso Global and local scope of symbols

The Linker

Produce executable binary filesfrom relocatable object modules

Link routines from library files

Link subroutine re-assemblies

Define a new origin for previouslyassembled code

Invoke at assembly time or bycommand

Subroutine libraries:

o Floating point and

double-precision routineso Transcendental functionso Hi- and lo-res graphicso Multiple-precision integer matho Input and output

The Editor

Co-resident screen editor:

o Global search and replace

o Block move

o Entry of non-keyboard characters

Supports lower case adapters and

shift-key modification

80-column: horizontal scrolling with40-column displays

The System

Monitor: transparent control ofsystem from one command level

Extended Disk Commands:

o File copyo File undeleteo Catalog sorto Wildcard filenames

Disk ZAP: Built-in disk sectoreditor

Optimized DOS 3.3 compatibleoperating system

Operating system interface:

Supports a variety of configurationsUser-modifiable to allow linkage ofcustom drivers for peripherals

64k RAM supported, 48k required

This unique array of features andfunctions speaks for itself: thepower of ORCA is unsurpassed.

All features are documented clearlyand extensively. Source listings forthe subroutine and macro libraries,as well as the operating system, areincluded.

ORCA. If you're serious aboutdeveloping 6502 software, it's theone to have.

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After September 30,1983

ORCA/M is now also thebest 65C02 assembler,supporting all 27 newopcodes. New hardwaresupport includes the He80 column board anddisk emulators for theLegend ™ 128K card andlie extended memory card.

446

BYTE October 1983

HARDEN SOFTWARE

Circle 204 on inquiry card.

Talker

A routine developed for Radio Shack's TRS-80 and Votrax'sType-N-Talk makes writing talking programs easier

by Heyward S. Williams

Writing a talking program is sim-ple if you can use the PRINT and IN-PUT statements to automaticallytransfer information to the speechsynthesizer. Talker is a keyboard andvideo-intercept routine that performsthis function for the TRS-80 and theVotrax Type-'N-Talk voice synthesizer.Although vocal programs are usefulin many areas, I wrote this utilityroutine specifically because I becameinvolved with writing programs forthe visually handicapped.

I began work on Talker in 1981when my wife, Suzanne, lost hersight from a combination of neuro-vascular rubeosis and retinopathy.

During her rehabilitation, wesearched for better ways to handleeveryday problems that confront ablind person, such as writing lettersand finding addresses or recipes.There was little hope that Suzannecould return to her profession inretailing if she could not access thedata she needed to perform her job.

To help solve these problems, Ibegan an investigation of voice syn-thesizers that would enable Suzanneto use our TRS-80. The only synthe-sizers available at the time hadspecific vocabularies, which limitedthem in our application. One unit,the Sweet Talker from Micromint

Inc., provided its host computer witha software-resident text-to-speechcapability and seemed to be the bestsolution. Unfortunately, it ran onlyon an Apple II, and because I hadalready spent several lifetimes learn-ing the idiosyncrasies of my TRS-80,I was hesitant to change machines.Then Votrax Inc. introduced theType-'N-Talk. This unit uses anRS-232C interface and includes amicroprocessor programmed to inter-nally execute a text-to-speech algo-rithm that simplifies the job of writ-ing voice-output programs. Althoughit is somewhat primitive and occa-sionally amuses us with original pro-nunciations, it is reasonably pricedand adequately fulfills our require-ments.

The first program I wrote for theType-N-Talk was a typing review andexercise routine that served to over-come Suzanne's mild case of "com-puterphobia" and familiarize me withthe requirements of the synthesizer.Written in machine language, theprogram is relatively simple.

Next came a more ambitious proj-ect: I wrote a simple word-processingprogram or, as we call it, the Friend-ly Letter Writer. Although this pro-gram is also written in machine lan-guage, by the time I had it almost

finished I was convinced that Ineeded to find a way to write futureprograms in BASIC if I hoped to everget them done.

Sending text to the synthesizerfrom BASIC is not difficult, but thetask does require extra lines. Thisconstraint was undesirable because Iwanted to use commercially availableprograms with little or no modifica-tion. Back I went to my editor-assem-bler to write a machine-language pro-gram that would make programmingspoken text easier. The result, pre-sented here, is called Talker.

Features

Talker has many useful features:

•It is transparent to the keyboard and

video routines so that normal BASIC

commands such as INKEY$ and

PRINT can transfer information to

the synthesizer as well as execute

their normal functions

•It is written in machine language to

minimize processing delay

•It repeats each key as it is pressed

•It reads whatever is written to the

video display

•A character immediately sent to the

video display from the keyboard is

not repeated

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 447

•It pronounces punctuation marksand, if they are returned from thekeyboard, the control codes (theType-N-Talk unit alone does not pro-nounce punctuation or control codes)•It skips redundant spaces, whichare often used to position titles on thedisplay but which would result in ex-cessive delays in the spoken text•The text transmitted to the Type-N-Talk is spoken if a carriage-returncharacter or two consecutive spacesare encountered

•The spoken response can be turnedoff and on from the keyboard or bysending special characters to the dis-play

•Talker can be put into a mode inwhich it ignores some punctuationby sending special characters to thedisplay

•It automatically relocates itself to theend of high memory, resets thehigh-memory pointer, changes thekeyboard and video-driver vectors,and jumps to BASIC or returns to thedisk operating system (DOS)•The program operates withoutmodification on Model I or Model IIIcomputers

•It occupies less than V2K byte ofmemory

TRS-80GND <3"

•It is compatible with Level II BASIC,TRSDOS, and NEWDOS

Talker operates best with a disk sys-tem because of the ease with whichsome programs can be implemented,but a disk system is not necessary

In one mode, Talker

ignores some

punctuation by

sending special

characters to the

display.

Hardware and Setup

To run Talker, you'll need anRS-232C interface board to enable theType-N-Talk unit to receive informa-tion from the computer. Theseboards are available from RadioShack (part numbers 26-1145 andAXX05U for Models I and III, respec-tively). You must modify the RS-232Cconnection to work with the Votraxunit, however, because this applica-tion requires only the RECEIVE-ONLY mode (the Votrax unit pro-vides more modes than are neces-

TYPE-'N-TALK |~P> GND

TD[T>

RD <T"|

CTS <jQ-

GND <QT

|T>TD-[T> RD-<T5~1 RTS

-fT>- GND

■{J^> CTS

-|1P> DCD

■<£jo\ DTR

RS-232C CONNECTIONS

Figure 1: A schematic illustrating the RS-232C connections between a TRS-80 computer anda Type-N-Talk voice synthesizer.

sary). To implement the RECEIVE-ONLY mode, the Ground Returnlines (pins 1 and 7) and the Ready toTransmit (RTS, pin 5) lines must con-nect to the TRS-80. The next step in-volves resolution of the standardproblem associated with RS-232Ctransmissions: the proper connectionof the Transmit Data and ReceiveData lines. It seems that every pieceof equipment designed considersitself the controller, asserting that pin2 on its connector is the TransmitData line and expecting that every-thing else will dutifully receive dataon this line. The Type-N-Talk is no ex-ception to this, and to make it workproperly, pin 2 on the TRS-80 con-nector must go to pin 3 on the syn-thesizer. (In theory, you could put theCOMM/TERM switch on the ModelI's RS-232C board in the COMMposition to solve this problem; theModel III doesn't have this switch.)Finally, pins 4, 8, and 20 on the Type-'N-Talk must connect for properoperation. I used two RS-232C con-nectors (Radio Shack 276-1547 maleand 276-1548 female) separated by3/4-inch spacers (from Radio Shack's64-3024 assortment) and heldtogether by 1-inch 4-40 machinescrews to make a jumper. Figure 1shows the necessary connections.The female connector plugs into theRS-232C cable, and the male con-nector plugs into the Votrax unit. Fora Model I system, the COMM/TERMswitch must be in the TERM posi-tion. The sense switch settings on theModel I RS-232C board are not im-portant because the bps (bits-per-second) rate is set in the software.

The Type-N-Talk can retransmitdata it receives to other units(modems and printers) on the sameRS-232C line. I disabled this featureto improve throughput because myprinter has a parallel interface. I havenot investigated whether this pro-gram can run both the Votrax unitand a printer on the same interface.

Set the Baud Rate switches on theback of the Type-N-Talk for 9600 bps(switches 1 through 7 up, switch 8down), the rate selected in thesoftware.

You'll need an external speakerand, to connect it to the synthesizer,

448 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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a cable with a miniature phone plugon one end and whatever matchesthe speaker on the other.

Commands and Operation

You can select four Type-N-Talkoperating modes using control codes.The Talker program uses only onemode. The first causes the phonemecodes corresponding to the input textto be transmitted to the host com-puter. The Talker implementationdoes not use this mode, therefore theunit disables it. The second modecauses the unit to retransmit the in-put text on the RS-232C lines to otherperipherals in a daisy-chain con-figuration. The Talker program dis-ables this function. The next mode,also disabled in this application,spells out all consecutive capital let-ters. Finally, an internal timer causesany text in the buffer to be spoken ifmore than approximately four sec-onds have elapsed since the last char-acter was received. This mode is leftoperational and is used by Talker.

The most important command thatthe Votrax unit recognizes is the car-

riage return (hexadecimal OD, deci-mal 13). This command causes anytext in the buffer to be spoken and isused extensively by the Talkerprogram.

Within the Type-N-Talk, an internal750-character buffer stores incomingtext. If it is filled before a carriagereturn is received, the unit stops ac-cepting transmissions and speaks thetext. Recognizable characters arelimited to uppercase and lowercasecharacters and numbers. The unit ig-nores punctuation and control char-acters; they must be translated by theprogram.

Talker does not use the phoneticprogramming modes of the Type-N-Talk unit; the text-to-speech algo-rithm is adequate.

The Driver Vectors

The key to program operation liesin the use of vector addressing tolocate the keyboard and video-dis-play driver routines in the TRS-80. Ablock of RAM (random-access read/write memory) is set aside for infor-mation about the keyboard and the

display. The RAM locations in theblock are initialized when the com-puter is first turned on or reset; thelocations contain the informationlisted in table 1 on page 452.

The RAM locations allow executionof appropriate subroutines. For exam-ple, if a PRINT statement is en-countered, the BASIC interpretercalls a subroutine that goes to hexa-decimal RAM 401E through 401F(decimal 16414 through 16415) to findthe address of the driver that willprint the specified character on thedisplay and then jumps to that ad-dress. It isn't difficult, therefore, to in-sert the Talker routine in series withthe display driver. The original ad-dress is taken from the vector loca-tion hexadecimal 401E through 401Fand saved as the exit address fromTalker. The address of Talker is writ-ten in its place. When the displaydriver is called, the program goes firstto the Talker routine, then on to theoriginal driver, and finally back to thehost program.

Essentially the same thing happensto the keyboard driver except that the

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BYTE October 1983 451

[1

Location

Description

4015 hexadecimal

16405

Start of keyboard block—driver type

4016 hexadecimal

16406

Driver address—least significant byte

4017 hexadecimal

16407

Driver address—most significant byte

401D hexadecimal

16413

Start of video block—driver type

401E hexadecimal

16414

Driver address—least significant byte

401F hexadecimal

16415

Driver address—most significant byte

Table 1: The special codes used to control Talker.

Decimal

Hexadecimal

ASCII

Translated

00

00

NULL

Ignored

01

01

SOH

Break

(keyboard only)

04

04

EOT

Control — Turns off punctuation

05

05

ENQ

Control — Turns on punctuation

06

06

ACK

Control — Turns Talker off

07

07

BEL

Control — Turns Talker on

08

08

BS

Back

(keyboard only)

09

09

HT

Tab

(keyboard only)

10

0A

LF

Down

(keyboard only)

10

0D

CR

Sends carriage return

24

18

CAN

Shift back

(keyboard only)

25

19

EM

Shift tab

(keyboard only)

27

1B

ESC

Shift up

(keyboard only)

31

1F

US

Clear

(keyboard only)

32

20

SP

Space

(keyboard only)

33

21

!

Exclamation *

34

22

"

Quote *

35

23

#

Number

36

24

$

Dollar

37

25

%

Percent

38

26

&

And

39

27

'

Apostrophy *

40

28

(

Paran *

41

29

)

Close paran *

42

2A

*

Asterisk *

43

2B

+

Plus

44

2C

,

Comma *

45

2D

-

Minus *

(could be dash)

46

2E

Point *

(could be period)

47

2F

/

Slash

48-57

30-39

0-9

Numbers 1 through 9

58

3A

Colon *

59

3B

Semicolon *

60

3C

<

Less

61

3D

=

Equals

62

3E

>

Greater

63

3F

?

Question *

64

40

@

At

65-90

41-5A

A-Z

Letters A through Z

91

5B

Up "

92-95

5C-5F

Ignored

96

60

Control — Turns Talker off

(keyboard)

97-122

61-7A

a-z

Letters a through z

123-255

7B-FF

Ignored

* Not spoker

if punctuation

off

Table 2: The characters recognized as

valid by Talker and their translations. The spelling

errors correct

pronunciation problems

in the voice synthesizer.

Talker program must intercept thecharacter after it has been generatedby the keyboard. Here the Talker pro-gram calls the original keyboarddriver. After the original keyboarddriver has done its job, it returns tothe Talker program, which performsits magic and returns to the hostprogram.

Philosophy

Because the program was writtenfor a visually impaired person whowas not computer-oriented, simplici-ty and ease of use were important.

Each key on the keyboard, includ-ing all the punctuation marks andcontrol codes (see table 2), is spokenas it is pressed. Although more char-acters can be displayed on the videoscreen, only those that correspond tothe keyboard are spoken, keeping thenumber of characters to a minimum.To make the visualization processeven easier and to increase the speedat which the text can be read, theoperator has the option of preventingsome punctuation marks from beingspoken when they are displayed onthe video screen. Imagine (comma),if you can (comma), how advan-tageous this can be (exclamation)!

Ideally, turning the computer onshould automatically load the pro-gram to eliminate any technical deci-sions that might be confusing to ablind operator. The computer oper-ating system becomes transparent tothe user, who can concentrate on therequirements of a specific applica-tions program. Incidentally, I havefound that this philosophy is equal-ly valuable when writing programsfor people who are not handicappedby anything but their own fear ofcomputers. In fact, I often use it onprograms written for my own use,simply because I am too lazy to typein all the required statements to getthe program to run time after time.

If the program is not being used bya visually handicapped person, thecharacter set can be expanded, andnormal modes of loading and execut-ing programs can be used.

Loading

I was able to implement the auto-matic loading system easily using a

452 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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disk system and NEWDOS/80 ver-sion 2.0.1 disabled the date and timeprompts using the NEWDOS SYS-TEM command and set the AUTOcommand to run TALKER/CMD.When the computer is turned on, theprogram relocates itself, performssome housekeeping to set up the in-terfaces, exits to BASIC, and starts ex-ecuting a menu program. This pro-cedure works equally well withModel I and Model III TRS-80 com-puters.

When I decided to write this arti-cle, I realized that I would have to trythe program with TRSDOS. I found

Listing 1: The Talker program and symbol

my old Model I TRSDOS 2.3 disk anddiscovered that I could use the AUTOcommand, which loads and executesthe Talker program. However, whenthe relocation routine exits to DOS,the operator must type BASIC,answer the NUMBER OF FILES? andMEMORY SIZE? questions, and thenselect a specific program to run. Butdon't despair; keep reading and youwill find a version of the Talker pro-gram that simplifies this operation.The same result can be accom-plished with TRSDOS on the ModelIII; however, the DATE and TIMEquestions must be answered beforeText continued on page 466table.

70007000 20

■40-494411401640 IE

7010 2A1E407013 225972

7016 2A16407019 220172

701C 3EEE70IE D3E87020 D3E97022 3E6C7024 D3EA

7026 3E1B702B CDCB72702B 3E14702D CDCB72

7030 2A49407033 3A50007036 FEOD703B 2B03703A 2A1144

703D 01B401

7040 B7

7041 ED42

7043 FEOD

7045 2B05

7047 221144

704A 1803

704C 224940

704F 23

7050 E5

7051 1100727054 OF

0010000110001200013000140001500016000170001 BO00190002000021000220002300024000250002600027000280002900030000310003200033000340003500036000370003B0003900040000410004200043000440004500046000470004B000490OO5O000510005200053000540005500056000570005BO005900060000610006200O63O0064000650006600067000690OO7O000710007200073000740007500076000770

RELOCATABLE TALKING INTERCEPT PROGRAM (TALKER)

ORB 7000H

DEFM ' 14 APRIL 1983 "

ROUTINE TO RELOCATE PROGRAM TO HIGH MEMORY

ONCE THE PROGRAM HAS BEEN RELOCATED, THIS PART OF THEPROGRAM IS DISCARDED

HIMEM1 EOU

HIMEM3 EOU

KBDADR EQU

CRTADR EQU

4049H4411H4016H401 EH

MODEL I END OF MEM ADDRMODEL III END OF MEM ADDRKEYBOARD DRIVER VECTOR LOCATIONDISPLAY DRIVER VECTOR LOCATION

FIRST THE DISPLAY 8< KEYBOARD DRIVER ADDRESSES ARE

TRANSFERED FROM THE VECTOR LOCATIONS INTO THE PROGRAM

LDLD

LDLD

HL,(CRTADR)(CRTRET).HL

HL,(KBDADR)(KBDRET),HL

;DISPLAY DRIVER VECTOR

;KEYBOARD DRIVER VECTOR

NEXT THE RS-232 PORT IS INITIALIZED

LD

OUTOUTLDOUT

A,OEEH(OEBH),A(0E9H),A

A,6CH(OEAH),A

9600 BAUD

RST UART

SET BAUD RATE

;SET CONTROL REGISTERTHE RETRANSMISSION MODE OF THE VOTRAX UNIT IS TURNED OFF

LD

CALL

LD

CALL

A, 1BHSENDA, 14HSEND

;T0 TURN OFF ECHO MODE;SEND CHARACTERS 1BH 14H

NOW THE LENGTH OF THE PROGRAM IS DETERMINEDAND HIGH MEMORY IS CHANGED

SET2SET3

LDLDCPJRLD

LDORSBC

CPJRLD

JRLD

INC

PUSH

HL,(HIMEM1)

A,(005OH)

ODH

Z.SET1

HL,(HIMEM3)

;MODEL I END OF MEM ADDR;CHECK MOD I OR MOD III

;JUMP IF MODEL I

;MODEL III END OF MEM ADDR

BC,LAST-BEGIN ;LENGTH OF PROGRAMA ;CLEAR CARRY

HL.BC

;CHECK MODEL I OR MODEL III

;JUMP IF MODEL I

;SET MODEL III HIGH MEM

ODH2,SET2

(HIMEM3) ,HLSET3

(HIMEM1),HL ;SET MODEL I HIGH MEM

HL ; POINT HL 3 NEW START ADDR OF PROG

HL ;SAVE NEW START ADDRESS

DETERMINE NUMBER OF BYTES BETWEEN THE PRESENT LOCATIONOF THE PROGRAM & THE ADDRESS AT WHICH IT WILL BE WHENIT IS RELOCATED

LD DE,BEGIN ;PRESENT ADDR 1ST BYTE OF PROGXOR A

Listing 1 continued on page 456

454 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983 455

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Listing 1 continued:

7055 ED527057 EB

7058705B705C

705F70627063

70667069706A

706D707070717074

7077

707A707B

707E70817082

70857088708"?

21B372

19

221A72

215B72

19

225472

21E372

19

224872

21DF7219

220772223072

21C872

19

22B472

21C672

19

222272

21C272

19

22AF72

708C 212D72708F 197090 221E40

7093 210072

7096 19

7097 221640

709A Dl709B 210072709E EDBO

70A0 21A67070A3 C30544

70A6 4270B8 OD

70B9 212D7270BC 1970BD 221E40

70C0 21007270C3 1970C4 22F870

70C7 Dl70C8 21007270CB EDBO

70CD 21DC7070D0 221640

70D3 21FA7070D6 22F67070D9 C32D40

70DC 2AF670

70DF 4E

70E0 23

70E1 22F670

70E4 110C71

70E7 7C

70EB 92

70E9 2002

70EB 7D

70EC 93

70ED 79

70EE CO

O07B0O0790OO8O000810OO8200083000B400085000B6000870OOBSO008900090000910O09200093000940OO95000960O0970009B00099001 000O105001060O1O7001080O1O9001100

onio

01120011300114001 15001 1700 1 1 80011900120001210012200123001240012500126001270012B0012900130001310013200133001340013500136001370013B00139001400014200143001440014500146001470014B001490015000151001520015300154001550015600157001580015900160001610O1620016300164O01650016600167001680016900170001710017200173001740017500176O01770017800179001800OIBIO

SBCEX

HL.DEDE.HL

;NEW BEGINNING - PRES BEGINNING;DIFFERENCE INTO REGISTER DE

NEXT THE VARIOUS ABSOLUTE ADDRESSES IN THE PROGRAM AREADJUSTED TO REFLECT THE NEW LOCATION

LD

ADD

LD

LD

ADD

LD

LDADD

LD

LDADDLDLD

LD

ADD

LD

LD

ADD

LD

HL.FINDHL.DE(Fll + 1) ,HL

HL.DISTLKHL.DE(CONT+2),HL

HL.LTRFLGHL,DE(CONS-H),HL

HL,TOGG

HL.DE

< S1 +1) , HL

(S2+1),HL

HL.SENDHL,DE(Tl+1),HL

HL,CRHL,DE(T2+1),HL

LD HL,SPACEADD HL,DELD (SPKWD-2),HLTHE NEW KEYBOARD fc DISPLAY VECTORS ARE THEN CALCULATEDAND PUT IN THE NORMAL VECTOR LOCATIONS

LD

ADD

LD

LD

ADD

LD

HL,TCRTHL,DE(CRTADR),HL

HL,ECHO

HL,DE

<KBDADR>,HL

;DISPLAY ROUTINE

:KEYBOARD ROUTINE

FINALLY THE PROGRAM IS TRANSFERED TO THE NEW LOCATION

POP DE ;NEW BEGINNING ADDRESS

LD HL,BEGIN ;OLD BEGINNING ADDRESS

LDIR ;REG BC STILL HAS LENGTH OF PROG

NOW RETURN TO DOS OR JUMP TO BASIC !< RUN A PROGRAM

LDJP

HL,BASIC4405H

;NEWDOS DOS COMMAND MODE

BASIC

DEFMDEFBTRSDOS CHAINING ROUTINE

'BASIC 3V,RUN"DATE"ODH

THE NEW KEYBOARD & DISPLAY VECTORS ARE CALCULATEDAND PUT IN THE NORMAL VECTDR LOCATIONS

LD

ADD

LD

HL.TCRTHL.DE(CRTADR),HL

;DISPLAY ROUTINE

;KEYBOARD ROUTINE;SAVE FOR FUTURE USEFINALLY THE PROGRAM IS TRANSFERED TO THE NEW LOCATION

LD

ADD

LD

HL.ECHOHL,DE(TKBDR),HL

POP DE ;NEW BEGINNING ADDRESS

LD HL,BEGIN ;OLD BEGINNING ADDRESS

LDIR ;REG BC STILL HAS LENGTH OF PROG

;NOW RETURN TO DOS & CHAIN TO BASIC

:SET KBD VECTOR FOR CHAIN

LDLD

LD

LDJP

LD

LD

INC

LD

LD

LD

SUB

JR

LD

SUB

LD

RET

HL,CHAIN

<KBDADR) ,HL

HL,COMD(COMREG) ,HL402DH

HL,(COMREG)C,(HL)HL

(COMREG),HLDE,EC0MD+1A,HD

NZ.CH1A,LE

A,CNZ

COMMAND STRING

SAVE HL

JUMP TO TRSDOS

COMMAND STRING ADDRCOMMAND CHARACTERPOINT TO NEXT CHARACTERSAVE NEXT STRING ADDREND OF COMMAND STRINGTEST FOR END OF COMM STR

;RETURN IF NOT END

Listing 1 continued on page 458

456 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

For families who areserious about FUN...

Now, you can get brand-new computer games for families whowant more than shoot-'em-up space wars with flat stick-figuregraphics. These are absorbing one-of-a-kind games that will treatyou to the most advanced color animation ever for the Apple®Personal Computer.

Children delight in the bubble-gum colors and cartoon-like anima-tion. Grownups and game connoisseurs are challenged by the ex-pert skills and strategy required to survive to the final rounds.

Look for this new software — created by Optimum Resource, Inc.and distributed by Weekly Reader Family Software — in finercomputer stores. Or call toll-free 1-800-852-5000, Dept. AB-40.

Apple II or Apple [I +, with 48K and one disk drive. 3.3 DOS: and Apple He or Apple CI. Keyboard, paddles or joy stick.

Sttckybeai. OldIronsides. Chivalryand Fat City areregistered trade-marks of OptimumResource. Inc.Apple and Apple II.II +. Heandlllareregistered trade-marks of AppleComputer. Inc.

A/M13-G23Circle 517 on inquiry card.

0

Old Ironsides"'

Thrilling 2-player naval bat-tle. Use the wind, compasses,cannons to outwit your op-ponent! Detailed graphicsrecreate true sailing experi-ences. Poster, Log Book in-cluded. Ages 8 to 99.Only $39.95

Stickybear™ Bop

Animated shooting galleriesof Stickybears, ducks,planets, more. Pop-up game,poster, stickers included.Ages 3 to 99- Only $39.95

NEW Chivalry"'

Unique boardgame and soft-ware combination. To rescuethe king, play 20 animatedgames of skill and chance —jousting, tournaments, etc.For 1 to 4 players. Sturdy 21"x 24" gameboard. playingpieces, poster, instructions,strategy hints included. Ages8 to 99- Only $49.95

NEW Fat City1

Operate a wrecker to flattenbuildings as garbage cans arehurled at you from windows.9 different towns. Poster,stickers included. Ages 8to 99. Only $39.95

NEW Stickybear"Basketbounce

Win points by catching fall-ing bricks, donuts or stars be-fore running out of baskets,16 rounds. Poster, desk-topmobile, stickers included.Ages 3 to 99. Only $39.95

Weekly ReaderFamily Software

A division of Xerox Education PublicationsMiddletown, CT 06457

Circle 300 on inquiry card.

DISK DRIVES FOR

lIM- apple -TRS-8ojE««»yHEArH*

AND OTHER PERSONAL/MICROCOMPUTERS

8" THINUNE FLEXIBLE DISK SUBSYSTEM

(SHOWN ABOVE) FULLY ASSEMBLED & TESTED WITHCOMPLETE DOCUMENTATIONI-8480- DUAL DRIVE, DOUBLE-SIDED, 2.4MB . .11,495I-84B1- SINGLE DRIVE, DOUBLE-SIDED, 1.2MB;INCL. FILLER PANEL- SECOND DRIVE

CAN BE ADDED LATER 995

•8" FLEXIBLE DISK CONTROLLERS FOR IBM'PC & CippkZ NO CONTROLLER NEEDEDFOR 2*»f>ir/HEATH«Z-100 Call

5V4" FULL HEIGHT INTERNAL MOUNTING FLEXIBLE DISKDRIVES FOR IBM PC & XT, 2&"?>»/HEATH*

AND OTHER SMALL COMPUTERS:

/a E\ CONTROL DATAIS SJ CORPORATION

CDC 9409 DOUBLE-SIDED, 48TPI, 320/360KB .. 245landan

TM100-2 DOUBLE-SIDED, 48TPI. 320KB 230

TM101-4 DOUBLE-SIDED, 96TPI, 640KB 295

5V4" V4 HEIGHT INTERNAL MOUNTING FLEXIBLE DISKDRIVES (INCLUDES STRAP KITS TO MOUNT IN FULLHEIGHT FOOTPRINT) 6 MS. STEP RATElandan TM50-2

DOUBLE-SIDED, 48TPI (2) DRIVES FOR 395

QUMETRAK 142

DOUBLE-SIDED. 48TPI (2) DRIVES FOR 425

TEAC FD 55-B

DOUBLE-SIDED, 48TPI (2) DRIVES FOR 575

TEAC FD 55-F

DOUBLE-SIDED, 96TPI (2) DRIVES FOR 750

IlM' 4 DRIVE ADAPTOR CABLE Call

WCPC DOS SOFTWARE UTILITIES FROM TALL TREE

SYSTEMS

J FORMAT ENABLES USE OF 5W", D/S, 95TPI& 8" FLEXIBLE DISK DRIVES PLUSOTHER FEATURES FOR IBM PC DOS1.10 VERSION 1.78 50

J FORMAT-2SAME AS J FORMAT ABOVE FOR

IBM PC DOS 2.0 35

WINDRIVE ENABLES USE OF WINCHESTER

SUBSYSTEMS FOR IBM PC DOS 2.0 35

JETDRIVE ENABLES IMPLEMENTATION OFELECTRONIC DISK FOR IBM PCDOS 2.0 35

J UTILITIES INCLUDES J F0RMAT-2, WINDRIVE

& JETDRIVE 95

/P Rv CONTROL DATA

IS S CORPORATION DISKETTES

1242-00 5V<" SINGLE-SIDED, SINGLE/DOUBLE

DENSITY, WRITE PROTECT NOTCH & HUBRING (Box of 10) Special 19.95

1244-00 5V<" DOUBLE-SIDED, SINGLE/DOUBLE

DENSITY, WPN & HUB RING ... (Box of 10)Special 29.95

— 8" SINGLE OR DOUBLE-SIDED,

SINGLE/DOUBLE DENSITY, WPN &

HUB RING, VARIOUS FORMATS ... Call

CippkZ DISK DRIVES

DATA DRIVE5W FLEXIBLE DISK EXTERNAL

SUBSYSTEM BY TAVA CORP. 275

MS^tlCRO^CPHBrni

(714) 632-8512

305 S. State College Blvd.

Suite 135

Anaheim, CA 92806

Listing 1 continued:

70EF 2AF87070F2 22164070F5 C9

70F670FB

70FA 4270FF OD

7100 OD

7101 OD

7102 5271OB OD7200

7200

7200 CDE3037201

7203 B7

7204 CB

7205 4F

7206 21DF72

7209 FE60720B 2B19

720D 34720E 35720F CB

7210 23

7211 77

7212 23

7213 34

7214 23

7215 23

7216 CBFE

7218 C5

7219 CDB372721C CI

72ID FEOD721F 2B03

7221 CDC672

7224 79

7225 C9

7226 AF

7227 BE722B 777229 79722A CO722B 34722C C9

722D 3B29

722F 21DF7

7232 79

7233 FE077235 20037237 3601

7239 C9

723A 3016

723C FE06

723E 2003

7240 36007242 C9

01B2001B3O01B400185001B6001B7001BB00189O019000191001920019300194001 95001960019650 1970019800 19900200002010020200203002040020500206002070021OO021100212002150021600217002180021900220002210O22200223002240022500226002270022800229002300O231002320023300234002350023600237002380023900240002410024200243002440024500246002470024800249002500025100252002530025400255002570025B0025900260002610026200263002640O265002660026700268002690027000271002720027300274002750027600277002780O279002BOO0281002820

LDLDRET

COMREG DEFSTKBDR DEFS

COMD DEFMDEFBDEFBDEFBDEFM

ECDMD DEFBORB

HL,(TKBDR)(KBDADR),HL

;SET NEW KEYBOARD VECTOR

2 ;COMMAND ADDRESS REG

2 ;KEYBOARD VECTOR REG

"BASIC

ODH

ODH ; RETURN FOR » OF FILES ?

ODH ; RETURN FOR MEMORY SIZE ?

'RUN"DATE"' ;RUN SPECIFIED PROGRAM

ODH ;END OF COMMAND SEQUENCE

7200H

BEGIN EQU » ;BEGINNING ADDRESS OF PROGRAM

; ROUTINE TO ECHO KEYBOARD

; PROGRAM GOES TO KEYBOARD DRIVER THEN RETURNS TD ECHO

; ALL KEYS EXCEPT ENTER SPOKEN

; IF SAME LETTER IS IMMEDIATELY SENT TO DISPLAY,

; IT WILL NOT BE REPEATED

: SHIFT 3 KEY TOOGLES TALKER ON/OFF

ECHO CALLKBDRET EQU

ORRET

LD

SI LD

CP

JR

INCDECRET

INC

LD

INC

INC

INCINCSET

PUSH

CALL

POP

CP

JR

CALL

LD

RET

03E3Ht-2

;CALL OLD KEYBOARD ROUTINE;KEYBOARD ROUTINE ADDRESS

;TEST CHAR RETURNED FROM KEYBOARD;RETURN IF 0 <N0 CHARACTER)

C,A ;SAVE CHARACTERHL,TOGG ;ECHO ON/OFF REGISTER

60H

;TEST FOR SHIFT 3

Z.ONOFF ;TOGGLE TALKER ON/OFF IF SHIFT 3

(HL)(HL)

Z

HL(HL),A

HL(HL)

HLHL7,(HL)

BC

FINDBCODH

;TEST TOGGLE REG FOR O;WHICH MEANS TALKER OFF;RETURN IF TALKER OFF

;POINT HL 3 LAST CHARACTER REG;SAVE CHAR

;POINT HL 3 KEYBOARD REGISTER;SET KEYBOARD REGISTER

;POINT HL 3 SPACE FLAG REGISTER;POINT HL 3 LETTER FLAG REGISTER;SET LETTER FLAG REGISTER

;SPEAK LETTER OR COMMAND

;SEE IF A REG RETURNS WITH C/R

Z,TKRET ;JUMP IF IT DOES

T2TKRET

CRA.C

;OTHERWISE SEND C/R

;RECOVER ORIGINAL CHARACTER

ROUTINE TO TURN TALKER OFF OR ON IF SHIFT 3 KEYS HIT

OFF XOR A

CP (HL)

LD (HL),A

LD A,C

RET NZ

INC (HL)RET

ROUTINE TO READ TEXT THAT IS SENT TO THE DISPLAY

CLEAR A REG

TEST TOBGLE REG FOR O (OFF)

SET TDGGLE REG TD O

RECOVER ORIGINAL CHAR (60H)

RETURN IF TOGGLE REG WAS NOT O

OTHERWISE SET TOGGLE REG TD 1

CHARACTER IS SENT TO TALKER BEFORE IT GOES TO DISPLAYCOMMANDS NDT SPOKEN BUT CARRAIGE RETURN (C/R) SENTAUTOMATIC C/R IF 2 CONSEQUTIVE SPACESWILL NOT REPEAT CHAR JUST ENTERED ON KEYBOARDCHAR 07 TURNS TALKER ONCHAR 06 TURNS TALKER OFF

CHAR 05 SPEAKS BOTH LETTERS Si PUNCTUATIONCHAR 04 SPEAKS LETTERS ONLY

TCRT JR C.DISP ;IF READ FROM DISP SKIP TALKER

S2 LD HL.TOBG ;TALKER ON/OFF REBISTER

LD A,C ;NEW CHARACTER

CP 07H ;TEST FOR TALKER ON SWITCH CHAR

JR NZ,C0N1 ;JUMP IF NOT

LD (HL),1 ;SET TOBBLE REBISTER ONRET ;RETURN

C0N1 JR NC.CONT ;SKIP IF NOT SWITCH CHARACTER

CP 06H ;TEST FOR TALKER OFF SWITCH CHAR

JR NZ,C0N2 ;JUMP IF NOT

LD (HL),0 ;SET TOBBLE REGISTER OFF

RET

Listing 1 continued on page 460

458 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

"Thanks for the prompt reply. Surewas a lot faster than waiting forthe mail!"

"Gary: The pedigrees for nextweek's auction are as follows..'.'

A complete plug-in communicationssystem for Apple® computers. FromHayes, the established telecomputingleader: the simple but sophisticatedMicromodem He™ plug-in boardmodem and its companion software.Smartcom I.™ Everything you need toexpand the world of your Apple II, lie,II Plus and Apple III. In one, convenientcommunications package.

With Micromodem He and Smartcom I,you can access data bases, bulletinboards, and the varied resources of infor-mation services. Plan your travel itineraryvia computer, including flight numbers,hotel and rental car reservations. Retrieveand analyze daily stock and options prices.Work at home and send reports to youroffice. You can even do your gift shoppingby computer!

Micromodem He. Think of it as yourApple's telephone. It allows your com-puter to communicate with any Bell-103type modem over ordinary telephonelines, at 110 or 300 bits per second.Micromodem lie installs easily in anexpansion slot, and requires no outsidepower source. It connects directly toeither a single or multiline modularphone jack, to perform both Touch-Tone®and pulse dialing.

Micromodem He dials, answers and dis-connects calls automatically. And, unlikesome modems, it operates in full or halfduplex, for compatibility with most time-sharingsystems.

A built-in speaker lets you monitor your

Circle 208 on inquiry card.

Micromodem HeSmartcom I

m

calls when dialing. That way, you'llknow if aline is busy. With Smartcom I,Micromodem He automatically redialsyour last number.

Discover how Micromodem He canhelp maximize the capabilities of yourApple. While Smartcom I software willminimize your efforts.

Smartcom I companion softwareFor effortless communicationsWhether you're a newcomerto personal computing or a sea-soned professional, you'll appreciatethe ease and speed with which you canperform any communications function.Thanks to Smartcom I!

Let Smartcom I guide you through a feweasy-to-answer questions to tailor theprogram to your particular needs. Thenyou're ready to go!

Make a selection from the Smartcom Imenu to manage your communications,files or printer. Program prompts guide youalong the way. And menu selections let

"Attn. Prod., Sales, Purch.: Recom-mend 50% blue, 30% red screen forclosest match'.'

you easily make a call, end a call, or answera call. When you're on the receiving end,your Micromodem He answers automat-ically, even if you're not there!

Convenient! And so is the Smart-com I memory for phone numbers.Smartcom I stores three of your mostfrequently called telephone numbersandone prefix. Plus, it also remem-bers the last number dialed.

Smartcom I also provides a direc-tory of the files stored on your disk.And lets you create, list, name, send,receive, print or erase files right fromits menu.

Smartcom I is as versatile as you need itto be. It accepts DOS 3.3, Pascal, CP/M™3.0 or CP/M Plus™ operating systems.And accommodates up to six disk drivesand several printer interface cards.Like all our products. Smartcom I and

Micromodem He are backed

Umi^<<' by excellent documentation

ndy "o and full support. Including a

two-year limited warranty

on Micromodem He and a 90-day warranty

on Smartcom I!

See your dealer today. Then plug intothe exciting world of telecomputing.

Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.,5923 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Norcross,Georgia 30092.404/449-8791.

FCC approved in U.S.A.

©1983 Hayes Microcomputer Products, Inc.

Micromodem He and Smartcom I are trademarks of Hayes

Microcomputer Products, Inc. Apple Computer is a registered

trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. Touch-Tone is a registered trademark

of American Telephone and Telegraph. CP/M is a trademark of Digital

Research, Inc. CP/M Plus is a trademark of Advanced Logic Systems.

BYTE October 1983 459

Circle 406 on inquiry card.

S-100 Boards from S.C. Digital

§«*

iihiiIIUIU

wt\N 80186 CPU BOARD

features: Model: 80186 CPU

• Intel 80186 Based • Executes 8086 codes plus 10additional • built in DMA channels, timers, interruptcontroller • Interface to Numeric Data Processor, 8087 • 8or 16 bit data transfer, with 4 or 8 MHZ clock • Provision torun 2 different CPU's on the bus, such as our M:Z80 CPU.

Z80B CPU BOARD

features: Model Z80 CPU

• 2, 4 or 6 mhz clock. • 22 bit Address by MemoryMapping in 16K blocks. • 2 or 4Kbyte EPROM (notsupplied) with Phantom generation. • Jump on Reset. •Provision to run two different CPU's on the same bus, suchmodel 8186 CPU.

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

features: Model FDC1

• Single or Double density, sides, in any combination of upto four 8" or 5.25" drives. • Digital phase locked loop.

• DMA data transfer with cross 64K boundaries. 248address, DMA arbitation. • Monitor/boot EPROM accomo-dating two different processors. • CPM Bios programs.

• Serial port to 19.2K baud.

256K DYNAMIC RAM

features: Model 2S6KZ

• 8/16B Data, 24B Address. • Parity bit per Byte •Transparent refresh • Unlimited DMA • 180nsec. Accesstime • Will run 8086. 8088, 68000 to 8mhz, Z80, Z8000to 6mhz without wait states.

64K STATIC RAMfeatures: Model 64KS

• 8/16B Data 24B Address • Disable in 2K increments •180nsec Access Time (with 64KB) from address on, runs8086, 68000 to lOmhz, Z80, Z8000 to 8mhz without waitstates • Battery back up capable.

Board Sets: For Limited Time Only!

• Z80B CPU, DMA Floppy Controller, CP/M Plus 256KBRam SI,350

All boards conform to IEEE696/S100 specifications, fullysocketed, screened legends, masks, Gold contacts. GuaranteedOne Full Year.

80186 CPU

S595

IS Bit CPU

zso cpu

S325

Memory Mapping. 6 mhz

rac t

S395

Monitor EPROM

256KZ

S749

256KB. Parity

256KZ-128

S649

428KB, Parity

64 KS

S425

64KB. CMOS

32KUSM

S295

32KB. CMOS

3SPC

S259

3 serial. 1 parallel, cassette

CP/M Plus

SI 55

Purchased with FDC1

Z80 Monitor

S55

2K in EPROM, source code, for 35 PC

All Boards come assembled and tested.Ptices subject to change without notice.

Delivery is within 3 to 5 working days. MC, Visa 01 CODorders accepted. (Add S6 lot COD orders) Illinois residentsadd 5Va% sales tax.

*CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.O.E.M. & DEALER PRICE AVAILABLE

S.C. DIGITAL. INC.

1240 N. Highland Ave.. Suite #4

P. 0. Box 906, Aurora, Illinois 60507

Phone: (312) 897-7749

Listing 1 continued:

7243 FE05

7245 2004

7247 32E372

7240 C9

724B FE04724D 2009724F AF7250 1BF5

7252 C5

7253 CD5B72

7256 CI

7257 AF725E9 C358047259

725B 34725C 35725D CB

725E 23725F 467260 3620

7262 79

7263 FECO7265 305B

7267 71726B 23

7269 35

726A 3600726C 2002

726E B8726F CB

7270 23

7271 FE207273 3851

7275 2009

7277 BB727B 204E

727A 34727B 35727C CB

727D 34727E 1846

7280 36007282 23

7283 FE7B72B5 DO

7286 FE5B72BB 2B0C

72BA FE4172BC 303A

72BE FE3A7290 3004

7292 FE307294 3032

7296 46

7297 CBBE

02B30O2B4002B5002B60028700288002B9002900029100292002940029500296002970029B00299003O00O3O100302003O3003040O3O50O3O600307003OB003090031000311003120031300314003150031600317003180031900320003210032200323003240032500326003270032B0032900330003310033200333003340033500336003370033800339003400034 lO0342003440034500346003470034B003490035000351003520035300354003550035600357003580035900360003610036200363003640036S003660036700368003690037000371003720037300374003750037600377003780037900380003B1003B2003B30

C0N2 CP 05H ;LETTER & PUNCTUATION SWITCH CHAR

JR NZ,C0N3

CONS LD (LTRFLB).A ;SET LETTER FLAG REGISTER

RET

CDN3 CP 04H ;LETTERS ONLY SWITCH CHARGO TO DISPLAY IF NOTCLEAR A REGISTERSET LETTER FLAG REGISTER ONROUTINE TO CHECK FOR COMMANDS SENT TO DISPLAYALSO MULTIPLE SPACE COMMANDS

CP

04H

JR

NZ.DISP

XOR

A

JR

CONS

CONT

PUSH

CALLPOPXORDISP JPCRTRET EQU

INCDECRET

BC

DISTLK ;SPEAK CHARACTER SENT TO DISPLAY

BC

A (CLEAR CARRY

45BH ;G0 TO DISPLAY DRIVER

*-2 !DISPLAY DRIVER ADDRESS

<HL><HL)

Z

;TEST TOGGLE REG FOR 0;RETURN IF TALKER OFF

INC

LD

LD

LD

CP

JR

LD

INC

DEC

LD

JR

CPRET

INC

CP

JR

JR

CPJR

INCDECRET

INCJR

LD

INC

HL ;POINT HL 3 LAST CHARACTER REG

B,(HL) ;LAST CHARACTER

<HL),20H ;STORE SPACE IN LAST CHAR REG

A,C ;GET NEW CHARACTER

OCOH ;CHECK FOR SPACE COMPRESSION CODE

NC,SPACE ;SEND SPACE IF TRUE

<HL),C ;LOAD REG WITH NEW CHARACTER

HL ;POINT HL 3 KEYBOARD FLAG REGISTER

(HL) ;TEST FOR KEYBOARD FLAG

(HL),0 ;RESET KEYBOARD FLAG REGISTER

NZ.LNFK ;JUMP IF LAST INPUT NOT FROM KBD

B ; COMPARE LAST l< NEW CHARACTERS

Z ;RETURN IF SAME

HL ;POINT HL 3 SPACE FLAG REG

20H ;SEE IF IT IS A SPACE

C,CR ;SEND C/R IF IT IS A COMMAND

NZ.NSPC ;SPEAK CHARACTER IF NOT SPACE

B ;IF IT IS A SPACE SEE IF LAST

NZ.SEND ;CHAR WAS ALSO & SEND IF NOT

(HL)(HL)

Z

(HL)CR

;TEST SPACE FLAG REG

; RETURN IF SPACE FLAG SET

;SET SPACE FLAG;SEND C/R

(HL),0 ;RESET SPACE FLAG REGISTERHL ;POINT HL S LETTER FLAG REGISTER

ROUTINE TO SPEAK CHARACTERS

COMMANDS SPOKEN IF FROM KEYBOARDPUNCTUATION SPOKEN ONLY IF LETTER FLAG NOT 0CHARACTERS ABOVE 7BH ARE IGNORED

CP

RET

7BHNC

; RETURN (IGNORE) IF CHAR >7BH

SEE IF CHAR =5BH (UP ARROW) THIS IS THE ONLY CHARACTERRECOGNIZED BETWEEN 5AH S, 60H

CPJR

5BH

Z,WORD

;A=5BHSEE IF CHARACTER IS A LETTER (UPPER OR LOWER CASE)

CPJR

'A'NC,SEND

;41H<A<7AHSEE IF CHARACTER IS A PUNCTUATION MARK :;

CP ' : '

JR NC.WORD ;39H<A<41H

SEE IF CHARACTER IS A NUMBER

CPJR

"O"

NC.SEND

i2FH<A<3AHOTHERWISE CHAR MUST BE A COMMAND OR PUNCTUATION MARK

ROUTINE TO FIND THE PROPER WDRD TO SPEAKFOR COMMANDS & PUNCTUATION

LDRES

B,(HL)7, (HL)

iSAVE LETTER FLAG FOR USE LATER

;CLEAR KBD FLAG IN LETTER FLAG REG

; POINT HL TO BEGINNING OF TABLE

Listing 1 continued on page 462

460 October 1983 © BYTE Publications In

THE ONE AND ONLY

CRAMBO

You've got a problem. Go to yourfavorite computer store. Ask to see theirCombo Cards. Then ask about their RAMCards. See the problem? Just too many topick from. Now, ask to see the CRAMBO™.Mo problem. There's only one. Ours. Exceptyou don't know what a CRAMBO is. You'veprobably guessed it's a Combo Card piggybacked to a RAM Card. So it only takes upone slot in your IBM/PC. That's right. Buthere are the details.

—" iii!y,ni'!'".i'niimiiH"''m

THE COMBO II CARD:

For $189 you'll get a Clock Calendar,Async Communications, Parallel Printer anda Game Adapter.

THE 512K RAM CARD:

It too, is only $189 with 64K of RAMinstalled. And when you need more RAM,64K increments are available for $64 each.And, SDRIVE, the electronic disk emulator,is available at no cost with the RAM Card.

You can buy either of our boardsseparately for use in the XT or PC expansionchassis. But only our boards can be piggybacked to give you the one and onlyCRAMBO. And for only $359.

Go check out the CRAMBO at the samestore carrying all those Combo Cards andRAM Cards. If they don't have the CRAMBOhave them call us. 800/525-7674. Or write:Apparat, Inc. 4401 South Tamarac Parkway,Denver, Colorado 80237, 303/741-1778.

IBM PC Is a registered trademark of International Business Machine Corp.

Apparat, Inc.

Circle 38 on inquiry card.

Circle 510 on inquiry card.

Applications Software Developers

Write

more powerful

applications

with Idris,

Whitesmiths'

more powerful

operating

system.

To produce the high qualityapplications today's businessenvironments require, you needa powerful, sophisticated oper-ating system. Idris, the fastest,most complete UNIX-like sys-tem for micros, meets yourneeds. Idris offers:

• multi-user, multi-taskingcapabilities

• networking, even betweendissimilar computers

• application portability fromIdris to UNIX and UNIX toIdris

• ROM-ability

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NAMETITLE.

COMPANY.ADDRESS _CITY

STATE

. ZIP_

TELEPHONE .

Listing 1 continued:

729A CB7E729C 23729D 2BFB

729F 7E72A0 E67F72A2 CB

72A3 B972A4 20F372A6 7B72A7 B772A8 200472AA CB7E72AC 2814

72AE CDC27272B1 2372B2 7E72B3 CDCB7272B6 CB7E72BB 2BF7

72BA 7E72BB FEAO72BD 200772BF 2372CO 1BEF

72C2 3E2072C4 1B02

72C6 3E0D

72C8 F5

72C9 DBEA72CB CB7772CD 28FA

72CF AF72D0 3D72D1 20FD

72D3 DBE872D5 CB7F72D7 20FA

72D9 Fl72DA E67F72DC D3EB72DE C9

72DF 0172E0 0072E1 OO72E2 0072E3 01

72E4 SO

72E5 3B72E6 5372EA AO

72EB 3A72EC 4372F0 CE

72F1 3C72F2 4C72F5 D3

72F6 BD72F7 4572FD D3

72FE 3E72FF 47

7304 D2

7305 3F

7306 51730D CE

730E CO730F 41

7310 D4

7311 21

7312 45731C CE

03B400385003860O387003BB003B9003900039100392003930039400395003960O3970039B00400004010O4020040300404004050O4O600407004080O409004100041 1004120O413004140041500416004170041B004190O42O0042100422004230O42400425004260O4270042B00429004300O4310043200433004340043500436004370043800439004400044200443004440044500446004470044B004490045OO04510045200453004540045500456004570045B004590046000461004620046300464004650046600467004680046900470004710047200473004740047500476004770O47800479004B0004B1004B2004B3004840

BITINCJR

LD

ANDRET

CP

JR

LD

OR

JR

BIT

JR

7, (HL)

HL

Z,«-3

A, (HL)7FH

Z

C

NZ,TERM

A,B

A

NZ,*+6

7, (HL)

Z,SPACE

;FIND TERMINATING CHAR

BET CHARACTER FROM TABLEREMOVE FLAB BITRETURN IF END OF TABLE

COMPARE TO NEW CHARACTER

CONTINUE SEARCH IF NOT SAME

TEST LETTER FLAG TO SEE IF ALL

PUNCT TO BE SPOKEN

SEND REGARDLESS IF SET

CHECK CHAR FLAG IN TABLE

SEND SPACE IF CHAR NOT ALLOWED

; SPEAK WORD WHEN CHARACTER FOUND

CALL

INC

LD

CALL

BIT

JR

LD

CP

JR

INC

JR

SPACE

HL

A, (HL)

SEND

7,(HL)

;SEND SPACE TO SEPARATE WORD

;SEND WORD

;CHECK FOR TERMINATOR

Z,SPKWD ;CONTINUE IF NOT TERMINATOR

A, (HL)

OAOH

NZ.CR

HL

SPKWD

; IF TERMINATOR = AOH CONTINUE;OTHERWISE SEND C/R

ROUTINE TO SEND CHARACTER TO VOTRAX TYPE-N-TALK

SPACE

CR

SEND

SEND1

LD

JR

LD

PUSH

IN

BIT

JR

XORDECJR

IN

BIT

JR

A,20HSEND

A,ODH

AF

A,(OEAH)6, AZ,SEND1

AANZ,DELAY

;SEND SPACE TO VOTRAX

;SEND C/R TO VOTRAX

;SAVE CHARACTER

;CHECK RS-232 STATUS

;LOOP IF RS-232 NOT READY

;DELAY FOR ONE FRAME GIVE VOTRAX;TIME TO RESET CLEAR TO SEND LINE

A,(OEBH) ;SEE IF VOTRAX READY TO RECEIVE7,A ;CLEAR TO SEND (CTS) TRUENZ,SEND2 ;LDOP IF NOT READY

POPANDOUTRETFLAG REGISTERS

AF jRESTORE CHARACTER7FH j REMOVE FLAG BIT(OEBH),A ;SEND CHARACTER TO RS-232

TOGG DEFBDEFBDEFBDEFB

LTRFLG DEFB

TALKER ON/OFF FLAG REGISTER

LAST CHARACTER REGISTER

KEYBOARD REGISTER

SPACE FLAG REGISTER

LETTERS & NUMBERS ONLY FLAG REG

LOOK-UP TABLE FOR PUNCTUATION & COMMANDS

DEFB BOH ;TABLE MUST START W/ 80H

DEFBDEFMDEFB

•SEMI"OAOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

'COLO''N'+BOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

'<■•

•LES''S'+BOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

•='+BOH'EEQUAL'"S'+SOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

' >'

'GRATE'

'R'+BOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

' ?'

'QUESTIO'

'N'+80H

DEFBDEFMDEFB

'3'+B0H

'A'

'T'+BOH

DEFBDEFMDEFB

'EXCLAMATIO'N'+BOH

;ALWAYS SPOKEN

;ALWAYS SPOKEN

Listing 1 continued on page 464

462 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

TAVT

Because VT100 usersdeserve more than just

VT100 compatibility.

J ANSI II

■ S \\ WT

MM B.'k-hu.. _

MR

THE CONCEPT DISPLAY TERMINAL

VT100 compatibility is one thing, but eight pages of memory,programmable function keys, windowing, multiple computer capabilities,ANSI standard conformance...and VT1 00 compatibility is something else.Only from Human Designed Systems.

A good news/great news story from HumanDesigned Systems.

First the good news. The concept AVT displayterminal gives you everything you need in an80/132-column ANSI/VT100-compatible displayterminal. And at a very competitive price.

$

Now the great news. The conceptAVT display terminal provides anexciting, new set of capabilities thatlets you do much more. Withoutchanging the price.

It starts with ANSI standard conform-ance, DEC software compatibility, and80/132-column capability, and extends that evenfurther by offering eight pages of displaymemory to relieve the interactive user of theneed to generate unnecessary hardcopyprintouts and to provide the applicationdeveloper with a powerful tool for applicationsrequiring multiple formats and storage of largevolumes of text; by enabling users topermanently configure a terminal for their needsor applications; by providing functionality

'Quantity one. DEC and VT are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation.

1295

designed to improve the effectiveness of slow-speed applications; by enabling users to createtrue windows within display memory; byproviding programmable function keys whichtransmit data and/or execute terminalcommands; by providing up to three additionalcommunications ports for connection to other—N peripherals and computers; by

providing flexible user networkingfunctionality for use in a wide range ofdifferent applications, includingmultiple computer connections; andby doing much more.

VT100 compatibility and ANSIstandard conformance. Add it to the conceptdisplay terminal's 132-column performance, inASCII or APL/ASCII models, with multiplecomputer capabilities, windowing,programmable function keys, multiple pages ofmemory, and much more, and you can see whyHuman Designed Systems has given terminals anew meaning...and that means true economy.

human designed systems, inc.

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Human Designed Systems. We're redefining terminal performance.

Atlanta — (404) 391-9763; Boston — (617) 329-3510; Chicago — (312) 825-2960; Dallas — (214) 437-1888; Delaware — Infocon: (302) 239-2942; Denver — (303) 469-1953;Hawaii — Gray Associates: (808) 261-3751; Los Angeles — (213) 410-9454; Northern New Jersey — Inlocon: (201) 624-1372; New York City Area — Infocon: (212) 689-8833;New York State — Naco Electronics: Rochester: (716) 223-4490; Syracuse: (315) 699-2651; San Francisco — (415) 692-4184; Washington, DC — International SystemsMarketing: (301) 279-5775; Argentina — Itron SA: (01) 744-9369; Australia — Computer Clarity PTY Ltd.: (02) 241 3885; I. O. Peripheries Pty. Limited: (02) 427 3555; Belgium —BELCOMP: 091/25 22 88; Canada — CAIL Systems: Toronto: (416) 362-1063; Denmark — ADCOM Data Aps: 1-19 44 66; Finland — Modulsystem OY: 0-6926511; France —Walton: (1) 226.06.90; Singapore — DTS Singapore: (65) 33-88-566; Switzerland — Mltek ag: 02/461 22 52; United Kingdom — Shandell Systems Ltd.: 02407-2027; WestGermany — COMKO Computersystemges, mbH: 0221-48 30 51. INTERNATIONAL DISTRIBUTORSHIP INQUIRIES INVITED.

Circle 213 on inquiry card.

Circle 533 on inquiry card.

OUR

ADC1'

HELPI

{Mi :

JOUSEIMMUNICATEI

'The Lime™ is astor from EPD.

Surgesarepowefipfefluct.ua-'tions that cause downtime, dataloss and damage to computers,software and all microprocessorcontrolled equipment. <'M

Limes keep the White*A Complications equifrorrrfple dangers. Stectorsj like The LemonLime™, JheOrange™, lPeach ™ , are at work in the U.S.Justice Department, Chemical^Bank, Southwestern Bell, New^phone, Diebolrersity, and otlleading organizations.

With EPD you're not only pro-*tected by expert technology butby a policy fJMtloydslof Lon-don that in»Rhat pr6fectiori

With EPDyou're in grjbdcornp-"

Listing 1 continued:

iU

G IN WITHOUT uK.

_^_ _

—1 ■—1

i—■—i"

mm

sfc PraisctionHP.O. Box 673, Waltham,(617)891-6602 . 1-80C

=

731D 22731E 51

7322 CS

7323 A3

7324 4E

7329 D2

732A A4732B 44

7330 D2

7331 A5

7332 50

7338 D4

7339 A6733A 41733C C4

733D 27733E 41

7346 D9

7347 29

7348 43734D AO

734E 28734F 50

7353 CE

7354 2A

7355 41735C CB

735D AB735E 50

7361 D3

7362 2C

7363 43

7367 CI

7368 2D

7369 4D736D D3

736E 2E736F 50

7373 D4

7374 AF

7375 537379 C8

737A IB737B 5373B0 AO

7381 5B

7382 5573B3 DO

7384 IF

7385 43

7389 D2

738A 20738B 53738F C5

7390 01

7391 42

7395 CB

7396 18

7397 53739C AO

739D 08739E 4273A0 C3

73A1 1973A2 5373A7 AO

73AB 0973A9 5473AB C2

73AC OA73AD 4473B0 CE

73B1 OD73B2 SO

O4B50 ;

O48fc>0

04870

04880

O4B90 ;

04900

04910

04920

04930 ;

04940

04950

04960

04970 ;

04980

04990

05000

05020

05030

05040

05050 ;

05060

05070

05080

05090 j

05100

051 10

05120

05130 ;

05140

05150

05160

05170 |

05180

05190

05200

05210 ;

05220

05230

05240

05250 !

05260

05270

05280

05290 ;

05300

05310

05320

05330 ;

05340

05350

05360

05370 ;

05380

05390

05400

05410 ;

05420

05430

05440

05450 ;

05460

05470

05480

05490 ;

05500

05510

05520

05530 ;

05540

05550

05560

05570 ;

05580

05590

05600

05620

05630

05640

05650 ;

05660

O5670

05680

05690 ;

05700

05710

05720

05730 ;

05740

05750

05760

05770 ;

05780

05790

05800

05810 ;

05B20

05830

05B40 ;

DEFBDEFM

'QUOT'

DEFB

'E'+BOH

DEFB

■#'+80H

DEFM

'NUMBE'

DEFB

'R'+BOH

DEFB

'*'+BOH

DEFM

'DOLLA'

DEFB

'R'+BOH

DEFB

' 7.' +BOH

DEFM

'PERCEN'

DEFB

'T'+SOH

DEFB

'&'+80H

DEFM

'AN'

DEFB

'D'+80H

DEFB

,,,

DEFM

'APOSTROF

DEFB

'Y'+80H

DEFB

' )'

DEFM

'CLOSE'

DEFB

OAOH

DEFB

' <'

DEFM

'PARA'

DEFB

'N-+80H

DEFB

'»'

DEFM

'ASTERIB'

DEFB

'K'+80H

DEFB

'+'+BOH

DEFM

'PLU'

DEFB

'S'+80H

DEFB

.,>

DEFM

'COMM'

DEFB

'A'+BOH

DEFB

.-.

DEFM

'MYNA'

DEFB

'S'+BOH

DEFB

...

DEFM

'POIN'

DEFB

'T'+BOH

DEFB

'/'+80H

DEFM

'SLAS'

DEFB

'H'+BOH

DEFB

1BH

DEFM

'SHIFT'

DEFB

OAOH

DEFB

5BH

DEFM

'U"

DEFB

'P'+80H

DEFB

1FH

DEFM

'CLEA'

DEFB

'R-+80H

DEFB

. -

DEFM

' SPAC

DEFB

'E'+80H

DEFB

01H

DEFM

'BREA'

DEFB

'K'+80H

DEFB

18H

DEFM

'SHIFT'

DEFB

OAOH

DEFB

OBH

DEFM

'BA'

DEFB

'C+80H

DEFB

19H

DEFM

'SHIFT'

DEFB

OAOH

DEFB

09H

DEFM

'TA'

DEFB

'B'+BOH

DEFB

OAH

DEFM

'DOW

DEFB

'N'+BOH

DEFB

ODH

DEFB

080H

;ALWAYS SPOKEN

jALWAYS SPOKEN

:ALWAYS SPOKEN

;ALWAYS SPOKEN

I ALWAYS SPOKEN

;COULD BE "DASH";COULD BE "PERIOD"

|ALWAYS SPOKEN

Listing 1 continued on page 466

464 October 1963 © BYTE Publications Inc.

KEY TRONIC

POLISHES THE

APPLE II* KEYBOARD

fck&y tronic

Eleven Function KeysStreamline MultipleKey Operations

Keys in FamiliarTypewriter Locations

10 Foot CableFor Portability

Full Shifting Capability

Numeric Pad

Enhance your APPLE II* Computer System with a Key Tronic keyboard peripheral.

This detached, low-profile keyboard is plug-compatible with the existing keyboard socket

of the Apple II. It also features reliable microprocessor electronics, solid-state

capacitance switches, and positive tactile feedback.

Special keyboard available for the handicapped — factory direct.

key tronic

'Apple II is a registered trademark of Apple Computer. Inc.

Suggested Retail Price: $298.00To order Model KB-200 call Toll Free 1-800-2ri2-f>00(ifor the retailer closest to you. (8am-4pm Pacific Time)Warranty information may be obtained, free ofcharge, by writing to the address below.

THE RESPONSIVE KEYBOARD COMPANY

DEPT.E1 • P.O. BOX 14687 • SPOKANE. WASHINGTON 99214 USA

RETAILERS: For the Distributor in your area, call Toll Free 1-800-262-6006 Dept. D (8am-4pm Pacific Time)

Circle 261 on inquiry card.

isting 1 continued:

73B3 OC

0585005B60

NOP ;TABLE MUST END U/

00

73B4

0587005880

LAST

EQU * ;END OF ROUTINE

7010

O5890

END START

OOOOO TOTAL

ERRORS

SYMBOL TABLE

BASIC

70A6

01390

01360

BESIN

7200

01970

00590

O0760 0131O OlSSO

CHI

70ED

01 BOO

01770

CHAIN

70DC

01700

01630

COMD

70FA

01900

01660

CQMREG

70F6

01B70

01670

01700 01730

C0N1

723A

02770

02730

C0N2

7243

02840

O2BO0

C0N3

724B

02890

02B50

CONS

7247

02860

00940

02920

CONT

7252

02970

00900

02770

CR

72C6

O4210

01090

02430 03270 03390 O4110

CRTADR

401E

00240

0029O

01220 01490

CRTRET

7259

O302O

00300

DELAY

72D0

04300

04310

DISP

7258

O3010

02680

02900

DISTLK

725B

03050

00B80

029B0

ECHO

7200

02100

01240

01510

ECOMD

710B

01950

01740

Fll

7219

023B0

00B60

FIND

72S3

03500

00840

02380

H1MEM1

4049

O021O

00530

0O670

HIMEH3

441 1

00220

00570

00650

KBDADR

4016

00230

00320

01260 01640 01B40

KBDRET

7201

02110

00330

LAST

73B4

05B70

00590

LNFK

7270

0325O

03200

LTRFLG

72E3

044B0

00920

02B60

NSPC

7280

03410

03290

ONOFF

7226

02490

02210

SI

7206

02190

00980

S2

722F

02700

00990

SEND

72C8

04230

0046004190

00480 01050 03320 03620 03720 04050

SEND1

72C9

04250

04270

SEND2

72D3

04330

04350

SET1

703D

00590

00560

SET2

704C

00670

00640

SET3

704F

00690

00660

SPACE

72C2

04180

01130

03140 03980 04020

SPKWD

72B1

04030

01150

04070 04130

START

7010

00290

05B90

Tl

72B3

04050

01070

T2

7221

02430

OHIO

TCRT

722D

026BO

01200

01470

TERM

7299

03830

03930

TKBDR

70FB

01BB0

01530

01B30

TKRET

7224

02440

02410

TOGG

72DF

04440

00960

02190 02700

WORD

7296

03800

03570

03670

Text continued from page 454:the Talker program can execute.Knowing how and when to do thisis difficult for a blind operatorbecause there are no audio prompts.A patch to eliminate this problemwas written by John Ratzlaff and ap-peared in the September 1982 issueof 80 Micro (page 34). It is: patch*0:0(Add=4EA9, Find = CA, Chg = C3).

Don't use the DO command and achain file with TRSDOS because,when the command file is complete,the keyboard vectors are rewritten,bypassing Talker. Use the chainshown in listing 1 or use NEWDOS.

In a cassette system, the memorysize must be set using the SYSTEMcommand before the program can beloaded and further programs runmanually.

Regardless of which system youuse, the Talker program consists oftwo major parts: the intercept rou-tines and a relocation/initializationroutine. When loaded and run, theinitializing routine retrieves the key-board and video-driver vectors, setsthe RS-232C parameters, turns off theretransmission mode of the Type-N-Talk, relocates the intercept routinesto the end of memory, determines ifthe host computer is a Model I or IIIand sets the high-memory pointer ac-cordingly, inserts new addresses in-to the keyboard- and video-vectorlocations, and exits to DOS. The ini-tialization routine is then discarded,

a message to our subscribers

From time to time we make the BYTE subscriber list available to other companies who wish to send our sub-scribers material about their products. We take great care to screen these companies, choosing only thosewho are reputable, and whose products, services, or information we feel would be of interest to you. Directmail is an efficient medium for presenting the latest personal computer goods and services to our subscribers.

Many BYTE subscribers appreciate this controlled use of our mailing list, and look forward to finding informa-tion of interest to them in the mail. Used are our subscribers' names and addresses only (no other informa-tion we may have is ever given).

While we believe the distribution of this information is of benefit to our subscribers, we firmly respect thewishes of any subscriber who does not want to receive such promotional literature. Should you wish torestrict the use of your name, simply send your request to the following address.

BYTE Publications Inc

Attn: Circulation Department

70 Main St

Peterborough NH

03458

466 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Plug 3,000 new applications

into your Apple!

THE CP/M Card™ plugs CP/M Plus™ into your Apple.

The CP/M Card gives you the option of running your Apple II

with the speed and capability of a professional Z-80 system

with CP/M*-compatible software. You plug in the CP/M

Card. Then choose CP/M or your standard Apple software

at your option.Plug into a big, new world of software.The CP/M Card gives you instant access to the world's largestselection of microcomputer software —more than 3,000CP/M-compatible applications, languages, andprogramming utilities. So, you, too can use pro-fessional business programs such as WordStar,*SuperCalc,™ Condor,™ and other high-performancesoftware from Day One. Yet, you still have accessto your present library of Apple software.

300% faster than your Apple system! The CP/M Card is theonly Apple II performance package that offers the speed andefficiency of CP/M Plus.A plug about quality.

The CP/M Card was designed and built by Digital Research,the creators of CP/M, and Advanced Logic Systems, the mostrespected manufacturer of Apple performance products. Soyou know the CP/M Card is the most perfectly integratedApple performance package you can buy.

Why just keep plugging along? The CP/M Cardprovides everything you need—including 64K ofon-board memory, CP/M Plus, CBASIC,"GSX™-80 and full documentation—for just $399.

Now available through the CP/M library.See your local microcomputer dealer today. Orcontact Advanced Logic Systems, 1195 East

Plug into incredible performance.

Together, the ultra-fast CP/M Card and A , . , . c . Arques Ave., Sunnyvale, CA 94086 (800)

CP/M Plus run applications up to AaVunCea LOglC OySTemS 538-8177. (In California (408) 730-0306.)

The CP/M Card for your Apple II.

CP/M, CP/M Plus, the CP/M Card and CBASIC arc either trademarks or registered trademarks of Digital Research Inc. Z-80 is a registered trademark of Zilog, Inc.WordStar is a registered trademark of MicroPro International Corporation. SuperCalc is a trademark of Sorcim Corporation. Condor is a trademark of Condor ComputerCorporation. GSX-80 is a trademark of Graphics Software System. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. C11982 Digital Research Inc.

Circle 18 on inquiry card.

and the memory space that it oc-cupies can be reused.

The Keyboard Intercept

If the keyboard driver is called, thecharacter returned from the normalkeyboard routine is interceptedbefore it is sent back to the host pro-gram. If the character is a letter ornumber, it is transmitted to the Type-'N-Talk followed by a carriage returnso that it is spoken immediately andno distinction is made between up-percase and lowercase letters (if avail-able). If it is a punctuation mark orcontrol character, it must be trans-lated into a word or the Votrax unitwill ignore it. This word is then sentand immediately spoken. Flags areset so that if the same character is im-mediately sent to the video-displaydriver, it is not repeated. The Talkerprogram can be toggled off and onby pressing the Shift and @ keyssimultaneously. This key combina-tion represents the only commandthat can be sent to the Talker programdirectly from the keyboard.

The Video Intercept

If the video-display driver is called,the character is intercepted before itis sent to the display, and unless it isone of the special program controlcharacters (numbers 04 through 07),it will be spoken and then sent on tothe display. If the video driver is be-ing used to read a character alreadyon the display, the intercept programpasses the request to the driver.

The video-intercept routine sendsany number or letter (uppercase orlowercase) directly to the Type-N-Talk. Control codes for the display(such as BACK SPACE and TAB) arenot transmitted, but a carriage returnis sent in their place, causing thepreviously transmitted text to bespoken. The carriage return and thespace characters are transmitteddirectly. If two or more consecutivespace characters are encountered, thefirst space is sent, a carriage returnis sent in place of the second spacecharacter, and subsequent consecu-tive spaces are ignored.

Punctuation marks are translated

into words and sent to the Type-N-Talk preceded by a space and fol-lowed by a carriage return, providedthat the intercept routine has notbeen instructed to ignore them. Themarks that are ignored and their pro-nunciation can be easily changed bymodifying the lookup table in theprogram. For example, you may wantto substitute PERIOD for POINT orDASH for MINUS.

All graphics codes are ignored.Space-compression codes result in asingle space being sent to the Votraxunit. The special character codes ofthe Model III (numbers 192 through255) are considered space-compres-sion codes.

Four special codes can be used tocontrol the intercept program. TheBASIC statement PRINT CHR$(4)will cause punctuation marks to beignored; PRINT CHR$(5) causesthem to be spoken. This commandhas no effect on punctuation charac-ters originating from the keyboard.PRINT CHR$(6) causes the programto stop talking, and PRINT CHR$(7)

EVTE

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starts the Type-'N-Talk speakingagain. These commands are not sentto the display because they would beignored anyway.

As I mentioned before, the twomajor parts of the Talker program arethe relocation/initialization routineand the intercept routine. Descrip-tions of these routines follow (seelisting 1).

The Relocation/InitializationRoutine

The Talker program is loaded athexadecimal 7000 (decimal 28672)and starts at 7010, which allows youto use the program on computerswith 16K, 32K, or 48K bytes of mem-ory without changes. The message inline 140 serves as a check on the dateof the program. I have the programon several different disks and I findit helpful to have a clear ASCII(American National Standard Codefor Information Interchange) datethat I can read with DEBUG to en-sure that I have the latest version.

First, the normal keyboard and dis-play-driver addresses are taken fromthe vector locations and stored in theintercept program (lines 290 through330). Next, the RS-232C interface isinitialized, and the bps rate set to9600 (lines 370 through 410). The pro-gram then turns off the retrans-mission mode of the synthesizer,which is normally used in daisy-chain configurations, by sending itthe characters hexadecimal IB and 14(decimal 27 and 20).

The high-memory pointer deter-mines how much memory is avail-able for program use and is locatedat hexadecimal 4049 (decimal 16457)for the Model I and 4411 (decimal17425) for the Model III. The programautomatically finds which computeris being used by looking into theROM (read-only memory) at location0050 (decimal 80), where the specialcharacter table is located in Model Ifor keyboard decoding. If the bytestored there is hexadecimal OD, youhave a Model I; if not it's a Model III(lines 530 through 570). I have in-cluded this capability because Iregularly run the program on bothcomputers, and it is a nuisance tokeep changing the pointer address

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back and forth. If the program wasto be run on only one or the other,this check could be eliminated, butbecause this part of the programeventually is discarded, the extramemory use is not a factor. Once themodel type is determined, the lengthof the intercept routine (LAST-BEGIN = 436 bytes) is subtractedfrom the existing high-memorypointer, and this new address be-comes the end of usable memory andis stored in the pointer location (lines590 through 670). The intercept rou-tine starts at this address plus 1 bytewhen it is relocated. For example, ifthe high-memory pointer were 32767,it would become 32767-436 or 32331,and the intercept routine would startat 32332 when it was relocated.

The difference between the newstarting address (32332 in the exam-ple) and the present starting address(hexadecimal 7200 or decimal 29184)of the intercept routine is then calcu-lated. Now various absolute ad-dresses (subroutine calls and flagregister addresses) are adjusted toreflect the new location (lines 760through 1150), and the new locationsof the keyboard and display inter-cepts are written back into the drivervector locations (lines 1200 through1260). At last the intercept routine istransferred to the new location. TheHL register pair is then loaded withthe address of a DOS commandstring, and a jump to NEWDOSautomatically starts execution of aBASIC program called "Date," a pro-gram I wrote that asks for the datefrom the operator, reads it back inEnglish, and then runs a menu ofavailable programs.

Remember that I promised to givea chaining routine for TRSDOS if youread far enough? Well, lines 1470through 1950 do just that. Instead ofthe keyboard intercept vector beingimmediately loaded in the driverlocation, it is stored temporarily, andthe location of a keyboard chain rou-tine set in the driver vector's place.Whenever the keyboard is called, thisnew routine sends back a characterinstead. It types in "BASIC," answersthe NUMBER OF FILES? and MEM-ORY SIZE? questions, and types inthe name of the BASIC program to be

run automatically. Before returningwith the last character, however, it re-places the keyboard driver vectorwith the address of the keyboard in-tercept routine. If you use this chain-ing routine, remember to assemble itin place of lines 1200 through 1400and insert the name of the programto be run in place of Date.

The relocation and initialization arenow complete, and this part of theprogram can be written over byBASIC.

The Intercept Routines

For clarity, the intercept routinesare broken into three parts: the key-board intercept, the video intercept,and their partner, the Find routine.Remember that, although listing 1shows the program assembled athexadecimal 7200 (decimal 29184), itis actually residing at the end of highmemory.

The Find routine sendsa character to the

synthesizer ortranslates it into a

word and transmits it.

The routine that echoes the key-board is called, as you might suspect,Echo. This routine first calls theoriginal keyboard routine to get acharacter.

Now the fun begins. First the char-acter is checked to see if it is a null(00), which would indicate that nokey had been pressed (lines 2150through 2160). If this is the case, theprogram returns immediately to thehost program as it normally would.If there is a character, it is then com-pared to hexadecimal 60 (the shift @key), which is used to toggle Talkeron and off (lines 2200 through 2210).If it is the hexadecimal 60, the routinejumps to lines 2490 through 2550 toturn on Talker; otherwise the TOG-GLE flag register is checked to see ifTalker has already been turned off(lines 2230 through 2250). Assumingthat Talker is still on, the routinesaves the character in the LASTCHARACTER register and sets the

KEYBOARD flag register (lines 2270through 2310). The video-interceptroutine uses these registers to pre-vent repetition of a character sent tothe display after being input from thekeyboard. Next, bit 7 of the LETTERflag register is set to make sure thatall punctuation is spoken eventhough the PUNCTUATION OFFmode has been selected (lines 2330through 2350).

The character is then passed to theFind routine, which either sends itdirectly to the synthesizer or trans-lates it into a word and transmits it.Upon return from this routine, a testchecks whether the last charactersent to Type-N-Talk was a carriagereturn (hexadecimal 0D), and if it wasnot, a carriage return is sent (lines2400 through 2450). Finally, theoriginal character from the keyboardis returned to the host program.

The video-intercept routine isstraightforward in that you can in-tercept the character on its way to thedisplay, but many decisions and as-sumptions must be made before thejob is complete. First, the conditioncodes must be examined to deter-mine if the video driver was called toread a character already on the dis-play. The carry flag indicates this con-dition and, if that flag is set, theroutine continues directly to thevideo-display driver (line 2680). As-suming that the host program isreally trying to write something onthe display, the intercept routine nextchecks to see if the character is oneof the special codes used to controlTalker (see table 1) and, if it is, the ap-propriate action is taken (lines 2700through 2920). The intercept routinereturns directly to the host programwhen these codes occur because theyare ignored by the normal displayroutine.

If the character is not a controlcode, the Distlk (display talker) sub-routine is called. This routine firsttests the TOGGLE flag register to seeif the Votrax unit is still talking andreturns to the host program if theunit is quiet (lines 3050 through3070). The character in the LASTCHARACTER register is removedand saved temporarily (you'll need itlater), and a space (hexadecimal 20)

472 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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is stored in its place. The character tobe displayed is then tested, and if itis a space-compression code (hexa-decimal CO through FF, decimal 192through 255), a space is sent to thesynthesizer, and the compressioncode is sent on to the display (lines3090 through 3140). If it is not, thenew character is put in the LASTCHARACTER register for subsequentreference.

The next section (lines 3170through 3230) eliminates repetition ofa character that has just been inputfrom the keyboard. If the keyboardflag register is not 0 and the new andlast characters are the same, the newcharacter is ignored. (There is apossibility, of course, that the lastcharacter from the keyboard wasnever sent to the display and that thischaracter is the first letter of a newprompt. Unfortunately, if this is thecase, the second one will still beignored.)

The next test determines whetherthe new character is a control code tothe display (TAB or BACK SPACE, forexample), in which case a carriage

return is sent to the synthesizer.Otherwise, the program determineswhether the host program is sendingconsecutive spaces and, if so, it ig-nores all but the first one. Here, ex-ecution jumps to line 3410 if the newcharacter is not a space. If it is aspace, it is compared with the lastcharacter to see if you just sent one.If you did not, you send it along tothe synthesizer. Otherwise, to pre-vent sending lines of nothing, youmust test the SPACE FLAG register,which, when it is not 0, indicates thatat least two consecutive spaces haveoccurred. If it is 0, you set it and senda carriage return; otherwise, you ig-nore the space and return (lines 3250through 3390).

Assuming that execution reachesline 3410, you clear the SPACE FLAGregister, and the character or theword for it is sent to the Type-N-Talkby the Find routine (lines 3410through 3420). The Find routine pro-vides the return and, after clearingthe carry (which you may have set),the character is sent on to the originalvideo driver and then home to the

host program (lines 2990 through3010).

The Find Routine

The Find routine checks an incom-ing character to see if it is a letter ornumber, translates it if it is not, andsends it to the synthesizer. (Refer totable 2 for the characters that aretranslated.) Lines 3500 through 3720do the actual testing. If the characteris greater than hexadecimal 7B, it isignored, and 5B (up arrow) is theonly character recognized betweenthe uppercase and lowercase lettersets, so if the character falls betweenhexadecimal 41 (A) and 7A (z), it istransmitted directly. The numbers arehandled similarly, and everythingelse must be made into a word beforeit can be sent. The translation is done(only if permitted by the LETTERflag) by looking up the character inthe table, which is located at lines4520 through 5850. This is done inlines 3800 through 3980

A word about the table is in orderat this point. First, some misspellingsare evident. This is done intentionally

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to correct some pronunciation prob-lems in the Type-N-Talk. Second, theterminating characters are denoted byadding hexadecimal 80 to the ASCIIcode for the last letter of the word.(Note that the table must start withhexadecimal 80 and end with 00).Unless this character happens to beAO, the word stops there. If it is AO,the next character is skipped, and thereading continues, enabling you tosave space by using SEMI COLONfor both semicolon and colon, for ex-ample. The routine in lines 4020through 4130 sorts this out. A spaceis transmitted before the word, anda carriage return follows it. Third,hexadecimal 80 (decimal 128) is add-ed to the codes for some of the punc-tuation. These are the punctuationmarks spoken even in the PUNC-TUATION OFF mode. If you want tochange any of these, add or subtract80 as required.

The characters are transmitted tothe RS-232C interface in lines 4180through 4400. The character to besent is saved temporarily, the statusof the RS-232C transmitter ischecked, a delay is inserted to ensurethat the Type-'N-Talk has had time toturn off the CLEAR TO SEND line ifit is talking, and the status of this lineis tested. If everything is ready, thecharacter is sent and the subroutinereturns.

The flag registers (lines 4440through 4480) are located just beforethe word table in memory andshould be kept in that order becausethey are accessed by indexing the HLregister pair. Eventually HL is leftpointing at the start of the table. Notethat if the TOGG register is set to 0when the program is assembled, theTalker program will initially be offand must be turned on by the shift@ key or by sending 07 to the display.I use this to prevent the BASICheaders from being spoken while thesystem is being initialized. ThePUNCTUATION ONLY mode maybe similarly set by initializing theLTRFLG to 0.

New Speech Synthesizers

Since we purchased our Type-'N-Talk, several improved synthesizershave appeared on the market. Votrax

has introduced a new model (and re-duced the price of the old one), andSteve Ciarcia has published two ar-ticles in BYTE (September and Oc-tober 1982) describing a unit calledMicrovox, which is available in kitform from Micromint Inc. and as afinished unit called the Intex-Talkerfrom Intex Micro Systems Inc. In ad-dition, a company called Street Elec-tronics Corporation has released aunit called the Echo Speech Synthe-sizer. All of these units have im-proved text-to-speech algorithms andinclude additional features such asintonation and inflection, internalspeakers, parallel interfaces, and pro-nounced punctuation. Although Ihave not used any of them yet, I don'tthink it will be hard to modify Talkerto accommodate the added features.The elimination of the lookup tablefor punctuation would be the firststep, along with the addition of con-trol codes to control speech rate andinflection. I am sure that the featuresof Talker will be useful with the newsynthesizers.

Suzanne wants me to finish a cook-ing and recipe program for her andhas already stated that she doesn'twant to have to run from the kitchen(downstairs) to the computer room(upstairs) when she is using it. Thismeans that I will have to develop aremote terminal with another synthe-sizer that she can use in the kitchen,so I may get a chance to try out a newmodel, after all.

Conclusion

I was once told that if you give ajob to a lazy man, he will get it donein the easiest possible manner. Thisprogram seems to justify that saying.Talker is a utility routine that loadsitself automatically and makes vocalprograms only a PRINT statementaway. Now I can concentrate on thereal task of satisfying my wife's grow-ing demand for more and more pro-grams that substitute speech forsight. ■

Heyward Williams is head of the SystemsEngineering Department at Alpha Industries Inc.in Wobum, Massachusetts. He can be reached at57 Franklin St., Derry, NH 03038.

476 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983 479

Bitmaps SpeedData-Handling Tasks

Programming techniques employing bitmaps enhance the speed oflist comparison and make short work of file searches

Bitmaps are data structures that canspeed data-handling tasks andreduce memory requirements in avariety of programming applications.Specifically, bitmaps—strings of Isand Os—can make short work ofordered-list comparisons and filesearches.

This article describes programmingtechniques that evolved during thethree years I spent developing across-indexing system called LITMAS(literature manipulation system). LIT-MAS uses bitmaps extensively fordata handling and disk files; it runson the 6502-based Apple II.

To present this material logically, Iwill begin by describing ordered listsand then bitmap representations ofordered lists. I will also illustrate thespeed of bitmap operations whencompared to alternative methods ofprocessing and present the 6502 as-sembly-language coding anddocumentation. I will conclude withsections on bitmap compression.

Ordered Lists

For our purposes "ordered list"means a set of nonnegative integerssuch as L, = (yj, y2, y3, y4 ... y„),where each Y, > = 0 and where ya <

y2 < y3 < y4 ■■■ < y».

For example, (1, 8, 16, 21) is anordered list, while (1, 16, 8, 21) is a setthat contains exactly the same ele-ments but is not an ordered list. Theelements 16 and 8 are out of sequencein the second set.

by Eric Sohr

Ordered lists are often useful incomputer operations. The orderingsequence minimizes the number oftests that must be performed whencomparing one list with another.Suppose, for example, that you wantto find the common members of twolists: Lx = (Xt, X2, X3, X4 ... Xm) andL, = (Y„ Y2, Y3, Y4 ... Y„). If the setsare not ordered, you must chooseone set and compare each member ofthat set with each member of the sec-ond set. If there are m members ofthe first set and n members of thesecond set, you must perform m x ncomparisons between list members.If, however, the two sets are ordered,you need only perform m+n com-parisons. Ordering permits you toread each set only once to determinecommon items. Sorting techniquesand algorithms are important re-search topics because of the time sav-ings possible after the creation ofordered lists. A guarantee of order-ing permits critical shortcuts in find-ing, inserting, and deleting membersof a list.

An Algorithm for Examining TwoSequential Lists

The following algorithm can com-pare two ordered lists. The lists inthis case are:

Listl = L, = (Xlt X2, X3, X4...Xm)List 2 = L, = (Y, Y2, Y3, Y4 ... Y„)

In computer implementations ofthis algorithm, two memory locationsserve as counters: a is the counter forLx and b is the counter for Ly. Thecomparison is completed as soon asthe algorithm has operated on all ofthe elements in either List 1 or List2, i.e., when either a exceeds m or bexceeds n. Assume that each list hasat least one member. The algorithmsteps are:

1. a=0, b=0—Set the counters foreach list to an initial value of zero.

2. a = a-f-1 : b = b +1—Incrementthe list counters.

3. If a > m, then quit—If a exceedsm, then there are no moremembers of L*.

4. If b > n, then quit—If b exceedsn, then there are no moremembers of Ly.

5. Read X„ : Read Y6—Read the nextmember of each list.

6. If X„ = Yt, then go to step 16—Amatch. Add this value to theanswer list.

(If step 6 fails, no match is found andeither X„ or Yt is larger than the other.After determining which list containsthe smaller value, increment thecounter for that list and read the nextitem in the list.)

7. If X„ < Y„, then go to step 12—Iftrue, then X„ is smaller, and thenext member of Lx should beread.

480 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

(If step 7 is not true, then Yb must beless than X„. Therefore, increment band read the next member of Lv.)

8. b = b +1—Increment the counterfor L,,.

9. If b > n, then quit—If b exceedsn, then the entire list has beenread.

10. Read Y„—Read the b"" member oflist Ly.

11. Go to step 6—Do comparison.

12. a = a +1—Increment the counterfor list L*.

13. If a > m, then quit—If a exceedsm, then the entire list has beenread.

14. Read X„—Read a"1 member of listU.

15. Go to step 6—Do comparison.

16. Write the value X„ in answerlist—Update the answer list.Either X„ or Yt can be chosensince they are equal. (No discus-sion of the manner in whichanswer list is maintained ispresented here.)

17. Go to step 2—Get the next listmembers.

Notice that each list member is ex-amined one time and that the answerlist is always ordered.

This algorithm performs set inter-section. A similar algorithm can bedevised to do set union. The intersec-tion of two sets is the set that containsitems common to both sets. Theunion of two sets is the set of itemscontained in one, the other, or bothlists.

Notice that a single step in the al-gorithm—step 6—compares the twovalues in each list. The remainder ofthe algorithm is bookkeeping—test-ing for the end of lists and determin-ing which list counter, a or b, shouldbe incremented. Another method ofcomparison using bitmaps affordsthe opportunity to use machine-lan-guage instructions to find the inter-section and union of two orderedlists.

Bitmaps

A bitmap is a string of Is and 0s.Each member of the bitmap has aposition and a value, and each posi-

tion in the bitmap can take on thevalue 0 or 1. A bitmap of length 8 (abyte of memory) can represent anyordered list of the integers 0 through7. A value of 1 in a bitmap positionmeans that the integer correspondingto that position is included in the list;a 0 in that position means that the in-teger is not included in the orderedlist. The bitmap 10001001 thus standsfor the ordered list (0, 4, 7) (see table1). Table 2 provides some otherexamples.

A single byte can be used to repre-sent an ordered list of from 0 to 8elements in the range of integers 0 to7. Thus, the ordered lists ( ) and (0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) can be representedby a single byte, as table 2 shows.

In some cases, bitmaps may repre-sent a memory savings over alter-native methods of representing anordered list. I will have more to sayabout such memory requirementswhen I discuss compression ofbitmaps.

Bitmaps for Comparisons

Bitmaps provide an elegantmethod for comparing ordered lists.This method relies on the powerfulAND and OR Boolean operationsfound in most machine languages.The results of the AND operation on2 bits equals 0 unless both bits are 1,and the result of the OR operation on2 bits equals 1 unless both bits are 0.Table 3 shows the AND and OR oper-ations performed on bitmap repre-sentations of the two lists (0, 2, 5, 7)and (1, 3, 5, 6).

If you are unfamiliar with Booleanoperations, look closely at table 3. Abit-by-bit operation has been per-formed vertically. Notice that theresults are ordered lists. Hundreds ofmachine cycles would have been re-quired to solve these problems usinga standard algorithm. (For example,try using the 17-step comparison al-gorithm to find the intersection of thetwo lists in table 3, keeping track ofthe number of increments and com-parisons.) An assembly-languageprogram to solve the same problemsusing bitmaps is much faster. If loca-tion A contains a bitmap representa-tion of (0, 2, 5, 7) and location B con-tains a bitmap representation of (1, 3,

01234567-Position (0 through 7)10001001-Value (0 or 1)

Table 1: The bitmap 10001001, whichrepresents the ordered list (0, 4, 7).

Bitmap

List

00010001 (3, 7)

11100001 (0, 1, 2, 7)

00111100 (2,3,4,5)

00000000 () (List with no members)

11111111 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7)

Table 2: Bitmap examples and the cor-responding lists.

a. The intersection of two sets.

Bitmap List10100101 —(0. 2, 5, 7)input AND

01010110-(1, 3, 5, 6)

Result 00000100-(5)

b. The union of two sets.

Bitmap List

10100101-(0, 2, 5, 7)Input OR

01010110-(1, 3, 5, 6)J

Result 11110111-(0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7)

Table 3: Boolean operations on the bitmaprepresentations of two lists: (0, 2, 5, 7) and(1, 3, 5, 6). The bit-by-bit AND operation(a) yields a bit representing the intersec-tion of the sets of elements in the two in-put lists; the OR operation (b) yields a bit-map representing the union of the two in-put lists.

5, 6), then a two-step program per-forms the intersection:

LDA AANDB

The first of these two statementsloads the accumulator with the con-tents of A. The second statement per-forms an AND on the contents of theaccumulator with the contents ofmemory location B. Only threemachine cycles are required for eachinstruction, using a 6502 micropro-cessor. Eight machine cycles are

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 481

Listing 1: The assembly-language code that performs the intersection of two 256-byte orderedlists.

Load the X register with 0.

Load the accumulator with the contents of address A

modified by register X. The actual address to be used is A

+ the contents of the X register.

Perform an AND on the contents of the accumulator with the

contents of the address B modified by register X.

Store the result of the AND operation in the memory location

C modified by register X.

Increment the X register, i.e., add 1 to the existing contents

of the X register.

Compare contents of X register with number 0. In the 6502,

a wraparound occurs when the value 255 is incremented, i.e.,

255 + 1 = 0.

If the comparison of X with 0 is not equal to 0, then go to

LOOP.

LDX#0LOOP LDA A,X

AND B,X

STA C,X

INX

CPX#0

BNE LOOP

Bitmap

Position

Abbreviation

Attribute

0

SEX

0

= MALE

1

= FEMALE

1

MAR

0

= UNMARRIED

1

= MARRIED

2

TYP

0

= DOES NOT TYPE

1

= TYPES

3

COL

0

= NOT COLLEGE GRAD

1

= COLLEGE GRAD

4

FRN

0

= NOT FRENCH SPEAKING

1

= SPEAKS FRENCH

5

GER

0

= NOT GERMAN SPEAKING

1

= SPEAKS GERMAN

6

ITL

0

= NOT ITALIAN SPEAKING

1

= SPEAKS ITALIAN

7

RUS

0

= NOT RUSSIAN SPEAKING

1

= SPEAKS RUSSIAN

Table 4:

The bitmap representation of

an employee file.

Bitmap Abbreviation- SEX MAR TYP COL FRN GER ITL RUS

Employee 1Employee 2Employee 3Employee 4Employee 5

Table 5: The bitmap construction for a personnel file. The abbreviations are defined intable 4.

0

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

needed to compare bitmaps as op-posed to hundreds of machine cyclesrequired to compare ordered listsrepresented in some other fashion.A bitmap of length 8 is not a par-- ticularly exciting data structurebecause it is limited to the integers 0to 7. However, by using a page ofmemory (256 bytes x 8 bits/byte =2048 bits), we can use bitmaps to rep-resent ordered lists for the integers 0to 2047. Here we see the possibilities

for a much more powerful datastructure.

In extending our single-byte exam-ple for intersection, we will use twoordered lists of 256 bytes. The first listbegins at location A and the secondat location B. We wish to store the in-tersection beginning at location C.The assembly-language code inlisting 1 performs the intersection forA and B.

The union operation is analogous.

Merely replace the instruction ANDB,X with ORA B,X (perform an ORon the contents of the accumulatorwith the contents of location Bmodified by register X).

Use of Bitmaps

Perhaps the most familiar use ofbitmaps in home microcomputers isin the disk operating system (DOS),in which each sector on a disk isgiven a particular position in a bit-map. The use of a 1 in that placemeans that the sector is free and ableto be used for a new file. The use ofa 0 in that place means that the sec-tor has been used and is unavailablefor a new file. In the DOS applica-tion, there are only two possiblevalues for a sector, either used orunused—a binary attribute.

A particular database may containseveral binary attributes that can behandled with bitmap representa-tions. Take, for example, a personnelfile for a corporation that has exten-sive European operations. Table 4 il-lustrates the bitmap representation ofsuch a file, and table 5 details the file'sconstruction for five employees.

Based on the table 5 data, em-ployee 1 is an unmarried male witha college degree who can type andwho speaks French and German butnot Italian or Russian. Employee 2 isa married female without a collegedegree who can type and whospeaks Russian but not French, Ger-man, or Italian. Employee 3 is a mar-ried female with a college degreewho does not type and who speaksFrench, Italian, and Russian but notGerman.

Notice that the table 5 structure isa matrix. The characteristics for anemployee are stored horizontally. Thevertical representation is also in-teresting. Looking down the Typistcolumn, note that employees 1, 2,and 4 can type. Also notice that em-ployees 2, 3, and 5 speak Russian,and so on. The columns are examplesof inverted lists. The inverted lists inthe personnel file enable the managerto easily find employees who havecertain skills.

Because the columns of the matrixform a bitmap, the AND and ORoperations can be used on the col-

482 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

483

Employee

Number

RUS

SE

1

0

0

2

2

1

3

1 AND

1

4

0

0

5

1

1

IntermediateAnswer

0110

1

AND

COL

10110

Answer

0

0100

Table 6: The intersection of RUS, SEX, and COL columns of the table 5 bitmap construc-tion. The answer indicates that only employee 3 is female, Russian-speaking, and a collegegraduate.

umn representations. For example, afemale Russian-speaking collegegraduate can be found by performingthe following intersection: RUS ANDSEX AND COL. The intersections aredone serially, as table 6 shows. First,the intersection of RUS and SEX isperformed, then the resulting in-tersection answer is intersected withCOL.

In the personnel-file example, asingle bit represents the presence orabsence of an attribute. This schememay result in space saving whenyou're constructing a database

because you can use a single bit inplace of an entire field within arecord. The bitmap scheme also pro-vides a time-saving method for re-trieving records that match searchcriteria.

Extending Bitmaps to MoreComplex Systems

Bitmaps easily lend themselves tocross-indexing systems for literature.The LITMAS system, for example,creates a matrix similar to that pre-sented for the personnel problem ofthe previous section. Instead of in-

dexing (or characterizing) employees,LITMAS characterizes an item suchas a journal article, a client, or a35mm slide. The attributes used forindexing are called keywords. LIT-MAS permits the definition of 512items per disk (analogous to em-ployees in the previous example) and512 keywords (analogous to the col-umn headings: SEX, COL, TYP).Any number of keywords may be at-tributed to an item. The power of bit-map searches becomes very evidentin LITMAS, which can perform 60 in-tersections or unions on a file of 512items in less than 20 seconds.

The examples discussed in the re-mainder of this article use a bitmapmatrix of length 256. Althoughsmaller than the LITMAS matrix, thismatrix can demonstrate bitmapcalculations while allowing a singlebyte to represent a position number.In extending our discussion to largermatrices, we will have the opportuni-ty to discuss the techniques for modi-fying and compressing a bitmap.

The rows in our matrix are bitmaps

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Position 0 12 3 4 5 6 7Byte # Byte 0Bit # in Byte 7 6 5 4 3 2 10Bit Value 00000000

Table 7: Bitmap representation of items

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Byte 17 6 5 4 3 2 1 000000000

prior to indexing.

16 .

7 .0 .

. 247

00

248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255Byte 317 6 5 4 3 2 1 000000000

of length 256; that is, positions 0 to255 are represented. This represen-tation requires 32 bytes (32 bytes x8 bits/byte = 256 positions). WithinLITMAS, each position in a bitmaprow is associated with a user-definedkeyword. Keyword number 0 is inposition 0 of the bitmap; keywordnumber 1 is in position 1 of the bit-map, and so on. As a new item is in-dexed, the appropriate keyword posi-tions are set from 0 to 1. Table 7shows the bitmap representationbefore indexing.

The top row of table 7 specifies theposition within the bitmap, 0 to 255,and the second row demonstrates thebyte numbers corresponding to vari-ous bitmap positions. Byte 0 containspositions 0 through 7, while byte 1contains positions 8 through 15, andso on. The third row shows the bitposition within the byte. The high-order bit is 7 and the low-order bit is0. The fourth row specifies a value of0 in the bitmap row prior to index-ing any item.

In order to flip a bit from 0 to 1 at

a particular position in the bitmap, itis necessary to locate the specific bitby tracing from position number tobyte number and then to bit numberwithin that byte.

Beginning with a bitmap of all 0s,it is necessary to change the 0s to Isin those positions corresponding tothe attributes to be associated withthe item. Suppose a bitmap-positioninteger corresponding to such an at-tribute is contained in the POSNlocation. To determine the bit to bechanged, you must determine theBYTE number and the BIT numberwithin that BYTE. To find the BYTEand BIT numbers, divide POSN by8. The integer result of this division,i.e., BYTE = INTEGER (POSN/8), isthe byte position in the bitmap. Theremainder from the division,REMAIN = POSN - (8*BYTE), can beused with listing 2 and its code,which employs an OR operation toset the appropriate bit to 1.

To perform the operation, we canload the Y register with BYTE and theX register with REMAIN. We then ob-

tain the BYTE member of the bitmapand perform an OR with it and theREMAIN member of the TABLE andstore the result back in the bitmap,as the listing 2 assembly-languagecode shows. The OR operation setsthe desired bit to 1 while other bitswithin the byte retain their previousvalues.

In our calculation of BYTE and RE-MAIN we used quasi-BASIC code. Inassembly language there is a quickway to determine the BYTE and RE-MAIN values. Because POSN is asingle-byte integer, integer divisionby 2 is a right shift of the number,and division by 8 is three right shifts.The remainder, REMAIN, is thevalue of the 3 low-order bits ofPOSN, while the 5 high-order bits ofPOSN contain INTEGER.

Our calculations thus become easyin assembly language, as listing 3illustrates.

Sparse Matrix Problem

It is clear that bitmaps are efficientfor representing ordered lists when

Listing 2: A method for setting a particular bitmap bit, given a bytenumber (the integer portion of a bitmap-position number divided by8) and a remainder. (The table indicates the bit position to be set fora given remainder.)

Listing 3: The code for the calculation of BYTE and REMAIN.

LDY BYTELDX REMAIN

LDA BITMAP.Y

ORA TABLE.X

STA BITMAP.Y

Load Y register with the value BYTE.

Load X register with the value

REMAIN.

Load accumulator with contents of the

address bitmap modified by the Y

register.

Perform an OR on the accumulator with

the contents of TABLE modified by X

register.

Store the accumulator (result) back into

the BITMAP.

TABLE—1000 0000 Remainder 0 sets 7th bit

0100 0000 Remainder 1 sets 6th bit

0010 0000 Remainder 2 sets 5th bit

0001 0000 Remainder 3 sets 4th bit

0000 1000 Remainder 4 sets 3rd bit

0000 0100 Remainder 5 sets 2nd bit

0000 0010 Remainder 6 sets 1st bit

0000 0001 Remainder 7 sets 0th bit

LDA POSNAND #%00000111

STA REMAINLDA POSNLSR

LSRLSRSTA BYTE

Load the accumulator with POSN.Perform an AND on the accumulatorwith the binary value 00000111. Theresult of this operation will be to zeroout bits 7, 6, 5, 4, and 3. Bits 2, 1, and0 remain as they were.Store the result in REMAIN.Load the accumulator with POSN.Shift the accumulator to the right (LSR= logical shift right one bit) threetimes and ignore the bits which fall out.(Note that each LSR pushes a 0 into thehigh-order bit.

Store the result of the shifts in BYTE.

486 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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the number of Is in the list is almostequal to the number of 0s. If there are100 bits set to 1 and 156 bits set to 0,a bitmap of 32 bytes can be used torepresent a list containing 100 in-tegers. As the number of Is in the bit-map declines toward 0, however, theefficiency of the bitmap for memoryuse declines proportionately. This isthe sparse matrix problem that occurswhen a matrix is filled with a greatmany more Os than Is.

Suppose a bitmap of length 256 isused to represent the ordered list (1,254). The bitmap still requires 32bytes. Because a single byte of mem-ory can be used to represent anynumber from 0 to 255, you could use2 bytes of memory to represent thetwo integers in the ordered list, a sav-ings of 30 bytes over the bitmapmethod.

In designing LITMAS files I con-fronted a similar problem. I estimatedthat of 512 possible keywords, anaverage of 10 to 20 would be used forany particular item. I consideredusing lists in integer form and con-verting to bitmaps prior to list com-parisons. The same routine used toupdate a bitmap can be used to con-vert an integer list to a bitmap. Insuch a case, the bitmap becomes anintermediate form of representationthat still permits rapid manipulationof lists.

In the design of LITMAS, however,I took another approach and devel-oped a series of algorithms for thecompression and expansion of bit-maps. A visual image of the files isthat of an accordion. When thebellows is completely expanded, thefiles are ready for AND and OR oper-ations. However, the bellows arestored on disk in a compressed for-mat that guarantees that no bytes are0 unless the entire bitmap is 0. In thislast case, only a single byte isrequired.

Bitmap Compression

The manner in which compressionis accomplished is best illustratedwith an example and a series ofdiagrams. Then I will explain thecoding tricks used to accomplish thecompression.

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BYTE October 1983

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Position 0 12 3Value 0 0 10

15 16 170 1 0

127

0

1281

1290

254 2550 1

Table 8: Bitmap representation of the list (2, 16, 128, 255). Only 4 bits out of 256 arenonzero.

Compression Value

Original Bitmap

Representation

=

1 if byte not 0

Byte 0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

Byte 1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 2

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Byte 3

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 4

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 6

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 7

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 8

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 9

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 10

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 11

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 12

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 13

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 14

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 15

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 16

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

Byte 17-23

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 24-30

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Byte 31

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

Table 9: The original bitmap representation of the list (2,

16,

128,

255), arranged as four

groups of 8 bytes each,

plus

the

compression

value for each

byte

Table 8 shows a bitmap of length256 representing the ordered list (2,16, 128, 255). Only 4 bits in the mapare set to 1, meaning that there are252 Os. Almost all the bytes in the32-byte bitmap are 0 (see table 9). Theexceptions are easily calculated fromour previous discussion. Note thattable 9 includes a compression col-umn. Look at each byte in the 32-bytebitmap. If that byte contains any non-zero bits, we place the value 1 in thecompression column. If that byte inthe original bitmap contains all 0 bits,we place the value 0 in the compres-sion column. Notice also that thebytes are broken up into groups of 8.Bytes 0 to 7 are grouped together,then 8 to 15, 16 to 23, and 24 to 31.Now, look at the compression values,written as a single row and arrangedin four groups corresponding to thefour groups of bytes in table 9:

1. 10100000

2. 00000000

3. 10000000

4. 00000001

To optimize the compression, retainonly the nonzero bytes from theoriginal bitmap. Note that the com-pression values fit neatly into 4 bytes,with every bit representing a cor-responding byte in the original bit-map. All zero values in a byte of theoriginal bitmap are represented by asingle 0 bit in the compression. Byusing a single 0 byte for a byte of 0,there is considerable memorysavings.

I elected to call the original, non-compressed bitmap a zero-order bit-map. Each bit in a zero-order bitmapstands for its corresponding integerin an ordered list. A first-order bit-map is a single compression of a

zero-order bitmap. The compressionscheme has been used a single time.There is no need to stop at a first-order bitmap; the compression cancontinue to other levels. Thus, asecond-order bitmap is a doublycompressed structure, a third-orderbitmap a trebly compressed struc-ture, and so on.

To return to our example, the first-order bitmap is merely the linearstring of compression values, bit 0representing the zeroth byte of theoriginal map, bit 1 representing thefirst byte of the original, bit 2representing the second byte, and soon. In our example, the first-orderbitmap is a string of 4 bytes.

Our resulting shorthand represen-tation of the original bitmap for the(2, 16, 128, 255) list is merely the4-byte first-order map (the compres-sion values) together with the fournonzero bytes (bytes 0, 2, 16, and 31)of the original map.

As a result of the compression, our32-byte original map has been re-duced to 8 bytes. Within LITMAS wedo not use any termination symbolbetween the first-order map and theoriginal nonzero bytes. When multi-ple compressions are used, it is nec-essary to identify the number of com-pressions and the length of the high-est-order compression. Within LIT-MAS, we frequently use a second-order bitmap, which looks as follows:

SECOND-ORDER MAP + NON-ZERO MEMBERS FIRST-ORDERMAP + NONZERO MEMBERSOF ORIGINAL MAP.

The second-order map is used to ex-pand the first-order map, which isthen used to expand the zero-ordermap.

A Compression Algorithm

Compression may appear difficult,but machine-language instructionscome to our assistance. One usefulinstruction is ROL (rotate 1 bit left formemory or accumulator), illustratedhere:

where C is the carry bit and the

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

491

numbers 0 to 7 represent bit positionswithin the memory or accumulator;0 is the low-order bit and 7 is thehigh-order one. Note that the con-tents of the carry are shifted into thelow-order bit while each bit shifts left

one position. The high-order bitdrops out into the carry.

It is possible to set or clear the carrybit and load the result into the low-order position. Following the instruc-tion, it is possible to test the carry bit

Listing 4: The 6502 assembly-language code for compressing a 32-byte bitmap.

Initialize X and Y to 0.

LOOP

LOOP1

LDX

#0

LDY

#0

LDA

#1

STA

ROLBYT

CLC

LDA

BITMAP.X

BEQ LOOP1

SEC

ROL

ROLBYT

BCC BUMPX

LDA ROLBYTSTA FIRSTY

BUMPX

INY

LDA#1

STA ROLBYTINX

CPX #32

BNE LOOP

LDA ROLBYTCMP #1

BEQ DOREST

Load accumulator with number 1.Store accumulator (1) in ROLBYT.Clear carry. Set carry = 0.Load acummulator with location BIT-MAP modified by X.If the original bitmap byte equals 0,branch immediately to ROL instruction.Set carry. Set carry = 1. We arrive atthis instruction if BITMAP.X is not 0. Inthis case we wish to put a 1 in thecarry bit prior to executing the ROL.The carry bit is placed in the low-orderposition of ROLBYT while other posi-tions in ROLBYT are shifted left. Theprevious high-order position of ROLBYTfalls into carry for testing.Branch on carry clear to BUMPX. If thecarry bit is 0, the count is less than 8.If carry is set, the count is egual to 8and it is time to store ROLBYT inFIRST.

Load accumulator with ROLBYT.Store accumulator (ROLBYT) in FIRSTmodified by Y register value.Increment Y register. Y = Y + 1. Inorder to point to the next position inFIRST.

Load accumulator with 1 andreinitialize ROLBYT.

1. To

Increment X register. X = X +point to next value in BITMAP.Compare X to 32. If X equals 32 thanpositions BITMAP + 0 to BITMAP +31 have been completely processed.If X is unequal to #32 then continuelooping.

If X = 32 then fall out of the loop. Thenext routine is more difficult. You mustguarantee that the last value in the firstorder map is left adjusted. Eight shiftsof ROLBYT are required in order tomaintain the correct order within thefirst-order map.

Load accumulator with ROLBYT.Compare accumulator (ROLBYT) with1. If ROLBYT equals 1 then Y has justbeen incremented and the original bit-map was a multiple of 8 and you aredone.

If accumulator (ROLBYT) was equal to1, then you are done with compression.You are ready to read the original bit-map and pick up the nonzero members.If ROLBYT was not equal to 1, thenROLBYT must be shifted to the left asmany times as necessary until the carryis equal to 1.

Listing 4 continued on page 494

and determine the contents of thehigh-order position prior to the ROL,i.e., the previous high-order bit landsin the carry bit at the completion ofthe instruction.

Because the carry bit is easily testedfollowing the ROL operation, theROL is very useful for counting to 8.To do so, first load a memory loca-tion, M, with 1 and set the carry in-itially to 0. Then, perform eight con-secutive ROL operations. After theeighth ROL operation, the carry goesto 1, a condition that is immediatelytestable in a two-cycle operation.

Listing 4 is the 6502 assembly-lan-guage algorithm for accomplishing acompression of a 32-byte bitmap. Theoriginal bitmap begins at locationBITMAP, and the first-order com-pression bitmap is to be calculatedand stored beginning at memorylocation FIRST. The memory locationROLBYT is used as a counter to 8 andalso as the value to be placed in thefirst-order compression. The X indexregister is used as a counter forindexed addressing of BITMAP, andthe Y index register is used as acounter for indexed addressing ofFIRST.

Bitmap Expansion

In order to expand a compressedbitmap, you need to know both theorder of the compression (number ofcompressions) and the length of thehighest-order expression. In theprevious section we were left with acompression of 4 bytes to which thenonzero members of the original bit-map are appended, as follows: FIRST-ORDER COMPRESSION + NON-ZERO BYTES FROM ORIGINALBITMAP.

This expression is stored beginningat location FIRST. The length of thetotal expression is relatively unimpor-tant. The critical pieces of informa-tion are the length of the COMPRES-SION as well as the ORDER of thecompression. We restrict ourselves tothe case of FIRST-ORDER compres-sions. The length of the compressionis stored in a location, LENGTH. Thereconstruction of the original map isstored in contiguous memory loca-tions beginning at BITMAP.

We use three counters:

492 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Listing 4 continued:

CLCLAST ROL

BCC LAST

STA FIRST,Y

INY

DOREST LDX #0

Clear carry. Prepare to zero out thelow-order bits of ROLBYT.Accumulator contains ROLBYT. ROLthe accumulator.

Branch on carry clear (carry = 0) toLAST. Loop continues until carry is set.Now store the left adjusted accumulatorin FIRST modified by Y register.Increment the Y register to point 1location past the end of the first-ordermap.

When DOREST is reached, the first-order map has been constructed andplaced in Y consecutive locationsbeginning at FIRST. Set up X registerto read original bitmap. Y is alreadypointing to one position past the end ofthe compression that begins at FIRST.Read the next member of originalbitmap.

If the byte from the original is 0, it isignored. If not equal to 0, it is added tothe end of FIRST.

Store the nonzero byte in next locationin FIRST.

Increment Y to point to the next byte inFIRST.Increment X.

Compare X to 32. If X equals 32, theoriginal bitmap has been completelyread.

If X is less than 32, return to LOOP2and read the next member of theoriginal bitmap.

Listing 5: The 6502 code for expansion of a first-order map.

Memory map at beginning of processing for the compressed expression:

NONZERO BYTES OF ORIGINAL

NZCTR = FIRST + LENGTH

FIRST-ORDER COMPRESSION

tFCTR

LOOP2

LDA

BITMAPX

BEQ BUMPXX

STA

FIRST,Y

INY

BUMPXX INX

CPX #32

BNE

LOOP2

LDA #0STA FCTR

TAY

LDA LENGTH

STA NZCTR

Load accumulator with 0.

Store accumulator in FCTR. The

pointer into FIRST is set to 0.

Transfer accumulator to Y register.

Zeroes Y register, the pointer into

BITMAP.

Load accumulator with LENGTH. The

nonzero members of the original bitmap

are stored beginning at FIRST +

LENGTH.

CMPRES LDX FCTR

CPX LENGTH

BEQ ENDINC FCTR

LDA FIRST.X

STA TEMP

LDA #1

STA ROLBYT

LOOP LDA #0

ROL TEMPBCC STORE

LDX NZCTR

INC NZCTR

LDA FIRST.X

STORE STA BITMARY

INY

ROL ROLBYT

BCC LOOP

BCS CMPRESEND

Load X register with contents of FCTR.

Setting up to read next member of the

first-order compression.

Compare X with value of LENGTH.

When X = LENGTH, processing is

complete.

Branch on Equal to END.

Increment FCTR. FCTR = FCTR + 1.

To set up counter for next pass through

CMPRES loop.

Load accumulator with FIRST modified

by X register. Gets next byte from

FIRST.

Store accumulator in TEMP. TEMP is a

location that will be used to process the

compression.

Load accumulator with 1.

Store accumulator (1) in ROLBYT.

ROLBYT will be used to count to 8.

Load accumulator with 0. To be used

for insertion into bitmap in case where

compression bit is equal to 0.

Rotate Left TEMP. Pushes high-order bit

into carry for testing.

Branch on carry clear to store. If carry

= 0 then 0 (in accumulator) should be

placed in BITMAP. If carry = 1 then

we read the next nonzero byte from the

original bitmap.

Load X with NZCTR. Set up X register

with current pointer for nonzero

members of original bitmap.

Increment NZCTR. Set up NZCTR for

next iteration.

Load accumulator with contents of

FIRST modified by X.

Store accumulator in location BITMAP

modified by Y register.

Increment Y to set up for next STORE.

Process the counter ROLBYT.

Branch on carry clear to LOOP. Carry

will be clear until eighth iteration.

Branch on carry set to CMPRES. After

the eighth iteration, must set up next

byte of compression and reset ROLBYT.

Arrive here when FCTR equals

LENGTH.

1. FCTR is the counter into theFIRST-ORDER COMPRESSION.

2. NZCTR is the counter into theNONZERO BYTES.

3. Y register is a counter intoBITMAP.

Because the 6502 has only two indexregisters, we have to use our counterlocations to set the index registers.We have elected to use the Xregister for the FIRST-ORDER COM-PRESSION and for the NONZERO

BYTES of the original map. Listing 5provides the 6502 code for expansionof a first-order map.

Summary

Bitmaps are an efficient data rep-resentation for performing set opera-tions on ordered lists. The binarynature of the file allows the program-mer direct use of the AND and ORfunctions. In some cases, bitmapsmay also represent an optimal nota-tion for an ordered list.

As the sparseness (number of Oscompared to Is) of the bitmap in-creases, the efficiency of the bitmapfor data encoding is compromised.Our compression technique maysolve this problem for some applica-tions. ■

Eric Sohr, MD, is chairman of the Departmentof Family Practice at Saint Vincent Hospital, Bill-ings, Montana. He received his MD at the Univer-sity of Maryland in 1969 and has spent the last fouryears designing the LITMUS system. He can bereached in care of LITMAS, Worden, MT 59088.

494 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 380 on Inquiry card.

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HP 15C $92.00

HP 16C $92.00

For HP41/41CV

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IIE-4 $31 99.00

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USI

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Pi 2. 12" G $119.00

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CBM 64 to IEEE Board $79.00

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Apple Paddles $39.00

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5. Home Accountant $55.00

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12. Zork III $29.00

1 3. Frogger $24.00

14. Facemaker $24.00

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1526 $319.00

1530 Datasette $69.00

1541 Single Disk Drive $249.00

1600 VtC Modem $59.00

1650 AD/AA Modem $89.00

1701 14" Color Monitor ....$249.00

Pet 64 $569.00

Pet 4032 $599.00

CBM 8032 $599.00

Super Pet $999 00

B128-80 $769.00

BX256-80 $969.00

2031 $299.00

4040 $699.00

8050 $949.00

8250 $1199.00

9060 $1999.00

9090 $2199.00

4023 $379.00

6400 $1399.00

64K Upgrade $26g .00

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6. MicrospecGen. Ledger64 .. .$79.00

7. Zork III $29.00

8. Frogger (64) $23.00

9. Quick Brown Fox (20/64) ...$49.00

10. Shamus $29.00

11. Deadline S29.00

12. Assembler 64 $14.95

13. Zork II $29.00

14. 3-D Man $14.00

15. Protector $32.00

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1010 Program Recorder $74.00

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1025 80 Col. Printer $449.00

1027 Letter Quality Printer ... $29g.00

1050 Disk Drive $37g.00

1030 Direct Connect Modem... CALL

CX30 Paddles $12.00

CX40 Joystick $8.00

CX42 Remote Joystick CALL

CX77 Touch Tablet $69.00

CX80 Trak Ball $49.00

CX85 Keypad $105.00

CX418 Home Manager $69.00

CX488 Communicator II.... $229.00KX7098 Atari Accountant... $209.00

KX7101 Entertainer $69.00

KX7102 Arcade Champ $75.00

ALIEN

Atari Voice Box $119.00

Apple Voice Box $1 49.00

MEMORY BOARDS

Axlon 32K Ram $59.00

Axlon 48K Ram $9g.00

Axlon 128K Ram $299.00

Intec 32K Board $59.00

Intec 48K Board $85.00

Intec 64K Board (400 only)... $99.00

Intec Real Time Clock $39.00

OISK 6V CART HOLDERS

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Flip-n-File 400/800 Cart $19.00

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AT88-S1 $369.00

AT88-A1 $299.00

AT88-S2 $569.00

AT88S1 PD $469.00

AT88-S2 PD $669.00

AT88-DDA $1 39.00

AT44-S1 $579.00

AT44-S2 $969.00

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS DRIVE

TX 99-S1 $349.00

RAN A1000 Atari Disk Drive $319.00

FLOPPY DISKS

MAXELL

MD-1 $32.00

MO-2 $44.00

FD-1 (8 ") $40.00

FD-2(B" DS DD) $50.00

ELEPHANT

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5'A" SS DD $24.95

5'/4" DS DD $29.95

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10. Word Wizard $59.00 3

11. Picnic Paranoia $34.00 3

12. Jumpman $29.00 3

13. Shamus $34.00 3

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15. File Manager 800 S69.00 3

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19 Pac Man $33.00 3

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Wayout $27.00

Zork II $29.00

Visicalc $15g.00

Atari Writer $7g.00

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Drelbs $26.00

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Simplified ProgramInterfacing

By using jump and data tables, this technique overcomes thedrawbacks of traditional methods of interfacing programs

by Raymond F. Irvine

programs; however, it is cumbersometo use during the development anddebugging process. Usually, anychange to an assembly-languageroutine results in the shifting of ad-dresses following the change. Thisshift, in turn, frequently affectsBASIC entry points and data-transferlocations.

Listing 2 demonstrates how addingonly one line of assembly-languagecode can force several changes to aBASIC program. This need to modifythe program can be a nuisance, es-pecially to cassette users who do nothave the option of using hexadecimalnotation in BASIC and must converteach address to decimal form. Be-cause the typical process of testingand debugging a program results inseveral such iterations, any means ofreducing the impact of assembly-lan-guage changes on the BASIC inter-face makes the overall task mucheasier for the programmer.

The standard technique is ineffi-cient because the programmer ismaking direct calls to routines thatare embedded within code that issubject to frequent changes. Thissituation is similar to the one thatconfronts a programmer who assem-

You can employ a programmingtechnique based on jump and datatables to simplify the interface be-tween two programs when at leastone of them has fixed entry pointsand data addresses. Most of the ex-ample programs presented here arewritten in BASIC and execute USERcalls to assembly-language subrou-tines. Although these programs useMicrosoft BASIC and Z80 mnemon-ics, you can easily adapt the tech-nique to other languages or proces-sors. The versions presented shouldsuit the needs of both cassette anddisk users.

The Standard Interface

The most obvious, hence mostcommon, technique programmersuse to interface a BASIC program toassembly-language subroutines isshown in listing 1. The BASIC pro-gram calls each assembly-languagesubroutine directly at the location atwhich the routine resides in memory.Typically, data is passed betweenprograms using BASIC PEEKs andPOKEs to data areas located some-where within or following the sub-routine that uses the data. This com-mon technique produces functional

bles his programs by hand or whouses a simple assembler that does notrecognize labels. Each time hechanges some code, he must updateaddresses throughout his program tocompensate for his changes. The useof such direct references to addresslocations forces the programmer toassume this time-consuming chore.On the other hand, an assembler thatallows use of labels permits a pro-grammer to concentrate on his pro-gram and to use labels that indirect-ly refer to memory locations; theassembler itself keeps track of the ad-dresses. Although the technique pre-sented here doesn't provide labelsthat can be recognized by both BASICand the assembler, it does make useof a form of indirect addressing thatlets the assembler do most of thework to virtually eliminate the impactof assembly-language changes on aBASIC program.

Jump and Data Tables

The BASIC/assembly-language in-terface can be improved by restruc-turing the assembly-language pro-gram with the addition of a jumptable and by consolidating all addresslocations used to pass data between

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 499

programs into one data table. Thesetwo tables are placed prior to any ofthe assembly-language routines toprotect their locations from being ar-bitrarily moved as the assembly-language routines are altered. AllBASIC PEEKs, POKEs, and USERcalls are then directed through thesetables. Listing 3 demonstrates how toimplement the tables in the assem-bly-language program and how theyshould be accessed from BASIC.

The jump table becomes the firstpart of the assembly-language pro-gram. This table consists of a seriesof jump instructions directing pro-gram flow from the entry points tothe actual routines to be accessedfrom BASIC. When the BASIC pro-gram initiates a USER call to anassembly-language subroutine, pro-gram execution transfers to the jumptable. Because the assembler auto-matically updates the destination ad-dresses of these jumps, a set of en-try points has been established thatdoes not change regardless of howmany times the actual locations of thesubroutines are shifted.

All data locations that are to be ac-cessed by BASIC PEEKs and POKEsshould be placed immediately follow-ing the jump table. By placing thesedata locations before the assembly-language routines, the data table hasalso been protected from any changesmade to the routines. If it becomesnecessary to add new locations to thetable, they should be placed after theexisting entries in order to preservethe existing locations of theaddresses.

If you want to add new routines toan assembly program, make sureyou've reserved space in advance byextending the jump table with spareentries pointing to either dummy ad-dresses or a return instruction. For in-stance, a jump table for a BASIC in-terface can be created with 10 entries,one to correspond with each ofBASIC'S USERO(X) throughUSER9(X) call instructions.

Listing 4 shows the assembly pro-gram with jump and data tables afterone line of code was added to a rou-tine. While all addresses after thenew line were changed, the BASICinterface through the jump and data

tables remains the same.

We have now defined a structurefor assembly programs that virtuallyeliminates the need to change BASICUSER calls, PEEKs, or POKEs inorder to accommodate modificationsmade to assembly-language routines.This technique also makes it easier todefine the BASIC/assembly-languageinterface in advance, producing theadditional benefit of reducing the ef-fort required before concurrent devel-opment of BASIC and assembly-lan-guage programs can begin.

More USER Calls

Jump tables are most effectivewhen the BASIC interpreter is ca-pable of making multiple USER calls.Most cassette BASICs provide onlyone USER call, and in some caseseven the 10 USER calls of disk BASICare not sufficient. Listing 5 presentsa method of using a data location asan index to expand the number ofUSER calls available from BASIC to255, when a 1-byte index is used.

To use the CLCINX routine (seelisting 5), define the first entry point(ENTRYO) as the index routine anddefine the first (or only) USER call atthis entry point. Then POKE the in-dex location (INDEX) with thenumber of the desired routine (1 to255). This number is determined byits order in the jump table, with thefirst jump (to CLCINX) being numberzero. When the USER call is ex-ecuted, the CLCINX routine calcu-lates the proper entry point into thetable and transfers execution to thataddress.

The CLCINX routine works by tak-ing the number stored in INDEX andusing it to form an offset to determinethe appropriate jump-table entrypoint. This routine first checks thatthe index number is not zero. If zerowere allowed, an endless loop wouldoccur because the routine wouldrepeatedly access itself. After thistest, the number is tripled becauseeach jump instruction is 3 bytes long.This result is then added to the ad-dress of the first jump instruction(ENTRYO) so that the HL register pairholds the address of the desiredjump-table entry. Program control isthen transferred to this address.

Assembly/Assembly Interfacing

The examples and descriptions pre-sented so far in this article have dealtwith the technique of interfacingBASIC programs to assembly-lan-guage subroutines; however, jumptables are also very useful whenyou're interfacing two or moreassembly-language programs. One ofthe most common examples of this isin the implementation of the BIOS(basic input/output system) for Digi-tal Research's CP/M.

The CP/M BIOS contains all thecode required to configure the systemto a specific hardware environment.By using a jump table (listing 6) toprovide the interface with the stan-dardized portion of the CP/M system,Digital Research significantly reducedthe amount of effort otherwise re-quired to implement CP/M on aspecific system. This certainly hashelped in establishing CP/M as ade facto standard for 8-bit micropro-cessor operating systems.

Another common use of jumptables is in monitor or bootstrap pro-grams. Usually, the first entry pointis accessed by a power-on jump oranother absolute jump rather than asubroutine call. This allows the pro-gram to operate on a stand-alonebasis. Routines within the program,such as console I/O, primitive diskI/O, or tape I/O, are made availableas subroutines to other programsthrough the jump table.

Summary

The techniques presented in thisarticle are relatively easy to apply andwill relieve much of the frustrationand busywork typically requiredwhen interfacing between two ormore programs. The examples aresimple and general enough for adap-tation in most situations; however,you sacrifice a small amount ofmemory (30 bytes for a 10-entry jumptable) and a few microseconds of ad-ditional time to execute the jumpinstruction. ■

Raymond E Irvine (646 Pearson Rd., PortHueneme, CA 93041) works at the Vitro LaboratoriesDivision of Automation Industries. He has studiedat California State Polytechnic University at Pomonaand California State University at Fullerton.

500 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Listings begin on page 502

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506 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

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The most comprehensivestatistics and graphicsever developed for

and sophisticateddatabase workstationthe personal computer.

Years of research, development, andfield testing have resulted in themost extensive statistics and graph-ics database program specificallydesigned for the personal computingenvironment. STATPRO'" providesthe data analysis capabilities andflexibility previously available onlyon a large computer. Researchers,business professionals, and otherdata analysts will welcome thebreadth vet simplicity of this pro-gram! STATPRO requires no pre-vious computer experience, nospecial command language. Singlekeystrokes access all of the data man-ipulation, statistics, and graphicspower of STATPRO.

STATPRO allows easy access to itsextensive numerical datacapabilities.

The strength of STATPRO is foundin the functions of its user friendly,menu-driven database. You caneasily learn to enter and edit,manipulate, transform, and printout data. STATPRO's searchingcapabilities allow these functions tobe performed on all your data or auser defined subset of your data.

Statistics Modules Menu

A) DESCRIPTION

B) REGRESSION

C) ANOVA

D) TIME SERIES

E) MULTIVAR

(ESC)) Exit to Master MenuChoice->[ ]

Transformations and over 400conversions are available. You canplace the results of these transfor-mations into the same field or anyother field in STATPRO's database.

STATPRO offers a comprehensivecollection of statistical procedures.

The statistics component ofSTATPRO contains a multitude ofprocedures, grouped into the fol-lowing modules:

Descriptive: Contingency analysis,cross tabulation, normality tests;descriptive, comparative, range andnon-parametric statistics.

Regression: Linear, non-linear,stepwise, and multiple regressions;residual analysis and statisticalmatrices.

Analysis of Variance: Single andnested classifications, two and threeway equal and unequal sample sizeand non-parametric ANOVA.

Time Series: Moving averages,multi-stage least squares, fittedpolynomials and trig functions,additive and multiply forecasting.

Multivariate: Principal components,factor, orthogonal factor, obliquefactor, pair-weighted cluster, dis-criminant function, multiple con-tingency, and canonical correlationanalysis.

STATPRO provides graphic

representation of your data in

minutes.

STATPRO graphicsplot all the

results of your STATPRO statistical

analyses including scatter, triangle

regression, and box plots; pie-

charts, histograms, and dendo-grams. Further, with STATPRO youcan custom edit with any of fourcharacter sets from the keyboard.You can also edit using paddles,joystick or special graphics com-mands. Mix text with data fields.Place multiple plots on each screen.Define your axis limits.

You can save your graphics on adisk for a multiple color "slideshow" presentation, or print themout through a variety of compatibleprinters.

STATPRO documentation wrapsup the package.

Although STATPRO software isessentially self-documenting, com-plete print documentation is pro-vided. This includes a walk-throughIntroductory Tutorial, a MenuChart, and a comprehensiveUser's Guide for each STATPROcomponent.

STATPRO currently runs on allversions of the Apple* II personalcomputers. It will je available for theIBM*' PC in September.

To find out more about Statpro:The Statistics and Graphics Pata-

base Workstation, contact yourlocal dealer, or

Call us toll-free at

800-322-2208

In Massachusetts call (617) 423-0420.

You can also call us toll-free forinformation on corporate purchasethrough our National AccountProgram.

Wadsworth Electronic1 Publishing Company

Statler Office Building

20 Park Plaza, Boston, MA 0211b

STATPRO is a trademark of Wadsworth Electronic Publishing Company. Apple is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark

ot International Business Machines, Corp.

Circle 503 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

509

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THERE'S NO OTHER COPIER

ON EARTH LIKE IT.

EITHER

,,.-■ ^H

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<$$

OR

EW

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It's only fair to warn you.

The first few times you use the new Minolta Beta 450Z, you will simply beastonished.

The 450Z does things no other copier has ever done before. Because it hasfeatures no other copier ever had before.

Like auto magnification. Which allows the 450Z with its automatic document•.feeder to take a stack of different size originals and automatically reduce orenlarge them to uniform size copies. A feature that will make life considerablyeasier if you have to make presentations or produce reports.

If, on the other hand, you simply want to make copies of that stack of

different size originals, the 450Z has auto paperselect to automatically select the correct

paper size.a Like other copiers the Beta 450Z lets you

choose from four preset image sizes.

But unlike other copiers, it has a unique"variable magnification zooming lens that gives youOR a virtually limitless range of copy sizes.

Because you can program any sizes you like into the450Z. From almost 50% larger than the original to 50% smaller.The 450Z does other wonderful things, like "beeping" if youforget your original on the machine.

And if you leave your copies in the sorter, the 450Z will call thisto your attention with a flashing light.

There is also a remarkably specific self-diagnostic system that allows you orthe serviceman, on the rare occasions when you will need him, to quickly findand correct any difficulty that may occur.

In addition, Beta has a unique, dependable toner cartridge. For an easier,clean hands operation.

If you need to expand capacity with an automatic document feeder or sorter,the 450Z has a full system of design-integrated accessories.And because they're made only for Beta they giveyou smoother, significantly more trouble-free operation.

If you don't need reduction, enlargement or automagnification, but want the other advantages of Beta,ask your dealer about our Beta 450(without the Z').

Either way you'll get copies thatare out of this world.

For a demonstration of the 450Zget in touch with your Minolta dealer.Look in the Yellow Pages under theMinolta trademark. Or call toll free800-526-5256. In New Jersey, /iim^mta

201-342-6707. Ml NOLI A

Circle 313 on inquiry card.

.- "V"

' □ Please have my dealer contact me fora demonstration of the new MinoltaBeta 450Z.□ Please send me more information.

Name_

■ ■I ■ ;-1 I

-Telephone.

Mail to Minolta CorporationBusiness Equipment Division101 Williams DriveRamsey, N.I. 07446

-':'*J' B~"g Iigiiii";!^

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512 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Everybody's making moneyselling microcomputers*Somebody s going to make moneyservicing them, i- -»;

mmmmaammem 9

Now NRI Trains You At Home To

Make Money Servicing, Repairing,

and Programming Personal

and .Small Business Computers

Seems like every time you turn around, somebodycomes along with a new computer for home or businessuse. And what's made it all possible is the amazing micro-processor, the tiny little chip that's a computer in itself.

Using this new technology, the industry is offeringcompact, affordable computers that handle things likepayrolls, billing, inventory, and other jobs for businessof every size...perform household functions includingbudgeting, environmental systems control, indexingrecipes. And diousands of hobbyisis are already owners,experimenting and developing their own programs.

Growing Demandfor Computer Technicians

This is only one of the growth factors influencingthe increasing opportunities for qualified computertechnicians. The U.S. Department of litbor projects overa 600% increase in job openings for the decade. Mostof them are new jobs created by die expanding worldof die computer.

Learn At Hometo Service Any Computer

NRI can train you for this exciting, rewardingfield. Train you at home to service not only micro-computers, but word processors and data terminals, too.Bain you at your convenience, with clearly written"bite-size" lessons that you do evenings or weekends,widiout going to classes or quitting your present job.

Your training is built around the latest model ofdie world's most popular computer. It's the amazingTRS-80™ Model 4, now with disk drive and the capa-bilities and features to perform a host of personal andbusiness functions. No other small computer has somuch software available for it, no other is used andrelied on by so many people, And it's yours to keep forpersonal and business use.

You get plenty of practical experience. Under NRI'scarefully planned training, you even install a disk driveverifying at each step its operation. Using the NRI DiscoveryLab® that also comes as part of your course, you buildand study circuits ranging from the simplest to the most

(TRS-80 is a trademarkof the Radio Shackdivision of Tandy Corp.)

advanced. You analyze VB

and troubleshoot using ^5

die professional 4-fonction

LCD digital multimeter

you keep to use later in your work. Then you use the

lab and meter to actually access the interior of your

computer.. .build special circuits and write programs

to control them. You "see" your computer at work and

demonstrate its power.

Same Training Available WilliColor Computer

NRI offers you the opportunity to train with theTRS-80 Color Computer as an alternative to the Model 4The same technique for getting inside is enhanced byusing the new NRl-developed ComputerAccess Card. Only NRI offers youa choice to fit your specifictraining needs.

Become the CompleteComputer Person

In addition to training in BASIC and advancedmachine language, you gain hands-on experience inthe operation and application of the latest computersfor both business and personal jobs. You're trained tobecome the folly rounded, new breed of technician whocan interface with the operational, programming, andservice facets of all of today's computers. You're ready totake your place in the new electronic age.

Other Opportunities

NRI has been giving ambitious people new elec-tronic skills since 1914. Today's offerings also includeTV/Audio/Video Systems servicing with training on ourexclusive Heath/Zenith computer-programmable 25"diagonal color TV... Industrial Electronics, DesignTechnology... and other state-of-the-art courses.

The Catalog Is Free.The Training is Priceless.

Send the postage-paid card for our 104-page catalogshowing all courses with equipment and complete lessonplans. There's no obligation odier than to yourself. Seehow NRI can help you take advantage of die exciting joband earnings opportunities in the exploding field of micro-computers. If card has been removed, please write to us.

NRI

SB

NRI Schools

McGraw-Hill Continuing

Education Center3939 Wisconsin Ave.Washington, DC 20016

We'll give you tomorrow.

BYTE October 1983

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514 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

The IBM Personal Computer W>rk Station.It's optional. (But essential.)

Now, we could hard-sell you on its features. Orwe could soft-sell you on its virtues. Instead,we're going to level with you.

You don't have to buy it.

But we have a hunch that the more you knowabout the IBM Synergetix® PC _^__Work Station the more you'llwonder how your business evermanaged without it.

Necessity wassurely themother oftins inven-tion.

For asmore and more

businesses come to rely on the personal com-puter, new and extraordinary demands are beingplaced on the work environment itself.

The IBM PC Work Station was specificallydeveloped to meet the challenges of today's tech-nology. And scientifically designed to satisfy thevarious needs of the people who use it.

It's not just another pretty desk.

First and foremost, the IBM PC Work Stationprovides a convenient and compact work spacethat instantly opens up to expand your workarea.

In addition, the IBM PC Work Station offersadded mobility for your personal computer. Soyou get more mileage out of your invest-ment as it moves from officoffice, person to person, soing problem after problem.

And since your personalcomputers are as vulner-able as they are valuable,the IBM PC Work Sta-tion also functions as asecurity device.

It deters pilferage byproviding a self-con-tained lockable storagecompartment for yourCPU, software, key-board, printer, pro-gram books and diskettes.

It also protects valuable information, prohibit-ing unauthorized access to confidential computerdata by keeping it all secure under lock and key.Circle 217 on inquiry card.

the IBM

Last but not least,

PC Work Station is

human-factor engi-neered to meet IBM's

strict ergonomic

standards for

operator

comfort.

For as you

know, the

more com-fortable

people are, the more productive they can be.There's one more important feature to our PC

Work Station. It comes equipped with the added

assurance of IBM quality. But then, that comes

standard on all IBM products.

If all this hasn't convinced you that our PC

Work Station is asessential as it is excep-tional, we're sure the<S ... *ii., \. ^ price tag will. And

IBM's quantity dis-counts make it abso-lutely irresistible.To find out just how

irresistible (or for additional information) call

IBM Direct toll free at 1 800 631-5582* ext. 40 or

visit one of our IBM Product

Centers. Or send in the coupon

below.

The IBM Personal Com- I

puter Work Station—busi- j

ness people are finding it's

one of those luxuries they

just can't live without.

I

PATENT PENDING

11SM PERSONAL COMPUTER WORK STATION

Mail lot IBM Corporation, Attn: IBM Direct.

One Culver Road, Dayton, New Jersey 08810

NAME.

.TITLE.

COMPANY-ADDRESS-CITY

.TELEPHONE.

.STATE-

ZIP

*ln Alaska and Hawaii call 1 800 526-2484 cxt. 40.

BYTE October 1983

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516 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Introducing a sensible solutionto the problems of dBASE II

dBASE II

The Sensible Solution

Records Per File

65,535

999,999

Maximum Record Size

1,024 bytes

1,536 bytes

Fields Per Record

32

384

Key Fields Per File

7

10

Number of FilesSimultaneously Accessible

2

10

Number of Screens Per Program

Limited bysystem memory

Limited only bysystem storage

Data Dictionary

No

Yes

We don't mean to debase dBASE II, but ifyou're looking for a data base manager that's longon features, dBASE II can come up a little short.

For instance, a single dBASE II record can onlycontain 32 fields. And when you need to shareinformation between one file and another, you canonly access two at a time.

So, as good as dBASE II is, its limitations canquickly paint you into an electronic corner.

And that's why we created The Sensible Solution.

FinallyA sensational relational.

Along with all the usual things you expectfrom a data base manager, The Sensible Solution letsyou handle the kind of tough assignments thatdBASE II can't:

You can design data files with more than 300variables. You can create reports using 10 differentfiles at once. You can even set up file locking formulti-user computers.

Ready to get down to business.

A data base manager without ready-to-runapplication programs is hardly worth the disk it'scopied on.

So, along with The Sensible Solution, you canalso add The Sensible Solution Bookkeeper™ orSensible Management™ our complete one-entryaccounting and management system.

They're both affordable. Business-tested. Andsupplied with source code so you can make yourown modifications.

A sensible trial offer.

When you purchase The Sensible Solution,we'll send along a special trial disk that lets you createforms and enter a limited number of records.If, after 30 days, you're not satisfied, just return theunopened master system disk for a full refund.

So why not take us up on our trial offer? You'vegot nothing to lose.

Except the problems of dBASE II.

The Sensible Solution

To order, write or call: O'Hanlon Computer Systems, 11058 Main Street, Bellevue, WA 98004 USA,

Phone (206) 454-2261. Prices: The Sensible Solution-$695, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper-$495, Sensible

Management—$895. In Washington, add 6.5% state tax. VISA, Mastercard and dealer inquiries welcome.

dBASE II is a registered trademark of .AshtonTate. Sensible Solution, Sensible Solution Bookkeeper and Sensible Solution Management are trademarks of O'Hanlon Computer Systems, Inc

Circle 332 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

517

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518 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Will This Happen

to You? ¥

NOT IF YOU BUY YOUR PRINTERFROM... ~mW%

After reading this issue of BYTE Magazine, you are now fully aware ofthe many outstanding printers on the market today. But what youmight not be aware of is that the printer yon like best, might not becompatible with your computer and software. (The picture above isgood example of printer incompatibility). At the Printer Store,wespecialize in printers, so our experienced professional staff can helpyou choose the right printer for your personal and business needs. Ifyou want the Best Value, Low Price, Product Availability, andSupport, call The Printer Store and ask us about:

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HOW TO ORDER: Our phone lines are open from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. PST. Monday-Friday We accept VISA. MASTERCHARGE (at no extra charge), personalchecks take two weeks to clear. COD's accepted. Same-day shipment onorders placed before 1 p.m. Manufacturer's warranty applicable on all equip-ment. Prices subject to change.

Circle 373 on inquiry card.

The Printer Store, 1983

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520 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

One company has sold more printersto this planet than anybody.

Epson.

By now, that shouldn't come as any surprise.After all, we invented digital printers for the 1964Tokyo Olympics.

Since then, we've built more print mecha-nisms than the rest of the world combined.Including the world's smallest printers, theworld's most reliable printers and the world'sfirst disposable print head.

And today we are proud — but not surprised— to say that the world's best selling printersfor small computershave the Epson nameright on the front.

But the reallyamazing fact aboutEpson printers is this:they don't cost anymore than otherprinters. In fact, they

New Epson RX and FX dot matrix

frequently cost less.

Here's how we got to be the world's best-selling printers: by building a quality product, bypricing it fairly and by standing behind it. That'sthe way we've done business for almost 20 years.

Only one printer can claim to be "number one."And measured by popular acceptance, by techno-logical innovation, by honest-to-goodness value,not to mention sheer weight of numbers, thatprinter is Epson.

Number One.And built like it.

EPSON

EPSON AMERICA, INC.3415 Kashiwa StreetTorrance, CA 90505

printers. At computer stores now.

Please call (800) 421-5426 for the dealer nearest you. In California, (213) 539-9140.

Circle 176 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

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eisno

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^fip*

Unless you want the best price, performance and quality.

The other guys' printers have always been ade-quate. But why settle for adequate when you canhave the best. The quiet new Riteman personalprinter from Inforunner for your computer.

Made possible by over 38 years of manufac-turing expertise, Inforunner has produced thebest printer ever. Inch for inch, we've packedmore heavy-duty quality and performance insideour compact Riteman printers at a lower costthan the competition.

Compare feature for feature. With theRiteman you get uni- or bi-directional printingrunning easily at 120 cps with friction, pin, andtractor feed at no extra cost. You can use yourown stationery, labels, fan fold or pin feed paper.So all your printing gets done faster.

The Riteman is Epson-compatible for inter-facing with most personal computers. Like

Apple and IBM. And with a wide variety ofprint modes including italics, super and sub-scripts with true descenders. So your letters andother printouts look their best.

And it runs with many popular softwarepackages including graphics.

See for yourself how easily this incrediblylow-priced printer, with the best price/perfor-mance/quality combination, fits into a briefcase— at your nearest computer dealer.

ASK YOUR DEALER or call toll free(800) 824-3044. In California (800) 421-2551.Inforunner Corporation, 1621 Stanford Street,Santa Monica, CA 90404.

Inforunner's Riteman

DISTRIBUTED WORLDWIDE

Apple

■<l trademark of Ai

■ Computer Ine

IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporate

Epson is a registered trademark <>f Epson AmericaCircle 228 on inquiry card.

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526 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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528 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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Now, finally, all the inside information you need to secure a prosperous future in this dynamic industry is available inone place - THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL! An immense information source, compiled by our inquisitive researchteam, aided by a panel of experts and business people from all areas of the computer industry!

We present the inside story of more than 100 lucrative computer businesses you can enter, where you II find the realopportunities for the eighties: from one man operations like Programming Author, Word Processing Center or Consulting, toSystems House, Service Bureau, Computer Store etc! Many at little or no investment! All the invaluable facts and figures:How to start, Capital needs, Profit estimates and Margins, How to Sell and Market, How missing technical or businessexperience need not stand in your way, Source of Suppliers, etc! Details that could take years to find out on your own!

We'll show you inside tricks, like how to never again pay retail for computer products and consumer electronics, even forone item - right now, while you're starting your business! How to get free merchandise and trade show invitations, etc. This alonewill more than pay for the manual! You'll read actual case histories of other computer entrepreneurs, so you can learn from theirmistakes, and profit from their success stories! Where you'll be one year from now depends on your actions today! Let usshow you how to take the first crucial steps!

Order now and take advantage of our limited introduction special, THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL, and asix month subscription to THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR REPORT/NEWSLETTER ( so you're always up-to-date with theindustry ), both for only $29.95! You must be convinced on how easy you can strike it rich in the micro computer business - or youmay return the manual for a full refund within thirty days! USE OUR TOLL FREE NUMBER TO ORDER!

EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW

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THE COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR MANUAL has the answers to all your questions aboutselecting, starting and succesfully running a computer business! There has newer been such acomprehensive collection of know-how and information about this business in one place! All thefacts you need to plan and acheive your goals in easy-to-follow, step-by-step instructions!

These are some of the 100-plus businesses covered in PART ONE of the manual, with thefacts on How to start and run, Start-up Cost ( Even how to operate on a shoestring ), What profitsto expect. Wholesale prices, Mark-ups, Suppliers, future outlook, case histories for each, etc:Systems House, Software Author ( who to sell to and who to avoid ), Service Bureau. Soft-l ware Publisher ( How to find programs that sell. Word Processing Service, Consulting and Con-'sultant Broker ( use your skills or those of others, make $150 - 51000 a day!), The incredibleGames Business, Computer Store ( Franchises: Pro and Contra, or a low inventory store in yourhome! ). OEM, Hardware Mfg. Data base and Teletext Service ( big prospects! ), Used Com-puters, Repairs, Rent-A-Computer. Promote Fests and Trade Shows, Turnkey Systems,Bartering, Mail Order, Compile and rent mailing lists, Specialized Data Headhunting and Temp Help Service, Tech Writer Shop. Custom Engineering. Thehighly profitable Seminars and Training Business , and many more!

Many new ideas and ground floor opportunities! Interviews and success stories on companies of all sizes! Privy info on the profits made: How somecomputer store operators net S100 - 5250,000! Little known outfits that made their owners millionaires, one of these low-key companies, making simple boards,went from nil to S20.000.000 and 100 employees in four years! Programmers that make $300,000, Thousands of micro millionaires in the making, etc1

Whatever your goal is ■ Silicon Valley Tycoon, or just a business at home - we guarantee you'll find a business to suit you - or your money back!

PART TWO of the manual is loaded with the know-how and "streetfighting" savvy you need, both as a novice or business veteran, to get started, to stayand to prosper in the micro computer business1 A goldmine of information in clear and easy-to-use instructions: How to prepare your Business Plan, Outsidefinancing, The mistakes you must avoid, How to hire and manage employees, Incorporation ( when, and how to do it cheaply ). Surviving bad times. RecordKeeping, how to estimate your market before you start. Use multiple locations to maximize profits, how to promote and stay steps ahead of the competi-tion! How to gel free advertising, free merchandise, free advice. Power negotiating with suppliers to double your profit margins, etc! Even how to keep apresent job while starting a business part time!

Don't miss this opportunity to be part of this great industry - the next success story could be your own! Order the manual today! Part one and two,bound in a deluxe ring binder, where you can also collect our newsletter ( free for six months with the manual - a $32.50 value! ) - all for only $29.95!

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FOUR STAR EDITION

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VR DATA CORPORATION

ANNOUNCES:

THE PRICE WAR IS OVER!!

HARD DISK III*,5 MEGWINCHESTER

995 NEW

5+5 Meg System 1590.0015 Meg System 1449.00 10 Meg System 1249.0015+15 Meg System 2299.00 10+10 Meg System 1999.00

*Hard Disk III includes up to 2 full height Winchester diskdrives, heavy duty enclosure, disk controller, field provenpower supply, I/O adaptor, and applicable cabling.

*Hard Disk 111 is available directly from the factory only.

HARD DISK III & HD-505ADAPTOR MODULES:

HD-505 WINCHESTER

Compact, High Density, Low Profile,Low Power, Sub-Mini Disk System

SAVE $90 on 5+5 Meg

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Packages includes:

HD-505F (Master) Fixed 5 meg

1395.00

HD-505R (Slave) Removable 5 meg

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Adaptor Module

150.00

Disk Cartridge for HD--505R

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TOTAL

2490.00

IBM-XT*

IBM-PC

APPLE II*

APPLE He*

XEROX 820*

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FRANKLIN*

LNW-80

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LNW-II

TRS-80 MOD III TRS-80 MOD 4

150

OTHERS TO BE ANNOUNCED♦AVAILABLE 3RD QUARTER 1983

The NEW HD-505 Winchester Systems are available throughquality Computer Stores everywhere. If yours doesn't havethe HD-505 from VR DATA, tell them to get it.

MASTER unit includes: enclosure, switching power supply,disk drive, controller, host adaptor, applicable cabling.SLAVE unit includes: enclosure, switching power supply,disk drive, applicable cabling.

Call Toll Free • 800-345-8102

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Published prices reflect cash discount. All prices are subject to change withoutnotice. TRS-80 and TRSDOS are trademarks of Tandy Corp. Disk 111 andHD-505 are trademarks of VR DATA CORP.8:30 am-7pm EST Mon-Fri., Sat 10am-3pmCABLE "VRDATA" TELEX 845-124

All VR DATA products are tested, burned-in, and re-tested. We're so proud ofour quality control that we offer an optional unconditional extended warrantycovering full costs of parts and labor on all VR DATA products.

MR

(215) 461-5300

fJia«LaaA ' Henderson Blvd.,

Folcroft, PA 19032

VR DATA—WEST

Watonga, OK1-405-623-8664

Circle 501 on inquiry card.

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532 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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BYTE October 1983

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534 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

COHERENT™ IS SUPERIOR TO UNIX*

AND ITS AVAILABLE TODAY

ON THE IBM PC.

Mark Williams Company hasn't just taken a mini-computeroperating system, like UNIX, and ported it to the PC. Wewrote COHERENT ourselves. We were able to bring UNIXcapability to the PC with the PC in mind, making it the mostefficient personal computer work station available at anunbelievable price.

For the first time you get a multi-user, multitasking operatingsystem on your IBM PC. Because COHERENT is UNIX-compatible, UNIX software will run on the PC underCOHERENT.

The software system includes a C-compiler and over 100 utili-ties, all for $500. Similar environments cost thousands more.

COHERENT on the IBM PC requires a hard disk and 256Kmemory. It's available on the IBM XT, and Tecmar, Davongand Corvus hard disks.

Available now. For additional information, call or write,

Mark Williams Company

1430 West Wrightwood, Chicago, Illinois 60614

312/472-6659

Mark

Williams

Company

COHERENT is a Iraclemark of Mark Williams Company.

'UNIX is as trademark of Bell Laboratories. Clrcle511 on Inquiry card.

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536 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Never again worryabout computer theft or damage

What could be better thanfull replacement?

By now, you've probably heard orread about SAFEWARESM Insur-ance for microcomputers. But youmay still wonder just what it pro-tects, or whether it's really worth theinvestment. If you've never lost anypart of your computer system orsoftware, you probably don't yetrealize the limitations of moststandard insurance coverages. Orthe agonies you could face in tryingto recover even the simplest piece ofperipheral equipment.

What do you meanit's not covered?!

Operating your computer systemwithout SAFEWARE protec-tion is fine as long as you .don't have to worryabout an accident orloss. But what if youcame home one night todiscover you'd been robbed?Or that a pipe had burst andcaused water damage? Or thatyour system, too, had fallen vic-tim to a leading destroyer of micro-systems—a power surge? Allevents beyond your control. Ifsomething like this should happento you, you're likely to find out thehard way just how limited yourstandard insurance policy's protec-tion really is. And no matter howlittle or how much you have in-vested in your computer system,discovering that it's not covered canbe an expensive lesson.

Now you can be sure

SAFEWARE was developed by aninsurance professional who wasshocked to learn that his very ownpersonal computer was at risk. Canyou imagine? What he discoveredwas that his homeowners insurancepolicy excluded coverage as soon ashe began operating his first businessprogram. Even his simplest spread-sheet voided coverage. Becausemost homeowners policies won'tcover any equipment used for busi-ness, no matter how infrequently.Out of this need was bornSAFEWARE. A simple, easy-to-understand coverage you can counton. Full replacement coverage ofhardware, software and media,after a low $50 deductible.

With SAFEWARE there's noneed for you to schedule equipmentor software as you do with the"rider" type of policies. So yourcoverage can grow with your sys-tem, providing protection for its fullvalue rather than each individualitem. This will be especially impor-tant to you if you're ever planning

to buy additional equipment orsoftware. Even just one peripheral.

What the editors are saying

Desktop Computing:.. ."Given theamount of money that businessusers spend on computer equip-ment ... it's not too farfetched tosay that an insurance policy may bethe most important new accessorythat you could add to your desktopcomputer system."Computer Decisions:.. . "Your per-sonal computer might not be safe athome. If it is not insured, thenyou're running the risk of losing thethousands of dollars you'veinvested..."

Persona/ Computing: .. ."Replacinghardware may be more of a prob-lem than you thought it wouldbe ... That's why (a computer con-sultant) suggests that you get thecomputer insured."Wall Street Journal:.. ."ColumbiaNational General Agency intro-duces a policy that covers homecomputers regardless of use. Theusual premium: about $75 a year."

An All-Risk, no risk offer

SAFEWARE is an All-Risk plan ofinsurance, which means that itcovers all hardware, all purchasedsoftware, and all media. Your com-plete system is protected againsttheft, fire, accidental damage, even

damage sustained while the com-puter is being transported in yourcar. SAFEWARE even covers dam-age caused by power surges... theleading destroyer of microcomput-ers. And. now, SAFEWARE isavailable on a no risk basis. If youare not completely satisfied with theprotection afforded bySAFEWARE, you may return thepolicy for a full refund within thefirst 10 days after you've received it.

Thousands have said "yes!"Since it was first introduced in 1982,thousands of computer owners, likeyou, have said "yes" to theSAFEWARE offer. Owners of sys-tems from the smallest portablemicros to larger sophisticated busi-ness systems are finding thatSAFEWARE offers the most af-fordable and complete security.And the simplest peace of mindavailable to ensure carefreecomputing.

The cost pennies a day

As you can see from the table, theannual premium for a typical sys-tem consisting of a $3,000 proc-essor, a disk drive and printer worth$1,100, and $900 in software, is just$60. And you can save even moresince the cost of insurance for per-sonal computers used for businessmay be tax deductible. To deter-mine your rate of coverage, just add

up your total system value. Then,find the premium in the table.

Easy to order

Choose from three simple ways topay for your complete SAFEWAREprotection: Call the toll free phonenumber listed and we'll charge yourpremium to your VISA orMasterCard. Or, you can mail usyour order along with your check.Or, send us the coupon and chargeyour policy to your credit card.

Total Hardware, Media &Software System Value

AnnualPremium

1 Upto$ 2,000

$ 35

Jk $ 2,001-$ 5,000

$ 60

H $ 5,001-$ 8,000

$ 75

$ 8.001-$t1.000

$ 90

$ll,001-$14,000

$105

$14.001-$17,000

$125

$17,001-121,000

$140

$21,001-$24,000

$155

$24,001-$27,000

$170

Call toll free for rates on higher coverages

Not available in DC. Hl.KY. LA. ME. MS.NV. SC. WY

800-848-3469

(In Ohio call 800-848-2112)Phones open 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.,Monday through Saturday

Columbia National General Agency88 E. Broad Street, Columbus,OH 43215

With SAFEWARE you get...

• Full replacement coverage.

• Freedom from worries of fire, theftor accident.

• Ultimate in power surgeprotection.

• Costs as low as $35 a year.

Yes, my computer needs immediate

Protection,lease issue my SAFEWARE InsurancePolicy.

Name

Street.City

State_

System value $

Q Check Enclosed D VISAD MasterCard

Card #

Exp. Date

No risk. You may return policy for fullrefund within 10 days. Coverages andlimits are subject to the terms, conditionsand exclusions in the policy.Mail to: SAFEWARE, P.O. Box 02211.byt Columbus. OH 43202

Circle 408 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

537

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538 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

The personal

portable

daisywheelprinter.

Only $599.

For the first time, your letter-quality printercan be used almost anywhere! Bring the newTranstar 120 with you to work, to school, andhome again! Conveniently weighing in at lessthan 19 pounds, it generates unrivaled printquality and is the size of a standard briefcase.The new 120 is so light, so small, that youcan. take it with you!

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User to User

Conducted by Jerry Pournelle

Copy Protection and Privacy

Dear Jerry,

The Superscribe II word processor isdistributed by On-Line Systems (nowSierra On-Line Inc.). When I first got it,

I found it a fairly good word processorwith some very interesting features. Forinstance, it has a 70-column upper/lower-case display on an unmodified Applewith software printer spooling and a key-board buffer. Not a bad achievement,even with its share of bugs. And On-Linedid provide a free backup disk.

Then, last summer, On-Line updatedthe program to its present Screenwriter

II and gave it some enhancements, suchas a mouse or joystick. However, it alsoadded a very nasty copy-protection sys-tem. The company's update policy was$10 for a new disk and a manual with thereturn of one of the disks. After about twoweeks, I got the new disk and manual (alarge improvement, I might add). Itwouldn't boot, so I took it to a storeowned by a friend of mine and tried toboot it on a Franklin with Apple drives,an Apple with Rana drives, and an Ap-ple with a Super-5 and a normal drive.It would not boot on any of them. So offwent the disk to the company, and twoweeks later I got a new one. It wouldn'tboot on any of the machines, either. Icalled, and the company said to return itagain. Being an accomplished program-mer, I decided to play around for a while.After spending a few minutes boot-tracing the program, I finally got it to run.However, I simply am not going to boot-trace a program every time I want to runit, which in this case might be two orthree times a day. So I found the nibblecounts in it and removed them. It thenworked on any machine. When I calledthe company and told a programmerthere how to fix this problem, he said (ina very moronic tone), "Oh, uh, I guesswe'll fix it" and took my name and ad-dress. About three weeks later I startedto receive Softalk magazines free, with alittle "Sponsored by On-Line Systems" ontop of the label. Not exactly the correc-tion I had hoped for.

I simply cannot abide by a tool beingprotected from copying, or in this casejust use. As a result of the company'sscrewing around, I lost four weeks of

valuable time owing to the loss of thebackup. It is absolutely ridiculous to keepsomeone who relies on a product fromcopying it. Beyond that, if I wanted tomodify it for either of my nonstandarddrive configurations, I couldn't becausethe nibble counts would stop it from func-tioning; the length and content would bechanged.

It is simply not worth buying a productthat I can't use to my own ends, providedI don't pirate it, which I wouldn't. It is alsointeresting to note that a product I subse-quently purchased from On-Line (thegame Pest Patrol) would not work on mydrives, which I had completely checkedby a Class I repair center. In light of this,I have decided never to purchase any-thing from On-Line again and adviseanyone who wants products guaranteedto work on their Apple system to dolikewise.

Douglas Henkin150 East 77th St.New York, NY 10021

My late mad friend would have publishedthe company's bit map in retaliation. Com-panies that destroy their own utility to "pre-vent piracy" only encourage legitimate hackersto turn pirate. . . . Jerry

Dear Jerry,

In your June column ("Zenith Z-100, Ep-son QX-10, Software Licensing, and theSoftware Piracy Problem," page 411) youtouched on a subject near and dear to myheart, protection. I have three words tosay about it: I hate it. I have no objectionto copyright; just those protectionschemes.

My problems started when I bought a5-megabyte Corvus hard disk for myApple He. The Corvus drive can only livein slot 6 because of the firmware on thecontroller card; therefore, the floppy diskmust be elsewhere. The first problem Iran into was not being able to put mygames, educational and other protectedsoftware on the Corvus. The secondproblem was booting protected softwarefrom the floppy disk in slot 7 or else-where. Do you realize how much soft-ware out there will not work if the floppy-disk controller is not in slot 6? I said tomyself, instead of trying to get all soft-

ware houses in the universe to changetheir software, why not get Corvus tochange its firmware so that it can go inslot 71 Well, after having my dealer callCorvus several times, the company'sanswer was, "impossible to do." I tried tocall the vice-president of the companyand never got a return call. High Tech-nology software of Oklahoma City alsotalked to them. No way, they said.

Back to protection. CP/M software isnot protected, and I don't hear them cry-ing about pirates of their software. BeagleBros. Software is not protected and it isstill in business. At least one well-knowngame house has dropped protection andreduced all of its prices on software forthe Apple to $19.95.

Like you said, "For every protectionscheme there is somebody out thereready to break it." How can it be stopped?Software programmers, please stop put-ting those locks on your software. In-stead, install a serial number somewherein the program that is registered to theoriginal owner. That way, if he sells orgives away a copy and the person whogets it needs to send it back to the com-pany for any reason, the serial numbercan be traced. Finally, have faith and en-force your copyrights. Yes, believe it ornot, I think the majority of people outhere have integrity and are not out to ripyou off.Stan Epstein116 S. CedarwoodRose Hill, KS 67133

Piracy is a real problem, but most protec-tion schemes cause far more problems thanthey solve. . . . Jerry

What's the Cache?

Dear Jerry,

In your July column ("InterstellarDrives, Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley, page 323), you usedthe word "cache" to refer to a system thatstores frequently used information froma disk in RAM. I thought you might likesome background information. I under-stand that the original use of the wordcache in computers had to do with main-frame computers. A mainframe will havea large main memory (say 256K bytes)

540 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Suddenly,

personal

computers

&.thatjust

stand alonedon't standa chance.

The trouble with most personal comput-ers is that they don't tie into office automation.Maybe that's why they're called "standalones"So instead of bringing the people in your com-pany together, they only succeed in keepingthem apart.

But one personal computer is different:the Wang Professional Computer.

In fact, it's the one personal computerthat can really tie into total office automation.

Not only does it work together withevery other piece of Wang equipment, it canalso communicate with most mainframes.

So everyone in your company has immediateaccess to the exact information they need.In the exact format they need it in: words,numbers and images.What's more, youalso get Wang wordprocessing, the easiest-to-use word processing!

in the world

Why risk standing alonewith other personal computerswhen Wang puts itall together so well.

For a demonstration of The Wang Professional Computer, call1-800-225-9264. Or send this coupon to: Wang Laboratories,Inc., Business Executive Center, One Industrial Avenue, Lowell,MA 01851.

Title

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J

i 1983 Wang Laboratories, Inc.

BYTE October 1983

541

User to User.

with access times around 200 to 500 nano-seconds. That's fast enough to keep mostmicrocomputer CPUs happy, but it seemslike a long time to a mainframe CPU. Soa small amount (say 256K bytes) of fast,expensive cache memory is installed be-tween the CPU and the main memory tohold the frequently used informationfrom the main memory. The access timeof the cache memory might be 20 to 50nanoseconds.

My opinion, for what it's worth, is thatdisk emulators (or RAM disks) willgradually become obsolete. The 16-bitmicrocomputers on the market can han-dle up to about 500K bytes of addressablememory, which is more than you can puton a 5V4-inch disk. Once enough softwarebecomes available to take advantage of allthat memory, disk emulators will nolonger be needed.Gerry AshtonBox 415, Rural Rt. 4Hopewell Jet., NY 12533

Thanks. Tracy Kidder explains cache wellin his The Soul of a New Machine. You'reprobably right about disk emulators, but notfor a while. They'll last a couple more years,and wow, do they save time! . . . Jerry

Public Key Encryption

Dear Jerry,

Computer systems security is part ofmy job here at Kodak Park. Therefore, Iwas quite interested in your comments onpublic key crypto systems in your July col-umn ("Interstellar Drives, Osborne Acces-sories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley,"page 323).

I would really like to know whetheranyone succeeds in deciphering the fileyou published that was generated byDEDICATE/32.William E. FloranceSecurity AdministratorEastman Kodak Co.Management Services DivisionBldg. 56, Kodak Park1669 Lake Ave.Rochester, NY 14650

So far no one has claimed the prize! In fact,only a few admit to having tried. . . . Jerry

Dear Jerry,

You hit the nail on the head, sir. Themost common mistake I've seen made

about encryption schemes is boundlessfaith in long keys. Although key lengthis important, it only gives one a rough feelfor the resistance of a particular cipher tobrute force (i.e., try every key) attacks. Amathematically weak system can be at-tacked with several analytical tools,assuming the enciphering process ispublic knowledge. If it isn't, the use ofclassic cryptoanalytic attack (cribs, etc.)will be the approach of choice.

Incidentally, I seem to recall an articlein Infoworld late last year that describedthe successful breaching of the public keysystem by a mathematician using an Ap-ple II. As I remember, the demonstrationwas at some kind of convention and(seemingly) was tightly controlled. Iwouldn't use the public key system tohide a second set of books, anyhow.

The bottom line is, any cryptosystem isof only hypothetical security value, andsome hypotheses are better than others.The major concern I would have inevaluating the merits of any encryptionscheme is the sophistication of the op-position and the volume of material to beencrypted. Several old and simplesystems are quite secure for encipheringlimited amounts of plain text, notably thePlayfair cipher and the Jefferson wheel(AKA the Bazeries cylinder). These sys-tems are very easy to implement on themicro and can be worked by hand if needbe. The same can hardly be said for the[National Bureau of Standards] Data En-cryption Standard, eh?

Another generally held rule of thumbis that the security of a system cannot bebased on the secrecy of the encryptionprocess, be it by mechanical device orcomputer program. The oppositionshould be presumed to have everythingyou have, save the key.

If you're interested in further informa-tion, I highly recommend David Kahn'sexcellent book, The Codebreakers, a classicin the field of cryptology.Bob Scott, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy3095 Marina Dr., Unit -2Marina, CA 93033

The public key system used by Charlie Mer-ritt is not the one discussed in Infoworld.T/k's one is based on factoring large numbers.My research indicates that it will take theresources of a government to break the Mer-ritt system, and I wouldn't bet that a govern-ment can do it. Charlie Merritt has invitedany computer wizards who are interested to

try to disassemble his program for all the goodit's going to do them. . . . Jerry

Europe Replies

Dear Jerry,

From time to time in your column aEuropean standard emerges as a culpritfor what-they-did-to-the-Selectric-key-board on the IBM PC. As you certainlyare aware, a disturbing number of lan-guages are spoken in Europe—English,German, French, Spanish, and Italian,for example. For each language there isa traditional keyboard that may or maynot have achieved the dignity of a stan-dard. Further, European keyboards dif-fer not only from language to languagebut also from country to country. The"German" keyboards in West Germany,Austria, Switzerland, and Luxembourgare by no means identical. Surely theremust be more to the PC's keyboard thana ghost?G. Accardo6225 Hersberg 7Luxembourg

J know only what the sales and public rela-tions people tell me. At any rate, there are nowsoftware fixes, so all's better if not well. . . .Jerry

Dear Jerry,

You have commented a couple of timesin BYTE on the IBM PC keyboard. For therecord, the features of the keyboard youhave criticized are all designed in the U.S.and are as American as pie and Water-gate. To wit: key placement, key spacing,and so on.

The one keyboard feature that has beeninfluenced by European norms is height,which you have not criticized. There areno European keyboards that have a keybetween the space bar and shift except forIBM PC keyboards imported from theU.S. Umlauts sit way above the shift key.

Have you got something againstEurope?V. M. LorensenRaiffeisenstr. 1SeeheimWest Germany

IBM and DEC both said it was a Europeanstandard. Great gobs of goo. . . .Jerry

542 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 336 on inquiry carcb

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User to User.

Dear Jerry,

You keep harping on about the nasty"European" keyboard supplied with theIBM PC. Sure it's European, and sure it'snasty, but your moans are like complain-ing that a grapefruit is sour because it'syellow.

So far as I am aware, the "European-ness" of the IBM keyboard only has to dowith ergonomic attributes such as beingseparate from the rest of the machine andstanding low above the table. In much ofEurope, this sort of let's-mollycoddle-the-user "standard" gets called "Swedish."Look at the Basis—its keyboard is just as"European/Swedish," yet you said quitenice things about it the other month.

Manufacturers were making such athing about meeting "Swedish" standardsat last fall's Paris office equipment show(SICOB) that a friend of mine was sentto Stockholm to get copies of these "stan-dards." It was like trying to reach the endof the rainbow. It seems that the much-vaunted Swedish ergonomic "standards"are actually stiff demands made by laborunions. All very well, except that they ap-pear to be regulated by union whim.

Each European country has a differenttypewriter keyboard layout to cope withthings such as "etre ou pas etre, c'est lala question." But that is not what you arecomplaining about, either: importantthings, like where to put the big keys, arethe same in Europe and in America. It'sobvious if you stop to think about it: lit-tle typewriter keytops are easy for manu-facturers to swap around, but changingthe physical locations of the big keys foreach country would be uneconomic.

The real bugbear is that many computermanufacturers and programmers do notknow how to type in any language. Al-though IBM makes typewriters, it isnoticeable that it was not the typewriterdepartment that produced the PC.

Some programmers' lack of typingability is astonishing: when I first startedword processing on an Exidy Sorcerer,I was flabbergasted by a table of "singlekeystroke" entries for BASIC keywords—as though a two-key combination such as"graphic-G" could conceivably be easierthan typing TAB(, opening parenthesisand all! Clearly the BASIC manual wasnot directed at word-processingcustomers.

Many utility programs are just as bad.I find it is easier and quicker to type outshort, meaningful command words suchas ENTER in full rather than try to

remember the current program's one- ortwo-letter abbreviation, but I've seen com-petent systems programmers boggle atthe prospect of hunting for, and thenpecking at, five whole letters in the rightorder just for one command. Why requirefive acts where one will do?

You might well do good by castigatingneglect of the touch-typist by IBM and therest of the programming world, but blam-ing it on Europeans in general, or Swedesin particular, is wide of the mark. By theway, I have no special pro-Sweden axe togrind, and although I live just outsideParis, I'm British.Andrew Marland35 Avenue Chevreul92270 Bois ColombesFrance

/ don't mean to blame Europeans, but IBM'sshort-sightedness! They had the best keyboardin the world (Selectric), and they blew it!. . .Jerry

On Comments

Dear Jerry,

I have a quick comment on your use ofcomments in a Modula-2 program. I thinkI can cast some insight on the situation.Your statement that it is clearer if FORends with NEXT, and WHILE withWEND, makes sense only in the contextof your ongoing enthusiasm for advancedversions of BASIC. However, for someonesuch as myself, who has never used aBASIC with WEND in it, using WEND toend a loop seems no more natural thanusing QWERTY. I would suggest com-menting your example program thusly:

While n<N DO

FOR i: = lTO 5 DOWriteString("Foo")

END; (* FOR i *)

WriteString("Fiddle");

DEC(N);END; (* WHILE n<N *)

Using comments that indicate the loopvariables allows the reader to simply lookupward from the comment until he findsthe loop statement with the same vari-ables. With your method, all he can dois hope to find the corresponding WHILEstatement. For nested WHILEs in par-ticular, simply putting WEND won't dothe job. Note that this affords the same

ease of reading that NEXT I (rather thanjust NEXT) does. But bringing in NEXTis unnecessary, as is WEND.

As for your columns, they are alwaysprovocative and informative, even if Idon't always agree. Keep it up.Matt Richards815-C Dartmouth Rd.Baltimore, MD 21212

Seems like a good idea. Meanwhile,Modula-2 remains my favorite language. . . .Jerry

Z-100 Notes

Dear Jerry,

Poverty drove me to the Heath versionof the Z-100. It is relatively easy to assem-ble and very well documented. Oneneeds to be light of touch with a solder-ing iron on the controller board, butotherwise the kit is within the skill levelof the average tinkerer. My unit came online after only about 10 hours of effort.

I must also report that one of the claimsmade in the advertising is significantlyoverstated. The 8-inch drives that youconnected up so easily must have beendouble-sided, for it seems that onlydouble-sided drives will work with thismachine. That was a serious blow to mebecause the ability to use my old driveswas the economic cornerstone of my deci-sion to launch this project.

I have called Heath to ask whether asingle-sided drive can be made to work,but after the first contact, which revealedthat a BIOS patch was available, the helpcame to an end. You would be surprisedat how long Heath technicians can holdtheir breath on the phone! It's hard tobelieve that they think they will sell toomany of the $2700 disk drives using thistactic when equivalent drive systems areavailable for less than half that price onthe open market.

Jerry, if your technical friends come upwith a way to make Shugart 800 driveswork with the Z-100, I'd surely like to hearabout it.Colin Evans150 Walnut St.Stratford, CT 06497

Others also report that the Heathkit ver-sion of the Z-100 is easy to build. I'm glad youwere happy with yours.

Alas, I know of no way to use single-sided

544 October 1983 © BYTE Publications,

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User to User.

drives; mine are indeed double-sided (Com-pupro), and 1 never did check for single. Sorry.

We use the Z-100 primarily with 5Vt-inchdisks, but we like the ability to transfer to8-inch disks easily.

If anyone writes with a simple way to usesingle-sided 8-inch drives, I'll be sure to putit in the column. . . . Jerry

Dear Jerry,

I finished assembling the Heathkit ver-sion of the Z-100 in March. I'm writing totell you how to fix Zorro's squeaky key-board. I also think that the squeak isneedless on such a fine keyboard. Fur-ther, a blinking cursor makes me want tokill. I have spent sleepless nights devel-oping horrible tortures for engineers thatthink I need the cursor to blink blinkblink blink blink blink blink blink at mewhile I'm trying to think.

I've enclosed the listing ofMODE.COM, which stops the squeakand the blink. The program is a minormodification of the one on page P.5 ofvolume 2 of the Z-DOS manual. The pro-gram could be further modified to resetanything on the machine by changing theMESG line. I've put MODE.COM into theAUTOEXEC.BAT file.

About the Heathkit H-100—it is in-credibly easy to assemble. At $2199 youare stealing this computer. Except for thedisk controller board there are only twosolder joints in the entire project! If youdon't like to solder you can farm out thecontroller to a friend you trust with asoldering iron. Pay him $100, and you stillsave $900 over the price of the Z-100. Ibuilt the main box in less than five hours.

The controller took me about 10 hours tosolder, but I had no experience and wasworking very carefully.Reinhard Koch1500 Cloverdale Ave.Winston-Salem, NC 27104

Thanks—that helps a lot! 1 don't much carefor blinks, either. . . . Jerry

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' com-ments and opinions. Send a self-addressedenvelope to Jerry Pournelle, do BYTEPublications, FOB 372, Hancock, NH03449. Please put your address on the let-ter as well as on the envelope. Due to thehigh volume of letters, Jerry cannotguarantee a personal reply.

Listing 1: The MODE.COM listing, which stops the squeak and the blink in the Heathkitversion of the Z-100.

type mode.asm

TITLE 'MCDE.COM' — SET UP MACHINE THE WAY I LIKE ITPAGE ,132

.XLISTINCLUDE DEFASCII.ASMINCLUDE BEFNS.ASM

.LIST

PGMSEG SEGMENT

ASSUME CS: PGKSEG,SS: PGMSEG, IS:PGMSEG,ES:NOTHING

ORG 10011 ; Position after program header

START:

MESG

MOVMOVINTINT

DB

DX,OFFSET MESG ; GET ADDR OF MESSAGE

AH,D0SF_0UTSTR ; GET FUNCTION TO OUTPUT MESSAGE

D0SI_FUNC ; PRIl'iT MESSAGE

DOSIJTERM ; STOP PROGRAM

;ESC,BLINK CRSR OFF,ESC,KEY-SOUND OFF,CR,LF,END-CHAR

27,'x;',27,'x2',13,10,'S'

PGMSEG ENDSEND

START

As shown on page P.5 erf the Z-DOS manual, create a COM file by entering:

MASM MODE;LINK MODE;

EXE2BLN KOBE.EXE.COMERASE MODE.EXE

You now have M0DE.COM.

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546 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 340 on inquiry card.

PRESENTING THES100-PC FOR $2999.

The S100-PC by Lomas Data Products:Offering high performance at a "low" price...and it's IBM-PC diskette compatible.

The S100-PC is a cost effective high performancefloppy based system ideally suited to businessand scientific applications.

The system offers the following standard features:

■ Two 5 V*" double sided disk drives(640 Kbytes of storage)

■ Two serial ports, Two parallel ports

■ Battery protected clock calendar

■ MS-DOS** operating system (others optional)

■ 128KRAM

■ 8 MHZ 8088 processor (8087 optional)

■ 15 slot SI00 mother board

■ Attractive desktop enclosure

And, the S100-PC is diskette compatible with the IBM-PC andmost programs will operate without any changes. Plus, with itsSI00 bus expansion capability. . . your system will never beoutdated.

LDP also offers a complete line of S100 bus boardproducts & support for the system integrator . . .

■ LIGHTNING ONE*** 8086/8088 CPU

8086 or 8088, with 8087 and 8089 coprocessors. Upto 10MHZ operation PRICES start at $425.00

■ HAZITALL SYSTEM SUPPORT BOARD

2 serial, 2 parallel ports, battery protected clock

calendar, Hard disk controller host interface

PRICE $325.00

■ LDP128/256K DYNAMIC RAM

Advanced dynamic RAM with LSI controller

for failsafe operation, parity.

Price 128K - $495.00, 256K - $795.00

■ RAM67 HIGH PERFORMANCESTATIC RAM High speed (100ns) low power CMOSstatic RAM. 128K bytes, extended addressing

PRICE $1200.00

■ LDP72 FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

Single/double density, single/double sided disks,

both 8" and 5!4 " inch drives simultaneously.

PRICE $275.00

■ LDP88 8088 SINGLE BOARDCOMPUTER 8088 CPU, IK RAM, 8 K EPROM,Monitor RS232 serial port, 8 vectored inter-rupts PRICE $349.00

*CP/M-86. MP/M-86 and CONCURRENT CP/M-86 are trademarks of Digital Research.

'*MS-DOS is trademark of Microsoft.

***L>ghtnmg One is trademark of Lomas Data Products. Inc.

Two additional boards are available for JULYdelivery.

■ LIGHTNING 286 — 80286 CPU BOARD

Offers 4 times the performance of a 5MHZCPU while maintaining software compatibility. .... PRICE CALL

■ OCTAPORT 8 PORT SERIAL BOARD

8 serial ports 0 to 19200 baud operation real timeclock interrupt. Ideal for multi-user systems such asMP/M-86 .* PRICE CALL

All of LDP boards are fully tested to exactingstandards and carry a one year warranty, Wespecialize in 16-bit products & support the fourmajor operating systems for 16-bit processors:CP/M-86*, MP/M-86, CONCURRENT CP/M-86*,and MS-DOS (PC-DOS).

If your application requires 16-bit computingpower andversatility, callLomas DataProducts today.

liUP

Dealer inquiries invited.

LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS, INC. □ 66 HopkintonRoad, Westboro, MA 01581 □ Tel: (617)366-6434

Circle 274 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 547

Ask BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

Joystick for the PC

Dear Steve,

I would like to build thejoysticks for my IBM PersonalComputer using RadioShack's joystick potenti-ometer, Catalog No. 271-1705.Can you tell me how to wireup the potentiometer? TheIBM manuals have been nohelp. Also, I hooked up a13-inch Hitachi color televi-sion set to the IBM PC, but

I get poor resolution in the80-character by 25-line mode.Any suggestions?Robert SmithDarien, CT

Adapting the Radio Shack joy-stick potentiometer to the IBMPersonal Computer is easy (seefigure 1). Of course, your PCwill need a joystick interfacecard. Also, while the value of the271-1705 joystick is rated at 100Kohms, the 30-degree travel of the

IBM CONNECTOR ON PADDLE BOARD

joystick handle may limit therange that can be controlled. Ifthis is a problem, a potenti-ometer with a larger resistancewill be needed. The total resis-tance change should be around100K ohms.

The signal bandwidth of a col-or television is too narrow for an80-character line to be displayedclearly. The only solution forsharp characters is to use a high-bandwidth (greater than 12MHz) monitor. . . .Steve

(DJD(DG)JD © © ©

© © 0 0 © © ©

i I

I l

PIN 2

JOYSTICKPOTENTIOMETER100 Kil RANGE

PIN 4 PIN 5

HORIZ

ITU

HORIZONTAL

Y

■TO PIN 6

TO PIN 1

TO PIN 3

Figure 1: The technical specifications needed to employ a lOOK-ohm joystick potentiometer as a joystickfor an IBM Personal Computer.

Apple DiskInformation

Dear Steve,

I would appreciate yourhelp in finding sources of in-formation about the opera-tion (hardware and software)of the Apple II disk drivesand disk-drive controllers.Robert KaoWest Linn, OR

One of the best references onthe operation of the Apple diskoperating system is the book

Beneath Apple DOS by DonWorth and Pieter Lechner. Pub-lished by Quality Software, it isavailable at most computerstores. The book completely de-scribes the DOS software andexplains the disk formatting.Because many of the disk-drivefunctions are software controlledrather than hardware controlled,you will be off to a good start.The Apple disk controllerschematic on page 145 of theApple DOS Manual showsthat it does little more than turn

the drive on and off, move thestepper motor, and translate thedisk pulses into a 6-bit hexadec-imal code. The software thatdrives the controller is explainedin Beneath Apple DOS. Thedisk analog card features theMC3470 read amplifier, whichtakes the differential AC signalfrom the disk's read/write headand converts it to a digital out-put pulse. It is amplified andfiltered, sent to the controller fortranslation, and then sent to thedata bus. . . .Steve

Atari 800 to VCS

Dear Steve,

I own an Atari 800 and aminterested in making car-tridges for the Atari VCS or5200. Do the VCS and 5200both use a 6502 chip? If theydo, is it possible to use stan-dard Atari. assembly lan-guage for programming? Ifthey do not use the 6502—orare not compatible with Atariassembly language—can youtell me if there is any otherway to make cartridges forthe VCS or 5200? (I under-stand that there is a boardthat lets you use an Apple IIPlus for this purpose.) Anyhelp will be greatly appreci-ated.

Scott BrauseEdison, NJ

The Atari 800 and the AtariVCS both use a 6502-type micro-processor and share the samemachine language. It is thereforepossible to develop games onyour Atari 800 that will run ona VCS.

The boards for the Apple IIPlus are made by

Frobco

POB 8378

Santa Cruz, CA 95061

(408) 429-1551

These units are real-time devel-opment systems consisting of aplug-in board for the Apple IIand EPROM plug-in boards forthe VCS or 5200. . . .Steve

The Monitor and theMerriment

Dear Steve,

I have been using a BMC13-inch color monitor withtwo home computers: aCommodore VIC-20 and aTT-99/4A. I also have anothercomputer (built from an NRIkit) that is based on an

548 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Now your computer can say anything and say it well.Introducing the Votrax Personal Speech System.

Quite articulate.

Friendly to humans.

The unlimited vocabulary VotraxPersonal Speech System is the mostsophisticated, low cost voice synthe-sizer available today. Its highlyarticulate text-to-speech translator letsyour computer properly pronounceconversational words at least 95%of the time.

For all thoseunusual words andproper names, youcan define an excep-tion word table andstore your own translations.And remember, the entirelyself-contained Votrax PS Systemgets your computer talkingwithout using any valuablecomputer memory.

u

Designed to look like a printer toyour computer, the Votrax PS Systemis extremely easy to use. It can be usedin tandem with your printer without anadditional interface card. Both serialand parallel ports come standard,allowing you to connect the Votrax PSSystem to virtually any computer.Speech, music and sound effects are

only a PRINT statement away.

Built-in versatility.

Much more than just a voice outputdevice, the Votrax PS System letsyou mix either speech and sound ef-fects or speech and music. A pro-grammable master clock and 255programmable frequencies give youunmatched control of speech andsound effects.

The Votrax PS System offers userexpandable ROM for custom appli-cations, user downloadable softwarecapability and sound effectssubroutines for easy user program-ming. Its programmable speech rateprovides more natural rhythm, while16 programmable amplitude levelsgive you greater control of wordemphasis.

Actual size: 1 2.2" x 4.5" x 2.6"

What to say after "Hello".

Businesses will appreciate spokendata transmission, narration of graphicdisplays and unmanned, oral productdemonstrations. Spoken verification ofdata input will make computers mucheasier for the blind to use. School chil-dren can receive comprehensive

The Votrax Personal Speech System

is covered by a limited warranty.

Write Votrax for a free copy.

500 Stephenson Highway, Troy, MI 48084

computer instruction with voice text-books as well as spoken drills andtesting. And then, late at night, you canmake those adventure games explode.

A quick list.

D Highly articulate Votrax text-to-speech translator.

Q 255 programmable frequencies forspeech/sound effects.

d 16 amplitude levels.

D Simultaneous speech and sound effectsor speech and music.

□ 8 octave, 3 note music synthesis.□ Serial and parallel interface standard.

□ User programmable master clock.

□ User defined exceptionword table.

□ User programmable speechrate, amplitude and inflection.D User expandable ROM

for custom applications.

□ User downloadablesoftware capability.

□ 3,500 characterinput buffer: sub-divisible for a printerbuffer.

□ Internal speaker and externalspeaker jack.

□ Real time clock and8 user defined alarms.

□ Oral power up and error prompting.

□ X-on/X-off and RTS-CTS handshaking.

□ Programmable Baud settings (75-9600).

□ Interrupt driven Z-80 microprocessor.

□ Parallel/Serial interconnect modes.

□ Proper number string translation: thenumber "154" is pronounced "onehundred fifty four".

To order, see your local computerretailer or call toll-free

1-800-521-1350

Michigan residents, please call(313)588-0341. MasterCard, VISA orpersonal check accepted. The price is$395 plus $4 for delivery. Educationaldiscount available. Add sales tax inMichigan and California.

© VOTRAX 1982

6

TZ

f>

Circle 500 on inquiry card.

Ask BYTE ——

MC6802 microprocessor. Thisunit has memory-mappedvideo, uses an MC6670 char-acter generator, and displays24 lines of 32 characters on atelevision screen. How can Iget it to display to mymonitor?Itshak MihaeliBrooklyn, NY

Your color monitor is designedto accept a composite video signaldirectly. A television receiver isdesigned to accept a compositeuirteo signal that is super-imposed onto a radio-frequency(RF) carrier. Most low-cost com-puters, such as your NRI, pro-vide the video output on an RFcarrier (usually channel 3 or 4)to enable a home television set tobe used as a monitor.

The VIC-20 and the TI-99/4Ahave a direct video output thatis not modulated to a televisionchannel. Their output can there-fore be displayed directly on yourmonitor. The RF signal from

your NRI system is preventingthe video signal from being dis-played. If you tap into the com-posite video signal inside thecomputer before it goes into theRF modulator, you will be ableto display its output on yourmonitor. . . .Steve

Power-line Warning

Dear Steve,

I am about to receive a Vic-tor 9000 system and wouldappreciate some informationon a gadget that gives warn-ing of power-line failures andglitches. Despite consider-able searching, I have beenunable to find the name ormanufacturer of this minorpiece of equipment and itsprice (though I understandthat its cost is not high). Canyou help?Brian RushtonBrooklyn, NY

The device for indicating

power-line failure and glitch oc-currence, the Glitch Sentinel,ismanufactured by

BMI Billings McEachern Inc.402 Lincoln Centre Dr.Foster City, CA 94404(415) 570-5355

The Glitch Sentinel featuresindicator lights for a variety ofpower-line conditions includinghigh and low line frequency,voltage spikes, and "noise." At$400 to $975 (with printer) perunit, I do not consider this a"minor piece of equipment" andsuggest that you may be confus-ing this product with one of themany devices available that sup-press surges and glitches. . . .Steve

Greek Character Set

Dear Steve,

I have both a CommodorePET 2001 and a VIC-20 andwould like to find a character

generator for both that will

display the Greek character

set.

Dafni Voulgaridou

Thessaloniki, Greece

Two programmable charactergenerators for the PET have beenadvertised within the last year.The first, the ICT ProgrammableCharacter Generator, is availablefrom

Micro Mini Computer World74 Robinwood Ave.Columbus, OH 43213

It allows the user to reprogramany of the PET's 256 standardscreen characters and would cer-tainly allow the use of Greekcharacters.

The other unit is manufac-tured by

Systems Formulate

Corporation39 Town & Country VillagePalo Alto, CA 94301

Eco-C

TM

Compiler

Since November of last year, we've been testing our newEco-C Compiler and now it's ready for your Z80""CP/M'"system. Some of the features include:

• All data types, including float, double and long.

• Fast, efficient code. For example: Our versions of"seive" in January, 1983, BYTE; 15.8 seconds(standard) and 11.7 seconds (optimized).

• Uses Microsoft's MACRO 80™ for REL file output.

• Standard (K&R) file I/O and library (most in source)included.

• Easy assembly language interface.

• No royalty fees on generated code.

The price for Eco-C is $350.00 and includes MACRO 80 (a$200.00 value by itself). We'll also include a free copy ofC Programming Guide while supplies last.

For further information, call or write:

P.O. Box 68602

Indianapolis, IN 46268

(317) 255-6476

MostVfCard]

Registered trademarks are: Zilog (Z80), Digital Research(CP/M), Microsoft (MACRO 80) and Ecosoft (Eco-C).

SPSS Inc. is making waves with a powerful new line ofstatistical software for the serious data analyst.

I^ Simple and sophisticated statistics; 25 proceduresincluding cross-tabulation and regression

(^ Advanced Report generator

Q Comprehensive data management—files ofany size

SPSS/Pro is currently available for the

DEC Professional 350. Other conversions are underway.

At SPSS Inc. we're making waves every day.Call us for the full story. 312-329-2400

SPSS inc.

444 N. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO, IL 60611(312) 329-2400

SPSS, SCSS, IDA, SPSS/Pro are trademarks of SPSS Inc. for itsproprietary computer software. DEC Professional 350 is a trademark of DigitalEquipment Corporation. © 1983 SPSS Inc.

550 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 168 on inquiry card.

Circle 441 on inquiry card.

Reserve your place today.Well give you a front-row seat to success.

ISE-USA Professional TrainingSeminars on MicrocomputerApplication Development

The microcomputer is here to stay. As asmart Information Management Professionalyou know that micros are rapidly becominga key to business success.

Learn how to use them wisely, and you'llbe able to take full advantage of the growingmicro revolution. Build top quality applicationsystems on micros, while maintaining dataintegrity and security, and you could save asmall fortune. Or make one.

That's why ISE-USA has developed thisspecial training program—to help you un-derstand the fundamentals of data basemanagement systems and to show you howto solve the kinds of problems you couldformerly solve only on a mainframe.

It's the kind of in-depth, practical, concen-trated learning program you need to updateyour thinking, and discover the true potentialof today's micros.

Three-day Seminar and Workshop onMicrocomputer Application Development

Basic principles and inner workings of database management: a must for anyone whowants to stay abreast of today's rapidly evolv-ing information processing technologies.

Learn such valuable techniques as...

• State-of-the-art data base management

• How to design logical data structures foryour application problems and createeffective, efficient application softwaresolutions

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• Taking full advantage of tools for ad hocquery processing and interactive datamanipulation

• Guaranteeing data security, handlingmultiple simultaneous users, performancetuning, design modification, and more

Taught By: Leading authorities on micro-computer data base management forapplications systems development.

Sponsored By: International SoftwareEnterprises, Inc. (ISE-USA), a member ofthe worldwide network of ISE companies.

In Cooperation With: Micro Data Base Sys-tems, Inc. (MDBS), one of the world's leadingmicrocomputer software firms; creators ofsuperior data base management software formini and microcomputers and the first com-pany to develop an authentic, full-featureddata base management system for a widerange of microcomputers.

Guarantee

ISE-USA assures all attendees that only proven and avail-able state-of-the-art microcomputer software developmenttools will be used in this seminar. Chief among these isMDBS III, an extended network, post relational DBMSwhich is preferred worldwide lor serious micro applicationdevelopment. Many of its features are not yet available onmainframe DBMSs.MDBS III is a trademark of Micro Data Base Systems, Inc.

□ Enroll me today! Enclosed is a check

or money order for $500*.; Sounds great, but I need more

information.'Illinois residents, please add 6% sales tax.

Name

Title-

Company

Phone ( )

Address

City. State-

_Zip_

MAIL TO: ISE-USA, 85 West Algonquin Rd„Arlington Heights, IL 60005

OR CALL: (800) 323-3629, In Illinois call(312) 981-9200

Circle 239 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

551

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■

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betterthan

Is your Apple's 6502 processor chip a littleoverworked lately? Have you been eyeingone of those new, 16-bit systems? But youdon't want to give up all your Apple pro-grams ...

Add the powerful 16-bit 8088 processor toyour Apple with ALF's Processor Card. Letthe 6502 and 8088 work together to tackleyour toughest problems—like speeding upyour Applesoft and Apple Pascal programs.With the Processor Card, you can use theCP/M™ 86 or MS-DOS™ operating systemto run the latest 16-bit software, includingmany IBM PC programs.

64K or 128K of high-speed memory isavailable for ALF's Processor Card. Use theProcessor Card with 128K as a fast diskemulator or to view sixteen hi-res images inunder a second. Or run Basic, C, COBOL,or Pascal with 16-bit performance!

The ALF Processor Card is just $395 (Ap-plesoft speed-up software included). Seeyour Apple dealer today, or contact ALF formore information.

Trademarks: "Apple": Apple Computer, "CP/M": DigitalResearch, "MS-DOS": Microsoft.

ALF

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1 31 5F Nels

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Ask BYTE ——

Another device, the SoftROM, consists of a board thatplugs into your character genera-tor's ROM socket and provides4K bytes of RAM to create acustomized character generator.An alternate character set canthen be loaded into this RAMand switched. This card isavailable for $129 from

Canadian Micro Distributors

Ltd.365 Main St.Milton, Ontario L9T 1P7,Canada

A foreign-language ROM forCommodore systems is availablefrom

Kobetek Systems Ltd.Rural Route #1Wolfville, Nova Scotia

BOP 1X0, Canada(902) 678-7771

You should contact them forspecific information.

Also, I refer you to an articleon creating custom character setsfor the VIC-20 computer. Thisarticle, "Pixelator" (Compute!,October 1982), shows how to ob-tain an alternate character set.The principles can also be ap-plied to the PET. . . .Steve

Pascal Primers

Dear Steve,

I am trying to learn Pascaland need a good book tohelp me. There are manyPascal books on the market,but I don't know whichwould be suitable for me. Ihave been using BASIC forover three years, so I'm notexactly a beginner withmicros or software. Can yourecommend an appropriatebook for me?James SmithPinellas Park, FL

Many excellent books onPascal programming are avail-

able, but I will list three thatmay be of special interest to you.

Pascal from BASIC by PeterBrown (BYTE/McGraw-Hill)emphasizes the advantages ofstructured programming andpresents the concepts required toadapt Pascal to your computer.It builds on your previously ac-quired BASIC skills.

Introduction to Pascal byJames Welsh and John Elder(Prentice-Hall) provides short,illustrative programs and aseries of 17 case studies. It iswritten for the beginningprogrammer.

If you own an Apple II com-puter, an excellent book is Ap-ple Pascal—A Hands-on Ap-proach by Arthur Luehrmannand Herbert Peckham (McGraw-Hill). This is a tutorial guide toApple Pascal designed to be usedwith an Apple II. . . .Steve

CP/M on an Elf

Dear Steve,

I have an expanded versionof the Elf II 1802-based com-puter with 64K bytes ofRAM, an ASCII keyboard,and Level III BASIC. Howcan I run CP/M on this sys-tem? Can a Z80-based com-puter be interfaced with theElf system to use its RAMand other accessories?Barry DyarAPO New York

CP/M was written for an8080 microprocessor and it willalso run on 8085 and Z80 chips,but it cannot be directly imple-mented on an 1802. However, aZ80 microprocessor could be in-terfaced to the Elf's bus (similarto Microsoft's Z80 card for theApple II) to use existing memoryand I/O ports. CP/M could thenrun on this hybrid system. Ihave never tried this combina-tion and am not aware of anycommercially available boards toaccomplish it. You might trywriting to

552 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 25 on inquiry card.

Ask BYTE

Netronics R&D Ltd.333 Litchfield M.New Milford, CT 06776

This company sells the Elf II andhas CPIM on its Explorer/85system. Perhaps it has workedout a combination of the two.. . .Steve

E-Z Does It

Dear Steve,

I was very impressed withyour E-Z Color Graphics In-terface (BYTE Circuit Cellar,August 1982), but I feel thatdesigning it for the Apple islike bringing coals to New-castle. The article stated thatan S-100 version was beingplanned; I have long felt thatS-100 systems needed such aboard for good games andgraphics programs. Do youthink that it would be feasi-ble to combine the graphicssupport of the E-Z Colorboard with a sound genera-tor and a joystick/paddle in-terface on an S-100 board?

My S-100 system has onlyone slot available at the pres-ent. Is there any way that Ican increase the number ofslots available? What I had inmind was something analo-gous to an extension cordwith multiple outlets.David LanganLafayette, LA

The S-100 version of the E-ZColor board features the TMS9918A sprite graphics, anSN76489A sound-generator cir-cuit (BYTE Circuit Cellar, July1982), and an input port capableof reading two Atari joysticks.It's available from

Micromint Inc.561 Willow Ave.Cedarhurst, NY 11516(800) 645-3479

Your idea of expanding theS-100 bus with "an extensioncord with multiple outlets" issound if the connecting cable isnot too long and if the originalsocket had buffered address anddata lines. Active or passive ter-mination of the bus is recom-mended if the length is morethan several inches. (See alsoAsk BYTE, August 1983, page486.) . . . .Steve

BSR X-10 Revisited

I have occasionally referred tothe BSR X-10 Home ControlSystem in my articles andrecently (BYTE Circuit Cellar,July 1983) described my disillu-sionment with the X-10. Thefollowing is part of a letter fromJohn Dilday at Leviton Manu-facturing Company that helpsshed some light on this subject.

"My experience has shown

that the arbitrary switchingyou describe is caused bylegitimate X-10 signals. Theculprit is your ultrasonic con-troller and other similar"early consumer" transmit-ters. You will find that con-trollers with the buttonsfloating at 125 volts linepotential are sensitive topower-line transients or elec-trical noise. Noise occurringas the controller chip is scan-ning the buttons can activatea controller just as if you hadintentionally pressed a but-ton. You can demonstratethis to yourself by monitoringthe transmit LED. Wheneverit flashes without an inten-tional command, it is trans-mitting as commanded bythe power-line noise.

"There are several solutionsto your arbitrary switchingexperience. One is to elimi-nate the sensitive controllersfrom your system and replacethem with Leviton's Central

Control System devices thatare not sensitive to noise.Another is to disconnectthese controllers wheneverthey are not being used to ac-tually transmit a signal. Ifyou must leave the sensitivecontrollers on line, installing0.02=/iF glass capacitors fromeach of pins 16-23 to groundhas been found a satisfactoryremedy.

"The X-10 signal standard isone that can be reliable. It re-quires a specific combinationof events to activate areceiver: (1) a 121-kHz signal,(2) a signal coordinated withzero-crossing, (3) the proper9-bit code for a specificdevice, and (4) the comple-ment of the 9 bits. This signalstandard results in a systemthat can be made to operatereliably on three-phase277/480 volts down to yoursingle-phase 240-volt homeelectrical system, or even alow-voltage twisted pair/'H

In "Ask BYTE,'' Steve Ciarcia answers questions on any area ofmicrocomputing. The most representative questions receivedeach month will be answered and published. Do you have anagging problem? Send your inquiry to:

Ask BYTE

c/o Steve Ciarcia

POB 582

Glastonbury, CT 06033Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal replies cannotbe given. All letters and photographs become the property ofSteve Ciarcia and cannot be returned. Be sure to include "AskBYTE" in the address.

NEW! XEROX 16/8 PROFESSIONAL COMPUTER

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Circle 298 on Inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 553

WHY YOU SHOULD

RECOMMEND

AKAYPROEVEN

IF YOU DIDN'T

BUY ONE YOURSELE

If you're happy with thecomputer you now own, we'rehappy for you. Because we bothknow what you went throughto buy it.

More than likely, it was along year's education that sentyou into a complex maze of trialand error. You spent a lot oftime asking questions in com-puter stores. More time hunt-ing for answers in computerbooks. Even more time inves-1tigating all the hardware, letalone software options youhad to consider.

It was a hard way to getwhat you needed. A year thatearned you an honorary degreein computer engineering and thestatus of a computer buff.

But just between us buffs,would you recommend a yearlike that to a friend?

FOR THE FIRST-TIME

BUYER, KAYPRO IS A

GODSEND.

We think the 'hard way' is thewrong way to have to buy a com-puter. After all, a business personshouldn't be required to make de-

Registered Trademarks: Apple - Apple Computer, Inc.. IBM - IBMCorp., CP/M - Digital Research. Inc.. Z-80 - Zilofj, M-Basic - Microsoft.Inc.. Tandy. TRS-80 —Tandy Corporation, Osborne - Osborne ComputerCorporation, Xerox — Xerox Corporation. Prices based on publishedinformation as of July 15. 1983. © 1983 Kaypro Corporation.

cisions better left to an engineer.

Trying to find compatibleinterfaces and software packagesalone would drive most peopleup the wall (remember?).

So, we've taken a different

approach to making and sellingour Kaypro II. Rather than astarter system, with options youbuy piece for piece, it's designedwith all the integrated hardwareand software it needs to be fullyfunctional.

Off the shelf, Kaypro II iscompletely ready for business. Wethink that's what the first-timebuyer really needs.

ITS A COMPLETELYINTEGRATED SYSTEM.

Since we don't consider amonitor, disk drives, interfaces or

other hardware as optional extras,all Kaypro's hardware comescomplete in an integrated system.Except, of course, for a printer.As you know, some people don'tneed one. And those who domust decide whether they needdot matrix or letter qualityprinting.

What's complete on afKaypro II?

64K RAM, Z-80 micro-processor. A 9" green screenmonitor. Dual disk drives, thesame used by IBM. A detach-ible keyboard that's more com-plete than you'll find on the latestApple. Built-in interfaces for botha printer and communications.

In other words, all the hard-ware you'd recommend to a first-time buyer. In one completepackage.

IT COMES COMPLETEWITH SOFTWARE.

While businesses can bevery different, the fact is that 95%of all business needs can be ful-filled by a series of three businessapplications programs. WordProcessing/Spelling, Data BaseManagement and FinancialSpreadsheeting.

It's the software that'soptional with other computers.

But it too comes complete witha Kaypro.

And with its CP/M operat-ing system, Kaypro II is capableof running thousands of otherbusiness programs, to fill morespecialized needs.

IT SELLS FOR $1595,COMPLETE.

People are bound to ask youhow much they should spend ona computer. There is, of course,an obvious answer: as little aspossible and still get a seriousDusiness system, complete with allthe functions they need.

At $1595, Kaypro II isthe least expensive serious busi-ness system we know of on themarket today.

There are basic starter sys-tems advertised for less. But theiroptional hardware and softwarecan double or triple their basicprice. So they can end up cost-ing $2000-$3000 more thana Kaypro.

A good example is an Applelie. With a hardware configurationcomparable to Kaypro lis, com-plete with comparable software, itlists for an average price of $4400.$2805 more than a Kaypro.

IT OFFERS

MORE MEMORY FOR

THE MONEY.

Since disk drive memorycapacity is always a concern, onceagain the idea is to get the mostfor the money. With two diskdrives, Kaypro II gives you 400Kfor $1595. With equivalent hard-ware, an IBM gives you 320K forabout $2800. And Apple liegives you 286K for about $2400.

So once again, Kaypro IIdelivers.

IT HAS POWER

TO SPARE FOR WHAT

MOST BUSINESSES

NEED.

The more you love compu-ters, the more tempting it is torecommend a 16-bit vs. 8-bit

machine. You know that 16-bitsystems are a little faster andhave more power to run longerprograms.

However, 16-bitters are farmore expensive than the 8-bitvariety. And, unfortunately, haveonly a handful of business appli-cations software packages thatreally take advantage of them.

SPECIFICATIONS

Microprocessor

Perfect Filer

Z-80

Perfect Calc

Operating

spreadsheet

System

Wordstar word

CP/M 2.2

processing

User Memory

The Word Plus

64K

Profit Plan

Disk Drives:

spreadsheet

2 drives, 400K,

M-Basic

unformatted

12 Games

Interfaces

Uniform —allows

1 Serial

computer to

1 Parallel

'read' and 'write'

Keyboard

TRS-80, Osborne,

Detached, 63-key

Xerox disks

with numeric

Dimensions

keypad

Height: 8 inches

Software included:

Width: 18 inches

Perfect Writer

Depth: 1514 inches

word processing

Weight: 26 lbs.

Perfect Speller

(portable)

Considering the real needsand budget limitations of mostsmall businesses, why suggest acompany limo when a goodcompany car will do?

Since 75% of all microssold today are 8-bit systems, it'sindicative of their capacity to takecare of business. We'd stick witha Kaypro II.

IT CAN PAY FORITSELF FASTER THANMORE EXPENSIVECOMPUTERS.

Every business personwants a computer to pay foritself in increased productivity.

And the faster the better. Perhapson this count alone, Kaypro II isworth recommending.

As a fully functional busi-ness system for $1595, Kaypro canwin the payout race hanas down.

IT'S BECOME A

LEADING SELLER

THANKS TO

COMPUTER BUFFS,

LIKE YOU.

In fact, Kaypro II is one ofthe best sellers in the $1000-$5000 price range. And it gotthere largely because of theenthusiastic word of mouth, andword of press, of computerenthusiasts. Many of whom, afterbuilding their own systems,bought a Kaypro II as theirsecond computer.

So you certainly won't bealone if you recommend KayproII to anyone shopping for a firstcomputer.

Or look at it this way Onceyou tell people about the com-plete business computer for $1595,they'll probably stop bugging youwith a lot of questions.

They may even forget to askwhy you didn't buy a Kaypro IIfor yourself.

Just between us buffs, wecan't recommend a good answerfor that.

CALL 800-447-4700 FORTHE DEALER NEAREST YOU.

Circle 540 on inquiry catd.

Software Received

Apple

Bookends, a reference-man-agement system that keepstrack of information from ar-ticles, books, and magazinesalphabetically using authorsand keywords. This programoffers storage and retrieval.For II Plus, lie, and III; flop-py disk, $124.95. SensibleSoftware Inc., 6619 PerhamDr., West Bloomfield, MI48033.

The Chambers of Vocab, an

educational game that buildsvocabulary skills. Your goalis to work your way up andout of the Chambers of Vo-cab by demonstrating vocab-ulary skills. Up to four play-ers can choose from three dif-ficulty levels. For II, II Plus,and He; floppy disk, $48.96.Reader's Digest Services Inc.,Pleasantville, NY 10570.

The Cheap Assembler, a

menu-driven, interactive edi-tor/assembler system thatlets you edit, assemble, list,and execute 6502 assembly-language programs withoutleaving the system. The pro-gram includes editor com-mands, assemble-time errormessages, and assembler syn-tax. For II Plus and He; flop-py disk, $23.50. ThunderSoftware, POB 31501, Hous-ton, TX 77231.

Home Investment Package, a

series of three sections: thestock-tracking program, thecompound-interest program(for any account that offers acompounded interest), andthe main menu, which allowsyou to move from the stockprogram to the compound-interest program. For II Plusand He; floppy disk, $15. YesSoftware, 220 McKee Ave.,Oxford, OH 45056.

Pensate, a thinking game ofevasion. The object is to get

to the top of an 8 by 8 gridwhile avoiding other playingpieces. All ages can play. Forthe II Plus; floppy disk,$19.95. Penguin Software,830 4th Ave., Geneva, IL60134.

Tactical Armor Command, a

game simulation of WorldWar II in which you pick anation, build a combat teamfrom powerful tanks, assaultguns, and tank destroyers,and command the teamyou've created against theenemy. For II, II Plus, andlie; floppy disk, $40. TheAvalon Hill Game Co., 4517Harford Rd., Baltimore, MD21214.

Ultimaker II, a game programthat allows Ultima II playersto boost their character'sabilities and print maps ofmany areas of the game. Italso includes a program ofplaying hints that you use atyour discretion. For II and IIPlus; floppy disk, $14. Amaz-ing Software, 625 WellingtonSt. N, London, Ontario N6H3E8, Canada.

Atari

Paris in Danger, a multilevelsimulation game of the De-cember 1814 campaign tocrush Napoleon. When twoor more enemy corps engage,combat becomes tactical on astrategic map of WesternEurope. For the 800; floppydisk, $35. The Avalon HillGame Co., 4517 HarfordRd., Baltimore, MD 21214.

Solar Storm, an adventuregame. Strapped in your lasership, you must battle fiercealiens that approach in wavesof increasing velocity. Inaddition, the sun explodesand showers heatedfragments on your vulnerable

planet. See if you can sur-vive. For the 2600; cartridge,$29.95. Imagic, 981 Universi-ty Ave., Los Gatos, CA95030.

CP/M

Fallout, a fallout-predictionand shelter-design programthat lets you analyze anylocation in North Americaunder various attack scenar-ios and size a shelter for thelocation. This program in-cludes an accessible databaseof over 1200 targets, 300weather stations, multipletargeting, user-selectable at-tack cases and winds, andeasy-to-understand summaryoutputs. Floppy disk, $29.95.Go Software, POB 2693,Chicago, IL 60690.

Organizer II, a utility pack-age that lets you display, ex-plain, and execute hundredsof applications, utilities, andsystem functions. You canalso develop your ownspecial menus. Floppy disk,$149. The Information Peo-ple, 443 Hudson Ave.,Newark, OH 43055.

Pro Pascal, a programming-language compiler that gener-ates native machine code forefficient program execution.Floppy disk, £220. ProsperoSoftware Ltd., 37 GwendolenAve., London SW15 6EPEngland.

Z80ASM, a Z80 assembler inmanual form with completesource-code listing and a tu-torial on assembler theory.Includes standard Zilog mne-monics and manual. Easilyrevised as a cross-assembler.Floppy disk, $50. King Soft-ware, POB 208, Red Bank,NJ 07701.

Commodore

Casual Writer, a utility pack-age that lets your computerfunction like a word proces-sor. No need to retype yourentire text, just retype thosewords you need to change.Information can be stored ontape and easily recalled fromtape for quick review. For theVIC-20; cassette, $29. E.N.Publications, RR 1, Box V,Worden, IL 62097.

Deadly Skies, a fast-actionarcade game. You must de-stroy the enemy's militarybase, missile emplacements,and many tanks. Avoid pa-trols, asteroids, and trackingbombs. For the VIC-20; car-tridge, $39.95. Tronix, 8295South La Cienega Blvd., In-glewood, CA 90301.

Dr. Floyd, an interactivegame that simulates artificialintelligence. You can con-verse with this program in thepsychoanalytical techniqueused in client-centeredtherapy. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $14.95. Apropos Tech-nology, Suite 821, 350 NorthLantana Ave., Camarillo,CA 93010.

Gold Fever, an arcade-typegame. Inside an abandonedgold mine, you must collectall the gold you can beforeyour oxygen runs out. Avoid'runaway boxcars, rollingboulders, and an evil claimjumper. For the VIC-20; car-tridge, $39.95. Tronix (seeaddress above).

The Math Teacher, an educa-tional math-tutorial programthat drills students in mathfrom first grade throughjunior high school levels. Itcontains 25 working mathproblems per session and dis-plays student's scores. For the

556 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

COMMODORE 64

Commodore 1701 Color Monitor14" screen-big screen, high quality-direct connect to 64 & VIC-20

Your LOW Cost:$269.95

Commodore 152SE Printer V

Quality dot metrix, direct ~

connect to torn. 6* & V\C-20.No interface necessary.Your LOW Cost:t269.95Commodore 1541 Disk DriveHigh quality at low cost, directconnect to Com. 64 & VIC-20Your LOW Cost:$299.95

Commodore DatasetteIncludes interface & cable,yL for use with Com. 64 &

VIC-20. Your Cost:$69.95Commodore C1600 ModemThe best deal in the country foramodem-Your LOW Cost:$69.95

Commodore Software Package (30 programs)

only $12.95 with the purchase of one of these packages:

COMMODORE 6A 189

nriMMnnnnF fid rnmn.n„„„iu «ieo at* ■*"

DON NOT BUY AN I B M PERSONAL COMPUTERbefore you see & try the new SANYO MBC 550 Computerwhich is an IBM PC clone at one-third the price!

The SANYO MBC-550

128K memory (expandable to 256K)

Powerful 16-bit 8088 CPU

160K disk drive (exp. to 640K w/two drives)

High quality, low profile

80-column display

MD/DOS operating system-! the defacto standard

of IBM compatibility)Sanyo BASICWord Processing softwareSpread sheet (visiCalc-like) softwareand more!

Your cost is NOT $3,000 - $2,000 - or even $1,500 YOUR COST IS $995.95

COMMODORE 64 Computtr-only SI89.9S'•whin purchiud with my of tlwu thret pickigai

COMMODORE 64

with the purchase of1 1541 Disk Drive1 1525E Printer

ALL FOR

$189.95

Optional

128K additional memory

8087 Number Cruncher co-processor

320K drives (2 provides over half a megabyte on line)

Hard disk available soon

COMMODORE 64

with the purchase of1 1541 Disk Drive1 1701 14" color monitorALL FOR

$189.95

$299.95$269.95$769.85

COMMODORE 64 $189.95

with the purchase of1 1541 Disk Drive $299.95

1 1526 Fast printer-includes $349.95IFC/cable direct connect to 64ALL FOR $839.85

COMMODORE VIC-20 S

*with the purchase of1 Datasette program recorder

1 Gortek educational software

All for

7495-

$69.95

S24.95

$169.85

Texas Instruments Home Computer

iQr^ Tl 99/4A including the13D $50 Tl rebate '(you pay us $149,951The only 16K COLOR computer

under $100 16 b'tt-FAST'Purchase of TI-99/4A includes One Year FullWarranty & Vh hrs class from Ti-also NewTl-Hot Line phone number,

FREE with the purchase of any of these Tl packages, either Word

Processor, MultiPlan or LOGO (one only!)

COMMODORE 4040 Dual Disk DriveDual Disk Drive for the 64 & other models340KB each-total storage 640KBCome & try them-they're GREAT!Retail:$1295.00 Y/C!$589.95

30 Programs for less than $30!Commodore Software Package 529.95

NEW Impact Dot Matrix Printer by "Fidelity"

direct connect to VIC 20/Com. 64. 30 cps

ribbon cartridge, inc. adapter. Uses 2V," plain

paper tape-does graphics! Y/C:$99.95 {90 day warranty)

□ ATA 20 Accmoriii

• ZBOcird For Commodora G4 £269.95

• B0 column card For Commodore 64 169.95

• 40 column card For VIC-20 99,95. 40 column card w/8K m«m built-in (or VIC-20 139.95. Vidio Pick 64K For VIC-20 329.95

'FREE Willi (hi purchm □( Rich of the above (")products -Word Maim/word procaiiing wftwm.Mailing List loftwari & TilacDmmunicationi software.

Packige oub:

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral box

PHP 1260 32K expansion card

Sugg, retail:?! 199.00 Your cort:$429.95

Package two:

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral box

Sugg, retail:$999.00 Your cost:S319.95

Package three:

Tl 99/4A Computer

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral expansion box

PHP 1260 32K expansion card

Sugg, retail:$1499.00 Your Con:S529.95*

{"after Tl $50.00 rebate-you pay ui $579.95)

NEW TI-CC-40 Portable

Computer fromTEXAS INSTRUMENTS

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY!FRANKLIN

FRANKLIN ACE 1000APPLE COMPATIBLE!

64K with many more

features than Apple! Upper/lower case, typewriter-style keyboard, VisiCalc keysBuilt-in fan, 12-key numeric pad & much more!SPECIAL PACKAGE:ACE 1000 computer (64K of RAM)Disk drive w/controller80 column cardAce Calc - Spread sheetAce Writer -word processing software12" green monitorEpson printer or Star Gemini 10X(Dot matrix printer, current model)$100 worth of software for Apple {retail S)Sugg. retail:$2895.00 Y/C:$1699.00

Package Two:Same as Special Package,

but with second Vista Disk Drive-Y/C:$1898.00

Package Three: Same as One & Two, but with

letter quality printer, instead of dot matrix:

w/Diablo 620 2629.00

w/SCM PTI 2238.00

w/Olivetti Praxis 41 1 2069.00

w/Brother 50 2069.00

w/C. Itoh F1Q 2749.00

FRANKLIN PRODUCTS

ACE 1000 749.95ACE 1200w/disk drive /controller 1469.95

Vista disk drive w/controller 269.95

Vista drive only 199.95

ACE Top (5) 179.95

ACE 80 CPU card 359.95

ACE display card 179.95

ACE dual interface 199.95

ACE 10 shielded drive cable 19.95

ACE I/O ext cable (5' parallel) 39.95

ACE I/O ext cable (5' Serial) 39.95

Package four:

Tl 99/4A Computer

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral expansion box

Sugg. retail:$1199.00 Your cost:$419.95"

(after Tl $50.00 rebate-you pay us $469.95)

Package five:

Tl 99/4A Computer

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral expansion box

PHP 1260 32K expansion card

PHP 2500 Printer {Epson 80)

Sugg, retail: $1799.00 Your cost:$949.00*

(after Tl $50,00 rebate-you pay us $999.95)

Package six:

Tl 99/4A Computer

PHP 1250 Disk drive

PHP 1240 Disk controller card

PHP 1200 Peripheral expansion box

PHP 1260 32K expemion card

PHP 4100 Color monitor

Sugg, retail: $1699.00 Your cost:$879.95*

(after Tl $50.00 rebate-you pay us $929.95)

NEW CC-10 Texas Instruments Compact ComputerNOW IN STOCK! Don't throw your money awayby buying a portable computer at $800 or $1000the Tl CC40 will perform better at $189.95!

HX 1000 Printer/plotter $179.95

HX-2000 Wafertape {digital tape drive) $124.95RS 232 Interface 89.95

HX 3000 RS-232 int. w/parallel IFC 109.95Solid state software/wafertape software-call us!

FRANKLIN ACE 1200 with 128K RAMtotal dual processors-Two computers in one!64K Apple compatible w/6502 processor64K CP/M Z80-B processor inc. CP/M 2.2and other features include: color, serial &parallel IFC'S, upper & lower case, etc.

Package One:

ACE 1200 dual processor, total 12BK

Disk drive w/controller

Disk drive II only

40/80 column card

Dual IFC board, parallel/serial

Word Star software Sugg, retail:

Mail Merge software $3500 00

AceCalc - spread sheet

Welcome diskette

HEWLETTPACKARD

DONT BUY A PORTABLE COMPUTERUNTIL YOU SEE & TRY THE NEWPORTABLE COMMODORE EXECUTIVE 64!Briefcase style 64K detachable 5-inch colormonitor & Built-in floppy disk drive. Compatiblevv/software designed for the popular Commodore 64

6510 CPU(6502 program compatible)

Built-in 5" color monitor

(40 col x 25 lines in 16 colors)

Built-in 170K disk drive (second drive opt'l)

External video port (64 compatible)

Full upper/lower case detachable keyboard

Commodore Serial Bus

External system bus(C-64 compatible)

Only_5"x 14'/2", 27 lbs

IEEE-488IFC

Music & sound capabilities

with SINGLE DISK DRIVEYour cost:$995.00with DUAL DISK DRIVESYour cost:$1195.00

HURRY! FREE SOFTWARE PACKAGE with vourpurchase of the new Commodore EXECUTIVE 64Portable Computer-ask for details when ordering!

It's about time! A NEW APPLE-COMPATIBLE64K Computer with SWITCHABLE DUALPROCESSOR THE ROMAR II. It has 6502 &Z-80 processors; uses Apple software, CP/Mbased languages, Applesoft, Basic, Cobol, Forth,Fortran and Pascal. Optional plug-in boardswill allow this computer to support Integer Basic,TRS-80, NEC-8001 and IBM CP/M-86.Approved by the U.S. Consumer Service to sellin the U.S.A. Includes 90-day warranty. It'sabout time the consumer got a price break!

72-key typewriter-style keyboard

Numeric pad

Built-in fan

80-watts switching power supply & more!

SPECIAL PACKAGES-Package One:One 64K Computer

One disk drive w/controller^—-TTinsane J)X5*e»*One 12" green monitor fW°*f„("wi«*Sl W?

(ttO.fl

■V\an5'

,eoM

, »ovl

,ea<s-

Your cost:$939.95

Package Two:

One 64K Computer

One disk drive w/controller

One second disk drive

Your cost: $1069.95

Package Three:

One 64K Computer

One disk drive w/controller

One Epson RX80 or Star Gemini 10X

Your cost:$1199.95

Individual prices:

Romar II 64K computer

Disk drive w/controller

Second disk drive

12" green monitor

«,<«>•

ad

$595.00

299.95

199.95

99.95

HP-75C Computer $699.95

8K module 164.95

7470A opt 003 print/plotter 1199.00Call for math pac, surveying pac, textformatter & VisiCalc for HP-75C

HPirJC Scientific calc 59.95

HP-11C Scientific calc 76.90

HP 1?C Financial calc 99.95

HP-ISC Scientific ate 99.95

HP-16C Prog, see tcian. calc 99,95HP-97 Prog.seien.w/print 595.00

Y/C:$1795.00

Package Two: Same as Package One with one Epson

printer or Star Gemini 10X plus one 12" green

monitor. Sugg. retail:$4l00 Y/C:$2189.00

Same as Package One plus:

12" green monitor plus Letter Quality

printer:

w/Diablo 620 2879.00

w/SCM TP 1 2479.00

w/i Olivetti Praxis 41 2299.00

5 language typewriter

w/Brother 50 2259.00

w/C. Itoh F10 2999.00

w/Silver-Reed EX43 2299.00

and many more, please inquire

Opt'l interfaces & cables

COMPUTER PRINTERS

Brand Model

Diablo 620

Diablo 630

Commodore 6400

Optica

Pfifrttrfo. «!CVCird ruder lor 4IC/CVHP I2163A Video mierficeHP IL fyttemt an hindIL mtinece moduleDlpUl atiniu drrvtThermal pi oner/printerExtended function mem. modEitendtd memory moduleTime module

Memory module for 41C/CVQuid memory moduk lor 4IC

tll.15

711.15

10*.15Ztl.15

151 .IS

mis

1M.I537115311.15MISHISM.IS7415ISM

Juki

Qume

NEC

NEC

Olivetti

Epson

Epson

Star

Star

Transtar

Toshiba

Transtar

Okidata

Okidata

Okidata

Okidata

NEC

NEC

Anadcx

Anadex

Description

Letter quality, 25 cps, hvy duty

Letter quality, 40 cps

(Diablo 630) 40 cps, heavy duty

Letter qual; IS cps, has everything!

Letter quality, 40 cps, hvy duty

Letter quality, 55 cps, the best!

Letter quality, 35 cps, great unit!

Electronic T/W, 5 lang; inc. port

New printer, dot matrix

All models inc. FX 8D - FX 100 & othersGemini 10X 120 cps, dot matrix, Epson compatibleGemini 15 12D cps, 132 col; Epson compatible120P Letter quality, 14 cps, has it all!

P1350 Corres. quality, 4 modes, 180 cps, inc. parallel IFC

T315 Color printer, 50 cps, 30 color shades

92P (No. 1) Corres. quality, 160 cps, dot matrix84P 200 cps-fast! dot matrix, corres. qual., 45 cps

83A 120 cps, serial & parallel, dot matrix

2410P 350 cps-fast!, corres. quality, 85 cps-hvy duty

PC8023A 100 cps wG 100 cps w/tractor & more! Parallel IFC

120 cps, pin/friction, 136 col; 3K buffer, parallel IFC

6100

1140+

7710

3510

Praxis 41

RX80

all models

PC 8025

DP-95QDA

DP-9625A

150 cps, parallel or Serial; 2K buffer200 cps; 50 cps correspondence quality

Your Cost

999.95

1799.95

1399.95

589.95

1369.95

2095.00

1595.00

449.95

339.95

Call

339.95

489.95

499.95

1769.95

499.95

569.95

1089.95

699.95

2499.95

499.95

799.95

1399.95

1699.95

SPECIAL OFFER TO ACCREDITED SCHOOLS-on Commodore Executive 64, SANYO MBC 550,& Franklin ACE 1000 & 1200-Buy 10 systems-GET 1 FREE! CALL for details & eligibility!

Olympic sales comPAny

P.O. Box 74545 216 S. Oxford Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90004Phone (213) 739-1130 Cable "OLYRAV" LSA Telex:67 34 77

Order Desks: 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM Mon thru Sat-TOLL-FREE: (out of CA) 800-421-8045 (in CA) 800-252-2153 TELEX:67 34 77 CABLE:"OLYRAV"LSA

Goods subject to availability; this ad supercedes a!/ previous ads; FOB our warehouse;prices subject to change without notice; not responsible lor typographical errors, all orders subjectto verification; minimum shipping & handling.S5.95. Send for our catalog-$2 domestic, S5.95 foreign. Some of the goods not available all stores-Call first to be sure!

'"■$£

Circle 335 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

557

Circle 218 on inquiry card.

i3y

compUiETCECi-nK

68000-CPU for APPLEBUS

Now waiting has an end. For all computers withAPPLEBUS a 68000 system is available.Using UNIX is possible. Througha universal memory expansionand multi interfaceyou get a multiuser systemsfor a low price.

• 68000 CPU with 7 Mhz clock frequency

• 128 KB RAM you can also use as a pseudodisk

• memory expansion to 1 MB obtainable

• Interrupthandling 6502-68000

• Mbit timer from 20 jus to 163ms

• comfortable fullscreen Editor AssemblerAvailable software: Editor Assembler DOS 3.3Forth for 68000 (with DOS 3.3)

Pascal-, Basic-, Fortran (with UCSD-operating system)Compiler for 68000CP/M-68K with C-Compiler

AP 20 Interne* with 68000 CPU andl28K RAM 650$AP 26 Memory expansion for AP 20 256K RAMextendable to 1Mb RAM 720$

Prices for Software for inquiry

i3i COfRPUiEtCECHIH °'PerSlr-'" 1()|'R°scMaricLanc |h

4800 Bielefeld 14 Stockton. CA 95207Tel. 0521/444032 Tel. (209) 473-7473West-Germany USA

LOW PRICE

SLIM TYPE & DIRECT DRIVE5j^ Inch Mini FIodpv Disk Drive

for AppleII & He *' i»»"«m«

ol APPLE Computer. I

x^EUKP

^7^-^

'///ill I M \ ^ 5

NF-555 SINGLE DRIVE, NF-556 DUAL DRIVE

*Gone away Bogaa for seek Zero Track—'•Using Direct drive Spindle moter

I FEATURES'

Fully compatible wilh ApploII and lie oomputl

Low profile, higti porlormanoo

Fast head seeking

Stable sitl-IC (dr outstanding performance

Dealer inqiries invited

/■-m.THiiii.TH.miTi^

NEWTECH Co., LTD.

2F, MARUZEN BLDG. 1-8-6, KANDA-SURUGADAI,

CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN

PHONE = (03)295-8577 TELEX : J33255 NEWTECH

-L I 1 I ! \ 1_

Software Received,

64; cassette, $39.95. Compu-ted!, POB 7000-309, Redon-do Beach, CA 90277.

Neutral Zone, an arcade-typegame. You are assigned to aperimeter gunnery pod toprotect Alpha IV, a long-range early warning stationthat detects alien intruders.Engage the attack computerand take on a squadron ofkiller aliens. For the 64; flop-py disk, $34.95. Access Soft-ware Inc., 925 East 900 S,Salt Lake City, UT 84105.

Scorpion, a survival game.As a scorpion, you must findfood to store at home and de-fend yourself from dragons,stalkers, and pods thatabound in the maze. For theVIC-20; cartridge, $39.95.Tronix (see address above.)

Type For Your Life, a graph-ic-action typing teacher forall levels. Typing speed canbe set as high as needed andthe text is widely varied. Thegraphics at the bottom of thescreen keep eyes on thescreen and add to the fun oflearning. Alarms signal errorsuntil they are corrected. Forthe VIC-20; cassette, $14.95.Apropos Technology (see ad-dress above).

Wordplay, a collection offive language-oriented pro-grams. Jargon writes sound-ing phrases; Story writes per-sonal short stories based onyour input; Animal guesseswhich animal you're thinkingof; Haiku writes Japanesepoetry; and Secret is acipher/decipher code pro-gram. For the VIC-20; cas-sette, $14.95. Apropos Tech-nology (see address above).

IBM

Personal Computer

C Compiler System, a utilityprogram that accepts pro-

grams written in the C lan-guage and produces relocat-able machine code in an Intel8086 object-module formatsuitable for use by MicrosoftLINK Linker. Floppy disk,$500. Microsoft Corp., 10700Northup Way, Bellevue, WA98004.

Electric Ledger, an easy-to-use checking program forpersonal or small business ac-counts that balances yourcheckbook, reconciles bankstatements, and computesmortgage loan and com-pounded amount. Featuresinclude easy data entry,menu drive, search, and sortto any keyword. Floppy disk,$35. Datacon Consulting,2311 West 5700 S, Roy, UT84067.

Financial Planning for Super-calc, an electronic-spread-sheet enhancement programthat lets you compute com-pound growth, annuities, dis-counted cash flows, profitplanning, statistics, and real-estate finance. A quick refer-ence guide is included. Flop-py disk, $89.95. Howard W.Sams & Co., 4300 West 62ndSt., Indianapolis, IN 46268.

Financial Planning for Visi-calc, an electronic-spread-sheet enhancement programthat lets you compute com-pound growth, annuities, dis-counted cash flows, profitplanning, statistics, and real-estate finance. A quick refer-ence guide is included. Flop-py disk, $89.95. Howard W.Sams & Co. (see addressabove).

4Cast/l, a business-forecast-ing tool. This program isdesigned to save time andrelieve you from the detailedstatistical and mathematicalaspects of forecasting usingcolor graphics. Floppy disk,$725. Heurix ComputerProducts, POB 9227, Morris-town, NJ 07960.

558 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 328 on inquiry card.

Professional

Software

for the

Software

Professional

DMA products operate on

the full range of

Z80, 8086, 8088 processors,

including the IBM-PC

Here's what you can do!

Application Creation

FORMULA II™

The Application Creator

The first and only Application Creator—a do-it-yourself concept for office automation. FORMULA IIlets you define your files, forms, menus, andreports—FORMULA II then creates your program.FORMULA II includes a Database manager with anEnglish Query language and a Form/Report Creatorwith word processing features.

Communications

ASCOM™

ASCOM™ is the most versatile asynchronouscommunication package for microcomputers onthe market. It features interactive, menu-driven,and batch operations; supports auto-answer andauto-dial modems; includes most popular protocols,provides network simulation; and many other optionsXerox Corporation, NCR, Monroe Systems for Busi-ness, and the big 8 accounting firms use ASCOM'M.

oYINvyQQM|TM—a bisynchronous communicationpackage that will be configurable for a variety ofsystems and includes a flexible interface to theoperating system.

TERMCOM™—A configurable terminal emulatorallowing any personal computer to emulate almostany terminal. Available: January '84.

Utilities

EM80/86™

This software emulator lets you use eight bitsoftware on sixteen bit microcomputers withouthardware modifications.The 8086 O.S. Converter™

CP to MS—Permits execution of DigitalResearch's CP/M-86 programs under Microsoft'sMSDOS(or PCDOS).

MS to CP—Permits execution of MSDOSprograms under CP/M-86.UT-86™

This package of user-friendly utilities for the IBMPersonal Computer and similar systems includescopying, directory sorting, patching, and a generalpurpose file print utility.

Coming Soon

DMA."C"™—A "C" language compiler which willgenerate either Z80 or 8086 assembly languagecode. Due to a unique optimization routine which isbased upon a functional "P-code" model, theefficiency of DMA."C" will far exceed that ofexisting compilers.

rJHArJ+\ArJ*iA

WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE WE SPEAK YOUR LANGUAGE

DYNAMIC MICROPROCESSOR ASSOCIATES, INC.

545 FIFTH AVENUE, NY, NY 10017

Dealer Inquiries only • (212) 687-7115

Software Received.

Metafile, an integrated soft-ware system combining manyfacilities necessary for thedevelopment of applicationsor for impromptu informa-tion reporting. Floppy disk,$1995. Sensor-based Sys-tems, Olmsted Federal Build-ing, Chatfield, MN 55923.

Novatron, a high-speed strat-egy game based on buildingwalls to trap your opponent(the computer) or force it tocrash into a wall before youdo. Includes three levels ofdifficulty. Floppy disk,$34.95. Fast-N-Fun Video,1074 East Sandpiper Dr.,Tempe, AZ 85283.

Novatron Trilogy, a series ofthree games. Construction isa game based on buildingwalls to trap your opponent;Mazerace is a two-player racein which you avoid obstaclesand exit before time runs out;and in Grid Walker you tryto shoot your opponents

before being shot yourself.Floppy disk, $29.95. Fast-N-Fun Video (see addressabove).

The 1 Dir, an interactive di-rectory-command systemthat eliminates the need totype DOS commands andfilenames on the commandline. It is also designed so thatthe new user can begin takingadvantage of the PC's powerright^away, without requiringfull knowledge of the DOSsyntax. Floppy disk, $95.Bourbaki Inc., POB 2867,Boise, ID 83701.

Project Planner II, a project-planning program capable ofscheduling large-scale en-gineering projects. It can alsohandle small business appli-cations that require barcharts. Floppy disk, $110. En-gineering Software, 120Raven Crescent, PrinceRupert, British Columbia V8J4C9, Canada.

Sandman Medical OfficeManagement, a medical-ac-counting program for easysetup and maintenance of pa-tients' records, charges, andpayments. It offers reindex-ing of files and can printstatements, insurance forms,and daily and monthly re-ports. Floppy disk, $1000.Perceptions Inc., 17 PineLake Dr., Arab, AL 35016.

Schultz's Treasure, an ani-mated adventure in three-di-mensional color. You mustenter the Lost Dutchman'sGold Mine and retrieve theMother Lode without beingkilled. Floppy disk, $34.95.Fast-N-Fun Video (see ad-dress above).

Tallymaster, an interactive fi-nancial-analysis program.Designed for personal andsmall business use, this pro-gram lets you easily sum-marize and analyze budgetsand expenses. You can iden-

tify major categories of rev-enues, expenses, salesvolumes, or manufacturingvolumes or define up to 702categories with names youselect. Floppy disk, $129.95.Prosoft, POB 560, NorthHollywood, CA 91603.

Tutor-PC/Graphics, a graph-ics-instruction programdesigned to aid the user inunderstanding BASIC graph-ics capabilities. Statementsincluded are screen, color,line, draw, preset, circle, andpaint. Requires color-graph-ics card. Floppy disk, $29.95.LDH Computing, POB 59-2982, Miami, FL 33159.

Ultralight Command, an ar-cade-type game. As Com-mander of a specially outfit-ted ultralight aircraft, youmust defend unarmed supplyboats. Your defenses includelasers and radar instruments.Floppy disk, $39.95. Fast-N-Fun Video (see addressabove).

StarLogic Announces Savings onIBM PC Compatible Disk Drives

Under 2.0 DOS

Internal 5W Floppy Drives

Standard-sized drive, plug compatible with IBM PCand IBM PC XT

Tandon single-sided drive-180K bytes $165

Tandon double-sided drive-360K bytes $235

Internal Half-Height 51/V Floppy Drives

Single drive configuration

double-sided drive 360K bytes $225

Dual drive configuration two double-sided

drive 720K bytes $460

51/»" Winchester DiskSystems FromInterface Inc For Your IBM PC

Includes Winchester drive, cabinet, power supply,cable, controller, I/O adapter and device driver.Compatible with 2.0 DOS.10 Megabyte formatted DiskSystem $1375

15 Megabyte formatted DiskSystem $1775

25 Megabyte formatted DiskSystem $2175

51/4" Winchester Backup or Additional

Storage For Your IBM PC XT or IBM PCDiskSystem.

Slave compatible with 2.0 DOS

10 Megabyte formatted storage $1225

15 Megabyte formatted storage $1425

25 Megabyte formatted storage $1925

Telephone Orders OnlyMasterCard, VISA orCashier's Check COD

(213) 883-0587

StarLogic

20932 Cantara Street CW

IBM is a registered trademark of IBM CorporationDiskSystems is copyrighted by Interface IncPrices are subject to change without notice

Canoga Park, CA 91301

560 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 553 on Inquiry card.

M' JJlK

Specialoff theMonth!

IBM PC- COMPLETE LINE

IBM

PC System includes 64K IBM-PC with2. 320KB Floppy Dnve Controller.Color Graphics Card.Monitor. All for only $2599.00

LOTUS 1-2-3 SOFTWARE . . $459

AST RESEARCH

IO Plus-Parallel & Serial Port. ClockCalendar W/Bat. back-up. Superdrive,Superspool $199.00

Combo Plus- 256K. Parallel & SerialPort, Clock Calendar W/Bat. back-up.Superdrive. Superspool 1499.00

Mega Plus- 512K. Parallel & Serial Port.Clock Calendar W/Bat. back-up s 999.00

OUADRAM

Quad Board • 256K. Parallel Port. SerialI/O Clock Calendar with battery backup$599.005I2K Ram with Serial I/O 1799.00HERCULES GRAPHICS CARDThis card gives you 720 x 350

graphics $499.00

BIG BLUE $479.00

MAYNARD SANDSTAR SERIES

Multifunction Card $95.00

Floppy Disk Controller ... $225.00

Memory Card $189.00

Add-On Memory Module . . . . $99.00

Parallel Port Module $75.00

Serial Port Module $95.00

Clock Calendar Module $75.00

Games Adapter Module $59.00

OTHER PRODUCTS FOR IBM

THE ULTIMATE SOLUTION TOTHE PC EXPANSION DILEMMAFROM LNW COMPUTERS FOR

YOUR IBMPC AND PCXT

BUSBOARD "MOTHERBOARD".Allows for addition of eleven (111 differentmodules and additional processing powerthrough coprocessor BUS $349.95LNW80 CP/M PLUS®COPROCESSOR MODULE. ZSOAmodule runs CP/M® and CP/M PLUS® aswell as CP/M 22 programs. For use inboth 5" and 8" disk drives . $249.95ASYNCHRONOUS COMMUNICA-TIONS I/O. Allows each Busboard tocontain up to 8 separate serial asyn-chronous channels with a total of 15 dif-ferent channels $79.95

5" OR 8" FLOPPY DISK I/OMODULE. Replaces disk controller inPC and is compatible with diskettesfrom other CP/M 86® and CP/M® systems

$169.95

PARALLEL PRINTER I/OMODULE. Multi-user Printer portaddressing, or general purpose 8-bit I/O

port $49.95

CLOCK CALENDAR I/O MODULE.Operates both CP/M 86® and MSDOS®.Also includes back-up battery and Alarm

function $69.95

GAME I/O MODULE. Compatiblewith IBM PC Game I/O card. Allows forconnection of either 2 joysticks, or 4paddles $49.95

DIRECT-CONNECT MODEMI/O MODULE. Features answer/dial intone or pulse for low cost long distanceservices. Program listing allows for smartmodem under BASIC. Speed dialer

program included $149.95

A/D I/O MODULE. 16 independentmultiplexed analog input channels w/8 bitsof resolution per channel . . $109.958 BIT I/O MODULE. Both latched 8 bitsoutput and input with interrupt capabilityfully supported. User programmable portaddressing for up to 8 modules per

Busboard $59.95

PROTOTYPING I/O MODULE.Utilizes 3M Scotchflex Breadboardprototyping system. Complete with 40conductor I/O BUS connector and anassortment of prototyping pins $29.95

WORD PLUS—PC

Word Processing Software

$299

HARD DISK SYSTEMS FOR IBMAND APPLE

DAVONG FOR IBMInternal

5MB $1495 .

10MB $1795

15MB $2295

External$1695$1995$2495

21MB.32MB.

$2595 $2795

$2995 $3195

FLOPPY DISK DRIVES

SHUGART

SA400SS/SD $169.00

SA450 DS/DD $239.00

SA800/80I SS/SD $365.00

SA850/85I DS/DD ., $459.00

TANDON

TM-IOO-I SS/DD .TM-100-2 DS/DDTM-100-4 DS/DDTM-848-1 SS/DD .TM-848-2 DS/DD

CALL

CALL

$359.00$425.00$499.00

SIEMENS

FDD 100-5 $159.00

FDD 200-5 $199.00

DISK DRIVES

For IBM PC

Tandon 100-2 CALL

Teac 55-B Slimline 320KB $260

Shugart SA-455 Slimline 320KB $250

THE BUSINESS MANAGERIntegrated Accounting System

The best and most complete business pro-gram package on the market. Providingall the software and storage you everwanted. All software pre-installed on 10or 15MB hard disk and ready to run. Nomore diskettes and tedious paper work.High speed. All programs self-promptingand menu driven. Fully guaranteed andsupported. Includes: General LedgerAccounts Receivable AccountsPayable Billing InventoryPayroll Word Processor SpellingChecker File ManagementSpreadsheet Database Manage-ment System CALL

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICEALL RETURNED MERCHANDISE SUBJECT TO A 20% RESTOCKING FEE.

ADD 10% FOR NET TERMS

PRICES GOOD IN U.S. ONLY.

PRICES REFLECTED IN THIS

SECTION ARE LOWER THAN FRANCHISE STORES.

PRINTERS

IRS

■Y DIABLO

DOT MATRIX PRINTERSModel 11

80 Column/100 CPS

Modal 31

132 Column/ICO CPS

Modal 32

132 Column/150 CPS

Model 38

132 Column/400 CPS

DAISY WHEEL PRINTERSModel 620

l32Column/20CPS

Model 630

API/40 CPS Letter Quality

Model 630

ECS/API-40CPS

Multi-Lingual

CALLCALLCALLCALL

CALLCALL

CALL

Dalsywrlter Dalsywheel

Printer $999.00

NECSPINWRITER

SEC

7710-1 $1995 3510 ... $1395

7715-1 . . . $2195 3515 .... $13957730-1 . . $1995 3530 ... $15957720-1 . $2595 3550 ... $18957725-1 . . . $2595 PC8023A . $ 495STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10 CALL

Gemini 15 CALL

SMITH CORONA M

TP-I parallel $579.00

TP-1 serial $579.00

C-ITOH

GX-IOO |50 CPS Dot Matrix|. $249.00

8510 $469.00

1550 |I5"| $699.00

F-IO [40 CPS. Letter Qual.) $1395.00F-IO (55 CPS. Letter Qual.) $1695.00OKIDATA

82A $429.00

83A $699.00

84AP parallel $999.00

84AS serial $1099.00

92A $525.00

93A $999.00

IDS PRISM

Prism 132 (B & W| $1395.00

Color $ CALL

BROTHER bfOtfteC

HR-I A parallel ... $769.00

HR-1 A serial $869.00

HR-15 $599.00

Tractor feed option . , $135.00

MONITORS

AVAILABLE (All Modelsl .... CALLPRINCETON GRAPHIC SYSTEMS

His Res. Color CALL

apple

APPLE He

Computer System. Controller. Two DiskDrives, Monitor $1890

TAVA PLUS COMPUTER SYSTEM(APPLE II + COMPATIBLE!

64K CPU Expandable to I28K 2 DiskDrives Controller Card Monitor. ParallelPort. Serial Port. 2 Game l/0's, CP/M® onboard, DOS 3.5 $1299

/714I 261-1000

FRANCHISE INQUIRIES WELCOME

ItMl ARMSTRONG. IRVINE. CA 92714

HEADQUARTERS/TELEX! M1M7— ANSWER BACK] COMPDSHACK IRIN

■IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation"APPLE iS a registered trademark of Apple Computers, loe•CP/M and CPIM86 are registered trademarks of DigitalResearch. Inc

ALL FLOPPIES REPAIRED QUICKLY AT LOW COST

Apple 11+ Compatible ComputerSystem W/48K of memory. One "DataDrive" disk drive. Controller card. 12"green screen Hi-Resolution Monitor. AllCables are included for a Compushack

price of $999.00

Additional Drive

With purchase of above

System $100.00

OTHER PRODUCTS

FOR APPLE

Special of the Month!$259

TAVA CORP.

DATA DRIVE

100% Compatible Disk drive forAPPLE II + and APPLE He. Runs DOS.CPM® Pascal software.SLIMLINE DRIVE $269.00

TAVA PRODUCTS FOR APPLE

Cooling System and

Power Monitor $ 59

Joystick $49

80 Column Card $149

HAYES MICROCOMPUTERPRODUCTS

Micromodem II 300 baud . $299.95Smartmodem 1200 baud $529.95PERSONAL ACCOUNTANTSoftware for your Apple lie and Apple II +. $199.00

EPD PRODUCTS

Lemon Surge Protector $49.95

Lime Surge Protector $79.95

Peach Surge Protector $89.95

Orange Surge Protector .... $129.95Plum Surge Protector $48.95

DEC Rainbow 100

Keybaord, CPU. Z-80/8088, 64K. SerialRS232 Port, Two X-400KB Disk Drives,Monitor. CP/M86®/80 Software, CALL

CompuShacw

COMPUSHACK FRANCHISESAVAILABLE

WHERE ELSE CANYOU FIND PRIVATELABEL PRODUCTS NOROYALTIES DISCOUNTPRICES FULL SERVICE& SUPPORT?

ONLY ATCOMPUSHACK'S NEW

FRANCHISE!

Circle 101 on inquiry card.

Circle 137 on inquiry card.

FREE SHIPPING

IBM9 P.C, Compatible Products

Divong 5 MB Hard Disk System-$1495/ 12 MB-$1995

Quadrant - Quadboard with Parallel

Port. Serial Port. Clock/Calendar. Expandable to 256K

SAKm brd - $325 !?8K on brd - S395 / I92K on brd - $439 / 256K on brd - $499

Quidchrome Monitor - $575 — AST & Persyst Exp. Prod $ Call— Amdek Monitors —

Mod 300 Phosphor - $150 Composite Color III-$395IBM RGB Compatible Color II $450 / Color I - $325

— IBM/TRS 80 Disk Drives/Cabinets —

TM 100 Single 40 Track Drive - $189 TM 100-2 Double 40 Track Drive - $210

Apple IP Computer Products

Apple Compatible Disk Controller $65

Apple Compatible Disk Drive w/Cabmet & Cable $199 w/Conlroller $259

TEAC Slim Line 5'A" Drive $265 - Dual Slim Line $525

Grappler Printer Interface $139 - w/16K Butler $210

Davong 5 MB Hard Disk System - $1495 - 12 MB-$1995

-Epson/Smith-Corona Printers -

RX80 $425 FX80 $550 FX100 $665

,—•- TRS 80 / Parallel Printer Cable $ 20

IBM Parallel Printer Cable $ 35

STAR MICRONICS GEMINI MX $325GEMINI 15 $459

Smith Corona TP-1 Letter Quality Daisy Wheel $519

Ptwar Supplies

And Ciblruti

Dual 8" Slim Line ■

$180 Dual 5'Single 5'.

DATA-MAIL

P.O. Box 818 Reseda

Calif 91335

1 -800-635-5555

VISA MASTERCARD (S100 Mia. Add 2%) OrCertified Check. Ninety Day Warranty

(Parts & Labor) TRS is a Registered Trademark.

Tandy Corp Prices Subject to Change

Without Notice FREE SHIPPING IN

CONTINENTAL U.S. (TRS MOD II EXCEPTED)

(213) 993^1804

PORTABLE

68000

ASSEMBLER

MACROSCONDITIONALS

MOTOROLA SYNTAX

LINKER

OBJECT LIBRARIAN

CROSS REFERENCE

STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING FEATURES

OBJECT CODE OPTIMIZEDFOR CP/M-80, CP/M-68KOR IBM-PC

$300

PORTABLE C SOURCE

I $750

Quelo

843 NW 54thSeattle, WA 98107

(206) 784-8018

morningsDick Curtiss

CP/M is a Irademark of Digital ResearchIBM-PC is a trademark of IBM

Software Received.

VIS/Bridge/REPORT, a

package that enhances theprinting capabilities of Visi-calc This program allowsyou to print variable columnwidths, align decimal points,justify numbers within a col-umn, and automatically for-mat reports to fit space re-quirements. Floppy disk, $79.Solutions Inc., POB 989,Montpelier, VT 05602.

TRS-80

Airstrike, a war-simulationgame similar to those playedby students in major militaryacademies. You use combattask forces and weaponsagainst various targets andtarget systems. To createrealistic combat scenarios,tactical concepts such as airsuperiority, interdiction,close air support, and recon-naissance are included. ForModels I and III; floppy disk,$29.95. Atron International,POB 8825, Fort Collins, CO80525.

Bible Games—1, two educa-tional games. Concentrationtests your ability to matchBiblical names or concepts.Biblical Fortunes tests yourknowledge of names, events,phrases, and places in the Bi-ble by presenting them oneletter at a time. For Models Iand III; cassette, $9.95. R &M Enterprises Software, 107Peachtree St., POB 543,Elizabethtown, KY 42701.

Casino Black Jack, a graph-ics simulation of the cardgame blackjack. Up to sevenplayers can ask for advicefrom the computer, shuffleand cut the deck, and seeeach player's and the house'saccumulative profit or loss onscreen. For the Model III;cassette, $19.50. Lillian G.Choi, 82 Nicholas Dr.,Bristol, CT 06010.

The Drawing Board, a graph-ics-drawing program. Usingcommands from the key-board, you can clear or invertthe screen, print screen toprinter, save and load pictureto or from tape, disk, ormemory. You can draw pre-programmed shapes, typetext on the screen, draw linesfrom point to point, and fillin shapes. For Models I andIII; cassette, $20. Larsen Co.,115 Bixby Dr., Milpitas, CA95035.

Planets, an educational pro-gram that teaches astronomyby giving the location ofplanets, phases of the moon,and dates of meteor showers.The program can map outany location of the universeyou choose. For the ColorComputer; cassette, $6. Mo-ses Engineering, POB 11038,Ardmore Highway Station,Huntsville, AL 35805.

User Communication Utility,

a utility designed to allow aprogram to interact with aremote terminal, host com-puter, or other RS-232C-compatible devices such as abar-code scanner. This givesusers program control overmessages transmitted and re-ceived. For the Model II;floppy disk, $85. MicroDesign Computer Systems,1325 South Falcon, Anaheim,CA 92804.

VIS/Bridge/GL, a utilitypackage that lets you makeprojections with Visicalcbased on General Ledger datawithout having to reenterdata it already has. You canproject financial data usingVisicalc and compare yourprojections to actual results.For Models II, 12, and 16;floppy disk, $195. SolutionsInc., POB 989, Montpelier,VT 05602.

562 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 390 on inquiry card.

step into the future...

COHERENT™ is the most powerful UNIX™-compatible operating system available for the IBM PC™ , IBM XT™ and compatibles.

Now you can have the multi-user, multitaskingprogramming capability of a mainframe ona microcomputer. The UNIX-like environment ofCOHERENT lets you take C code developed usingUNIX V7 system utilities and compile and run it onthe IBM PC. Through COHERENT'S highly-optimized kernel you can access over 145 differentcommands including a C-compiler, a text-formatter and LEX and YACC.

Hard disk support presently includes the IBM XT,Genie (removable cartridge), Corona, Davong,

Corvus and Tecmar. Memory cards supportedinclude the AST Megaplus (with or without clock),the Tecmar multifunction board and Tall TreeSystems (512K byte) JRAM cards. Support formore devices and more IBM PC compatibles willbe available by the time this ad appears.

The cost of all this — far less than the cost ofsimilar UNIX-based operating systems.Remember, when you buy COHERENT from NCIyou receive all the documentation and technicalsupport you need to operate it.

For more information call or write:

Network Consulting Inc.Discovery Park,3700 Gilmore Way, Suite 110,Burnaby, B.C. Canada V5G 4M1(604) 430-3466

COHERENT is a trade mark of Mark Williams Co. UNIX is a trade mark of Bell Laboratories. IBM PC and IBM XT are trade marks of International Business Machines Corporation.

BYTE October 1983 563

Circle 552 on inquiry card.

PC Tech

BUSINESS & HOME COMPUTERSProducts Sales & Services

We Shop The Wholesale Market And Negotiate The Best Price For You.We Save You Off The List Price. We Share A Common Goal • To Save You Money.

NEC APC 8800 Systems

call for best price

Apple II Compatible Drives

Mitac Standard Size $219.00

Super 5-A40 H/H $229.00

Super 5-T40 H/H $239.00

W/Ctr $299.00

Super 5-T80 $349.00

Direct Shaft Drive

W Controller $399.00

Controller Card $69.00

16K Memory Card $59.00

Z80Card $109.00

80 Column Card $115.00

'IBM-PC Compatible Drives

Super 5-IT80 H/H $249.00

Super 5-IP80 H/H $239.00

Corvus Dk. Sys. 6 MB $1539.00

Corvus Dk. Sys. 11 MB $2139.00

Corvus Dk. Sys. 20 MB $2889.00

'MODEM (Hayes)

Smartmodem1200 $499.00

Smartmodern 1200B $439.00

Micromodern II $279.00

Micromodern l|/Trm. Prg $299.00

'MAYNARO ELCTRONICS

Floppy Disk Controller $169.00

FDC W/Parallel Port $219.00

FDC W/Serial Port $229.00

Memory Card W/256K RAM $489.00

'Corona 128K Desk-top

Complete System $2399.00

'PRINTERSBROTHER D7W

Hfl-IAP $739.00

HR-1AS $839.00

HR-15 $529.00

Tractor $129.00

Okidata ML-80 $369.00

OkidalaML-92'P $519.00

Okidata 93 $849.00

Daisywriler W.48K Butler $999.00

Juki $599.00

Gemini 10 $359.00

Gemini 10X 120 CPS $449.00

Gemini 15 $539.00

Super 5-CP80 $359.00

'MONITORS

BMC BM-12 AU 12" Green $89.00

BMC BM-12 AU 12" Amber $99.00

BMCBM-1401RGBW'CdCbl . . . . $399.00

DYNAXGM-120GM12" $139.00

DYNAXAM-121 AM 12" $149.00

TAXANKG-12N 12" Green $139.00

TAXAN KG-12N 12" Amber $149.00

TAXANRGB1 12" $339.00

AMDEX 12" Green #300 $159.00

AMDEX 12" Amber #300 $159.00

Business Software:

Software Dimensions.

Peachtree + more. . .

Games: Sierra On-Line

Broderbund f more Many More Sot Listed

PC Tech (714) 546-3887

3742 W. Warner Ave., Santa Ana, CA 92704

Disc Drive Service Available At Low Cost - Quick Turn-a-round

ADD SHIPPING CHARGE5

Telephone or Mail Orders Please - Cashier s Checks. Money Orders. Checks (Allow 10 days)COD Accepted. CA Residents Add 6°° Sales Tax. Prices Subject To Change Without Notice.

DECADES OF SERVICE

Washington Computer Services

97 Spring St., NewYork, NY10012 «*>** C^c'SSSw •* ™>

T00RDER: Call our toll-free number: (800)221-5416. In N.Y.Slateandfor technical information: (212) 226-2121. Hours: 9 AM-5:30 PM (EST)Monday-Friday TELEX: 12-5606 CABLE: WASHCOMP NYK

NEC

PC-8800

INCLUDES:•CP/M

• N-BASIC—80. 88•WORDSTAR

• MULTIPLAN

•HIGH RES. (640x400)CAD/CAM GRAPHICS

• MONOCHROME & RGB COLOR•5V4"&8" DISK DRIVES

OPTIONAL:•8 Mhz 8086, 16 BIT

• HARD DISK DRIVE•SPEECH SYNTH. &REC0G.

• LIGHT PEN

The Professional's Workstation

We feel that this uniquelyflexible graphics work stationoffers a most cost effectivemicrocomputer solution.

Please call for prices and ademonstration.NEC on GSA Contract #G500K830156035

pi r A C CI Do not confuse us wilh mail order dealers. We are a lull service distributorr LtAot! serving the data processing & installation needs ot business & industryfrom micros to mainframes. System houses, educational institutions & governmental agen-cies given special consideration. Leasing available. N.Y. State agencies, municipalities,and schools—call us for information on our O.G.S. term contracts on hardware & software.

DEALER and INTERNATIONAL INQUIRIES WELCOME

Please call to make an appointment for demon st rat ion of this extraordinary computer al our showroom.Prices subject to change without notice; call for latest prices. Pnces include 3% cash discount. N.Y.residents add sales tax. CP/M° is a trademark of Digital Research. All sales subject to our standardsale conditions (available on request). Above prices do not include customization or installation.

Software Received.

Texas Instruments

Bionic Bunny, an arcade-typegame that is similar toDonkey Kong. Requires Ex-tended BASIC. For the99/4A; cassette, $15. SoftwarIII, 1307 Douglas Dr., Ster-ling, IL 61081.

Caterpillar, a fast-action non-violent game. It runs inBASIC or Extended BASICfor faster action. For the99/4A; cassette, $10.50. TheSofties, Suite 229, 7300 Gal-lagher Dr., Edina, MN 55435.

Crillion Defender, an arcade-type game. You must protectCrill from the invading alienships on a star map and inthree-dimensional space-combat sequences. RequiresExtended BASIC. For the99/4A; cassette, $14.95.Greene-Bytes, POB 329,Waynesburg, PA 15370.

TI Res, a high-resolutionplotting subroutine that letsyou draw on a 196 by 256pixel (picture element) screen.Requires Extended BASIC.For the 99/4A; cassette, $15.Softwar III (see addressabove).

ZX81/T/S 1000

Disassembler, a flexible util-ity package that lets you exam-ine machine-code programsas mnemonics rather thanjust sequences of numbers. Itcan also display hexadecimaldata and equivalent char-acters. Cassette, $14.95.Scientific Software, 6 West 61

Terrace, Kansas City, MO64113.

Screen Machine, a utilitypackage that provides a wayof placing input prompts andresponse fields where youneed them on the screen. Thisremoves the limitations of theoriginal input schemes. Cas-sette, $14.95. Syncmaster,POB 511, Oak Ridge, NC27310.

Vu-Write, a word processordesigned to provide an easymethod of entering, chang-ing, storing, and saving text.You can document programsand spreadsheets or write let-ters and newsletter columns.Cassette, $14.95. Syncmaster(see address above).

Other Computers

Number Cruncher, a finan-cial-analysis and projectionsystem that lets you createyour own spreadsheet. Pro-duce sophisticated reportsthat combine word-process-ing, spreadsheet, and infor-mation-management func-tions using simple English.For the DECmate; floppydisk, $400. Pyramid DataLtd., POB 10116, Santa Ana,CA 92711.

White Water, seven adven-ture games. Shoot the rapidsof the raging river for yourbest time or navigate the riverto dock and collect treasuresin the forest. For the MattelIntellivision; cartridge,$39.95. Imagic, 981 Univer-sity Ave., Los Gatos, CA95030.■

This is a list of software packages that have been received byBYTE Publications during the past month. The list is correct to thebest of our knowledge, but it is not meant to be a full descriptionof the product or the forms in which the product is available. Inparticular, some packages may be sold for several machines or inboth cassette and floppy-disk format; the product listed here isthe version received by BYTE Publications.

564 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 507 on inquiry card.

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BYTE October 1983 565

Clubs and Newsletters

Israeli Computerlsts

The Israel MicrocomputerUsers Group (IMUG) in TelAviv comprises users, owners,and retailers of all brands ofmicrocomputers who want toestablish worldwide contactwith other users groups andexchange newsletters. A news-letter. The MicrocomputerAge, is produced each monthand meetings are held regular-ly in Jerusalem. Membershipis 350 shekels. For informa-tion, contact the Israel Micro-computer Users Group, POB45030, Tel Aviv 61450, Israel.

Computers InBusiness

The Connecticut CP/MUsers Group welcomes any-one interested in business andprofessional applications ofmicrocomputers to attendnontechnical meetings held onthe last Monday of the monthat 7 p.m. in the McCookAuditorium of Trinity Collegein Hartford, Connecticut. Forinformation, contact MalcolmRoth, 62 Burnwood Dr.,Bloomfield, CT 06002, (203)243-3063 evenings.

IBM PC UsersForm Texas Club

The North Texas IBM Per-sonal Computer Users Groupis a nonprofit, independentgroup that focuses on the usesof computers in industry andthe home. It meets on thethird Saturday of each monthat 9:30 a.m. in the HeroyBuilding on the SouthernMethodist University campusin Dallas. A regular member-ship is $24, students are $12,and a professional member-ship is $36 a year. For details,contact John Pribyl, 2025Rock Creek Dr., Arlington,TX 76010, (817) 275^109.

California FIG

The FORTH Interest Group(FIG) is a worldwide organiza-tion that produces FORTHDimensions, a bimonthlynonprofit publication that hasa variety of articles on the ap-plications of FORTH. Newmembers are welcome. For in-formation, contact theFORTH Interest Group, POB1105, San Carlos, CA 94070,or call the FIG hot line at (415)962-8653.

Chaos under Control

The Capitol Hill AtariOwners' Society (CHAOS) ofLansing, Michigan, producesa newsletter, CONTROL, thatinforms members about clubactivities. Both members andnonmembers can acquiredisks from the club-main-tained public-domain Atarisoftware collection. Member-ship dues are $20 a year. Fordetails, contact CHAOS, POB16132, Lansing, MI 48901.

A-BUG In Boston

The Atari Boston UsersGroup (A-BUG), an affiliateof the Boston ComputerSociety (BCS), produces amonthly newsletter, A-BUG,that is free to members of theBCS or to those willing to ex-change newsletters about theAtari. For details, contact theBoston Computer Society,Atari Boston Users Group,Three Center Plaza, Boston,MA 02108, (617) 367-8080.

For Programming

The PPC Calculator Journalis the monthly publication ofPPC, a nonprofit public-bene-fit corporation in Californiadedicated to serving people inpersonal computing. The

journal disseminates informa-tion related to the selection,evaluation, care, and applica-tions of personal computers.Address inquiries to PPC,2545 West Camden Place,Santa Ana, CA 92704, or call(714) 754-6226 evenings.

News forVeterinarians

A monthly newsletter forveterinarians, VeterinaryComputing, covers computerapplications in veterinarymedicine. Subscriptions are$42 per year. Further informa-tion is available from Amer-ican Veterinary Publications,PO Drawer KK, Santa Bar-bara, CA 93102.

SIGAIR In Toronto

A special interest group onartificial intelligence and ro-botics (SIGAIR) has beenformed in Canada. Meetingsare held on the first Friday ofeach month in the Torontoarea. Anyone interested iswelcome to attend. For infor-mation, write to SIGAIR,POB 874, Postal Station P,Toronto, Ontario M5S 2Z2,Canada.

Wisconsin Explorers

The Explorer-85 UsersGroup is for people who areinterested in Netronics Explor-er-85 equipment. A news-letter, Explorations, is pro-duced. For more details, writeto the Explorer-85 UsersGroup, 3430 93rd St., Sturte-vant, WI 53177, or call Clar-ence Heier at (414) 886-1704.

Canadian COMIC

The Co-operators Micro-computer Club (COMIC)seeks communication with

other IBM Personal Computerusers groups. A newslettermay be produced. Contact theclub through Adrian Groen-endyk, The Co-operators,1920 College Ave., Regina,Saskatchewan S4P 1C4,Canada.

Free to SAS Users

Users of SAS (StatisticalAnalysis Systems) mainframescan join SUGI (SAS UsersGroup International) and re-ceive the free quarterly news-letter, SUGI SIG/M. A $2 an-nual donation is requested tocover printing and mailingcosts. For a subscription or in-formation, contact Jeff Bass,Bass Cybernetic Labs, RR 1,Box 124-B, Pittsboro, NC27312.

A Graphics Update

The S. Klein Newsletter onComputer Graphics is pro-duced twice a month by Tech-nology & Business Communi-cations Inc. It includes newsthat interprets significant de-velopments in computergraphics including CAD/CAM, business graphics, andimage processing. An annualsubscription is $155 and in-cludes a directory of hardwareand software suppliers forcomputer graphics. The news-letter is also available to sub-scribers via Newsnet. For de-tails, contact the S. KleinNewsletter, 730 Boston PostRd., POB 89, Sudbury, MA01776, (617) 443-4671.

News for MentalHealth Workers

Each issue of Computers inPsychiatry/Psychology con-tains articles, reviews, a calen-dar of events, and a bibliogra-phy on hardware and soft-

566 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

AN ACCOMPLISHED PERFORMERAT AN ENTRY LEVEL PRICE.

iMC

BMC now offers you a dot matrix printer that delivers sophisticated features margin tomargin. The BX-80 prints bi-directional in 40, 80, 71, or 142 columns in normal, doublewidth or compressed text. And you can mix these in any line or print. You can also dosuperscript as well as superb graphics in character or bit image. And the BX-80 does all thiswith a changeable print head that delivers up to 30 million characters, with truedescenders. The BX-80 gives you an integrated friction feed with built in sprocket tractorthat adjusts to fit any size paper up to 10 inches in width.

Other features such as programmable line spacing, strobe pulse synchronization and TTLlevel technology are part of the BMC tradition of performance and reliability at anaffordable price.

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TOLL FREE: 1 (800) 752-5002

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Clubs and Newsletters.

ware for use in the mental-health profession. This clini-cal-resource newsletter coversapplications of computers insuch areas as neuropsychiatricand MMPI testing, EEG anal-ysis, and office-managementfunctions. Subscriptions are$40. Volumes from the pre-vious five years are available.For information, write toComputers in Psychiatry/Psy-chology, 26 Trumbull St.,New Haven, CT 06511.

For IBM PC UsersIn Winnipeg, Canada

The IBM PC Users Groupof Winnipeg meets on thethird Thursday of each monthand produces a monthlynewsletter that containsminutes of the precedingmeetings and other informa-tion. A regular membership is$20; a junior membership is$12 for people under 18 yearsold; and a family membershipis $25. Newsletter exchangesare welcome. For furtherdetails, contact the IBM PCUsers Group of Winnipeg, c/oBusiness Development Inter-national, POB 5, Station A,Winnipeg, Manitoba R3K1Z9, Canada, or call (204)837-8509.

Atari UsersIn New Orleans

The New Orleans AtariUsers Group (NOAUG) pro-duces a newsletter that con-tains reviews, features, andrandom bits of information.Meetings are held every otherWednesday. For further infor-mation, contact NOAUG,8223 Plum St., New Orleans,LA 70118, or call (504)861-8772.

Sanyo Users Forum

The Sanyo Users Group(SUG/USA) provides infor-mation on the use of Sanyocomputers, new products, anddistribution of CP/M users-group disks in Sanyo formats.A quarterly newsletter is pro-duced. A $10 annual member-ship includes access to a soft-ware library. For information,contact the Sanyo UsersGroup—U.S.A., 160 EmelineSt., Providence, RI 02906.

Medical/ComputerClearinghouse

A newsletter for physiciansdevoted to such applicationsof computers as patient careand continuing education alsoupdates key hardware, re-views, software, and containsthe latest on medical net-works. The Physician Com-puter Monthly is written innontechnical language for thenovice as well as the experi-enced user. Subscriptions are$95. For a free issue, send a re-quest on letterhead to Amer-ican Health Consultants, 67Peachtree Park Dr., Atlanta,GA 30309.

Computer Federation

The Computer Users Feder-ation (CUF) of SoutheasternWisconsin coordinates region-al activities of mutual interestfor users groups and clubs inpersonal computing. An areaclub directory and an annualcomputer fair are planned.The group produces a quarter-ly newsletter. For details, con-tact Computer Users Federa-tion, POB 23483, Milwaukee,WI 53223. ■

If you would like BYTE readers to know about your club ornewsletter send the details accompanied by no more than onenewsletter to Clubs and Newsletters, BYTE Publications, POB 372,Hancock, NH 03449. Overseas groups are encouraged to par-ticipate. Please allow at least three months for your announce-ment to appear.

568 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 270 on inquiry card.

Pro-Net System

Professional Local Area Network ^*iff

What's Your Connection

Being well connected is not Really thatDifficult! Make the Connection. The RightConnection. The PRO-NET from SWI InternationalSystems, links up to 128 of the most popular ,

microcomputers at distances over 5,000 feet withspeeds at 4 million bits per second, "for.under$300.00 per computer."

Select the multi-user operating system that suitsyou best, featuring Password Security, TurnkeyCommand, File and Record Locking, Spooling to commonPrinters, Electronic Mail, Educational Languages, andmore...much more.

Take advantage of the most flexible networking topology foryour business, professional or educational environment.PRO-NET SYSTEM also allows for the most flexible use of popularmass storage available from a large variety of suppliers.

The PRO-NET SYSTEM emphasizes computing solutions at anaffordable cost. Features found in systems costing far more arestandard components of the PRO-NET SYSTEM making networking acost-effective necessity. Increased productivity from top level manage-ment to the department level is part of the PRO-NET SYSTEM approach todistributed computing power, centralized storage, and better communi-cations. The PRO-NET SYSTEM provides the missing element to make yourpersonal computer a versatile distributed networking communication solution

I INTERNATIONAL

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See the PRO-NET SYSTEM at your local SWI INTERNATIONAL SYSTEMS dealer.

7741 East Gray Road, Suite 2 • Scottsdale, Arizona 85260-3496 • 602 998-3986 Telex: 467580Circle 452 on inquiry card.

Circle 73 on inquiry card.

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Books Received

The ABCs of Microcom-puters: A Computer LiteracyPrimer, Linda Gail Christieand Jess W. Curry Jr. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 228 pages, 15.3 by22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-13-000612-2, $7.95.

The Apple II Circuit Descrip-tion, Winston D. Gayler. In-dianapolis, IN: Howard W.Sams & Co., 1983; 174 pages,23 by 28 cm, spiral-bound,ISBN 0-672-21959-X, $22.95.

Atari BASIC, RichardHaskell. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 192pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-13-049791-6,$13.95.

BASIC: An Introduction toComputer Programming withthe Apple, Robert J. Bent andGeorge C. Sethares. Mon-terey, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub-lishing, 1983; 368 pages, 21.5by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-534-01370-8, $17.95.

BASIC Programming for theClassroom Teacher, Joan M.Miller, Ruth King Chaya,and Debra J. Santora. NewYork: Teacher's CollegePress (1234 AmsterdamAve.), 1982; 288 pages, 24.8by 17.5 cm, spiral-bound,ISBN 0-8077-2728-8, $15.95.

Bola Glossary of ElectronicData Processing and ComputerTerms, English-Spanish &Spanish-English, vol. 1. Hes-peria, CA: Bola Publications(8769 Devon Ave.), 1982; 218pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-943118-00-X,$29.95.

C Programming Guide, JackPurdum. Indianapolis, IN:Que Corp., 1983; 272 pages,23.5 by 18.8 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-88022-022-8, $17.95.

Communications Software forMicrocomputers, Janet L. Bru-man. San Jose, CA: CLASS,1983; 25 pages, 21.5 by 27.8cm, softcover, ISBN 0-938098-01-2, $12.50.

The Complete Book of WordProcessing and Business Graph-ics, Walter Sikonowiz. Engle-

wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982; 216 pages, 15.3 by22.8 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-158659-9, $14.95.

The Computer Cookbook,William Bates. EnglewoodCliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,1983; 384 pages, 21.5 by 27.8cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-165167-6, $12.95.

Computer Keyboarding,Touch-Type to High Data En-try Speed, Frank P. Donnelly.New York: Dictation DiscCo. (240 Madison Ave.),1982; 33 pages, 21.5 by 28cm, spiral-bound, ISBNnone, $7.50.

Critical Issues in Software,Werner L. Frank. New York:John Wiley & Sons, 272pages, 16.5 by 24 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-471-87293-8,$25.

Document Preparation Sys-tems, J. Nievergelt, G. Coray,J. D. Nicoud, and A. C.Shaw, eds. Amsterdam, TheNetherlands and New York:North-Holland PublishingCo., 1982; 288 pages, 15.5 by23 cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-444-86493-8, $46.50.

The Elementary Commodore64, William B. Sanders.Chatsworth, CA: Datamost(8943 Fullbright Ave.), 1983;224 pages, 12.5 by 20.5 cm,spiral-bound, ISBN 0-88190-001-X, $14.95.

The Fast Track to the Top Jobsin Computer Careers, PeterMuller. New York: PerigeeBooks, 1983; 128 pages, 13.8by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN0-399-50753-1, $4.95.

The Fast Track to the Top fobsin Engineering Careers, PeterMuller. New York: PerigeeBooks, 1983; 128 pages, 13.8by 20.5 cm, softcover, ISBN0-399-50754-X, $4.95.

Fortran 77, A Top Down Ap-proach, Nonna Kliss Lehm-kuhl. New York: MacmillanPublishing Co., 1983; 480pages, 17.5 by 25.5 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-02-369390-8,$18.95.

Fundamentals of Computer

570 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 20 on inquiry card.

The New Avis Rapid Return,

The Fastest Way To Return Your Car And

Get A Retord Of Your Expenses.

You get a record

ofyour expenses

in seconds!

If you've been waiting at thecounter to return your rental car

and get a recordof your expenses,Avis has greatnews. The wait isover.

Avis has justintroduced thenew, computerizedAvis Rapid Return"at selected airportsand major downtownlocations. It's the

fastest way to return your rental car and get a printed record of your ex-penses, to the penny. Automatically. Without waiting at the rental counter.

And Avis Rapid Return is as easy to use as a pocket calculator. Justenter your car number, your mileage and your gas gauge reading into thecomputer. With the push of a button, your car return is completed. And so

is the record of your expenses.

Which means that you can catchyour plane and get a record of yourexpenses, without ever waiting at therental counter.

The new Avis Rapid Return. It'sanother Avis first that means betterand faster service for you. And anotherway that Trying Harder Makes AvisSecond to None.

Avis features GM cars. Chevrolet Caprice Classic.

TRYING HARDER MAKES AVIS SECOND TO NONE.

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We care about you, so whenever you drive, care about yourself. Please fasten your seat belt.Avis Rapid Return service available for charge customers only who require no modification of rental agreement charges.

Circle 52 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

571

Books Received _

Aided Analysis and Design(CAA/CAD) of Integrated Cir-cuits, Processes and Devices,Andres Fortino. Reston, VA:Reston Publishing Co., 1983;144 pages, 21.3 by 28 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-8359-2120-4, $17.95.

A Guide to Programming—IBM Personal Computer, BrucePresley. New York: VanNostrand Reinhold, 1983;304 pages, 21.5 by 27.8 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-442-26015-6, $16.95.

How to Write and PublishEngineering Papers and Re-ports, Herbert B. Michaelson.Philadelphia, PA: ISI Press,1982; 172 pages, 15 by 22.8cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-89495-016-9, $17.95.

The Illustrated ComputerDictionary, the editors ofConsumer Guide. NewYork: Exeter Books andSkokie, IL: Publications In-ternational Ltd., 1983; 180pages, 15.5. by 23 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-88176-099-4,$4.98.

Information U.S.A., Mat-thew Lesko. New York:Penguin Books, 1983; 1008pages, 17 by 23.5 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-14-046-564-2,$19.95.

Mathematics for Data Pro-cessing, 2nd ed., Frank J.Clark. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Co., 1974; 320pages, 15.5 by 23.5 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-87909-470-2,$21.95.

Microcomputers for Libraries:

How Useful Are They?, JaneBeaumont and DonaldKrueger, eds. Ottawa, On-tario, Canada: Canadian Li-brary Association, 1983; 130pages, 21.5 by 28 cm, spiral-bound, ISBN 0-88802-170-4,$12.

Le Microprocesseur 68000 etSa Programmation, PatrickJaulent. Paris, France:Eyrolles (61, BoulevardSaint-Germain), 1983; 168pages, 15.5 by 24.3 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 8549, price notavailable.

More Subroutine Sandwich,John P. Grillo and J. D.Robertson. New York: JohnWiley & Sons, 1983; 270pages, 17 by 25 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-471-86921-X,$12.95.

Nine Steps to Effective EDPLoss Control, Tom S. Easonand Douglas A. Webb. Bed-ford, MA: Digital Press,1983; 192 pages, 16 by 24.8cm, hardcover, ISBN 0-932376-25-8, $21.

PC Clearinghouse SoftwareDirectory, 7th ed. Fairfax,VA: PC Clearinghouse Pub-lishers (11781 Lee JacksonHighway), 1983; 840 pages,27.5 by 21.3 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-88674-000-2, $29.95.

Problem Solving with Fortran77, Larry Nyhoff and Stan-ford Leestma. New York:Macmillan Publishing Co.,1983; 368 pages, 17 by 25.5cm, softcover, ISBN 0-02-388720-6, $18.95.

Programmer's Guide to

CP/M, Sol Libes, ed. MorrisPlains, NJ: Creative Comput-ing Press (39 East HanoverAve.), 1982; 204 pages, 20.5by 27.5 cm, softcover, ISBN0-916688-37-2, $12.95.

Radio Antennas, StephenGibson. Reston, VA: RestonPublishing Co., 1983; 176pages, 15.3 by 22.8 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-8359-6358-6,$13.95.

6502 Assembly LanguageProgramming, Judi N. Fer-nandez, Donna N. Tabler,and Ruth Ashley. New York:John Wiley & Sons, 1983; 288pages, 17 by 25 cm, soft-cover, ISBN 0-471-86120-0,$12.95.

Subroutine Sandwich, JohnP. Grillo and J. D. Robert-son. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1983; 274 pages, 17by 25 cm, softcover, ISBN0-471-86920-1, $12.95.

Successful Business Comput-ing, M. Tampoe. Woburn,MA: Butterworths, 1982; 130pages, 14 by 22 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-408-01217-X,$19.95.

SuperCalc: The Book, Don-ald H. Beil. Reston, VA: Res-ton Publishing Co., 1983; 304pages, 18 by 24 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-8359-7306-9,$21.95.

TRSDOS 2.3 Decoded &Other Mysteries, James LeeFarvour. Upland, CA: IJGInc. (1953 West 11 St.), 1982;304 pages, 20.8 by 17.5 cm,softcover, ISBN 0-936200-07-3, $29.95.

TRS-80 Extended ColorBASIC, Richard Haskell.Engiewood Cliffs, NJ: Pren-tice-Hall, 1983; 176 pages,21.5 by 27.8 cm, softcover,ISBN 0-13-931246-3, $12.95.

UCSD Pascal: A ConsiderateApproach, David Price. Engie-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983; 208 pages, 17.3 by23 cm, softcover, ISBN 0-13-935460-3, $12.95.

Unix Programmer's Manual,7th ed., vol. 2, Bell Tele-phone Laboratories. NewYork: Holt, Rinehart andWinston, 1983; 624 pages, 21by 27.8 cm, softcover, ISBN0-03-061743-X, $34.95.

Up Front Financing: TheEntrepreneur's Guide, A.David Silver. New York:John Wiley & Sons, 1982; 264pages, 16 by 23.8 cm, hard-cover, ISBN 0-471-86386-6,$15.95.■

This is a list of booksreceived at BYTE Publica-tions during this pastmonth. Although the listis not meant to be exhaus-tive, its purpose is to ac-quaint BYTE readers withrecently published titles incomputer science and re-lated fields. We regretthat we cannot review orcomment on all the bookswe receive; instead, thislist is meant to be amonthly acknowledgmentof these books and thepublishers who sent them.

BASISi as

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Minimum order $100. Cashiers checks and money ordersaccepted. Add 3% lor Visa or MC Add 3% for shipping/insurance/handling. UPS No COO Prices subject to changeCall to verily Order hours 10 7PDT. Mon Fri Personalchecks allow 20 days to clear. All products with lullmanufacturer's warranty, factory sealed Calil residentsadd 6% sales tax. Bank wires and P.O s acceptedRetail prices may vary.

ALL BRAND NAMES ARE REGISTERED TRADEMARKS

572 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 90 on inquiry card.

The MicromintCollection

Micromint. Supporting the varied projects that appear in Steve Ciarcia's monthlyarticle in BYTE magazine, "Garcias Circuit Cellar." Offering a wide range ofcomputers and peripherals supporting the needs of the hobbyist as well asworldwide corporate clients.

MPX-16 MICROCOMPUTERIBM PC COMPATIBLE

Z8 MEMORY, I/O EXPANSION,CASSETTE INTERFACE

The MPX-16 is Sieve Ciarcia's most ambitious projectto date The computer runs all application softwarewritten tor the IBM PC and is IBM PC bus compatible.Can be used with video monitor & IBM keyboard withoptional adapter.

Buy the MPX-16 in the lorm that best meets yourbudget As a bare board, as a wave-soldered boardthat contains all components less the IC's, as anassembled and tested circuit board or as a completesystem.

As featured on the cover of "BYTE" magazine. Alsofeatured in "Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar" November,December 1982 & January 1983.

• Runs all application programs written tor the IBMPC (simply boot up the system and slip in a diskformatted lor the IBM PC).

• IBM PC bus compatible + 9 expansion slots.

• Intel 808816-bit microprocessor.

• Optional Intel 8087 math coprocessor.

• 256K bytes on-board memory.

• Up to one megabyte of system memory.

• Up to 64K bytes of system ROM/EPROM.

• Two RS-232C serial I/O ports.

• Three parallel I/O ports.

• Disk controller for 5/4" or 8" drives.

• Sixteen levels of vectored interrupts

MPX-16 Microcomputer circuit board assembled

W/64K RAM, CP/M-86 or MS-DOS $1,895.

MPX-16 as above with 256K RAM 2,135.

MPX-16 Semi-Kit (wave soldered circuit

board w'all components) less IC's 595.

Complete kit ol IC's W/256K RAM 595.

MPX-16 Unpopulated (bare) pc board 300.

CP/M-86 Operating System 200.

MS-DOS optionally available

MPX-16 Switching Power Supply including

cable harness lor 2 disk drives 300.

MPX-16 Technical Reference Manual 50.

MPX-16 Metal Enclosure with cutouts for

two 5V4" full height drives 300.

Tandon TM100-2 double density drive 300.

Televideo Model 910 Serial Terminal 675.

IBM PC Keyboard Interface Adapter 100.

Serial terminal cable 35.

Parallel printer cable 35.

Shipping and handling additional on MPX-16 orders.

Z8 BASIC SYSTEMCONTROLLER NEW!!!

Replaces Z8 Basic Computer/Controller

As featured in Ciarcia 's Circuit Cellar.BYTE magazine, July * August 1981.

• Uses Zilog Z8671 single chip microcomputer.

• On board tiny BASIC interpreter.

• 2 parallel ports plus serial I/O port.

• Just connect a CRT terminal and write control pro-grams in BASIC.

• 2K bytes ol RAM. up to 4K bytes of ROM.

• Baud rates 110-9600 BPS

• Data and address buses available for 124K memoryand I/O expansion.

• Consumes only 1.5 watts at +5. +12& -12.

• Cross Assemblers lor various computers.

BCC11 Assembled & Tested S149.

New Low Price

• Add up to 8K of memory plus 3 parallel ports.

• Cassette Interface—300 baud K.C. Standard.BCC03 w/4K Assembled & Tested $140.

Z8 ANALOG TO DIGITALCONVERTER I

NEW!!!

• Uses Analog Devices 75818 channel 8 bit IC.

• Adds Process Control capability to the Z8.

• 1000 samples per second.

BCC13 Assembled & Tested $140.

Z8 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Transfer BASIC or Assembly Language applicationprograms Irom RAM to 2716 or 2732 EPROM.

• Requires Z8 Expansion Board for operation.BCC07 Assembled & Tested $145.

Z8 SERIAL EXPANSION BOARD

V.

• Adds additional RS 232C and opto-isolated 20 macurrent loop serial port to the Z8

• Runs at 75 to 19,200 baud in all protocols.BCC08 Assembled S Tested $160.

Z816K MEMORY EXPANSIONBOARD NEW!!!

• Add 16K of additional memory, RAM or EPROM. toyour Z8 System Controller in any multiple

• Uses 2016, 6116, 2716 or 2732 memory types,BCC14 W/8K Assembled & Tested $120.

H?

IBM PC is a trademark of International Business Machines, incCP M86 is a trademark ol Digital Research IncMS-DOS is a trademark of Microsoft IncZ6 is a trademark of Zilog Inc.

lat'l:m.ll.'.l.ll!N1P3

MB02 Assembled & Tested $69.

Z8 CROSS ASSEMBLERS

From Allen Ashley

TRS-80 Model I or III $75.

CP/M 2.2 8" or Northstar 5V4" 150.

From Micro Resources

CP/M 2.2 8" or APPLE BM" 75.

SPEECH SYNTHESIZERS

MICROVOX TEXT-TO-SPEECHSYNTHESIZER

E-Z COLOR GRAPHICSINTERFACE

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine September. October 1982.

Microvox is a second generation professional voicequality text-to-speech synthesizer that is easily inter-laced to any computer, modem, RS-232C serialor parallel output device and provides speech ofunbelievable clarity.

• Unlimited vocabulary.

• 64 programmable inflection levels.

• 6K text-to-speech algorithm.

• Full ASCII character set recognition and echo.

• RS232C and parallel output.

• 1000 character buffer, 3000 optional.

• Adjustable baud rates (75-9600)

• Spelling output mode.

• 7 octave music and sound effects

• On board audio amplifier & power supply.

• X-On/X-Off handshaking.

MV01 Assembled withIK buffer $299.

MV02 Complete Kit with 1K buffer 219.

Add $15.00 for 3K butler option.

SWEET-TALKER VOICESYNTHESIZER

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine. September 1981

The Sweet-Talker Voice Synthesizer allows you to addspeech of unlimited vocabulary to your Apple II or anycomputer with a parallel printer port at very low cost.

• Utilizes Votrax SC-01A speech synthesizer.

• Unlimited vocabulary,

• Text-to-Speech Algorithm on disk for Apple II.

• Contains 64 phonemes accessed by 6-bit code.

• Four levels of programmable inflection.

• On board audio amplifier & volume control.ST02 Apple II plug-in, Assembled & Tested

with Text-to-Speech Algorithm on 3.3 disk .. 141.NEW LOW PRICE!!!

ST01 Parallel Port Version, Assembled 99.

New Low Price

The SC-01A Speech Synthesizer is a completely self-contained solid state device that phonetically synthes-izes continuous speech ot unlimited vocabulary Usedin Microvox and Sweet-Talker.

SC01A Quantity 1-99 $44. m.

100 + 32. n.

1000 + 24. m.

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine. August 1982

Add color graphics, animation & 3-0 effects to yourS-100. TRS-80 Model I and III & Apple II at low costThe Super Editor software package includes a patterneditor, sprite editor, slide show, and demo scenes allin BASIC. Can be used with Color Monitor or TV seland rf modulator.

• Resolution—256X192 Pixels.

• 16 colors including Black & Transparent.

• 16K Bytes on board I/O mapped video memory.

• Advanced Tl TMS9918A Color Video Processor.

• 32 SPRITES facilitates 3-D effect.

• Composite Video output

• Krell & Terrapin have LOGO software packages tosupport the E-Z Color Boards.

Apple II E-Z Color plug-in boardwith Super Editor on 3.3 disk.

EZ01 Assembled & Tested $150.

EZ02 Complete Kit 125.

NEW!! S-100 E-Z Color Graphics board with soundgenerator. Atari type joy stick interface, plus MBasicCP/M Super Editor Software on 8" disk.

EZ04 Assembled & Tested $289.

TRS-80 Model I or Model III E-Z Color w/ Super Edi-tor software, power supply and enclosure.

Assembled & Tested $249.

Completed 219.

300 BAUD ANSWER/ ORIGINATEMODEM KIT NEW!!!

As featured in Ciarcia's Circuit CellarBYTE Magazine. March 1983

The newest item to Micromint's growing list ofproducts is this 300 Baud Modem. It is crystalcontrolled, uses the Tl TMS 99532 IC, contains just25 parts and can be used with an acoustic coupler orin a direct connect mode.

MD04 Complete Kit S60.

MD05 Transformer for Direct Connect Mode 9.

AC01 Acoustic Coupler Kit 18.

TRIPLE VOLTAGEPOWER SUPPLIES

+ 5vrri 300ma. +/-12vf« 25ma.

UPS01 Assembled & Tested $35.

UPS02 Complete Kit 27.

+ 5v (u 1 Amp. + 12v (.a .5 Amp. - 12v (a 50 ma.

UPSD3 Assembled & Tested 60.

UPS04 Complete Kit 50.

MICROMINT INC. 561 Willow Avenue.Cedarhurst, NY 11516To Order: Call Toll Free 1-800-645-3479For Information Call: 1-516-374-6793Call: Monday-Friday, 9-5 PM

Circle 297 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

573

Event Queue

October 1983

October

Courses in Continuing Engi-neering Education, Orlando,FL, San Diego, CA, andWashington, DC. Two of theavailable courses are "An Ap-plications-oriented Approachto Artificial Intelligence" and"Computer Graphics Sys-tems: Hardware, Software,and Applications." For infor-mation on dates, locations,and fees, contact DouglasGreen, George WashingtonUniversity, Continuing Engi-neering Education, Washing-ton, DC 20052, (800) 424-9773; in the District of Co-lumbia, (202) 676-8512.

October-NovemberComputer Showcase Expos,various sites throughout theU.S. This popular show willbring together hardware andsoftware manufacturers,dealers, and consumers ofsmall computer systems. Forfurther details, contact the In-terface Group, 160 Speen St.,POB 927, Framingham, MA01701, (800) 225-4620; in Mas-sachusetts, (617) 879-4502.

October-November

Courses from the ContinuingEducation Institute, varioussites throughout the U.S.Among the courses offeredare "Database Machines,""Local Networks Technologyand Applications," and "Man-Machine Interface." For moreinformation, contact theContinuing Education Insti-tute, Oliver's CarriageHouse, 5410 Leaf TreaderWay, Columbia, MD 21044,(301) 596-0111; in California,(213) 824-9545.

October-November

Courses from IntegratedComputer Systems, varioussites throughout the U.S.Course titles include "DigitalImage Processing," "De-

signing Real-Time Hardwarefor Digital Signal Processing,""Designing Digital ControlSystems," and "Digital SignalProcessing." The fee for thesecourses is $895. For informa-tion, contact Ruth Dordick,Integrated Computer Sys-tems, 3304 Pico Blvd., POB5339, Santa Monica, CA90405, (213) 450-2060.

October-DecemberIntensive Seminars for Pro-fessionals, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Elec-tronics magazine, a McGraw-Hill publication, offers semi-nars in management and suchtechnical areas as speech rec-ognition and synthesis, con-trolling electromagnetic inter-ference, fundamentals ofcomputer graphics, and mi-croprocessor interfacing. In-house presentations can bearranged. For a catalog out-lining seminars, locations,and fees, contact IreneParker, McGraw-Hill Semi-nar Center, Suite 603, 331Madison Ave., New York,NY 10017, (212) 687-0243.

October-December

James Martin Seminars andSeminars of Excellence,

various sites throughout theU.S. and Canada. For abrochure describing thesedata-processing and com-puter-related seminars, con-tact Technology Transfer In-stitute, 741 10th St., SantaMonica, CA 90402, (213)394-8305.

October-December

Seminars for Professional De-velopment, various sitesthroughout the U.S. DataproResearch Corporation offersmore than 35 professional de-velopment seminars in suchareas as personal computers,data communications, sys-tems and software, and officeautomation. Complete out-lines and schedules are avail-able from Datapro Research

Corp., 1805 UnderwoodBlvd., Delran, NJ 08075,(800) 257-9406; in NewJersey, (609) 764-0100.

October-December

Software Workshops inMMSFORTH, Boston metro-politan area. These work-shops are public versions ofthe professional trainingMiller Microcomputer Ser-vices (MMS) offers to clientcompanies in support of theMMSFORTH product line. Avariety of topics and skilllevels are covered. Full detailsare available from MillerMicrocomputer Services, 61Lake Shore Rd., Natick, MA01760, (617) 653-6136.

October-January 1984Courses from Q. E. D. Infor-mation Sciences, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Sched-uled courses include "SystemsAnalysis Workshop," "Data-base Design," and "ProjectManagement and Control."Address inquiries to Q. E. D.Information Sciences Inc.,Q. E. D. Plaza, POB 181,Wellesley, MA 02181, (800)343-4848; in Massachusetts,(617) 237-5656.

October-January 1984Technology OpportunityConference, various sitesthroughout the U.S. Thisconference series focuses onthe convergence of optical-storage, videodisc, and com-puter technologies. For fulldetails, contact TechnologyOpportunity Conference,POB 14817, San Francisco,CA 94114, (415) 626-1133.

October-August 1984Conferences and Expositionsfrom the Society of Manufac-turing Engineers, varioussites throughout the U.S. andaround the world. More than25 conferences and exposi-tions are scheduled. For acalendar, contact the PublicRelations Department, Soci-

ety of Manufacturing En-gineers, One SME Dr., POB930, Dearborn, MI 48121,(313) 271-0777.

October 10-12

CEPA 1983 Fall Conference,

the Saint Paul, St.Paul, MN.Topics to be addressed at thisconference sponsored by theSociety for Computer Appli-cations in Engineering, Plan-ning, and Architecture (CEPA)include selection of softwareand hardware, experienceswith applications, and net-working of systems. An ex-hibit area will show varioushardware and software prod-ucts being used by design pro-fessionals. Contact PatriciaJohnson, CEPA Inc., 358Hungerford Dr., Rockville,MD 20850, (301) 762-6070.

October 10-12

Online '83, Palmer House,Chicago, IL. The fifth annualOnline conference and expo-sition features introductoryand advanced technical ses-sions, panel discussions, work-shops, seminars, and ad-dresses. The role of micro-computers and software fordatabase searching, storage,creation, and communica-tions will be emphasized.Registration information isavailable from Online Inc.,11 Tannery Lane, Weston,CT 06883, (203) 227-8466.

October 10-13

Information ManagementExposition and Conference:Info 83, New York City Coli-seum. Hardware and soft-ware exhibits and conferencesessions will revolve aroundthe theme "Tying the Infor-mation System to the Busi-ness Plan." A number of theconference sessions will dealwith decision support sys-tems. For details, contact theMarketing Manager, Info 83,708 Third Ave., New York,NY 10017, (212) 661-8410.

574 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Collector ^Edition

"E COVERS

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints.Each full color print is 11 in.x 14 in., including a 1 1/2 in. border, and is part of anedition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from theoriginal painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected,signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticityaccompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and areshipped first class. The price of each print is $25, plus $3 per shipment for postageand handling ($8 overseas). The prints are also available as 4-print sets: Set 9-12,Set 13-16, and Set 17-20. Each set costs $80, plus postage and handling.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, usethe convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

#17 Winter Computing $25 # 18 Seventeen Seventy-Six $25 #19 Crystal Ball $25 #20 Digital Arts $25

ky=Ji i' II1

#13 Future Computers? $25

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14 Smalltalk $25

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#16 Chip Building $25

#10 Programming Route $25

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Future Past

Please send me the following Prints ($25), or Sets ($80).

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postage & handling $3.00 (Overseas $8.00)TOTAL

l~l I have enclosed check or money order.□ Visa □ MasterCard

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Mail this coupon to:

robert tinney graphics

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Circle 473 on inquiry card.

Event Queue i

October 10-14

Defense Computers-Graph-ics-DCG '83, ConventionCenter, Washington, DC.Sessions and tutorials willcomplement this conferenceand exhibition about com-puters and graphics for thedefense community. For moreinformation, contact DCG'83, Suite 333, 2033 M St.NW, Washington, DC 20036,(202) 775-9556.

October 11

Computer-assisted ManualWriting, Seattle, WA. Thisone-day seminar is designedto teach attendees how toproduce good software man-uals. The sponsor will dem-onstrate a software packagefor automated documenta-tion development calledManual Maker. The fee is$195. For further informa-tion, contact Promptdoc, 833West Colorado Ave., Colo-rado Springs, CO 80905,(303) 471-9875.

October 11-12

Computer-aided Design Con-ference - CADCON East '83,Boston, MA. This conferenceconsists of technical pro-grams and exhibitions or-ganized exclusively for com-puter-aided-design engineer-ing. Details are availablefrom Morgan-Grampian Ex-positions Group, 2 ParkAve., New York, NY 10016,(212) 340-9780.

October 11-13

Southwest Semiconductor &

Electronics Exposition-

SSE '83, Civic Plaza Conven-tion Center, Phoenix, AZ.Approximately 200 suppliersof equipment, materials, andservices used in the elec-tronics industry will attendthis show. A technical con-ference will be held. ContactLeigh Crystall, Cartlidge & As-sociates Inc., Suite 205, 4030Moorpark Ave., San Jose, CA95117, (408) 554-6644.

October 11-14

Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, RodewayInn at Disneyland, Orange,CA. This course is designedto provide technicians andengineers with a backgroundin microprocessor fundamen-tals and troubleshooting tech-niques. Equipment familiar-ization and hands-on experi-mentation are emphasized.The registration fee is $595;multiple discounts are of-fered. Contact Micro SystemsInstitute, Garnett, KS 66032,(913) 898-6152.

October 12-21

The Sixth International TradeExhibition on Office Organi-zational Systems, Office Fur-niture, and Office Aids — Sys-temotechnika '83, Vassiliev-sky Ostrov Exhibition Cen-tre, Leningrad, Union of theSoviet Socialist Republics.On display will be communi-cations systems, microfilming

equipment and systems, data-processing equipment, andcomputers. For details, con-tact Diisseldorfer Messe-gesellschaft mbH-NOWEA-Central Division —ForeignFairs, Dusseldorf ExhibitionCentre, 4000 Dusseldorf 30,Federal Republic of Ger-many; tel: (02 11) 45 60-1.

October 13

Computer-assisted ManualWriting, Los Angeles, CA.For details, see October 11.

October 13-14

Computers in Construction,

Chicago, IL. This seminar isdesigned to assist construc-tion management firms andcontractors in acquiring com-puter systems. The fee is$425. Contact CIP Informa-tion Services Inc., 1105-FSpring St., Silver Spring, MD20910, (301) 589-7933.

October 13-15

Edutech/East '83, Civic Cen-

CompuPro

8 and/or 16 Bits.

At CompuPro, we know it isn't enough to make the best computer system around — expert planning, customconfiguration, tailored software and swift service are just as vital to our customers. That's why we carefullyselect and train each of our Full Service CompuPro System Centers to provide acomplete solutions package foryour high-performance computing needs. So for your business, scientific and industrial applications, turn tothe professionals listed below. Think of them as your computer consultants—not just retailers.

ARIZONA

Scottsdale

S-100

(800) 528-3138

Canyon Country

Creative Computing Services

(805) 251-9877

Gifford Computer Systems

(213) 477-3921

Mountain View

Carmichael

ACC

CALIFORNIA

Bakersfield

Logic Systems

(916) 971-3133

(415) 969-4969Oakland

Creative Computing Services

(805) 325-9877

Berkeley

American Computers & Engineers

(415)849-0177

Chatsworth

Priority One Electronics

(213) 709-5464

Hayward

Byte Shop of Hayward

(415) 886-4732

Track Computer Center

(415) 444-8725

Pacific Palisades

System Interface Consultants

(213) 454-2100

Track Computer Center

(415)845-6366

Irvine

Priority One Electronics

(714) 660-1411

Pasadena

Omni Unlimited

(213) 795-6664

Burlingame

Los Angeles

Petaluma

Mentzer Computer Systems

(415) 340-9363

American Computers & Engineers

(213) 477-6751

Advanced Information Mgmt.

(707) 763-7283

576 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

ter, Philadelphia, PA. Thisconference and exposition isdesigned for educators at alllevels. Presentations will ad-dress such topics as com-puter-aided instruction, ad-ministrative uses of com-puters, classroom manage-ment, programming, researchapplications, authoring lan-guages, and literacy. The for-mat includes workshops,seminars, demonstrations,hands-on sessions, discus-sions, and micro courses.Hardware, software, andpublishing companies will ex-hibit their wares. ContactCarol Houts, Judco Com-puter Expos Inc., Suite 201,2629 North Scottsdale Rd.,Scottsdale, AZ 85257, (800)528-2355; in Arizona, (602)990-1715.

October 14-15

Computers and Reading/Learning Difficulties, Dallas,TX. Workshops, hands-onexhibits, and speakers will ex-

plore such topics as usingcomputers in learning disabil-ity classrooms and evaluatingsoftware. This program is de-signed for all educationlevels. For information, con-tact Frost Conference Man-agement, Department I, 1070Crows Nest Way, Richmond,CA 94803, (415) 222-1249.

October 14-15

The Fifth Annual FORTHConvention, Hyatt Hotel,Palo Alto, CA. Hands-on tu-torials, exhibits, lectures, anddiscussions highlight thisevent. The theme is "FORTH-based Systems —A Look Intothe Future." Registration is$5. Full details are availablefrom the FORTH InterestGroup (FIG), POB 1105, SanCarlos, CA 94070, (415)962-8653 (FIG hot line).

October 14-16

Futureteach Conference,

Cathedral Hill Hotel, SanFrancisco, CA. General ses-

sions, hands-on exhibits, andspecialized workshops willseek to impart an understand-ing of how technology hasand will continue to alter theway in which classroom in-structors teach. For informa-tion, contact Westly Enter-prises, 3697 South Court,Palo Alto, CA 94306, (415)494-7115.

October 14-16

The UCSD Pascal SystemUsers Society (USUS) FallMeeting, Crystal City HyattHotel, Arlington, VA. Thismeeting will feature presenta-tions, hardware and softwaredemonstrations, language tu-torials, and special-interestgroup meetings. ContactThomas Woteki, InformationSystems Inc., Suite 202, 3865Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA22203, (703) 522-8898.

October 15-16

Amacom, City Park campus,Delgado Community College,

New Orleans, LA. This ham-fest/computerfest offers dem-onstrations, sessions, com-mercial exhibits, and a fleamarket. Contact Amacom '83,POB 73665, Metairie, LA70033, or call Bill Bushnell,WA5MJM, at (504) 887-5022.

October 15-16

The Seventh New JerseyMicrocomputer Show andFlea Market, MeadowlandsHilton Hotel, Secaucus, NJ.Featured will be home, hob-by, and small business com-puters, software, supplies,books, and accessories. Ad-mission is $5 for adults; $2for children. Contact Ken-gore Corp., POB 13, FranklinPark, NJ 08823, (201) 297-2526.

October 16-18

The Fifth Annual Hong KongConsumer Electronics Show,

New World Hotel and RegentHotel, Hong Kong. For de-tails, contact IBS Trade Fair

Spoken Here...

Pleasanton

Best Computer Stores

(415) 463-2233

San Francisco

Giflord Computer Systems

(415) 391-4570

San Leandro

Gitford Computer Systems

(415) 895-0798

San Rafael

Computer House

(415)453-0865

Santa Barbara

Data Bank

(805) 962-8489

Santa Maria

Data Bank

(805) 922-1333

Santa Rosa

Matrix Computers

(707) 542-0571

Sunnyvale

Pragmatic Designs, Inc.

(408) 736-8670

FLORIDA

Brandon

Micro Computer Technology

(813)685-7659

Satellite Beach

Binary Magic, Inc.(305) 777-7080

HAWAII

Kahului Maui

Capacity Plus Computers

(808) 877-3496

ILLINOIS

Athens

Computers Plus

(217)636-8491

La Grange Park

Small Business Systems, Inc.

(312)579-3311

Skokie

Lillipute Computer Mart, Inc.

(312) 674-1383

INDIANA

Terre Haute

General Software, Inc.

(812) 234-9421

MARYLAND

Bethesda

J R Systems

(301)657-3598

MASSACHUSETTS

Boston

New England Electronic Exch.

(617) 491-3000

(Please turn the page)

ConnpuPro

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CompuPro, a G0DB0UT Company3506 Breakwater Court, Hayward, CA 94545

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 577

Event Queue^^

Ltd., 17th Floor, Tung SunCommercial Centre, 200Lockhart Rd., Hong Kong;tel: 5-732388-9; Telex: 63037HKIBS HX.

October 16-18

Texas Association for Educa-tional Data Systems 1983Convention, Austin HiltonHotel, Austin, TX. Thetheme for this year's conven-tion is "Computer Literacy."The keynote speaker will beCaptain Grace Hopper of theU.S. Navy. Information maybe obtained from Tom Hop-per, Northside ISD, 5900Evers Rd., San Antonio, TX78238, (512) 618-8330, ext.212.

October 17-19

The Eighth Conference on

Local Computer Networks,

Minneapolis, MN. The themefor this conference is "Prac-tical Applications and Issuesin Local Computer Net-works." Papers and tutorials

will address such issues asusers' versus manufacturers'needs, public versus privatenetworks, software, andVLSI (very-large-scale inte-gration). Contact the IEEEComputer Society, POB 639,Silver Spring, MD 20901.

October 17-21

Systems 83, Munich, WestGermany. Computers, pe-ripherals, and software willbe displayed by more than600 firms from 35 nations.For additional information,contact Kallman Associates,5 Maple Court, Ridgewood,NJ 07450, (201) 652-7070.

October 18-20

The Fourteenth Annual Inter-national Test Conference,

Franklin Plaza Hotel, Phila-delphia, PA. For informa-tion, contact the ConferenceRegistrar, POB 371, CedarKnolls, NJ 07927, (201) 267-7120.

October 18-21

HP 1000 IUG 1983 Interna-tional Conference, Hyatt Re-gency Hotel, Fort Worth,TX. This conference featurestechnical sessions and tutori-als for users of the Hewlett-Packard 1000 family of real-time engineering and scien-tific computers. Contact theConference Manager, HP1000 IUG, 289 South San An-tonio Rd., Los Altos, CA94022, (415) 941-1943.

October 18-21

The Third Symposium onMicrocomputer and Micro-processor Applications-/*?'83, Hotel Duna Interconti-nental and the HungarianAcademy of Sciences, Buda-pest, Hungary. The confer-ence language will be English.Full details are available fromMrs. I. Baba, Scientific Soci-ety for Telecommunication,POB 451, H-1372 Budapest,Hungary; tel: (36) 1 113-027;Telex: MTESZ 22-5792.

October 18-21

Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, Belmont-Marine World Holiday Inn,Belmont, CA. For details, seeOctober 11-14.

October 19-20

Calgary Computer & OfficeAutomation Show and Con-ference, Roundup Centre,Calgary, Alberta, Canada.For details, contact IndustrialTrade Shows of Canada, 20Butterick Rd., Toronto, On-tario M8W 3Z8, Canada,(416) 252-7791.

October 19-21

The Fourth Canadian Sym-posium on InstructionalTechnology, Westin Hotel,Winnipeg, Manitoba, Can-ada. This symposium, de-signed for professionals in ed-ucation and training andthose interested in computer-aided learning, will explorethe theme "Computer Tech-

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578 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

nologies for ProductiveLearning." Topics on theagenda include computerawareness and literacy inschools and society, systemstechnology, and computer-aided training and retrainingfor business, industry, andgovernment. A products ex-hibition will be held. ContactKen Charbonneau, Confer-ence Services Office, Nation-al Research Council ofCanada, Ottawa, OntarioK1A 0R6, Canada, (613)993-9009; Telex: 053-3145.

October 19-21

IDATE-The Fifth Interna-tional Conference, Mont-pellier, France. The theme forthis conference, sponsored bythe International Telecom-munication Union, is "PictureNetworks." Topics of interestinclude network functioningand areas of applications,economics and law relating tothe visual media, networklanguages, and languages onthe networks. The conferencelanguage is French. For fur-ther details, contact FrancoisRabate, Responsable Scien-tifique, Journees Interna-tionales 1983, IDATE-Bureaux du Polygone, 34000Montpellier, France; tel:(33-67) 65 48 48; Telex:ID ATE 490 290.

October 19-21

The National SoftwareShow, Trade Show Center,San Francisco, CA. Full de-tails are available from Rag-ing Bear Productions Inc.,Suite 175, 21 Tamal VistaDr., Corte Madera, CA94925, (800) 732-2300; inCalifornia, (415) 924-1194.

October 19-21

SIBEC-Info Expo, Palais desCongres, Montreal, Quebec,Canada. Exhibits related tothe computer and office auto-mation industries will beheld. An international lineupof speakers has been invited.Contact Informatique Que-bec (Info Expo) Ltee, 1057Avenue Laurier Ouest, Outre-

mont, Quebec H2V 2L2,Canada, (514) 270-5481; inthe Toronto area, call (416)281-3459.

October 19-22

Management Executives Con-ference, The Breakers, PalmBeach, FL. The Third Indus-trial Revolution" is the themefor this conference sponsoredby the American Society ofMechanical Engineers(ASME). Management ex-perts will speak on suchtopics as executive effective-ness and management forinternational competition.Complete conference detailsare available from WendyMorris, ASME, 345 East 47thSt., New York, NY 10017,(212) 705-7788.

October 19-22

Percompasia 83-The SecondSouth East Asian PersonalComputer Hardware & Soft-ware Show & Conference,World Trade Centre, Singa-pore, Republic of Singapore.This show is devoted to allaspects of personal com-puting. Further details areavailable from Overseas Ex-hibition Services Ltd., 11Manchester Square, LondonWlM 5AB, England; tel: 01486 1951; Telex: 24591.

October 23-26

The Seventh Annual Sym-posium on Computer Appli-cations in Medical Care

(SCAMC), Baltimore Con-vention Center, Baltimore,MD. Some of the topics to becovered include medical ap-plications and solutions toproblems of computers andtechnology in health care. Fordetails, contact SCAMC,George Washington Univer-sity Medical Center, Office ofContinuing Medical Educa-tion, 2300 K St. NW, Wash-ington, DC 20037, (202)676-8928.

October 24-25

The Second Annual PacificNorthwest Computer Graph-ics Conference, Eugene Con-

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ference Center, Eugene, OR.The theme for this multidis-ciplinary conference is "Ap-plications on the LeadingEdge." The goal is to presentstate-of-the-art computergraphics applications in ar-chitecture, medicine, land-scaping, fine arts and graphicdesign, film and video, thesciences, and engineering. Ex-hibits of noncommercialgraphics works and commer-cial product displays willcomplement the conferencesessions. Information is avail-able from the Second AnnualPacific Northwest ComputerGraphics Conference, 111Susan Campbell Hall, Uni-versity of Oregon, Eugene,OR 97403, (503) 686-5555.

October 24-26

The Annual Conference ofthe Association for Com-puting Machinery-ACM '83,Sheraton Centre Hotel, NewYork, NY. Exhibits of com-puter hardware and softwareand paper sessions will focuson the conference theme,"Extending the Human Re-source." The emphasis will beon theory and practices ofpersonal computing. High-lighting the conference will bethe Fourth InternationalComputer Chess Champion-ships. For details, contactThomas A. DAuria, Assis-tant Commissioner, City ofNew York, Computer ServiceCenter, 11th Hoor, 111 8thAve., New York, NY 10011,(212) 620-5055.

October 25-27

Andean Informatics '83,Bogota, Colombia, SouthAmerica. This is the first ma-jor international exhibitionand conference to be held inthe Andean region. For de-tails, contact Informatics '83,Suite 219, 3421 M St. NW,Washington, DC 20007, (703)920-9595.

October 25-28

Working Conference on Pro-totyping, Brussels, Belgium.This conference will focus on

the user-oriented develop-ment of information systemssupported by prototyping.Research and technicalpapers will be presented. Thesponsor is the Commission ofthe European Communities.For information, contactReinhard Budde or HeinzZuellighoven, GMD-IST Post-fach 1240, Schloss Birlmg-hoven, D-5205, St. Augustinl,West Germany; tel: 02241/14-2440; Telex: 8 89 469 gmd d.

October 26-28

Developing Long-Range Sys-tems Strategies, SheratonHotel, Washington, DC. Thisis part of the George Wash-ington University ExecutiveSystems Forum series. Con-tact the Conference Manager,U.S. Professional Develop-ment Institute, 1805 PowderMill Dr., Silver Spring, MD20903, (301) 445-4400.

October 27-28

Computers in Construction,

Washington, DC. For details,see October 13-14.

October 28-30

Applefest, Moscone Center,San Francisco, CA. Morethan 300 displays and boothsof Apple computer equip-ment and accessories will befeatured. Seminars, panel dis-cussions, conferences, andworkshops will be held.Details are available fromNortheast Expositions Inc.,822 Boylston St., ChestnutHill, MA 02167, (800) 343-2222; in Massachusetts, (617)739-2000.

October 30-November 2DPMA Baltimore '83, Con-vention Center and Hyatt Re-gency Hotel, Baltimore, MD.The theme for this confer-ence, sponsored by the DataProcessing Management As-sociation (DPMA), is "Infor-mation on the Firing Line."Seminars, workshops, gener-al sessions, and product dis-plays will be featured. For de-tails, contact Jim Osowski,DPMA International Head-

580 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 172 on inquiry card.

quarters, 505 Busse Highway,Park Ridge, IL 60068, (312)825-8124.

October 30-November 4Engineering Foundation Con-ference, Niagara-on-the-Lake,Ontario, Canada. The themeof this conference is "Emerg-ing Computer Techniques inStormwater and Flood Man-agement." Topics to becovered include hardwareand software applications inhydrometeorological data ac-quisition and data storage,retrieval and presentation.For details, contact Dr. Wil-liam James, Civil EngineeringDepartment, McMaster Uni-versity, Hamilton, OntarioL8S 4L7, Canada, (416)527-6944.

October 31-November 2The Ninth International Con-ference on Very Large Data-bases, Palazzo dei Congressi,Florence, Italy. This confer-ence seeks to identify and en-courage the research, de-velopment, and applicationsof database technology. Sub-jects of interest include data-base control, modeling andmanaging unformatted data,and novel environments andapplications of database tech-nology. In the U.S., contactMario Schkolnick, K55-281,IBM Research Labs, 5600Cottle Rd., San Jose, CA95193, (408) 256-1648. In Ita-ly, contact Renzo Pinzani,Istituto di Matematica U.Dini, Viale Morgagni, 67/A,50134 Florence, Italy.

October 31-November 3International Conference onComputer Design-VLSI inComputers, Rye Town Hil-ton, Port Chester, NY. Thisconference will cover theVLSI (very-large-scale inte-gration) aspects of the inter-action between fabricatorsand systems designers inhardware, software, and reli-ability in computers. Contactthe IEEE Computer Society,POB 639, Silver Spring, MD20901.

October 31-November 4Structured Systems Design/Structured Program Design,Kansas City, MO. For de-tails, contact Ken Orr andAssociates Inc., 1725 GageBlvd., Topeka, KS 66604,(800) 255-2459; in Kansas,(913) 273-0653.

October 31-November 4Welcome to the World ofPersonal Computing, Wash-ington, DC. This is a compre-hensive introduction on howto use microcomputer tech-nology in business, industry,and government. The work-shop agenda offers six mod-ules ranging from user pro-ductivity to software reliabil-ity. For details, contact Kes-ton Associates, 11317 OldClub Rd., Rockville, MD20852, (301) 881-7666.

November 1983

November 1-2

The Annual Fall Conferenceof the Iowa Association forEducational Data Systems,Des Moines, IA. "QualitySoftware for the 80s: De-velopment, Selection, andUsage" will be the focus ofmore than 40 sessions pre-sented during this confer-ence. Three preconferenceworkshops will be held onOctober 31. For details, con-tact Phillip J. Berrie, Educa-tional Services Division,Heartland AEA 11, 1932Southwest Third St., An-keny, IA 50021.

November '1-3

INTECH '83-The IntegratedOffice Technology Confer-ence and Exposition, McCor-mick Place, Chicago, IL. Thisconference and exposition isdesigned to provide top man-agement with high-level semi-nars, workshops, and equip-ment demonstrations that ad-dress the integration of infor-mation technologies and ap-plications. Contact Mary

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November 1-3

The 1983 Federal OfficeAutomation Conference,

Convention Center, Wash-ington, DC. The theme forthis conference and exposi-tion is "Making It Work." Theconference program will con-sist of seminars, workshops,technology briefings, andmajor addresses. The exposi-tion segment will provide dis-plays of the latest office auto-mation equipment, systems,and services. Further detailsare available from the Na-tional Council for Educationon Information Strategies,POB N, Wayland, MA 01778,(800) 343-6944; in Massa-chusetts, call (617) 358-5356,collect.

November 1-3

Western Design EngineeringShow and Conference, Con-vention Center, Los Angeles,CA. Short courses on the agen-da include 'Principles of Ro-botics for Engineers," "EffectiveProject Management," and"Programming Personal Com-puters." Many of the 12 shortcourses will provide hands-onexperience. An exhibition areawill be featured. Contact theMarketing Director, WesternDesign Engineering Show, 708Third Ave., New York, NY10017, (212) 661-8410.

November 2-4

Digital Control Seminar,Washington, DC. For details,contact Hellman AssociatesInc., Suite 300, 299 CaliforniaAve., Palo Alto, CA 94306,(415) 328-4091.

November 2-4

Edmonton Computer and Of-fice Automation Show, Con-vention Centre, Edmonton,Alberta, Canada. For full de-tails, contact Industrial TradeShows of Canada, 20 Butterick

Rd., Toronto, Ontario M8W3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

November 2-4

The First Annual Computer

Vertical Market Conference,

Meadowlands Hilton, EastRutherford, NJ. This confer-ence, sponsored by Frost andSullivan, will explore the im-pact of the new integrated soft-ware approaches and the im-portance of maintenance andsupport functions. Speakerswill address vertical marketingissues from the perspective ofthe user, vendor, and industryanalyst. Full particulars areavailable from Carol Sapchin,Frost and Sullivan Inc., 106Fulton St., New York, NY10038, (212) 233-1080.

November 34

Computers in Construction,

Scottsdale, AZ. For details, seeOctober 13-14.

November 3-6

Electronic Fun Expo, NewYork City Coliseum. This is aconsumer electronics show.Full particulars are availablefrom Electronic Fun Expo, 350East 81st St., New York, NY10028, (212) 734-4440.

November 3-6

The 1983 National Home Elec-tronics Show, Arlington ParkExposition Hall, ArlingtonHeights, IL. This show coverselectronic equipment and tech-nology ranging from homecomputers to telecommunica-tions security systems. It's pro-duced by Lincoln Merchan-dising Co. Inc., 1417 Mlwau-kee Ave., Chicago, IL 60622,(312) 276-2819.

November 5^3

The Fourth Annual San DiegoComputer Fair, Scottish RiteCenter, San Diego, CA. Thisfair features short technical ses-sions, programming and com-puter games contests, commer-cial displays, and user groupdisplays. For additional infor-mation, contact the San DiegoComputer Society, POB

582 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 223 on inquiry card.

81537, San Diego, CA 92138,(619) 565-8720.

November 5-7

Midwestern Educational Com-puter & Technology Confer-ence, McCormick Inn, Chica-go, IL. Exhibits, software dem-onstrations, seminars, andworkshops will explore thetheme "Higher InstructionalTechniques in Education." Formore information, contact theNational Educational Com-puter Library, POB 293, NewMilford, CT 06776, (203)354-7760.

November 7-11

International Conference onIndustrial Electronics —IECON '83, Hyatt RegencyHotel, San Francisco, CA. Forinformation, contact Frank A.Jur, Bechtel Corp., 45 FremontSt., MS-45/17A26, San Fran-cisco, CA 94109.

November 8-10

The Third Annual Soft-ware/Expo, Wembley Confer-ence Centre, London, England.Conference topics range fromcomputer-aided design to data-base management. ContactSoftware/Expo, Suite 400, 222West Adams St., Chicago, IL60606, (312) 263-3131.

November 8-11

Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, Holiday Inn-Pittsburgh/Sewickley, PA. Fordetails, see October 11-14.

November 8-11

Wescon and Mini/MicroWest-83, San Francisco, CA. Aconference and exposition,Wescon covers a broad rangeof topics, including artificial in-telligence, computer peripher-als and simulation, and ro-botics. Mini/Micro serves theoriginal equipment manufac-turer community by exploringperipherals, processors, datacommunications, and soft-ware. Contact Electronic Con-ventions Inc., 8110 AirportBlvd., Los Angeles, CA 90045,(213) 772-2965.

November 9-10

Business-Expo, Philadelphia,PA. This exposition serves as ashowcase for office equipmentranging from computers to cof-fee machines. More than 20seminars are planned. Addressinquiries to Business-Expo, 702East Northland Towers, 15565Northland Dr., Southfield, MI48075, (313) 569-8280.

November 9-11

Cryptography and Data Secu-rity, Washington, DC. For de-tails, contact Hellman Asso-ciates Inc., Suite 300, 299 Cali-fornia Ave., Palo Alto, CA94306, (415) 328-4091.

November 9-15

Interkama 83, Diisseldorf,West Germany. This exhibi-tion is designed for the instru-mentation and automation in-dustries. It's expected to attractmore than 1000 exhibitorsfrom over 25 countries. Forcomplete details, contactDiisseldorf Trade Shows, 500Fifth Ave., New York, NY10110, (212) 840-7744.

November 11-13

Hometech '83, Exhibition Cen-tre, Bristol, England. Personalcomputers and related equip-ment will be displayed. Con-tact Tomorrow's World Exhi-bitions Ltd., 9 Park Place, Clif-ton, Bristol BS8 1JP, England;tel: (0272) 292156.

November 14-17

AUTOFACT 5 Conferenceand Exposition, Cobo Hall,Detroit, MI. The focus of thisevent will be on CAD/CAM(computer-aided design/manu-facturing) and the expandingtechnologies of computer-inte-grated manufacturing and theautomated factory. More than90 companies will exhibitCAD/CAM systems, com-puter graphics, software, in-dustrial robots, and computer-based test and measurementsystems. Concurrent technicalsessions and tutorials will beheld. Contact Gregg Balko,Society of Manufacturing En-

No moretrial-and-errorcircuit design

MICRO-CAP

Analog Circuit Design Software

By Andrew Thompson, Spectrum Software

Called "a godsend" for the busy engineer by Softalk, thisamazing software package takes the trial-and-error out ofdesigning electronic circuits. It makes your design workfaster... more accurate... and far easier than ever before.With it, you use your Apple II Plus or IBM PC to draw ananalog circuit, then run simulations of its performanceunder varying conditions. It's like building a breadboardand hooking up signal sources and instruments to seewhat happens — but much faster and with far less effort.You actually analyze and debug your circuit designsbefore you build them!

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With MICRO-CAP you can easily perform an AC or a DC analysis.

And it's all so simple — no computer expertise is re-quired. For instance, you draw the circuit by just moving acursor on the CRT screen, and selecting and entering thecomponents (op amps, transistors, capacitors, diodes,etc.) at whatever location you want them placed. When thedrawing is finished, the program sets up the equations forthe simulation. And completed diagrams can be saved in adiskette file.

You can power your circuit with AC or DC voltages ofvarious values and apply different input signals... run atime-domain simulation of the circuit in operation...perform analyses that show output voltage vs. input volt-age and gain and phase shift vs. frequency... and more.

To order — or to get a demo disk — fill in and mail thecoupon below.

Machine Specifications: Apple II Plus, 64K,or IBM PC, 128K, and two disk drives

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□ Apple II Plus □ IBM PC

□ I'm interested, but need more information. Send me ademonstration disk, plus detailed spec sheets on MICRO-CARI'm enclosing my check for $19.95 plus local tax for the demodisk - with the understanding that, if I later decide to purchasethe complete MICRO-CAP package, this $19.95 will be cred-ited toward the total $475.00 package price. I want the demodisk for (check one):

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October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

J

583

Event Queue,

gineers, One SME Dr., POB930, Dearborn, MI 48121,(313) 271-1080.

November 14-17

Canadian Computer Show &Conference, Internationa] Cen-tre, Toronto, Ontario, Can-ada. Further information isavailable from Industrial TradeShows of Canada, 20 ButterickRd„ Toronto, Ontario M8VV3Z8, Canada, (416) 252-7791.

November 15-17

SNA Architecture and Imple-mentation, Sheraton RollingGreen Inn and ConferenceCenter, Boston, MA. Thisseminar provides the workingknowledge needed to designSNA (system-network archi-tecture) networks and evaluateSNA-compatible products. Ex-amples of how various proto-cols are used to control com-munications will be provided.Other topics include SNAfunctional layering and net-

work elements. The fee is $650.Full details are available fromCommunications SolutionsInc., 992 Saratoga-SunnyvaleRd., San Jose, CA 95129, (408)725-1568.

November 15-17

The Technical Manager in anEngineering Environment, Uni-versity of California, Berkeley.This course will deal with prac-tical techniques for efficientmanagement. It will includeworkshop sessions and clinicsfocusing on specific problems.The fee is $645. Further detailsare available from ContinuingEducation in Engineering, De-partment 670N, University ofCalifornia Extension, 2223 Ful-ton St., Berkeley, CA 94720,(415) 642-4151.

November 15-18

Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, Ramada Air-port Inn, Rochester, NY. For

<M8

FEATURE}

16 bit Motorola 68000 CPU operating at 5 MHz or 10 MHz, 20K of onboard fast static RAM, 16K bytes of on board EPROM space, 7autovectored interrupts, 3 memory/device expansion buses, 2 serialcommunication ports (RS-232 C), 16 bit bidirectional parallel port,5-16 bit counter/timers with vectored interrupt and time of the dayclock. On board monitor allows to download and debug programsgenerated on APPLE II, TRS-80 and CP/M using our M68000 CrossAssembler.

PRICE:

M68K Bare board with documentation $ 99.95

M68MON monitor & mapping PROMs $135.00

MD512 Memory/Disk Contr. (Bare Board) $ 99.95

M68KE Enclosure with P.S. and card cage $249.95

M68000 Cross Assembler $149.00

M68K Documentation only $ 15.00

Shipping & handling (Domestic)....$ 4.50

(foreign)....$ 20.00

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD 6% TAX

PUC Ei-cnon*, PO. BOX 16115. IRVINE, CA 92713

If Nig Microcomputer (714)553-0133

details, see October 11-14.

November 17-19

Ed-Com/Fall '83, Los Angeles,CA. This conference and expo-sition offers demonstrations,seminars, hands-on sessions,panels, and micro courses thataddress, evaluate, and analyzethe development of computersin education. Hardware, soft-ware, and publishing com-panies will display items of in-terest. Contact Carol Houts,Judco Computer Expos Inc.,Suite 201, 2629 North Scotts-dale Rd., Scottsdale, AZ85257, (800) 528-2355; in Ari-zona, (602) 990-1715.

November 17-19

The Fifth Annual NortheastComputer Show and SoftwareExposition, Hynes Auditori-um, Boston, MA. This enduser computer show offersnearly 500 displays of com-puters, peripherals, acces-sories, and software. More in-formation is available fromNortheast Expositions, 822Boylston St., Chestnut Hill,MA 02167, (800) 841-7000; inMassachusetts, (617) 739-2000.

November 19

TC/TC: A Teachers CollegeConference on Teaching withComputers, Teachers College,Columbia University, NewYork, NY. As many as 60teachers will present computer-based lessons that they havedeveloped. Lessons includereading, music, art, mathe-matics, French, composition,and poetry for kindergartenthrough 12th grade. Work-shops will also be featured.Contact the Office of Con-tinuing Education, Box 132,Teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity, New York, NY10027, (212) 678-3065.

November 20-22

The Third Annual Purdue On-Farm Computer Use Confer-ence and Trade Show, PurdueUniversity Armory, West La-fayette, IN. Exhibits and dem-onstrations will be featured.

Contact Stephen ]. Resch,Continuing Education Admini-stration, Stewart Center, Pur-due University, West Lafay-ette, IN 47907, (317) 494-2755.

November 20-24

The Third Gulf Computer Ex-hibition and the Gulf OfficeExhibition, International Center,Dubai, United Arab Emirates.These concurrent exhibitionsare designed to promote all as-pects of computer technologyand computer-related officeequipment. Information isavailable from MABCO Inc.,Suite 308, 739 Boylston St.,Boston, MA 02116, (617)536-3442.

November 28-December 2

Welcome to the World ofPersonal Computing, FortLauderdale, FL. For details,see October 31-November 4.

November 29-December 2Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, SheratonGreenway Inn, Phoenix, AZ.For details, see October 11-14.

December 1983

December 6-8

The Seventh International

Online Information Meeting,

Cunard Hotel, London, Eng-land. This conference offerspresentations that addresscurrent problems and oppor-tunities facing those who pro-vide information in business,industry, government, andeducation. Topics on theagenda include networks,costs of online and videotexsystems, software, and userinformation. Products, ser-vices, systems, and publish-ing organizations will exhibit.Further details are availablefrom the Organizing Secre-tary, International Online In-formation Meeting, LearnedInformation Ltd., Bessel-sleigh Rd., Abingdon, Ox-ford OX13 6LG, England; tel:

584 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Circle 169 on inquiry card.

Circle 70 on inquiry card.

(0865) 730275; Telex: 837704INFORM G.

December 6-8

The Software MaintenanceWorkshop, Naval Postgrad-uate School, Monterey, CA.Topics of interest include def-initions of software mainte-nance, tools for software anddatabase maintenance, andprogram evolution. Contactthe IEEE Computer Society,Suite 300, 1109 Spring St.,Silver Spring, MD 20910,(301) 589-8142.

December 6-8

Business-Expo, Dallas, TX.For details, see November9-10.

December 6-9

Understanding Microproces-sor-based Equipment andTroubleshooting, CapitolPlaza Holiday Inn, Sacra-mento, CA. For details, seeOctober 11-14.

December 8-11

Southeast Computer Showand Office Equipment Expo-sition, Atlanta, GA. ContactDee Harris, Computer Expo-sitions Inc., POB 3315, An-napolis, MD 21403, (800)368-2066; in Maryland, (800)492-0192.

December 9-15

Educatec 83, Porte de Ver-sailles, Paris, France. This isthe first French exhibition ofcomputerized teaching andtraining equipment, materi-als, and techniques. Meetings,symposiums, and debates oneducational technologies andprofessional training will beheld. For details, contact EditExpo International, 4 rue deCheroy, 75017 Paris, France;tel: (1) 294 05 60; Telex:641284 F EDIXPO.

December 12-15

Conference on Human Fac-tors in Computing Systems —CHI '83, Boston, MA. Papers,sessions, and tutorials willfocus on system usability.

Additional information isavailable from Raoul N.Smith, GTE Laboratories, 40Sylvan Rd., Waltham, MA02254, (617) 466^044.

December 14-15

Hi Tech Update '83, Delta Ot-tawa Hotel, Ottawa, On-tario, Canada. An annual up-date on state-of-the-art hightechnologies. Contact MargColl, 1138 Sherman Dr., Ot-tawa, Ontario K2C 2M4,Canada, (613) 225-4229.

December 15-16

Personal Computer Local

Networks, San Francisco,CA. This is the final programin the four-part ArchitectureTechnology Corporation1983 Forum Series. This pro-gram will bring togethermanufacturers and users oflocal network schemes to ex-change information in an in-formal setting. The format in-cludes presentations, paneldiscussions, and a techno-logical summary. The fee is$395. For further informa-tion, contact the ArchitectureTechnology Corp., POB24344, Minneapolis, MN55424, (612) 935-2035. ■

In order to gain optimalcoverage of your organi-zation's computer confer-ences, seminars, work-shops, courses, etc., noticeshould reach our office atleast three months in ad-vance of the date of theevent. Entries should besent to: Event Queue,BYTE Publications, POB372, Hancock, NH 03449.Each month we publishthe current contents ofthe queue for the month .of the cover date and thetwo following calendarmonths. Thus a givenevent may appear as manyas three times in this sec-tion if it is sent to us farenough in advance.

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And thenthere

were none.

H^e^-o

The list of already extinct animalsgrows . . . the great auk, the Texas graywolf, the Badlands bighorn,the sea mink,the passenger pigeon . . .

What happens if civilizationcontinues to slowly choke out wildlifespecies by species?

Man cannot live on a planet unfit foranimals.

Join an organization that's doingsomething about preserving ourendangered species. Get involved. Write-■»^ the National Wildlife Federation,SSyiffe Department 105, 1412 16thSPJPSI Street, NW. Washington,(iPS^f DC 20036.

It's not too late.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

585

What's New?

■

UNIX AND UNIX-RELATEDPRODUCTS

Unix Benchmarks

Measure System

Performance

Aim Technology mar-kets a portable Unix Bench-mark tape to OEMs andmanufacturers. This bench-mark, which measures ac-tual end-user throughputand multiuser per-formance, consists of ninedistinct tests made up ofshell scripts with C lan-guage programs that rununattended in any Unix-based system. Each testprints comparative graphsand raw measurements.The Benchmark tests Ver-sion 7 Unix command-listcompleteness, C compilerefficiency, and several as-pects of hardware perform-ance applicable to UnixVersion 7 and System III.Measurements of the cen-tral processor include loop-ing and floating-point cal-culations. The benchmarkexamines disk transferspeeds for various recordlengths. Compiler optimiza-tion is probed for short, in-teger, and long types.Memory/paging through-put and interprocess com-munications are measured.Multiuser performance isexamined for simulatedmultiple users doing sortingand editing.

The tests are providedon nine-track, 1600-bpi"Tar" tape with documen-tation and sample bench-marks. The entire processtakes approximately 45minutes; about 15 pages ofreports are produced. For li-censing information, con-tact Aim Technology, Suite

199, 3333 Bowers Ave.,Santa Clara, CA 95051,(408) 727-3711.Circle 650 on inquiry card.

Custom MenuProgram for Unix

HCR/Menu Shell lets youcustom design menus forUnix. Any text editor canbe used to make a file ofmenus and the associatedcommands. The menudoes not add any over-head to the operating sys-tem because it becomes anenhancement to the Unixshell. After your menu is in-stalled, it appears at the topof the screen. The menustructure can be bypassedfor direct issuing of com-mands from the Unix shell.User prompts and restrictedaccess can be written intothe mehu, and fields canbe updated from other pro-grams.

Pricing for the HCR/Menu Shell ranges from$500 to $1000, dependingupon the central processorto be supported. Furtherdetails can be obtainedfrom Human ComputingResources, 10 St. Mary St.,Toronto, Ontario M4Y1P9, Canada, (416) 922-1937.Circle 651 on inquiry card.

Relational DatabaseDesigned for Unix

Unify, a fully relationaldatabase designed for theUnix operating system.

provides queries and a pur-ported 10 to 100 percentperformance improve-ment. The performance im-provement is achievedthrough the use of a vari-ety of access methods,such as pointers, hashing,and B-trees, that maximizeperformance regardless offile structure. A built-in op-timizer automatically eval-uates each query and se-lects the expression/evalua-tion sequence, join order,and access method thatwill provide the fastest

response. Other featuresinclude a choice of user in-terface components, in-cluding query-by-forms,SQL, and a general-pur-pose driver that allows ac-cess to files through eithera host language or non-procedural tools.

The single end-user pricefor Unify is $2995. OEMand quantity discounts areavailable. Contact UnifyCorp., 9570 SouthwestBarbur Blvd., Portland, OR97219, (503) 245-6585.Circle 652 on inquiry card.

Unix Workstation

Has Built-in C

Compiler

Minibox, Heurikon Cor-poration's multiuser Unixworkstation, is built on theMC68000 microprocessorand comes with an integralC compiler. Four or sixMultibus cards, single ordual floppy-disk drives, and31.2 to 140 megabytes ofWinchester hard-disk stor-age are packed into theMinibox, which measures101/2 inches wide, 21

inches deep, and 14/2inches tall. This worksta-tion is built around Heuri-kon's HK68 microcomput-er, which provides the cen-tral processor, floppy-diskcontroller, Winchester andtape interfaces, four toeight serial ports, and 750Kbytes of RAM in two Multi-bus card slots. Minibox hastwo forward and two reardisk-drive bays. The for-ward bays can be used forone or two 51/i-inch flop-py-disk drives on top of a51/4-inch Winchester drive.The rear bay can be fittedwith one or two 51/4-inchWinchesters.

Up to 420 megabytes ofWinchester disk-storageand a graphics card areavailable as options. Mini-box costs from $ 12,000 toS20.000, depending ondisk subsystems. For fullspecifications, contactHeurikon Corp., 3001Latham Dr., Madison, Wl53713, (800) 356-9602; inWisconsin, (608) 271-8700.Circle 653 on inquiry card.

586 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

Uniflex BASIC TakesAdvantage of Unix

Uniflex BASIC 68000 isavailable for OEM licens-ing. This system runs underUnix and offers severalfeatures that take ad-vantage of Unix. Uniflex,modeled after DEC'S BASICPlus, lets you access systemtime and date, the runningnumber, and the callingterminal number. Uniflexsupports automatic recordlocking and shared textwhen these features areavailable under Unix. Itsfloating-point mathematicsroutines provide 16.6 digitsof precision, and the built-in mathematics functionsare accurate to a minimumof 13.5 digits. An "approxi-mately equal to" operatorcan be used to comparefloating-point values.

File sizes of up to 1billion bytes are allowed.Three types of files are sup-ported: sequential, recordI/O, and random files ac-cessed by virtual arrays.The length of each recordcan range from 1 byte to16,383 bytes. Any recordin an I/O file can be ran-domly read or written onrequest. The data in eachrecord are defined as ASCIIcharacters, binary numericdata, or a combination ofthe two. Virtual arrays al-low a program type tostore a data array in a diskfile. Other features includean "exec" statement thatallows the BASIC program-mer to call another Unixprogram from an executingBASIC program, a mechan-ism for trapping errors, acompile command that al-lows BASIC to save pro-grams on disk in a conciseform that has a source that

cannot be recovered, andthe ability to modify an ex-isting line without retyping.A single command loadsBASIC or a specified BASICprogram and begins execu-tion of the program.

For more information onUniflex BASIC 68000, con-tact Technical SystemsConsultants Inc., Prov-idence Rd., Chapel Hill, NC27514, (919) 493-1451.Circle 654 on inquiry card.

Directory Lists UnixSoftware

Onager Publishing hasproduced a directory of ap-plications software avail-able for the Unix operatingsystem. This directory listsmore than 20 categories ofsoftware with details onfunction, cost, size, andavailability. Information onmanufacturers, such as sizeand years in business, isalso provided.

Onager Publishing ser-vice seeks to be a central-ized source of Unix infor-mation for OEMs and sys-tem integrators. For furtherinformation, contactOnager Publishing, Suite204A, 289 South San An-tonio Rd., Los Altos, CA94022, (415) 941-2060.Circle 655 on inquiry card.

Seminars CoverC and Unix

Three five-day seminarson C and Unix topics areavailable from Plum Hall forunlimited use within com-panies. Through a subli-censing agreement, an in-

terested organization thatwants to present C or Unixcourses to its customersand employees can usethese field-tested trainingmaterials.

The "C ProgrammingWorkshop" is an introduc-tory course for program-mers. For experienced Cprogrammers, "AdvancedC Topics" covers such sub-jects as efficiency, portabili-ty, and other software en-gineering topics. Softwaredevelopment is empha-sized in the "Unix Work-shop," which is designedfor introductory audiences.

A single-course, un-limited license costsS 10,000. For more infor-mation, contact Plum HallInc., 1 Spruce Ave., Cardiff,NJ 08232, (609)927-3770.Circle 656 on inquiry card.

Review Serves asUnix Info Center

Unix Review serves as aclearinghouse of informa-tion on all aspects of theUnix operating environ-ment as well as Unix-in-spired operating systems. Itacts as a bridge betweenthe diverse communities ofUnix users. It offers re-search reports, product re-views, user group reports,and featured articles.

Unix Review is pro-duced bimonthly. Annualsubscriptions are $23; over-seas subscriptions cost S43(surface mail). The news-stand price is S3.95. For de-tails, contact Review Publi-cations, 271 1 76th Ave.SE, Mercer Island, WA98040, or call operator 965at (800) 824-7888; in Cali-

fornia, (800) 824-7777.Residents of Alaska andHawaii can call (800)824-7919. For residents ofWashington state or for re-tail dealer information, call(206) 232-6719.Circle 657 on inquiry card.

Multitasking

Operating System

Compatible with

Unix Software

A multitasking operatingsystem that's compatiblewith Unix software and de-signed for networkingmicrocomputers has beenannounced by LantechSystems. Unetix is a stand-alone system that lets yousimultaneously display andwork with up to 10 activewindows per screen. Youcan transfer data or textfrom one window toanother, or you can zoomin on a specific window.Unetix also features anemulator to support bothMS-DOS and Unix applica-tions software.

Unetix-DFS is the net-working version of Unetix.It uses a distributed filingsystem for transparent re-mote file and device ac-cess. Unetix-DFS is com-patible with Plexus Com-puters' Unix System III Net-work Operating System.Through Unetix-DFS's vir-tual terminal capability,you can access the powerof an external system. Youcan also attach portions offile systems from a remotecomputer to your local filehierarchy. It operatesthrough a high-level com-munications protocol that's

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

587

What's New?

independent of networkhardware.

Unitex is also availablewith a virtual file system.For full details, contact

Lantech Systems Inc., 9625Wendell R<±, Dallas, TX75243, (214) 340-4432.Circle 658 on inquiry card.

PUBLICATIONS

New Book Explains

Using Your IBM Person-al Computer, by LonPoole, is a Howard W.Sams & Company publica-tion. Subjects covered inthe book include theelements of system config-uration, using PC-DOS,and how to boot applica-tion programs. BASIC pro-gramming and built-inutilities for BASIC program-mers are explained. Alsodiscussed are keyboard in-put, the video-displayscreen, printer output, diskfiles, graphics, sound, andcontrol. A 12-page index.

IBM PC Operation

four appendixes outliningcommands and codes thatare displayed or used withthe IBM, and a removablereference card summar-izing BASIC and PC-DOScommands are provided.

Using Your IBM Person-al Computer is 326 pageslong. It costs $16.95 atmost bookstores. For moreinformation, contactHoward W. Sams & Co.,4300 West 62nd St., India-napolis, IN 46206, (317)298-5400.Circle 659 on inquiry card.

Software for 68000

The Motorola Micropro-cessor Software Catalog

contains cross-referencedlistings of software avail-able for Motorola's 16-bitMC68000 microprocessor.

Described in Catalog

It provides information onUnix derivatives and look-alikes, non-Unix operatingsystems, languages, appli-cations and systems soft-ware, and cross software.

Product data provided in-cludes information on hostsystem requirements,operating systems sup-ported, special features,and brief product over-views. Vendor data in-cludes company, address,and key contact. The listsare alphabetically arranged

by company. For furtherdetails, inquire aboutcatalog number BR126R1by writing to MotorolaMicrosystems Inc., Micro-processor Software Cata-log, 2900 South DiabloWay, Tempe, AZ 85282.Circle 660 on inquiry card.

VLSI and Systems

Hardware and Soft-ware Concepts in VLSI,

edited by Guy Rabbat, ex-plains the interaction be-tween system and chip de-sign. Large-scale em-bedded systems and the ef-fect of technology on sys-tem design are examined.Discussions of micropro-cessor system architecturefocus on the use of VLSItechnology, hardware al-gorithms for string process-ing, VLSI chip architecture,and VLSI designs based onthe use of programmable-logic array macro instruc-

Interaction Explored

tions. Also explored aremasterslice bipolar design,computer-aided designmethods for gate arrays,gallium-arsenide technol-ogy, electron-beam testingtechniques for micropro-cessors, and design verifi-cation and logic simulationin VLSI.

Complete with illustra-tions, this 512-page bookcosts S42.50 and can beordered directly from VanNostrand Remhold, MailOrder Service, 7625 EmpireDr., Florence, KY 41042.Circle 661 on inquiry card.

Blue Books on Apple/Commodore Products

Publications.

THE BLUE BOOK

For the Apple Computer

The Complete "Where To Find If Bookof Software, Hardware, and Accessories

for the Apple II, Apple //e, Franklin,and other Apple-compatible Computers

The Blue Book for cheApple Computer and TheBlue Book for the Com-modore Computer aremarketed by WIDL Video

Both booksserve as a directory of hard-ware, software, and acces-sories for these popularcomputers. Source indexes,an alphabetic program in-dex, and keyword indexesare provided.

The Apple Blue Bookcosts S24.95, and theCommodore Blue Book is$17.95. Other editions areavailable for the Atari andthe IBM Personal Comput-er. Contact WIDL VideoPublications, 5245 WestDiversey, Chicago, IL60639, (312) 622-9606.Circle 662 on inquiry card.

588 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

FastMck

to the:

TOPJOBS

(tteffiff

CAREERS

Computer CareerGuide

The Fast Track to theTop Jobs in Computer Ca-reers is a beginner's guideby Peter Muller to select-ing and pursuing a careerin computers. Chapterscover such areas as under-standing the field, gettingstarted in high school orcollege, and change of ca-reers. An appendix of data-processing organizationsand associations, a list ofcareer reference sources,and a glossary of computerterms supplement the pre-sentation.

The Fast Track to theTop Jobs in Computer Ca-reers is published byGD/Pedigree Books. It costs$4.95 and is available atmany bookstores or fromRedtree Associates, 1740 NSt. NW, Washington, DC20036.Circle 663 on inquiry card.

Second Edition of

Ethernet Handbook

Released

The second edition ofThe Ethernet Handbook

has been released. This532-page, perfect-boundbook contains selectedproduct descriptions for

more than 50 vendors,Ethernet 2.0 specifications,and articles on Ethernet,personal computers, andthe marketing of Ethernetthrough retail stores. Thecomponents of the Ether-net/personal computerconnections are discussed,and case studies and ven-dor company names andcontacts are included.

The Ethernet Hand-book costs S100 (prepaid).It's available from Shotwell& Associates, 130 GoldenOak Dr., Portola Valley,CA 94025, (415) 851-077.Circle 664 on inquiry card.

Micro ReviewAvailable on Rolodex

Each month, Educa-tional Micro Review sur-veys and categorizes morethan 400 articles from over25 microcomputer-relatedpublications. Selections in-clude hardware and soft-ware reviews and full bib-liographic data. An addi-tional feature of the publi-cation is cross-referencingof hardware and softwarereviews. The Review isnow available on 3- by5-inch index and Rolodexcards designed for authorsand libraries. These cardsprovide access to articleson specific topics and ameans of accumulating anarticle database.

A year's subscription tothe Educational Micro Re-view costs S36. The single-issue price is $5. Rates forthe index and Rolodex cardversions are $55 for individ-ual review categories(book, software, and hard-ware). A full deck costs$ 120. Contact Educational

Micro Review, POB 14393,

Austin, TX 78761, (512)

345-7739.

Circle 665 on inquiry card.

BASIC/LogoProgramming Guide

Written for novice pro-grammers. Dr. James LPoirot's 40 Easy Steps toProgramming in BASICand Logo uses a learn-by-doing approach. Easy-to-follow steps are said toguide readers through sim-ple Apple 11 programmingexercises.

40 Easy Steps to Pro-gramming in BASIC andLogo costs $3.95 and isavailable from the SterlingSwift Publishing Co., 7902South 1-35, Austin, TX78744, (512) 282-6840.Circle 666 on inquiry card.

Ada Tutorial

Tutorial: The Ada Pro-gramming Language con-tains many of the earlypapers on Ada and its en-vironment. Designed forengineers and computerscientists, this book coverssuch topics as the historyand current status of thelanguage, how to preventerrors, environments forAda, and portability. Aglossary and bibliographyare provided.

Written by Sabina H.Saib and Robert E. Fritz,Tutorial: The Ada Pro-gramming Language ispublished by the ComputerSociety of the Institute ofElectrical and ElectronicEngineers, POB 80452,Worldway Postal Center,Los Angeles, CA 90080,(714) 821-8380.Circle 667 on inquiry card.

Directory of Software Consultants

A directory of softwareconsultants and customprogrammers, LeadingConsultants in ComputerSoftware has been com-

piled by J. Dick and Com-pany. This directory listsnearly 1250 consultants,indexed by the computermodels and languages

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

589

What's New?

with which they work andthe applications and sys-tems software in whichthey have expertise. Morethan 75% of the consul-tants are said to offermodem support to theirclients. Index listings are ar-ranged by city and stateunder approximately 850keywords, ranging fromaccounts payable to Zilog.Additional data furnishedincludes address, tele-

phone number, hardware,chips programmed, yearsof experience, and refer-ences.

Available for $67 (post-age paid), Leading Con-sultants in Computer Soft-ware can be ordereddirectly from J. Dick & Co.,500 Hyacinth PI., HighlandPark, IL 60035, (312)433-0824.Circle 668 on inquiry card.

Nearly 288 Printer RibbonsDescribed in Catalog

A 16-page catalog detail-ing 288 ribbons for com-puter printers can be ob-tained from Aspen RibbonsInc. Photographs and de-scriptions help users anddistributors identify the cor-rect ribbon for the printer.An updated price list is in-

cluded with each catalog.For more information, con-tact Aspen Ribbons Inc.,1700 North 55th St.,Boulder, CO 80301, (800)525-0646; in Colorado,(303) 444-4054.Circle 669 on inquiry card.

Magazine Targets

The Software Author is

a bimonthly magazine forwriters of computer soft-ware. Targeted at both theprofessional and amateurwriter, this publication fea-tures market listings ofbook, magazine, and pro-gram publishers. It providesinformation on copyrights,

Software Writers

interviews with leadingauthors and publishers,and offers tips on how tobe your own publisher.Subscriptions cost S9.95and are available from Soft-quest, POB 44122, Ta-coma, WA 98444.Circle 670 on inquiry card.

TERMINALS

HIgh-Performance

High-performance busi-ness and engineeringgraphics can be generatedwith the CGT/680 colorgraphics terminal fromGeneral Digital Industries.The CGT/680, based onthe Motorola MC68000

Graphics Terminal

processor, can be used as astand-alone workstation, acomputer terminal, or aCAD/CAM front-end. Ituses a 19-inch Panasonicraster-scan CRT. In itsgraphics mode, up to 16colors can be displayed

from a palette of 512 in a640 by 480 format. Look-up tables let you switchcolors quickly. Zoom, pan,and blink are standardgraphics attributes. Foralphanumerics, theCGT/680 gives you dis-plays of up to 48 lines by80 characters. Attributes in-clude double-height anddouble-width characters,blink, reverse video, andunderline.

System hardware com-prises 4K bytes of RAM and16K bytes of EPROM. Afour-slot VME backplaneoffers two slots for expan-sion. Two synchronous/asynchronous I/O portscan support SDLC/HDLCprotocols.

A low-profile QWERTYkeyboard equipped with anumeric keypad, cursorpad, and 20 special-func-tion keys is available. Atrackball, touch-sensitivescreen, 4K- and 16K-bytememory modules.

SDLC/HDLC protocols, asoftware-development sys-tem, and emulation pack-ages for VT-100, ISC 8001,and Calcomp 960 displaysare available as options.Single-unit prices begin at$4495. Contact GeneralDigital Industries Inc., 7702Governors Dr., Huntsville,Al 35805, (205) 837-8305.Circle 671 on inquiry card.

Multiposition ASCIIDisplay

An ASCII video-displayterminal is available fromPrima International. ThePrima 30 is a multiposition,tilt-and-swivel pedestalmonitor with a low-profile,detached keyboard. Greenand amber etched non-glare screens are available.Prima displays 80 charac-ters by 24 lines with atwenty-fifth status line andtransmits at speeds of up to19,200 bps in block or con-

590 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

versational modes. Itemulates Adds Viewpoint,Lear Siegler ADM3A, andHazeltine 1500 terminals.

Other emulation modesare available. The Prima 30costs between S300 and

$400. For further informa-tion, contact Prima Interna-tional, 3255 KiferRd., SantaClara, CA 95051, (408)732-4620.Circle 672 on inquiry card.

Display Aimed

The Guru display ter-minal is aimed at the pro-fessional who wants anANSI-standard terminalwith maximum data stor-age and display capabil-ities. The Guru providesmore than 28K bytes ofdisplay memory, or approx-imately six full typewrittenpages, which can bescrolled or zoomed hori-zontally and vertically. User-selectable memory formatscan contain as many as 66lines of up to 170 columns.A 15-inch nonglare green-phosphor display is used.The detached keyboardfeatures 38 keys program-mable on 60 levels withanyASCU string, with local-only, send-only, and repeatcontrol. Smooth scroll.

at Professionals

rapid editing with localmove capability, forms-filling functions, pause key,Meta key, and an RS-232Cprinter interface with localand remote print and copyfunctions are standard.English identifiers are pro-vided for all setup modes.Options include a tilt-and-swivel accessory, aportrait display providingvertical screen orientation,a DEC mode for VT100/VT52 software compatibil-ity, and 768- by 600-pixelvector graphics capabilities.The suggested retail price is$2395. Contact Ann ArborTerminals Inc., 6175 Jack-son Rd., Ann Arbor, Ml48103, (313) 653-8000.Circle 673 on inquiry card.

Monochrome DisplayComplements Apples

Apple Computer is nowmarketing a monochromevideo display that comple-ments the physical ap-pearance of its Apple II, IIPlus, and lie computers.This 12-inch P31 green-phosphor monitor featureshigh-resolution text andgraphics, a high-contrastscreen, and a tilt mechan-ism. Operator controls in-clude contrast, vertical

hold, and vertical ampli-tude and brightness. Thedisplay format is 24 by 80.The suggested retail price is$229. For the name ofyour nearest Apple dealer,contact Apple ComputerInc., 20525 Mariani Ave.,Cupertino, CA 95014,(800) 538-9696; in Califor-nia, (408) 973-2042.Circle 674 on inquiry card.

Color Monitors Use

Data-Grade Picture

Tubes

Two RGB color displayswere recently introducedby Panasonic. Both unitsincorporate data-grade pic-ture tubes and offer fullcompatibility with Apple II,Panasonic JR-200, and IBMPCs. Common features in-clude built-in audio systemsand the ability to generate16 colors.

A 13-inch (diagonal)RGB/composite display, theDT-D1300D features an

etched, nonglare, dark-faced CRT. It accepts acomposite-video input anddisplays of up to 1000characters in a 40 by 25format. Its alternate RGB in-put features a multipin in-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 591

What's New?

put connector with op-tional interconnectioncables. In the RGB mode, itdisplays up to 2000 charac-ters in an 80-character by25-line format. Resolution is430 by 240 pixels. A loop-ing connector and anon/off switch are provided.The unit costs S540.

The DT-D1000G 10-inch RGB display has built-in interface circuitry and a

multipin connector. It gen-erates 2000 characters inan 80 by 25 display and of-fers a resolution of 350 by240 pixels. A universalpower supply is standard.The DT-D1000G lists forS450. Full details are avail-able from Panasonic, OnePanasonic Way, Secau-cus, NJ 07094.Circle 675 on inquiry card.

Touch-Sensitive D

Computer TechnologyAssociates markets atouch-sensitive displayscreen for the Apple Moni-tor III and other 12-inchmonitors. The CTA 500XTouch Bezel and Interfaceprovides instantaneous re-sponse to onscreen touchcommands and is capableof emitting continuous re-sponses for tracking mov-ing stimuli. It uses infraredemitter-sensor array tech-nology and offers 96- by'64-point resolution. The In-terface card plugs into anApple peripheral slot, and,once initiated, the screenremains continually touch-sensitive. All communica-

isplay for Apples

tions are hardware-con-trolled; communicationssoftware is not required.Applesoft BASIC can readand write the X,Y coor-dinates of the moving com-mand without modifica-tion.

The CTA 500X has asuggested retail price of$695. Quantity discountsare available. For further in-formation, contact Com-puter Technology Associ-ates, 1704 Moon NE, Al-buquerque, NM 871 12,(505) 298-2140.Circle 676 on inquiry card.

COMMUNICATIONS

Datamizer Doubles Throughput

Datamizer is a multiplex-ing data-compression unit.When installed betweendata terminal equipmentand a standard 9600-bpsmodem, it allows twice thevolume of data to be trans-mitted over standard tele-phone lines at speeds ashigh as 19,200 bps. Data-mizer uses a data-compres-sion algorithm called SCCTabling, which is an auto-adaptive form of HuffmanEncoding. SCC Tabling letsDatamizer analyze anyEBCDIC or ASCII datacharacter and convert it toa shorter subcode basedon its relative frequency inthe data stream. Operatingin pairs, one at each end ofa full-duplex line, bothDatamizers send and re-ceive data while continual-ly updating the SCC fre-quency table for maximumthroughput. The receivingunit uses the frequency in-formation to decode andexpand subcodes into stan-dard 8-bit code sets. Thismethod is purported toachieve error-free compres-sion ratios of 2:1 or better.Datamizer is not depen-dent on communicationsprotocols, nor does it re-quire set-up programming.Its operation is transparent.

Datamizer also serves asa statistical multiplexer,using dynamic bandallocation. Each of its fourchannels can multiplex adifferent half- or full-duplexprotocol at an independentrate. Transmission ratescan be divided into two9600-bps channels or four4800-bps channels. All four

inputs can be set to 9600bps, resulting in an aggre-gate input of 38,400 bps.

In single units, Datamizercosts $4950. Quantity dis-counts are offered. Fullspecifications are availablefrom Symplex Communica-tions Corp., Suite 17, 2002Hogback Rd., Ann Arbor,Ml 48104, (313) 973-1 164.Circle 677 on inquiry card.

CommunicationsBoard

Voice/computer/tele-phone communication ispossible with the V. C. T.board from Unisound. Thecommunications board issaid to give Apple ownersaccess to an unlimitedvocabulary, languages,and tonal varieties. It com-bines the ability to placeand receive calls auto-matically with a Touch-Tone decoder for enteringand retrieving data overtelephone lines. Six I/Oports let you monitor andcontrol such accessories orinterfaces as appliancesand security systems. Soft-ware for developing andstoring speech messages issupplied. An answering-service program and aBASIC interpreter that addsnew commands to Apple-soft are also furnished.

The V. C. T. board costs$350. For more informa-tion, contact UnisoundCorp., 3060 Harding Ave.,Santa Clara, CA 95051,(408) 554-6227.Circle 678 on inquiry card.

592 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

Self-contained Direct-connect Modem

Timecor's Operator, a110/300-bps direct-con-nect modem, is hardware-compatible with the Applell/\\e and II Plus, FranklinAce 100 and 1000, andthe Basis 108. Its foremostfeatures are half-and full-duplex operation, auto-answer and auto-discon-nect, and the ability towork with rotary-pulse andTouch-Tone telephones.This self-contained Bell103-compatible deviceallows one-way orsimultaneous sending andreceiving. It fits into anyApple slot except zero andis compatible with suchcommunication softwareas ASCII Express Pro, Visi-term, Modem Magic II, andZ-Term.

The Operator, availablefactory-direct for SI59.95,comes with documenta-tion and start-up software.Contact Timecor, FourLongfellow Place, POB8928, Boston, MA 021 14,(617) 720-4090. Visa andMaster Card owners canorder by calling (800)824-7888, operator 52.Circle 679 on inquiry card.

Web Network forKaypro

The Web lets youweave Kaypro computersinto a network. Each com-puter in the network actsas a file server as well as alocal processor, and anylinked user can share datastored on the disk drive ofanother Kaypro or directoutput to a remote printer.Users can send and receivemail, messages, and files,

log on to drives on anothermachine, and run pro-grams. The Web is a base-band CSMA/CD-CA net-work operating at just over125,000 bps. Connectionsare made with conven-tional telephone cables.OPSnet, the networkingsoftware, supports mostCP/M 2.2 programs.

Web can be configuredusing any combination of

Kaypro computers, includ-ing the II, 4, 10, and Kay-net, which has built-in net-work capabilities. Com-plete with manual, hard-ware, cables, and soft-ware, the networking op-tion costs $195. For moreinformation, write to Kay-pro Corp., POB N, DelMar, CA 92014.Circle 680 on inquiry card.

RS-232C Interface HasCommunications Language

Method Systems' PCT-100 is a user-configurableRS-232C interface with aninternal communicationstranslator language-called CTL—that lets youconfigure the interface toperform most translationalgorithms. The PCT hastwo bidirectional RS-232Cports that allow it to beplaced inline with any RS-232C link. It can be usedfor terminal or printeremulation or for providingcompatibility and macrofunction keys for word pro-cessing, accounting, andother software. It offerstype-ahead and data buf-fering capabilities, data-rateadaptation, and hand-shake protocol conversion.

Offered as a ready-to-install printed-circuit boardor as a stand-alone unit,the PCT-100 costs S369,

without power supply.Contact Method SystemsInc., 19751 South Lake-shore Blvd., Euclid, OH441 19, (216) 531-0404.Circle 681 on inquiry card.

IBM PC XT Local-Network Scheme

Novell's 'Sharenet Xallows as many as 255 IBMPC XTs to share up to 320megabytes of storage. Thenetwork protocol isCSMA/CD (Carrier SenseMultiple Access), and thedata-transfer rate is 1.43megabits per second. TheSharenet operating systemprovides the file server withsupport for multiple DOSessharing the network andfile space, a means formanaging the functioning

of multiple computers inthe same directory simul-taneously, file security, andsupport of spooled printersand station-to-stationpipes. A single 256K-byteIBM PC XT functions as afile server in the Sharenetscheme, and each satellitemust be equipped with anetwork interface module.Maximum linear coaxial(RG59) cable length is 4000feet.

Electronic mail is avail-able as a S995 option. Theoperating system costsS1495, and network inter-face modules are $695. Foran information packet,contact Novell Inc., 1170North Industrial Park Dr..Orem, UT 84057, (800)453-1267; in Utah, (801)226-8202.Circle 682 on inquiry card.

MicrocomNetworking Protocol

The Microcom Network-ing Protocol (MNP) is saidto be the first data-commu-nications protocol to allowfile transfer to and from avariety of microcomputersover ordinary telephonelines. The protocol, basedon the Open Systems Inte-gration (OPI) model, fea-tures flow control, datatransparency, error detec-tion, and retransmission.The architecture providesreliable, flow-controlleddata transfer on point-to-point connections. Datacan be transferred both asstreams of bytes and asfiles. The encoding pro-tocol information is byte-oriented throughput,which facilitates implemen-tation of MNP in program-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 593

What's New?

ming languages on com-puters that do not providebit manipulation. The file-transfer protocol is inher-ently half-duplex or com-mand responsive. Thehardware requirements area 212A or 103 modem andvoice-grade telephonecables.

Currently, the MNP pro-tocol has been employedon such computers as theApple, the Radio Shack,and the IBM PC. It has alsobeen used in Microcom'sline of networkingmodems. MNP is availablefor a $2500 licensing fee.Full particulars can be ob-tained from Microcom Inc.,1400A Providence High-way, Norwood, MA02062, (617) 762-9310.Circle 683 on inquiry card.

Database CoversIndustrial-SiteDevelopment

Sitenet is a free onlinedatabase delivering instantsite data to industrial facilityplanners and corporate realestate executives. Sitenet'sfiles contain information ontax incentives for industrialdevelopment, more than5000 contacts in area eco-nomic development, and adirectory of office and in-dustrial parks. A new-plantfile provides data on morethan 1000 worldwide in-dustrial expansion projectsand details on the amountof investment, acreage,and square footage of theundertakings. An interac-tive inquiry mode lets yourequest additional informa-tion online from develop-ment corporations partici-pating in the network.

Blocks of information pro-vided by state develop-ment agencies, railroads,and utilities are available.Hard-copy reports from thedatabase can be ordered.

For more information,contact Conway Data Inc.,1954 Airport Rd. NE, At-lanta, GA 30341, (404)458-6026.Circle 684 on inquiry card.

Intelligent Communications Processor

Winterhalter's Data-talker I is an intelligentfront-end communicationsprocessor for emulatingsuch remote batch and in-teractive terminals as theIBM 3780, 2780, and 3276using IBM Binary Syn-chronous Protocol. It con-tains two network pro-grams for interactive andremote batch emulation,both of which offer fullbisync emulation and on-and offline diagnostics. Acommunications managerassumes responsibility forcontrolling the line be-tween the microcomputerand the host system. Anapplications program, ex-ecuted on the microcom-puter, acts as an interfacebetween the microcom-puter and Datatalker andallows custom user pro-grams to interface with thehost. This arrangementfrees the microcomputer of

all communications over-head and overloads.

Datatalker hardwareconsists of one modemport, a diagnostics port,and an asynchronousserial link with internalclock generation. All portsare RS-232C serial inter-faces. The modem anddiagnostics ports can beprogrammed for internal orexternal clock generationand are byte or bit syn-chronous or asyn-chronous. Internal clockspeeds range from 1 10 to19,200 bps.

The Datatalker I is adesktop unit that weighsabout 7 pounds. The sug-gested list price is S995.Further details are availablefrom Winterhalter Inc.,3853 Research Park Dr.,Ann Arbor, Ml 48104,(313) 662-2002.Circle 685 on inquiry card.

Apple/Atari Interface

Prowell Computer Ser-vices markets an interfacethat allows disk files to betransferred between Atari400/800 and Apple II, IIPlus, and lie computers. Acable that connects to thejoystick ports on both com-puters provides the meansfor sending and receivingsource programs and datafiles.

The interface comes intwo versions. The Model 1is designed for the Apple11/11 Plus. The Model 2 in-cludes the cable and a9-pin connector thatmounts on the back of thelie. They cost $75 and$90, respectively. A 4-footextension cable is alsoavailable. Contact ProwellComputer Services, Suite325, 4974 North Fresno,Fresno, CA 93726, (209)227-4917.Circle 686 on inquiry card.

Arcnet-PC NetworkController

The ARC-PC local-areanetwork controller board isa simplified interface be-tween IBM Personal Com-puters and Datapoint'sArcnet token-passing net-work. Standard Microsys-tems' single-chip COM9026 network controllerand COM 9032 networktransceiver LSI circuits han-dle Arcnet protocols. Thissingle printed-circuit boardhas an onboard 2K-bytedata-packet buffer that ac-commodates up to fourpages of packet storageand can be dynamicallydefined for double-buffer-ing of transmit and receive

594 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

mm

functions. An 8253 pro-grammable interval timerlets you program timeouts.For your programs, theARC-PC has sockets for8K-byte PROMs and2K-byte RAMs. ARC-PCsupports up to 255 nodesper network segment

while running at 2.5 mega-bits.

In quantity the ARC-PCcosts S495. Contact Stan-dard Microsystems Corp.,35 Marcus Blvd., Haup-pauge, NY 1 1788, (516)273-3100.Circle 687 on inquiry card.

Transmit Two Terminals on One Line

The Model 2X212Modemplexer, a two-chan-nel statistical multiplexerand modem in a singlepackage, is manufacturedby Omnitec Data Inc. This212A- and CCITT V24-compatible, full-duplex1200-bps device can trans-mit data from two remoteterminals on a single line,reducing telephone ex-pense and network hard-ware overhead. Salient fea-tures include auto-answer/dial, automatic re-dial, and automatic selec-tion of appropriate dialingmodes. AT & T-licensed

and FCC-approved, thisunit also provides speeddialing, up to 10 storednumbers, continuousmemory, dynamic buffer-ing of up to 3000 charac-ters for both its RS-232Cports, flow control, user-programmable disconnectcode, and selectable parity.The Model 2X212Modemplexer costs $995.For more information, con-tact Omnitec Data Inc.,2405 South 20th St.. Phoe-nix, AZ 85034, (800) 528-8423; in Arizona, (602)258-8244.Circle 688 on inquiry card.

300-bps Modem

Avcom's 300-bpsPM-300 originate/answermodem mounts inside theIBM Personal Computer.An auto-answer functionlets you select the numberof rings before pick up. Thismodem will dial out with aTouch-Tone or rotary pulsein any combination. ThePM-300 does not requirean RS-232C card or con-nectors.

The PC-300 is compati-ble with Bell-103 standardsand with Avcom's Com-pac and other IBM commu-nications software. Com-pac is a videotex program

Mounts in IBM

that supports asyn-chronous communica-tions. It provides automaticlog-on and file downloadand upload capabilitiesunder error-correcting pro-tocol. Data received can beentered into a disk file orbuffer and displayed,printed, or transmitted.

The PC-300 with Com-pac costs $249.95. Thesoftware alone is $69.95.Details are available fromAvcom Inc., POB 29153,Columbus. OH 43229,(614) 882-8176.Circle 689 on inquiry card.

Network

The Zenith LAND (LocalArea Network Driver) Hy-brid is a highly reliable inter-face for such \oca\-area net-works as Datapoint's Arc-net. Standard features in-clude a 20 single inline pinconfiguration, - 5 or- 12-volt drive, noise im-munity and filtering for in-terference-free data travelfor up to 2000 feet of co-axial cable, and a physicallayer implementation for in-terfacing with most net-

Driver Hybrid

work technologies. Zenithoffers design and produc-tion capabilities to tailor orcustomize LAND to indi-vidual specifications.LAND is available with astraight lead frame or witha right-angle lead frame.For more information, con-tact Zenith CRT & Com-ponents Operations, 1000Milwaukee Ave.. Glen-view, IL 60025, (312)391-7733.Circle 690 on inquiry card.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

595

What's New?

PERIPHERALS

Independent

Both channels on theSTD SIO-2 RS-232C serialinterface board have inde-pendent switch-selectabledata rates so that you canchange transmissionspeeds without repro-gramming the board ormodifying system soft-ware. These channels offerfully buffered asynchro-nous operation at speedsranging from 150 to19,200 bps. Polled or inter-

Serial Channels

rupt modes, terminal ormodem-type connection,and switch-selectableboard addressing with I/Oexpansion bit are standard.An RS-422A channel isoptional. The STD SIO-2costs S185 (two to nineunits). Contact Fore-thought Products, 87070Dukhobar Rd., Eugene, OR97402, (503) 484-8575.Circle 691 on inquiry card.

Tektronix Emulation for the Esprit III

The E-lll Graphics Con-troller gives the Esprit III ter-minal full Tektronix 4010emulation capabilities.Tektronix Plot 10 software-compatible, the E-lll offerstwo alphanumeric modes:24 by 80 or 35 by 73. Bothmodes can be activatedfrom the keyboard or fromthe host computer. Otherfeatures include automaticvector drawing for creatingbar charts, pie diagrams,and histograms.

The E-lll Graphics Con-troller costs S625. It's avail-able factory-direct from ISM

Inc., Jackson Place South,Suite 6, 932 HungerfordDr., Rockville, MD 20850,(301) 279-5775.Circle 692 on inquiry card.

Host-IndependentIn-circuit Emulators

Real-time, transparentemulation of 8086, 8088,and 80186 microproces-sors is available throughMicrocosm's M(x) family ofhost-independent in-circuitemulators. The M(x) line ofemulators consists of an

Emulation Module thatconnects to a ProbeModule containing target-system interface circuitry.These emulators communi-cate with a host system,such as the IBM PC,through a standard RS-232C serial interface andhost-specific software. Sys-tem hardware includes trig-ger recognition, eventrecognizers (i.e., processoraddress, processor dataand status, and logicmodule signals), user-selec-table emulation clock, and8K bytes of parity-protectedRAMs. Programmable waitstates, three trace modes,diagnostics, and a softwareinterface with menus,high-level command lan-guage, and utilities arestandard.

Options include memoryexpansion and communi-cation and logic modules.Complete specifications areavailable from MicrocosmInc., 1679 Enterprise Plaza,POB 624, Hillsboro, OR97123, (503) 648-6500.Circle 693 on inquiry card.

Data Line Monitor

Metascope, a high-performance data linemonitor, can display andstore data in asynchronous

or bit- and byte-orientedsynchronous formats atspeeds ranging from 110 to19,200 bps. This hard-ware/software combina-tion has a pattern-matchtrigger with pre and post-trigger capabilities. Datacapture of up to 4K byteswith floppy-disk storageand retrieval is possible,and a programmable host-emulation mode allows theApple to function as acommunications controllercapable of generating poll-ing sequences with reply.Metascope will generatesynchronous clock signalsin the host-emulationmode, eliminating the needfor modem emulators. Half-and full-duplex displaysand ASCII, EBCDIC, andhexadecimal display for-mats comprise its otherabilities.

Metascope works withApple and Franklin com-puters. With documenta-tion and software, it costsS895. Contact MetatekInc., 12525 HummingbirdSt. NW, POB 33129, Min-neapolis, MN 55433, (612)571-7319.Circle 694 on inquiry card.

Physics LabInterfaces

Cross Educational Soft-ware has introducedphysics lab interfaces forclassroom experiments.The interfaces. Heat, Light,and Sound, are designedfor the Apple. They comewith a kit of parts that con-nect to the Apple gameport, a disk for calibration,and documentation forseveral experiments. Eachprogram costs S60.

596 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

Light experiments in-clude timing a pendulum,measuring the accelerationof gravity, measuring lightintensity, and the efficiencyof a light bulb. Four photo-transistors are provided.Graphing temperature ver-sus time, thermal radiation,cooling curves, and specificheat make up the Heat ex-periments. Heat comeswith four thermistors.Sound experiments involvesound intensity, simulatedoscilloscope, and Fourierspectrum analyzer. Aspeaker, microphone, po-tentiometer, transistors,and a capacitor are provid-ed.

For more information,contact Cross EducationalSoftware, POB 1536, Rus-ton, LA 71270, (318)255-8921.Circle 695 on inquiry card.

IBM ColorGraphics System

The Cono#Graph colorgraphics system for the IBMPC is made up of theCono#Graph Adapter, theCono#Gen graphics-pro-cessing module, andCono-Lib software. TheAdapter substitutes for theIBM graphics card and pro-vides 256 colors from apalette of 16. It supportsresolutions of 320 and 640by 200; the alphanumericmodes are 80 or 40 by 25.It comes with I28K bytesof graphics memory andIBM-compatible characterand graphics modes. Asmany as four graphicspages can be achieved,depending upon displayresolution. Each page maybe selected for display and.

while one is displayed, theothers may be modified.The Cono#Color Adapterhas a light-pen interfacecapable of resolving + 1pixel and an interface tothe Cono#Gen graphicsprocessor.

Featuring a dedicatedMotorola 6809 processor,Cono#Gen has high-speedhardware generators forvectors, circles, ellipses, andconic curves at speeds upto 800,000 pixels per sec-ond. It provides a 2K by 2Kaddressable area, rectanglefill, and line texturing. It'ssupplied with Cono-Lib, anextensive library of sub-routines for scaling, rota-

tion, fill, image creation,labeling, and recall. Cono-Lib runs under PC-DOSand works with Pascal,BASIC, C, FORTRAN, orassembly language.

The complete Cono#Graph system fills a singleIBM expansion slot. TheCono#Color Adapter is$895. Cono#Gen costsS745, including the soft-ware. The software aloneis $125. Full details areavailable from Cono-graphic Corp., 2268Golden Circle, NewportBeach, CA 92660, (714)650-2666.Circle 696 on inquiry card.

Add-ons Enha

Perbotics markets threeadd-ons for Heath's Hero Irobot: an 8K-byte RAM/communications board, a44K-byte RAM/communi-cations board, and a soft-ware package. The 8K-byte RAM comes with 20sockets for individualized

nee Hero's Image

expansion, while the 44Kboard incorporates an RS-232C-compatible port thatlets the Hero communicatewith a computer. Per-botics' cassette-based soft-ware provides load anddump routines for down-loading and storing pro-

grams through the RS-232C port and a memoryverification routine.

The 8K- and 44K-byteboards cost $395 and$795, respectively. Thesoftware is $49. Orderthese products factory-direct from Perbotics, 21 1Costa Mesa St., CostaMesa, CA 92627, (714J845-9294.Circle 697 on inquiry card.

CP/M ProcessorWorks with Tl 99/4A

The Morning Star CP/MProcessor gives Tl 99/4Aowners the ability to runCP/M programs. This de-vice contains a 5-MHz8085 microprocessor, 64Kbytes of RAM, and an8K-byte operating system.Connections are made byslipping the CP/M Pro-cessor into the Tl 99/4A'sexpansion box.

The CP/M Processorcosts $595. For full details,contact Morning Star Soft-ware, 4325 109th Ave.,Beaverton, OR 97005,(800) 824-24 12; inOregon, (503) 646-4695.Circle 698 on inquiry card.

Device Guards Entryto Computers

Lineguard 3000 fromWestern Datacom inter-cepts all incoming com-puter access calls and re-guests identification codesfrom callers. Lineguardsearches its memory toverify code numbers anddenies access to the com-puter if its search provesfruitless. If the verification iscompleted, Lineguard calls

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What's New?

Baser

back and connects thecaller to the computer.Communication is throughthe caller's display. Line-guard scans two incominglines and is compatiblewith asynchronous dial-upmodems and protocols.Failed entry attempts are

permanently recorded forevaluation.

Lineguard costs S945.For more information, con-tact Western DatacomCo., 5083 Market St.,Youngstown, OH 44512,(2)6) 788-6583.Circle 700 on inquiry card.

Weather Sensing Package

HAWS, Home Auto-matic Weather Station, isdesigned for the Com-modore 64 and VIC-20.HAWS has an externalsensing device that letsyou monitor weather con-ditions inside or outsideyour home. You can in-teract and analyze inputfor predicting changingweather conditions andrating your forecastingabilities.

HAWS costs SI99.95,complete with sensor,cassette or floppy-disk soft-ware, connecting cable,and manual. Addressdealer and customer in-quiries to Vaisala Inc.,Consumer Products, 2Tower Office Park,Woburn, MA 01801,(617) 933-4500.Circle 701 on inquiry card.

SOFTWARE

Leading Edge of IBMPC Word Processing

The recently introducedLeading Edge Word Pro-cessor for the IBM PersonalComputer is said to be easyto learn. Priced at less than$300, this word processorlets you print your docu-ments in color. Standardediting features includesingle-keystroke characteror block insert, delete bycharacter or block, deleterecall, and search and re-place. You can set tabstops, margins, spacing,page length, and pitch andplace format lines any-where in a document. Asplit-screen feature lets youreview more than one doc-ument on the same screen.

Also standard are theability to insert date or timein text, a change-casemode that permits alteringa character from uppercaseto lowercase or vice versawithout retyping, transpo-sition of characters forreversing common typos,and the ability to jump toany page in a document.One built-in feature letsyou move the cursor bycharacter to the beginningor end of the document;you can also move the cur-sor by previous or nextword, line, sentence,screen, or page.

Text attributes include in-dent, reverse indent, centercolumn, decimal tabs, andword wrap. Boldface,double-width characters,strike-through, super- andsubscripts, underline, dou-ble underline, a variety ofcharacter fonts, and justi-

fied type are among theprint features available.You can print a text screen,sections of a text screen, oran entire document.

For complete details,contact Leading EdgeProducts Inc., 21 HighlandCircle, Needham Heights,MA 02194, (800) 343-3436; in Massachusetss,(617) 449-4655.Circle 702 on inquiry card.

Modula-2 for IBM PC

Modula-2 for the IBMPersonal Computer is avail-able from Volition Systems.This version uses standardsoftware modules andseparate compilation withautomatic control. It comeswith a comprehensivemodule library, a compiler,and tutorials. Modula-2features low-level machineaccess, real-time control,concurrent processes, andtype-secure separate com-pilation with automaticversion control. Highlightsinclude communication be-tween the compiler andeditor, which reduces de-velopment time, dynam-ically linked modules, and auser-friendly interface andprompts. Real-number andtranscendental mathe-matical support are pro-vided by the 8087 numer-ics processor, and interrupt-handling is fully supported.The Modula library pro-vides console I/O, random-access files, disk-directoryoperations, format conver-sion, strings, decimal arith-metic, storage manage-ment, program execution,and process scheduling.Programs written in Voli-tion Systems' Modula-2 are

598 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

said to be directly portablefrom the IBM PC environ-ment to the Apple.

Volition currently sup-plies Modula-2 for the Ap-ple II under Apple Pascal,the Apple III running SOS,and as part of a completesoftware system for com-puters based on 8080/Z80and 68000 micropro-cessors. The completeModula-2 system for theIBM PC includes Pascal andModula-2 compilers, amodule library, an ad-vanced system editor, ap-NIX command shell thatprovides a Unix-like pro-gramming environment,and a set of utility pro-grams. It costs $595;educational, retailer, anddistributor discounts areavailable. Contact VolitionSystems, POB 1236, DelMar, CA 92014, (619)481-2286.Circle 703 on inquiry card.

Health Check OffersAdvice

A computerized health-risk-appraisal program de-signed to make individualsmore aware of the dif-ference various health riskscan make in their lives isavailable from the RhodeIsland Department ofHealth. The WellnessCheck is suitable for use inhospitals, state and localhealth departments, com-panies, schools, andhealth maintenance organ-izations. It consists of aquestionnaire covering abroad range of lifestyletopics. Responses to thequestionnaire are fed intoa computer, and within afew minutes an in-

dividualized printoutassessing the respondent'shealth is produced. Adviceis offered on how to re-duce health risks outlinedin the report.

Wellness Check is writ-ten in BASIC and runs onApple II Plus/lie, IBM PCand PC XT, and RadioShack TRS-80 Model II, 12,and 16 computers. It costs

$250, which includescomplementary educa-tional materials for adultsand teenagers. It can beordered from the Office ofHealth Promotion, RhodeIsland Department ofHealth, 75 Davis St., Provi-dence, Rl 02908, (401)277-6957.Circle 704 on inquiry card.

Word Processor and Database Manager forCommodore 64

Mirage Concepts is mar-keting a word processorand a database managerfor the Commodore 64.The database manager willstore, search, sort, retrieve,display, calculate, and printreports, lists, and mailinglabels. It features free-formdesign and input, the abili-ty to sort on any field orlevel, calculated fields, andsystem parameters largeenough for most file func-tions. It can accommodate65,535 records per file,2000 characters and 200

fields per record, and 250characters per field.

The word processor pro-duces an 80-column dis-play without additionalhardware. It has trueword-wrap, more than 70single-stroke commands,search and replace opera-tions, block functions,macro instructions that per-mit it to work with a varie-ty of printers, and printedpage, line, and charactercounters. Text can be for-matted onscreen exactly asit is to appear in hard copy.

A high-resolution monitoris recommended but notrequired.

Both programs are writ-ten in machine languageand interface with eachother. The suggested listprice for each program is$99, including documenta-tion with tutorials. For ad-ditional information, con-tact Mirage Concepts Inc.,Number 106, 2519 WestShaw, Fresno, CA 9371 1,(202) 227-8369.Circle 705 on inquiry card.

CP/M RecoveryProgram

Lion Micro Systems'CP/M Recovery eliminatesdata and text loss in com-puter memory due to sys-tem crashes, program oroperator errors, failure toback up, and disk failuresor unexpected full-disk con-ditions. This user-friendlyprogram lets you recovermemory, conduct editingon data within memory(including control charac-ters), and save data to adisk file.

CP/M Recovery workswith single- or multiusersystems. It costs $99 and isavailable from Lion MicroSystems / In-Sync SystemsInc., Suite 501, 1900 PacificAve., Dallas, TX 75201,(214) 760-9120.Circle 706 on inquiry card.

Spelling Teacher

A program called Spell-ing Teacher for the NECPC8000 can be ordereddirectly from Computech.For each session, the pro-gram confronts your child

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

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What's New?

with 25 spelling problems.Misspelled words are thefirst words presented dur-ing the next session. Theprogram contains apassword security systemand four word files, eachrepresenting a different skilllevel. Word files can bechanged and modified.Program options includethe ability to display a barchart representing the

scores of the last 10 ses-sions.

The Spelling Teacher re-quires one disk drive, 32Kbytes of memory, and amonochrome or color dis-play. It costs S 39.95 andcan be purchased fromComputech, POB 7000-309, Redondo Beach, CA90277.Circle 707 on inquiry card.

HomeManagement Series

A home managementsystem from Douthett En-terprises, Silversoft com-prises budget, calendar,word processing, and per-sonal portfolio programs.Each program runs on128K-byte IBM PersonalComputers and offers self-documenting prompts anderror messages. The Silver-budget program is adouble-entry accountingsystem with 240 cate-gories, unlimited transac-tions, and check reconcilia-tion. It can handle multiplecheckbooks and features aflexible search function andtransaction calendar. Silver-calendar provides multidi-mensional scheduling of

240 appointments. Itlocates time conflicts, avail-able time, and automatical-ly repeating appointments.

The Silverwriter wordprocessor can create mail-ing lists and build MicroproWordstar- and Mailmerge-compatible files. It indexesby first and last name, city,state, zip code, or country,and it can merge lettersand reports with mail lists.

Silverfolio's completeportfolio of personal worthand a range of financialfunctions lets you keep adescriptive inventory of in-surance policies, personalproperty, stocks, assets,real estate, and valuables.In addition, it can producenet-worth statements andamortization schedules.

Each program workswith floppy- or hard-diskdrives and requires a printerand CP/M-86. ContactDouthett Enterprises Inc.,Suite I, 906 North Main,Wichita, KS 67203, (316)262-1040.Circle 708 on inquiry card.

Accounting for theIBM PC

Certiflex Business Ac-counting Software for the

IBM Personal Computerand PC XT is written inMicrosoft BASIC andoperates under PC-DOS.Available packages includegeneral ledger, accountspayable with check writ-ing, accounts receivablewith billing, inventory con-trol and management,payroll with check writing,and fixed assets/deprecia-tion. All Certiflex packagesare menu-driven and com-patible with XT, Davong,Corvus, and other hard-disk drives. These programsare said to be designed bycertified public accountantsfor operation by individualswith no prior computer ex-perience.

The suggested retailprice for each package isS549, which includes amanual, telephone sup-port, and a two-year war-ranty. For the name ofyour nearest Certiflexdealer, contact ComputerProgram Associates, 2526Manana Dr., Dallas, TX75220, (214) 350-2361.Circle 709 on inquiry card.

Matchpoint forMS-DOS and CP/M-86

American Compusoft ismarketing a program thatlets MS-DOS users runCP/M-86 software. Match-point/86 features a FileCommingle mode that letsyou call for informationstored in CP/M-86 formatand use it while operatingMS-DOS, and vice versa,which makes it possible torun two operating systemssimultaneously. Whenyour program is finished,your computer automati-cally returns to MS-DOS.

Matchpoint/86 does notrequire hardware altera-tions or conversion equip-ment because it resides in8K bytes of RAM. It workswith floppy or hard disks.The suggested retail price isS99. For more information,contact American Compu-soft, 23113 Plaza PointeDr., Laguna Hills, CA92653, (800) 235-7049; inCalifornia, (800) 235-2394or (714) 472-8186.Circle 710 on inquiry card.

B

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MSjflgARTg

RN0ir.oi

Brainstorm Your WayThrough Problems

Soft Path Systems' Brain-stormer helps you generatepotential solutions to com-plex problems. Potentialapplications includediscovering new products,targeting markets, and ex-ploring organizationalproblems. Brainstormerworks by building adescription of a problem interms of themes and varia-tions that affect its solution.You refine the process bycontrolling the occurrenceof particular themes andvariations until a sufficientamount of potentialstrategies are produced.

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What's New?

Brainstormer requiresMBASIC, two single-den-sity single-sided 5 'A -inchdisk drives, and 48K bytesof memory. It's availablefor the Radio Shack TRS-80Model l/lll and IV andCP/M computers with80-column screens, such as

the Apple II, Osborne I,and Kaypro II. Available for$50 directly from Soft PathSystems, Cheshire House,105 North Adams, Eu-gene, OR 97402, (503)342-3439.Circle 71 1 on inquiry card.

CHIPS

CMOS ROM and

Fujitsu Microelectronics'MB83256 is a 256K-bitCMOS static ROM orga-nized as 32,768 eight-bitwords. It offers twice thememory capacity of a128K-bit ROM in a JEDEC-compatible 28-pin DIP. Keyspecifications include250-ns access time, activepower dissipation to lessthan 83 mW, TTL compati-bility, single 5-volt supply,and fully static operation.The MB83256 is designedfor large memory capacityand high-speed, low-power environments, suchas character generationand large volume firmwarestorage.

Also available from Fujit-su is the MB8281 Static

Static Column RAM

Column Dynamic RAM.Offering low power con-sumption and high-densitycapabilities, this DRAM fea-tures a 64K- by 1 -bit organ-ization, a column-addressaccess time of 55 ns, a60-ns cycle time, a chip-select access time of 20 ns,and 120-ns row-accessstrobe time. Power con-sumption is 28 mW (stand-by) and 440 mW (staticmode).

For full details, contactyour local Fujitsu Micro-electronics sales office. Fu-jitsu Microelectronics, 3320Scott Blvd., Santa Clara, CA95070, (800) 553-2000; inCalifornia, (408) 866-5600.Circle 712 on inquiry card.

16-Bit CMOSMicroprocessor

Harris SemiconductorCMOS Digital Products Di-vision has announced ahigh-performance 16-bitCMOS microprocessor, the80C86. The 80C86 is saidto be a completely compat-ible CMOS alternative tothe Intel HMOS 8086. Fea-turing a static design thatallows it to be operatedfrom DC to 5 MHz, the80C86 permits single-stepdebugging, a standbypower supply current of500 microamperes over thefull operating temperatureand voltage ranges, andan operating current of 10mA/MHz. For maximumpower reduction, the80C86's system clock canbe stopped with all powerrequirements falling to thestandby level, 500 /tA. The80C86 comes in industry-standard 40-pin 0.6-inchcenter ceramic and plasticDIP packages for commer-cial, industrial, and militarymarkets. It's available witha 5-MHz operating fre-quency. An 8-MHz versionwill be offered.

A complete family ofsupport peripherals is avail-able for the 80C86, includ-ing a programmable inter-val timer and a priorityinterrupt controller. In100-unit lots, pricing beginsat S31.25 each for the plas-tic package. Contact HarrisCorp., Semiconductor Sec-tor, POB 883, Melbourne,FL 32901.Circle 713 on inquiry card.

MOS ROM FeaturesPage Mode Function

Signetics Corporationhas introduced a 64K-byte

MOS ROM that doublesthe effective memory capa-city in video game car-tridges. The 26S64's pagemode incorporates anaddress-decoding tech-nique that permits auto-matic selection of two4K-byte memory banks,which is billed as beingtwice the firmware capaci-ty of industry-standard32K-byte ROMs. Its bank-select addresses trigger alatch that functionallyserves as the thirteenth ad-dress bit for the 8K-bytememory. (The bank-selectaddress locations must beprogrammed as no-ops.)Other features include highnoise immunity, 550 mWpower dissipation (max-imum), and a 450-ns ac-cess time.

The 26S64 is made withN-channel silicon gateMOS technology using3-micron design rules. It isTTL-compatible and re-quires a single + 5-voltpower supply. It comes in a24-pin plastic DIP rated for0° to 70° temperaturerange operation. In com-mercial quantities, it costsS3.85. Contact the MOSROM Product MarketingManager, Signetics Corp.,Mail Bin 1437, 81 I EastArques Ave., POB 3409,Sunnyvale, CA 94088,(408) 746-1755.Circle 714 on inquiry card.

DUARTs Have

Independent

Channels

Motorola is marketing apair of Dual UniversalAsynchronous Receivers/Transmitters (DUARTs), theMC68681 and the 2681.These devices provide two

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independent full-duplexasynchronous receiver/transmitter channels, quad-ruple-buffered receivers,and multipurpose I/O ports.They can be used in polledor interrupt-driven systems,and each device providesflow-control capabilities todisable a remote transmit-ter when the receivingunit's buffer is full. Eachreceiver/transmitter canhave independent operat-ing speeds, selected fromone of 18 fixed data ratesranging from 50 to 38,400bps, derived from an inter-nal data-rate generator, a16X clock derived from a16-bit programmable multi-function counter/timer, oran external IX or 16Xclock. Data transfers cantake place at up to 1 millionbps for a IX clock or up to125,000 bps for a 16Xclock. Other features in-clude local and remoteloopback modes and anautomatic wake-up modethat permits blocks of datato be sent to targeted slaveprocessors among a groupof slaves in multidrop ormultiprocessor systems.

The MC68681 workswith Motorola's M68000family, while the 2681 in-terfaces with non-M68000family microprocessors.Both have 8-bit outputports; however, theMC68681 has a 6-bit inputport and the 2681 offers a7-bit port.

In quantities of 100,these DUARTs cost S 20.45in 40-pin ceramic pack-ages. Plastic packaging isalso offered. A 28-pin ver-sion of the 2681 with a1 -bit input port and a 2-bitoutput port, called the2682, is also available. For

further information, con-tact Motorola Inc., MOSMicroprocessor Division,3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd.,Austin, TX 78721.Circle 715 on inquiry card.

Cache and Memory

ManagementStandard on Z80,000

Zilog's32-bitZ80,000 of-fers an on-chip cache,memory management,and the ability to executeup to 5 million instructionsper second. Designed forclock speeds ranging from10 to 25 MHz, this chip fea-tures full 32-bit architectureand implementation, acomplete 32-bit instructionset, 32-bit internal and ex-ternal data paths, and fullsupport for 32-bit datatypes.

Fully compatible withthe Z8000 family, theZ80.000 comes with 4gigabytes of directly ad-dressable memory andthree selectable addressmodes: 32-bit linear, 32-bitsegmented, and 16-bitcompact. Data types sup-ported include bit, bit field,logical value, signed in-teger, and string. In thecompact mode, addressesare 16 bits. All addresses inthe linear mode are 32 bits,while in the segmentedmode the addresses aredivided into either a 15-bitsegment within a 16-bitsegment offset or a 7-bitsegment with a 24-bit seg-ment offset. Other speci-fications include sixteen32-bit general-purpose reg-isters, two arithmetic andlogic units, privileged in-struction traps and

memory-protection-viola-tion traps, two main oper-ating modes supported byseparate stacks, and vec-tored, nonvectored, andnonmaskable interrupts.

The Z80,000, an NMOSchip with 2-micron geo-metries, is housed in a

68-pin JEDEC B leaderlesspackage. In 1000-unit lots,it costs S150. Completespecifications are availablefrom Zilog, 1315 CampbellAve., Campbell, CA95008, (408) 370-8000.Circle 716 on inquiry card.

FOREIGN

Interface Puts Commodore on Air

The Com-ln 64 interfaceturns your Commodore 64into a radio-communica-tions terminal. Availablefrom Computer WorldHolland, this interface givesthe Commodore baudot,Morse code, ASCII, slow-scan television, half-duplex,program transmit, andword-processing capabil-ities. Com-ln 64 comeswith a ROM-based ma-chine-language programthat recognizes more than60 commands, provides afull-screen editor, and sup-ports hard-copy printoutand disk or cassette saves.

Com-ln 64 features ASCIIprogram receive and trans-mit, a built-in AFSK (audio-

frequency shift keying)generator, seven 80-char-acter message buffers withdisplay, print, and write op-tions, a tone generator, anauto transmit/receiveswitch for telephone/tele-graph lines, and four CW(continuous wave) identifi-cation lines. The modem isa 300-bps half-duplex withautomatic Bell/CCITT selec-tion.

The Com-ln 64 costsSI 79, including ROM-based software, requiredhardware, power supply,an English-language usermanual, schematic dia-gram, and two programlistings. Contact ComputerWorld Holland, Hilvert-

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What's New?

sweg 99, 1214 JB Hiver-sum, Holland; tel: 31-3512633; Telex; 43776 IN-CO NL.Circle 717 on inquiry card.

Software for SchoolAdministrators

Vertical Software Sys-tems markets a series of ap-plications packages de-signed for school board/dis-trict administrators. STA/S isa transportation-manage-ment program featuringbus-load simulation andstudent-data and fleet-datamaintenance. MCA/S is amedia-center managementprogram that includes pro-visions for media cataloggeneration and material-lending and booking con-trol. AC/VS, a fixed-assetmanagement and controlsystem, is also available.

These programs are pro-duced with the C languageand are executable underCP/M 2.2, CP/M-86, andMS-DOS. For full details,contact Vertical SoftwareSystems Ltd., 118 SongMeadoway, Willowdale,Ontario, M2H 2T7, Can-ada, (416) 497-6854.Circle 718 on inquiry card.

Interactive Query

Language Runs on

CP/M

The Automated Officehas announced the fourthgeneration of Microtrieve,a high-level interactivequery language for CP/Mcomputers, modeled onDEC'S Datatrieve. Micro-trieve lets inexperiencedcomputer operators ex-tract, sort, and report data

from fixed-record-lengthfiles created by most appli-cation packages or from atext editor. This languageaccepts English-like com-mands. For complete infor-mation, address inquiries to

The Automated Office Pty.Ltd., POB 490, Chats-wood, New South Wales2067, Australia; tel: (02)411 1892.Circle 719 on inquiry card.

Z8001-based

The MCTZ CPU1 is thefirst in a series of single-board computers fromMMG Consultants Ltd. TheCPU 1 is targeted at OEMsand systems builders whorequire a compact comput-er capable of expansion bymeans of a 16-bit bus. TheCPU1 is based on thedouble-Europa format andthe 4-MHz Z8001 micro-processor. It features aZ8010 MMU, a Z8016dual-channel DMA con-troller, a Z8030 synchro-nous/asynchronous dual-channel serial controller,and the AM951 IA chip forfloating-point and trigono-metric functions. Standardequipment includes 128Kbytes of RAM, sockets for16K bytes of EPROM, facil-ities for single-step andstop, DIN 41612 type B in-direct connectors, and

Microcomputer

operational software. TheCPU1 costs £2050. Forcomplete specifications,contact MMG Consul-tants, 19. St. Andrews Rd.,Great Malvern, Worcester,WR14 3PR, England; tel:Malvern (06845) 63555.Circle 720 on inquiry card.

Apple Boards

U-Microcomputers re-cently introduced fourApplebus cards: U-Printl6,U-Talk, U-4Disc, andU-Cent. The U-Printl6 pro-vides parallel or serial inter-facing for connectingprinters. It has a 16K-bytebuffer and can printgraphics directly to Epsonand Apple dot-matrixprinters. The U-Talk speechsynthesizer uses the Na-tional Semiconductor

Digitalker. A disk controller,the U-4Disc allows up tofour drives to be connectedto the Apple. U-Cent is aCentronics-type parallelprinter interface. For furtherinformation, contactU-Microcomputers Ltd.,Winstanley IndustrialEstate, Long Lane, War-rington, Cheshire WA28PR, England; tel: 092554117; Telex: 629279U-MICRO G.Circle 721 on inquiry card.

SERIAL

'NTERF/ce P

Serial Interface

Connects Parallel

Printers

The Model 8200 serialinterface from Mikrocom-putertechnik lets you con-nect most Centronics-typeparallel printers to comput-ers with RS-232C output. Inits learning mode, theModel 8200 automaticallydetects a serial computer'sdata rates, number of dataand stop bits, and parityand adapts itself to thevarious pin-outs. After in-stallation, which can be re-peated whenever param-eters change, all param-eters are permanentlystored in EEROM. Up to 15code changes can be se-lected in a simple dialogue.The following parametersare automatically detected

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What's New?

by this interface: 7 or 8data bits; even, odd, or noparity; I, 1.5, and 2 stopbits; and 150, 300, 600,1200, 2400, 4800, and9600 bps.

The Model 8200 serialinterface costs SI 25;

volume discounts are avail-able. Dealer inquiries are in-vited. Contact Mikrocom-putertechnik, Winchen-bachstr. 3A, D-5600 Wup-pertal 2, West Germany;tel: 0202 51044.Circle 722 on inquiry card.

Network Switching Node

Develnet is a network ofswitching nodes providinglocal-network and distri-buted switching capabil-ities. Each node supportsup to 248 data lines with athroughput of 24 millionbps. Up to 64 Develnetscan be interconnected in ahierarchical network. Asyn-chronous and synchro-nous speeds to 19,200 bpsare supported by means oftwisted-pair wire or localRS-232C cables to thenodes. Other features in-clude intelligent line cardsand data sets, redundantbackup hardware, integralstatistical multiplexers, pro-tocol converters, gatewaysto Ethernet and X.25 net-works, and an English-likecommand language fornetwork configuration.Further details are available

from Develcon ElectronicsLtd., 856 51st St. E, Saska-toon, Saskatchewan S7K5C7, Canada, (306) 664-3777.Circle 723 on inquiry card.

SYSTEMS

Briefcase-size

Workslate

Convergent Technolo-gies' Workslate combinesportable computing pow-er, information storage,and business programs in apackage small enough tofit into a briefcase. Builtaround an 8-bit CMOSmicroprocessor, the Work-slate comes with 64K bytesof ROM, 16K bytes ofRAM, an integral microcas-sette recorder, a 46-charac-ter by 16-line LCD display,

an internal 300-bps mo-dem with auto-dial andauto-answer, and a 9600-bps serial interface port. It'spowered by four AA alka-line cells or an AC re-charger. Standard featuresinclude an internal clock,edit functions, and acalculator.

A business worksheetwith integrated date, time,and communications func-tions and a variety ofmicrocassette tapes forgeneral business, verticalmarket, and personal appli-cations are offered. A serialprinter featuring multi-colors, 90-degree printing,and formed characters isavailable as well. TheWorkslate costs S895. Theprinter is S250, and soft-ware prices range from$19.95 to $49.95. Volumeshipments begin inJanuary. For more infor-mation, contact Conver-gent Technologies, 795Kifer Rd., Sunnyvale, CA94086, (408) 732-2310.Circle 724 on inquiry card.

Honeywell 6/20Supports Four Users

Honeywell's Microsys-tem 6/20 supports up tofour users, targeting it di-rectly at the departmentaloffice system and small-business market. The basic6/20 contains a 16-bitHoneywell Micro 6 proces-sor, up to 1 megabyte ofmain memory, 650K bytesof 5 !/<Hnch floppy-disk stor-age, a 40-megabyte hard-disk featuring 20 mega-bytes of removable media,an open slot, and five RS-422A ports that are adap-table to RS-232C devices.

The GCOS 6 MOD 400operating system, used inHoneywell 16- and 32-bitDPS 6 computers, is stan-dard. GCOS 6 MOD 400 ismenu-driven and supportstransaction processing,data entry, office automa-tion, terminal emulation,program development,and communications soft-ware.

The 6/20's communica-tions features let it serve asan endpoint for severalworkstations in largerHoneywell or IBM informa-tion-processing networks,such as those using DSAand SNA protocols. In addi-tion to these abilities, the6/20 can provide electronicmail, BSC and pre-DSAcommunications, and tele-type emulation.

A number of office-auto-mation and data-entrypackages to integrate sys-tem and applications soft-ware with the 6/20 areavailable. Other options in-clude three dot-matrix andtwo letter-quality printers, adual-line asynchro-nous/synchronous com-munications controller, anda second 40-megabytedisk. The basic 6/20 costs$17,000. Workstationsconfigurable for the systemstart at $795. The printersbegin at $1195. For moreinformation, contactHoneywell Inc., U.S. Mar-keting and Services Group,200 Smith St., Waltham,MA 02154, (617)895-3658.Circle 725 on inquiry card.

BBC ComputerAvailable In U.S.

The Acorn BBC com-puter is now available in

604 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

the United States throughFourth Dimension. This2-MHz 6502-based micro-computer comes with 32Kbytes of RAM, 32K bytes ofROM, a 73-key QWERTYkeyboard with 10 user-de-finable function keys, athree-voice music synthe-sizer with full sound en-velope, and a speech-gen-eration system. Rear-panelconnections are providedfor UHF out, video out,RGB monitor, audiocas-sette, and a local-area net-work. The built-in RS-423Aserial interface, an RS-232Cinterface enhanced forspeed and distance, hassoftware-selectable datarates ranging from 75 to19,200 bps. A floppy-diskinterface and four 12-bitanalog input channels arestandard.

NTSC television output,RGB video output for colormonitors, and mono-chrome monitors composethe video-display options.Among the display modesavailable are 40 by 22 Tele-text, 160 by 200 four- or16-color graphics and 20by 25 text, and 640 by200 two-color graphicsand 80 by 25 text.

A 16K-byte BASIC inter-preter in ROM comes withthe BBC. This interpreterhas a 6502 assembler thatpermits BASIC statementsto be mixed with 6502assembly language andsuch extensions as localvariables, subroutines thatpass parameters, and recur-sion. Also in ROM is View,a 16K-byte word pro-cessor. View providesglobal and selective format-ting; search, change, andreplace facilities; adjustabletab stops; and automatic

page numbering.

Optional expansion ca-pabilities include a second6502 or Z80B processorwith 64K bytes of RAMand a National Semicon-ductor 16032 chip. TheAcorn BBC computer be-gins at S995. Dealer in-quiries are invited. For fur-ther details, contact FourthDimension Systems, 1 101South Grand Ave., SantaAna, CA 92705, (714)835-6202.Circle 726 on inquiry card.

Group Computer

Handles Information

Needs

Sykes Datatronics'Genus-GC Group Comput-er and its complementarysoftware are targeted atthe information-handlingneeds of managers, groupor team leaders, and thepeople they manage. Thismultiuser, multitaskingdesktop computer per-forms traditional data-pro-cessing functions, connectsto a variety of terminal de-vices, and allows data froma number of sources to begathered and interfacedwith existing data streamsand formats. All data,which is fully secured, canbe reformatted to meet in-dividual requirements bymeans of an optional soft-ware "forms" package.

This software permits userdefinition and implementa-tion of a complete informa-tion system that includesinput, file management,and output processing.Sykes has also developedsoftware that providesbasic call-costing account-ing functions for up to2000 lines. Called Tele-miser, this program canstore more than 50,000 callrecords.

Some of Genus-GC'stechnical specifications are68B09E processing power,256K bytes of DRAM withparity error correction, real-time clock, PABX-orientednetworking abilities, andtwin RS-232C ports. Massstorage is provided by a1 -megabyte 8-inch double-sided, double-densityfloppy-disk drive and a10- or 15-megabyte 5/4-inch Winchester diskdrive. Enhanced with shellprocedural capabilities andhierarchical directory struc-ture, the OS9 Unix-likeoperating system is stan-dard.

An internal modem, twoadditional RS-232C ports,and terminals, printers, andremote data-communica-tions are among the op-tions offered. Prices for theGenus-GC begin at $9455.Further details are availablefrom Sykes DatatronicsInc., 159 East Main St.,Rochester, NY 14604,(716) 325-9000.Circle 727 on inquiry card.

Large MemoryAccompanies Rebel

The Rebel computerfrom Tarbell Electronicscomes with 372K bytes of

floppy-disk storage and 19megabytes of hard-diskmemory. The Rebel fea-tures 64K bytes of RAM,two RS-232C ports, and a6-MHz Z80B microproces-sor. The Tarbell databasesystem, BASIC, Wordstar,and CP/M 2.2 are suppliedwith the Rebel.

The Rebel costs $4995,including a cabinet thathouses all hardware andthe power supply. Com-plete details are availablefrom Tarbell Electronics,Suite B, 950 Dovlen PL,Carson City, CA 90746,(213) 538-4251.Circle 728 on inquiry card.

Micro Processes Data

and Words, Has

Communications

Features

The Stearns Computer ispurported to be the firststand-alone desktop com-puter specifically designedto perform high-qualitydata and word processingwhile providing full internaland external communica-tions and networking cap-abilities. This 16-bit8086-based system can beconfigured with as manyas four 5 lA-inch floppy-diskdrives and two 5-, 10-, or20-megabyte Winchesterhard-disk drives. It comeswith 128K bytes of parityRAM, time and date clockwith battery backup, 16K

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 605

What's New?

bytes of ROM for initializa-tion and self-tests, up to adozen DMA channels, andfour slots for expansionboards. The standard oper-ating system is MS-DOS.The 12-inch display uses a7220 graphics display con-troller and provides 26 linesof 80 characters and the256-character IBM fontwith an additional user-defined font. Attributes in-clude reverse video, blink,bold, and underline.

Communications capa-bilities include an RS-232Cport operating at speedsranging from 75 to 19,200bps, built-in tutorialprompts, disk-file transferwith error recovery,automatic dial-up for hostaccess, user-defined datatranslation, Teletex, IBM3270 bisynchronous andIBM 3270 SNA/SDLC pro-tocols, and from two tofour asynchronous or syn-chronous RS-422A chan-nels with operation to

56,000 bps. Optional net-working abilities areavailable through Micro-net, which allows up tofive intelligent workstationsto be linked together. Eachworkstation is able to useapplications software, files,and databases while shar-ing printers, a commondatabase, and communica-tions with external sources.Stearns is working on anintelligent communicationsystem that will work withMicronet to handle up to32 workstations.

Color graphics, 15-inchdisplay screens, 128K or256K bytes of memory,Concurrent CP/M, and atwo-channel Winchester-disk controller are some ofthe options offered. For fulldetails, contact StearnsComputer Systems, 3501Raleigh Ave. S, Minnea-polis, MN 55416, (612)929-4400.Circle 729 on inquiry card.

CP/M and AppleDOS

Combined In One

System

The System One fromExtra Computer Corpora-tion is a Z80/6502-basedcomputer supporting CP/M2.2 and AppleDOS. Prin-cipal features include 64Kbytes of RAM, 8K bytes ofsystem ROM, I6K bytes ofuser ROM, and seven pe-ripheral slots. Low- and

high-resolution graphics,40- and 80-column displaymodes, and NTSC and RFmodulated video outputsare built in. The keyboard,a standard typewriter-stylemodel, is augmented by anextra numeric keypad forrepetitive number entry.System software is madeup of Applesoft, PerfectWriter, Perfect Calc, and agames package.

The suggested retailprice is S795. For full speci-fications, contact ExtraComputer Corp., 68 Dor-man St., San Francisco, CA94124, (415) 285-0194.Circle 730 on inquiry card.

— iy" ""

"ITH INTERFACE!-

lUUUUHUIdUUatlilUI li) y u a U tj| U '"»i QOBB

Shirt-pocket

Radio Shack's four-ounce TRS-80 PC-3 pocketcomputer will slip into yourshirt pocket. The PC-3, pro-grammable in BASIC, pro-vides 16 arithmetic and 8string functions. Strings canbe up to seven characterslong. The PC-3, which canbe used as if it were a directkey-entry calculator, has a24-character LCD, up to10 digits of accuracy, 1.4Kbytes of memory, two-digit exponents, and multi-ple statements and arrays.Other features includeautomatic power-off to

Computer

save battery life and com-patibility with PC-1 pro-grams.

A printer/cassette inter-face is available as an op-tion. The thermal dot-ma-trix printer produces 24characters per line at 1 lineper second. The printer/cassette interface costs$119.95. The PC-3 is avail-able for $99.95 at RadioShack stores and ComputerCenters. Radio Shack, 1800Tandy Center, Fort Worth,TX 76102.Circle 731 on inquiry card.

MASS STORAGE

18-megabyte Strea

Davong's stand-alonestreaming tape drive backsup any Winchester- or flop-py-disk drive used with theIBM Personal Computer.The Davong unit copies 18megabytes of formatteddata onto a single 450-foot'/4-inch tape cartridge. It'ssupplied with software util-ities for initial checkout,copy from disk to tape, andrestoring files from tape todisk. The utilities also com-pare files so that the mostcurrent file with the samename is restored, prevent-ing retrieval of obsolete

ming Tape Backup

files. Files can be restoredto a different volume, andan index lists names anddates of all backup files.Linear speed is 90 inchesper second, and the bitdensity is 8000 bits perinch. The average transferrate is 28.9K bytes per sec-ond. Its error-checkingmodes are Check Sum,Read after Write, andGroup Coded Recording.Verify Pass error checkingis optional.

The Davong streamingtape backup costs $2195,including cabling, adapters,

606 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

software, and documenta-tion. For additional infor-mation, contact DavongSystems, 217 Humboldt

Court, Sunnyvale, CA94089, (408) 734-4900.Circle 732 on inquiry card.

SV^^Kk'

5^*^n|

4 JET

lm("L

Drive Subsystem

Digi-Data's Model 70Scartridge tape drive workswith any 8080-, 8085-, orZ80-based S-l 00 bus com-puter. This device stores upto 1 7.3 megabytes of un-formatted data. The trans-fer rate is 20K bytes per sec-ond. Record lengths are se-lectable from 256 to 32Kbytes for a total formattedstorage capacity of 16.6megabytes. The maximumeffective storage rate is 1.1megabytes per minute. Upto eight units can be sup-ported by a single S-l00controller board. The Mod-el 70S operates as a nonin-

for S-100 Bus

telligent I/O memory to thehost.

Utility programs on 5'A-or 8-inch disks are pro-vided. For complete par-ticulars, contact Digi-DataCorp., 8580 Dorsey RunRd., Jessup, MD 20794,(301) 498-0200.Circle 733 on inquiry card.

Hard-Disk Subsystemfor Z-100

Thought Works has an-nounced the availability ofDatafiles, a line of hard-disksubsystems for the Zenith

Z-l 00 computer. Threestorage capacities areoffered: 5, 10, and 20megabytes. Datafiles areself-contained systems,complete with intelligentcontroller, power supply,cabinet, and software.Hard wiring is not requiredbecause interconnection isaccomplished by means ofan interface board installedin a Z-100 slot and a ribboncable. The software sup-ports both CP/M andZ-DOS. Prices range fromS2495 to S3995. For fullspecifications, contactThoughtworks, 3532 WestThomas Rd., Phoenix, AZ85019, (602) 269-6841.Circle 734 on inquiry card.

Minifile Availablewith Two Capacities

The FDS-100 Minifile, aself-contained, intelligent5/4-inch floppy-disk sub-system, is available insingle-sided 89K-byte anddouble-sided 179K-byteversions. The basic Minifilefeatures a microprocessorcontroller, power supply,and an RS-232C interface.Minifile's file-managementfunctions are resident infirmware and controlledfrom a front-panel key-board. System status anderror information is com-municated to the operatorby means of a three-digit,seven-segment numericdisplay. A variety ofswitch-selectable optionsfor data rates, number ofstop bits, and hardwaresynchronization are pro-vided.

Versions of the Minifilewith an 8-bit parallel inter-face and dual RS-232C

ports are available. Theparallel interface mode) of-fers handshaking signals.The Minifile ranges fromSI595 to S2295, depend-ing on storage capacities.For more information, con-tact Atek NC Corp., 887Main St., POB E, Monroe,CT 06468, (203)268-1839.Circle 735 on inquiry card.

Winchester BackupSystem

Mountain Computers'10-megabyte cassette-tapedrive backs up 5'A-inchWinchester hard-diskdrives. This single-headfour-track drive is for usewith Apple and IBM Per-sonal Computers and canrecord or transfer data ateither 30 or 90 ips (inchesper second). Averagebackup times are 12minutes at 30 ips and 4minutes at 90 ips. Thetransfer rate is 24K bytesper second at 30 ips and72K bytes per second at 90ips. ANSI-standard 450-foot cassette tapes areused.

The tape drive costsS 1095. The controller inter-face is $295. MountainComputer Inc., 300 ElPueblo Rd., Scotts Valley,CA 95066, (408) 438-6650.Circle 736 on inquiry card.

3'/2-inch Winchesterson Market

Two versions of theRodime PLC line of3,/2-inch Winchester diskdrives are available: theModel RO 351, a single-platter drive with 5 mega-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 607

What's New?

bytes of formatted storage,and the RO 352, whichhas twin platters for twicethe storage. The 350 seriesdrives use open-loophead/arm positioning witha double-precision steppermotor. Data records at 600tpi with more than 11,000bits per inch. The averageaccess time is 85 millisec-onds; track-to-track accesstime is 15 milliseconds. Thedata-transfer rate is 5megabits per second.Physical dimensions are1.625 by 4 by 5.25inches—about one-quarterthe volume of a standard5/4-inch Winchester drive.In OEM quantities, theModel RO 351 costs S555and the RO 352 is S695.For more information, con-tact Rodime PLC, 25801Obrero, Mission Viejo, CA91291, (714) 770-3085.Circle 737 on inquiry card.

PRINTERS

Olympian Letter-quality Printers

Olympia USA has intro-duced two letter-qualityprinters: the ESW3000 andthe Electronic CompactRO. Both printers aremicroprocessor-controlledwith bidirectional paperand carriage movement.

The 50-cps ESW3000can handle forms up to 17inches wide and has theability to print 150, 180,and 255 characters per linein 10, 12, and 15 pitch, re-spectively. Print enhance-ments include boldface, ex-panded print, and doubleprint. The ESW3000 uses a100-character print wheel.It is available with a serialRS-232C, a Centronics-

compatible parallel, or anIEEE-488 interface. A bidi-rectional forms tractor andsheet feeder are optional. Itcosts S1899.

The Electronic CompactRO has built-in serial andparallel interfaces that offercompatibility with a varietyof computers. This printeroperates at 14 cps andoffers boldface and under-line printing. Original plusfour copies can be printed

simultaneously, and it han-dles forms up to 142/5 in-ches wide. The CompactRO prints 115 charactersper line in 10 pitch, 138 in12 pitch, and 172 in 15pitch. It's outfitted with aforms tractor. The sug-gested price is less than$700. Contact OlympiaUSA Inc., POB 22, Somer-ville, NJ 08876, (201)722-7000.Circle 738 on inquiry card.

Color Plots in Less

Hewlett-Packard's HP7475A can plot as fast as15 inches per second tocreate a variety of multi-color pie, bar, line, and textcharts in less than threeminutes. This desktop-sizedplotter has a 2g pen accel-eration and uses a six-pen,drop-in carousel to pro-duce a line resolution of0.001 inches. Pens are se-lected from the carousel byeither front-panel controlsor through program com-mands. When returned tothe carousel, the pens areautomatically capped toprevent dry-out. Standardfeatures include a pen-velo-

Than Three Minutes

city command for specialdrawing conditions, a"view" mode that haltsthe plotting so that youcan review the chart beingproduced, and the abilityto rotate charts 90°, whichsimplifies adding horizontalcharts into vertical formats.The HP 7475A accepts 11-by 17-inch paper and 8Vi-by 11 -inch paper and over-head transparency film. Itsdimensions are 22'/5 by14/2 by 5 inches.

The HP 7475A is com-patible with a broad rangeof computers and softwarefrom such manufacturersas Apple, Lotus, and IBM.

Two interfaces are avail-able: RS-232C and HP-IB, aHewlett-Packard-enhancedversion of the IEEE-488bus. An optional cable letsyou operate the plotter inseries with a terminalwhen using the RS-232Cinterface. The list price forthe HP 7475A is $1895.For full details, contactyour local Hewlett-Packard sales office.Circle 739 on inquiry card.

Multifunction Printerfor Text and Graphics

The Facit 4528T intelli-gent printer prints text,matrix characters, and pingraphics at 165 cps. In itsstandard mode, this multi-pass unit produces near-letter-quality characters,unidirectionally or bidirec-tionally, with selectablestandard, boldface, con-densed, extended, and hy-brid print styles. It offerspitches of 10, 12, or 17,proportional spacing, andthe ability to print at 285cps at 17 cpi. It offers con-tinuous tractor-feed andmultipart forms capabilityfor original plus six copies.Paper length is program-mable up to 18 inches.

An optional packagelets you print variable-size

characters and up to ninedifferent bar codes. Char-acters can be printed inany size, up to 9% inches,and can be positioned side-ways and upside down on

608 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

What's New?

the same line. The 4528Tcan print formatted labelson paper, plastics, and thinmetals, and it can createcustom formats for special-ized labels. Incrementingand decrementing

counters are provided forsequential labeling andmessage variation. Up to]0,000 repeat-messagelabel copies can be pro-

duced offline.

The Facit 4528T has ahinged cover with either asolid top with rear paperexit or a slotted top. It costs$1595. The variable-sizeand bar-code option is$400. Contact Facit Inc.,235 Main Dunstable Rd.,Nashua, NH 03061.Circle 740 on inquiry card.

6-lnch-Per-Second Plotter

The MP 1000 plotterfrom Watanabe Instru-ments Corporation has aplotting speed of 6 inchesper second. It can operatewith oil- or water-basedfiber-tip pens or ink draftingpens. Six different pens canbe automatically selectedduring the plotting process.A built-in single ASCII-char-acter instruction set, said tobe simple to access anduse, lets you write pro-grams for the plotter withminimal fuss. The MP 1000can be equipped withthree interfaces: serial RS-232C, GPIB IEEE-488, or 7-or 8-bit parallel.

The IEEE-488 and theparallel models cost $ 1190.

The RS-232C version is$ 1090. Contact WatanabeInstruments Corp., 12Chrysler St., Irvine, CA92714, (714) 770-6010.Circle 741 on inquiry card.

MISCELLANEOUS

Customize YourComputer Work Area

You can custom designyour microcomputer work-station with Misco's line ofmodular furniture. The lineis made up of computerand printer stands, a con-necting leaf, a universalcompartment, and aprinter paper basket, all ofwhich can be used individ-

ually or positioned invarious configurations.These products feature awalnut-grain laminated topand black steel legs. Op-tional casters can be addedto the stands. Prices begin

at $24.95. The completeline costs $224.75. ContactMisco Inc., 404 TimberLane, Marlboro, NJ 07746,(800) 631-2227; in NewJersey, (20!) 946-3500.Circle 742 on inquiry card.

Pair of Robots for theHome

Bob and Fred are a pairof robots from Androbot.Bob (brains-on-board) isbuilt with an 8086 micro-processor, 3 megabytes ofmain memory, and 10 slotsthat house its componentsand provide for expansioncapabilities. Bob cannavigate a room and talk ina human-like voice. In-frared sensors attract it tohumans, while ultrasonicsensors help Bob avoid in-animate objects. Optionsinclude Androwagon,which enables this robot totransport objects fromroom to room.

Fred (friendly robot edu-cational device) is designedto serve as an introductionto robotics. It serves as amobile extension of yourhome computer and canbe programmed to performa series of movements oroperated independently bya remote infrared con-troller. Fred has the abilityto execute on paper com-plex geometric shapes pro-duced on a computer

screen. It's packaged witha mini Androwagon fortransporting small objects.Mechanical sensors detectedges, preventing Fredfrom falling off table tops.Bob costs $2995. Theoptional Androwagon is$95. Fred costs S300. Forcomplete information, con-tact Androbot Inc., 101East Daggett Dr., San Jose,CA 95134, (408) 262-8676.Circle 743 on inquiry card.

Where Do NewProducts ItemsCome From?The information printed inthe new products pages ofBYTE is obtained from"new product" or "pressrelease" copy sent by thepromoters of new prod-ucts. If in our judg-ment the informationmight be of interest tothe personal computingexperimenters and home-brewers who read BYTE,we print it in some form.We openly solicit releasesand photos from manufac-turers and suppliers to thismarketplace. The informa-tion is printed more or lessas a first-in first-outqueue, subject to occa-sional priority modifica-tions. While we would notknowingly print untrue orinaccurate data, or datafrom unreliable compan-ies, our capacity to evalu-ate the products and com-panies appearing in the"What's New?" feature isnecessarily limited. Wetherefore cannot be re-sponsible for product qual-ity or company perform-

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

609

IVII

IBM PC-COMPLETE SYSTEM

VERY SPECIAL PRICE

PC System includes 64K IBM PC with two Disk Drives,Controller, Color Graphics Card, Monitor. . .. $2590

SPECIAL Or THE MONTH!!

IBM PC W/64K, 360KB Disk Drive, FDC, Color GraphicsCard, Monitor, 10MB Hard Disk W'/Controller, Cable,Software, Matrix printer, Cable, all for only. .$3990

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM PC

Tandon 100-2

Shugart 455-2

Teac 55-B

MONITORS

AMDEK 300 $170 300A

PRINCETON GRAPHICS SYSTEMS

Hi-Res Color

PRINTERSC-ITOH

GX-100

8570

F-10

OKIDATA

82A

83A

93A

$240$245$255

$190$490

$240$460

1550.F-10.

$690$1290$1690

$440$690

84A92A

$975$575$970

EPSON

FX-80

BROTHER

HR-1

.CALL FX-100 CALL

HR-15

SMITH CORONA

TP-1

$750$570

$520

HARD DISKS FOR APPLE AND IBMDAVONG

5 MB $1450

10 MB $1650

15 MB $2250

MEMORY BOARDS

MONTE CARLO CALL

TECMAR CALL

AST

10 Plus. Five function Card $199

Combo Plus 4 function card. Fully pop. 256K. . $490

Mega Plus. Fully pop. 512K $990

AST SIXPAK 384K CALL

QUADRAM

Quad Card. Fully pop. 256K $500

QUADLINK CALL

BIG BLUE $470

HERCULES Graphics Card $490

MAYNARD SANDSTAR SERIES

FDC 5 1/4 & 8" $220

Multifunction Card $90

Memory Card $180

DISK DRIVE FOR APPLE

Slimline, or Standard $250

PERSONAL ACCOUNTANT Software for your

Apple lie and Apple 11+. . . $190

APPLE He

Computer System, Controller, Two Disk Drives,Monitor $1590

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10

Gemini 15

DIABLO

NEC SPINWRITER$1950

7710-1 .

7715-1

7720-1.

7725-1.

7730-1

$2100$2400$2400$1950

3510

3515

3530 ....3550 ....PC8023A

$370

$540

CALL

$1350$1350$1550$1850$450

631 E. First St., Tustin, CA 92680

PRICES AND AVAILABILITY SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

(714)838-9100

APPLE is a trademark of Apple Computers, Inc.IBM is a trademark of IBM Corp.

610 BYTE October 1983

Circle 303 on inquiry card.

Circle 445 on inquiry card.

CHECK SUNTRONICS NEW LOW PRICES

lie Compatible Products I General Products- com.

$7Q95

AFDC-1 Floppy Disk Drive Controller. .. /JRuns DOS 3.3 with any standard Shugart com-patible 5'A" Disk Drive. (2 Drives Each Card)

$7QOO

ASCII KEYBOARD A&T / ^

Plug in compatible with Apple II, has shiftlock,underscore, I I and back slash characters.

Apple Prototype Board.

_ Double Sided glass with

I gold plated Apple andHW General Purpose termin-

als. Contains matrix of 17x 63 solder plated donutson .15" x .1" spacing. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-722 7.95

Apprate PROM Blaster 119.00

"ALS" 80 Column Card 159.00

"ALS" Z-CARD (Z80 CPU) 149.00

API Apple Parallel Printer Interface card.Centronics Compatible $45.00

General Products

Mitsubishi Disk Drives, 5VV and 8" Slim

5'/4" Thin DSDD 40 Track 310.00

8" Thin DSDD 77 Track 450.00

Video Monitors

* • »* •

SAMWOO GREEN 9" 18MHz $115.00

SAMWOO AMBER 9" 18MHz 119.00

SAMWOO GREEN 12" 12MHz 124.00

SAMWOO AMBER 12" 12MHz 127.00

Composite video I O. 750 lines resolution 75 10K ohmimpedance Note: Please add $7.50 shipping and hand-ling for the video monitors.

Assembled Connectors and Cables

Centronics Type Cable Assemblies 36 pin flat cablewith male to male or male to female connectors.

4 ft —$24.95 6 ft—$27.95RS232 Cable Assemblies 25 pin flat cable with maleto male or male to female connectors.

5 ft—$29.95 10 ft—$35.95

Assemble Your Own Cables

IDS

RibbonCablePrice/ft.

$0.500.65

Cord

20

26

34

40

50IDS DB-25PIDS DB-25S

Super Sale

P/N 8-24

2716 !450nSI 3.80

2732 (450nSI 4.16

2532 l450nSI 5.95

2764 [28 pin) 5.95

0.831 001.30

ConnectorConnector

Card Edge

Connector

Price

$2.464.805.936.907.58

SocketPrice

$3.063.876.307.207.50

25up3.553.985.955.95

P/N

6116P-3 (150nS>

2114L-2 l200nSI

4164

Z80A CPU

Header

Iw/w)

Price

$4.24

4.68

5.25

5.95

6.20

$5.95

$6.25

8-24 25up

6.10 5.75

1.62 162

Call Call

499 4.99

SUNTRONICS CO., inc.

12621 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

CALIFORNIA

213-644-1149

STORE HOURS MON FRI

SATURDAY

9 00a n10 OOaiT

i fi OOpm) b 00pm

MailOrrfer—Minimum OMasterCard Iplease inclupound to your order Ca

S-100 Products

S-100

MEMORY

BOARD

SICLEOO

64KSM A&T without RAM 133

64KSM A&T with 64k RAM (32-6116's) 339.00

S-100 Board Uses 6MHz 6t16's. V2A max. power. BankSelect plus Extended Addressing allow for multi-memory board set-up. 4 independant 16K Blocks makeeasy use with multi-user systems. Any 2K RAM may bereplaced by 2716 EPROM.

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, A&T $169.00

SBC-880 Z80A CPU, Kit 149.00

4MHz Z80A CPU boards with Serial Parallel PortsUFDC-1 Floppy Controller. A&T 245.00

UFDC-1 Floppy Controller. Kit. . 225.00

The UFDC-1 Floppy Controller uses the WD1795 chipwhich runs either and or 8" 5V4" Disk Drives

CLOCK CALENDAR A&T 115 00

CLOCK CALENDAR Kit 95.00

This S-100 Clock Calendar Board has 4 interrupts. Time.Day of Week and Battery Backup.

S-100 Prototype Board

t Double Sided glass with

MjHH gold plated, numberedI S-lOOtermmals. Matrix of' 25 x 78 solder plated do-nuts on .15" x .1" spacing.Locations for headers andregulators. Great for 14, 16, and 24 pin IC's.

SUN-721

Mother Boards & Card Cages

SLOTS6

Bare Bd

$12.00

16.00

22.00

KIT

$37.0048.0068.00

A&T

$52.00

73.00

103.00

12.95

w/CAGE$77.00108.00143 00

10MHz, No termination Includes power indicator andwiring for muffin fan Uses OKI connector for solderlessinstallation and removal of power & reset lines

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA TOLL FREE

1-800-421-5775

(Order Desk Onl

$10 Send Che<;k oiixpiration date] Add

ma residents add 6'

Money Order to P O BOX 1957 Dept B, HAWTHORNE, CA 90250 V'S$2 00 postage and handling (or First 3 pounds plus *itj lo< eai h addiin

SUNNY LOW LOW COST

POWER SUPPLIES

(LINEAR & SWITCHING)FOR S-100, DISK DRIVES

NO. 806 & NO. 516 Mainframes Kit 1, 2 & 3 for S-100 R2,R3for 2 Drives(FloppySHard)

S-100 & DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy. & tested, 6 outputs, adju. & fuses protect.

ITEM +5VOVP -5V + 24V(OR -I-12V) + 8V ±16V_ SIZE W X D X H PRICE

12 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

(1 Floppy & 1 Hard Disk)

6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY

5A

1A

°3

S4 6 SLOT & 2 FLOPPY 4A 1A

DISK POWER SUPPLIES: open frame, assy

ITEM IDEAL FOR +5VOVP 5V

5-7A PEAK

4-5A PEAK

13A

8A

3A

3A

10" x 6" x 5"

105.95

8%" x 5" x 4%" 95.95

& TESTED, REGULATED, ADJUSTABLE & FUSES PROTECT.+24V(or + 12V) +8V Unreg. +12V SIZEWxDxH PRICE

5" x4" x 4"

51.95

8" x 4" x 3%"

56.95

10" X 47/s" X 3%"

71.95

9" x 6Vi" x 4%"

85.95

R0 2 x 8" SLIMLINE 2.5A 2.5A ■ 5A Peak

R1 2 x 8" or 2 x 5'A" DISK 4A 1A 3A • 5A Peak 2A

R2 r3x8"(or5'/4")FLOPP'YJ 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak

R3 [or 1x Floppy & 1x Hard] 6A 1A 6A - 8A Peak 1A

AC & DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR FOR 2 DRIVES 8.00

S-100 POWER SUPPLY KITS (open frame with base plate, 3 hrs. assy, time)

ITEM (IDEAL FOR) +8V -8V 116V 16V ^28V SIZE: WxDxH PRICE

KIT 1

15 CARDS

15A

...

2.5A

2.5A

...

12"x5"x4%"

54.95

KIT 2

20 CARDS

25A

...

3A

3A

...

12" x 5" x 4%"

61.95

DEALER

KIT 3

DISK SYSTEM

15A

1A

3A

3A

5A

13V2"x5"x4%"

69.95

INQUIRIESINVITED

S3 S4forS-100&2Drives

SHIPPING FOR EA. PWR SUPPLY: $5.50 IN CALIF.;$8.00 IN OTHER STATES;$18.00 IN CANADA.FOR EA. TRANSFORMER: $5.00 IN ALL STATES;$12.00 IN CANADA. CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD6.5% SALES TAX.

6 SLOT MAINFRAME assy & tested only $399.95

SHIPPING $18.00

EACH MAINFRAME (ITEM NO. 806 OR 516) CONTAINS: EMI FILTER • FUSE HOLDER • AC POWER CORD • POWER SWITCH & INDICATOR •RESET SWITCH • 414" COOLING FAN • S-100 BUS 6 SLOT CARD CAGE • (110/220 VAC. 50/60 HZ.) POWER SUPPLY FOR DISK DRIVES & S-100SLOTS • 2 EA DC POWER CABLES WITH CONNECTOR AND MOUNTING HARDWARE FOR DISK DRIVES • 9 EA. CUT-OUTS; 7 FOR DB25CONNECTOR. 1 FOR 50 PIN CONNECTOR & 1 FOR CENTRONICS • CUSTOM FINISH & LOGO-LESS • COMPACT SIZE • LIGHTWEIGHT, 28 LBS.ITEM #806 FOR 2 EA. 8" THINLINE FLOPPY (TANDON TM848-1 & 848-2 OR EQUIV.), OR ONE HARD DISK. POWER SUPPLY:+ 8V/8A, +16V/3A,. 5V/5A OVP, 5V/1A 8 24V/5A. SIZE: 12"(W) x 19.5"(D) x 9.8'(H).

ITEM #516 FOR 2 EA. 5W FLOPPY (TANDON TM-100 1, 2. 3. 4 OR EQUIV). OR ONE SW FLOPPY & ONE 514" WINCHESTER HARD DISK(TANDON TM 600-2. 3 OR EQUIV). POWER SUPPLY: I 8V/8A. ± 16V/3A OVP. +5V/6A OVP, r 12V/6A. 8A PEAK. SIZE: 13.75"(W) x 19.5'(D) X 7'(H).

No. 806 &

No. 516 Mainframes

MAILING ADDRESS:P.O. BOX 4296TORRANCE, CA 90510

TELEX: 182558

SUNNY INTERNATIONAL

(TRANSFORMERS MANUFACTURER)(213) 328-2425 MON-SAT 9-6

SHIPPING ADDRESS:22129% S. VERMONT AVETORRANCE, CA 90502

Circle 444 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

611

SKETTES

MEGA- BYTE IND.

■J6B9 SW 15:n StFc La^aor-aaiu. F.or.aa 3331 >*

3DH.BU7-1 1 3QNOW OPEN BAT.IOiOOiq 3iOO EST.

1BDO-3S7-1 Ol 3

ASK FOR FREE CATALOGUE

RIBBONSEPSON -.mhboi 4."°ea.

Carcncic,us Min. 3

C. ITQH - Jfi^ 7«ea.

Cnrtridfjiia Min. 3

DIABLO 4."» ea.

Cartrldgiiu Min 3

GLOUCESTERCOMPUTER

PQ/6U all features of Promqueen less mimic mode.Software enhanced to include EPROM QC utilities, RS-232 communication, printouts. 28 pin ZIF socket.Reads, edits runs andprograms all 5 volt2500 and 2700 seriesEPROMS plus varietyof EEPROMS all with-out personality mod-ules. Commodore C-64 host computer.Inquire about themimic mode capabil-ity in our VIC Promqueen. $299.00ROM Packs industrial quality circuit cards aresocketed, solder masked, fully bypassed, and in-clude a ground plane for low noise operation. In-cludes 1 EPROM. 8K & 16K models for VIC-20 andC-64. Specify 2732 or 2764 EPROM type. Moldedplastic case. $39.00

GLOUCESTER COMPUTER

1 Blackburn Center. Gloucester, MA 01930 617-283-7719

WIREMASTER

Whip your wire wrapand PC layoutproblems withWIREMASTER

WIREMASTER is a software tool for design,layout, and assembly of hardware. Yourschematic is fed to WIREMASTER, whichproduces network maps, cross-references,wire and parts lists, and debug checklists.CHANGEMASTER keeps track of fixes andupdates. PLOTBOARD and PRINTBOARDgive pictures of the layout. Post-processorsfor wirewrap machines available. Runs onCP/M, MSDOS, UNIX, and VMS. $195.

AFTERTHOUGHT ENGINEERING 7266 Court-ney Dr., San Diego, CA 92111, (619) 279-2868.

Circle 289 on inquiry card.

Circle 196 on inquiry card.

Circle 21 on inquiry card.

TM

PC/FORTH

Complete FORTH program development systemsfor the IBM® Personal Computer. Packagesinclude interpreter/compiler with virtual memorymanagement, line editor, custom screen editor,assembler, decompiler, utilities, file and recordaccess modules, and many demonstration pro-grams. 150 page user manual $100,00

Software floating point, Intel 8087 support, colorgraphics extensions, and target compiler avail-able at additional cost.

Specify PC-DOS or CP/M-86® One disk driveand 48 kbytes RAM required. Software suppliedon 5]A inch single sided soft sectored doubledensity diskettes.

Laboratory Microsystems

4147 Beethoven StreetLos Angeles, CA 90066(213) 306-7412

SHIELDED DATA CABLES

Hel[) Piulecl Your Signals With Shielded Dnin

Cable. EIA

S232

Shielded Cubln Specify end gendi:r, length & ()in mil

connects, u

n to 9

conductors ... .

S 1 1.00 ■+

40/(1

TERMINALS &

;gesied

Sale

Lisl

ESPRIT ii terminal wMetectwble Veyboan!

5 64 5

5515

ESPRIT III Televldeo 950 emulator

S895

5735

LOW SPEED MODEMS a 300 i>

ud

Novation J CAT Direct connect aula ansjuirj modern

$149

5 99

103 SMARTCAT Smarl modem with auto dialer

$249

S1B9

Hnyea SMAHTMODEM-300 Slackanle Smarl mothim

S279

5230

HIGH SPEED MODEMS 0-3O0/1200 baud

Novation 1 03/212 SMARTCAT Smart modem

3 595

5439

Hayes SMARTMODEM 1200 SiaekaLile modem

SG99

»63S

SMARTMODEM 1 2O0B Smarlmodem 1200 lor IflM

PC-Smancom 11

5 59 9

5495

Univarinl Data Syitami 212LP Telco powered

1200 baud modem

3445

S369

PRINTERS

OAISYWRITER 2000 with ASK Duller and interlace cab!

$1500

12B5

OKIDATA ui.t!2A 9 Vi" carnage 1 20 cps printer

$54 9

$399

uL83A IB" comapn 120 cps primer

SB99

1640

uL92P Inanition 9'A" carnage correspondence quality

5699

552b

uL92S (serial) BS4" carnage correspondence quality

5799

$599

uL93P Iparallell 1 5" carnage correspondence Duality

$1249

S8B9

uL93S iMriall l 6" carnage correspondence qualily

$1349

59G9

TRACTOR lor uLB2 or uL92 punter

S50

MISCELLANEOUS

PERFECT WRITER. PERFECT SPELLER. PERFECT CALC.

"CALL"

PERFECT FILER MICROSPOOLER bullennterfocc

serial/parallel versions

"CALL"

Coniliufl cherk. money orflor. COD or VISA'MASTEHCARD Ann

indWig

please a

d4%*aMtlMKiulepf<c«.

ELECTROSONICS

38486 Cholclon Wit Clemens, Ml 48044

1313) 286-6969

H"TH HeathUsers

Double Your5%" disk storagecapacity without adding a drive.

Get twice as much from your H88 orH89 microcomputer. Our FDC-880Hfloppy disk controller, in conjunctionwith your 5%" drives, for example,expands memory capacity from 256bytes to 512 bytes per sector.

And it handles single and double-sided, single and double-density. 8" andSy" drives — simultaneously.

Ot

C.D.R. Systems Inc.Controlled Data Recording Systems Inc.7210 Clairmont Mesa Blvd., San Diego, CA 92111

(619) 560-1272

Circle 263 on inquiry card.

Circle 173 on inquiry card.

Circle 79 on inquiry card.

MODEMS

IBM-PC

RixonPC212A

$465.00

"Plugs into IBM PC card slot'300 and 1200 bps. asynchronous•Full/Half duplex

'Automatic dialer, tone or pulse, auto redial'Battery protected memory for numberstorage

PC 212A Software

$ 49.00

•Interfaces PC 212A MODEM to PC'Menu driven

'Stores telephone numbers, log-onprocedures

APPLE II, APPLE II PLUS, FRANKLIN,BELL AND HOWELL

Multi-Tech MODEM II $265.00

•Plugs into I/O slot

'300 bps asynchronous, full/half duplex

'Automatic dialer

'Menu driven software

Pennsylvania residents add 6% sales tax.90-day return-to-factory warranty.10-45 delivery. Shipped U.P.S.Check, money order COD to

James Fox Associates „„,„. ,,.,

Brownsburg Road 21S/39S-J293

Box 139B R.D. 12Newtown , PA 18940

Smith-Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel Printerrf« $44900

UNBELIEVABLE!

Also for your TP-1 letter quality printerthe Smith-Corona Tractor Feed

• Adjustable iracror wicfl

$13495

Oil Collect

(214) 826-6521

FIGURE LOGIC BUSINESS EQUIPMENT, INC.

6408 Gaston Avenue / Dallas. Texas 75214

wabash

EBSB5T3Ea

Scotch

\ferbatim

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDCALL COLLECT

ifi-nn 866-3462(614)231-1512

[ MottwCcrd

Circle 185 on inquiry card.

Circle 140 on inquiry card.

NEW IMPROVEDpineCOIll BREAK THRU! KEYBOARD

No more copyright problems!! 100% Apple II Compatible!

Features:/ •Upper/lowercase • Full size key-

board with numeric key pad• Auto repeat keys «25 Pre-programmedfunction keys »48K RAM user memoriescan expand to 192K »2W Audio AMP withvolume control • High resolution colordisplay with graphics »110/220V 5 AMPswitching power supply 'Guarantee to runon CP/M •Fully assembled and tested

DIRECT SALE $549.00

(Add 5% shipping and handling)

AUTOTERM™80 COLUMN CARD

<S*

40/80 column auto-selectablewith NORMAL/REVERSE andHIGHLIGHT functionscapable to run PASCAL & CP/MSHIFT function as typewriter

A

PART #900-0080

$75.00

EPROM

PROGRAMER CARD AP-64e

Program any 2716, 2732 or 2764 EPROMS

• Plug to any slot of your apple* computer.

• No extra equipment needed, completely reliable

• Auto blankcheck, compare, read, copy,monitor functions.

• Automatic verify.

• Errors indicated on screen.

• Burning voltage adjustable.

• Dip switch for different EPROMS

• No jumpers required.

• Firmware included.

ANTI-STATIC PLASTICMINI-FLOPPY DISKSTORAGE CASE

Holds up to 75 5'A" diskettes

with 4 dividerscolor: smoke clear on topwith light brown bottom

MODEL: MINI-FILE$19.95 EACH

GREAT INPUT.

Introducing the KoalaPad" Touch Tablet

• Under $125 with Micro Illustrator'" software. • Paddle,joystick, keyboard and mouse in one. • Perfect for com-puter graphics, games, education. • Friendliest controlleravailable—perfect for youngsters. • For Apple*, Atari"',Commodore"", and IBM* personal computers. • Com-patible with most game and educational software.

Introductory Offer $990<

80 Column card for Apple lie®SPECIAL $49.95 eachCM4 Model: 80CIIE

\fc& *THIS CARD IS NOTMADE BYAPPLE COMPUTER

HEAVY DUTY JOYSTICK

FOR APPLE+ OR PINECOM COMPUTERSMetal case with 2 fire buttons, 360 degreecursor control, auto centering and two finetrimer

MODEL: THE COMPATIBLE II $34.95

Apple II + Compatible

THE MICROTI

The Apple look-alike

and compatible computer,

48K RAM on board with numeric key pad,

upper/lower case keyboard

SORRY! ROM SET IS NOT INCLUDED!

Fully assembledSpecial price

$519.00

*Apple II & Apple He are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. U.S.A.

#187 for Dealer inquiries, #188 for all others

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA rTVl I

■i PHONE ORDERS ONLY 1-800-672-8758 CALL TOLL FREE ^ j |

.

Ap

pie

It i

re

ala

ered lr

ade

mark c

1 APPLE COMPUTERS

INC.

SEND S1.00 FOR OUR DETAILED CATALOG.

■ „-S™™.** 1"*E»C£E5 Minimum On*, .10.00/C.III. Rwld.nl. .dd 6.5% STORE HOURSA r ,, Und.,S50COPU,ch... Ov.,S50 0OP„,ch„. ^^ Aecpttd on VISA Or MC MON-FRI — 107

Ou...d.C.M|>nclM..,„EiCW,.d.| 15% 10% , > " SAT — 10"6

Ovwimi 25% 20%

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MM

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Hi

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.

.

.

-Baa

MM

EM

MM

■I

■

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Mg

Mg

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Scotch Diskettes

Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-able data safe. Dependable Scotch diskettesare tested and guaranteed error-free. The lowabrasivity saves your read/write headsThey're compatible with most diskette drives

(800)235-4137

Dealer InquiriesInvited

JUKI 6100

LETTER QUALITY PRINTER

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

18 cps

Word processing and graphic functions

Proportional spacing control

Uses IBM Selectric ribbons

Compatible with Kaypro, IBM, Apple,

Free shipping In U.S.

COMPUTERS

and more

2420 University Ave., To Order

San Diego, Ca. 92104 (619)291-1442

Circle 121 on inquiry card.

CRT STAND

JUST

$6995

36"W x 24"D x 26V2"H

Handsomely crafted stand features awalnut grained plastic laminate top, mo-desty panel and tubular steel legs withleveling glides. Black baked enamel finish.

ORDER No D2830E 0nlyS69.95ea.

AddS7.95 per stand for shipping and handling.N.Y. and Ca. add applicable sales tax.

PHONE TOLL FREE 800-645-6393NY 516-292-3400 OR MAIL ORDER TO:

GLOBAL Sr

63B Hemlock Dr., Hempstead. NY 11550

Ask for your FREE Computer Supplies Catalog

FREE CATALOG

Circle 195 on inquiry card.

67 MEG

Removable

Now at an affordable price!

A large capacity cartridge tape system that isfile addressable and preformatted to allowrandom data access. Available with standardinterfaces such as SCSI (SASI), S-100, QIC-02.standard & Multibus, GPIB. RS-232C. IBM-PCand Apple lis. Operating software is aisoavailable for IBM-PC PCXT and Apple II, II plus,lie and III. Send now for additional information.

adic

Advanced Digital Information Company

723 9th Ave. Bldg. A Kirkland. WA 98033

1 800-638-0818

EPROMPROGRAMMER

Devices: .is-volt only)

2716, 32, 32A27642712825XX series

887

♦ Allows read, copy, verify

• Personality by jumpering

" rJli3I (80S) 496-098

: ff**een«ai.oev } ™ - <•*> -w^*m *»■*•#

2SQ FMOTSAN0 OAKS BtVD • SKI 218THOUSAND:OAXS, CAllfO)»KA'S1J62

ISOBAR...cleans up

your line power! The

most complete computer

protection available!

More features to prevent errors, false print-out, disc skips! Only Isobar has 3-way spikeprotection, noise suppression lor RFI plusisolated filter banks! Prevents componentsin your system from interfering with eachother and erratic line power from damag-ing the system!Models $55 to $98. Free brochure.CalM-312-642-6871 or write:

INDUS-TOOL, Dept. BT

325 W. Huron, Chicago, IL 60610

Circle 17 on inquiry card.

Circle 225 on inquiry card.

The Ultimate A/B Switch

• Ideal for switching serial devices

• Switches 20 signal lines (RS-232)

• Computer grade printed circuit board

• Three 25 pin female "D" connectors

• Attractive brushed aluminum enclosure

Device A-Device B-

A/B Switch in Enclosure $89.95

Assembled PC Board Only $59.95

add S5 00 postage & handling - NJ residents add 6%sales tax Good through September 3QIh

VISA/ MasterCard/AMEX 1 BOO-223-5656In New Jersey 201-227-8411

PMI

16 Passaic AvenueFairfield. N.J. 07006

LSI C Compiler

for 8080/Z80

LSI C compiler is designed for programs

with a small memory and a shorter CPU

time.

•The object code is compact and is faster

than leading "C" compilers (Eratosthenes:

13.4sec)

• typedef, static, cast and initializers areavailable.

• The compiler and the generated coderun under CP/MTM but also can beburnt into PROMs.

• Price:$500 (FOB Japan)

CP/M is a trademark Of Digital ResearLh.

for pamphlet write:r.O. Box 508 STA. CRUZCA. USA 95062

for further information contact:

LSI JAPAN CO., LTD.

2-24-9 YOYOCIMIIHUYA-MJ TOKYO (151) JAPANPHONF.:(03 (379-2427

CAN YOUR PC SPEAK?

s

e^

SC-02Speech Synthesizer•GREATSOUND

• SMART

• FUNEASY

• Excellent SC-02 speech

• Six voices

• Music & sound effects

• Z-80 microprocessor

• Text-to-speechalgorilhem

• Clock-calender

• Centronics port

• IBM game port

• Educational

• Adds life to programs

• Plug into any IBM slot

• Full software support

PACKAGE PRICE: $445Universal Computer Products

P.O.Box 4229 • Irvine, CA 92716

Circle 369 on inquiry card.

Circle 276 on inquiry card.

Circle 491 on inquiry card.

A\ Alspa Computer, Inc.

Price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 8" ds/dd drives, 3serial + 1 parallel port. Winchester port, networking. Pricesstart below $1500. DEALER / OEM Inquiries invited.

SPECIALS on INTREGATEO CIRCUITS

6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6.55 100/6.15

6502A/6512A 8.40 10/7.95 50/7.35 100/6.90

6520PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.45 100/4.15

6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.75 100/5.45

6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7.00 100/6.60

2114-L200 2.45 25/2.30 100/2.15

2716 EPR0M 4.90 5/4.50 10/4.00

2532EPR0M 6.90 5/6.75 10/6.45

6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 6.90 5/6.75 10/6.45

4116 RAM 8 for 14

4164 RAM 6.50

Zero Insertion Force 24 pin Socket (Scanbe) 2.00

Hewlett Packard

Write or call lor prices.

AnchorAutomationSignalmanModems

FREE SOURCE MEMBERSHIP WITH SIGNALMAN

All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cablesto connect to youi computer and to the telephone. SignalmanModems provide the best price-performance values.Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

Volksmodem (79)BS232 or Atari Cable for Volksmodem

Mark I RS232 (99)

Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer .(279)

Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer (159)

Mark XII Smart Model 1200/300 (399)

55

9

59

179

295

DC HAYES Smatlmodem

DC Hayes Smartmodem 1200/300

219

529

PROM QUEEN for VICApple Emulator for Commodore 64STAT Statistics Package for C64Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for C64 or VIC

C64/VIC Switch (networking)

BACKUP V1.0 tape copier for C64 or VIC

CARDBOARD/6 Motherboard - VICCARDBOARD/5 Motherboard - C64CARDPRINT Printer Interlace - C64/VICCARDBOARD/3s Motherboard - VICCARDCO C64/VIC Calculator KeypadCARDRAM/16 RAM Expansion - VICComplete CARDCO Line in stockCIE and VIE IEEE Interlaces in stockBASM Compiler/Assembler for C64

170Call9529

12520

645664323264

89

APPLE—FRANKLIN ITEMS

KRAFT Apple Joystick 40

16K RAM Card lor Apple 59

Solid Oak 2 Level Stand for Apple 29

Serial Card for Apple 99

MPC RAM/80 column card for HE (AP/TXT) 139

Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft) 235

RANA Elite I with Controller 389

Parallel Printer Interface/Cable 79

Apple Dumpling (Microtek) Printer Interface 115

Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer 160

Grappler + Interface 129Kraft Products for Apple in stock

DC Hayes Micromodem II 299

PFS: File 100

PFS: Report 100

Videx 80 Column Card 209Hayden Software tor Apple 20% OFF

Apple Blue Book 19

Q commodore

See us for Personal, Business, and Educationalrequirements. Educational Discounts available.

PETSCAN I $245 base price

Allows you to connect up to 30 CBM/PET Computers toshared disk drives and printers Completely transparent to theuser. Perfect lor schools or multiple word processing con-figurations Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-tional computer hookups S100 each.

COMPACK/STCP

$115

Intelligent Terminal Package for PET, CBM, C64

Includes ACIA Hardware / STCP Software

VE-2 IEEE to Parallel Interface 1 TO

Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, andswitch selectable character conversion to ASCII.

VIDEO ENHANCER for Commodore 64 69

Realize video quality equal or better than composite monitorusing standard color TV.

SCREEN MA~KER 801 Column Adapter for C64 145

Provides big screen capability for business applications.

GEN ISIS Computer Corp

VIConlroller (for C64 as well) SO

combine with BSR modules lor home or business control

COMSENSE Remote Sensing Adapter for C64 or VIC 35

COM VOICE Synthesizer for C64 or VIC 139

includes software for test to speech, pitch, etc.

COM CLOCK Real Time Clock with battery backup 45

VIC 20 Products and Software in stockThorn EMI Software UMI Software

ABACUS Solfware HES Software

16K RAM for VIC 64 Vanilla Pilot

VICTORY Software for VIC and C64Street Sweepers (VIC) 12 Kongo Kong (VIC)

Night Rider (VIC)AnnihilateAdventure Pack IIEducational Pack ISlrategy Pack I

1116161116

Cosmic Debris (VIC)

Adventure Pack I

Metamorphosis

Trek

Grave Robbers

27

1612

16111212

PAPER CLIP Word Processor 109

ORACLE Data Base from Batteries Included 125

Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 16

MicroChess for C64—8 levels of play 19

Computers First Book of PET/CBM 11

C64 or VIC SWITCH 125

POWER ROM Utilities lor PET/CBM 78

WordPro 3+/B4 69

WordPro 4+ - 8032. disk, printer 295SPELLMASTER spelling checker lor WordPro

VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 189

PET-TRAX PET to Epson Graphics Software 40

SM-KIT enhanced PET/CBM ROM Utilities 40

Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35

EASY CALC lor C64 65

PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36

COPYWRITER Word Processor for C64 69

2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40

Dust Cover for PET. CBM. 4040, or 8050 8CmC Interfaces (ADA1800, ADA1450, SAOI in stock)

Programming the PET/CBM [Compute!) — B. West 20

Computet First Book of VIC 11

HES MODEM with Software 65HES Software and Hardware in stockUMI products in stock

FlexFiie for PET/CBM/ C64 Slid

Database, Report Writer with calculations, Mailing Lists.

FORTH for PET/C64 full FIG model — Cargill/Riley $50Metacompiler lor FORTH for independent object code 30

KMnRM PASCAL 1V.1 for PET/C64 95

EARL for PET/CBM Disk-based ASSEMBLER 65

Super Graphics — BASIC Language Extensions 45

Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM

RAM/ROM for PET/CBM 4KS75 8K $90

Commodore Public Domain Software lor C64 75

DISKSPECIALS

Scotch (3M) 5" ss/ddScotch (3M) 5" ds/ddScotch (3M) 8" ss/sdScotch (3M) 8" ss/dd

We stock VERBATIM DISKS

Write for Dealer and OEM prices.

Sentmal 5" ss/dd 10/1.90 50/1.85 100/1.80

Sentinal 5" ds/dd 10/2.55 50/2.50 100/2.45

We stock Dysan disks

10/2.20 50/2.00 100/1.95

10/3.05 50/2.80 100/2.75

10/2.30 50/2.10 100/2.06

10/2.85 50/2.70 100/2.65

Wabash 5" ss/sdWabash 5" ss/ddWabash 8" ss/sd

10/1.60 50/1.55 100/1.4510/1.90 50/1.85 100/1.7510/2.00 50/1.95 100/185

We stock MAXELL DISKS

Write for dealer and OEM prices.

Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 lor $6Disk Library Cases 8"—3.00 5"—2.25Head Cleaning Kits 11

CASSETTE TAPES-

C-10C-30

-AGFA PE-611 PREMIUM

10/.61 50/.58 100/.5010/.85 50/.82 100/.70

DATASHIELD BACKUP POWER SOURCE 265

Battery back up Uninterruptible Power Supply with surge andnoise filtering. The answer to your power problems.

Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 95

Zenith new color and monochrome monitors in stock

fvlultiPlan—IBM or Apple 185

Quadboard lor IBM available

Peachtext 5000 Software Package 219

PFS Software for IBM and Apple in stock

VOTRAX Personal Speech System 280

VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)

CompuServe Subscription (5 hours free) 35

Dynax (Brother) DX-15 Daisy Wheel Printer 469

Itoh Prowriter Parallel Printer 379

Panasonic 1090 Printer with Correspondence Mode 319

USI CompuMOD 4 R F Modulator 39

Daisywriler 2000 with 48K buffer 1050

Many printers available (Gemini-Star, Brother, OKI, etc)

We Stock AMDEK Monitors

AmdekDXY-100 Plotter 590

A P Products 15% OFF

Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290

BROOKS 6 Outlet Surge Suppressor/Noise Filter 54

We stock Electrohome Monitors

Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer 189

ALL BOOK and SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED

Panasonic 12" Monitor (20 MHz) with audioPanasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor

139

259

USI Video Monitors—Green or AMBER 20 MHz hi-res.Dealer and OEM inquiries invited

YtNiTM I data

I systems

HERO 1 Robot (factory assembled) 2145

Z29 Terminal (DEC and ADM compatible) 680

ZT-10 Intel. Terminal with Serial Port 340

Zl 00 16-bit/8-bit Systems in stock CALL

We stock entire Zenith line.

ATARf

SPECIALS

WE STOCK ENTIRE LINE—write for prices.

Software for Atari in stock.

215-822-7727

252 Bethlehem PikeColmar, PA 18915

Circle 8 on inquiry card.

A B Computers

WRITE FOR CATALOG. Add $1.50 per order for United Parcel.We pay balance of UPS surface shipping charges on all prepaid orders(add extra for mail, APO/FPO, air). Prices include cash discount.Regular prices slightly higher. Prices subject to change.

BYTE October 1983

615

5y4" DISK DRIVES

TANDON

• TM 100-1

Single Sided, 40 TRK/Side s<-nnn

Single Or Double Density * 173uu

Free Shipping

• TM 100-2

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side SOUOnn

Single Or Double Density "t J3UU

Free Shipping

CDC

• 9409

Double Sided, 40 TRK/Side soonnn

Single Or Double Density ' iWuu

Free Shipping

Order Toll Free

1-800-531-5475 (Outside 01 Texas)(512) 250-1489 (In Texas)"II We Can't Ship The Next Working Day,We Won't Take The Order."MasterCard * VISA * CheckTexas Residents Add 5% Sales Tax.

JjCompufl dd cop

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101Austin, Texas 78750

ScreenWiz

FULL SCREEN CONTROL

An assembler subprogram you call from yourprograms to handle screen input/output asIBM mainframes do.Define full screen format specificationsoutside your program, and call ScreenWiz toretrieve the formats, and do all the I/O for you.

• One command input/displays a full screen

• Use all of your CRT video attributes

• Define up to 24 function keys

• Define templates for display and input.

• Validate input while keying. Insert and.delete characters to correct fields

• Tab fields forward and backward

• Draw figures using vertical field displays

• Save memory as only one format needs tobe in memory at one time. Make theconstants to display virtual, and they don'tuse any memory at all.

• Build help screens. Call them with onefunction key then return to where you were.

Available now for most popular —

BASIC \ IBM PC $99

COBOL I CP/M-80 $99

FORTRAN [ Shipping $ 6

PASCAL ) Source code included

IflTERDfiTfi

SYSTEMS INC.

15 Toronto St. Suite 700

Toronto, Ont. Canada M5C 2E7 Visa, M/C

(416) 366-2136 {call collect to order) Am. Express

REFERENCE-REPAIR

FOR THEAPPLE II® COMPUTER

For thB Technician: Theory of operation, completeschematics (all revisions) scope & lesl point documen-tation with scope photos & l.C. logic guide.

For the Novice: Step by step disassembly instruc-tions for compuler and disk drive, I C. replacementcharts, and trouble-shooting information in laymansterms.

The first complete reference and repair guide lor theApple II' or Apple II Plus' Computers with the DiskII Drive & controller.

Money Back Guaranteed

Only $45.00 postpaid (U S )

Digital Deli Visa & MasterCard Accepted

2632 W. Baseline COD. (add 1.65)

Mesa. Arizona 85202 Outside U S (Add 3 50)(602)831-5064

Coming Soon: Reference-Repair for theApple lie* & Franklin Ace 100O' .

Circle 95 on inquiry card.

Circle 237 on inquiry card.

Circle 149 on inquiry card.

FLOPPY

DISK-DRIVE

REPAIR

Command Servicesexclusively repairsTandon and Shugart

disk drives. We are

affordable, fast and experienced.

For service, call toll fr<

1-800-782-5500

In New York State call:

1-800-323-1800

Command Services Corporation

7143 Henry Clay Blvd.Liverpool, New York 13088315-457-1432

Circle 89 on inquiry card.

PRINTERS

i

Epson:

rxbo SCall

fx 60 SCall

fx ioo SCall

Star-Micronics:

GemlnMOX »299

Gemlnl-15 8439

Freo Shipping * Order Toll Free

All Hardware Has Factory Warranty

1-800-531-5475 (Outside 01 Texas)

(512) 250-1489 (In Texas)

[Compufldd cop

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101Austin, Texas 78750

CONVERSE ^3 COMPUTER

Created al MIT m 1966, ELIZA has become tha world s most celebratedartificial intelligence demonstration program ELIZA is a non-directivepsychotherapist who analyzes each statement as you type it in and thenresponds with her own comment or question —and her remarks areotten amazingly appropriate1

Designed to run on a large mainframe. ELIZA has never before beenavailable to personal computer users except in greatly stripped downversions lacking the sophistication which made the original program sofascinating

Now, our new microcomputer version possessing the FU LL power andrange of expression of the original is being offered at the introductoryprice of only S25. And if you want to find out how she does it (or teachher to do more), we will include the complete SOURCE PROGRAM foronly $20 additional

Order your copy of ELIZA today and you'll never again wonder how torespond when you hear someone say. 'Okay, let s see what this com-puter of yours can actually do'

ELIZA IS AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING FORMATS:

1. 5'A inch disk for the 48K Apple II. II Plus, lie or III

S25 for Protected Version—S45 for Applesoft Source Version

2. 5% inch disk for the 64K IBM Personal Computer

325 for Protected Version-S45 for IBM Disk BASIC Source Version

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH GROUP

i^^^^h- 921 North La Jolla Avenue. Dept. B ■ —\^vi^k\ Los Angeles, CA 90046

jmbb^h (213)656-7368 (213)654-2214l^^^^^-. MC, VISA and checks accepted

l^ff ^^

Circle 96 on inquiry card.

Circle 45 on inquiry card.

Electronic

Circuit

Analysis

• AC and DC analysis

• Very fast, optimized machine language

• Worst case, sensitivity analysis

• Sweep component values

• 64 Nodes

• Compare circuits

■ Log or linear sweep

• Full file handling

• Full editing, error trapping

• Frequency response, magnitude and phase

• Complete manual with examples

• Transmission lines

• Complex y parameters

• Available for CP/M, MSDOS, TRSDOS'• Price - $150.00

Tatum Labs

P.O. Box 698

Sandy Hook, CT 06482

(203) 426-2184

HDBBV RaBorXl

PUT YOUR COMPUTER TO WORK

RoOol 12 axis arm wilh magnetic lifter and opiionai pen holder for pioilingand drawing Interlaces to Timex. VIC 20 and olher computers. A goodintroduction lo articulated arm robots Usable lor game playing and multi-color plotting.ROBOT I 2 AXIS ARM KIT 5125

H0B0T IV ARM WITH VISION KIT SZ00

Adds ability to deled markers, lollow lines and mazes, experiment withpattern and character recogniiion Perfect for science fair proiect

VISION 1 PANORAMIC SCAN VISION KIT £100

SPECTRON INSTRUMENT

1342 W. Cedaf Ave. Denver, CO 80223Telephone (303) 744-7089

SMITH-CORONA

Memory Correct 111 Messenger

Printer & Typewriter

$579

• RS232 Serial OrCentronics Parallel

• Multiple Pitch 10.12.15

Order Toll Free:Free Shipping

1-800-531-5475 (Outside 01 Texas)(512) 250-1489 (In Texas)

iCompufldd

Corp

13010 Research Blvd., Suite 101Austin, Texas 78750

Circle 458 on inquiry card.

Circle 439 on inquiry card.

Circle 97 on inquiry card.

Apple Country lid. has your Number for

ROCK BOTTOM PRICES

~'t) 1-800-222-2602

MONITORS

AMDEK COLOR I PLUS 299.95

AMDEK COLOR II 439.95

AMDEK COLOR II PLUS 449.95

AMDEK COLOR III 369.95

AMDEK COLOR IV 749.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (GREEN) 134.95

AMDEK VIDEO 300 (AMBER) 149.95

AMDEK VIDEO 310 (AMBER) 164.95

BMC 12AU 12" GREEN 89.95

BMC 12EUN 12" GREEN 139.95

BMC AU9191U 13" COLOR 299.95

BMC 1401 13" RGB COLOR 349.95

BMC AU9191MU 13" RGB IBM 629.95

COMMODORE COLOR MONITOR 269.95

COMREX 13" COLOR W/SOUND 294.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES AMBER 149.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES GREEN 139.95

COMREX 12" HI-RES YELLOW 144.95

ELECTROHOME 9" GREEN 129.95

ELECTROHOME 12" GREEN 149.95

ELECTROHOME 13" RGB IBM 379.95

ELECTROHOME 13"RGB COLOR 369.95

GORILLA 12" GREEN 89.95

NEC 12" GREEN SCREEN 154.95

NEC 12" ECONO GREEN 109.95

NEC 12" LO-RES COLOR 299.95

NEC 12" AMBER SCREEN 164.95

NEC 12" COLOR - IBM 539.95

PRINCETON GRAPHICS HX-12 489.95

QUADCHROME RGB FOR IBM 527.95

SAKATA 13" COLOR 264.95

SAKATA 13" RGB COLOR 519.95

SAKATA SUPER RGB MONITOR 719.95

SAKATA 13" GREEN 104.95

TAXAN 12" GREEN 124.95

TAXAN 12" AMBER 129.95

TAXAN RGB VISION I 294.95

TAXAN RGB VISION III 494.95

ZENITH 12" GREEN 99.95

ZENITH RGB COLOR MONITOR 579.95

USI 9" AMBER MONITOR 129.95

USI 9" GREEN MONITOR 119.95

USI 12" GREEN MONITOR 139.95

USI 14" LO-RES COLOR 289.95

MODEMS

ANCHOR MARK I (RS-232) 79.95

ANCHOR MARK II (ATARI) 79.95ANCHOR MARK III (TI99/4A) 99.95

ANCHOR MARK V (OSBORNE) 94.95

ANCHOR MARK VI (IBM PC) 199.95

ANCHOR MARK VII (RS-232) 109.95

NOVATION J-CAT 104.95

NOVATION 212 AUTO CAT 579.95

SMARTCAT 212 (1200 BAUD) 429.95

SMARTMODEM 300 BAUD 194.95

SMARTMODEM 1200 BAUD 484.95

SMARTMODEM 1200B - IBM 449.95

PRINTERS

AMDEK 2 DIGITAL PLOTTER 1074.95

ANADEX DP-9501A 1319.95

ANADEX DP-9925A 1549.95

ANADEX DP-9629A 1429.95

ANADEX WP-6000 2199.95

ANADEX WP-6000 TRACTOR 144.95

CENTRONICS 352DP 1799.95

COMREX CR-1 DAISY WHEEL 729.95

DAISEYWRITER 2000 1129.95

DIABLO 630R155 1784.95

EPSON FX-80 W/TRACTOR LOW!I

EPSON RX-80 LOW!!

EPSON FX-100 F/T LOW!!

GEMINI 10X LOW!!

GEMINI 15 LOW!!

GEMINI STX-80 LOW!!

GORILLA BANANA PRINTER 189.95

IDS MICROPRISM 479.95

IDS PRISM 132 1299.95

IDS PRISM 132C - COLOR 1499.95

JUKI 6100 PRINTER (P) 549.95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT160L 779.95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT1602 1289.95

MANNESMANN TALLY MT1802 1499.95

NEC 3550 SPINWRITER-IBM 1754.95

NEC 8023 PRINTER 459.95NEC 8025 120 CPS 136 COL 719.95

OKIDATA MICROLINE 80 339.95

OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350P 1999.95

OKIDATA PACEMARK 2350S 2199.95

OKIDATA PACEMARK 241 OP 2329.95

OKIDATA PACEMARK 2410S 2499.95OKIDATA TRACTOR 80,82,92 49.95

OKIDATA 82A W/GRAPHICS 449.95

OKIDATA 83A W/GRAPHICS 699.95

OKIDATA 84P 1049.95

OKIDATA 84S 1129.95

OKIDATA 92 494.95

OKIDATA 93P 929.95

OKIDATA 93S 994.95OLYMPIA TYPEWRITER/PRINT 819.95

PANASONIC KX-P1090 419.95

PRINTMASTER (DAISY) 1549.95

PROWRITER I PRINTER 344.95

PROWRITER II PRINTER 619.95

C ITOH 8600BP 979.95

QUME SPRINT 11/40+ 1399.95SANYO PR5500 DAISY WHEEL 579.95

SILVER-REED DAISY WHEEL 799.95

SMITH CORONA TP-1 499.95

STARWRITER DAISY WHEEL 1099.95

TOSHIBA P-1350 1649.95

TRANSTAR 315 COLOR 449.95

TRANSTAR 130 18CPS 729.95

TRANSTAR 140 40CPS 1229.95

EPSON SERIAL (RS-232) 134.95

GRAFITTI CARD 84.95

GRAPPLER + 119.95

MICROBUFFER II 16K 194.95

PKASO INTERFACE 129.95

WIZARD BPO 16K 129.95

WIZARD SOB 16K 179.95

OTHER PRINTERS AVAILABLE

COMPUTERS

LOW! !LOW! 1$CALL$CALLLOW! !2349.952649.95

COMMODORE 64COMMODORE 1541 DRIVEATARI 600XLATARI 800XLIBM PC & XTCOLUMBIA VP PORTABLECOLUMBIA COMPLETE SYS

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM128K, 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARDAND COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

CORVUS CONCEPT MC68000 $4999

256K, 8" FLOPPY DRIVE

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

BI-DIRECTIONAL 8-1/2X11 SCREEN

CORVUS CONCEPT 512K $5895

CORONA DESKTOP PC LOW!I

IBM-PC COMPATIBLE SYSTEM

128K 2-DS/DD DRIVES, KEYBOARD

COMPLETE SOFTWARE PACKAGE

CORONA PORTABLE PC LOW!!

EAGLE PC 128K SYSTEM 2249.95

KAYPRO II 1399.95

NEC APC-H01 $2495

NEC APC-H02 $2995

NEC APC-H03 $3749

NEC APC-WPS1 $4995

PIED PIPER I 1074.95

Z-80 PORTABLE COMPUTER '

INCLUDES 64K RAM & 1MB DRIVE

SOFTWARE INCLUDES:

CP/M & PERFECT SERIES

SANYO WBC-1100

1529.95

TELEVIDEO 16-BIT DESKTOP

128K 8088 5MHZ DUAL 360K DRIVES

INCLUDES CP/M $3499.95

TELEVIDEO 910 TERMINAL 594.95TELEVIDEO 925 TERMINAL 789.95TELEVIDEO 970 TERMINAL 1199.95

XEROX 820-11

$2899

ZENITH Z-120 ALL-IN-ONE

BUILT-IN GREEN SCREEN

DUAL DRIVES SPECIAL $2999.95

APPLE //e NOW AVAILABLEPLEASE CALL FOR OUR LOW PRICE

FRANKLIN ACE 1000 W/COLOR LOW!!FRANKLIN ACE 1200 SYSTEM LOW1!ROMAR II (APPLE CLONE) 549.95

DISKETTES

ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/SD 16.95ELEPHANT DISKETTES SS/DD 19.95ELEPHANT DISKETTES DS/DD 25.95

APPLE //

EASY-80 80 COL VIDEO CARD

FULLY VIDEX COMPATIBLE

WORKS WITH WORDSTAR, dBASE,

SUPER-TEXT-PRO, BASIC, CP/M,

PASCAL. SPECIAL INTRO PRICE

4TH DIMENSION DRIVE+CTRL4TH DIMENSION DRIVE-ONLYHAYES MICROMODEM IIKENSINGTON SYSTEM SAVERRANA ELITE I W/CTRL-CARDRANA ELITE II W/CTRLRANA ELITE III W/CTRLSOFTCARD (Z-80 CARD)MICRO-SCI A2 W/CTRL-CARDASCII EXPRESS PROBPI GENERAL ACCOUNTINGDATASTAR (REQ Z-80)dBASE II (REQ. Z-80)INFOSTAR (REQ Z-80)REPORTSTAR (REQ Z-80)SENSIBLE SPELLERSPELLSTAR (REQ Z-80)SUPERCALC (REQ Z-80)SUPER-TEXT PRO 40/80VISICALC 3.3WORDSTAR W/APPLICARD

IBM

LOTUS 1-2-3

dBASE II

FRIDAY

HOME ACCOUNTANT PLUS

QUADLINK APPLE EMULATOR

SMARTCOM II

MICROSOFT MOUSE

PEACHTEXT 5000 SER.9

PERFECT WRITER

VISICALC 256K

CBASIC COMPILER

MULTI-TOOL WORD W/MOUSE

VERSAFORM

Q-BASE

WORDSTAR 3.24

INFOSTAR

289.95199.95259.95

64.95359.95509.95649.95234.95319.95

89.95294.95194.95449.95319.95239.95

84.95164.95189.95

69.95174.95324.95

LOW! !429.95199.95

99.95489.95

89.95134.95259.95189.95179.95399.95339.95259.95139.95349.95349.95

COMMODORE 64

CALC RESULT ADVANCED 119.95

CARDCO PARALLEL INTERFACE 64.95

CHOPLIFTER 34.95

DATA20 Z80 VIDEOPAK 224.95

DATASETTE RECORDER 64.95

FORT APOCALYSE

FROGGER

HES MODEM I

HOME ACCOUNTANT

JAWBREAKER

JUMP MAN

GRIDRUNNER

PHAROH'S CURSE

HESMON

SCRIPT 64

VANILLA PILOT

VIC/64 SWITCH

We will try to meet or beat any advertised price!CALL US... WE CAN HELP! 1-800-222-2602

For technical assistance, order status and California calls (619) 765-0239

Apple Country, Ltd., P.O. Box 1099, 2602 Washington St., Julian, Calif. 92036 ^

Terms: We accept American Express. No extra charge for Visa/MasterCard. Cashier's Check, : \^s".*".

personal check (allow 2 weeks to clear) Shipping & Handling: 5% (55 min.); APO FPO Alaska r/•'''»''•''

Hawaii & Monitors 5% ($10 min.) Foreign orders 15% ($15 min.) All items are new with ' / .'?',",V

manufacturer's warranty. Prices are subject to availability & change without notice. Purchase order I C***>must include check. California residents add 6% sales tax. Send $1 (good toward first purchase) for %-new fall catalog.

Apple Country, Ltd. is a DISCOUNT MAIL ORDER HOUSE for the micro computer industry

and is a California corporation not affiliated with Apple Computer Inc. Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer Inc.

Circle 41 on inquiry card.

Arm

coumhycsu

CompuStar Users!

SLPERLETTER is for you!

It's the exciting bi-monthly packed withtechnical tips, feature articles, display andclassified ads plus hardware and softwarereviews written just for the SuperBrainand CompuStar user.

Now in our third year, we otter:

m Substantial DISCOUNTS on popularnationally-advertised CP/M software.

■ A full line of hard-to-find enhancedPROMS, BIOS's and GRAPHICSpackages.

■ A direct link to thousands of Interteccomputer users around the world.

Subscriptions: $25 in USA$35 foreign

(Back-issues available at S3.50)To order, call or write:

SLPERLETTER

P. 0. Box 3121

Beverly Hills, CA 90212

(2131 277-2410

High Resolution19" COLOR RGB

Monitor

$519

Ready to plug into IBM PC

•640 lines x 525

•6 month warranty available

•speciali7£d eabinels optional

301-268-9331

Overlord Monitors

111 Chinquapin Round Rd.Annapolis, Maryland 21404

Send for a lis! of Overlord Monitors

8048 IN-CIRCUITEMULATOR

E232-48 emulates Intel compatible 8048,8049, 8050 microcomputers and theirROMIess and CMOS versions. It features:

• Real time emulation up to 11 fvlhz.

• Hardware breakpoints.

• RS-232 interface to host system.

• In-line Assembler and Disassembler.

• Complete debugging facilities.

• Chaining for Multi-Processor emulation.

E232-48 (serial interface) $1795

E696-48(S-100 version) $995

Cross Assemblers (8048 & others) $ 150

SIGNUM SYSTEMS

726 Santa Monica Blvd.Santa Monica. CA 90401 (213) 451-5382

Circle 10 on inquiry card.

Circle 526 on inquiry card.

Circle 424 on inquiry card.

80 CHARACTER VIDEO BOARD• WORDSTAR/dBASE II OPTIONTYPE AHEAD KEYBOARD BUFFER

• 25 LINE NON-SCROLL OPTION

• Z80 CPU and 8275 CRTC S-100

• CHARACTER GRAPHICS

• ADAPTABLE SOFTWARE

• ORDER ASSEMBLED & TESTED ORPRE-SOLDERED (ADD YOUR IC's)

VDB-A2 bare board from $49.50

Simpliway PRODUCTS CO.(312-359-7337)

P.O. BOX 601, Hoffman Estates, IL 60195add $3.00 S&H, 3% for Visa or MastercardIllinois Res. Add 6% Sales Tax

WORDSTAR is a trademark ol MicroPro INTERN'L CORPdBASE is a trademark ol ASHTONTATE CORP

SAVE BIG ON MEDIA!

SENTINAL Complete with hub rings and

lifetime warrantySingle sided/Single density 5W" $18.70 bx of 10Single sided/Double density 5VV $20.70 bx of 10Double sided/Double density 5W'$27.80 bx of 10Single sided/Double density 8" $29.70 bx of 10Double sided/Double density 8" $38.70 bx of 10

BUY DISKETTES IN BULK & SAVE!

Call For Pricing-From $179.00/Case Of 100

SEND FOR OUR ALL NEWCATALOG! IT'S FREE!!!!!!

Hundreds OF BIG Bargains:

Peripherals • Software • Games • AccessoriesSupplies • Furnitures

^^ CALL TODAY!

—— 1-800-527-3475

Dept. 0-1, 401 N. Central Eipwy, Richardson, TX 75080

■tor ACCESS UNLIMITED•MICRO SHOPPING CENTER

Circle 11 on inquiry card.

PUBLISHABLE QUALITY GRAPHSon MOST DOT MATRIX PRINTERS

Requires no Graphics Screen

Line Graphs and Scatterplots

Easy to Use, Excellent Manual

CP/M 80, CP/M 86

Most disk formats

Price: $50 Manual Alone: $10.

Dataplotter from Lark Software

7 Cedars Rd, Caldwell, N.J. 07006

(201) 226-7552 Visa. M/C

♦

1982 ♦

lOO

" O

1980 / \

BO

D

A^-JV

60

- ♦.

. //* M O ■

o^

>- j y\

40

"

^-^' * \, -

Q..

/

20

^•Q D

Fab Apr Jun Aug Oct D*c

MONTH

Circle 265 on inquiry card.

BUYING A COMPUTERFOR CHRISTMAS?

SPENDING $500, $1500, $3000?FIRST SPEND $9.95 AND FIND OUTWHATS AVAILABLE AND HOW THEYCOMPARE.

THREE PAGE 17" » 22" CHART SHOWINGMOST WELL KNOWN COMPUTERS ANDMANY OTHERS. LISTS CPU TYPE.OPERATING SYSTEM, DISK SIZE & FOR-MAT, SOFTWARE AVAILABLE. MEMORYSIZE, KEYBOARD DESCRIPTION, DISPLAYSIZE AND RESOLUTION, OPTIONS, PRICE,ETC.

AYEWIPS

DEPT. B310

P.O. BOX 10937

DENVER, CO 80210-0937

■.«■*? .« ** * m ® fe •

1BR|f|j|l

S23 bC.S «£ «£ o

" Sifi 3 8 ^ erf °

3 ^ 8 s 8,ta °A

h-t & ►« m S b °

4S

o

o-

u.—

2<

< :u<j J

>-z

^°

— ■J:

a"

<E-

3si

S->-4

S*5

US Robotics

Modems

300/1200 BaudAutodial/Autoanswer

Password $335

Courier (for Osborne) $375

S-100 (for S-100 Systems) $335

Autodial 212A $429

Telpac Communication Software $ 69

Morrow Micro-Decision

(includes 64K Ram, Z80A, CP/M, Wordstar,Spelling Checker, Logicalc, BaZic, andMicrosoft Basic)

MD-2 (2-200K Drives w/Personal Pearl)....$895MD-3 (2-3S4K Double Sided Drives w/Personal

Pearl and Quest $1149

Decision 1 SCall

XL Systems

a Division of Data Information Systems, Inc.

967 East 4800 South Suite 4-CSalt Lake City, Utah 84117

Mastercard 801-266-0454

$3 long dist. credit w/purchase

Circle 197 on inquiry card.

Circle 136 on inquiry card.

ADVANCED

•;ra villa!.

PRODUCTS

Serving Computer Professionals Since 1976

HARDWARE

List

395

AST Uuaplua " C«rd

P/N MG064 (64K, S. C)I •Comboplus " Card

P/N MC-064SPC (64K. S, P, C) 395| «PC I/O Plus II- Card

P/N I/O IC. S) 165

'"SIX PACK"

P/N SP064SPC (64K. S. P. C)| COEX Extender Card 40

Prototype Card 69

|HERCULES

Hercules Graphic CardMOUSE SYSTEMS Mouse lor IBM| MICROSOFT

Mouse plus Muftitool Word| ORCHID

Hi-Res Graphics Adaptor 395

I PERSYST Spectrum (64-256K)

P/N SP64. (64K, Clk. S. P|I PLANTRONICS Color plus'- CardOUADRAM Quadboard (64-256K)

P/N Q64, 64K w/4 functions 395

QuadLink Apple Card 660

Quadboard 64K

Microfazer Print Buffer MP-64I Quadchrome (Hires RGB)I QuadLink (IBM to Apple)IRIXON PC212A Modem I/O 596

I SSM Transmodem 1200I USI Multidisplay Card| VISTA "Multlcard •" (exp. 64-256K)

P/N V-064 (64K, Clk, S. P) 395

P/N V-256 (256K, Clk. S. P) 695

I •"Maxlcard"" (up to 576K)

P/N V-576-64K

P/N V-576-576KI •"PC Master" (10 I/O) 495

I •"PC Extender" (up lo 10 I/O) 249| •"Dlskmaster" 299

■ Thlnllne Dual FloppyI •V12O0 6.2 Cartridge Drive

ACP

$279

29929

359269

Call

339

319399

279599279190488525449479299

229399

249729329199199Call999

PRINTERS

COEX 80F T 80cps

DYNAX 11 usywl i

SILVER REED

EXP500 132 ColumnSTAR MICRONICS - NEW!

Gemini 10X 120cps

Gemini 15 15"EPSON FX60

FX100BROTHER HR-1 BMCDAISYWRITERTTX DaisywheelNEC Spinwriler 3550IBM PC to Parallel Cable

S299 $199525

39959969989511951495

319469549749895

1295549

187539

MONITORS

AMDEK CORP

300 Green 12" $199

$155

310 Amber 12" 210

175

Color 1 Composite/Hitachi 399

339

Color II RGB Hi-Res 899

695

BMC

12" Green 129

89

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

RGB IBM Lookalike 700

545

DISKETTES

DYSAN 5W SS SD 10/S55

IDVSAN 5'/." DS SD 10/65

IBM5WSSSD 10/60

IBM5'/."SSDD 10/65

I VERBATIM 525-01 SS 10/45

| VERBATIM 550-01 DS 10/55

I MAXELL MD1 SS 10/50

MAXELL MD2 DS 10/60

Rip Storage Box 5W (80 disks)

BULK SPECIAL SS 10/25

With Sleeve and Box 100/195

2939

19149

MORE IBM GOODIES

COMPUCABLE

Keyboard & Drive Covers (set)CURTIS

S19

PC Pedestal

$80

64

PGS or Quadchrome Adaptor

10

Vertical PC System Sland

20

IBM Mono Extension Cable

50

44

Keyboard Ext. Cable (3-9')

34

EPD PROTECTION DEVICES

The Lemon (Surge Protector)

43

The Peach (Surge Protector)The Orange (with EMI'RFI)

68

122

The Lime

76

INTEL 8037 IC

199

KOALA PAD

99

KRAFT Joystick IBM

70

40

RAM EXPANSION

16K Mclherboard (16 IC's)

19

64K Memory Exp (9 IC'S)

50

TIME SHARE SERVICES

COMPUSERVE Subscription $40

SOURCE Subscription 75

MODEMS

HAVES

Smartmodem 300 $210

PC Modem Software I 3 (above) 49

Smartmodem 1200 525

PC Software 1.4C (above) 79

Smartmodem 1200B 445

Smart.com II 79

Smartmodem to IBM Cable 25

SOFTWARE

dBASE II

*39900

Condor

*38900

SuperCalc

$9900

SuperCalc 2

$17900

Multiplan

$18900

Wordstar

$29900

Lotus 1-2-3

Call!

T. K. Solver!

Call!

Flight Simulator

s^coo

Context MBA

Call!

Computer

Inovations

C86C Compiler

*36900

Copy II Plus

$3200

Visiword

$28900

Digital Research

Pascal MT I 86 $295.00

Concurrent CP/M 86 260.00

CBASIC 86 149.00

Plus More Great

Software Values

In Our

1983 Catalog!

Send For

Your Copy NOW.

i#Mf%

If You're Thinking IBM PC"

READ THIS!

COEX Combocard II

* 64K to 256K RAM

* ASYNC Serial Port

* Clock/Calendar w/Nicad Backup

* Parallel Printer Port

* RAM Disk Software

* Spooler Software

64K 0,$229

00

256K ,$39900

Zero "K" Version Available Only $199.00

PLUS! . . .with Purchase of eitherMemory card above

SUPERCALC" only $89.00 (195.00 value)

Disk Emulator FREE

Print Spooler FREE

ACP PC "FEATURE OF THE MONTH"

1. DISKMASTER'-. Disk Controller for IBM PC or XT adds both 5W and 8"

floppy drives. Complete with Software. Same card can also handle List ACPthe Amlyn 6.2 Mb Cartridge Add-on Subsystem $299 $199

2. VISTA 1200 with DISKMASTER" $999

3. M&R 'SUP'R EXTENDER"'. IBM PC & XT Expansion Chassis with (6) Slots. Power

Supply and Fan. Your price!!! only $439.00. You cannot afford to live without one.

DISK DRIVES

TANDON 100-2

PC Compatible • Double Sided

$23900

QUME 142 v, High

PC Compatible • Double Sided$24000

Circle 16 on inquiry card.

TERMS: MO Cashiers Check Bank Wire Personal checksallow 2 weeks lor processing Include Drivers License and creditcard #s Visa. AMEX CB add 3% service charge Add 3%shipping & handling or $2 50, whichever is greater Add 10% lorforeign orders or US Parcel Posl Include Telephone number NOCODs. Prices subject 10 change wilhou! notice Some itemssubject to prior sale Wo reserve the right to substitute manu-facturer. Retail prices may vary. We are nof an authorized IBMdealer. IBM" trademark ol International Business Machines.

MAIL ORDER: P.O. Box 17329 Irvine, CA 92713

Retail: 1310 E. Edinger, Santa Ana, CA 92705(714) 558-8813

542 W. Trimble, San Jose, CA 95131(408) 946-7010

TOli FREE

800-854-8230

TWX

910-595-1565

64K MEMORY P.S.C.S249.00

Surplus S-100 Video DigitizersGodbout System with RCP/M Software

Digital Graphics CAT-400 hi-res video digitizer andcolor, raster display boards, Four-bit frame-grabber, 3color maps (VM-133), RGB, NTSC, RCCU and most

other features $4,250

Digital Graphics CAT-200 with most features of

CAT-400 $3,250

Digital Graphics CAT-100 ABCFMPSTX (NTSC andRGB output, contouring, frame grabber, character

generator, etc.) $1,250

CAT display RAMS are 128K, 64K, and 32K respective-ly. CAT-400 displays 240K 4-bit pixels (512 x 480).CAT-200 and 400 have 16-million-color palette using (3)1K color-mapping memories.Sony Trinitron 15" TV modified to accept analog RGB

or NTSC $450

RCA 1005/1" B/W hi-res TV camera w/FujI 1.4/25mm

lens $750

Godbout 22-slot S-100 frame, Shugart 4008 26Mb Win-chester with Morrow controller, Dual 8" Qume DT8's(1.2 Mb each) with Godbout Diskl, Godbout 6 MhzZ-80, Interfacer II (2 serial ports), 64K static RAM17,and PMMI 300/450/600 Baud modem in 19" rack plusTVI-920C CRT, CP/M 2.2, and CBIOS source. Opera-tional RCP/M software on request. Online now at (214)931-8274 $4,900

All hardware and software documentation included.For full list and details circle reader service number orcontact:

D. C. Crane, Inc.

P.O. Box 802614

Dallas, TX 75380-2614 (214) 931-2669

PERIPHERALS

FO R

APPLE II AND

He

ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON ALL ITEMS

BARE

EACH

BOARD

APPLE/SMART DRIVE [5%"]

$199

DISK CONTROLLER (DOS 3.2-3.3)

59

S 21

80 COLUMN CARD

139

29

(VIDEX EQUIVALENT)

132 COLUMN CARD (11+OR lie)

CALL

52

(ULTRATERM EQUIVALENT)

81 COLUMN WITH MK RAM

129

28

(FOR lie ONLY)

PRINTER INTERFACE WITH 16K

CALL

29

T0 64K BUFFER AND GRAPHICS

(APPLE DUMPLING EQUIVALENT)

MULTI-FUNCTION CARD

136

29

(PAHALLEL. SERIAL BSR, CLOCK)

(VERSA CARD EQUIVALENT)

APPLE He BARE BOARD

175

5'A" FLOPPY DRIVE ENCLOSURE

17

Z80 SOFTCARD |II+ AND lie)

99

29

(MICROSOFT EQUIVALENT)

COLORADO COMPUTER PERIPHERALS

R.R. 6, BOX 7-D GOLDEN, CO 80401

(303)278-7172

Printer Cables

Parallel —

ftl*

.00*

*3*-0(y*

ALTOS

ATTACHE

ATARI

CENTRONICS

COLUMBIA

EAGLE

IBM-PC

KAYPRO

OSBORNE

SANYO

TI-99

$3S

Oo*

$3S

SERIAL

Oo*

ATTACHE COM.

RS232 (DB25P)

(9 conductor 1-8. 20)

CABLES UNLIMITED

4030 Wabaska Dr.

San Diego, CA 92107

619-222-3366

Circle 132 on inquiry card.

Circle 87 on inquiry card.

Circle 514 on inquiry card.

Computer Software Associates, anestablished software house, sup-plies software for COMMODORE,APPLE, and IBM home computers.CSA is currently looking to expandits product base of serious programsin the areas of home, education,and office.

Computer Software Associates offersover 30 years of market experience,worldwide distribution, innovativepackaging, generous royalties, andprogrammer support.Interested programmers shouldcontact Mike Mahan, ProductDevelopment Department, Com-puter Software Associates, 50 TeedDrive, Randolph, Massachusetts02368 Tel. (617) 961-5700.

M± COMPUTER■ m SOFTWARE

^W ASSOCIATES

THE CL0NER EPR0M DUPLICATOR *69

95

STORESEVERALPROGRAMSON SAMECARTRIDGE

C0P1 SIMPLE STAND ALONE OPERATION

2716 BOILT IN POWER SUPPLV

ONTO DOOBLE PROGRAM CYCLE

2732 DIP SWITCH PERSONALITY

NO MODULES TO BUY

1 i D INDICATOR RUN h RESET BUTTONS

BOARD CONTROLLER

SCREEN PROMPTS DOCUMENTATION S24.95

STORES BASIC OR 5 OR MORE VIC TO VIC OR C64

NO CONNECT CHARGES

PLAY OVER THEPHONE OR LOCAL

MACHINE PROGRAMS S19.9S ea.

REUSABLE CARTRIDGES

CARTRIDGEPROGRAMMER

*79.95 USER FRIENDLY

«4g 35

MIGHTY 5

WORKS WITH ■■ROG.AIO6 V MOM

7TH FLEET *29.95

SEND MESSAGESSINK ENEMY SHIPSSPY MODESET MINES

NO MEMORY

EXPANSION

REOUIREO 5 ful[ SERV|CE ExpaNS1nN CONNECTORS

LOW

COST SOFTWARF CONTROL DF BLOCK ENABLE LINES

DUAL RESET SWITCHES: RESET VIC OR MIGHTY 5(GOLD CONNECTORSI USES SEVERAL GAMES OR RAM CARDS AT ONCE

These and other fine products available from:

QUEUE PRODUCTS

(373)846-6666BOX 1BSS I DEARBORN, Ml 48121

- DEALER INQUIRY REQUESTED - *2B

VisiCalc $50.00*

Castle

Wolfe nstein $5.99*

Wizardry $9.99"

1-2-3 Lotus $99.00*

PFS: File $25.00*

Over 1200 ProgramsTo Choose From

OFiTPENTi

"one week rental

Free Catalog:

619-481-0559 San Diego1-800-221-1031 California1-800-221-4568 All Others

Circle 114 on inquiry card.

Circle 430 on inquiry card.

HCXADRISV

TM

HEXADAISY

hexa-

decimal circular slide rule withwaterproof printing. The devicecalculates the offset for relativeaddressing used in many micro-processors, adds and subtractshexadecimal numbers, calculates2's complements and convertsdecimal to hexadecimal numbersand back. HEXADAISY™ with in-structions is available ppd. for$4.98, (CA res. add t.30) from

HCXHDRISV™ PRODUCTS

P.O. Box 1538, loguno Baoch, CR 92652

Tel. 714-494-8342

PROMPT DELIVERY! and

TRY TO BEAT THESE IC PRICES:

DYNAMIC RAM

64K

200 ns

$5.27

64K

150 ns

5.47

64 K

120 ns

6.55

16K

200 nsEPROM

1.49

27128

300 ns

S19.20

2764

250 ns

6.35

2732

450 ns

3.89

2732A-2

200 ns

5.67

2716

450 ns

3.19

2532

450 nsSTATIC RAM

4.60

6264P-15

150 ns

$33.00

6116P-3

150 ns

4.79

6117P-3

150 nsZ80A FAMILY

4.20

CPU, CTC

or P10

$2.94

DART

7.99

DMA or S1O/0

12.50

MasterCard VISA or UPS CASH COD

8 Factory New, Prime Parts

5 MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

g 24,000 South Peoria Ave ,Qia\ nR7 *oc1

£ BEGGS OK 74421 (9la> ^0/-49fal

jjPoo

Prices subject to change Please eipect higher puces on some pans due Iworld wide shortages Call lor volume prices Subject lo available quaniuieShipping & Insurance extra Cash discount prices stiown

m

vnX

INC.

LUealing LUiscounts L3veryday

OCTOBER TREATS

[No Tricks]

UST SALE

dBASEII 700 399

zork I, II, ill 40 27

[8 "CP/M] 50 34

THE ARCADE MACHINE BO 40

PRINTERS:

1 BO CPS-MT 1BOL 798 598132 COL-MT 180L 1098 829PRICES GOOD THROUGH 10/31/B3

Please Include 3% tor Shipping [minimum $2.00], or 5% for

Blue Lebel [minimum S3.00] In Texas Add 5% Sales Tax.

CHECK [Allow 10 Days], or COD [add 82.00]

1-800-527-7127

IN TEXAS 1-214-525-3230

P.O. BOX 64B44DALLAS. TX 75206

Circle 307 on Inquiry card.

Circle 134 on inquiry card.

MICROSOFT

Novation

QUADRAMi

A.LD.&

APPLESOFTCOMPILERBASIC COMPILER (APPLE, IBM)FLIGHT SIMULATOR (IBM)MOUSE WITH WORDMULTIPLAN (ALL FORMATS)PREMIUM PAK(APPLE)SOFTCARD (APPLE)TYPING TUTOR II (APPLE)

75.99116.99259.99

34.99

SCall165.99479.99215.99

16.99

APPLE CAT II

APPLE CAT 212 (UPGRADE KIT)

AUTOCAT212

D-CAT

EXPANSION MODULE

INFONE (EXECUTIVE)

J-CAT

SMART CAT 103

SMART CAT 103/212

285.99319.99579.99155.9934.99779.99104.99.169.99429.99

4U:!!J:J:m::.::l:

APIC (APPLE III PARALLEL)E-RAM (APPLE)512 +(64K)IPIC(IBM PARALLEL)MICROFAZERQUADBOARD64KQUADCHROME MONITORQUADCOLORIQUADLINK

129.9!

129.9!

269.9!

89.9!

$Cal

279.9!

529.9!

269.9!

622.9!

ALSCPM 3.0

BANK ST. WRITER

BPI(GL AP, AR. INV) ea

COPY II PLUS

DB MASTER

DEADLINE

FINGERPRINT

GRAFORTH

GRAPPLER +

HAYES MICROMODEM

HAYES 1200 BAUD

MAGICALC

MAGIC WINDOW II

MINER 2049er

MTN CLOCK

MTN CPS

MTN MUSIC SYSTEM

PAYMAR L/CASE REV 7

PIE WRITER

TG JOYSTICK

TIME ZONE

ULTAMA II

VISICORP

WILDCARD

WIZARDRY

WORDHANDLER II

ZAXXON

ZORKI II III

44.99

299.99

22.99

159.99

32.99

44.99

54.99

119.99

255.99

499.99

139.99

169.99

28.99

189.99

149.99

289.99

19.99

109.99

46.99

74.99

38.99

SCall

109.99

32.99

129.99

34.99

POTPOURRI

BROTHER/DTC RIBBONS

2.99

DYSAN 104/1 D SS/DD(10)

37.99

DYSAN 104/2D DS/DD(10)

44.99

FLIP FILE (STORES 75)

17.99

LIBRARYCASE(STORESIO)

1.99

"':>.::■;■

MX 80 RIBBON

4.99

:":":

MX 100 RIBBON

9.99

PAPER(8'/2X11-1000 SHTS)

16.99

POWER STRIPW/SURGE

24.99

TPI RIBBONS

5.99

VERBATIM SS/DD(10)

25.99

mi

VERBATIM SS/DD(100)

239.99

IP*

V

ontinental

HOME ACCT(A, AT, TRS80)

44.99

HOMEACCT(OSB)

59.99

HOMEACCT(IBM)

99.99

FCM (APPLE)

65.99

FCM (IBM)

84.99

PROP. MANAGEMENT

299.99

CPA (GL AP, AR, PAY)

159.99

TAX ADVANTAGE

39.99

ATARI SOFTWARE 1983

14.99

APPLE SOFTWARE 1983

14.99

APPLE GRAPHICS

14.99

:;;■;;: :

lliiiiliilfts:!:?

ReagleBroC

■#■■ ■ 1-. HV.T i-llnl*

ALPHA PLOT

24.99

APPLE MECHANIC

19.99

BEAGLE BAG

19.99

DOS BOSS

15.99

DOUBLE TAKE

24.99

FLEX TEXT

19.99

FRAME-UP

19.99

PRONTO DOS

19.99

TIP DISK#1

14.99

TYPEFACES

14.99

UTI

JTYCITY

9.99

CHARACTER ROMS

24.9

ENHANCER II

99.9

FUNCTION STRIP

56.9

INVERSE VIDEO

19.9

PSIO

169.9

SOFTSWITCH

24.9

ULTRATERM

299.9

VIDEOTERM

199.9

VIDEOTERM UTILITIES

24.!

VIDEOTERMW/SS&INV

229.9

VISICALC MEM EXPAND

VISICALC PRE BOOT

,. KENSINGTONS^ M1CROWARE

icjan-

JOYSTICKJOYSTICK (AT)PADDLESQUICK-VIS

44.9914.9931.9914.99

USI

Pi 1 9" GREENPi 2 12" GREENPi 3 12" AMBERPi 4 9" AMBER

99.99139.99149.99 |129.99 !

8SORCIM

SPELLGARDSUPERCALCSUPERCALCIISUPERWRITER

129.9!129.9!179.9!179.9!

ACCELETATOR 529.99

NEPTUNE (80 col + RAM) 199.99SATURN 128K (APPLE) 399.99TITAN 64KIIBM) 549.99

= == rsrs

;

APPLE PANIC

23.99

CDEX TUTORIALS

59.99

CONCURRENT CP/M 86

252.99

COPY II PC

25.99

COSMIC NIGHTMARE

22.99

CPM86

44.99

CROSSTALK

149.99

d BASE II

419.99

DEADLINE

32.99

EASY FILER

289.99

EASY WRITER II

259.99

HAYES SMARTCOM II

89.99

HAYES 1200B MODEM

479.99

INFOSTAR

289.99

LOTUS 1-2-3

329.99

MILLIONAIRE

49.99

MONTE CARLO 64K

359.99

PFSFILE

99.99

PSF REPORT

89.99

PLANTRONICS COLOR+

389.99

Q-BASE

139.99

TEMPLE OF APSHAI

26.99

TK SOLVER

139.99

VISIWORD

298.99

VOLKSWRITER

149.99

WORDSTARZORKI, II, III

289.99

EDUCATIONAL

111

BUMBLE GAMES

29.99

DLM

SCall

EDUWARE

SCall

PACEMAKER (A, IBM)

24.99

GAME SHOW(MASTER)

29.99

GERTRUDE'S PUZZLES

29.99

JUGGLES' RAINBOW

21.99

KINDERCOMP(A, IBM)

20.99

iHH

MATH BLASTER (IBM)

34.99

MICRO MOTHER GOOSE

29.99

ROOKY'S BOOTS

34.99

SNOOPERTR0OPS(A IBM

29.99

STORY MACHINE

24.99

WORD ATTACK (IBM)

34.99

COMPUTER

DISCOUNT

PRODUCTS

MAIL ORDERS & RETAIL STORE

860 S. Winchester Blvd.

San Jose, CA 95128

(408) 985-0400 Orders Only

(408) 985-0401 Sales & Tech. Asst.

FRI8AM-5PM-SAT&SUN 10AM-5PM OS

Circle 107 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

621

$$ Printers $$

$$ WE WILLNOTBEUNDERSOLD$$

Special SaleCommunications Pak

Hayes Smartmodem 300/1 200 $499

Hayes Micromodem II 279

Apple Cat It 282

J Cat 129

Anchor Mark I RS232 89

Anchor Mark VII aut 139

DISK DRIVES

Rana Elite I 289

Rana Elite II 435

Rana Elite III 575

Rana Controller w/drive 75

Apple Ace Mate {1 yr warr.) 239

Slim Teac 5'A" (1 yr. warr.) 269

THE COMPUTER STORE

Dept. 345

3941 -B South Bristol St.

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-2227

stf^

rfo>a-

UNIX'?

The Independent UNIX Bookstore pro-vides the most complete selection ofUNIX and C materials availableanywhere. 40 titles, reference cards,posters and T-shirts in stock!

NEW NEW NEWResponses from UNIX Commands, byHenry McGilton and Rachel Morgan,explaining cryptic UNIX messages toits users! $25.00 plus $2.50 shippingand handling.

QUANTITY DISCOUNTSAVAILABLE

No Purchase Orders under $100.

Write or callThe Independent UNIX Bookstore,International Technical Seminars, Inc.,520 Waller St., SF, CA 94117{4151 621-6415"International Technical Seminars Is notassociated with Bell Labs'UNIX is a Trademark of Bell Laboratories

Circle 115 on inquiry card.

Circle 129 on inquiry card.

Circle 234 on inquiry card.

FAST

FactoryFloppy DiscDriveRepair

Specialists in the repair of:

ShugartTandonPerSci

i, Inc.

2624 Daphne AvenueHawthorne, CA 90250(213) 777-7536TWX 910-321-4448

Circle 356 on inquiry card.

HAVE YOU TRIED THE

DYSAN®

QUALITYDIFFERENCE?

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

5 /H PRICE/10

104/1 1 SIDE/SGL DENS $35.00

104/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $37.00

104/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $43.90

204/1D 1 SIDE/QUAD 96 TP1 $43.90

204/2D 2 SIDES/QUAD 96 TPI $51.30

8"

3740/1 1 SIDE/SGL DENS $36.50

3740/1D 1 SIDE/DBL DENS $45.20

3740/2D 2 SIDES/DBL DENS $52.70

Checks-viSA-MC-c.o.D./Add S2 ShippingCall or write for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave., St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081Phone: (313) 777-7780

THE DYSAN DISKETTE STANDARDAT AN AFFORDABLE PRICE

64K in VIC 20SELECT A RAM

SELECT fl-RflM

STANDARD FEATURES

-i'lYnTiiiiiiHiiiiiiiP

APS-52A

m 52K MEMORY FOR ATARI

512-441-3202 PO BOX 43006 Austin. Tx. 7B745-0001

-

Ul^

Circle 19 on inquiry card.

Exclusively

UNIX*

and C

Information

That's UNIQUE, the oldest and

largest monthly newsletter covering

the UNIX" and C marketplace.

* product reviews/listings/prices

* applications/tutorials/indexes

* industry inside information

Full year, $54 ($70.00 Foreign) -write, call

or circle reader service number for full

brochure and FREE sample copy.

InfoPro Systems

I Dept. B • Box 33 • E. Hanover NJ 07936 I(201) 625-2925

"UNIX Is a trademark of Bell LaboratoriesFormerly The UNIX Software List

Apple ll/lle®

Industrial ControlPlug-In Boards

(SOFTWARE INCLUDED)

Opto-lsolated 16/32 I/O Board

Individually ConfigurableCompatible with SSR ModulesOpto-lsolated Interrupt Inputs

$295

2 Axis Stepper Motor Interface

• Positioning Control A| nr

• Pulse Counting/Timing \ I jjjl

• Frequency Measurements ™ »/w

ROGERS LABS (714)751-0442

2710 S. Croddy Way. Santa Ana, CA 92704

Circle 404 on inquiry card.

\ferbatim

flexible disks

Call Free (800) 235-4137 for

prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited. C.O.D. andcharge cards accepted.

VISA'

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo, CA93401. In Cal. call(800) 592-5935 or(805) 543-1037.

Circle 277 on inquiry card.

Circle 227 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Prices the Competition Can't Touch

an specials USFI Personal Computer Monitors

Advanced Operating Systems

The Programmer $129

Applied Software

Versaform $249

Ashton-Tate

dBase II (CP/M86) $419

dBase II (MS DOS) $419

Continental Software

The Home Accountant Plus $ 95

1st Class Mall $ 79

Computer SotwareTechnology

Word/PC J «9

Davidson & Associates

Speed Reader $ 49

Datamost

Real Estate Investment Program $ 79

Write-On $85

Comprehensive Software

PC Tutor $ 55

Eagle Software

Money Decisions $129

Howard Software

Real Estate Analyzer II $159

Tax Preparer 1983 $159

Innovative Software

T.I.M. Ill $299

IUS

Easy Filer $249

Easy Writer II $219

Easy Planner $159

Accounts Receivable $369

Accounts Payable $369

General Ledger $369

Financial Management Series $899

Micro Lab

The Tax Manager $159

Micro Pro

Wordstar 3.3 $299

Mailmerge3.3 $159

Spellstar3.3 $159

lnlostar3.3 $299

Reportstar3.3 $209

North AmericanBusiness Systems

Answer $159

PBL Corporation

Personal Investor $ 89

Peachtree

General Ledger $229

Accounts Receivable $229

Accounts Payable $229

Peach Pak(GL/AR/AP) $229

Software Publishing

PFS Report $ 85

PFSFile : .$ 95

Digital Research

Concurrent CP/M $209

C Basic 86 $125

Pascal/MT + 86 $239

Speed Programming Package 86 . . . .$125CISCobolB6 $489

Peter Norton Computing

Norton Utilities $ 55

Select

Select Word Processing System $299

Softword Systems

Multlmate $289

Sorcim/ISA

Supercalc $125

Superwrlter $125

Spellguard $125

Southeastern

Data Capture $ 75

Visicorp

Vislcalc (256K) $165

Desktop Plan 1 $199

Visitrend/Plot $199

Visillle $199

Visldex $165

Visischedule $199

Business Forecasting Model $ 69

Includes 64K IBM-PC with two320 KB floppy disk drives,color controller graphics card,monochrome monitor

$2839

*• Specials of the Month **

Verbatim Disks (S/D w/Library Case) $ 24

Box of Maxell Disks (D/D) w/color coded markers $ 40

Flip 'n File Diskette Box with Lock (Holds 25) $18.50

Elephant Disks Single Side/Double Density $ 24

Quadboard 256K Installed $ 399

Quad 512 + (512K Installed) $ 599

Mark VI Modem (w/Termlnal Software) $ 179

AST Megaplus II (256K Installed) $ 539

Lemon Surge Protector $ 39

Orange Surge Protector $ 95

Corona Desktop Computer 2/320K Drlves/128K $2595

Corona Desktop Computer 1/320 Floppy-1 10MG-128K $3995

Corona Desktop Portable Computer 2/320 Drives-128K . . .$2545Corona Portable Computer 1/320 DRives-10MG-128K $4295

Amdek

Color II $ 679

Color III $ 399

Color IV (RGB Analog Input) $1029

USI

Amber Monitor 12" $ 149

Leading Edge

Gorilla Hi-Res 12" $ 85

Quadrant

Quadchrome

• Hi-Res RGB Monitor

• Non-Glare Screen

• 690 x 240 Resolution

$549Peripherals

Kraft Joystick $ 45

TG Joystick $ 39

TG Trackball $ 39

Microsoft 64K Ramcard $239

Microsoft 256K Ramcard $589

Hayes Smartmodem 300 $209

Hayes Smartmodem 1200 $499

Hayes Smartmodem 1200B $399

Hayes Smartcom II Terminal Pk $ 72

Anchor Automation Mark VI Modem... $179Quadram Microfazerw/Power Supply . .$149

IBM Interface Card $ 45

Versawriter Graphics Tablet $239

1095 E. Twain, Park Place—Upper Level(702) 796-0296, Las Vegas, Nevada 89109

Call Toll Free

1-800-634-6766

Order Line Only

Information & Order Inquiries (702) 369-5523

Mon. — Fri. 8 A.M. to 6 P.M., Sat. 9 A.M. to 5 P.M.

Dealers Inquiries Invited

Ordering Information and Terma: For Fast Delivery send cashier checks, money orders ordirect bank wires. Personal and company checks allow 3 weeks to clear. C.O.D, orders($3.00 minimum) and 1% of all orders over $300. School purchase orders welcomed. Pricesreflect a cash discount and are subject to change. Please enclose your phone number withany orders. Shipping: Software ($2.50 minimum). Shipping Hardward (please call). Foreignorders, APO and FPO orders—$10 minimum and 15% of all orders over $100. Nevadaresidents add 53A% sales tax. All goods are new and include factory warranty. Due to ourlow prices, all sales are final. All returns must have a return authorization number. Call702-369-5523 to obtain one before returning goods for replacement.

Printers

NEC

NEC8023A $ 439

NEC 3530 $1599

NEC 7710 $2059

NEC 7730 $2059

NEC 3550 $1899

Diablo

Diablo 620R (25CPS) $ 949

Diablo 630R (40CPS) $1729

Diablo 630KSR (40CPS) $2429

Epson

FX80 $ 599

FX100FT $ 799

Smith Corona

TP-1 Parallel $ 499

Okidata

ML82A $ 419

ML83A $ 649

ML84P $ 979

ML84S $1089

ML92 $ 489

ML93 $ 869

IDS

Microprism80 $ 549

Prism 132 $1399

(with Sheetfeed & Graphics)Prism 132 $1589

(with Sheetfeed, Graphics & Color)Prism to IBM Cable $ 48

Citoh

8510 Prowriter $ 365

F10Starwriter $1199

FlOPrintmaster $1599

Mannesmann Tally

MT 160L $ 599

MT 1802 (Parallel) $1559

MT 1805 (Serial) $1559

Gemini

Gemini 10 $ 319

Gemini 10x $ 319

Gemini 15 $ 479

Qume

Qume Sprint 11+ $1349

Tractor Feed $ 175

Printer interface $ 79

Circle 112 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

623

LC NETWORKLINE FILTER

Model C-519-L1 EMI/RFI filter protectsagainst high energy transients. . .varistorclamps higher voltages to safelevels. . .Max Rating: 15 A, 125 VAC,1875 Watts continuous duty. . .$97.50.

j. W. MILLERDIVISION/Bell Industries

19070 Reyes Ave., Rancho

Dominguez, CA 90224

(213) 537-5200

SEND FOR OUR FREE

1983 PARTS CATALOG

THOUSANDS OF SURPLUS

ELECTRONIC PARTS,SUPPLIES AND DEVICES.

ALL ELECTROniCS CORP.

905 S. Vermont Ave.P.O. Box 20406Los Angeles, Cal. 90006!!!#■ Ill^- -frill -frill

$$ Printers $$

$$ WE WILL NOT BE UNDERSOLD $$EPSON

RX80. MX80FT, MX100FT, FX80& newestFX 100 "lowest prices In the USA"

Gemini 10X $329

Gemini 15 494

Prowrlter8510 (P) 3B5

All other printers discounted

Miscellaneous Hardware

Mlcrosott Premium Pack 479

Microsoft Softcard 239

Mlcroeolt Sottcard Plus 489

(Includes vldex 80 Coll

SmarttermSO Col 145

Wizard 80 Col 179

Vldex 80 Col. Combo 257

Printer Cards

Parallel 69

Wizard Buttered BPO 149

Grappler + 125

Buffered Grappler + 209

THE COMPUTER STORE

3941 -BS. Bristol Street

Dept. 345

Santa Ana, CA 92704

714-261-1383

ORDERS ONLY: 1800) 824-2227

Circle 312 on inquiry card.

Circle 26 on inquiry card.

Circle 116 on inquiry card.

SUPER-FAST!

Relocating Macro

ASSEMBLER$169.95

Directly generates COM, HEX. or REL files.Flexible REL format allows external Dytes andwords with complete math operations on them(Microsoft format optional). Features Zilogmnemonics with nested macros, conditionalsand include tiles. Unique one-pass designgenerates compact intermediate code which isthen processed to resolve forward references,yielding tremendous time savings. Completelisting, symbol tabic and cross-reference outputmay be sent to any device The perfect tool loiassembly language programming. Linker in-cluded Manual only — S30. For Z80 CP'M andTRS-80

-S"Z-R_

ITH MAIN ST - SUTLER, F

Systems-

/60 CI* M fRS-80 1M-.

ft TeleVideo DEALERS

• Fast Dump/Restore

over 600k per disk (60

• Type Ahead with Print Screen

64 Character Type Ahead Buffer $60

• 3270 & 2780/3780 Bisync Communications

from Phone 1 & Batech $700 & $300

• TurhoDOS for TeleVideo Start at $225

• BIOS & Formatting for 802H

use all 20 MB $150

• 8" Disk Drive for 802 Computer

Drive & Software $1,100

• RM Cobol™ for TurhoDOS

Full System $525

Run Time $175

• Standby Power System

200VA400VA S00VA At low at $363

RM/COBOL is a registered trademark of

Ryan-McFarland Corp.

CP/M" is registered trademark of Digital Research. Inc.

TurhoDOS is a registered trademark ot Software 2000. Inc.

PLUS OTHER GOOD TELEVIDEO STUFF!

COGITATE, Inc.

SPECIALISTS IN UNI0UE TELEVIDEO SOFTWARE

24000 Telegraph Road, Soulhlteld, Ml 48034

(313)352-2345

VISA/MASTER CARD Accepted

THE BURNER I/O

S100/IEEE696

Has a complete EPROM programmer, two serial portsone parallel I O port with handshaking and memorymanagement

Programmer features: • Programs 2704. 2708, 25082758,2716.2516, TMS2716. 2732. 2732A. 2764 • CP Mcompatible software supplied in EPROM that can beeasily written on a diskette EPROM selection is donewith software. Does not use programming modules• Programmer is totally I O mapped • Programmingsocket is zero insertion force type • Programmingvoltages generated on board

I/O Features: • 2 fully independent RS-232 serialports • Baud rate Generators are independentlyprogfammablefrom50lo19200baud • Independentsbit output, inputand status flags • 4directsenseiinesMemory management features: • Controls addresslines A16-A23 • Is disabled with standard ADSB"signal

Options: • Completeboardwithprogrammer. I Oandmemory management, S354 95 • Programmer only.S219 95 • I Oonly (2S ■ P) S219 95 • Prog and I O,S329.95 • Memory management only $109 95Memory management may be added to programmeror l-'O lor S25 00. All combinations are assembled andtested. Delivery Stock Shipping UPS surface S3 00.UPS air $5.00

EXTENDED PROCESSING

3861 Woodcreek Lane, San Jose, Ca. 95117(408) 249-8248

Circle 427 on inquiry card.

Circle 86 on inquiry card.

Circle 181 on inquiry card.

6809

Single Board Computer

/6809 MPil,t sella! pjbrti,4!pi^rOHel'portsi ^RAM, EPROM, teai-tfrn6;cl<Sckiwa1chddg \timer, 44-pln 4.5" » 6.5" PCSEXPANSION MODUU-S: RAM. EPROM, CMOSRAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O,parallel I/O, counter/timer, IEEE-488,EPROM programmer, floppy disks,cassette}, breadboard, keyboard/display.

WINTI3K

Circle 512 on inquiry card.

kC

1801 South Street

SAVE 501 |

on

maxell )

DISKETTES^, '•

Dealer inquiries Invited

51/1" specify soft

** 'm 10 or 16 Sector prlces/10

MD1-MH1 1 slde/dbl dens $27.90

MD2-MH2 2 slde/dbl dens $40.00

MD1-DDM 1 slde/quad 96 tpl $36.50

MD2-DDM 2 sides/ quad 96 tpl $45.50

8 Specify Soft or 32 sector

FD1-FH1 1 slde/sgl or dbl dens.. . $38.90

FD2-FH2 2 sldes/dbl den $45.50

Checks-VISA-MC-C.O.D./Add S2 ShippingCall or write for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave., St. Clair Shores, Ml 48081Phone: (313) 777-7780

Maxell. The Gold Standard.

Circle 278 on inquiry card.

oS

SAGE IV computers use the 68000 CPU,come with UCSDp-System. PASCAL, MacroAssembler. Multi-user system. Word proc-essor. Spreadsheet, 1 year warranty.Available SAGE configurations include:

1 640K floppy & 256K RAM S3120

2 640K floppies & 256K RAM S37601 floppy. 256K RAM, 6mb Hard disk SE8401 floppy. ImbRAM, 18mb Hard disk S8000

As software developers and authorizedSAGE dealers we offer customer support

MARITIME SOFTWAREASSOCIATES

(503| 929-25526660 Reservoir Road Corvallis. OR 97333

Circle 287 on inquiry card.

~\r

DISPLAYED VIDEO IS DRIVING DOWNPRICES ON DISKS! FREE SHIPPING!

TEC'S NEW HALF-HIGH 40 TRACK DISK DRIVEV/CASE & POWER SUPPLY AT AN INCREDIBLE

LOW PRICE! $195.00!!!!!

^EW! TRUE HALF HEIGHT DRIVES! 1 5/8 INCH

NOT 2 INCH OR 2 7/16 INCH! DIRECT DRIVE!

NO DRIVE BELT! 3MS TRACK TO TRACK!

EACs New Slimline 40 Track w/case & power supply $235.00

'andon 40 Track TM-100-1 w/case & power supply $220.00

(DOUBLE SIDED 40 TRACK DRIVES ADD $75.00)

ihugart New Slimline Double Sided 40 Track w/case & P.S $299.00

■hugart New Slimline Double Sided 80 Track w/case & P.S $379.00

andon Single Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S. . . . $545.00andon Double Sided Slimline 8" Disk Drive w/dual case & P.S.. . . $625.00"wo Drive 5 1/4" Cable (FOR most computers) $23.99

(WITH GOLD PLATED CONNECTORS)

IVs Color Computer 1st Drive Only $389.00

ONE YEAR WARRANTY ON TEAC & SHUGART DRIVES/180 DAYS ON TEC & TANDON

layes Smart Modem 300 Baud $225.00 1200 Baud $525.00

lodel I Double Density Board $89.00

>Vs Line Filter W/Surge Supression $45.00

Hskette File Box "Holds 70 Diskettes" $29.95

PRINTER PRICES

1X80 FT w/Graphtrax Plus.1X100 w/Graphtrax Plus.X80 w/Graphtrax Plus...X80 w/Graphtrax Plus...X100 w/Graphtrax Plus.

$459.00 Gemini 10 $349.00

$659.00 Gemini 15 $479.00

$389.00 Citoh Prowriter 8510 $395.00

$569.00 Starwriter F10 $1169.00

$779.00 Smith Corona TP1 $595.00

rimer Cable 10' long w/gold plated connectors starting at $25.99

DV'S EXCLUSIVE "YOU CANT LOSE"SIX MONTH WARRANTY!

"NO YOU'RE NOT SEEING THINGS, THAT'S FOUR

INTERNAL DRIVES IN A MODEL 4, WITH UP TO 4 MEG,

DISK STORAGE AVAILABLE NOW!

DV IS DRIVING DOWN PRICES ON DISK!

DISPLAYED VIDEO is now offering TRS-80' MODEL 4 with TANDON/

TEC/TEAC disk drives, one of the most reliable disk drive systems on

the market, for INCREDIBLY low prices.

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40 track double density disk drives, complete

system with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1599.00/128K...$1679.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 40/40 track double density disk drives, completesystems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K...$1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80 track double density disk drives, completesystems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $1899.00/128K...$1979.00

MODEL 4 with 64K dual 80/80 track double density disk drives, complete

systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2199.00/128K...$2279.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four 40 track double density internal disk drives,complete systems with TRSDOS 6.0 and 1 BOX OF DISKETTES

PLUG IT IN AND GO $2299.00/128K...$2379.00

MODEL 4 with 64K four internal drives of any configuration available to

achieve up to 4 meg of disk storage CALL

MODEL III/4 Internal Two Drive Kit: Includes controller board, dual drivemounting bracket, dual power supply, all hardware cable; and connectors

(gold plated) & TEC Drive $399.00

4 DRIVE KIT MINUS DRIVE $349.00

MODEL 100 8K $679.00 24K $839.00

DV'S MODEL I DOUBLE DENSITY BOARDS $89.00

/ \

Visit our retail location at:

111 Marshall StreetLitchfield, MI 49252(313) 426-5086(313) 482-4424(517) 542-3280(517) 542-3939(517) 542-3947

WE CARRY TRS-80, IBM, LNW, EPSON & FRANKLIN COMPUTERS

IMMEDIATE DELIVERY

DV'S SIX MONTH

PARTS AND LABOR WARRANTY

Authorized Dealership at:111 Marshall Street, Litchfield, Michigan 49252 P142

To Order: Call (313) 426-5086; (313) 482-4424; (517) 542-3280(517) 542-3939; (517) 542-3947OR WRITE:Displayed Video, 111 Marshall St., Litchfield, MI 49252 Circle 157 on mc*wrY card'

'TRS-80 is a trademark of thy Tandy Corporation Prices subject to change without notice.

s

When it comes to quality softwarefor microsystems, DYNACOMP deVwers:

STOCK MASTER (APPLE): S59.95

The Systems ... Apple Atari Canon CommodoreCompustar CP/M Franklin H/Z-100IBM PC Kaypro Morrow NEC North StarOsborne SuperBrain Time* TRS-80

The Software ...

CARD GAMES EDUCATION

HOME FINANCE INVESTINGTAX PLANNING UTILITIES

BUSINESSENGINEERING GAMESLANGUAGES SCIENCE

Clud

brand diskettes: $19.95/10 (SS, SD w/hub ring),is FREE plastic storage box. Add $2.00 shipping.

CALL OR WRITE FOR A FREE CATALOG

DYNACOMP, INC.

1427 Monroe Avenue, Rochester, N.Y. 14618

Telephone: (716) 442-8960

NEW GENERATION OF

INTELLIGENT PAL/EPROM

PROGRAMMERS-FDR THE

NEW BREED OF ENGINEERS

* SO AND B4 PIN PALs • S7 ANDSS EPROMs • ROM EMULATION

DIGITAL MEDIA3178 GIBRALTAR AVENUECOSTA MESA, CA 9262617*141 7

DEALER INQUIRIES INVITEDB1/.W Specify Soft3/4 10 or 16 Sectors prices/10

MD525 1 side/dbl dens $24.90

MD550 2 sides/dbl dens 35.00

MD577 1 side/quad 96tpi 33.75

MD557 2 sides/quad 96lpi 44.50

8"Specify Soil or 32 Sector

FD34-9000 1 side/sgl dens 30.00

FD34-B000 1 side/dbl dens 33.00

DD34-4001 2 sides/dbl dens 41.00

Checks-VISA-MC-C.O.D./Add $2 ShippingCall or write tor our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

27204 Harper Ave.. SI. Clair Shores, Ml 480B1Phone: (313) 777-7780

DATALIFE • THE NAME IS THE PROMISETHE WARRANTY IS THE PROOF

Circle 163 on inquiry card.

Circle 152 on inquiry card.

Circle 279 on inquiry card.

wabash

When it comes to

Flexible Disks, nobody

does it better than

Wabash.

MasterCard. Visa Accepted.Call Free: (800)235-4137

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805)543-1037)

-frEDBDQBD

PC-LINK

DEC VT1 00® TERMINALEMULATOR

• A full featured DEC VT100'terminalemulator on IBM PC/XT.

• Transfer text files between host and IBMPC/XT.

• Very easy to use. Complete userdocumentation.

• To use PC-LINK program, the PC needs tohave at least one disk drive, IBM DOSIBM monochrome or color display, aRS232 port, telephone modem or directconnect.

• Support baud rate up to 1 200 baud.

• $60.00 + 55.00 for shipping & handling.SCREENWARE CORPORATION

P.O. BOX 3662

NASHUA, NH 03061-3662

-^_ Tel. 603-888-4074VISA -.___ 1,„..„..„,„„e.,.„

HEXADECIMAL DESK CLOCK

Solid mahogany timepiece represents thetime in base sixteen. Features include:handrubbed finish, gold tone charactersand hands, and a quartz movementaccurate to within 10 seconds per month.Clock measures 4 "2 in. square, canbe hung (bracket included), and runs forover 1 year on a standard AA battery.An attractive addition to the work area ofany computer professional or hobbyist.Only $18.95 plusS1.50 shipping & handling.

PA residents add 6% sales lax.Please allow 3-5 weeks lor delivery.Send check or money order to:

QXGXTXME

P.O. Box 403, Ambler, PA 19002

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Circle 414 on inquiry card.

Circle 154 on inquiry card.

YOUR NAMEJIER^

PERSONALIZED"COMPUTER PAPER

Printed with your name, club, any-thing. Paper is white 20# stock andfits all printers using 9Vax11 continu-ous paper [814x11 when detached].500 sheets $14.95, lOOOsheets 824.95. We pay ship-ping. Texas orders add 51/2% tax.Select ink color: red, blue, brown,gray, or canary. Specify name[s] upto 30 letters S. spaces. Enclosecheck or money order. No COD's.Allow 3 weeks. Faster delivery withIWC, Visa phone orders. Write orphone Personalized ComputerPaper B, Box 20539/San Antonio,Tx. 78220/ [512] 227-05B5.

CHIPS

)&DALE

THE INFLATION FIGHTERS!

41 16 250ns B/S9.50 100+ 1.05 ea.

41 16 200ns 8/610.00 100+ S1.05ea.

4116 150ns 8/$ 11.50 100 + $1.25 ea.

4116 120ns 8/614.50 100+ SI.50 ea.

4116 120ns 8/615.50 100+ $ 1.50 ea.

2114L 300ns 8/S10.50

2114L 200ns 8/S12.00•4164 200ns 64.65 ea.■4164 150ns SS.lOea.•61 16 150ns S4.O0ea.•6116 200ns S3.85 ea.•61 16LP 150ns 64.75 ea.•1791 Disk Controller 620.00

1777 Disk Controller 617.50

Z80A, Z80ACTC, Z80A PIO S3.00 ea.

8255 64.25

2716-1 5V 350ns 8/S4.25 ea. 85.00 ea.

2716 5V 450ns S3.00 ea.•2732 5V 450ns 83.85 ea.•2532 5V 450ns 64.25 ea.•2764 5V 300ns 28 pin 89.00 ea.•2764 5V 24 pin CALL•2564 5V CALL

••8087 CALL

68000 CALL

Allow up to 3 wks. for personal checks to clear. Please includephone number. Prices subject to change without notice. Shipping &Handling for Chips S3.50, FOB Bellevue. WA. for all else. Wash.residents add 6.5% Sales Tax.

CHIPS & DALE 1 -206-451 -9770

10655 N.E. 4th St., Suite 400Bellevue, WA 98004

CP/M CROSS

SOFTWARE

for the NS16000

INCLUDES:

* Cross Assembler ** Cross Linker *

* Debugger *

* Librarian *

* Pascal Cross Compiler •

Prices start at$500 for Assembler only.

SOLUTIONWARE

CORPORATION

1283 Mt. View-Alviso Rd.

Suite B

Sunnyvale, CA 94086

408/745-7818

Circle 375 on inquiry card.

Circle 82 on inquiry card.

Circle 438 on inquiry card.

IBM PC 256K

2X 320 KB DS/DD DISK DRIVES

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER

COLOR CARD

ALL FOR $2599

VISICALC $199MULTIPLAN $199

LOTUS 1-2-3 $359SUPER CALC II $199

IBM PC256K COLOR GRAPHICS BOARD FLOPPY DRIVE CONTROLLER

WITH PARALLEL PORT 360KB DS/DD DISK DRIVE. PRINTER, CABLE

DOS 2.0. lOMB HARD DISK SUBSYSTEM INCLUDES CABLE.

CONTROLLER, POWER SUPPLY, CABINET, SOFTWARE

ALL FOR $4295.

WORD PERFECT $349 MEMORY BOARDS

EASY WRITER $129 AST COMBO CARD 64K

MULTIFUNCTION $299 I/O PLUS $199

QUADRAM 2S6K MULTIFUNCTION $399

HERCULES CARD $499

QCS BIG BLUE CARD $479

PGS COLOR MONITOR APPLE He STARTER SYSTEM

AMDEK, NEC MONITORS AVAILABLE $1599

HARD DISK FOR IBM PC5MB $1399 10MB $1599 15MB $2199

WORDSTAR $329MAILMERGE $179

DISK DRIVES FOR IBM PC

DOUBLE SIDED DOUBLE DENSITY

320 KB $225

DRIVE FOR APPLE II + and HeONLY $219

PRINTERS

BROTHER HR-1 $750 BROTHER HK 15 $499

OKIDATA 82A $499 83A $699 84A $999

93A $959

GEMINI-10 $359 GEMINI 15 $529

NEC 3510 $1399 3550 $1799

7710 $1975EPSON RX80 $379 FX80 $599

MX80/FT $449 MX100 $649

HAYESSMARTMODEM 300 $239SMARTMODEM 1200 $559

KAYPRO DEC DIABLO DAVONG

MAYNARD LNW TAXAN BMC

C ITOH EPD TELEVIDEO TANDON

MPI SHUGART

AND MUCH MORE AVAILABLE!

CALL!

SEND ORDERS AND INQUIRES TO:COMPUTER POST INC.

22102 CLARENDON ST. STE. #1WOODLAND HILLS, CA 91367(213) 999-1041

DELIVERIES TWO TO FOUR WEEKS AVERAGEALL SHIPMENTS ARE CASHIERS CHECK OriLY.PRICES SUBJECT TO CHAQE WITHOUT NOTICE.SHIPPiriG AND HANDLING EXTRA

Circle 113 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

627

COMPUTER RUNS MOTORS

• PROCESS CONTROL

• CONVEYORS

• ONE PORT RUNS UPTO FOUR MOTORS

Use your computer withthe CDFR controller to com-nd speed and direction of (woindependent motors from a single output portFor robot drive motors or any two functionsrequiring proportional bipolar control of 15 Vdcup to 12 Amps each, Normally the controllerinstalls between the computer, a 12 Vdc battery,and two DC PM motors mounted right andleft on a robot. Simple software commands setspeed and direction latches in the CDFR thusfreeing your computer for other tasks TwoCDFR's control four motors with a single portThe CDFR speed control uses CMOS, opto-isolators & relayless PWM power circuitry Oneyear limited warranty Buy now with parallelinterface for $225.00, or serial for S315 00Other robotics components available MC.VISA, MO. or check.

VANTEC

15445 VENTURA BLVD.. SUITE 10-281mmtm SHERMAN OAKS. CA 91413■£m (213) 993-1073

MEMOREX

FLEXIBLE DISCS

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER-SOLD!! Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information. Dealerinquiries invited and CO.D.'saccepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401. InCal. call(800)592-5935 or(805)543-1037

ompuPro

All systems configured, assembled and testedFull service dealer.

SYSTEM 816/A $4260.

128K, Retail S5495

SYSTEM 81 6/B $51 50.

256K, Retail $6995

SYSTEM 81 6/C $6660.

384K. MP/M 8-16, Retail $8995

MORROW MICRO DECISION"

MD1 $843. MD2$1148. MD3S1670

(terminal $500 additional)

Call for deep discounts on boards/drives.Located in Northern Virginia

ONETCO

Of fief nf rtvo»*s coapon&uon

(703) 690-331 2

Authorized CompuPro and Morrow Dealer.

Circle 493 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on Inquiry card.

Circle 333 on inquiry card.

AUTHORS

CompuSoft"' Publishing is now consid-ing manuscripts for the 1984 season. Ifyou have written or are working on a book-length project of the caliber of Learning IBMBASIC, or Learning TIMEX/Sinclair BASIC byDavid A. Lien, and you would like us toconsider it for publication, send at least threesample chapters, a table of contents and aletter describing the book and your creden-tials, along with a self-addressed, stampedreturn envelope.

We are interested in well organized, easyto understand how-to books with widepopular appeal.

Write:

Editorial Director

CompuSoft" Publishing

535 Broadway, El Cajon, CA 92021

COMPUSOFT

PUBLISHING

A DIVISION OF COmPuSO'V I

Poor Person Software

Quality Software at Low Prices

Poor Person's Spread Sheet $29.95

A programmable Calculator is combined with a ScreenDesign System to yield a powerful spread sheetsubstitute Supplied Applications include Real Estateinvestment. Check Book Balance, and more.

Poor Person's Spooler $39.95

Simultaneously prints files from disk and writes printeroutput to disk. Transparent to programs. All thefunction of a hardware buffer ai a fraction of the cost.

Poor Person's Spelling Checker $29.95

Includes 33,000 word dictionary compacted to 74k diskspace.

aMAZEingGame $29.95

ARCADE action for CP/M. Collect treasures and avoidgoblins.

Window System $19.95

Divides console screen into application controlledwindows.

Spread Sheet and aMAZEing game require 56k CP/Mand 80 x 24 video terminal with cursor functions. WindowSystem requires direct cursor addressing and minimalassemble language programming. 8" IBM SD andNodhstar DD, California Residents add sales tax.

Alan BombergerPoor Person Software. 3721 Starr King Circle. Palo Alto,

CA 94306CP/M is a trademark of Digital Research Corp,

TOP QUALITY DISKETTES

atABSOLUTE LOWEST PRICES

2 YEAR WARRANTYDOUBLE SIDEDDOUBLE DENSITYWITH HUB RING

$4 95*

SOFT 1O OH16 SECTOR

VVI I

1.

51A" IBM Certified - $2.49*51/4" SSSD-81.75*

Minimum order - 1 0 diskettes

I box complete with Tvvek sleeves & labels)i Puck i-ii maximum of 10 boxes'caseQuantity discounts;

100 deduct 5<V 1000 deduct 7".,. 5000 deduct io ■■>Add S4 per case 5'«", S6 per case 8" (case of 100)

For shipping handling Continental USA UPS gtound• Checks require 10 day bank clearance

> Immediate shipment for COD Money Orders or Certified Checksi Written pruchase orders accepted from well-rated firmsM 5 day Net)

> Illinois residents add 6% sales tax

iSntisfm

1 guars

i pur<

I price

ifunded

Circle 370 on inquiry card.

Phone: (312) 367-5015

"• COMPUTER JDMECTJQIil

310 Alexandria Dr. • Vernon Hills, IL 60061

INCLUDE SOC FOR OUR COMPLETEDISCOUNT SOFTWARE S HARDWARE CATALOGUE

Circle 105 on inquiry card.

NEW! NEW! NEW!SPOOL-Z-Q 100

256K S-100PRINTER BUFFER

II you use jn 5-100 compuler. then SPOOL-Z-Q 100can sjve you lime |lhc lime you waste waiting for yourprimer to finish} in a big way. because SPOOI.-Z-Q 100is the BIG buffer!

SPOOL-Z-Q lOOinterfaces to both serial (R5-232| and

parallel (Centronics standard) printers. All sizes areexpandable to 256K. Standard serial protocols (XON/X-OFF. ETX/ACK. ENQ/ACK, and both polarities olReverse Channel) are supported at baud rates from 150to 19.200. Many many more features. Call or write foi

more information.

PRICES: (Including shipping)

32K - $319 64K - $349

128K - $409 192K - $469

256K - $529

15 DAY TRIAL PERIOD!

Calif Res. Add 6".. tax. We accept MC. VISA. AMEX. andCOD (no extra charge) orders.

|VB ELECTRONICS1601 Fulton Ave., Suite 10ASacramento, CA 95825Phone: (916) 483-0709

DEALERS WANTED!

LM^to™ and

your

HAVE THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS—

DataStar's powerful data input, sorting,and editing, and your Fortran programsto perform sophisticated data process-ing. With DSUBS, simple' subroutinecalls are all that are needed to read,write, and update DataStar data andindex files.

SUPER DEAL: UTILITY package thatincludes numerous string processing,terminal control, CP/M BDOS and BIOScalls, character and number I/O, etc.,and the DSUBS package, along withprogramming examples and thoroughdocumentation, all for sgg_

Random Access, Inc.

P.O. Box 2094

Bloomington, IN 47402

(812) 339-5854

DaiaStar is a trademark ol MicroPro Int.CP/M is a trademark ol Digital Research.

BACT-186 MULTIBUS*SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

00

$850'

Quantitiesof 100

• iAPX-186 High Integration 16-bit microprocessor

• Twice the performance of the standard 8086 processor

■ 128k byte of Dynamic RAM

• Sockets for up to 32k byte of PROM

• Two high speed DMA channels

• Three programmable 16-bit timers

• 14 internal vectored interrupts

• 4 external vectored interrupts

• High speed SDLC local networkinterface, 848,000 baud

■ Three RS-232 programmable baud rate channels

• iSBX Multimodule expansion connector

• Multibus* compliance level: Master D16-M20-I16V0L'Multibus. iSBX are trade marks of the Intel Corporation.

CautocontrolH ^vMnrvlnnd Hwuhls. MO 63043 /

Circle 251 on inquiry card.

Circle 396 on inquiry card.

Circle 48 on inquiry card.

"THE ORIGINAL BIG BOARD''

OEM - INDUSTRIAL - BUSINESS - SCIENTIFIC

Of SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER KIT!

Z-80 CPU! 64K RAM!

(DO NOT CONFUSE WITH ANY OF OUR FLATTERING IMITATORS!)

,^•^'>iv>^>/.■.^^';^^•^,^v,v.*;^^*/;^^^^^.^■.^^•/.^^^v.^v.*«v.v;v.'

4s

'%

10

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CD C-o"-5 — < *

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a

THE BIG BOARD PROJECT: With thousands sold worldwide and over two years of field experience, the BigBoard may just be one of the most reliable single board computers available today. This is the same design thatwas licensed by Xerox Corp. as the basis for their 820 computer.

The Big Board gives you the right mix of most needed computing features all on one board. The Big Board wasdesigned from scratch to run the latest version of CP/M*. Just imagine all the off-the-shelf software that can berun on the Big Board without any modifications needed.

*279

00

**

(64K KITBASIC I/O)

FULLY SOCKETED!

FEATURES: (Remember, all this on one board!)

SIZE: 8'/i x 13V. IN.SAME AS AN 8 IN. DRIVE.REQUIRES: +5V @ 3 AMPS+ - 12V @.5 AMPS.

64K RAM

Uses Industry standard 4116 RAM's. All 64K is available lo the user, our VIDEOand EPROM sections do not make holes in system RAM. Also, very special carewas taken in the RAM array PC layout to eliminate potential noise and glitches.

Z-80 CPU

Running atINTERUPTS

2.5

MHZ. Han11 v buttered

liesand

all 4116 RAM refreshruns 8080 software.

and

supports

Mode

2

24 x 80 CHARACTER VIDEO

With a crisp, flicker-free display that looks extremely sharp even on smallmonitors Hardware scroll and full cursor control. Composite video or split videoand sync. Character set is supplied on a 2716 style ROM, making customizedfonts easy. Sync pulses can be any desired length or polarity. Video may beinverted or true. 5x7 Matrix - Upper & Lower Case.

SERIAL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Full 2 channels using the Z80SIO and the SMC 8116 Baud Rate Generator. FULLRS232! For synchronous or asynchronous communicalion. In synchronousmode, the clocks can be transmitted or received by a modem. Both channels canbe set up for either data-communication or data-terminals. Supports mode 2 Int.Price for all parts and connectors: $39.95

FLOPPY DISC CONTROLLER

Uses WD1771 controller chip with a TTL Data Separator (or enhanced reliability.IBM 3740 compatible. Supports up to four 8 inch disc drives. Directly compatiblewith standard Shugart drives such as the SA800 or SA801. Drives can beconfigured for remote AC off-on. Runs CP/M* 2.2.

BASIC I/O

Consists of separate parallel port (Z80 PIO) for use with an ASCII encodedkeyboard for input. Output would be on the 80 x 24 Video Display.

TWO PORT PARALLEL I/O (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 PIO. Full 16 bits, fully buffered, bi-directional. Uses selectable handshake polarity. Set of all parts and connectors for parallel I/O: $19.95

BLANK PC BOARD — $99.95The blank Big Board PC Board comes complete with fulldocumentation (including schematics), the character ROM,the PFM 3.3 MONITOR ROM, and a diskette with the sourceof our BIOS, BOOT, and PFM 3.3 MONITOR.

REAL TIME CLOCK (OPTIONAL)

Uses Z-80 CTC. Can be configured as a Counter on Real Time Clock. Set ol allparts: $9.95

CP/M* 2.2 FOR BIG BOARD

The popular CP/M* D.O.S. to run on Big Board is available for $139.00.

DOUBLE DENSITY ADAPTER BOARD — $149.95 (A&T)

Requires no cuts or MODS to an existing Big Board. Gives up to 670K storage ona single sided 8 in. diskette. With software to patch your CP/M" 2.2.

PFM 3.3 2K SYSTEM MONITOR

The real power of the Big Board lies in its PFM 3.3 on board monitor. PFM commands include: Dump Memory, Boot CP/M*, Copy, Examine, Fill Memory, Test Memory, Go To,Read and Write I/O Ports, Disc Read (Drive, Track, Sector), and Search PFM occupies one of the four 2716 EPROM locations provided. Z-80 is a Trademark of Zilog.

Digital Research Computers

P.O. BOX 461565 •

(OF TEXAS)GARLAND, TEXAS 75046

(214)271-3538

TERMS: Shipments will be made approximately 3 to 6 weeks after we

receive your order. VISA, MC, cash accepted. We will accept COD's (for the

Big Board only) with a $75 deposit. Balance UPS COD. Add $4.00 shipping.

USA AND CANADA ONLY

•TRADEMARK OF DIGITAL RESEARCH. NOT ASSOCIATED WITH DIGITAL RESEARCH OF CALIFORNIA, THE ORIGINATORS OF CPM SOFTWARE

"1 TO 4 PIECE DOMESTIC USA PRICE.

THE DATA SAVERPOWER SUPPLY

WITHBATTERYBACK-UP

FOR WINCHESTERS AND FLOPPYCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

Features: 4 Output Voltages

• + 24V ± 10% 2.5A Regulated

with battery charger

• + 12V ±1%5A. Regulated

• + 5 V ± 1% 6A. Regulated

• - 12V 0.2A

• 100KHZ Switcher1 Low Noise. Low Ripple' OVP • OCP

• Continuous BatteryCharging

Whole system can run 15 min. with battery only.Mechanical Dimensions 1.5W x 4.625H x 8.6L

System Complete With:

• Power Supply w/Battery

Charger

• 1 - 3 output Power Supply

• 2 Batteries

Single Output SuppliesAlso Available1.5Wx4.625H x 8.6L+ 5Vat 10A+ 12V at 10A+ 24V at 6A

Single Unit Price

$480"

(OEM Pricing

Available)

autocon troll

11400 Dorsett Rd.

Maryland Heights, MO 63043

1-314-739-0055

isn't part of your program . . .

DecOtec™ hasyou covered

DecOtec decorator covers protectsyour equipment while offering a widerange of designs & colors to reflectyour own personality or hobbies.

Not baggy generic covers - Tailoredto fit your exacr dimensions, standardor custom. ■ Company logos

• Dozens of styles & colors available

DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME

Write or callfor brochure today!

(513)236-9923

P.O. Box 24449 • Depl B Dayton. Ohio 45424

BUSINESS SOFTWAREDATA COMMUNICATIONS

FOR

IBM PC, SEATTLE, NECCOMPUTERS

Teleprocessing software available for abovecomputers to time-sharing host or between twousers {send binary files, also).

REMOTE DIAL-UP

SYSTEM FOR ABOVE

NEW

SEATTLE 8086 GAZELLE II

10 Mhz. - 256k mem. Computer system.

US ROBOTICS modems, TELEVIDEOWrite for literature and prices on above systems, orcall for quote.

■CSCSi

COMPUTER « STATISTICAL

COMSULTIMO SERVICES

P.O. Box 5351

Terre Haute. IN 47805

(812) 466-4111

Circle 49 on inquiry card.

Circle 145 on inquiry card.

Circle 128 on inquiry card.

Gemini 10Xs269

120 CPS,9x9 DotMatrix,Graphics

'Amder 12" Monitor $119

■ Tandon Drive 100-2 320K for IBM . S235> C. Itoh Prowriter 8510 120 cps . $339'DynaxDX-15 Daisy Wheel 13cps . $485

■ Smith Corona TP-1 Daisy Wheel $429• Silver Reed EXP-550 Daisy Wheel $649

■ Brother HR-1 Daisy Wheel (16 cps) $679

■ Daisywriter 2000 (48K) $1095

i Qume Sprint 11 Daisy Wheel 40 cps $1395

■ Eagle II Computer $1595

■ TeleVideo TeleTote I Computer Call

■ Sanyo 555 IBM PC Compatible Call

MICRO MART

8764 Complex Dr., San Diego, CA 92123CSX (619) 268-0169 M

H Dysan

^CORPORATION

Solve your dtoc problems, buy 100% surfacetested Dyun diskettes. AH orders shippedfrom stock. wWun 24 hours. Call toll FREE(800) 235-4137 for prices and Information.Visa and Master Card accepted.

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.San Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal. call(805) 543-1037.)

The Statistician

CPM IBM-PCTRS-DOS XENIX

Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward EliminationTime Series AnalysisDescriptive StatisticsTransformations

" Survey Research

* Nonparametrics

* X-Y Plots

* ANOVA

* Random Samples

* Data Base

* Search & sort

" Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

Q

for more information

or write:

Quant Systems

Box 628

Charleston, SC 29402

VISA-M/C Accepted

Circle 296 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Circle 387 on inquiry card.

RIBBONS

CARTRIDGES AND

SPOOLS

PRICE PRICE

PER PER

RIBBON DOZEN

Anadex 9500

.. 13.50 147.00

! qommodore Pet 8023

.. 7.00 81.00

' ,0, Itoh Prowriter

.. 5.95 68.40

'<jj Itoh Starwriter F-10 ....

.. 4.75 54.00

Data South DS-180

6.50 75.00... 5.25 60.00

Epson MX-70/80

Epson MX-100

9.95 108.00

Epson MX-100 Reload

6.50 72.00

Gemini - 10

... 2.50 27.00

IDS Microprism - 480

... 6.00 69.00

IDS Paper Tiger 460/560 .

... 7.50 87.00

IDS Prism

8.00 93.00.. 2.50 27.00

Okidata - 80, 82 & 83

Okidata - 84

... 5.00 57.00

TO ORDER CALL (313) 569-3218 or

WRITE FOR OUR CATALOG

DWIGHT COMPANY, INC.

15565 NORTHLAND DRIVE

WEST TOWER SUITE 804

S0UTHFIELD, MICHIGAN 48075

$300.00

8/16 Bit Fast Static Ram

SR-64K RAM MODULE, 24 bit addre s s i ng . SlOO/

IEEE 6 96 compatible, (6 4K x 8} / (32K x 16), 10MHz no wait states. Phantom option, upper16K bytes desetec I ab I e in 2K byte blocks. 1year warranty.

TERMS: We accept checks or money orders.Allow 3 weeks for personal checksto clear. Delivery is from stock to 6weeks. Add $5.00 per a board forshipping. MA residents add 5 7. sales

LEXICOMP DATA SYSTEMS

P.O. BOX 222LEXINGTON, MA 02173TEL. (617) 862- 3088

EXCLUSIVE - FREE

MANUFACTURER'S WARRANTY

• Prices are the lowest available.

Model Qtv. 1 Qtv. 2-10

FDD100-8 $225 S200

FDD20O-8 $275 $250

'Additional quantity discounts available

With the FDD-200-8. you buy twice the storage

capacity at a nominal cost increase

Shugart-Compatible Drives

FDD100-8FDD200-8

#No other companycan offer the manufac-turer's 90-day warranty at noextra charge

• All warranty work is accomplished at the manu-facturer's factory authorized service center

• We ship from existing inventory.

Visa/Mastercharge

Hfr^jVI Disk Drive Services

689 L South State College Blvd.. Fullerton, CA 92631(714) 526-1992/Call Collect: Mail Order- Add $7Shipping. California residents add 6% sales tax

Circle 161 on inquiry card.

Circle 268 on inquiry card.

Circle 201 on inquiry card.

16 RAM CARD

Compatiblewith:DOS3.3.CP/M.Visicalc. PASCAL1YR.WARRANTY

80 Column Card

For APPLE II

$99.00

SPEEDY EPROM

PROGRAMMER

FOR APPLE II

PROGRAMMING

2716, 2732, 2764, 27128,

2532, 2564

IN 30 SECONDS $119.'

Applell/lle

Compatible $222°"DiskDrive

CONTROLLERCARD $75°°

SUPER COOLING

FANS FOR APPLE

$4950

WITH SURG$69.50

IBM MEMORYEXPANSION KIT

IBM 64K $52.95(9Pcs64KRAM)

HighQualityDiskettes

51/4"SS/DD17/Box51/4"DS/DD27/Box

80 Column Dot MatrixPrinter

CP-80 by C.T.I.80cps parallel interfacegraphics printing compatiblewith EPSON MX80FT

SALE PRICE s299.00

IS Hand well

1-(800) 821-3628 |

corp

4962 EL CAMINO REAL, SUITE 119 • LOS ALTOS, CA 94022(415) 962-9265 • TLX: 171947 HANDWELL LTOS |

Circle 202 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

631

******************************

APPLE HARDWARE

******************************

Wholesale

STOCK RETAIL

SALE

MIN.

NUMBER PRICE

3RICE ORDER

AP101 16K RAM CARD S149

539

10

AP102 80 COLUMN CARD 295

89

10

AP104 CLOCK/CALENDAR CARD ... 195

79

10

AP105 DISK-11 DRIVE WO .'CTRL CARD 498

199

10

AP106 D1SK-I1 CONTROLLER 150

45

10

AP107 JOY-STICK DELUX 49

19

10

AP109 LOWER CASE 45

19

10

AP110 PRINTER CARD (PARALLEL) 150

45

10

AP111 RS-232 CARD (SERIAL) 195

79

10

AP112 SUP-R-MOD 39

19

10

AP114 Z-80 CARD 298

99

10

AP116 INTEGER CARD 150

49

10

AP117 EPROM WRITER CARD 279

119

10

APU8 128K RAM CARD (PSEUDO-DISK) 498

269

10 NEW

AP119 FORTH CARD 298

89

10 NEW

AP201 APPLE-I1+ COMPAT. 48K KIT. . 599

229

10

AP202 HARDCASE FOR AP20UPLAST1C) 175

89

10

AP203 KEYBOARD FOR AP201 139

69

10

AP204 POWER SUPPLY FOR AP201 120

68

10

AP205 APPLE 11 + COMPAT. 48KA&T 599

349

10

AP206 APPLE 11+ COMPAT. 64KA&T..., 699

399

10 NEW

AP207 KEYBOARD FOR APPLE-II (DELUX) 169

m

10 NEW

AP208 POWER SUPPLY (DELUX) 139

79

10 NEW

AP301 TANDON TM-50-1 DISK DRIVE

(MECHAN.) 249

119

10 NEW

AP401 IBM PC COMPUTER 64K W/2

DRIVE 3550

2195

5

******************************

PRICES tVllL BE LOWER FOR LARGE* QUANTITY ORDER

ALL PRICES SUBICCT TO CHANCE WITHOUT NOTICE

K & R COMPUTER CO., LTD.1440 PACIFIC COAST HWY., 0104*

HARBOR CITY, C A 90710

.

(213) 530-2577

OUR PC100TU SOFTWARE PACKAGE TURNS

YOUR IBM*PC INTO ADEC- VT100/102/52 COMPATIBLE TERMINAL

PRICED FROM S89.

Optional. Local Printer & File Tn

n format lor) call at wrtie

i Gtweani■■■_■■# svsrems

7525 Mitchell Road, Mpls.. MN 55344 (612) 937-9194

DEC. vt are registered trademarks o) Dtgiial Etiuipmem Corp

QUINX is a trademark Ol Quantum Software SystemsPC1D0, GMS arc iranomarks ot General Micro Systems

S-100 EPROM PROGRAMMER

EPROM-32

■ High quality S-100 board meets or exceeds IEEE-696

• Programs 1K through 32K (flyle) EPROMs

• Textool zeio-insertion-torce programming socket.

• EPROM is programmed through I/O ports and can tie veriliedthrough I/O ports or located in memory space for verification.

• Programming voltage generated on-tjoard.

• Personality Modules simplify adaptation of hoard to differentEPROM types:

PM-1-2508.2758 PM-3-2732. 2732A PM-6-68764

2516,2716 PM-4-2564PM-2-2532 PM-5-2764

■ CP/M-ccmpatihle control softwareincludes commands for programming,verification, disk I/O and editing.

PM-8-27128

$269.95 *

IA&T1

ORDER DESK1-800-237-8400 BXl 440

Technical Inquiries:9011-682-4054

HUroPynomto

Corporation

6363 Poplar Ave "Suite 105Memphis TN 38119

"Price Includes EPROM-32, documentation and two PersonalityModules (specify). Additional Modules — S7.95. Control soltwareon 8" SSSD diskette-S9.95 UPS ground-S2.00. UPS air—$4.00. COD-S1.50, foreign add $15.00, TN add 6% sales tax.VISA and MASTERCARD welcome.

Circle 252 on inquiry card.

Circle 192 on inquiry card.

Circle 419 on inquiry card.

Best Prices OnTRS-80 Computers

Our 6th year of discounts

Ed or Joe McManus

Fgt. Prepaid. Save Tax.

Toll Free 800-231-3680

Marymac Industries, Inc.

22511 Katy Fwy., Katy

(Houston) Tx 77450

1-713-392-0747

Telex 774132

See us in the Wall StreetJournal every Tues., Wed., Thurs.

LOAD CELLDIGITIZER 3010

CONVERTS S-100 COMPUTERINTO WEIGHING SYSTEM

load cells and

gauge

Interfaces v\

transducers

Professionally designed for industrial applications

giving stability superior to high-priced scale

indicators

- Fully S-100 1 EEE-696 compatible

- Excitation for up to 8 load cells

- 17 bit, sign & overload at A conv sec

— 15 bit, sign & overload at 15 conv sec

— 0 01% accuracyProgrammable damping filterSelectable S-100 vectored interrupts

— Wide range dead-load and span ad|ustmentsConservative and cool-runnmg CMOS circuitry

Custom & OEM versions available.

Price $495.00

Circle 288 on inquiry card.

Scalar Eleclronix (1982) Inc.

P.O. Box 0863, Champialn, N.Y. 12919-0863

(514) 634-7028

Circle 411 on inquiry card.

fffllE

of looking for reliableSource of Supply?

from Looking???

aboutQUALITY??

DISKETTES +RIBBONS +ACCESSORIES

Call Bob Kelly Now. . .Kelly Computer Supplies

1811 Carl St. -St Paul, MN 55113

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929

MN Res. Call Collect.. .612/644-9030

MEMOREX - DISKETTES

Circle 255 on inquiry card.

* * Apple compatible products * *

Apple II ( + , e) slim disk drive . . $210.00Apple II ( + , e) controller card . . . $55.00

Apple keyboard $80.00

(with upper and lowercase)Apple replacement power supply . $80.00(5V/5A, 12V/3A, -5V/0.5, - 12V/0.5)Apple replacement plastic case . . $80.00Apple II + compatible computer with 64Kand upper and lowercase capability $650.00

Also printer, modem, and monitor are available inlower price. Term: Visa, Mastercard, COD.

Tel 609-667-6330

Roger Electronics, 403 Sheffield Road

Cherry Hill, NJ 08034

CHEAP

LOWEST MAIL ORDER

PRICES IN THE USA

OCTOBER SPECIALS

ITOH F-10 Starw liter (P or S) 1069

ITOH 8510 AP Prowriter (P) 359

TELEVIDEO 925 terminal 739

NEC 3550 Spinwriler 1 749

NEC 7710 Spinwriler (Si 1969

MORROW MD-2 Micro Decision computer with Morrow

terminal, Prowriter printer and all software 1699

MORROW MD-2. same except Silver-Reed EXP-500daisywheel printer 1799

PLEASE CIRCLE READER SERVICE

CARD FOR OUR DISCOUNT MAIL

ORDER BULLETIN

All items shipped in factory sealed canons with fullmanufacturers warranty. We don't cash your checkuntil we ship If we can't ship in 5 days, your check isreturned uncashed.

Quoted prices are mail order only, and valid Octoberonly. We cannot accept credit cards, personal or com-pany checks, POs or CODs. Shipping charges collectedupon delivery.

CompuClass, Inc.

7603 Firestone Bl.

Downey, CA 90241

(213) 566-3556

Authorized dealer: Columbia, Corona, Diablo, Eagle.ITOH. Morrow. NEC, North Star. Qume. Seiko, Silver-Reed, Televideo and other major brands.

CTDK

flexible disks

Call Free (800)235-4137

for prices and information.Dealer inquiries invited.C.O.D. and charge cardsaccepted.

VISA'

PACIFICEXCHANGES

100 Foothill BlvdSan Luis Obispo. CA93401 (In Cal call(805) 543-1037)

Circle 403 on inquiry card.

Circle 98 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

TOLL-FREE

ORDERING:

800-222-8686

PPT CUSTOM COMPUTERllll I TECHNOLOGY

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/ 1 CRAFTSMAN COURT - BOX 4160 - SEDONA, ARIZONA 86340

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:602-282-6299

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM/Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! Westock a full line of Board Level Components, Software, and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the LowestPrices, and the Technical Support and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nation-wide! The Nations's Custom Systems House for Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote.

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST

OF PRIME INTEREST

Our prime interest at CCT is service andsupport. We build and sell hundreds ofsystems per year to the serious computermarket. We rigidly adhere to our strictpolicy of reliable machines, and reliablepeople behind them. We feel the Com-puPro product line to be the state-of-the-art of the computer industry.

THE CCT EXCLUSIVE WARRANTY

With any system we build, we provide,in writing, an unconditional 12 monthdirect warranty on the entire system, in-cluding mainframe, boards, drives, powersupplies, cabling and peripherals! We of-fer guaranteed 24 hour in-house repairand/or replacement with just a toll-freephone call. We can offer this, since we areso sure of our level of quality and reliabili-ty. It's great to know that in the event of aproblem, you're not out of businesswaiting on service turnaround. We deliver!

Our various OEM contracts with all themanufacturers of the components we in-tegrate, allow us this unprecedented flex-ibility. No factory O.K.'s necessary — justget it running —NOWI

Wyse 100 terminal $699

WS Prom Option - Installed $50

Mitsubishi 8" DSDD drives, full or halfheight. Set-up FREE OF CHARGE .. $449

0kidata82 $419/83 $679

84 $1029/92 $559/93 .. $930AshtonTatedBASEII8" orMD ... $299Supercalc86forCP/M86&MP/M .$99

Visual Terminals in stock Call

LearSieglerADM 20 $499

Freedom 50 $499/100-$549

Hays Modem-$259 • Diablo 620-S1029We carry a full line of software in allavailable formats at discount prices.

TECH TIP CORNER

dBASE II USERS - CUSTOM TERMINALKEYS! Implement your arrow keys;emulate Wordstar edit commands - sendan SASE with $2.00 - (ATTN: TTC). Tell usyour arrow key codes. We'll return easy,detailed instructions to change almostanything. It's beautiful — Pat...

^^

CompuPro I

PROFESSIONAL LEVEL BUSINESS SYSTEMSSTATE-OF-THE-ART QUALITY, PERFORMANCE, RELIABILITY

CCT ANNOUNCES:

n i nuuuu i un i rniui

$3,399

OUR OWN IN-HOUSE ENGINEEREDCUSTOM COMPUPRO SYSTEMS

CCT-1 - ENTRY LEVE1 S*-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

• Enclosure 2-Desk-20 Slot Mainframe • • CCT 2.4 Dual 8" Mitsubishi

• CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 • DSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes • ;l '' J

• Disk 1 - DMA Floppy Disk Controller • • CP/M 80 - 2.2 LD/M - CCT Modified •

• RAM 16 - 64K Static RAM -12 Mhz • • All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,

• Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O • Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Burn-in •

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTYCP/ M MP/ M NOTE: Each copy we furnish is CCT modified for the target system. M-Drive/ H and hard disk drivers are furnished,and the BIOS optimized for the fastest disk step rate, as well as terminal and printer compatibility.

* * CCT-2- THE FASTEST MICROCOMPUTER IN THE WORLD!! * *

Enclosure 2-Desk • 90K Baud Parallel Terminal Board • 78 Key Professional Ergonomic KeyboardCPU 8086-10Mhz • Disk 1 • 512K M-Drive/H • High Resolution Amber Monitor. INTRODUCTORY PRICE:

128K-16 Bit Memory • CP/M 86-CCT Modified • CCT 2.4 Dual DSDD Drive SystemInterfacer 3-8 • All Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly, Testing, & Minimum 20 Hour Burn-in

RUNS ALL CP/M 86 SOFTWARE - ULTRA FAST - INCLUDES 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY * Ask about CCT-3 (68K Version similar to above) W/256K RAM — $7,699

We are the largest in the custom configuration of complete state-of-the-art S-100 systems, at package pricing, with integration,burn-in and programming. We custom build CompuPro systems / hard disk systems for business applications. Call for Com-puPro literature, CCT system configuration data and technical information. We can save you money!

• SUPER PRICES * COMPUPRO COMPONENTS * IN STOCK *

SYSTEM SPECIALS-ALL CCT A&T, BURNED IN: 816A-S4299 816B-S4999 816C-S6499

M-DriveCP/Mw/RAM Purch-$49 • Disk 1w/CP/M-$449 • M-Drive/H-512K-$1149

CPU 8085/88-5319 • CPU8086/87-$579/10Mhz-$659 • CPU68K-$519/10Mhz-$639 • CPU-Z-$249

CPU286$1249/10Mhz-$1359 • Disk 1-$369 • Disk 2-$599 • Disk 3-S599

RAM17(12Mhz)-$329 • RAM 16(12Mhz)-$359 • RAM 21 (128K)-$779 • RAM 22(256K)-$1399

Interfacer 1 - $229 • Interfacer 2-$249 • Interfacer 3-5-$399/3-8-$459 • Interfacer 4-$349

System Support 1-$299 • Enclosure 2-Desk-$599/Rack-$649 • 20 Slot Motherboard-$210

CP/M80-$99 • CP/M86-$150 • MP/M 8-16-$699 • CP/M68K-$279 • Forth68K-S169

86 Upgrade Kit: Consists of CP/ M 86, 64K Ram, System Support 1, Cable - $749

Call for CSC Boards — New Releases — Operating System Mods/Updates

IIHUUUUUHYKHIW

$6,799

* PRICE BREAKTHROUGH *

Hard Disk Subsystems

CCT/Fujitsu 5'A" subsystem, includes Disk 3, customenclosure & power supply, all cabling, A&T, formated,burned-in. Ready for any CompuPro or similar S-100system: CCT-5(5.5Meg)-$1599

CCT-10 (11 Meg)-$1899 / CCT-20 (22 Meg)-$2299

? ? HARD DISK DECISIONS ? ?

Hard/Floppy Combinations

An exclusive CCT innovation. CCT/Fujitsu/Mitsubishiultra-system: 5'A" hard disk next to a 1.2 Meg. DSDD8" floppy. Includes Disk 3, custom horizontal enclosureand power supply, all cabling. A&T. formatted, burned-in. Will stand alone in any CompuPro system:CCT-5/1-$2099 CCT-10/1-$2399 CCT-20/1 $2799

NEW DISK 3/5V4"HD SYSTEMS *

2.4 Megabyte Floppy Systems

CCT/Mitsubishi 2.4 Megabyte Dual DSDD 8" systemIncludes custom horizontal enclosure, all cabling, A&T,burned-in. This is the fastest system available: $1149With stacked half-height drives: $1175

All Systems Carry Our Exclusive 12 Month Warranty.

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Freeware for your system, Plug-in and go. Arizona Residents add sales tax. CompuPro* Trademark — W.J. Godbout

technical help to anyone. We can configure boards & soft-;CP/M® MP/M® Trademarks —Digital Research

Circle 130 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

633

THUNDERWARE

Statistics & Mathematics

New on the market! An industry provensoftware package which may well be allyou'll ever need in the way of math anddata analysisl Just look at what you getl

Statistics: Linear Regression, Correlation,Curve Fitting (power, exponential, log),Distribution Analysis (Normal, Weibull,Binomial, Poisson, Hypergeometric)

Mathematics: Vectoral Analysis,Quadratic Eq'n, Complex Arithmetic,Base b to Base 10, Permutations & Com-binations, Factorials, Iterative Sol'n tof(x)=0, Numerical Integration, TriangleSol'ns, Hyperbolic Transcendentals,Simultaneous Eq'ns

Available for the IBM PC and the TI-99/4A atan introductory price of only $ 149.951

THE THUNDERWARE COMPANY

P.O. Box 12587

Lexington, KY 40583

(606) 259-0178

0g? SANYO

SMWO BUSINISS SVSTEMS

MBC-1100 COMPUTER »1777Includes: CPU, Keyboard, green 34 X 80 screen, 2 diskdrives, with complete business software— WORDSTAR,MAILMERCE, SPELLSTAR. CALCSTAR, lNFOSTAR,CP/M system and BASIC. (We will add a modem andsoftware for only S9°)

MBC-550 PC COMPUTER »777

The new PC that runs most IBM softwarel This is a realquality unit with great looks. Includes: CPU, keyboard, 1disk drive, MS-DOS. word processor, spreadsheet andmore.

0 corona

IBM COMPATIBLE PC *2092

Includes: 2 drives CI-320 K floppy and 1-180K RAMdrive), 256K RAM, Green or Amber Hi-Res Screen 640 X320, MS-DOS, GVV Basic, Graphics. Parallel port, serialport, 4 IBM lype slots. We will add S400 of software for

$99

TTX 1014 Daisy Wheel Printer $555Includes: Tract or-feed, friction feed, serial interface,parallel interface, ribbon and daisy wheel:

Send cashier's check, money order or personalcheck to ANN'S COMPUTERS, 419 E. WashingtonAve., Unit 3A, Gilbert, AZ 85234 or call (602)892-6659 Visa and MC add 4%

FACTORY AUTHORIZEDSALES & SERVICE

Wide choice of lease & lease/purchase plans

(om pu Pro

SysAS103'mo ,SysB$123/mo..SysCS160/mo,. SysDS255/mo

MORROW OE5IGN5

DECISION 1

D120 S110/mo., D200S1 T7/IW.. D210Si30/mo,, D220Sl55(rno.

Rebel S78l.no. Rebel 16 meg Sl03/mo .Rebel 16 meg multi-user S^fl/Tno

Payments are example. Ask about other systems, boards, etc.

Ask about bonus software. Accounting, games, utilities.

PRINTERS. TERMINALS. SOFTWARE—CALL

We cater to experienced users, gov't, agencies, and corp customers

TERMS: Casti nun order

Yoj pay .ill ffe.gni Aaa b-

lor 2=o 10'NetMAMl 0

Fed./State P 0 2°i>,mo

CALL US 9 AM 10 10 PM COMPUTERS

one orn *5™i P0- Box 6114-Birmingham, AL 3525W114205 879-4730 Our ban* is 1S1 National of Birmingham. (205) 326-5120

CostPlus

Circle 470 on inquiry card.

Circle 80 on inquiry card.

Circle 126 on inquiry card.

300 „

1200

baud MODEMS

BAUD

SIGNALMAN. . . Free hour on

'SOURCE'

300 BAUD direct connect

$ 69

300 BAUD AUTO DIAL/ANS

$99

300/1200 AUTO DIAL/ANS

$319

US ROBOTICS. . . 300/1200 AUTO

Tiayes Compatible'

'Password' with cables, sprk

$339

'Auto 212' dlxe

..$419

DOT

LETTER

matrix PRINTERS

QUALITY

GEMINI lOx 120 cps graphics

$289

PROWRITER 120 cps hi density

$319

JUKI daisy wheel 18 cps

$565

DAISYWRITER 40 cps

$999

cpm COMPUTERS

IBM

Eagle SCALL Columbia P.C.

Kaypro HARD DISKS

Corona P.C.

Televideo PORTABLES

Eagle P.C.

IMAGE COMPUTERS

P.O. Box 1164, Cardiff, CA 92007

TAII TDDRDFR- ^^^

619 436-7669 «»,. ^^619 436-8317 i^Wl

V1SA/MCADD 3%

Serial 4f I HUH 11 kf Parallel

PRINTERS!PLOTTERS!PUNCHES!ROBOTS!

Convert What You HaveTo What You Want!

* RS232 Serial * Centronics Parallel

' 8 Baud Rates ' Handshake Signals

" Latched Outputs ' Compact 3V, x 4% x 1)(

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the typeot port you have available! Our new High Performance 700Series Converters provide the mleslng link. Based on thelatest In CMOS technology these units feature full baudrate selection to 19.2K, wltn handshake signals to maximizetransfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allowssimplified Installation. Order the Model 770 (SerVPar) orModel 775 (Par/Ser) Today!

onlyJ89.95

Connuclor Option 110 OCi- CA ReoldanU BV. IB*

1501-BPinaSlrMt UPS Shipping S3 00

Post Office Bon 2233Oxnard, California 93030

■| CALL (805) 487-1665 or 487-1666 "HJ For FAST Delivery

512KBYTE RAM forIBM PC — XT

■ ■■■■in ii 1111111 if

■ ■ ii ■■ i ■ ■ iii 11iiiiiiiiii■mnii 11Y11 ■ 111ii I ■

■ 1Y11ii ii ■ iiii iii" i ii i

$225 WITH 64K BYTES INSTALLED$595 WITH 512K BYTES INSTALLED$5.00 FOR 4164 CHIP [200NS ACCESS]

*1 YEAR WARRANTEE ON INSTALLED

SYSTEM

•PARITY CHECK LOGIC•ALL IC LOCATIONS SOCKETED•MEMORY MAY BE LOCATED ON ANY

64K BOUNDARY

•SOME SPLIT ADDRESSING CAPABILITY•TOTAL SPLIT ADDRESSING ON B4K

BOUNDARY ON REQUEST

APPLIED LOGIC, INC.

PO BOX 328

JAMAICA, MEW YORK 11415

(212)459-4064prices subject to change without notice.

Circle 220 on inquiry card.

Circle 175 on inquiry card,

Circle 43 on inquiry card.

Ml

of looking for reliableSource of Supply?

IS

mum

from Looking???

aboutQUALITY??

DISKETTES +RIBBONS +ACCESSORIES

Call Bob Kelly Now. . .Kelly Computer Supplies

1811 Carl St. -St. Paul, MN 55113

Toll Free ... 800 - 447 - 2929

MN Res. Call Collect. . .612/644-9030

3M SCOTCH DISKETTES

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited. CO.D'saccepted. CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo. CA 93401.In Cat call (S00) 592-5935 or„ (805)543-1037.

DISK DRIVES

(For PC, Mod 1, III& IV

Tandon TM55-2

Tandon TM100-1

$239$189$239$339

call$ 45

Tandon TM100-2

Tandon TM100-4

CDC 9409

Case and PS

PC EXPANSIONS

MAYNARD

DISK CONTROLLER

PP add $50 SPadd$70

$155

QUADRAM

Quad bd. or Quad II (64K)

$269

AST

Combo Plus 64 K & SPC

Mega Plus 64K& SC

I/O Plus ISC)

2nd Sor P or Game

S269S269$114$ 35

64K CHIPS

Sel ol nine

S 55

EPSON

Printers

call

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Mornslown. NJ 07960(201) 267-3268 Visa. MC. Check or COD.

Circle 256 on inquiry card.

Circle 341 on inquiry card.

Circle 499 on inquiry card.

LIQUIDATION

SALE

$

PERTEC

III

MULTI-USER SYSTEM

219$

Original Manufacturers Price $11,995

California Digital has recently participated in the purchase of severalhundred Pertec 2000 microcomputers. These units are brand new 1983production, shipped in factory sealed containers. California Digital isoffering these multi-user systems at a fraction of its original price.This microcomputer is the perfect low cost system for any businessapplication requiring high reliability and multi-user flexibility.The Pertec 2000 is an 8085 small business computer featuring dual 8'disk drives. 12" green phosphor screen and CPU integrated into a singlecompact unit with detachable keyboard. The keyboard features a numericpad as well as a cursor control cluster. The Pertec 2000 is supplied with64K/Byte of memory expandable to 256K. This system comes standardwith both an RS-232 serial port as well as a Centronics parallel printerport. The computer will support two users and can be upgraded to a fiveuser system.

The Pertec 2000 is supplied with Pertec BASIC, multi-tasking MTXoperating system and CP/M 2.2. This computer is still in current produc-tion. Service as well as service contracts are available from Pertec.

GODBOUT

The CompuPro Corporation has recently relocated their facility

to Hayward California. In the move, several logistic problems occured

resulting in California Digital being double and even triple shipped pending orders. William J.

Godbout. the president of CompuPro, has asked us to liquidate the excess inventory rather

than send the product back to Hayward.

In order to clear our warehouse, we are offering these boards at a substantial savings. We are,however, asking for prepayment on these orders because of the low profit involved. Asurcharge may be added to credit card or open account purchases.

COMPUPRO

SALE

CPU 68K is me most advanced 68000 board

available ll includes sockets for an oplional

memory managemen! unil and up to I6K bytes

olEPROM

GBT-68K Assembled 695 499

GBT-6BKC CSC 850 619

CPU 86/87 lets you take advantage ol the8086 s large library ol ultra-efficient 16 bit soft-ware Includes sockets for 8087 math co-p'o-cessor and 80130 firmware chipsGBT-8687 Assembled 750 545

GBT-8687C CSC 850 619

CPU 8085/8088 is the original, much im-itated dual processor board When you needthe best of both worlds 8 bit and 16 bit micro-processor application Ihe Compupro dual pro-cessor board delivers resultsGBT-8588 Assembled 495 359

GBT8588C CSC 595 429

CPU Z is the premium 8 bit CPU that includesall standard Z80A features along with all Inenecessary opt oris to insure backward compati-bility with mosl older S-100 mainframesGBT-Z80 Assembled 325 239

GBT-Z80C CSC 425 319

CPU 16032 leaiures Ihe National NSC16032 that has true 32 bit internal architecturewhich resembles that ol a minicomputerGBT-16032 Assembled pending

GBT-16032C CSC pending

CPU 286 is based around Intel s lAPX 286;10 sixteen bit microprocessor Upward compat-ible from the Compupro 8085 8086GBT-286 Assembled 1595 1147

GBT-286C CSC 1750 1259

MEMORY BOARDS

RAM 16 is64 K/Byteol high speed (10 MHz)low power static memory This board performsboth 8 bit and 16 bit data transfers insuringcomplete compatibility with all 696/S-100microcomputer systems

GBT-R16 Assembled 550 399

GBT-R16C CSC 650 469

RAM 17 provides 64 K, Byte ol 8 bit staticmemory DMA data transfer and 24 bit ex-tended addressing make the RAM 17 the neweconomicalslandard

GBT-R17 Assembled 399 289

GBT-R17C CSC 499 359

RAM 21 leaiures 128 K Byte ol low powersialic memory This board is capable ol doingboth 8 bil and or 16 bit DMA data transfersGBT-R21 Assembled 1095 789

GBT-R21C CSC 1245 899

RAM 22 is 256K/Byles ol high speed lowpower sialic memory This board does bolh 8and. or 16 bit data translers at 12 MHz

GBT-R22 Assembled 1750 1250GBT-R22 CSC I895 1350

M-DRIVE/H emulates 512 K/Bytes olfloppy disk storage in solid slate memorySystem clown loads dala 'rom magnetic storageand stores this information in dynamic RAMincreasing performance by as much as 3500°oGBT-MDH Assembled 1895 1365

GBT-MDHC CSC 2095 1495

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 provides advanced capabilities re-quited by todays single or multi-user micro-computers Disk 1 incorporates the NEC765controller LSI circuit in an unequaled floppy diskboard featuring DMA arbitrationGBT-DSK1 Assembled 495 359

GBT-DSK1C CSC 595 429

Wiiiiiiii

DISK 2 interfaces to most 8 and 14 Win-chester disk drives Directly accesses upto 16M< Byle, The Disk 2 allows your hard Winches-ter system to operate at its peak potential byproviding high speed DMA transfers required bysophisticated microcomputer systemsGBT-DSK2 Assembled 795 575

GBT-DSK2C CSC 895 649

DISK 3 controls upto four Seagate 506 com-palible 5'i Winchester disk drives. On boardprocessor relieves host CPU ol disk overheadenhancing performance of entire systemGBT-DSK3 Assrnebled 795 575

GBT-DSK3C CSC 895 645

INTERFACER 1 features two inde-pendently addressable RS-232 I/O ports Eachport is baud rate selectable from 50 to 19.200allowing (or simultaneous dnveing of fast andslow devices

GBT-133A Assembled 295 219

GBT-133AC CSC 370 269

INTERFACER 2 provides three fully du-plexed parallel ports, each containing 16latched data lines along with strobe, enable andattention One RS-232 port is included is thisunique interlace

GBT-150A Assembled 325 235

GBT-150AC CSC 399 289

INTERFACER 3 is an eight channel multi-user serial I/O board designed for high perform-ance industrial and scientific applications. TheInterfacer 3 is capable of high speed synchron-ous communications with baud rates up to 250KGBT-138A Assembled 599 429

GBT-138AC CSC 699 499

INTERFACER 4 is really the only inter-face board most systems will require The In-terfacer 4 consists of two async./ sync and oneasync. RS-232 port with 5 handshaking linesThe board also is equiped with a Centronicsparallel printer port

GBT-187A Assembled 450 325

GBT-187AC CSC 540 389

SYSTEM SUPPORT incorporates the

most popular and most needed system suppoilfunctions onto one single board 4K/Bytes ofEPROM. battery back up. clock calendar andthree 16 bil interval timers are among some ofthe features of this special purpose boardGBT-SYS1 Assembled 450 325

GBT-SYS1C CSC 550 395

CaMFornIa DiqiTAl

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

AMTORNIA LMGITAl

Post Off ice Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

ZkFREE*

Plastic library case supplied with all| diskettes purchased from California Digital

$

New Low Price

19.95

Private labeled lor California Digital by one of (tie

resoecled producers ol magnetic media Each

is ceniliod double density ai 40 tracks. To m:

extended media life nil diskette ate manufactured wi

reinforced hub

Each uo> o' diskettes u supplied *iin a free plastic

library case

Soft sector CAL-501. Ton sector CAL-510

5l/4" DISKETTES

WITH LIBRARY CASE

261*

Your Choice

SCOTCH

MEMOREX

VERBATIM

Single Side Double DensitySoft Sector 10 Sector 16 Sector

EIGHT INCH DISKETTES

23"

ICOMPOSITEMONITOR

259

$

Ideal monitor

for classroom

I demonstrations.

f try gathering a classroom of sI purchase a 23 high resolution monito| These units accept siandarrJcomposit video signals genet

e Apple and IBM Attach it your computer and in second you ai;reen video

I MOT-BW23 35 Lbs Monitors are open Irame and lor safety should bhove S35 00 additonal CAL-ENC23 15 Lbs

VISA

SCOTCH

744D-0

744D-10

744D-16

26.50

MEMOREX

3481

3483

3485

26.50

VERBATIM

52501

525-10

NA

26.50

MAXELL

MD1

MH1-10

MH1-16

26.50

DYSAN

104/1D

107/10

NA

45.00

Double Side Double

Density

SCOTCH

7450

745-10

745-16

39.00

VERBATIM

550-01

550-10

NA

42.50

MAXELL

MD2-D

MH2-10D

MH2-16D

45.00

DYSAN

104/2D

107/2D

NA

49.50

DYSAN 96

204/2D

NA

NA

59.50

Single Side Single Density

Single Side Double Density

SCOTCH

7400

29.50

SCOTCH

741 0

39.00

MEMOREX

3060

29.50

MEMOREX

3090

35.00

DYSAN

3740/1

39.50

DYSAN

3740/D

57.50

Thirty Two Sector

Double side Double Density

SCOTCH 1740-32 129.50

SCOTCH

743-0

47.50

FJip&F.lu5'4 stores50disK INC-525 1895

MEMOREX

3114

39.50

Scotch head e'ePlastic library ca

nkilfj'.&S MMes5'.&8 SRV

Ul-i:*S;W95VL5 2S5

DYSAN

3740/20

65.00

your opportunity 10

SPECIAL

Shugart410

'129

These Shugan -JtO 5'.: disk drives are ail factory

Iresh 1983 production, recently purchased Iron) Ihe I

Four Phase Division of [ha Motorola Corporator) I

These disk drives aresingle sided 80 track(9G TPI) 1

suitable for use with the Radio Shack Model I and Model 3 Or any other

application that can support an 80 track second drive such as Ihe IBM'PC The

■110 is full height and functionally the same as Ihe Tandon TM 100-3 Complete

with power connector and installation manual

When these Shugan J10 s are liquidated the price will revert to our regular

price of 52-49 SHU-SA410

MEMORY

16K DYNAMIC

2.95

4116 150ns.

64K DYNAMIC

5.95

4164 150ns

4.95

450ns.

BLOWOUT

SALE

'169

16K STATIC

4.95

6116 200ns-

2764 EPROM

SALE'5.95

: ■ -;r: l,'i..;ni[.250:'.-

MlBTHJns iliKJll62QDns MiK

lit,.! 1-jOiis iWK t28rt>ll-- ' HIS ?56K

DYNAMIC MEMORY

icm to;

ICM~mS150

ICM -1)1620(1

bs» ICM m

ICM-r. ■

STATIC MEMORYfCM-ziuaatM

tCM-aiLoa.ii.0CM ail2450ICM ,'!)4J0O

icm bis 'ion

■'-. , ,:.■ ii ■■

CONNECTORS

GOLD S-)00 EDGE CARD CONI

catalogImWiS/l 250 CNE-IMS

CNE-H00 Wire W CNE-W1C 3.05 3 50 :nr 140 s'l CNE-100A -195 A 50

.156" CENTER EDGECARD CONNECTORS

'.'.'.' 44 E/ete-l CNE-44E 2 50 2 15 1 95

4 1 ;':■ Molu :..l CNE-72S SCO S 15 5 75

36/72D/Gs/1 CNE-72S 5 35 5 50 5 IB

RIBBON CONNECTORS

DB25Pmale CND-r25P 5 65 5 25 -115

OFJ25S female CND-r25S 5 95 5 59 -150

57-30360 mail.' CNC-r36P 7 95 5 75 5 9U

57-303601 male CNC-r36S 7 95 6 75 5 90

20pineoge CNI-DE20 4 35 3 30 2 50

20 pin socket CNI-DS20 2 75 I 85 l 60

26 pin edge CNI-DE26 4 95 3 50 2 70

26p.nsocKel CNI-DS26 3 50 2 40 2)5

34 pin edge CNI-OE34 4 95 4 50 3 50

3-1 pin sockel CNI-0S34 4 50 3 95 3 15

50pmedge CNI-DE50 5 95 5 60 4 90

50pm socket CNI-DS50 4 95 4 60 3 B0

Hardware 2-sei CND-2HS

AMPHENOL/CENTRONICS TYPE57-303G036-P CNC-3GP 7 95 6 35 4 90IEEE4BB. CaorCND-24P 7 95 6 35 5 35

DISK DRIVE POWER CONNECTORS8 6pil>DC CNP-6DC t 95 ) 29 896 3 AC Soli's CNP-3SS 1 69 I 09 698 3ACDtii.'S CNP-3DS 1 69 I 09 695'1 4[).riDC CNP-40C 1 79 1 19 993pinDlNrocpl CNP-Q3P 2 59 199 159

; $3.00. Each additiing. Excess will be% sal«s tax. COD's5tate supported educng" Dun & Bracistre

California Digital has recently participated in-

Ihe purchase of several thousand Siemens!

FDD 100-8 floppy disk drives These units are election cally .Tnd physically

simihar to thai ol the Shugan 80 tR. All units are new and shipped m factory

sealed boxes Manual and power connectors supplied free upon request. Your

choice 115 Volt. 60 Hz. or 230 Volt. 50Hz

NOTE! European customers .-.c IWVO ,1 taiQB quantity of 230 volt 50 H; una M uentMSMFrank fori Get many Arrangements c, DDtnadelOtt Id thesednves QquanlitieiO'SQoonD"

in FranMort reducing import duly an<! lio<gh] c'larges

REMEX "K '219

California Digital has iusi purchased a large quantity ol Remex RFD-1000Eight inch double sided disk drives Remex rs the only double sided diskdrive that has an double grmb.it mounted head assembly that guaranties lowerhead tracking. This drive is mechanically solid Remex has always beenknown lor producing premiere products tor the lloppy disk market The Remexcompany is a subsidiary ol the Ex-cell-o Corporation, a Fortune 500 Company

Eight Inch Single Sided Drives

SHUGART801RSHUGART 810 Half HeightSIEMENS FDD 100-8TANDON 848E-1 Half Height

One Two Ten

385 375 365

385 375 365

169 169 159

369 359 349

Eight Inch Double Sided Drives

SHUGART SA851RSHUGART 860 Half HeightQUME842"QUMETRACK8"TANDON 848E-2 Half HeightREMEX RFD-4000MITSUBISHI M2894-63

495 485 475

495 485 475

459 459 449

485 475 465

219 219 209

379 375 369

MITSUBISHI M2896-63 Half Ht. 459 449 409

225call149175439445

Five Inch Single Sided Drives

SHUGART SA400L 235 229

SHUGART SA410 96TPI/80Trk. 129 119

SHUGART SA200% Height 169 159

TANDON TM100-1 189 179

TANDON TM50-1 Half Height 465 450

TEACFD-55A Half Height 465 459

Five Inch Double Sided Drives

SHUGART SA450 319 309 299

SHUGART SA455 Half Height 259 249 239

SHUGART SA465 Half Ht. 96TPI 289 279 269

TANDON TM50-2 Half Height 215 209 199

TANDON TM55-4 half Ht. 96TPI 329 319 309

TANDON 100-2 279 269 259

TANDON 101-4 96TPI 80 Track 369 355 350

MITSUBISHI 4851 Half Height 259 249 245

MITSUBISHI 4853 Vz Ht. 96TPI 339 329 319

MITSUBISHI4854VjHt.,8"elec. 465 449 439

QUME 142 Half Height 239 229 219

TEACFD-55B Half Height 329 319 299

Five Inch Winchester Hard Disks Drives

SHUGART 612 13M/Bytes 895 865 825

SHUGART706 6M/Byte, Half Ht 795 775 755

SHUGART712 13 M/Byte, %Ht. 895 865 825

SEAGATE 506 6 M/Byte 555 495 475

TANDON 503 12 M/Byte 895 875 855

Upon request, all drives are suppliedwith power connectors and manual

ENCLOSURES

California DtQlIal manufactures an asortment of stock and custom disk driveenclosures if Ihe volume is justified we will custom design an enclosure fbiyour application The following stock disk dnve enclosures are availableAll include power suDplies Ihe 8 enclosures are supplied with exhaust fans

Horizontal mount two 8height drives. S279.00

Vertical mount two lull heigh!disk drives. S299 00

full

Horizontal mount one lull hetghlor two hall height 8 diskdrives S239.00

Vertical mount two full heigh! 5disk drives S139 00

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

213)679-9001

iroRNiA DiqiTA

Post Office Box 3097 B • Torrance, California 90503

OCR READER

RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT

hs

l29$

ASCII OUTPUTOCR "A" ABOVE.

u

LIBERTY £

FREEDOM 50

47$

UUUbuuuuuJUUtU llll

!:, ■

■■■■ iDdnliioThf 12)ncJl

One of our best selling liquidations is again available This OCR readers wasmanufactured by Recognition Equipmeni Incorporated for the TRW Corpora-lion. Used in their point of sale cash reqister systems currently in use at ihoSears Roebuck ana J C Penney retail stores

These OCR readers are suitable lor inpuling data lor inventory control, point ofsale or any application where accuracy andspeod are essential Units shouldeasily interlace to most microcomputer such as Apple and S-100 systemsInterfaces eight bit ASCII parallel with handshaking Controller has 11 useraccesable registers that are software controllable, minimizing double entry otdala. The OCR wand reads a subset of OCR A as fast as 10 characters persecond Print wheels are available lor most daisy wheel printers as well aselectric typewriters

Documentation and application notes are included Each reader is brand newin factory sealedbcxea Original acquisition is aprox S2.500 OCR-720l5lbs

I descenders Self losl ana 25th dala display row alsoincluded Swu^tbc'uciaoiebaudraios'rof! iiO-19,200 baud Semen attributes do no! use rJsp ay -icmo'y sHowing opoiv.or to display a lull 1920characters Emulates ■> populai CRT termi'M s to* easy software configuration Swilc'i selectablebetween 1158rXl 230 will We hove never seen .i lermmol w in a\\ Hiusb leaturos lor Iho incrediblylow price o'only SJ?s LIB-F50 -;0los

DIABLO

Word Processing Printer

'879

Now liom iheonijinaloro! Ihe daisy wheel printer. Itm Giabio I5H0 Print speeds io.?-l cha

nsirr si'iluelab £■ l>i (I:r(.-cliori.il i;;inimq f-upcscripts, sutler ifil;", (jr.iplni'.s and more1 Plus SliUS :::}'.' irML-rT,,L-,n:| L.ismrr.u<-, ;■.,-,;. ,-,o ;.■(;■;■•,; •,;■■■ I !.,n..! .-..In ,1 ".CM .-fi.-fui :.>r [i-nn imllfSoftware piognjmapie absolute Hon'o-ilal labs makes report lormallmg easy Over 20 dpnril wheels are currently awviatii- I n,; bef .i-.iiom.iin ally s(-lt!i:ii. Ihe print sjiacmg lor 10Char'inch print wheels On sue service available worldwide OE1L-G20 50 lbs

Your Choice

SECOND DRIVE

GREEN MONITOR

Sanyo Electronics has just released the long awaited IBM/PClook-a-like, the MBC-555. This is a complete microcomputer thaiincludes a 5W" 160 K/Byte disk drive. 128K/Byte ot memory,color graphics interface, low profile keyboard, and parallel printerport. Also includes extensive software such as Sanyo Basic, diskutilities, word processing, and spread sheet program. MS-DOS issupplied with the Sanyo computer allowing programs written forthe IBM/PC to operate on the MBC-555.Along with all this California Digital offers "FREE" your choice ofeither a second disk drive or a high resolution green phosphormonitor. All at the super low price of only S995.00.Ws expect to see a initial shortage of this item. MBC-555's will beshipped on a first ordered basis. Please place your order early.

PRINTERS'299

Star Gemini

Pro*n!i

-■- ■■

NEC77105'jch,

\:i ■;■:-■..>S.ivi-tReeaEXFSttverReedEXf

MATRIX PRINTERS

fiSOC -IKOullc STH-GlOX

sec IS oaper STRGI5

VST-CBOFT■-. -qjalily TOS-1350

a g papei oki b?a

tar.. ifiOcn.l* st OW-92A

; .; ,-. OKIB3A

. i,. ■ OKI8.IA

■ ,- ■ OKI-2350

a ut withoraphifa. EPS Fxao

»j. iS pope EPS-MXIOO

. . NEC-8023A

■ ■ ADX-950IA.- •. ■ - , ADX-962DA

QieOcpstS DSI-lBO

KMircau.Vilv iBOch^ir'sci. OTX-7030

nil ■ pno-7soo

I ■■■■ PRO-flSIQP

woei pno-BSios

PRO-2P

■Cpr.nl- .100 l-nw W." iknule PTX-P300

■--.■. . .- .:<• PTX-P60O

■ ■•)0cha"*ec MAN I60L

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

■•second so-oi■Ware NEC-7710

NEC-7730".00 1-lch.i'iUC 0.1" .niortaCd SRDEXP500

SSft 17Ow 'sec pa-1.mwlate SHD-EXP550

DBL 1330I DBL-620JUK-6100BTH-HRlPbth-hhiSPROFlOSPRO FlOP

itj nor* i wen lab 20 ca ntertacing

299 00399 00229 00

U99 00-119 00499 00629 00369.00

1995 00

209 00■195 00639 00750 004500 00GtrO 00699 00

759 001B9S 00

879 00S65 0O779 00Q39 001-175 001.175 00

EPSON MX80RIBBONS 6.95

MONITORS

BMC 12A (;n?cripn<is|ihnr !5 MM/ composil videoBMC 12 high n •solution. 20MH*

.'.Titli.'VMl. I i)n;l»ii phosu'wii '.' -10'80 column swilchNEC JBi.?01 green phosphor IB MHz composil videoNEC JB1260 commerce! qratte composilUSI Amtw socen 12 compos.I monitorMotorola 23 open (tame Uk wlWeeomposilvtawMotorola'2 op*'" trame requires hot* sync and powerConraefi open Irameretnnrcshor; sync & 12v supply

COLORBMC AU9191U Color composil widt-0 with sound

■ ■■■'.■■■: ;:-,-.:■ ■ ..■ '- DM . ' ; ,te

:i(- ..-;■■.' ;■■..:! :>.:. ■

rjEC JCi20t cotoicomposrt..VnitliZvMKi-iHtiHi.nSiirMiilritilel.KiBMPC

BMC-12A

BMC-12EN

ZTH-Z121

NEC-JB1201

NEC-JB1260

USI-12A

MOT-BW2J

MOT-BW12

CON-BW9

BMC-9i9lBMC-9191MNEC-1203NEC-JC12G1

COM-6500AMK-100

88 00139 00109.00

169 00129 0016900159 0069 0059 00

279 00-1<J9 00599 00

339 00;-.<i5 00T.-.1 00329 00

MODEMS

J DIRECT CONNECTS75.00

HayosSmart Mr:-<i.-(ii t20C'H.iuil. nuloarisww. autodialHayes Smarimorturri. 300 baud only .luio answer, nulo cMayes Micomodem M 103 Appii- direct connect

.■ V ;*cmodom 100 S-iOO.iuioanswer autodialM.j ,1'S Cnronoqrarjh tunoAdatOUS noDoi-c*-?<2A300'tiO0Ddii:l a^todral'answerPf.n.,1300. '200dutooiaiauloiogUniversal Data I03LP i-nopower .insAer&onginaie

' r. . M -■: r- ,•-. , ..-. :.■■ ,

.. .■ i IJLP ij"i200o.iuOOople». line power

Novation SmanCai 103. auloanswer, autodialNovationSmanCar t03'2t2. i2O0oaudautodialSignalman M i"> t. direct conm.ti with terminal cable

HYS-2I2AD

HYS-103AD

HVS-MM2

HYS-100

HVS-CHR232

USR-212A

PEN-I2AD

UDS-103LF

UDS-103LFJ

UDS-202LF

UOS-2I2LF

NOVJCAT

NOV-CAT

NOV-SC103

NOV-SC212

SGL-MKI

515 00229 00279 00319 00199 00J 19 00095 00169 0021900219 00359 00109 00159 00219 00629 0075 00

TERMINALS

Tho Wyse 100 fealuies die castaluminum case. 102 key keyboardand non-glare 26 line green phos-phor video display Split screenboth horizontal an vertical makesthe WY-100 unusally user InendlyThis unique terminal is perfect toenhance any business syslem

'79$

■sDEC DG LSI green

5 green screen iwo page tunc keys

5 amber scroun. two page tunc keys

Wy.i-.100 EiqUlie, ■ ; ,. : ' '..,yiTrlcv.fl.soOlOf'lii'. t-.-p-mode

1|.|('-..0(.'i> !>;">. (HM.iM.it....... ,!. ,-0 2I'iut:

l(..|(..vuk;iJ!.i-.O.i|i,i|llii:.!.h,tr bp!il sr.d.-cn. ZJli;li.'vir-li!0'J/l.i l-l .ji...-nM(.vr.. t:(2i;clurn.Vnilli i.'Slloniirri.a VI W ■amp.il.t.'./ (If:!.HerAl)[1!i Vui'.'.prijril Al ik-i.ildULlO kOVOOafdAOD5 Viewpoint A2 xy cursor

LIB-F50

V5L-50

VSL-50G

VSL-330G

APX-D125G

APX D125A

WYS-1O0

WYS-300

IVI 910P

TVI-925

1VI-950

rvi-970

ZfM-229ADD-VPlA0D-VP2

.175 00

',';■) 00679 00'J9!j()0Ii95 00r-jHt) 00

rM5 oo

1159 00

.(!■, mi

79S 00

'IK!, 00

i:",'<oo;i>5 oo5B5 00|>I5 00

APPLE

'i$9$

Apple ll/E Starter Syslemncludes CPU. Apple branddisk drive. BO column card, m

Advanced Busness Teen 13 Key PadCalif Computer 7710A Async Serial IntetlaceCalif. Computer 771 OB same bul for modemCalif Computer 7114A i2K PROM moduleCalif Computer 7720A parallel inlerfaceCalif Computer 7724ACalandar/ctockmodualCalif Computer 7729A Centronics interfaceCalif. Computer 7740A programmable timerCalifornia Digital IRK card for standard Apple HHayes Micromodem It for Apple IIKensington Micro. Syslem saver fanKraf! Corp. Apple JoyslickMicrosoft Soflcard with CP/'M. 2-80Mountain Computer The ClockMountain Computer Super talker SD200Mounlatn Computer AD/DA 16 input. 8 bitMountain Computer ROM Plus with keybb. IilteiMountain Computer ROM writer ''socketOiange Micro GRAPPLER parallel interlaceSorrento Valley 8 controller double side D/D.TEAC 5V disk drive for Apple IIVista Vision 80.80 column card for std.Apple IIVista 8 disk controller double side D< D

ABT-13B

CCS-7710

CCS-7710B

CCS-7114

CCS-7720

CCS-7724

CCS-7729

CCS-7740

CAL-AI6

HYS-MM2

KEN-SFl

KFTJY2

MSF-SFTCD

MTN-TCLK

MTN-STLK

MTN-ADDA

MTN-RMF

MTN-ROMW

OMSG2

SVA223

TEA-A2

VSA-VIS80

VSAA800

9999392797549239225149269169139135395269289

XEROX #x/j

WORD PROCESSING 'J%%#

CEYBOARD U7

■ii ai?mst5a:*• t #«, "n

UIKlljlllllli M

■ H

5V4" WINCHESTER CONTROLLER

i—* iitiimjjniwifflmiiii]

DUAL PROCESSOR CPU BOARD

m Mm M ^mm Mf gMg ■ itiepriceoladual processor system in half A

l/WLUWi/f ff now contains an 8 MHz 8088.J MHz 280. 2

«ii» serial pons, mterupl conlroller, and dual density floppy disk

controller CP/M 2.2. CP/M 85. MS/DOS. PC/DOS. as well as UNIX is available.The serial ports are fully soltware programmable with baud rates up to 19.200 The 8088 CPU can1)0 jumpered lor either 8 or 5 MHz operation, A socket is provided lor the 8087 math processor chipIntel 8272 disk controller is incorporated, controlling both 8 and 5T: floppy disks simultamouslyThe mterupl controller is an 8259 that can accepl mterupls from on board as well as from theVI0-VI7 lines on the buss. S795.00

Octagon Hard Disk Controller Board leatures Ihe new Western Digital Error CorrectingWinchester Controller chip sot This optimized chip sel and a data separator, designed exclusivelyfor Octagon, assures you extremely high data integrity.

The Octagon Hard Dis* Controller can control up to four 5'j Winchester drives simultamouslyThe Board also includes an 8 bit Centronics printer port, and two fully programmable serial portswith baud rates to 19.200 S475.00

S-100 BOARDS

16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

SINGLE BOARD COMPUTERS

■•so no

8KuO

m ou

8 BIT MICROPROCESSORS

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLERS

u ■ -

m-tj MUSDjiUR DDC

CPM OPERATING SYSTEM

..',.■■.■

GBl CuUIv 15300t'iTSo GBT-CoM

■v .

HARD DISK CONTROLLERS

EPROM BOARDS

STATIC MEMORY BOARDS

DYNAMIC MEMORY BOARDS

INTERFACE BOARDS

.;:■•;

-

■i35C0

■■■

SPECIAL FUNCTION BOARDS

;ifJ0 '3900

.. * /. .. -soti

.,.,. AK1 WW100 »0U j

-■':■- ■-■ ■

MAINFRAMES & MOTHER BOARDS |

69500.■: ■.■■.:: 67500 I

I-2J00

:.: ;■

J'930

I

CP/M SOFTWARE

Back by popular demand, our no si setting ivora processmt) Keynoartl77 key keyboard manufactured by Micro switch tor the Xerox Corpora-lion Hall effect keys tor the utmost reliability

This keyboard outputs a seven Bit ASCII code along witn an eighth bilthat allows most kevs to shift and double (unction ;is soeoal characters. Extra large lab end Return keys similiar in layout to the IBMSelectric.

17 keys arc illuminated for special word processing functions TwoBCD thumbwheel switches are also featured MIC-77X 6 lbs Cus-tom enclose

First five pounds $3.00. Each additional $.50.rders: 10% shipping. Excess will be refunded,i residents add 6'.% sales tax. COD's diSCOUraj)unts extended to state supported educational insmies with a "strong" Dun & llradstreet.rood Blvd.

AdaSofl CP/M

D-Basell

Wordstar

Mailmerge

Spellstar

Multiplan

Macro 80

ADA-445C 395.00

ASH-015C 429.00

MPR-187C 309.00

MPR-392C 169.00

MPR-429C 169.00

MSF-483C 189.00

MSF-187C 139.00

Supersoll

MAC

CP/M 3.0

Despool

Pascal Plus

CP/M86

MP/MII

MPR-309C 149.00DGR-401C 85.00DGR-410C 249.00DGR-367C 45.00DGR-004C 429.00DGR-186C 23900DGR-208C 379.00

Additional Software available for Apple. IBM/PC andAtari. Please telephone for price and availability.

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)679-9001

VIDEO DISPLAYS

PERIPHERALS FOR THE IBM PC

look for low cost-high quality videodisplays

VIDEO TERMINALBOARD. This is a com-plete stand alone VideoTerminal board. All thatis needed besides thisboard is a parallel ASCIIkeyboard, standardNTSC monitor, and apower supply. It displays80 columns by 25 linesof UPPER and lowercase characters. Data istransfered by RS232atrates of 110 to 9600 baud—switch selectable. Complete source listing is included in thedocumentation. Both the CRT program and the charactergenerator are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification to yourneeds. This board uses a 6502 microprocessor and a 6845 crtcontroller. The serial input port is interrupt driven. Assembled andtested part number 82-018A $199.95. The bare board with thecrystal and EPROMS, part number 82-018B $89.95

MINI VIDEO. This board can be used to add a video display toyour aim or other computer. It can also, with the addition of aparallel keyboard, 5V power supply, and video monitor, run TomPittman's Tiny Basic. The display format is 40 columns by 24lines. This board has two parallel ports (6522), a 6502 MPU 4KRAM, 2 or 4K EPROM. The assembled video board withoutEPROMS, part number 82-140A $149.95. The Tiny Basic EPROM$39.95. The character generator EPROM $19.95. The parallel inputEPROM $19.95.

To order: Send check or money order. Add 6.5% tax in California.Add 5% shipping for orders less than $100 or 3% for orders over$100 or 10% outside U.S.A. Phone orders: We accept Visa or MC.Add $2.00 for C.O.D. Will Call Hours 9am to 4pm.

•John Bell

Engineering, Inc.

look for low cost-high quality inter-faces for the IBM PC

UNIVERSAL I/O. The Universal I/O board has 16 eightbit analog inputs with a voltage range of 0 to 5 volts. Italso has 9 eight bit parallel I/O ports. It has interrupt cir-cuitry, Timer clock 32768 Hz. to 512 sec, prototypingarea, and LED for power. Part number 83-064A $299.95

!««.'?.

I*f#**.*#****t»***#t!

120 VAC CONTROL. This board has eight opticallyisolated triac switches. Each switch can control 200watts. It connects via a 16 pin ribbon cable to a paralleloutput port. Screw terminals are provided for 120 vacconnection. Part number 82-332. $119.95.

INPUT PROTECTOR. This board protects the inputs ofthe ANALOG input or PARALLEL input ports. There are4.7K pullups, diodes and caps for each line. It connectsvia a 16 pin ribbon cable. Screw terminals are providedfor connection. Part number 82-334. $89.95.

To order: Send check or money order. Add 6.5% tax in California.Add 5% shipping for orders less than $100 or 3% for orders over$100 or 10% outside U.S.A. Phone orders: We accept Visa or MC.Add $2.00 for C.O.D. Will Call Hours 9am to 4pm.

John Bell

Eivoiiveeriivg, Inc.

1014 CENTER ST.SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070(415) 592-8411

1014 CENTER ST.SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070(415) 592-8411

638 BYTE October 1983

Circle 59 on inquiry card.

Circle 60 on inquiry card.

PERIPHERALS FOR THE APPLE II

INDUSTRIAL CONTROL PRODUCTS

look for low cost-high quality inter-faces for the APPLE II

unnuiH h '

6522 APPLE IIINTERFACE. This interfaceplugs directly into slot 1through 7 in the APPLE II orthe APPLE lie. It provides four8 bit bi-directional I/O ports,four 16 bit timer/counters, andhandshaking. Four 16 pin dipsockets provide easy

connections to peripheral devices. This board is also used to runthe JBE EPROM Programmer. Order part # 79 295A assm. $69.95 or# 79-295B bare board $29.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER.

Programs 5 volt 2716's, 2516's, and

2532's. It interfaces to the 6522

interface with 4 ribbon cables. A

Textool zero insertion force socket

is used for the EPROM. Complete

documentation for reading and

writing. Cables available

separately. Order part # 80-244A assm. $49.95 or # 80-244B bare

board 29.95 and set of 4 cables 2 ft. long $17.00

A-D CONVERTER. 16

Channel A-D plugs into yourAPPLE II or APPLE lie. The 16inputs are high impedance, 0 to5 volt range, 8 bit resolution.Conversion time is less than 100us per channel. Two 16 pin dipsockets are used for input.Order part # 81-132A assm.$89.95 or # 81-132B bare board $29.95

SPEECH SYNTHESIZER.

This board uses the VOTRAXSC-01 Phoneme Synthesizerchip. The on board audio ampconnects directly to an 8 ohmspeaker. A disk with a text tospeech program is included.Order part #81-088 $129.95

To order: Send check or money order. Add 6.5% tax in California.Add 5% shipping for orders less than $100 or 3% for orders over$100 or 10% outside U.S.A. Phone orders: We accept Visa or MOAdd $2.00 for C.O.D. Will Call Hours 9am to 4pm.

look for low cost-high quality indus-trial computers

SLIM MICROCOMPUTER. This

6502 based 4.5" x 6.5" computerhas the same 44 pin bus as the AIMcomputer. It has 2K RAM, 2K or 4KEPROM, and four 8 bit parallel I/Oports (two 6522's). The clock is 1_ MHz crystal controlled and hasm " Wl.'IW •**' power on reset. This board wasgned for control and is ideal for personal and OEM use. Thisputer can be expanded with the peripherals listed below. Order# 81-260A assm. $199.95 or #81-260B bare board $39.95

descompart

SIX SLOT MOTHERBOARD. This board has 6 44pin edge connectorsconnected in parallel. The cardspacing is .750". It will mountin VECTOR card cages. Orderpart # 81-320A assm. $99.95 or# 81-320B bare board $49.95.

12 PORT PARALLEL I/O.

This board has six 6522 VIA's.This is a total of 96.I/O lines.Each of the 12 8 bit ports alsohas 2 handshake lines. Orderpart # 82-036A assm. $169.95 or» 82-036B bare board $49.95

RAM EPROM MEMORY (32K).

This board has 16 24 pin sockets

that will accept 2716 EPROM's or

6116 RAM's to total 32K bytes. The

memory is mapped from 0 to 7FFF.

The first 2K (0-7FF) can be

disabled with a jumper to allow for

the 2K of RAM on the SLIM

computer. Order part # 81-330A

assm. w/o memory $99.95 or # 81-330B bare board $49.95

ANALOG I/O INTERFACE. Thisboard has 16 analog inputs and 2analog outputs. The inputs are 8 bit(256 steps), 0-5 volt, high impedancewith a conversion time of 200us perchannel. The outputs are R-2Rladders (R = 15K) driven between 0and 5 volts and are 8 bit (256 steps)also. Order part # 81-292A assm.$199.95 or #81-292B bare board $49.95

To order: Send check or money order. Add 6.5% tax in California.Add 5% shipping for orders less than $100 or 3% for orders over$100 or 10% outside U.S.A. Phone orders: We accept Visa or MC.Add $2.00 for C.O.D. Will Call Hours 9am to 4pm.

John Bell I John Bell

Engineering, Inc.

Engineering, Inc.

1014 CENTER ST.SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070(415) 592-8411

1014 CENTER ST.SAN CARLOS, CA. 94070(415) 5 92-8411

Circle 61 on inquiry card.

Circle 62 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

639

«s? £* m/c/?o

. SALES

MADE IN USA • 61// FACTORY DIRECT *

DISK DRIVE SPECIALSWe've Lowered Our Prices

<

Offering A Complete Selection And. . .THE LOWEST PRICES IN BYTE!

8" Shugart 801R SS/DD - The Industry Standard $355.00

8" Shugart 851R Double Sided 1.2 Meg - The Old Reliable 457.00

8" Qume Datatrak-8 DS/OD "THE BEST" of the floppys 479.00

8" Mitsubishi Full Height Double Sided 1 Year Parts + Labor . .445.00

8" Mitsubishi Thinline DS/DD1 Year P+L Direct Drive 465.00

8" Tandon 848-1 Slimline SS/DD 600K BYTES D.C. Motor 355.00

8" Tandon 848-2 Slimline Double Sided 1.2 Meg. D.C. Motor 475.00

8" Siemens 100-8 SS/DD ON SALE NOW!!! But How Long? 169.00

5'/<" Mitsubishi Full height 96T.P.I DS/DD 750K M4852 295.00

5ft" Mistubishi Slimline 96T.P.I. DS/DD 750K M4853 315.00

5ft" Tandon TM-100-1 SS/DD 48T.P.I 168K Apple Apple 199.00

5ft" Tandon TM-100-2I.B.M. PC Add-on! DS/DD 48 T.P.I 259.00

5ft" Tandon TM 100-4 DS/DD 96T.P.I. 750K 369.00

• WINCHESTER HARD DISKS •

5ft" Miniscribe 5 Meg* Hard Disk - Affordable $695.00

5ft" Miniscribe 10 Meg* Hard Disk - Twice the Space 850.00

5ft" Miniscribe 16 Meg* Hard Disk - Best Buy 995.00

5'/<" Miniscribe 10 Meg' Thinline only V/i inches wide! 795.00

8" Quantum 20* Megabyte Winchester - Two Platters 1895.00

8" Quantum 40* Meg Four Platter - Most Popular 2395.00

8" Quantum 85* Megabyte - Special Order on this Monster! 2895.008" IOMEGA 10- Meg' Removeable Disk Drive with SCSI Controlled Inter-face Board. Runs up to four drives 1895.00

8" IOMEGA 10 Meg* Cartridge Drive - No Control Interface 895.00

8" 10 Meg* Removeable Cartridge Media #M-2OO0-51 50.00

•LAST MINUTE SPECIAL!!! Buy any Winchester hard disk drive above and get aWestern Digital hard disk interlace board AT COST1 ONLY 295.00!

'Total storage space alter formatting.

CaliforniaComputerSystems

CCS SYSTEM 2410 . $1995.00

* Includes CP/MS 2.2 * 2-Serial/1-Parallel Port

* DMA Disk Controller • Hardware Vectored Interrupts

* 2-Real Time Clocks * Supports CP/M® JP/M5 .OASIS

CCS 2300 System, A & T . . $1695.00

* Includes CP/M5 2.2 * New 2066 64K Memory

* 2300 Mainframe 10 Slot M/B * 2422 Disk Controller

* 2810 Z-80A CPU @ 4MHz * Complete A+T

* 2710 4 Port Serial RS-232 $245.00

* 2719 2 Serial - 2 Parallel Centronics 245,00

* 2810 CPU Z-80 at 4 MHz In Stock 0fl/y-255.00

* 2422 Disk Controller with CP/M 2.2 On/y—330.00

* 2066 64K Dynamic Memory On/y-360.00

* 2300A Mainframe Assem. + Tested On/y—455.00

* CCS Apple Boards Call Toll Free For Prices

FANTASTIC SAVINGS!

A

-/]fk i

8" POWER S-100 POWER

For Two 8" Floppys

+ 5VDC@ 4 Amps+ 24VDC@3Amps-5VDC @ 1 Amp

ONLY 59.95

For 6 to 22 Slots

+8VDC @ 30 Aims+ 16VDC (@ 6 Amps-16VDC @ 6 Amps

ONLY 89.50

♦UNIVERSAL POWER SUPPLY

.69.95

395

HELD OVERON THE ORIGINAL S-100 MOD

For engineers. hoObiests, and anyone who wants to save a bundle, tbe S1-M0Dis the answer. Full regulated power to run up to four floppy disks coupled witha mamoth S-100 power supply and 12 slot bus. makes the S1-MI0D an exceo-tional computer base. Single board design means no wiring from the powersuppply to tbe motherboard. This eliminates all ground loop problems associatedwith other brands of mainframes who are forced to use termination. The S1-M0Dis being olfered this month with a matching S-100-12 cabinet. Fan cooled, fused.with reset and keylock the cabinet is also enamel painted and silk screenedFour A.C. outlets are provided for peripheral hookup and plenty of cutoutsavailable lor RS-232. Centronics + others. Our regular S225.00 price for thfS1-M0D and 250.00 price for our 12 slot cabinet is being SLASHED1SPECIFICATIONS:

Regulated Unregulated

+ 5V@5A +8V @ 30A+ 24V@3A +16V@BA

-5V@1A -16V ®6ADon't settle for those cheap 6 slot immitations you've seen elsewhere in tilljnag. OWN THE BEST1 XOR S-1 MOD and S-100-12 Cabinet. . S395.00

DUAL DRIVE SUBSYSTEMS

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200

THE LEADER OF THE HAYES MODEM FAMILY

• 1200 Baud - Bell 212A Compatable• 300 Baud - Bell 103 Compatable

• Automatic Dialing - Touchtone or Pulse

• Automatic Send. Receive and Disconnect

• Built-in Speaker for Monitoring Call Line

These are just a lew features of the Smartmodem 1200. the best modem yon can buy.in fact, it performs just about any communication function you can imagine, and canbe program controlled using any language. Our special price . S549.00

♦ Make things easy for yourself. Ge! the Hayes Smartmodem 1200 with CROSSTALK10soltware $695.00

<

HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL

Fully Assembled and Tested Units

ONE YEAR P + L WARRANTY

On Shugart and Mitsubishi Subsystems

w/fwo Misubishi DS/DD Assem + Tested 2.4 Meg $1170

w/two Shugart 801R SS/DD Assem + Tested 1.2 Meg 975.

w/two Shugarl 851R DS/DD Assem. + Tested 2.4 Meg 1225.

w/two Siemans 120-8 SS/DD Assem. + Tested 1.2 Meg 675.

w/two Oume DT-8 DS/DD Assem. + Tested 2 4 Meg 1250.

Cabinet Assem. & Tested w/Power Supply and Aces 235.

Cabinet Top and Bottom with Mounting Hardware . .Only 69.All cabinets A & T and subsystems include alf AC/DC wiring and 50 pin dacable except the horizontal model which includes the internal 50 pin cable arrequires an external 50 pin cable part #C-6000-01 S 25.1

S'A" Subsystems - Cabinet - Power Supply - Drives - Cables

w/two 48TPI SS/DD includes all cables Assem. + Tested . .. 4951w/two 48TPI DS/DD includes all cables Assem. + Tested 5951

w/two 96TPI DS/DD includes all cables Assem. + Tested 695.t

50

CUSTOMER SERVICE HOTLINE 1 - (714) 898-552!

mm

DRIVE CABINET DEALS

STILL ON SALE!

On assembled and tested cabinets.

One year parts and labor on these dual drive cabinets, complete with power supplies, A.C. andD.C. cables, 50 pin data cables (vertical only) and complete mounting hardware.

8" horizontal cabinet assembled and tested #S-1000-05 SALE $199.00

50 pin data cable for horizontal cabinet #C-6000-01 $ 25.00

8" vertical cabinet complete w/50 pin data cable #S-1000-13 SALE $199.00

5'/<" vertical cabinet complete with 34 pin data cable #S-1000-20 SALE $129.00

BARE CABINETS!

Horizontal or vertical types, we'lleven supply mounting hardware.Cabinets are enamel painted a beau-tiful tan texture and have mountingholes available for fan, drives, A.C.cable, power supply, etc.

Horizontal 8" Empty w/Hardware .. $59.95Vertical 8" Empty w/Hardware ... $55.00

• The fifty-five dollar •8" Power Supply is Back!

Specifications:

For 1 8" Floppys+ b v'd.C. @ 4 Amps+ ?A V DC. @ 3 Amps-5 V.D.C. @ 1 Amp

Perlect tor do it yourself applications. Will run at120V/50 Hz or 230V/50 Hz. All power supplies includeD.C. cables and schematic

8" Power Supply #U-1OO0-O2 $55.00

SS/DD A.C. Harness #06000-37 $7.50

DS/DD A.C Harness #C-6000-38 $ 7.50

PERIPHERAL SPECIALS

549500

XOR 500: A new video display terminal featur-ing • Screen tilt • Detached keyboard * 9cursor control keys • 5 function keys • 7screen attributes + 25th status line •50-19.2K baud • Column + filed tab * andmore • All these features with a full 6 monthwarranty make this terminal the best buy onthe market. RS-232 cable not included.XOR 500 #T-1000-15 $495.00

5Va" MITSUBISHI

5V Half HeightFloppys. 48 or 96T.P.I. These dou-ble sided, doubledensity drives willhold .5 and 1megabytes unformatted — full one year parts and laborwarranty. The 48 T.P.I, drives are perfect for I.B.M.P.C. add-ons!

#D-1000-34 DS/DD 48 T.P.I. Thinline $295.00#0-1000-32 DS/DD 96 T.P.I Thinline $315.00

OKIDATA ML92

Okidata Microline: New versatility, correspondence qualityprinting and speed make the ML92 and ML93 the Destprinter values in their categories. Both printers provide multi-speed print modes: bi-directional high speed mode with shortline seeking logic at 160cps, emphasized and enhancedmode printing at 80cps. and high resolution correspondencequality printing at 40cps Dol-addressanle graphics is stan-dard. Both serial and parallel models are available and BOTHprices include full tractor assemoly at no extra charge

#M-2000-10 parallel w/traclor , . . $599.00

#M-2000-83 serial w/tractor $699.00

PMMI S-100 MODEMS

2 models are now available. The highly popularMM 103 which is Bell 103A @ 300 baud, alsoruns at 600 baud, and the new modem fromPMMI which is Bell 103A and 212 compatibleat 300 and 1200 baud, auto answer auto dialIEEE 696 standard. If software is a problem,we've got it! Designed specifically for the PMMI

#M-2000-45 300-600 baud $349.00

#M-2000-44 300-1200 baud $595.00

#B-1001-16 Crosstalk Software . $150.00

Circle 488 on inquiry card.

ORDER TOLL FREE

& EASr & i* WEST #

1 (800) 435-9357 1 (800) 854-8174

In III. (815) 485-4002

In Calif. 1 (714) 898-1492

TERMS: Wt accept VISA/MC, prepay, check of money order. Ptease allow personal check two weeks to clear before shipment.$5.00 handling charge on all orders under $50.00.15% Restocking Fee. All orders shipped via U.P.S. unless otherwise specified. AllUPS C 0.0. orders over $100 00 require a Cashers Check. * Our products carry a full 6 months parts and labor wananty excludingdrives, pnnters and terminals whfch carry the full OEM. lactory warranty. PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE.

y% W 88? MICROSI. SALES

• MADE IN USA • BUY FACTORY DIRECT *

• EAST • 11 Edison Drive, New Lenox, Illinois 60451

• WEST • 15392 Assembly Lane, Huntington Beach, CA 92649

CUSTOM COMPUTER SYSTEMS by XOR

Why do companies like l.B.M. Corp. Atari Corp., Mattel Elec, Kennedy Space Center. Edwards A.F.B., Motorola Corp.. Raytheon, and Pacific Technology buy product by mail from us? Maybeit's our lull 1 year parts and labor warranty on all XOR O.E.M. products. It could be our state of the art technology, or even the factory direct sales and service. We think it's our customcomputer systems with over 1000 possible configurations. If you don't see it advertised, call us today, chances are we CAN custom build the system YOU need.

* MICRO MANAGERS: POWERFUL, PORTABLE, AND AFFORDABLE •

Don't be fooled by ihe system'ssmall portab'e size. A lull 64K ofmemory with an industry standardS-100 bus. Includes CP/M 2.2and many utilities on two disks.Add on a hard disk when you needmore storage. ' 'The software andhardware that comes with each5 V system, is ready to run a pairof 8" single or double sided flop-pies, just plug in the 50 pin datacable to the system — many otherconfigurations are available."

61*" Z-80A 64K CP/M System

* Dual Floppy 375K SS/DD 40 Track #S-1000-8o . . $1445.00

* Dual Floppy 750K DS/DD 40 Track #S-1000-87 $1595.00

* Dual Floppy 1.5 Meg DS/D0 80 Track #S-100D-88 . $1645.00

* System Chassis (No boards, drives. CP/M) #S-1000-84 $ 425.00

Inexpensive but powerful, smallenough for portability, these minihard disk systems have a specialXOR inlerlace to the S-100 busthat leaves an S-100 slot open forexpandability. Choose from 5. 10,and 16 megabyte sizes (6.5, 12,+ 20 megabyte unformatted.) In-cludes CP/M operating system.One year parts and labor warranty.Includes software and controllerfo'r 8" floppys.

51/4" Hard Disk with y2 Height Floppys

* 5 Meg Hard Disk w/375 Floppy #S-100Q-81 S2195.00

* 5 Meg Hard Disk W/750K Floppy #S-IOOO-90 $2345.00

* 10 Meg Hard Disk w/2 1.5M Floppy #S-1000-92 . $2795.00

* 16 Meg Hard Disk w/2 1.5M Floppy 0S-1OOO-93 . S2895.00

Our most popular computerfeatures a 4 slot S-100 bus and 8"industry standard format. Readsand writes the IBM 3740 lormatas well as any byle size sector Ex-pandable? Yes, add a hard disk orcartridge subsystem when yourdata base grows. You've probablyseen some "look-a-like" S-1004-slot systems lately, but they justdon't measure up Ihe XOR 8"Micro Manager

2.4 Meg DS/DD 8" CP/M System

System w/DualSS/DD 1.2 Meg #S-1000-40 S1795.00

System w/Dual DS/DD 2.4 Meg #S-1000-39 $1995.00

Syslem w/NO Drives (Includes CP/M) #S-1000-71 S1195.00

System Chassis (No boards, drives. CP/M] #S-1000-70 S 395.00

• THE BASIC PROFESSIONAL FLOPPY, HARD DISK AND TAPE BACKUP •

2.4 Meg DS/DD 64K Z-80A CP/M System

'his industry SwntHrn computer features a 12 slot motherboarc. 30 amp power supply.2 serial 8S-232 pons centroncs parallel port and CP/M software. The XOR disk controllerincluded will read and write the I 3 M 3740 forma! |8" CP/M standard] as well as R/Wsingle on double sided, single or Double density, anti any byte/size sector One year partsand labor on Ihe complete system. #S-1000-36 $2345.00

O

20 Meg Winchester w/2.4 Meg Floppys

For the serious professional this system features the famous S-100-12 cabinet with XOR sSt-M0D i2-siot motherboard The Quantum hard disk las two 10 Meg platters (A' and B:)One planer can be "oacked-up" on another 2/DS/DD I 2 fiopoys are used for software en-try, copies, and back-up One year parts and labor 0S-1OOO-63 $5275.00

20M H.D. with 17M Tape and 1.2M Floppy

Backup your priceless oala on this full 17 megabyte tape drive and be able to pip files betweenany of Ihe three peripherals for total versatility Boo! CP/M from hard disk or floppy, changetapes for archival storage. Reads and writes !he IBM 3740 Format {8" CPM standard).•S-1000-69 $6390.00.

Above system 40 megabyte hard disk 4S-100D-82 $7240.0(1

CP/M 3.0

U.S. MICRO SALES SOFTWARE GIVEAWAY!

CP/M 3.0

FREE

Order any system below and get all of the following software and manuals absolutely FREE! CP/M Operating System,Perfect Writer, Perfect Speller, Perfect Mailer, Perfect Calc, AND an eight module business accounting package byBUSINESSMASTER INCLUDING: A/R order entry, A/P purchase orders, G/L, Payroll, Mailing List, Fixed Asset Ac-counting, Inventory (RAW), and inventory regular goods. AND multi-user systems also include Digital Research's MP/Mand Link-80 software $1685.00 value.

FREE

• THE OFFICE MASTERS! REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DISK SYSTEMS •

10 Meg Cartridge Disk And 1.2 Meg Floppy

An office system a! art almost unbelievable price when you consider tne bundle of applicationssoftware that comes with the system Ten megabytes of formatted storage on a removablecartridge disk allows uninited storage space with extra 10 Meg cartridges available at SbO.OOeach With Ihe speed and reliability ol a hard disk and removability of a floppy this officemaster is the choice #S-iQ00-7t S3695.00

TWO 10 Meg Removable and DS/DD Floppy

Des!ined to te our "'• selier and no one else makes anything like it A true state-of-the-artsystem with virtually no-limit to storage capacities ira 10 Meg removable cartridges Backupproblems1 Ge\ rnc;h speed DKkUp from Cartridge 10 cartridge, ten megabytes worlli. in 6 minutes'HINT We don't use "PIP " Future technology here loday ^S-tOO-76 S4595.00

Multi-User Cartridge Disk System

Fair users and two 10 megabyte removable cartridge disks may be just what you want loautomate your office or small business, with all the software packages you'll ever need Amulti-user version ol ihe system at left, these users can be up to 100 fee! away from eachn'her. Most any terminal will work with the user ports #S-lQG0-8O S5&25.QQ

THE BUSINESS PROFESSIONALS: HARD DISK MULTI-USER SYSTEMS •

2 User Hard Disk System

A twenty meg hard disk (2 platter) with a DS/DD 1.2 Meg floppy disk makes

this a perfect system for a small business. Two user allows dual access lo

the system files with each stalion up to 100 feet apart! Includes above soft-

kware. Full one year parts and labor, #S-1000-61 S5495.00

40 Meg Hard Disk 4 User System

A must for a growing business' Two DS/DD floppys (2 A Meg) for data backupand copy with a A platter 40 Meg hard disk four usei capability to automate Ihewhole front office You can even designate a 10 Meg platter to each user1 Samewarranty as all our products — (configurable from 2 lo 7 users) #S-1000-60 S7295

7 User 85 Meg w/17 Meg Backup

Now it's available, the automated business system to run even those large com-panies! 7 separate users tied into one professional host system. If 85 Meg isn'tenough, we can pul together as much as three hundred and forty megabytes! Full17 Meg tape backup insures archival storage of valuable data #S-l0O0-98 S9595.0D

Circle 488 on inquiry card.

^ LET US CUT YOU A DEAL!

MINIMUM SHIPPING $3.00 ■ NO SURCHARGE ON VISA/MASTERCARD

1-800-545-2633 - Continental U.S.

DISK DRIVES

DISK DRIVE CABINETS DISK SUB ASSEMBLY

DISKETTE STORAGE

SHUGART

5'/."SA400(35TR)160K 150.00

5V« " SA400L (40 TR) 190 K 175.00

5% " SA455L (40 TR) 320 K Vl HGT . . 235.00

8" SA801RISS/DD) 1.2 MG 359.00

8" SA851R|DS/DD)2.4 MG 479.00

QUME

5 V," 142 (40TR) 320 K Vi HGT 240.00

8" DT8(842) 490.00

MITSUBISHI5%" M-4853 'h size 410.00

96 TPI same as TM 1O0-45'/4" M-4854 '/a size 439.00

1.6 MG w/8" electronics formats

same as IBM 1 S. 2D 8" std

8" M-2894-63(110V) 399.00

STD 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

M-2894-63(SS/DD) 220V 449.00

8" M-2996-63 439.00

Thinline 8" DS/DD 1.2 MG

ADVANCE ACCESS

AA-5V4 (Holds 82 Disks) 17.00

AA-8 (Holds 82 Disks) 26.00

Smoked Plexiglass Disk TubsLIBRARY CASES

CAS-5V." 2.50

CAS-8" 3.00

Color Burst (Pack of 5) 12.00

Colors Available; color burst asst.,beiae. black, blue. red. orav

DATA CABLES

8"DSC 88-2SKT-for 2-8" drvs

w/skl. conn 20.00

5V."DSC55-2SKT.for 1-5V4"

dvs w/skt. conn 20.00

RS232MM-5' (male to male) 19.00

IBM to PAR 32.00

Osborne to PAR 32.00

Kaypro to PAR 32.00

OKI-Data Serial 24.00

QUV-T8/1 (hobby) 49.95

QUV-T8/2 (Industrial version) 68.95

QUV-T8/2(w/timer& safety switch) . 97.50

REM EX

5V«"RFD480DS/DD(For IBM-PC). . . 235.00TANDON

5V."TM100-1SS/DD160K 150.00

5V4"TM100-2A FORIBM-PC ...239.00

DS/DD (320 K)

8" TM84B-2 (DS/DD) 1.2 MG 450.00

PERTEC

5'/4" FD200-5 160 K 139.00

SS/DD 40TR

5 V." FD250-5 320 K 195.00

DS/DD 40TR

SIEMAN'S

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 110V 801 R 179.00

8" FD100-8 (SS/DD) 220V Compatible 199.00

MPI5'/4" B-51 40TR SS/DD 180 K 145.00

RS232 Connectors

SOLDER TYPE

DB25P 2.50

DB25S 3.00

DB25Hood 1.00

S-100 Connectors 10 for 25.00

DE9P 2.00

FLAT RIBBON TYPE

IDC25P 6.25

IDC25S 6.60

IDC25Hood 1.60

SOCKETQty. 100IDC10SKT1.90 1.00 IDC26SKT3.50 1.60IDC16SKT2.50 1.20 IDC34SKT4.50 2.20IDC20SKT2.75 1.30 IDC50SKT6.50 3.20CARD EDGEOty. I00CEC26 5.00 2.70 CEC50 7.25 4.90CEC34 6.00 3.50

CONNECTORS

8" CABINETS

8" DDC88V28 w/PS vertical

for 2-8" drives 300.00

8" DDC88T-1 w/PS vertical-for 2

or 4-8" thinline drives 300.00

8" DDC88T-2 w/PS vertical for 28" thinline drives 225.00

8" DDC8H w/PS horizontal for1ea. 8" drive 249.00

8" DDC8V w/PS vertical for 18" drive 249.00

8" DDC88H w/PS horizontalfor 2-8" drives 300.00

5'/." CABINETS

5"4M DDC5H w/PS horizontal-for1-5V4" drive 59.00

5'A" DDC5V w/PS vertical-for1 ea. 5% "drive 65.00

5'/4" DDC55V w/PS vertical-for2-5 Vi drives 89.00

OUR BEST BUY'S

8" SUB ASSEMBLY

DDS + O 2EA SS/DD Siemens FD100-8Drives w/Cabinet 595.00

DDS + 2 2EA DS/DD Mitsubishi

M2894-63w/cabinet 1,075.00

DDS + 4 2EA DS/DD 8" Thinline

Drives w/Cabinet 1,150.00

Specify—Vertical or Horizontat Cabinet

S'A" SUB ASSEMBLY

DDS + 5 1EA SS/DD Disk Drive 200.00

DDS + 6 2EA SS/DD Disk Drive 369.00

PARTS

TR1602B . . 2.50 ea. TMS2716 (5+

2114L2 ..$1.50ea. 12V) .... $3.95 ea.

TU„„, «KQc„ TMS2732. $4.95 ea.

TMS2532 . $5.95 ea. TMS4164

2716 (5V) . $3.95 ea. (200NS) . $5.95 ea.TMS116-4(200NS) .$4.75ea.MANY OTHERS IN STOCK

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

MODEMS

Anchor 89.00

Hayes Smart 300 199.00

Hayes Smart 1200 499.00

Multi-Tech MT 212 AD (1200/300) . . 499.00

Novation J-Cat 300 119.00

Novation Apple Cat 269.00

SSM AMC -300 (For Apple)

Auto Dial 259.00

U.S. Robotics 212A Auto Dial 469.00

GREEN

BMC 12AU (15 MHZ) 80 Col/12" .80.00Dynax GM 120 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80

Col/12" 129.00

Sanyo DM 2112 (15 MHZ) 64

Col/12" 80.00

Sakata SC-1000 (18 MHZ) 80

Col/12" 119.00

USI PI-1 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/9" .... 129.00USI PI-2 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/12" . . . 139.00

DISKETTES

COLOR CODE YOUR FILES

Diskettes by 3M with lifetime warranty,5 colors. Prices are for package of 10.

5V,"Sglside/dblden 21.00/10

5V." Dblside/dblden 28.00/10

5"«" 10 sector 22.00/10

5V4" 16sector 22.00/10

8" Sgl side/dbl den 29.00/10

8" Dbl side/dbl den 39.00/10

Zenith ZM121 (18 MHZ) Hi-Res/80Col/12" 94.00

AMBER

Dynax AM121 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80Col/12" 139.00

USI PI-4 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80Col/9" 139.00

USI PI-3 (20 MHZ) Hi-Res/80Col/12" 149.00

COLOR

Amdek 1-12" Composite (For

Apple) 260.00

Amdek ll-12"-RGB (For IBM-PC)

w/audio 469.00

Amdek I + Composite w/audio . 289.00BMC 9191-12" Composite (For

Apple) 255.00

Princeton HX-12RGB (For

I8M-PC) 489.00

Sakata SC-100-13" Composite

(For AMI 260.00

Sakata SC-200-RGB(For All). . . . 489.00

S-100 PRODUCTS

CARD CAGES/MOTHER BOARDS

'IEEE-696-No termination required

w/card bare card

MAINFRAMES

Slots Bare Bd

A + T cage cage

4 15.00

40.00 60.00 20.00

6 20.00

48.00 70.00 22.00

8 25.00

69.00 100.00 31.00

12 30.00

99.00 140.00 41.00

18 45.00

150.00 200.00 50.00

22 60.00

185.00 — 75.00

All card cages

will accommodate a 4" fan

Add $20.00 for

1 fan-Add $30.00 for 2 fans

CLOCK/CALENDAR

S-100 Clock/Calendar by QT/Computime CCS-BB Bare Bd 45.00

CCS-A Assembled and

Tested $95.00

For 2 Standard 8" Drives

MF+DD6(6slotM/B) 530.00

MF + DD8 (8 Slot M/B) 595.00

MF+DD12(12slot M/B) 625.00

For 2 Thinline 8" Drives

IMF + DD6C (Cadillac version) 500.00

IMF + DD6F (Ford version) 350.00

For 2-5'V Disk Drives

MF + MD12(12slotM/B) 560.00

Standard Plain Front

MF+12(12 slot M/B) 469.00

MF +22 (22 slot M/B) 530.00

All mainframes except IMF + DD6F have EMI filter, 2 AC outlets,15 ea. DB25, 2 ea. 50 pin, 2 ea. 34 pin, 1 ea. Centronic cutouts,power supply for 8" MF( - 5V1 A/ + 5V6A/ + 8V16A/ ± 16V3A/ + 24V6A)

CPU/MEM/I/O

QTC-SBC 2/4BB 1 ser 1 par

CPU $50.00

QTC-SBC 2/4 A A+T $265.00

QTC-Z + 80 BB 1 serial ... $28.00QTC-EXP+III Bare Bd.

(dynamic) $65.00

QTC-EXP + III 64K A + T

(64K/256K or 1 MEG) .. .$450.00I/O Tech I/O+ 2 Ser 3 Par Bare

Bd 75.00

I/O Tech I/0+ 2 Ser 3 Par

A&T 300.00

I/O Tech ADA Converter

Bd 400.00

I/O Tech Dual GP1B Interface

Bd 575.00

I/O Tech S-Ram 128K Static

16 bit 795.00

SEE AD IN BYTE

COMPUPRO

S-100-all assembled and tested

System 816A 4,000.00

20 Slot MB 210.00

CPU 8085/88 389.00

Disk I w/CPM 399.00

Disk II 610.00

Ram 17-64K 410.00

Ram21-128K 900.00

Ram 16 400.00

System Support I 350.00

lnterface/4R MSP 350.00

CPU 8086/8087 599.00

Active Terminator 50.00

Enclosure 2 (desk) 675.00

CALL FOR OTHERS

SIERRA DATA

BARE BOARD SET

Best Bare Board Set Available

SBC 2/4 CPU (1 SER 1-PAR)

EXP + III 256 K Memory Bd. Exp. to 1 MEG

FDC 5/8 Floppy disk controller

Bare Board Set $150.00

1) Includes manuals & assembly instructions

2) Parts available

3) Monitor & BIOS available. Add $30.00.

SDS-SBC-100-Z80(4mhz) master2 serial 2 par/floppy con-troller/64kram $675.00

SDS-SBC-100S-4mhz slave/2serial 2 par/64k ram .... $625.00

SDS-ZSIO/4-4 serial portl/Obd $250.00

SDS-MUX-RS232 multiplexer

bd $235.00

SDS-HDI-M-Hard disk bd

lor micropolis $129.00

SDS-CPM/B105-cp/m for SBC

100W/BIOS $150.00

SDS-Turbodos-Multi-user for

master & slaves $645.00

FREE DISKETTE

WITH EVERY ORDER

OVER $35.00

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

1-801-363-3314

TOLL FREE

1-800-545-2633CONTINENTAL U.S.

Circle 198 on inquiry card.

LET US CUT YOU A DEAL!

CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS SAVE 6% SALES TAX

3 YEARS(1976)EXPERIENCE IN COMPUTER MAIL ORDER BUSINESS

PRINTERS

BROTHER

HR-1APar-17CPS Daisy Wheel 695.00

HR-1ASerial-17CPS Daisy Wheel 785.00

DAISYWRITER

Daisywriler2OO0-16K Buffer/40CPS LTR/Par 995.00

Daisywritef 2000-48K Bufler//40CPS LTR/Par 1,050.00

Daisywriler Cable 45.00

DIABLO

620 (25CPS/Serial) 940.00

630|40CPS/Multi-IF) 1,899.00

DYNAX

Dynax-15 Par-13CPS Daisy Wheel

2 color PTG-3x buff 475.00

Dyanx 15 Serial-13CPS Daisy Wheel 525.00

C, ITOH

Gorilla (Par 50 CPSI 209.00

Pro-writer I (8510AI Par 120 CPS 365.00

Pro-writer I (8510A) Serial 120 CPS 529.00

Pro-writer II Parallel-15" 669.00

8600 (180CPS) Par or Serial 18 PIN 90 CPS LTR 1,099.00

F-10 40CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,149.00

F-10 55CPS/Diablo/Par or Serial 1,425.00

EPSON — CALLJUKI

6100-18CPS/Diablo Compatible Par/Daisy Wheel.... 539.00

MANNESMAN-TALLY

160L (160CPC-40CPS LTR 10") 569.00

I80L [160CPS-40CPS LTR 15") 785.00

MPI

MPI-99G (9") Par 499.00

MPI 150 Bl (15") Par 2K Buff

w/Graphics 675.00

MPI 150 Al (15") Par 4K Buff

w/Graphics 799.00

MPI 150 Al 115") Par 16K Buff

w/Graphics 899.00

NEC

NEC7715(w/Diablo Emulation) 2,025.00

NEC8023A(100CPS-Par-Graphics) 393.00

Serial Card 139.00

OKI-DATA

Microline82A(SER & PAR-120CPS 10") 389.00

Microline83A(SER& PAR-120CPS 15") 629.00

Microline92(PAR-160CPS-LTR-10") 529.00

Microline93(PAR-160CPS-LTR-15") 899.00

Microline84P(PAR-200CPS-LTR-15") 969.00

Microline84S(SER-200CPS-LTR-15") 1,059.00

STAR MICRONICS

Gemini 10X NEW VERSION

(PAR-120CPS-10") * 299.00

Gemini 15X (PAR-120CPS-15") 425.00

Gemini 15-(PAR-100CPS-15") * 399.00

SILVER REED

EXP550P-17CPS Daisy Wheel-PAR 670.00

EXP 550S-17CPS Daisy Wheel-Serial 690.00

TOSHIBA

P-1350 (192CPS-120CPSLTR

PAR or Serial) 1,475.00

COMPLETE LINE OF PRINTERS.

Grizzly (200W) uninterruptible

power system + surge protection 750.00

Grizzly (500W) uninterruptible

power system + surge protection 1,802.00

Hawk AC power monitor w/surge protection 160.41

Lemon (6AC oullets-3 prong) **-00

Lime (5'-3 prong pwr cord w/on-of f switch 69.00

Orange-AC surge + EMI filter (6 outlets) 95.00

Plum - EMI-RF filter 390°

Peach (3 outlets) 690°

VECTREXComplete w/9" monitor and 128K Memory {109.00LIGHTPEN AVAILABLE OCTOBER — CALL

AC SURGE ELIMINATORS

Retail Sales

123 East 200 South

Salt Lake City, Utah 84111

Retail Hours

Monday-Friday 10 AM to 6 PMSaturday 10 AM to 5 PM

IBM ACCESSORIES

AST

Combo Plus (SPC 64K) 285.00

Mega Plus (SC. 64K) 305.00

I/O Plus Serial/Par Port 149.00

D.C. HAYES

Smartmodem 1200B 469.00

MAYNARD

Floppy Controller 160.00

Floppy Controller (Serial) 235.00

Floppy Controller(PAR) 215.00

Sandstar MOD-FDCMODULAR (for 5V< "or 8" drives) .200.00

ADD-ONS FOR Pararrel MOD 60.00

SANDSTAR Serial-MOD 79.00

MOD-FDC Clock Calendar MOD ... 69.00Game Adapter MOD .... 49.00Sandstar Multi-Function BD (Holds up to6 modular addons 82.00

QUADRAM

Quadboard 64K/256K 289.00/459.00

Quadboard II 64K/256K 289.00/459.00

Quad Link (Allows IBM PC to use Apple II

Sofiware) 589.00

Microfazer(BK) 119.00

KEYTRONICS

Enhance your PC-with a superior keyboard 195.00

64K UPGRADE KIT - $50.00Includes 9 ea. 4164 (200NS)

RANA

Add-on 320K Drive 269.00

IBM Add-On Drive

• Direct Drive * * 320 K/48 TPI

* 5ms Track to Track *

REMEX RFD 480 225.00

Apple HE Starter 1,625.00

Columbia PC 2,625.00

Compupro System 816A (S-100) 4,000.00

Eagle PC-2 (16BIT) 2 ea. 320 K

FD/64K RAM 2,650.00

Eagle 1620 3,400.00

Eagle PC-XL 3,500.00

Franklin 1000 895.00

Franklin 1200 Starter 1,625.00

Kaypro II (w/$2400 software) 1,495.00

PC-8801A w/software 949.00

NEC PC-8831A(5"4")drives 899.00

NEC PC-8881A (8") drives 1,525.00

Pied Piper — 1 ea. 256 K FD/64K 1,139.00

Sanyo MBC 1000 (1 ea. 720K FD/64K) 12" Mon.

w/$2000 software 1,495.00

Sanyo MBC 1000A (2 ea. 320K Vl HGT FD/64K)

12" Mon. w/52000 software 1,750.00

Televideo TS-B03 1,900.00

TelevideoTS-1603 2,475.00

Teletote I (new) w/software 1,695.00

TRY US FOR OTHERS

OUR SALTIEST DEALS

DISKETTES

OCTOBER—NOVEMBER SPECIAL

5V4" Soft Sector SS/DD 18.00/10

FOR APPLE, ETC.

S'/i" Soft Sector DS/DD 24.00/10

FOR IBM PC & PARTNERSFOR QTY OF 100 (15% DISCOUNT)

I/O PORT CONVERTER

SPC-Serial to Parallel Converter 99.00

"Allows the use of any port

'Baud to 19.2K * Handshake Signals

PSC-Parallel to Serial 99.00

The Great Salt Lake

Computer Company, Inc.

1-801-363-3314

APPLE/FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES

ALS

CPM 3.0 Card 319.00

ASTAR

RF Modulator 19.00

GENERIC

Disk Controller for II E 60.00

80 Column Video (Videx Compatible) 99.00

KENSINGTON

System Saver/Fan & Serge Pro 69.00

KRAFT

Joystick for II E 52.00

MICRO-MAX

View Max 80 (80 Col for II +) 139.00

View Max 80E (80 Col W/64KMemory Exp to 128K) 149.00

MICROTEK

Dumpling 64Mnterface and Graphics

64K Buffer 235.00

Dumpling GX-P/Par Interface Card

and Cable 99.00

Parallel Interface Board (RV611C) 61.00

Memory 128K 299.00

EV16(16K Add-on Memory) 45.00

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler & Graphics Interface 121.00

Buffer Bd W/16K Buffer Exp 139.00

Grappler + 16K Buffer Exp 179.00

TG PRODUCTS

Joy Stick-For Apple II + 41.00

Paddles 29.00

Selecta Port 39.00

VISTA

A800 Floppy Controller for 8" Drives 300.00

A-800-1 Cable 27.00

ALL DRIVES 1 YR. WARRANTY

Interface Corp. (40TR) 209.00

Micro-Sci A-2(35TR) 225.00

Micro-Sci A-40(40TR) 269.00

Micro-Sci A-70 (Quad) 329.00

Micro-Sci Controller 70.00

Rana Elite I 249.00

Rana Elite II 399.00

Rana Elite III 509.00

Rana Controller 85.00

THINLINE" V, size163K40TR..... 209.00

CLONE II SYSTEM• Fully Apple Compatible $575.00

ADDS

Viewpoint-A1 (White) 509.00

Viewpoint-A2 (Green) 539.00

Viewpoint-3A + (Green) 509.00

Viewpoint 60-Same as Televideo 925 715.00

Viewpoint 90-Same as Televideo 950

(132 Col) 925.00

Viewpoint Color 995.00

QUME

QVT-102 80 Col. Green 550.00

QVT-102 80 Col. Amber 560.00

QVT-103 80/132 Col. Green 765.00

TELEVIDEO

TV910 529.00

TV910 + 565.00

TV925 715.00

TV950 925.00

TV970 1,095.00

RG1000/TV60 Graphics Upgrade for 925/950 ... 1,100.00

WYSE

WYSE-100 725.00

WYSE-300 (Color) 1,125.00

TERMINALS

Mail Orders r

P.O. Box 3150 {

Salt Lake City, Utah 84110Mail Orders

Monday-Friday 8 AM to 6 PM(sometimes much later)Saturday 10 AM to 5 PM

64K Static Ram

8-inch Sub-system

Siemens 8-inch

S-100 Memory Boards

8-inch SlimlineSub-systems

Dual Slimline Sub-systems - JADE

Handsome vertical cabinet with scratch resistant bakedenamel finish, proportionally balanced air flow system,quiet cooling fan, rugged dual drive power supply, powercables, power switch, line cord, fuse holder, cooling fan,all necessary hardware to mount two 8 inch slimlinedisk drives Does not include signal cableDual 8 Inch Slimline Cabinet

END-000820 Bare cabinet $59.95

END-000822 A & T w/o drives $164.95

Dual 8 Inch Slimline Sub-systems

END-000843 Kit w/2 SS DD drives

END-000844 A a T w/2 SS DD drives _

END-000845 Kit w/2 DS DD drives

END-000846 A S T w/2 DS DD drives _

_ $869.00

_ S879.00

$1060.00

$1099.00

Dual Disk Sub-systems

Disk Sub-systems - JADE

Handsome metal cabinet with proportionally balanced airflow system, rugged dual drive power cablekit, power switch, fine cord, fuse holder, cooling fan,nevermar rubber feet, all necessary hardware to mounttwo 8 inch disk drives, power supply, and fan, does notinclude signal cable

Dual 8" Sub-Assembly Cabinet

END-000420 Bare cabinet

END-000421 Cabinet kit

END-000431 A & T

. $49.95$199.95$249.95

8" Sub-Systems—Single Sided, Double DensityEND-000423 Kit w/2 Siemens FDtOOSDs __ . $579.00END-000423 A S T w/2 Siemens FD100-80s _ $595.00END-000433 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-801 Rs __ $939.00END-000434 A & T w/2 Shugart SA-801 Rs $969.00

8" Sub-Systems—Double Sided, Double Density

END-000426 Kit w/2 Qume DT-8s $1229.00

END-000427 A & T w/2 Qume D-8s $1249.00

END-000436 Kit w/2 Shugart SA-851 Rs $1199.00

END-000434 A & T w 2 Shugart SA-851 Rs _ $1219.00

Disk Drive Power Supply

Sufficient current to power up to three 8-inch disk drivesPART NO DESCRIPTION 1-9 10-24 24-99

PSD-206A 8" power supply 89.95 79.95 69.95

8-inch Disk Drives

Siemens FDD 100-8 Single sided, double density

MSF-201120 $179.00 ea 2 for $175.00 ea

Shugart SA 801R Single sided, double density

MSF-10801R $355.00 ea 2 for $349.00 ea

Shugart SA-10851R Double sided, double densily

MSF-10851R $459.00 ea 2 for $455.00 ea

Qume DT-8 Double sided, double density

MSF-750080 $479.00 ea 2 for $459.00 ea

Tandon TM 848-1 Single sided, double density thin-line

MSF-558481 5369.00 ea 2 (or $359.00 ea

Tandon TM 848-2 Double sided, double density thin-line

MSF-558482 5439.00 ea 2 for $435.00 ea

NEC FD1165 Double sided, double densily thin-line

MSF-851165 $450.00 ea 2 for $440.00 ea

NEC FD1164 Single sided double density Ihm lineMSF-851164 $360.00 2 for $350 ea

5V4-inch Disk Drives

Tandon TM 100-1 Single sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551001 $225.00 ea 2 for $195.00 ea

Shugart SA 400L Single sided, double density 40 track

MSM-104000 $209.00 ea 2 for $199.95 ea

Tandon TM 100-2 Double sided, double density 48 TPI

MSM-551002 5229.00 ea 2 for $225.00 ea

MPI B52 Double sided, double density, 48 TPI can besubstituted for CDC

MSM-155200 5275.00 ea 2 lor $270.00 ea

MPI B51 Single sided, double densily 48 TPI

MSM-155100 1_ 5209.00 ea 2 for $199.00 ea

MPI B91 Single sided. Quad density 96 TPI

MSM-155300 $285.00 ea 2 for $275.00 ea

MPI B92 Double sided Quad density 96 TPI

MSM-155400 $400 ea 2 for $590.00 ea

51/4 inch Cabinets with Power Supply

END-000216 Signal cab wlpower supply $69.95

END-000226 Dual cab w'power supply 585.00

64 Static Ram - JADE

Uses new 2K x 8 static RAMs. fully supports IEEE 69624 bitextended addressing, 200ns RAMs, lower 32K or entireboard phantomable, 2716 EPROMs may be subbed forRAMs, any 2K segment of upper 8K may be disabled, lowpower typically less than 500ma

MFM-99152R Harp hoardMFM-qqi59K KM less RAM

549.95

MEM-32152K 32K kit

5169.00

MEM-56152K 56K kit

$225.00

MEM-64152K 64K kit

5265.00

Asspmhlpri A Tested

add 530.00

EXPANDORAM III

SD Systems new ExpandoRAM III is a high density S-100memory board utilizing the new 64K x 1 dynamic RAMchips I! allows memory sizes of 64K, 128K or 256Kallonasingle S-100 board

MEM-65064A 64K 5398.95

MEM-65128A 128K 5464.95

MEM-65192Ai 192K $524.95

MEM-65256A 256K

5598.95

dieffl

ExpandoRAM IV - SD Systems

State-of-the-Art; full compliance with IEEE 696. 256Kusing 64K RAM chips. Up to 1024K using 256K RAM chips,parity check, error detection and correction optionalSupports both 8 and 16 bit data transfers. One year factorywarranty

MEM-66256 ExpandoRAM IV w/parity 5975.95

MEM-67256 ExpandoRAM IV w/EDC 51675.95

Has ■ mm mm stm MB MB mra

Disk Tubs

DISKETTE STORAGE BOXES

Clear Plexiglass storage boxes for up to 75 diskettesMMA-505 Holds 75 5'/." diskettes 519.95

MMA-508 Holds 50 8" diskettes

S29.95

Surge Protection

ISOBAR

The ISOBAR looks like a standard multi-outlet powersnip, but contains surge suppression circuitry and built-innoise filters, plus a 15 amp circuit breaker

EME-115105 4 receptacle 549.95

EME-115100 8 receptacle $69.95

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions.Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 61/2% tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada pleaseadd 10% to all prices. Prices and availibility subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling chargesvia UPS Ground 50<P/lb. UPS Air $1.00/lb. minimum charge $3.00

Satisfying Your Personal And Professional Computer Needs Since 1975

644

BYTE October 1983

The Big Z

n

, ^HtyiMiinmHaaHBEiBif:

' i ilTTiiTiiTHSi.

Versafloppy II

BREAKTHROUGH!

S-100 I/O Boards

The Bus Probe

Inexpensive S-100 diagnostic analyzer

TSX-?nnR Hare hnard

$5995

TSY-3nnK Kit

$17195

TSX-5nnA A&T

SIM OS

I/0-4 - SSM MICROCOMPUTER

Two serial I/O porls plus two parallel I/O portsIOI-1010A A&T S245.00

I/0-5 - SSM MICROCOMPUTER

Two serial & three parallel ports, 110-19.2K baudIOM015A A&T S289.00

Interfacer 4 - COMPUPRO

Three serial, one parallel, one Centronics parallel

IOI-1840A A&T _ S389.95

IOI-1830C CSC

cssa

I/0-8 - SD Systems

Full compliance with IEEE 696 standards, operates as aBus Slave. Available with 8 Async parts or 4 Async and 4Async poris. up to 1 Megabit/sec in synchronous mode.Real time clock with battery back-up, One year factorywarranty

IOI-1510A 8 Async ports S589.95

IOI-1520A 4 Sync 4 Async _ S669.95

Eprom Erasers

Ultra-violet Eprom Erasers

Inexpensive erasers for industry or home

XME-3100 Speclronics w o timer

XME-3100 Speclronics with timer

XME-3200 Logical Devices

S69.50$94.95$49.95

S-100 Eprom Boards

PB-1 - SSM MICROCOMPUTER

2708. 2716 EPROM board with on-board programmer

MEM-99510K Kit w manual S154.95

MEM-99510A A & T w manual S219.00

Prom-100 - SD Systems

2708, 2716. 2732 EPROM programmer with softwareMEM-99520A A& T with software S219.95

S-100 CPU Boards

The BIG Z — Jade

2 or A MHz switachable Z-80 CPU board with serial I/Oaccommodates 2708. 2716. or 2732 EPROM. baud ratesIrom 75 to 9600.

CPU-30200B Bare ooard w manual S35.00

CPU-30201K Kit w manual S179.00

CPU-30201A A&T S199.00

SBC-200 - SD Systems

4 MHz Z-80A CPU with serial & parallel I/O. 1K RAM, 8KROM space, monitor PROM included.CPC-30200A A&T

CPU-Z - COMPUPRO

2 or 4 MHz Z80A cpu, 24 bit addressing

CPU-30500A 2 4 MHz A&T

CPU-30500C 3 6 MHz CSC

S298.95

S279.95$374.95

8085/8088 - COMPUPRO

Both 8 & 16 bit CPUs standard 8 bit S-100 bus. up to 8MHz. accesses 16 MegaBytes of memory

CPU-20510A 6 MHz A&T $389.95

CPU-20510C 6 8 MHz CSC $497.95

csza

SBC 300 - SD Systems

Self-contained S-100 Z80 microcomputer. 4/6 MHz. 64KRAM with parity: 2 to 16K of PROM, 24 bitaddressmg. fullycomplies with IEEE 696 standards It can function as apermanent Bus Master or as Slave. Two fullyprogrammable serial channels with handshaking; fullSASI port. One year laclory warranty

CPC-30304A SBC 300. 4 MHz. A&T $619.95

CPC-30306A SBC 300. 6 MHz. A&T $689.95

S-100 Motherboards

ISO Bus-JADE

Silent, simple and on sale—a better motherboard6 Slot fS'/i" x 8V,"J

MBS-061B Bare board $22.95

MBS-061K Kit $39.95

MBS-061A A&T $49.95

12 Slot (9VA" x B%")

MBS-121B Bare board S34.95

MBS-121K Kit S69.95

MBS-121A A&T $89.95

18 Slot (U%" x 8%")

MBS-181b Bare board

MBS-181K Kit

MBS-181A A&T

S54.95

S99.95

$139.95

S-100 Disk Controllers

VERSAFLOPPY II - SD Systems

Double density disk controller for any combination of 5V,,"and 8" single or double sided, analog phase-locked loopdata seperator, vectored interrupts, CP/M 2 2 & Oasiscompatible control/diagnostic software PROM included

IOD-1160A A&T with Prom $344.95

SFC-55009047F CP M 3.0 with VF-II $80.00

2422 Disk Controller - CCS

5V.i" or 8" double density disk controller with on-boardboot loader ROM. FREE! CP/M 2.2 & manual setIOD-1300A A&T with CP'M 2.2 $338.00

Double D -JADE

High reliability double density disk controller with on-board Z-80A. auxiliary printer port, IEEE S-100 canfunction in multi-user interrupt driven bus

S59.95

$299 95

$325.00

$99,95

IOD-1200B Bare board & hdwr man

IOD-1200K Kit w hdwr & sltwr man

IOD-1200A A&T w/hdwr & sltwr man

SFC-59002001F CP/M 2.2 with Double D .

Versafloppy II/696 - SD Systems

Fully compatible with IEEE 696 standards, phase-lockedloop data separator, CRC error checking. Reads/writesIBM 3740 and system 34 formats, concurrent support ofany combination of 4 5Vj" or 8" drives Singleor double sided drives supported; single or double densityOne year factory warranty

IOD-1170A Versafloppy li'696 A & T $349.95

SFC-55009157F 8" banked CP'M 3.0' "S75.00

SFC-55009157M S'/j" banked CP M 3.0' "$75.00

SFC-55009159F 8" unbanked CP M 3.0' "$75.00

SFC-55009159M 5'/.," unbanked CP'M 3.0' "S75.00

'configured for Versafloppy II 696 & SBC 300'"price S75.00 if ordered with Versafloppy II,price if ordered separately if $199.95

ussa

Versafloppy III - SD Systems

Winchester and floppy controller in a single board! Fullcompliance with IEEE 696 standards, controls up to threefloppy drives and three 5%" Winchester drives. Daiamay be transfered under DMA or programmed I/O control.One year factory warranty

IOD-1180A Versafloppy III A & T S759.95

SFC-55009257F 8" banked CP M 3.0' "$129.00

SFC-55009257M 5V.i" banked CP/M 3.0" "$129.00

SFC-55009259F 8" unbanked CP/M 3.0' "*$129.00

SFC-55009259M 5V unbanked CP'M 3.0' _ "$129.00'configured for Versafloppy III & SBC 300"price S129.00 if ordered with Versafloppy III,price if ordered separalely S199.95

Place Orders Toil Free!

Continental U.S.A. Inside California

(800) 421-5500 (800) 262-1710

Circle 241 on inquiry card.

Los Angeles Area(213)973-7707

BYTE October 1983

645

Disk Drive For Apple

Signalman Modem

Lowest Prices on EPROMs & RAMs

&X1

V\

tCJ^^

^uterProduc^

Apple II Accessories

Disk Drive For Apple'"

Totally Apple compatible. 143.360 bytes per drive on DOS3.3 full one year factory warranty, half-track capabilityreads all Apple soltware. plugs right into Apple controlleras second drive, DOS 3 3. 32 1 Pascal, & CP/Mcompalible

MSM-431010 S199.00

MSM-431030 Controller only S60.00

Super Diskette SPECIAL!

We bought out a major manufacturer's overstock, andwe are passing the savings on to you! Single sided, doubledensity, package of 10

MMD-5120103 Apple diskettes — S18.95

HALF-HEIGHT DRIVE For Apple™

Totally Apple compatible. Works with all Apple soltwareand controllers Faster and quieter than mosl other drives,yet only half the size'MSM-581010 hall-hetght _ $199.95

CP/M 3.0 Card For Apple1" - A.L.S.

The most powerful card available lor your Apple!6MH? Z-80B. additional 64K RAM. CP/M 3.0 plus 100%CP M ? 7 compatibility. C basic. CP/M graphics. 300%fastei than any othei CP M for Apple. One year warrantyCPX-62810A ALS CP M card __._ $299.00

Z Card For Apple II™ - ALS

Two computers inone.Z-80&6502. more than doubles thepower and potential of your Apple, includes Z-80 cpucard. CP'M 2 2 and complete manual set. Pascalcompatible utilities are menu-driven, one year warrantyCPX-62800A A & T with CP M 2.2 $139.00

GRAPPLER PLUS - Orange Micro

The ultimate parallel printer Graphics interface card with

many new features, now at a new low price!

IOP-2300A Grapplei Plus _____ $119.95

FAN/POWER CENTER For Apple™

Cooling fan for your overheated Apple II. II h or He; alsoincludes power switch and two switched outlets withvoltage protection circutrySYA-1520A Apple Ian . S59.95

80 COLUMN Apple Card

80 column x 24 line video cairl lor Apple IIaddiossable 25th status Inn-, normal/inverse or high.'lowvideo 128 ASCII characters, upper and lower case. 7x9dol matrix with true descenders. CP M Pascal & Foilrancompatible. 50 60 Hz. 40 60 column selectkeyboard Besi 80 column card1IOV-2450A Viewmax 80

IOV-2455A Preboot disk tor above

16K RAM Card For Apple II™

Expand your Apple II to64K, use as Innguagecayear warranty. Why spend S175.00? ,MEX-16700A Save over $175.00

PRICE

»«WMHHtt

Modems

Smart Buy in Modems - SIGNALMAN

1200 and/or 300 baud, direct connect, automatic answer ororiginate selection, auto-answer/auto-dial on deluxemodels. 9v battery allows total portability, full one yearwarranty

S89.95

_ S149.95

S369.95

$119.95

_ S199.95

IOM-5600A 300 baud direct connect

IOM-5610A 300 baud Deluxe

IOM-5620A 12001300 baud Deluxe _

IOM-5650A 300 baud lor Osborne _

IOM-5630A 300 baud card tor IBM

Smartmodem - HAYES

Sophisticated direct-connect auto-answer/auto-dialmodem, touch-tone or pulse dialing. RS-232C interfaceprogrammable

IOM-5500A Smartmodem 1200IOM-5400A Smartmodem 300 .IOK-1500A Hayes CronogiaphIOM-1100A Micromodem 100 -IOM-2010A Micromodem II __

S475.Q0S199.00S199.00S349.00S259.00

1200 Baud Smart Cat - NOVATION

103/212 Smart Cat & 103 Smart Cat, 1 200 4 300 baud, built-in dialer, auto re-dial if busy, auto answer/disconnect,direct connect, LED readout displays mode analog/digitalloopback self tests, usable with multi-line phones

IOM-5241A 300 b 103 Smart Cat . S229.95

IOM-5251A (200 b 212 103 Smart Cat S549.95

J-Cat Modem - NOVATION

1/5 the size of ordinary modems. Bell 103. manual or auto-answer, automatic answer/originate, direct connect, built-in self-test, two LEDs and audio beeps provide statusinformation

IOM-5261A Novation J-CAT

$119.00

Wire Wrap Sockets

n From

PART NO

NO OF PINS

1-9

10-24

25-99

100-249

SKW-0832

8

.54

.49

.44

.40

S145.00

SKW-1432

14

.64

.54

.49

.46

$24.95

SKW-1632

16

.74

.64

.51

.50

SKW-1832

18

.89

.78

.74

.69

SKW-2032

20

1.09

.94

.90

.86

SKW-2232

22

1.24

1.14

1.04

.93

. lull one

SKW-2432

24

1.24

1.14

1.04

.95

SKW-2832

28

1.29

1.44

1.34

1.24

SKW-4032

40

1.99

1.75

1.59

1.39

Low Profile Sockets

PART NO

NO OF PINS

1-9

ro-24

25-99

100-249

SKLA-0801

8

.24

.17

.09

.07

SKL-1401

14

.24

.17

.14

.13

SKL-1601

16

.24

.19

.17

.15

SKL-1801

18

.29

.24

.21

.17

SKL-2001

20

.29

.24

.22

.19

SKL-2201

22

.34

.24

.24

.21

SKL-2401

24

.39

.29

.29

.23

SKL-2801

28

.44

.34

.34

.27

SKL-4001

40

.49

.39.44

.41

.39

IDC Card Edge Type Connectors

PART NO

DESCRIPTION 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249

CNE-5102020

20 pin

2.70 2.45

3.25

2.45

CNE-5102620

26 pin

3.45 3.15

3.45

2.65

CNE-5103420

34 pin

4.45 4.15

3.45

3.45

CNE-5104020

40 pin

5.35 4.95

4.45

4.15

CNE-5105020

50 pin

6.45 5.95

5.85

4.85

IDC- Pin-Type Connectors

PART NO DESCRIPTION

J-9 70-24

25-99

100-249

CNF-62200

20 pin

2.70 2.45

1.80

1.55

CNF-62260

26 pin

3.45 3.15

2.35

1.95

CNF-62340

34 pin

4.45 4.15

3.05

2.55

CNF-62400

40 pin

5.35 4.95

3.80

2.95

CNF-62500

50 pin

6.45 5.95

4.55

3.75

Right Angle PC Mount 50 Pin Header

PART NO DESCRIPTION 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-249CNM-222501 50 pi" 4.25 3.55 2.95 2.40

We accept cash, checks, credit cards, or purchase orders from qualified firms and institutions.Minimum prepaid order $15.00 California residents add 6'/2% tax. Export customers outside the US or Canada pleaseadd 10% to all prices. Prices and availibility subject to change without notice. Shipping and handling chargesvia UPS Ground 50C/lb. UPS Air $1 00/lb. minimum charge $3.00

Satisfying Your Personal And Professional Computer Needs Since 1975

646

BYTE October 1983

Zero Insertion Pressure Socket

i

Printer Connector

RS 232 Serial Connectors

BREAKTHROUGH!

:V

Insulation DisplacementConnectors

RS232 Cables

SPECIAL PACKAGEDB 25P, DB 25S, DB 25C

CND-1250 HS-232 connecfor se/

S7.50

P male/plug S lemale/socket C cover/hood

PART NOCND-1091CND-1092CND-1094CND-1151CND-1154CND-1152CND-1251CND-1252CND-1253CND-1254CND-2251CND-2252CND-9001CND-1371CND-1372CND-1374CND-1501CND-1502CND-1504

DESCRIPTION

DE9P

DE9S

DE 9C

DA 15P

DA 15S

DA 1SC

DB 25P

DB25S

2pc cover

Ipc cover

DB 25P PC MT

DB 25S PC MT

screw lock

DE37P

DE37S

DE37C

DD SOP

DD 50S

DD SOC

1-91.952.701.452.553.351.452.453.201.451.603.754.35

.954.455.951.705.907.9Q1.95

10-241.552.351.202.252.951.202.353.051.201.353.253.95.753.955.351.455.307.151.70

25-991.402.001.051.952.651.052.203.001.051.203.153.75.653.554.751.304.706.451.45

100-2491.301.80

.951.752.45

.951.902.95

.951.102.953.40

.553.254.251.154.205.951.25

Zero Insertion Force Sockets

PART NOCNZ-1116CNZ-1124CNZ-1140

DESCRIPTION16 pin24 pin

40 pin

1-9 10-24

5.95 5.45

7.45 6.95

9.95 8.95

25-99 100-249

4.95 4.45

5.95 5.45

7.95 6.45

Memory ChipsOn Sale!

Prime ManCall us tor

PART NO

ICP-2764

ICP-2732

ICP-2716

ICP-2716-1

ICP-2758

ICP-2708

ICR-4164/20

ICR-4164/15

ICR-4116/20

ICR-4116/15

ICR-6116/20

ufacturers at bargain pricesa quote on large quantities

DESCRIPTION PRICE

64K EPROM 5.90

32K EPROM 4.75

I6K EPROM 3.95

I6K Eprom 350ns 5.95

8K Eprom 4.95

8K Eprom 3.95

64K Dynamic 200NS 5.75

64K Dynamic 1S0NS 6.25

1BK Dynamic Ram 200ns 1.95

16K Dynamic Ram 150ns 2.25

2K x 8 Sialic 200NS 4.90

PART NO DESCRIPTION 1-9 10-24 25-99 100-2CND-5251 DB 25S 6.55 5.95 5.15 4.45

CND-5252 DB 25P 5.95 5.35 4.75 3.95

Centronics Type Plugs

MMMMNMUMMh

PART NOCNX-236CNX-336CNX-136

DESCRIPTION

male IDC

female IDCmale solder

1-9 10-24

9.90 8.95

9.45 8.75

8.95 7.45

25-99 100-2497.95 6.95

7.755.95

6.755.20

Disk DriveSignal Cables

Signal cables for use with disk controllers requiring card-edge connectors

WCA-5030A Dual 8" drive cable S32.50

WCA-3431A Dual 5'/," drive cable S29.95

WCA-5050A Quad 8" drive cable $39.95

Signal cables for use with disk controllers requiring pin-type connectors

WCA-3430A Dual 5'/4" drive cable S29.95

WCA-5036A Dual S" drive cable S32.50

WCA-5052A Quad 8" drive cable S39.95

Standard RS 232 Cables

All cables are 9 conductor, with pins 1 through 8 andpin 20 connected to DB25-type connectors. Fullyassembled and tested including covers. Shippingweight I lb

WCA-1020A Male 10 male. W long S24.95

WCA-1021A Male to male. 20' long S29.95

WCA-1022A Male to female. 10' long $29.95

Ribbon Cable

28 gauge. 7 strand Color Coded

PART NO

WCR-101C010

WCR-141C010

WCR-161C010

WCR-201C010

WCR-241C010

WCR-261C010

WCR-341C010

WCR-401C010

WCR-501C010

CONDUCTORS

101416202426344050

2B gauge. 7 strand Grey

CONDUCTORS

WCR-101N010WCR-141N010WCR-161N010WCR-201N010WCR-241N010WCR-261N010WCR-341N010WCR-401N010WCR-501N010

16202426344050

PRICE2.503.804.005.006.156.458.3010.0013.00

PRICE

4.00

5.20

5.75

7.00

8.50

9.00

11.75

16.00

17.50

Place Orders Toll Free!

Continental U.S.A. Inside California

(800) 421-5500 (800) 262-1710

Circle 242 on inquiry card.

Los Angeles Area(213)973-7707

BYTE October 1983

647

Smartmodem 1200B - HAYES

The IBM PC version of Hayes' famous Smartmodem 1200.

The "B" in 1200B stands for board—this is not a bulky box

that sits outside your computer, but rather a board

specifically designed lo plug into a PC expansion slot.

Features include: direct connect, auto dial, auto answer.

pulse or touch-tone dialing, and automatic baud rate

selection

The 1200B is complete with the powerful Smartcom II data

communications software package, which manages file

transfers and takes the hard work out of

telecommunications

IOM-5550A Smartmodem 1200B $399.00

Monte Carlo Card - MBI

Expandable from 64K to 512K. one IBM compatibleCentronics parallel port, clock calendar with alarm andbattery backup, dual port joystick interface. A directconnect modem which plugs on to the MonteCarlo card isscheduled to be introduced soon by MBIMEX-55064A 64K Monte Carlo card $395.00

320K Disk Drives for IBM PC

Double sided, double density, 320K expansion drives foryour IBM PC

MSM-991002 Standard IBM size $225.00

MSM-991004 Half-height IBM size $219.00

64K RAM Upgrades For IBM PC

High speed RAM upgrade kit with parity (error detection)

and one year warranty

MEX-64100K 64K kit for IBM PC $49.95

Vista Multicard For IBM

Memory and I/O card for your IBM PC; 64K, expandableto 256K parity checked memory, serial port (coml orcom2). parallel printer port { LPT1 or LPT2), clock/calendar with battery backup; serial interface cableincluded. FREE software included for clock/calendar,disk drive emulator, and printer spoolerMEX-58064A 64K multicard $328.95

Vista PC Clock/IO

Serial port, parallel port, clock/calendar with batterybackup, parallel and serial cables included. Comescomplete with FREE Dynaclock and Dynaspool supportsoftware. Compatible with PC and XT; will fit in XTsshort slotIOK-5710A PC Clock _ ._ „_^ $149.00

Vista PC Extender

One serial port, one parallel port, clock calendar withbattery backup. Includes cables and software Fieldupgradable to add following options: second serial port,joystick adapter, speech synthesizer, and SCSI hard diskhost adapterIOI-6530A PC Extender - $195.00

Vista Maxicard For IBM

The ultimate in memory expansion for your IBM PC, thisboard is expandable In 64K increments from 64K up to576K Includes FREE! disk emulation and printer spoolersoftware

MEX-57064A Maxicard 64K . $218.95

MEX-57256A Maxicard 256K $488.95

MEX-57576A Maxicard 576K 848.95

Quadboard I

The Quadboard is a six-tunction memory and I/OforlBM PC and XT. It includes one parallel port, oneasynchronous serial port, a clock/calendar, RAMdisk, andprinter spooler. Available with 64K or 256K memory

MEX-41064A 64K Quadboard 1 $279.95

MEX-41256A 256K Quadboard 1 $399.95

Quadboard II - QUADRAM

Same features as Quadboard l above, but both I/O ports

are asynchronous serial

MEX-40064A 64K Quadboard II $279.95

MEX-40256A 256K Quadboard II $399.95

Quadchrome - QUADRAM Corp

The Quadchrome monitor is a 12-inch super-highresolution RGB color video monitor designed specificallyfor use with the IBM PC and XT. It utilizes a special .31mmdot-pitch tube to deliver 690 horizontal dots by 480 verticallines resolution for a crisp state of the art image in 16brilliant colors. The only color monitor PC will ever need'VDC-241301 Quadchrome List Price 795.00 $499.00

Quadram Quad 512+

Maximum memory plus I/O. The Quad 512 ■ combinesmemory expansion of512Ka serial port, RAM disk, andprinter spooler. A must for maximum memory!

MEX-42064A 64K List 325.00 $249.95

MEX-42256A 256K List 550.00 $429.95

MEX-42512A 512K List 895.00 $799.95

Quadiink - QUADRAM Corp

The missing link between your IBM PC and the world ofApple software! When installed in an empty slot in your PC.the Quadiink allows you to run Apple software in youi PCActually gives you two computers in one. allowing you toshift easily between PC DOS and Apple DOS,all within thesame IBM PC!CPX-50500A Quadiink $495.00

FOR APPLE

Single-sided, double-density. FREE! plastic storage box,

Warranted for 6 months

MMD-5121003 Box of 10 $18.95

FOR IBM PC

320K, double-sided, double-density. Also may be usedfor KAYPRO. MORROW. OSBORNE. COMPAQ, etc

FREE! plastic storage box included

MMD-5220104 Box of i0 - $24.95

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

VERBATIM Datalife

Critical ANSI certification diskettes. Warranteed for 5years, hub rings standard on minidiskettes. All trackscertified on 8 inch diskettes; full surface certified on 5'/,inch diskettes5%" (packaged w/plastic storage box & hub ring)

MMD-5120101 SS DD soil sector _ $35.00

MMD-5220101 DS DD soft sector $47.00

MMD-5140101SS QD soft sector , $46.50

MMD-5240101 DS QD soft sector $59.95

8" (Soft box, no hub ring)

MMD-8110101 SS SD soft sector .

MMD-8120101 SS DD soft sector

MMD-8220101 DS DD soft sector

Available only in boxes of 10

VERBATIM Verex

High quality, sensibly priced. 1 year warranty, exceeds all

ANSI specifications All tracks certified

5'/„"

MMD-5110100 SS. SD, soft sector $29.95

MMD-5110110 Apple compatible $27.50

$39.95$46.00$57.00

$33.50$45.00

8"

MMD-8110100 SS SD soil sector .MMD-8220100 DS DD solt sector .Available only in boxes of 10

VERBATIM Optima

Warranted for 17 years. Over 70 million revolutionsaverage life All Optima diskettes a re full-service diskettes,extra heavy-duty jacket material provides superiorprotection and longer life5%" - Sod Sector

MMD-5120102 SS DD $67.50

MMD-5220102 DS DD $88.50

8" - Sort Sector

MMD-8120102 SS DD

MMD-8220102 DS DD

Available only in boxes of 10

$70.00$86.50

Satisfying Your Personal And Professional Computer Needs Since 1975

Okidata 82A

JADE IS ANAUTHORIZED DEALERFOR EVERY MAJORPRINTERMANUFACTURERCALL FOR BEST PRICE!

PRINTERS ON SALE!

380Z by D.T.C.

Based on the same quality mechanism as the Comrexprinter, the 380Z contains electronic enhancements thatallow it to print at speeds up to 32 cps. Other featuresinclude a 48K buffer, proportional spacing, and Diablo1640/1650/630 compatible protocol. Comes withpnntwheel, ribbon and users manual. Serial, parallel, andIEEE 488 interfaces standard One year factory warranty

PRD-11300 380Z printer $1195.00

PRA-11000 Tractor option $169.95

PRA-11200 Cut sheet feeder $699.95

Cable Please Specify . . $49.95

NEW! Star Delta 10

High speed, low price! 160 cps. 8K buffer (expandableto 16K), serial and parallel interfaces, full graphics, frictionand tractor feed. Epson FX-80 compatiblePRM-66120 . $449.95

Star Micronics Gemini 10X & 15

Up to 120 cps. lull graphics, friction and tractor feed

Epson FX-80 compatible

PRM-66010 Gemini WX

PRM-66015 Gemini 15 _

PRA-66200 Serial board,

PRA-66202 Serial board.

"Laser-Pert" Printer Paper

Continuous form fan fold paper with clean-perf edges on

all sides. Finish size 8'^ x 11. box of 1000 sheets. 20 lb

stock

PRA-91921 9\, x 11. WOO sheets $14.95

CALL

CALL

n-mx

$85.00S99.00

Regular Fan-Fold Paper

PRA-91911 9':, X 11. 1000 sheets

PRA-90511 14 x 11. green bar 1000 .

$11.95$14.95

Okidata - Microline 82,83, & 84

120 cps (82. 83), 200 cps (84), industry standard printers,serial and parallel interfaces, true lower case descenders,handles single-sheet as well as fan fold paper

PRM-43082 Oki 82 CALL

PRM-43083 Ok* 82 CALL

PRM-43084 Oki 84 parallel CALL

PRM-43085 Oki 84 serial CALL

PRA-43081 2K serial board $159.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbons 12) $9.95

Okidata - Microline 92 & 93

160 cps, true correspondence quality printing, fullgraphics. IBM PC compatible (optional), handles singlesheet as well as fan-fold paper, professional design,construction. & quality

PRM-43092 Okidata 92 parallel CALL

PRM-43093 Okidata 93 parallel CALL

PRA-43181 2K serial board $129.95

PRA-43086 IBM PC ROMS lor 92 $59.95

PRA-43087 IBM PC ROMS lor 93 $59.95

PRA-43080 Extra ribbon 12) $9.95

Starwriter F10

High speed letter quality printer. 40 cps daisywheel.sleek low-profile design (6-inch high) Extensive built-inword processing functions, up to 15-inch paper widthUses standard Diablo style printwheels, low noise foroffice environments Centronics or serial interfaceversions availablePRD-22010 F10 parallel $1195.00

NEW! TTX - Compact Daisywheel

Low-profile, contemporary design, & requires 20% to50% less desk space than most other daisywheelprinters. Other features include dual interface (RS232 &Centronics parallel), built-in adjustable pinfeed formsguide. & compatibility with Wordstar print controlcommands, including underline, bold prinl, super &sub-script etcPRD-44010 TTX 1014 $599.95

Silver Reed EXP-550

Economica! Daisywheel printer with 200 words perminute (18 cps). fulM5-inch platen. Diablo 630 protocal.10. 12. 15 pilch or proportional printing Very quiet, veryreliable; a bargain in the under SI000 00 letter qualityprinter market

PRD-52001 Parallel. List 895.00 $669.00

PRD-52002 Serial. List 995.00 $775.00

PRA-52000 Tractor. List 159.95 $129.00

Comrex CR-II

Best buy in letter quality printers. NEW! from Comrex!full featured letter quality printer, FREE! 5K buffer, Logicseeking bi-directional printing, boldface proportionalspacing, double-strike, backspace, underling, truesuper script and sub script, drop in daisywheel cartridge

PRD-11101 CR-II parallel $499.00

PRD-11102 CR-II serial $589.95

PRA-11100 Tractor option $119.95

PRA-99700 Cur sheet leeder $199.95

Printer Pals - FMJ

Desk top printer stand and paper rack. Fits all printers

PRA-99080 10" printer pal $29.95

PRA-99100 75" printer pal $39.95

PRA-99700 tor letter quality $49.95

PRINTER CABLES

Standard cables for Epson, Okidata, or any Centronicstype printer

WCA-3636A Centronics to Centronics $29.95

WCA-2536A IBM to Centronics $39.95

Universal Printer Stand

Free standing deluxe printer stand with chrome platedpaper catch. Universal mounting for all 15-inch carriagedot matrix and letter quality printers. List Price $129.9531 lbsFRN-9000 Deluxe printer stand $69.95

Video Monitors

Taxan Monitors

18 MHz 800 lines per inch,VDM-821210 12" Amber .VDM-821220 12" Green _

deal for 80 column operation

$139.00

$139.00

Taxan RGB Vision

Apple and IBM compatible RGB color. Now you can havethe quality of an RGB color monitor for your Apple 111, IBM.or Apple II in your choice of medium or super highresolution. Both of these units feature an 18MHzbandwidth linear video amplifier for limitless color varietyand best picture quality in text and graphicsThe RGB-Vision I, with 280 lines horizontal resolution issuitable for most demanoing applications, your choiceshould be the Super-high resolution RGB-Vision IIIwith 630 line resolution

VDC-821210 RGB-Vision I $369.00

VDC-821230 RGB-Vision ill $649.00

VDA-821200 Apple II RGB card $129.00

VDA-821210 IBM PC cable 19.00

VDA-821220 Apple III cable _ $19.00

. $129.00$179.00

VDA-821200 Apple II card & cable

VDA-821230 Apple lie S 80 Column Card .

Taxan Color Monitor

Composite color monitor with audio. 13-inch/400 linescreen

VDC-821205 Color monitor $399.00

12 inch Green Screen

15 MHz, 40 or 80 columnVDM-201201 12" green

ZENITH

$94.95

NEW! SMART TERMINAL - TTX

The new TTX 3000 is an intelligent, economical, full-feature terminal designed to be expanded into a fullcomputer. It has more features and is priced lower thansimilar units from ADDS, LSI. Hazeltine, and TelevideoIn addition to all the built-in features, there is also spaceinside the unit for a 6 x 12 inch single board computer, andprovisions (or mounting two half height 5% inch diskdrives (and sufficient power supply current to run theadd-ins). The detached keyboard features 95 keys, withnumeric keypad and 10 function keys. Screen is designedio tilt and swivel for comfortable viewing. Emulate TV 925

VDT-461201 TTX-3000

. $469.00

Place Orders Toll Free!

Continental U.S.A. Inside California

(800) 421 -5500 (800) 262-1710

Circle 243 on inquiry card.

Los Angeles Area(213)973-7707

I

COMPUTERPRODUCTS,Inc.

ORDER TOLL FREE

TERMS: For shipping include$2.00 for UPS Ground or $3.00for UPS Blue Air. $10.00 mini-mum order. Bay Area and LosAngeles Counties add 61/2%Sales Tax, other California resi-dents add 6% Sales Tax. We re-serve the right to limit quantitiesand substitute manufacturer.Prices subject to change withoutnotice.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 988-0697

STATIC RAMS

2101

256 X 4 (450ltS)

1.90

5101

256 x 4 (450ns) (cmos)

3.90

2102-1

1624 X1 (450ns

.88

21021-4

1024x1 (450ns) (LP)

.98

2182L-2

1024 x 1 (250ns) (LP)

1.45

2111

256 x 4 (450ns

2.45

2112

256x4 (450ns

2.95

2114

1024x4 (450ns

6(9.90

2114-25

1024x4 (250ns

8/9.95

2114L-4

1024 x 4 (450ns) (LP)

8/11.95

2114L-3

1024x4 (300ns) (LP)

8/12.45

2114L-2

1024x4 (200ns) (LP)

8/12.95

2147

4096 x 1 (55ns)

4.90

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1 (450ns

3.45

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1 (300ns

3.95

TMS4044-2

409611 (200ns

4.45

MK4118

1024 x 8 (250ns

9.90

TMM2016-200

2048 X 8 (200ns

4.10

TMM2016-150

2048 X 8 (150ns;

4.90

TMM2016-100

2048 x 8 (100ns;

6.10

HM6116-4

2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)

4.70

HM6116-3

2048 x 8 (150ns

(cmos)

4.90

HM6116-2

2048 X 8 (120ns

(cmos)

8.90

HH6116LP-4

2848x8 (200ns) (cmos)(LP)

5.90

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8 (150ns) cmos)(LP)

6.90

HM611ELP-2

2048 x 8 (120ns) (cmos)(LP)

9.95

Z-6132

4096x8 (360ns) (Qstat)

33.95

LP m Low Power Qstat = Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027

4096 x 1 (250ns

1.95

UP0411

4096 x 1 (300ns

2.95

MM5280

4096 x 1 (300ns

2.95

MK41U

6192x1 (200ns

1.90

MM5298

6192 x 1 250ns

1.80

4116-300

16384x1 (300ns

8/10.75

4116-250

16384x1 (250ns

8/10.95

4116-200

16384x1 (200ns

8/11.95

4116-150

16384x1 (150ns

8/13.95

4116-120

16384x1 (120ns

8/28.95

2116

16384x1 (150ns

m

4.90

4164-200

65536x1 (200ns) (5v)

5.90

4164-150

65536x1 (150ns) (5v)5V = single 5 volt supply

EPROMS

6.90

1702

258x8 (1 us)

4.45

2708

1024x8 (450ns

3.90

2758

1024 X 8 (450ns

m

5.90

2716

2048 x 8 450ns (5v)

3.90

2716-1

2048 x 8 350ns (5v

5.90

TMS2516

2048x8 (450ns) (5v)

5.45

TMS2716

2048 X 8 (450ns

7.90

TMS2532

4096x8 450ns (5v)

5.90

2732

4096x8 (450ns) 5v)

4.90

2732-250

4096x6 (250ns) (5v)

8.90

2732-200

4096x8 (200ns) (5v)

10.95

2764

8192x8 (450ns (5v)

9.90

2764-250

8192 X 6 (250ns

(5v)

13.95

2764-200

8192 x 8 (200ns

(5v|

23.95

TMS2564

8192x8 (450ns

M

16.95

MC68764

8192x8 450ns16384 xaCall

(5v)(24 pin)

38.95

27128

Call

5v = Single 5 Volt Supply

74LS00

74LS00

.23

74LS173

.88

74LS01

.24

74LS174

.54

74LS02

.24

74LS175

.54

74LS03

.24

74LS181

2.10

74LS04

.23

74LS189

8.90

74LS05

.24

74LS190

.88

74LS08

.27

74LS191

.88

74LS09

.28

74LS192

.78

74LS10

.24

74LS193

.78

74LS11

.34

74LS194

.68

74LS12

.34

74LS195

.68

74LS13

.44

74LS196

.78

74LS14

.58

74LS197

.78

74LS15

.34

74LS221

.88

74LS20

.24

74LS240

.94

74LS21

.28

74LS241

.98

74LS22

.24

74LS242

.98

74LS26

.28

74LS243

.98

74LS27

.28

74LS244

1.25

74LS28

.34

74LS245

1.45

74LS30

.24

74LS247

.74

74LS32

.28

74LS248

.98

74LS33

.54

74LS249

.98

74LS37

.34

74LS251

.58

74LS3B

.34

74LS253

.58

74LS40

.24

74LS257

.58

74LS42

.48

74LS258

.58

74LS47

.74

74LS259

2.70

74LS48

.74

74LS260

.58

74LS49

.74

74LS266

.54

74LS51

.24

74LS273

1.45

74LS54

.28

74LS275

3.30

74LS55

.28

74LS279

.48

74LS63

1.20

74LS280

1.95

74LS73

.38

74LS283

.68

74LS74

.34

74LS290

.88

74LS75

.38

74LS293

.88

74LS76

.38

74LS295

.98

74LS78

.48

74LS298

.88

74LS83

.59

74LS299

1.70

74LSB5

.68

74LS323

3.45

74LS86

.38

74LS324

1.70

74LS90

.54

74LS352

1.25

74LS91

.88

74LS3S3

1.25

74LS92 .54 74LS363 1.30

74LS93 .54 74LS364 1.90

74LS95 .74 74LS365 .48

74LS96 .88 74LS366 .48

74LS107 .38 74LS367 .44

74LS109 .38 74LS368 .44

74LS112 .38 74LS373 1.35

74LS113 .38 74LS374 1.35

74LS114 .38 74LS377 1.35

74LS122 .44 74LS378 1.13

74LS123 .78 74LS379 1.30

74LS124 2.85 74LS385 1.85

74LS125 .48 74LS386 .44

74LS126 .48 74LS390 1.15

74LS132 .58 74LS393 1.15

74LS133 .58 74LS395 1.15

74LS136 .38 74LS399 1.45

74LS137 .98 74LS424 2.90

74LS138 .54 74LS447 .36

74LS139 .54 74LS490 1.90

74LS145 1.15 74LS624 3.95

74LS147 2.45 74LS640 2.15

74LS148 1.30 74LS645 2.15

74LS151 .54 74LS668 1.65

74LS153 .54 74LS689 1.85

74LS154 1.85 74LS670 1.45

74LS155 .68 74LS674 9.60

74LS156 .68 74LS682 3.15

74LS157 .64 74LS683 3.15

74LS158 .58 74LS684 3.15

74LS160 .68 74LS685 3.15

74LS161 .64 74LS688 2.35

74LS162 .68 74LS689 3.15

74LS163 .64 74LS783 23.95

74LS164 .68 81LS95 1.45

74LS165 .94 81LS96 1.45

74LS166 1.90 81LS97 1.45

74LS168 1.70 81LS98 1.45

74LS169 1.70 25LS2521 2.75

74LS170 1.45 25LS2569 4.20

6500

1MHZ6502 4.90

6504 6.90

6505 8.90

6507 9.90

6520 4.30

6522 7.90

6532 9.90

6545 21.50

6551 10.85

2 MHZ

6502A 6.90

6522A 9.90

6532A 10.95

6545A 26.95

6551A 10.95

3 MHZ

6502B 13.95

6800

68000 58.95

6800 3.90

6802 7.90

6808 12.90

6809E 18.95

6809 10.95

6810 2.90

6820 4.30

6821 3.20

6828 13.95

6840 11.95

6843 33.95

6844 24.95

6845 13,95

6B47 10.95

6850 3.20

6852 15.70

6860 9.90

6862 10.95

6875 6.90

6880 2.20

6883 21.95

68047 23.95

68488 18.95

6800 1MHZ

68B00 9.95

68B02 21.25

68B09E 28.95

68B09 28.95

68B10 6.90

68B21 6.90

68B45 18.95

68B50 5.90

8000

8035 5.90

8039 6.90

INS-8060 16.95

INS-8073 23.95

8080 3.90

8085 5.90

8085A-2 10.95

8086 28.95

8087 CALL

8088 38.95

8089 88.95

8155 6.90

8155-2 7.90

8156 6.90

8185 28.95

8185-2 38.95

8741 38.95

8748 23.95

8755 23.95

650 BYTE October 1983

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

8200

8202 23.95

8203 38.95

8205 3.45

8212 1.75

8214 3.80

8216 1.70

8224 2.20

8226 1.75

8228 3.45

8237 18.95

8237-5 20.95

8238 4.45

8243 4.40

8250 9.95

8251 4.45

8253 6.90

8253-5 7.90

8255 4.45

8255-5 5.20

8257 7.90

8257-5 8.90

8259 6.85

8259-5 7.45

8271 38.95

8272 38.95

8275 28.95

8279 8.90

8279-5 9.00

8272 6.45

8283 6.45

8284 5.45

8286 6.45

8287 6.45

8288 24.00

8289 48.95

Z-80

2.5 Mhz

Z80-CPU 3.90

Z80-CTC 4.45

Z80-DART 9.95

Z80-DMA 13.95

Z80-PIO 4.45

Z80-SIO/0 15.95

Z80-SIO/1 15.95

Z80-SIO/2 15.95

Z80-SIO/9 15.95

4.0 Mhz

Z80A-CPU 4.90

Z80A-CTC 4.90

Z80A-DART 10.95

Z80A-DMA 15.95

Z80A-PIO 4.90

Z80A-SIO/0 15.95

Z80A-SIO/1 15.95

Z80A-SIO/2 15.95

Z80A-S1O/9 15.95

6.0 Mhz

Z80B-CPU 12.95

Z80B-CTC 12.95

Z80B-PIO 12.95

Z80B-DART 18.95

ZILOG

Z6132 33.95

Z8671 38.95

DISC CONTROLLERS

1771 15.95

1791 23.95

1793 25.95

1795 48.95

1797 48.95

2791 53.95

2793 53.95

2795 58.95

2797 58.95

6843 33.95

8272 38.95

UPD765 38.95

MB8876 28.95

MB8877 33.95

1691 16.95

2143 17.95

UARTS

AY3-1014 6.90

AY5-1013 3.90

AY3-1015 6.90

PT-1472 9.90

TR1602 3.90

2350 9.90

2651 8.90

TMS6011 5.90

IM6402 7.90

IM6403 8.90

INS8250 9.95

INTERFACE

8T26 1.54

8T28 1.84

8T95 : . . .88

8T96 88

8T97 88

ST9B 88

DM8131 2.90

DP8304 2.24

DS8835 1.94

DS6836 98

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

7805T

.74

7905T

.84

78M05C

.34

7908T

.84

7808T

.74

7912T

.84

7812T

.74

7915T

.84

7815T

.74

7924T

.84

7824T

.74

7905K

1.44

7805K

1.34

7912K

1.44

7812K

1.34

7915K

1.44

7815K

1.34

7924K

1.44

7824K

1.34

79L05

.78

78L05

.68

79L12

.78

78L12

.68

79L15

.78

78L15

.68

LM323K

4.90

78H05K

9.90

UA78S40

1.90

78H12K

9.90

C,T = TO-220

K

= TO-3

L - TO-92

DIP SWITCHES

4 POSITION 84

5 POSITION 89

6 POSITION 89

7 POSITION 94

8 POSITION 94

IC SOCKETS

1-99 100_

8 pin ST .12 .10

14 pin ST .14 .11

16 pin ST .16 .12

18 pin ST .19 .17

20 pin ST .28 .26

22 pin ST .29 .26

24 pin ST .29 .26

28 pin ST .39 .31

40 pin ST .48 .38

64 pin ST 4.20 callST = SOLDERTAIL

8 pin WW .58 .48

14 pin WW .68 .51

16 pin WW .68 .57

18 pin WW .98 .89

20 pin WW 1.04 .97

22 pin WW 1.34 1.23

24 pin WW 1.44 1.30

28 pin WW 1.64 1.44

40 pin WW 1.94 1.75

WW > WIREWRAP

16 pin ZIP 6.70 cali

24 pin ZIF 9.90 call

28 pin ZIF 9.95 call

ZIF - TEXTOOL (Zero Insertion Force)

CRYSTALS

32.768khz 1.90

1.0 mhz 4.90

1.8432 4.90

2.0 3.90

2.097152 3.90

2.4576 3.90

3.2768 3.90

3.579535 3.90

4.0 3.90

5.0 3.90

5.0688 3.90

5.185 3.90

5.7143 3.90

6.0 3.90

6.144 3.90

6.5536 3.90

8.0 3.90

10.0 3.90

10.738635 3.90

14.31818 3.90

15.0 3.90

16.0 3.90

17.430 3.90

18.0 3.90

18.432 3.90

20.0 3.90

22.1184 3.90

32.0 3.90

RESISTORS

•A WATTS' CARBON FILM ALL STANDARD VALUESFROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS 1.25

100 PCS 2.00

1000 PCS 15.00

APPLE ACCESSORIES

80 Column Card 129.95

16 K Card 42.50

Fan 38.95

Power Supply 84.95

RF Mod 24.95

Joy Stick (Apple II) 29.95

Paddles Apple 9.95

Z80 Card 129.95

SCRG Switch-A-Slot 19.95

Paddle Adapple 24.95

Extend-A Slot 19.95

Disk Drive 224.95

Controller Card 69.95

51/4" DISKETTESATHANA OR NASHUA

SSSD 18.95

SSDD 22.95

DSDD 27.95

PERISOFT

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE II & lieALL WITH 1 YEAR WARRANTY BY

PRINTERLINK

CENTRONICSPARALLEL INTERFACE

• Simple to use — No configuring required• Use with any Centronics printer — EPSON,

OKIDATA, etc.

• Includes Cable & Manual

$5800MESSENGER

SERIAL INTERFACE

• Connects to any RS-232 serial device

• 8 switch selectable drivers for printers,

terminals and modems

• Includes Cable & Manual

$9800TIMELINK

REAL TIME CLOCK

• Applications in file management, word

processing, communications, etc.• Exclusive Alarm Clock feature• Battery recharges automatically

$8300

NEW BUFFERLINKADD-ON PRINTER BUFFER

• No more waiting for printed output

• Connects easily to any parallel interface

• Expandable from 16K to 64K

$13800 (16K)

The Flip Sort™

The new Flip Sort™ has all the fine qualities ofthe original Flip Sort™, with some added bene-fits. Along with a new design, capacity has in-creased 50%, to hold 75 diskettes and theprice is more reasonable than ever. $19.95 ea.

The Flip Sort Plus™

The Flip Sort Plus™ adds new dimensions tostorage. Designed with similar elegant lines asthe original Flip Sort™, in a transparentsmoked acrylic. The Flip Sort Plus™ has a stor-age capacity of over 100 diskettes and has allthe outstanding features you have come to ex-pect from the flip sort Family. 24.95 each

DoKa

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.Santa Clara, CA 95050

Circle 158 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 651

BACK TO

we accept all

SPECIALS OF THE MONTH

Okidata

Microline 92

• 160 cps10" Carriage

$489

Star Micronics

Delta 10

• 160 cps-> 10" carriage• 8K BufferPar. & Ser. Interface

$449

Microtek

Bam 16

• 16KCardFor Apple & Franklin• 2 year warranty

$49

Microtek

Dumpling GX

■> Same as Grappler +

- Full Graphic interface

works w/Apple & Franklin

• includes Card & Cable

• 2 year warranty

$89

Quentin Research

Fully Compatible w/AppleFaster than Apple Disk Drive• More Storage

1 for$219

2 for $420

51/4" Diskettes

100 for ONLY $250

• Dbl. Side/Dbl. Density

• 5 year warranty

• Reinforced HubSgl. Side/Dbl. Density

100 for$150

1/2 Height for ibmpc

• Panasonic

• 320K of Storage

' Mounting Brackets Included

1 for $205

2 for $400

Hayes 1200B for IBM

• Smart Com ll included

• Made for IBM

• w/lBM Software

ONLY $429

IBMPC

IBM 256KKeyboard2, 320K Disk Drives• Green Monitor• Color card

$2895

Call for other configurations

FranklinStarter System

Franklin Ace 1000 W/64K

• Green Monitor

• Disk Drive (Slimline) &

Controller

$1145

Franklin

• 1200 Starterw/Green Monitor• 1 Drive

$1695

Super 5

• 1/2 Height DriveFully Apple compatible

• 1 Year Warranty

1 for $209

2 for $400

Orange MicroGrappler +

• 16K

• Cable included

• Expand to 64K

$179

Disk Drive Cabinet

• Single Cabinet• w/Power Supply

$55

Gorilla

12" Green MonitorComposite Video(20 MHz) Hi-ResONLY $99

CALL 800-847-1718

Dealer inquiries invited• Quantity DiscountsAvailable

we Offer More Than A low Prices!!!

SCHOOL SPECIALS

p.O.'s from universities

CALL 800-847-1718

20% to 40»/;"BUST

PERSONAL/PORTABLE SYSTEMS

Franklin

Aceiooow/color Call

Ace1200w/Drive Call

Apple

HE S 990

HE Starter System 1395

IBM

IBMPC64K Keyboard, 1 Drive $1995

IBMPCXT 4595

Call for all configurations

Kaypro

Kayproll S1450

Kaypro4 1850

KayprolO 2595

Columbia

1600-12 320K Drives S2395

Eagle

Eagle ll S1895

Corona

Portable 1 Drive S1995

Desk Top computer 2295

APPLE, FRANKLIN

Accessories

Advanced Logic Systems

Cpm3.0Carcl S 299

z card CPM Card 139

Astar

RF Modulator S 18

Gibson

LightpenforApplell&IIE $ 249

Kensington

SvstemSaver/Fan&Surge S 69

Micro Max

Viewmax80Ew/64KofRamExp.tol28K . S 149

Micro Soft Products

Softcardw/cpm S 239

16 K Card 65

Premium Pack 469

Micro Tek

Ram 1616K card S 49

call for Other Microtek pricing

Kraft

Joystick S 42

Joystick (IBMI 45

videx

Videoterm S 209

CCS

Serial Interface S 119

tc Products

Joystick S 39

Paddles 28

Selecta Port 38

LOW PRICEDHi Quality DISKETTES

5% "Disks

SglSide/DblDensity S17at>ox

DblSide/DblDensity 27abox

8" Disks

sglSide/Dbl Density $28 a box

DblSide/DblDensity 34abox

All Disks come w/Reinforced Hub,5 yr warranty and not bulk packed.

Advanced Access

SmokedPlexiglassDisketteTubHolds80 .5 198 "Version 26

IBM PC ACCESSORIES

Ast Research

I0+ Serial port & Clock Calender $ 119

Combo + 64KSerial,Parralel&c/c .... 269

Mega + 64KSerialc/c 269

MegaPak 256

Expands Mega + to 512K 289

Maynard

FDC Disk Controller S 155

FDC/PPDiskControllerw/par.port 205

FDC/SPDiskControllerw/ser. port 225

Ouadram

Quad Link S 495

Tandon

TM100-2 (320K Drivel S 225

72 Disk Drive

Slimline Disk Drive S 205

Expansion Ram

4164.200NS 6ea.9forS 50

USI

Multi Display Card S 340

MODEMS

Hayes Micro computer

300 Baud Smart Modem S 199

1200 Baud Smart Modem 499

Micro Modem II 259

Micro Modem II w/Terminal Package 279

Novation

J-Cat 300 Baud S 119

AppleCatll 269

5%'& 8" DISK DRIVES

Siemans

FDD100-8D8"Sgl/DblDen S 169

Mitsubishi

2894-63Dbl/DblDen S 389

Shugart

SA801RSgl/DblDen S 355

SA851RDbl/DblDen 469

Tandon

TM100-1160K S 160

TM100-2 320K 225

TM 101-4 quad Density 339

TM848-1Sgl/DblDen 359

TM848-2Dbl/DblDen 435

DISK DRIVESFOR APPLE & FRANKLIN

Super 5

Sup-5 S 209

Controller 69

Rana Systems

Elite I S 249

Elitell 399

Elite III 499

•Add S79 for Controller

Micro Sci

A-2 S 219

•Add S70 for Controller

Quentin Research

Apple Mate S 219

Controller 60

DISK DRIVE CABINETS

SW cabinets

SglCablnetw/pwr.supply S 55

DualCabinetsw/pwrsupply 85

8" Cabinets

SglCabinetsw/fan&pwr.supply 209

DualCabinetsw/fan&pwr.supply 259

:omputerComponentsUnlimited

800-847-1718

OUTSIDE CALIFORNIA

NEW RETAIL STORE:

11976 Aviation Blvd.inglewood, CA 90304

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936Hawthorne, CA 90250

VIDEO DISPLAY MONITORS

USI

P11 19"Amber HiRes) S 130

PI 2 (9"GreenHiRes) 120

PI 3 (12" Amber HiResl 139

PI4 (12'CreenHiResi 130

BMC

12All (12"Green) S 79

9191 ColorComposite 249

EUIMI20MHZ) 134

zenith

ZVM123 d2"Green) (New) S 105

Amdek

300A S 149

310A 169

Color 1 Composite 289

ColOrllRGB 429

Princton Graphics

PGSHx12w/IBMCable S 475

Taxan

12 "Amber S 139

C. ITOH

Gorilla-Banana, 50 cps S 194

Prowriter8510,120cps 349

Prowriter ll 1550(15") 649

Prowriter I Serial 499

Prowriter ll Serial 695

StarwriterF-10,40pu 1129

8600BP, 180 cps 999

PrintmasterF-10-55 1405

Epson

RX-80I120CPS) Call

MX-80FT(80cps) Call

FX-80(160cps) Call

FX-100115" Carriage) Call

NEC

PC8023A(100cps) S 399

PC8025 (15" Carriage) 699

Okidata

Microline92P(160cps) S 489

Microline92S(160cps) 599

Microline93P(160cps, 15") . . 799

Microline935(l60cps,15") 899

Microline82A (Par. 8, Serial) 379

Microline83A(15" Carriage) 629

Microline84P(200cps) 929

Microline845(200cps) 999

Star Micronics

Gemini 10X(120cps) S 294

Gemini 15 (100 cps) 389

Gemini 15X 489

Delta 10 . 449

Orange Micro

Grappler + S 119

Grappler + 16K Buffer Exp. to64K 179

Buffer Board, works w/Grappler + 119

Fourth Dimension

ParallelCard&CablelnterfaceforApple S 49

Microtek

DumplingGXGrapnicPrinterlnterface S 89Dumpling GX16 interface W/16K of Buf 149

Additional Buffering 16K 15

Cables

IBM to Printer S 29

Kaypro to Printer 29

Osborne to Printer 29

No Surcharge for Credit Cards

PRINTER ACCESSORIES

VISA

Circle 91 on inquiry card.

Technical & Customer Service(213)219-0808

All mercnandise new. we accept MC, Visa, wireTransfer, COD Call. Certified cneck. P.O. s fromqualified firms, APO accepted, snipping:Minimum S4.50 first 5 pounds. Tax: California Res.Only add 6,-?"« sales tax.

Prices Subject to Cliange

Mon.—Fri. 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.Sat. & Sun. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.

MICROPROCESSOR COMPONENTS W\ Digitaiker

MLSOO74LS01

74LS0?741S0374LS047-tLS0i)ML SDH741. SO')74L51074LSII74LSI274LS1374LS1474 LSI574LS2074LS7T74LS22

74i.s?e

74LS27741.828

74LS3074LS3?74LS3374LS3774LS3B74LS4074LS4?74LS4774LS4fl74LS4974LS5174LS5474LS5574LS7374L.S7474LS7574LS7674LS7B74LSB374LSB574LS6674LS90

741 S9?74LS9374LS9574LS96741.S10774LS10974LS11?74LS11374LS1I474LSI2?74LS12374LS12574LS12674LS13274LS13374LS13ti74LS13H74LS13974LS15174LS15374LS15474LS15574LS15674LS15774LS15B74 LSI 6074LS16174LS16?74LS16374LSI6474LS16574LS16874LS16974LSI7074LS17374LS17474LSI 7574LS1B174LS19074LS191

74LS1S2

74LS193

74LS194

74LSI95

74LSI97

74LS221

741 S2-10

74LS2-11

74LSM2

74LS243

74LS244

74LS245

74LS247

74LS24B

74LS249

74LS251

74LS253

74LS2S7

74LS258

74LS261)

74LS2G6

74LS273

74LS279

74LS283

MLS290

7-11 S2i)3

MLS29B

74LS352

74LE353

74LS365

74LS368

74LS3G7

74LS3S8

74LS373

74LS374

74LS375

74LS386

74LS393

74LS399

74LS670

BILS95

8ILS97

74S0074S0274S0374S0474S0574S0874S0974S1074S1174S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S3874S4074S5174S6474SG574S7474S8674SM274S1I374S114

74S12474S13374S13474S13574S13674S13874S13974S14074ST5174S15374SI5774S15874S16U74SI7474S17574S1B8"74S19474S19574S19G74S24074S24I74S242

74S24374S24474S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S28074S287*74S288-74S37374S37474S387'74S47K74S472*74S473*74S474'74S475"74S570*74S57I*74S572-74S573*74594074S941

CA3010HCA3013H

CA3023HCA3035HCA3039HCA3046NDA3C59N

CD4O00 14

CD4001 14

CD400? 14

CD4O06 14

CD40Q7 14

CD4009 16

CD4010 16

CD4011 14

CD4012 14

C040I3 14

CD4014 16

CD4015 IB

CB401G 14

CD4017 IE

CD4018 16

CD4019 16

CD4020 16

CD4D2I 16

CD4022 16

CD4023 14

CU4024 14

CD4Q2!) 14

CO4026 16

CD4027 16

CD4G2B IB

CD4029 16

CD4U30 14

CD4034 24

CD4035 16^^ [Hon In

CA3060NCA3Q80ECA3081NCA30B2NGA30B3NCA3086N

CD4040CD404ICD4042CD4043CD4044CD4Q4GCD4047CD404BCD4049CD4050CD4051C04052CD4Q53

c:D405&

CD4059CD4060CD4066CO40G8CD4069CO4O70C04071C0407?CD4073CD4075C04076CD40/8CD40aiCD4082C04093

CA30H9NCA.3Q9GNCA3130CCA3140ECA3160HCA3401NCA3800N

CD409H 16 1 95

CIJ4506 16 1 19

CO4507 14 .39

CD150B 24 3 95

CD4S1D 16 89

CD45T1 16 89

CD4512 16 89

CD4514 J4 1 79

CD4S15 24 1 79

CD4516 16 99

CD4S18 16 99

C04519 16 39

CD4520 16 79

CD4520 16 1 19

CD4b28 16 1 19

CD4529 16 1 19

CD4543 16 1 19

C04562 14 6 9S

CD45BG 16 1 39

CD4S83 16 2 49

CD4584 14 59

CD4723 16 1 19

CD4/24 16 1 ig

MC14409 IE 13.9S

MCM4I0 16 13.95

MCI44I1 24 119b

MC14412 16 13 95

MC14419 16 7.95

MC14433 24 13.95

MC14538 16 1 19

MCH541 14 1.19

Part H

CDP1802

2650

IOM2901AOC

MCS6502

MCS65028

MC6B02CP

IMSfl039N-fl

INSB040Mi

INS8070N

INS8073N

P8D85A

8155

8748

280

280CIC

Z80-OAHI

ZBO-DMA

780 P10

780-SIO/O

280-SlO/t

zea-sio/s

ZBB-SIO/a

Z80A

Z80A-CTC

780A!)AIlf

Z80AUMA

ZB0AP10

,'fiOA-SKI'U

/SUA SK) l

/BOA'SIl) ?

Z80A-SIO/9

Z80B

/BOD c k;

ZB0Q-P10

Z8001

Z8002

MCliBIIO

Mi:fiR!!;'f;i'

MC6810API

MC6821

MC6828

M(;tiii;-;iiifi

MCfiiiijf)

MCB852

Mneaeo

MC6862MC6880A

M!.;!ii!iH!fi| H

HC88681PB

MCM68764SV652?

IMSInOl

IN58154

INS82C06

PP8212

DPS?14

PP8216

DPB224

DPB226

DPB228

nP823B

INS8243

INS8245

IIJS8246

INS8247

1NS8248

i.'issr^nr;

l)P8?MOPB253DP8255OP8257DP82590P827DDP8279OP8303DP8304DP83D7I1P8308OP8310DP8311

FD1791FD1793FD1795FD1797

40 CPU

40 MPU

40 CPU-4-DM slice (Com lemp Gr )

40 MPU w/Clock

40 MPUw/Clockai3MHf

40 MPU w/Clock and RAM

40 MPU-8-bit(6MHil

40 CPU-Sgl cnip6-Dii|l2Bbis Hami

40 CPU (256Hy!es RAMI

40 CPIII64 Bytes RAMj

40 CPU w/Basic Micro mrernteier

40 CPU

40 HMDSHAMI.OPotl-Iimer

40 HMOS EPROM MPU

,Z80A, Z80B, Z8000SERIES-

40 CPU |MK3880N||780C) 2MHz

25 Coumer Timer Circuit

40 Dual ftSBiGtiranous Rec /Iran;.

40 Direcl Memory Access Drcuil

40 Parallel I/O Interlace Controller

40 Serial I/O (tiCB and R.CB BonCeUi

40 Serial I/O (Lacks OTRB)

40 Serial I/O Hacks SYNCB)

40 Serial I/O

40 CPUlMK38BOtJ-Jl|780C-1)JMHi

26 Coumer Timer Circui!

40 Dual AsynchionousRec./Trans

40 Direcl Memory Access Circuit

40 Parallel I/O uuerlace Conlroller

40 Serial I/O | FxCB and R.CB bDtKfUt)

40 Serial I/O (Lacks OTRB)

40 Sena! I.'O (Lacks SVNCB1

4D Serial I/O

40 CPUIMK38B0N-6I6MHI

28 Courier Timer Circuit

40 Parallel I/O Iniertace Contioiler

48 CPU Segmented

40 CPUNor^SegmenlerJ

40 Serial Comm Conlroller

40 Counter/Timer & Parallel I/O Unit

-6800/68000 SERIES

40 MPU

40 MPU Willi ciDck and RAM

24 128'8 Sialic RAM

40 Peripheral Inter Adapt (MC6820I

24 Priority Inlerrupl Conlrollfir

24 l024x8-bitROM|MCfiaA30-H)

24 Asyncfirortdus Comm Adapter

24 Syrichfannus Sen.il D.H.i Arl.ipiei

24 0600bps Digital MODEM

24 2400bps Modulator

16 Quad 3-Jlate bus trans (MC8T2fi)

64 MPU 16-BitiaMH?)

10 (icr'.iiral Purpose Inl Arlapler

40 Mulli Pioiocol Comm Conlroller

28 EnhancsfJProg Comm im

2.1 v-ir Lrr.-i-iM ,.= r,r.

40 Peripheral Intw Adapter 8080A SERIES

40 CPU

40 Synchronous Oalalrili.'iUce(SIHC i

40 l28ByleftAM 16-BH l.'O

20 Oclal D Flip Flop TnState 174C374)

24 8-bittnj]tiI/0utpuli74S4l?|

24 Priority Interrupt Control

16 Bi-DireclionalBusOrivf!'

16 Clock Generator/Dnrer

16 Bus Driver

2B SyslemCont 'BusDriver (74S42BI

28 System Controller (74S438I

24 I/O Expanfler lor 48 Series

16 16-Key Keylioa.-rJ tri'.fidr-r I /.|C!i?L'j

20 2G-Key Keyboard Encooei I74C923I

28 Display Controller (74C9111

28 Disp!ayConlro!ler{7JC9l2|

40 Asyn Comm Element

28 Prog Comm |/0(U5ABT|

24 Prog interval Timer

40 Prug Peripheral lJ0(PPt|

40 Prog DMA Control

28 Prog Interrupt Coniroi

40 Prog CRT Controller

40 Prog KeyDoard/Display interlace

20 B-Rit Tn-Slaie Bi-DirecliOnal Trans

20 BDiiBi-Directionat Receiver

20 8-DH Bi-Oirectional Receiver

20 8-Pit Bidirectional Receiver

20 Octal Latched Peripheral Driver

20 Oclal Latched Peripheral Driver

— DISK CONTROLLERS

40 Single Der

40 Singie/Oua

;:, i In

DS0025CHDS0O2GCMINSI77IN-1INS2651N

MMStiltuTtMM!.8I/4IJC0P4Q2fJ

Single Density In40 Dual Density/Side Select | Inv )40 Dual Density/Side Select True

— SPECIAL FUNCTION

8 Dual MOS Clock Driver |5MZ(

8 Dual MOS Clock Driver (5M7|

40 Floppy Disk Controller

28 Communication Chip

?<! Uinqir.iij'ssur Hf;ai Time Clack

IB Micro CompaiiUe Time cixk

4D MiCrOCOrllTCHe- rt'64-dtuil. RAM

and Direcl LED Drive

40 M>r.'nriif:;.p|-;-,n- v, i-.-'./u-.],'. (1A!.1

& Direct LED Drive w.'N Puss Inl28 32-:n;(| VACFIunr Oivr (2a-[)iri|il8 Prog OsciliatD.'.'Diviiler (IGi)H.-i

24 9526 9549 95■19 95

-DYNAMIC RAMS-

■IKi.tN I'DIJ

MM5261MM5262

MM:.?7(1MMhl'Bil

MM5?9U ,'

MM!;;"H) :;

!.lM:>.'"fi J

■.".". ■■■• ■

•:;■-.

1 89 8M4.951 69 8/12.95

ItiUiisi

16 (j!i 536x1 I20UI1S] 7

18 1024>1 (300nsi

22 2048x1 (365ns) . . ..<

18 4096.1 r250"MMk-'().'H,

22 4096<t (P00ns|2l07

16 Hi.384*1 (I50ns| 1

16 16.384*! (2[I0hs| I

IE 16.384x1 (250(11) 1

16 tiPW.i (200ns|

-STATIC RAMS-?!.0>t (650ns|

'4!,fj.i5)M0S

; im

■■ !■ I I I

2 25

2148

IMS4044

TMS404!i

5101

MM5257

HM6U6P3

HM6I16-4

HMfilltiLP-i

7489

740921

/■IS.'H'.iB2S1IIWW,"*

170ns)170ns)

14 SUiis 1[4S003)(450(iSICMDS(JsOiliI 4044|150l1S)CM0S204B>8 |200ns)CMOS2048)18 (2Q0ns] I. P CMOS16>4 (50nsl256*4 |2h0iiR|Clv10S!0?4*1 (25IJns!i:MOS(lj:i[)l' ' |250ns|(;MtiSi6;,tit

!024<4?56«44096*1?f)48<8

I35n

i3405

3 953 953 95

I702A27082708-5lMS?'jtli

ims:>;,:i,'

IMSl'Mj.l

IMSi'/lii

271B

2716-1

2732

27580

f.'.u;vi,.i

MMi'7114 3

Ml M(,!i/i,.:

74S188

74S287

74S2B8

74S387

74S471

74S4 72

74S473

74S474

74S475

74S4 78

82S123B2S12632St?9B2S13082S185;■'.•■; ■■ '.

UMB7S1H1H

[!MH/Stb4',

D!,'!;/S';-:.';

, ■.'■ ■ ■ '.

! ■.■-.■■ ' ■--.

EPROMS ■

24 ZfjfixH |1tts]24 1024xK [450(13]24 1024.H (5&tlns(SMO024fj24 ?I148*H (450ns)271G24 4U%*8 (45(lnslNMC253228 8192*8 (450ns|24 2048x8 (■!f]l)"s)3voliagu24 2(148x8 |450hSJ24 2048-8 (350liS|24 4096x8 |450ns)24 1024*8 |4t>0ns) single +5V28 8l92xB |4bi)ns|28 6192x8 (xlOOnsi24 B192-8 (450HSI16 32x8 PROMO C (633U 1|16 ;"jli«4 PROM1 S (6301 11PROMT S (6331 1)PHUMOC (6300-nPitlJM 1 !i (6309-1)PROM 1 S (0349-1]PWJUOC 16348)PROM T S |[)MrVS."HiNiPROM DC (6340)l(i;'4*8 PROM! S IIBP2HS86)' PROMO C 183051PROM 1 S (63061PHOMOC (6352)PROM T S (82S13/IPROM DC I27SI8)PROM I S [27SI5IPFUil.l 1 ', C7S191i'HOMtj r (?7S20|PROM I S (27S2IIPHOMOC (27SI2)18 2048.4 PROM I S |1BP24SBI|24 t02J*B PROMOC 1825180124 1024x8 PROM 1 S IB2S181)18 2048x4 PROMOC (82S1H1)18 2048x4 PROM I S I82S185124 2048<4 PROMOC (82SI90124 2048.B PROM I S (82S191i

— DATA ACQUISITION —

DT1050 — Applications: Teaching aids,appliances, clocks, automotive, telecommunica-tions, language translations, etc.

The DT1050 >s a standard DIGITALKER k.t encoded with 137 separateand useful words. 2 tones, and 5 diflerent silence duralions. Thewords and loncs have been assigned discrete addresses, maKing npossible to oulnul single words or words concatenated into phrasesor even sentences. The ■'voice" oulput ol Ihe DT105O is a highly in-telligible male voice. Female and children's voices can be synthesiz-ed. The vocabulary is chosen so ihat it is applicable to many pro-ducts and markets.

Tho DT1050 consists ol a Speech Pioiessor Chip. MM54104 (40-pinJand Iwo (2) Speech ROMs MM521G4SSR1 and MM52164SSR2 (24-pin)along with a Master Word list and a recommended schematicdiagram on the application sheet.

DT1050 Digitaiker™ $34.95 ea.

DT1057 — Expands the DT1050 vocabularyfrom 137 to over 260 words. Incl. 2 ROMs and specs.DT1057 $24.95 ea.

IHSIHI

7045IPI

7045EV/Ki

71U6CPL

FF02O30

7106fcWKr

71II7CPL

7I07EV/KH

7I16CPL

7?(l5IP(i

r20flC£V/KB*

7207AIPO

7207A£V7Kif72tblPii

rai&v/Kft*

72ttiAUI7216CIJI721GDIP1

7?17IJI72I7A1PI7224IPL

iAEV/K

StQDW.ltCtlCliip.XTL3'.i Digit A/D |LC0 Dnvei

3ft Digit LCO Display tor 7106 & 711IC Cirr.ui1Bo,im, Display3V. Dirjtl A/D (LEO Drive]IC. Circuit Board Disnlay3".: OiqitA.'DLCDDiS HLDLow flattery Volt inrtrcatmCMOS I.ED Stopwatcn'TimerStopwaichemit xn

Tone Generator

Tone Cieneraio.-Chip *1L

Oscillator Controller

Fren Coumer Chip XU

4 Punc CMOSSlopwalcnCKl

4Fiinc Stopwatch Chip. XTL

8 [knt Univ Counter C A

8 Digit Freq Counter C A

BDitiitFreri Counter C C

4 Ditjil LEI) Up70owti Counter c A

4 Dn)il lEDUp/DowiiCounlerC CLCD 4'/.- Digit Up Counter DRI8Dir)illlniv Counter

5 Function Counter Chip XTL

19 959 95

199534.95

11 3529 9516.95

2 25

12 95

13 9b14.9529 9524 95

19 95

16 r/*8

16 256x4

20 256.8

20 512.8

20 512.8

24 512.8

24 512*8

IE ?56n416 21,6.416 ' ■■:

HC14C...

MCI 4081 8

ADC0804

OACOBOti

AUl.OWI'l

ADCQ817

DAC10O0

DACI0O8

DAC1020

DAC103S

DAC122?

Af tun ICN

AH21 ICJ

AF122 tCJ

LM334/

LM3357

LM399H

AY-5-1D13A

18 I

■9V

DACQ807LCN)18 8 DilD'AComcrleriDACOflOSLCWi20 Bmt A, 0 Converter |l LSB|IB 80il D/A Convener (0 78!/( Lm |28 8-Dil Hi [) Converter (8-Cli Mulli |40 B-Dit A/D Convener (16-Cri Mulli i24 tOPKD/AConv Micro Comp (0 05*1)1.20 to PitD'AConv Micro Comp i0 20v.|16 10 hilO/AConv (005'A Lin 116 10-rjilO/AConv (0 ?0V, Lin ]IB 12-tjillVACorv [0 20% Lin 1.,11 Active Filter ? 5%

U

ti lone Low fl.

d fin

130009 19B3 INTERSIL Data Book (1356P.I $9lJ5l

74HC High Speed CMOS

74HCDI

14

75

74HC147

16

1 19

74HC253

74HC151

/4HC04

14

69

74HC153

16

74HC259

74HCUD4

14

75

74KCI54

74

2 69

74HC266

14

99

75

74HC157

16

t 19

74HC273

74HC158

16

159

74HC280

14

74HC160

16

1 79

74HC373

70

85

74HC16I

16

1 79

74HC374

70

14

75

74HC162

16

2 39

74HC390

16

1 49

75

74HC163

16

2.39

74HC32

14

75

74HC164

14

1 79

74HC42

16

1 39

74KC165

16

2.38

74HC534

74HC51

74HC173

16

1 59

74HC595

14

74HC174

16

t 39

74HC68B

74HC175

16

1 39

14

99

74HC192

16

t 39

74HC4017

74HC75

16

99

74HC193

16

1 39

74HC4O20

75

74HC194

tn

1.59

74HC4024

14

t 59

74HC195

16

1 49

74HC4040

16

74HC237

16

2.95

74KC4060

74HC107

14

75

74HC240

»

2 75

74HC4075

74HCI09

16

1 39

74HC241

70

3 75

74HC4078

14

lb

74HC242

14

2 79

74HC4511

1H

14

75

74KC243

14

2 79

74HC4514

74

4 79

7JHC132

89

74HC244

71)

3 75

74HC4533

/4HC13,'

16

2 95

74HC4543

16

4 95

Programmable Array Logic (PALS)

PAL tOHB 20 Octal in Inpul (WOOR Gate Array {High Output]

PALt2H8 20 He. 12-inpul AND-OH Gale Array (HioflOutputt

PAL14H4 20 Quad 14 Input AND-OR Gate Array (HigtiQulpul)

PAL 101.8 20 Octal tO Inpul AfiO-OR-Invert Gate Array iLow Oulput)

PAL12L6 70 He. 12 -Input AflD-OFt-lnveil Gale Array (Low Output)

PAL I4L4 20 Quad 14-mput AND-OH invert Gale Arrav iLnw Output i

PAI I6I.H 20 Octal 16 input AND OFHnvertGateArray (UwOuipul)

>'AL 16H8 20 Dci.ii 16 mpjl Rea'W AMI 09 Gale Ai'ay

130012 19B2 NATIONAL PAL Data Book :i76P.i. .85.951

QUALITY COMPONENTS ATAFFORDABLE PRICES!

LOW PROFILE(TIN) SOCKETS

1-9 10-99 IQO-up

16 pin L18 pin L

SOLDERTAIL(GOLD)STANDARD

1-9 10-99 100-up

18 pin S24 pin S28 pin S

WW

SOLDERTAILSTANDARD (TIN)

WIRE WRAP SOCKETS(GOLD) LEVEL #3

16 pin WW

18 p

, WW

20 pin WW22 pin WW24 pin WW28 pin WW36 pin WW40 pin WW

S10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residents Add 6V2% Sales TaxShipping — Add 5% plus S1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. for Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend S1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

MasterCard

Ui

ameco

VISA"

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 9400210/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

74C0274C04MCQ8

74CIO74C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4H74C7374C7474CH574CB674CB374C9D74C93

WFSJHTW

74CI5174C15474CI5774C16074C16174C16274C16374C16474C17374CI7474C17574C19274CI9374C195

74C22174C24074C244

74C373

711

?49

74C374

211

2 49

74C901

14

fnH

74C903

14

59

74C906

14

SI

74C911

?B

»Qf>

MC917

7B

HI1!

74C915

1fl

1 19

74CD17

7fl

740937

18

4 49

74C923

?n

4q*»

74C925

IK

%9S

MG92B

1H

h45

80C35

1h

39

80C97

16

39

FL071CP 81L072CP 8TL074CN 14TLOBICP B1L082CP BILOBiCfJ 14LM301CM 8LM302HI M304HLM305HlM307CfJ 8LM3DBCH 8LM3D9KLM310CN 8LM3MCK 8LM312HLM317TIM3! 7KLM3I8CN BIM319N 14LM320K-5IM320KJ2LM320K-1SIM320I-5I.M32DT-1?LU320I 15LM323KIH324M HLM337TLM338KLM339N 141M340K-5LM340K 12LM340K-15

LM340T-5LM340T-12IM340T-15LM348N 1LM350KLF35SNLF35GNLM370N 1LM373N 1IW377K 1IM38DN 1LM3BIN 1LM382H ILM384K 1LM386H-3TL494CH 1IL496CPNE510A 1NE529A 1ME531VIIE536HNE540HNE544M 1NE550A 1NE555VLM556M 1LM565N 1LH566CNLM567VNE570N 1LM703CN

14 1 49

130003 1982 Nat. Linear Data Book i

IM709NLM710NLM711NLM723HLM733NLM739NLM741CNLM747NLM748NLMiSiOfJLM I45BCNLM148BN 14 6LU1489M 14 69LMI496K 14 195LM1800N 1B 1 43LM18B9N IS 1 95LM I896N 14 2 95LM20O2T 1 49

LM31B9N IG 1 59LM3900N 14 59LM3905CH 8 t 19IM3909NLU3914NLM3915N IB 3 49LM39I6N IB 3 49RC4136N 14 1.25RC4151NB 8 195NE5532 8 2 49NE5534 8 1 69

ICL8D38B 14 3 95LM130BON 8 t 19LMI3600N 16 i ISMORE AVAtUBLE

18 3 49

.S11.95>

654 BYTE October 1983

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

COMPUTER-PERIPHERAL SWITCHERS

Conrad any number ol peripherals to a single I/O port — use a single piinterta sup-port savsral microcompulers - us« Iwo or mora printers u support i singlemiciocompulit — access a modem trom any ol several microcomputers — Ideal lordemonstrating or comparing equipment. lf.e Selecto-Switches are designed toeliminate trie unnecessary D'uqgmrj & unplugging of cables wnich connect printers,terminals or -nonems to various computers By using a Selecto-Swtcn. you KtllBVflmore ulficienl system operaiwn. iietier utilization nt pennnerals & cainpuler portselimmalc redundant hardware « reduco service calls b yt. Imnled warranty on allSulecin Swilcdes No power retiumid Sijb (inches). 10L x 7W x 3H 2'h I Lis

RS232 SERIAL SELECTO-SWITCH

• Switches all lines ol asynchronous data • Easy expansion olserial ports ■ Connectors are female DB25 type

PART NO DESCRIPTION _ PRICE

GRS232AB 2-Way Switch $139.95

GRS232ABC 3-Way Switch $179.95

D825 PARALLEL SELECTO-SWITCH

• TRS-80 Apple, and IBM compatible • Switches 24 lines (line1 is ground) • Connectors are lemale DB25 type

PAnr NO DESCRIPTION PfllCE

GP24-AB 2-WaySwitch .7. r.S139.95

GP24-ABC 3-Way Switch $179.95

CENTRONICS-STYLE SELECTO-SWITCH

• Switches all 36 lines • Connectors are female Centronics

PART NO DESCRIPTION PRICE

GCENT-AB ~ 2-Way Switch $199.95

GCENTABC 3-Way Switch 5229.95

Micro-Logic Corp. <S ||MICRO-CHARTS V.!-., f3^

■ Fully decoded data • instant access • 2-5ided. totally comprehensive • Compact8'ftiH in durante credit card piasnc • Perlect lor program-nets S engineers

■ Clear & concise taples lor lull instruction set. disassembly. ASCII Dase conver-sion, olloct ol Hags, compare vs jump, interrupt structure, pmoul, cycle limes,diagrams, bug nolcs. A much more

PARI NQ REFERENCE _ PRICE

ML-Z80 Z80 CPU S5.95

ML-8080A 8080AJ8085A S5.95

ML-6502 6502 (65XX) S5.95

ML-8048 8048, Relatives S5.95

ML-7400 5400/7400 TTL Pin-Outs $5.95

BOOKS

Nnliortal Memory D;ita Book (19B0) S6.9

(46-t pages) RAMs. ROMs, PROMs. EPROMs Series

Inleisil Data Book (1983) S9.S

(1356 cages) Complete line

National Audio'Radio Handbook [19B0, S5.9

(2 40 sages) Pre-Amps. AM. FM S FM Stereo, Power Amps

National Linear Application Handbook (1980) S15.fi

(736 pages) Application Notes. Linear Briefs, eic.

National PAL Data Book (1982) . . . SS.9

076 sages) Application Notes, Linear Briefs, etc.

Zilog Data Book (1983) S7.<

1641 pages) Microprocessors and Support Chips

I Intel Memory Components Handbook (19B3) . .S14.9

1798 pages) Contains all Application Notes, ArticleReprints, Data Sheets, and other design informationon Intel's RAMs. EPROMs, E:PROMs & Bubble Memories.

I Intel Microprocessor & Peripheral Handbook(1983) S14.fi(1027 pages) Contains Data Stieels on all olIntel's Microprocessors and Peripherals

ATARI PADDLES

JSP (2) $2.95 pair

ATARI DRIVER

JSD(1) $2.95ea.

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE* COMPUTERS

Numeric/Auxiliary Keypadfor APPLE lie*

Switching Power Supplyfor APPLE II, II + and lie'

Part No. KHP400?

Extended 80 Column/64K RAMCard for APPLE lie'

..'.;.!... ., .,., ....

nJ*PPI,t l>r <0"H>ut.!

JE864 ASM-mblodandToslud

Cooling Fan for APPLE II,II + and lie*

Part No. APF-1

51/i" HALF-HEIGHT DISK DRIVES

FIT TWO DRIVES IN THE

TEAC FD55A

S ONE CONVENTIONAL 5V.

SINGLE-SIDED:

• as Ipi

• 40 Tracks

• 250Kbyte

COMPATIBLE WITHTRS-80IBM-PC

SHUGART SA455

smgli

sided

• Single/double density

• Brushless DCJirecldrive motor

• Low 5W power

• Power req... 12VDC 8 .3A+ 5VDC (.( .55A

• 6 msec, track to tn

• One year warranty

• Size: 5>/W x 1%'H X B"0t Weight: 3 lbs. 5 oz.

FD55A S249.95

DOUBLE-SIDEO:

• 48 tpi

• 40 Tracks

• SOOKbytesdouble-sided

• Single/double density

■ Brushloss DCdirecl-dr.ve molor

• Power roq.:

+ 12VDC 8 75*+ 5VDC 9 -7A

• 6 msec Irack to 1

* Weight: 3,3 lbs,

SA455 $259.95

Keytronics 90-Key Keyboard

WITH SECURITY KEYLOCK SWITCH

• fin shielded

• Cursor controls

• Numeric keyboard

• B-bil Parallel

• Solid state switches

• ID user-programmable keys

• Positive TTL Logic

• Size: 17"L x B'.W x 2%'

Made lor Visual Technology, Ihis keyboard features: a security keylock (includes two keys) 10 guard againslunauthorized use: an 11-key numeric keypad; cursor controls: and 10 user-programmable keys. Electrical re-quirements: + 5VDC. Color (easel: White. Color (keycaps): Black. Complete with case, keyboard assembly,40-inch interlace cable, and schematics Weight: 7 lbs.

Part No. KB270 $79.95 each

MICRO SWITCH 85-KEY KEYBOARD

Word Processing Keyboard 26 Pin Edge Care Cotiiicclion Supply Village i 5VDC Mam Keyboardis QWERTY Additional Key PJds lor Cursor ind word processing functions..

ParlNo. S5SD1B-1 SZ9.95each

HI-TEK 14-KEY NUMERIC KEYPADSPST switching. Charcoal grey keycaps. Mom

Part No. K-14

.$9.95 each

JE664 EPROM PROGRAMMER

8K TO 64K EPROMS - 24 AND 28 PIN PACKAGES

• Programs, validates, and chocks Icr properly Erased El'HOMs • Emulalcs PROMsor LI'ilOMs • HS232C Compuler Inleilace lor edilinq / program leading • Loads datainto RAM by keyboard • Changes data in RAM by keyboard • Loads RAM Irorn anEPItOM • Compares EPRDMs lor con'ont dillerences ■ Copies EPHOMs • Powor In-put. I15VAC, 60Hz. ■* 10W power consumption • Enclosure Color-coordinaied.Iighl tan panels w/ molded mocha brown end pieces • Size: l5-5/8"L x BVi"D x3'/i"H • Weight: 5V. Ibs.

JE664-A EPROM Programmer , $995.00

Assembled A Tostc-CMIncMes JM't)" Mndule)

JE665 - RS232C INTERFACE OPTION - u-,- jtefib HS232C miertace

!l[ili:iii i-ii|.)lt-f!ip--r.;: t. ji:|i. :> ' ■ ■ !,!',■ > t ■ : ■■"■',' f>.i'i:|!:e iOl:.',;-:^ .'.'ill'-'i it

BASIC ptovtdBd lor TRS-SB* Model i Level « CsmouW Baud rale gfio[) WotOt'ltli BIjiIE Uddpanly Slop bits ? Oinion mj-t be. .iri.ifttcti to olfie' computers Itii'.Kfili'i cm tiijiiiiiri.ni'iiin.iii', -:i'ii|.".i-f';-,viih,iri K?;]\> ini'i iriiormanon is also pin-vidod lor interfacing lo any CIVU syslem with an RS232 porl

JE664-ARS EPROM Prog. W/JE665 Option S1195.00

Assam plea unit Tested (Includes JM1GA Module)

EPROM JUMPER MODULES - The JE66-T& JUMPER MODULE (PersonalityModule) is a giurj-w Morjuhi thai presets IE8M lui tiroper programming pulses lollic EPROM & conhgures EPROM socket connections lor tlijl particular EPROM

EPROM MANUFACTURER PRICE

JMDBAJM16AJMtfiBJM3?A

JU64BJMG4CJM6JD

EPROM

270B

27l6.TMS2bt6

TMSP716

TMS253?

273?

2732A(?IV)

MCMB876'!.

MCM6aL7G4

2764

IMS2&W

Htli$276W 4

AMD Motorola '.ational. Intel TlIntel. Moioroia. National. NEC TlMotorola, Tl[ +5. -12. +12|Moioroia. TlAMD. Fu|iisu, NEC. Hitachi, Inlet

Fu|its

Intel

M4.BS

S14.95SU.95S14.Q5

S1».9*jS14.95

SU95

iii's Black HoleEPROM Eraser

9 Chips -

B Minute

The Black Hole EPROM Eraser will completely anil salely eiase 9 EPROMs in less IranB minutes Ine Black Hole is a lolly auiomanc cassetle loading eraser lestunngU-stiapcd 4DO0 hr UV lamps mounled in a special ALZAK |UV relleclivity ol 9|parabolic light tunnel In operation, me user slips in an antistatic Bug Boi (3 e.iincl ) coniainmg iho EPROMs to be erased into the loadmi; slot on the front panel olBlack Hole The rest is Inliy automate. The Black Hole latches the Bug Box intoplace, turns on tne UV lamps and stalls its lully solid slate ICMOSI UV intcgialiondose limei The percentage erasure time is monitored and displayed on a Imni panelLEO readout At the end ot the erase cycle the Black Hole eiects the Bog Bo« cantaming the 9 erased EPROMs and turns oil powerPART NO. PRICE

ULV-008 Replacement Lamp lor ERS-0'

ERS-008 Eraser.Auto Eject & LED Readout

.529.95

$249.95

IBM MEMORY EXPANSION KIT

SAVE HUNDREDS OF SSS BY UPGRADINGMEMORY BOARDS YOURSELF!

Most ol the popular memory boards allow you to add an additional64K, 12SK, 192K, or 256K. The IBM64K Kit will populate ihese boardsIn 64K byte increments. The kit Is simple to Install — just insert Ihonine 64K RAM chips in the provided sockots and set the Iwo groupsol switches. Directions are Included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) S59.95

EXPAND YOUR MEMORY

TRS-80 to 16K, 32K, or 48K

'•Model 1 = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One KitModel 3 = From 4K to 48K Requires (3) Three KitsColor = From 4K to 16K Requires (1) One Kit

■■Model 1 equipped with Eipansion Board up Id 48.K Two Kits HoquiiBd— One Kit Ronuiiod Icr each )6K ol Eipansion —

TRS-16K3 '200ns for Color & Model III S12.95

TRS-16K4 *250ns for Model I $10.95

TRS-80 Color 32K or 64K Conversion Kit

Easy lo install kit comes complete with 8 ea 4164-2 (200nsl 64Kdynamic RAMs & conversion documentation. Converts TRS-80 colorcomputers with E circuit boards. & all new color computers to 32KMinor moditical ions ol 32K memory will allow the use of all trie 64KolIhO dynamic FIAM providing you have a FLEX DOS operating system,

TRS-64K2 $54.95

TV GAME SWITCH

Used on Atari. Cosmet-ically blemished. 100%functional.TGS-1 .. .$1.95ea.

POWER SUPPLY + 5VDC @ 1 AMP REGULATED Transaction TechOutput +5VDC a tA (also >-3ilVDC) tog. Input 11QVAf; 6UII?. Z-lono |i]lack/tiaiuo| snll-enclosodcase 6 It . 3 cund black power cord. 6V»"W < 7"0 > ZVH. Wt 3 lbs Data sliest Incl.Pari No. PS51194S $14.95 each

necq Digital Thermometer Kit

POWERSUPPLY +5V0CiV> 3 AMPREGULATED Daltron

input 115VAC J7-.1.S0M: Output 5V0C Adjustable .-• 3 amp. 6VDC fl 2 S amp Adjustable cui-

. Ripple &4'.'j L J J-7/16 H -

Pari Mo. QPS-1

itmg surfaces UL recognived Si;e

S29.95 each

controls for inJoor/ouidooror dual monitoring — can beextended to 500 leet. Con-tinuous LED 8' ht. displayRange; -40°F 10 199'F.-40*Cto 100'C. Accuracy ±1*ate lor

POWER SUPPLY +5VDC («■ 7.5 AMP, 12VDC @ 1.5 AMP SWITCHING

Input 115VAG. 50-5011; i 3 amp/23DVAC. SUM; .<, 1 G amp. Fan well./power supuly select svrilches |11S/Z30VAC|. Oiilput 5V0C -/ 7.B amp. 12VDC .„ 1.5 amp B tl. tilk pow cord 11V:"W13V. D > 31'. H Wt G Ihs

Part No. PS94V0S S39.95 aach

5%" Mini-Floppy Disk Drive

FOR TRS-80 MODEL I ■ COLOR COMPUTERtenures single or Oouble tfensity Recording mods FMsingle MFM double density Seek time 25msec track totrack Power +I2VDC |i06V) 16A max. +5VDC(±0 25V|OBAma» Unit as pic at right dees not incl case.power supply, cables) 30-no data book incl Wi 3'.- lbsSt?e 5'/,"V;>c8"Dx3%-HPari No. Limrled Ouanfity.' Price

FD200 $179.95

Single-sided, 40 tracks, 25DK bytes capacity

FD250 $199.95

double-sided. 35 tracks. 438K bytes capacity

it'Ce

JE300.

. $39.95

POWER SUPPLY 4-Channel Switctnnq - Apple Compatible

FOR USE AS AN EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY FOH APPLE

Microprocessor, rnim-compuler. luminal, medical equipment and process conliul applications. In-put 9B-I30VAC 47-44011/ Output ♦ 5V0C ■<■ 5A -5V0C «i 1A: +1ZVDC -./ IA,-t?VDCTi> 1A.Lino tea.. ±0.2%. Ripple: 30mV p-p Load icy t IK Overcurrcnl protection All): 5V mainout-puli 10% 6-3'8"L i 1-T/8"W i 4-15/l6"H WI, IVi lbs.

Pari No. FCS-604A S69.95eadi

Universal

Computer Keyboard Enclosures

H,gh si

;■■

S10.00 Minimum Order — U.S. Funds OnlyCalifornia Residenls Add 6Vi% Sales TaxShipping — Add 5% plus S1.50 InsuranceSend S.A.S.E. tar Monthly Sales Flyer!

Spec Sheets — 30c eachSend S1.00 Postage for yourFREE 1983 JAMECO CATALOGPrices Subject to Change

dingri

jfr component a

colnr] fir best paint adhesion alter mofliiicji-onented top & bottom pane's icr cMiri; elt<oencvj t0 . ~^^^*^^^W \ Higid construction provides unlimited applications

"•—a io —-/ AssemDIy instructions included

OTE-8 Panel Width 7.5" S24.95

DTE-11 Panel Width 10.13" $27.95

DTE-14 Panel Width 13.5" S29.95

V DTE-20 Panel Width 19.25" $34.95

sui

mm

Ui

ameco

ELECTRONICS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 9400210/83 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME — (415) 592-8097 Telex: 176043

8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

Shugart 801RcompatibleSingle-Sided77 Tracks400/800K BytesCapacityIndustry Standard

Tim FDO100-8 8 Floppy Disk Drive (Industry Standard) teatiirussincjln or double density Recording modi.*: FM single, MFM doubledensity Transfer rale: 2i0K bits'sec single- density; 500K bits/secciouble density. The FDD100-6 is designed lo work with the Singlesided soil sectored IBM Diskette I, or eq. disk cartridge. Power115V AC-ji 50-BOHz. +24VDCr« 1.7 amps max.. *5VDC« 1.2 ampsmax. Unit as pictured above tdoes not include case, power supply orcables). Size: 8.55"W x I4_L x 4.5"H. Weigns 12 lbs. Incl. 96-pg

FDD100-8. . $169.95 ea.J

Circle 244 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983 655

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

BBS-100 BOARDS GCP/M PLUS

A SYNTECH COMPANY

SDC 000

Z-80 Single Doard Computer

• Fully complies with IEEE 696 (S100) Bus Standard

• Z-80 CPU: 4 or 6 MHz

• 64 K Bytes ot RAM with parity

• 2 to 16 KBytes of PROM

• 24 bit addressing to 16 M Bytes

• Full SASI Port with 8 bit I/O data bus

• Fully Programmable Communications Options

• Dual Programmable Serial Full-Duplex Channels

• Supports CP/M Plus, MP/M, and TURBODOS

• Permanent Bus Master or Slave

• Two Full Duplex Serial Ports

• Asynchronous. Synchronous, or HDLC

• Software Selectable Baud Rate 50-57,600

• Software Selectable 5,6,7 or 8 Bits/Characters; Even. Odd, or No

Parity; 1,1.5,2 Stop Bits

• CRC Generation/Checking/Sync Modes

• Polled I/O or Interrupt

• 3-16 Bit Counter Timers/8536 CIO Chip

• 1 Year Warranty

Pari No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BVS0S38095 Z80A 4MHz A&T $741.00 $629.00

BKSDS38092 280B 6MHz A&T $825.00 $699.00

BVPGC26924DS 2' internal Serial I/O cable $ 14.95

BVPGC50M12S 12" 50 pin internal disk cable $ 23.60

VERSAFLOPPY III

Floppy and Hard Disk Controller

• S-100 (IEEE/696) Compatible

• Supports four 5'A" or 8" floppies

• Phased lock loop data separator

• Supports three 5'/a" Winchester drives

• Complete error checking

• 2K byte sector buffer

• Data transfer of up to 5 M bytes/sec.

Available September, 1983 — ORDER TODAY!

B» SDS38099 VFW-3 Disk Controller (A&T) $ 895.00 $765.90

BV P0BW33BI41* w/5'A" unbanked CP/M" 3.0S10B3.00 $895.90

B« PDBHF339142* w/8" unbanked CP/M8 3.0 $1083.00 $895.00

BV PDBVF339143' w/5%" banked CP/M" 3.0 $1083.00 $895.99

BV PDBVF339144* w/8" banked CP/M" 3.0 $1083.00 $895.00•CP/M" 3.0 is configured lor the SDS SBC300 board.

VERSAFLOPPY 11/696

Floppy Disk Controller

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• Concurrent support of 4 drives of 5'/«" or 8"

• Double density formats

• Separate connectors for 5'A" and 8" drive cables

• Single and double sided disk drive capability

• CRC error code checking

• Phased locked loop data separator

• Recommended for operation with the Z80 CPU

BVSDS3B098 Versalloppy II/696 (A&T) $400.00 $359.89

BVPDBVF239I41" With 5'A" unbanked CP/M' $520.00 $429.90

BVPDBW239142* With 8" unbanked CP/M" $520.00 $429.00

BVPBBVT239143* With 5'A" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.09

BVPDBVF239144* With 8" banked CP/M" $520.00 $429.90

•CP/M" 3.0 configured for the SDS SBC300.

SOFTWARE-CP/M PLUS™ 0.0

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS AND OS INFORMATION:

CP/M" 3.0 requires a minimum of 112K bytes of system RAM partitionedinto two banks (64 K each)* for operation. Memory size parameters arecommunicated to the OS by menu selections in GENCPM. The OS isdivided into two modules, the resident portion that resides in the commonmemory, and the banked portion that occupies the upper area of BNANK 0f just below the common area). The common area must be trom 4 K to 16K tobe compatible with the distribution configuration.

BVSDS39144 CP/M 3.0 8" banked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

BVSDS39142 CP/M 3.0 8" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

BVSDS39143 CP/M 3.0 5W banked for S0SSBC300 $315.00

BV SDS39141 CP/M 3.0 5'A" unbanked for SDSSBC300 $315.00

limarimu .ititasmas mmtw-- mmmmtIfuuottto uttaiaiiii taammt, wttma»

1 ""I'M

I/O-8

o Port Serial I/O

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• Synchronous or asynchrous DTE/DCE

• I/O ports are adressable to any 8 byte boundary in 64 K

• Software selectable baud rale

• Full duplex, up to 1 Mbit/sec in synchronous mode

• 5. 6. 7, or 8 data bits/character

• Stop bits- 1, 1.5, 2

• Parity - odd, even, or none

• Error detection - parity, overrun, CRC or framingInterrupts:

• Receiver ready

• All receive characters

Real Time Clock with Battery Backup

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BVSDS38093 8 Async serial (A&T) $695.00 5594.00

BVSDS38094 8 Sync serial (A&T) $795.00 $675.00

Ciblei:Each port has its own 26 pin header. Order one I/O cable for each port usedBV P6C26S24DS 26 pin SKT conector to D825S 24" $ 14.65BVPGC26S6DDP 26 pin SKT connector to DB25P 5' $ 15.7DBVPGC26S6DDS 26 pin SKT connector to DB255 5' $ 16.55

PROM 100

Eprom Burner

• St 00 (IEEE-696) Compatible

• Programs the Following EPROMs: 2708. Intel 2758, 2716. 2732, andTexas Instruments 2516

• Dip Switch Selection ot EPROM type

• 25 VDC Programming Pulse Generated On Board

• Maximum Programming Time: 16.384 Bits in 100 Seconds

• Power Requirement: +8VDC at 300 ma.:+16 VDC at 100 ma.:-VDCat 60 ma.

• TTL compatible

• Software Listing Provides lor Reading of Object File Irom SD0S, CP/Mor PROM and Programming into PROM

• Program Verilication

• Verification of Erasure

• Zero Insertion Force Socket

• One Year Warranty

BVSDS3BQ76 PROM-100 w/software(A&T) $285.00 $224.00

Z60

STARTER

SYSTEM

A COMPLETE MICROCOMPUTER ON A BOARD

Z80 CPU with 158 Instructions

On-board keyboard and display

On-board PROM programmer lor single voltage PROMs (2716.

2758, TI2516)

Kansas City standard cassette interface

Simp'e key controlled audio cassette load and dump

Expansion provision for mounting two S-100 connectors (Sockets

not included)

Wire wrap area for custom circuitry

Single Step through RAM or PROM

Memory examine and change

Port examine and change

Z80 CPU register and change

2K Byte ZBUG monitor in ROM

1K Bytes of RAM (expandable to 2K Bytes)

A 4 Channel hardware counter/timer (Z80-CTC)

Two bi-directional 8-bit 1/0 ports (Z80-P10)

Up to 5 programmable breakpoints

Switch selectable PROM or monitor restart

Vectored interrupts provided by Z80-CTC and Z80-P10

B1ISBS38007 Z80 Slarter System (A&T)(Shipping Weight 4 lbs)

S450.00 $382.00

ExpondoRAM IV

256 K Dynomlc RAM

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• 256 K Configuration

• DIP Switch Selectable Addressing

• Board may reside anywhere in the 24 Bit address space of theIEEE-696 Bus

• 8 and 16 Bit data Transfers

• Parity Check

• Optional Error Detection/Correction

• Invisible refresh at end of any OP code fetch forced refresh cycleevery 10-16 microseconds

• Error Detection and Correction (Hamming Code) 1 bit correction-optional

• 1 Year Warranty

Part No. Description

List Price Our Price

BVSDS3S088 ExpandoRAM IV 256K |MT)$1145.00 $080.00BVSDS38089 ExpandoRAM IV 256K $1990.00 $1780.00w/EDC (A&T)

ExpandoRAM III

Random Access Memory Doard

• POWER: +7V to +10V 9 400 mA (max)

• 1 year warranty

• Phantom output disable or manual switch selectable outputdisable

• Typical power dissipation of 5 watts

• 4 MHz operation

• Port addressable board select for multi-user system

• POWER: (2 S memory cycle)+7Vto+10 Via 400 mA (max)

• 1 Year Warranty

BVSDS38097 256K ExpandoRAMIII /696 $825.00 $598.89

(A&T)

ROM DISK 126

Program Accel lerator

• S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible

• 128K Bytes of storage per board

• Uses f6 user supplied 2764 or 2732 type EPROMs

• Up to four boards per system for a total of 512 K

• Meets all IEEE 696/S-100 specifications

• Serial Port provided (using 8251 UART)

• Dip switch selectable addressing

• Looks like a disk drive to the system

• Eliminates media problems

• CP/M Plus support porvided

• Ideal lor environments where mechanical drives are nol practical

• CP/M* and MP/M8' install programs

• 1 Year Warranty

0V S0S3808I ROM DISC 128K w/o EPROMS (A&T)

BVSDS8M03 ROM DISC Manual

BV PGC26S24DS 2' Internal Serial I/O cable

$350.00 $296.00

RAM DISK 256

Program Accelerator

S-100 (IEEE/696) compatible256K bytes of sequentially accessed memoryOn-board transparent refresh (only when the M1 signal isstopped)

Faster than a floppy disk drive

install program included (when configured the RAM DISK-256looks like a single density 8" disk drive)Source code libraries includedOn-board dynamic RAM controllerBank addressing allows the use of four boards in the same add-ress to be accessed giving you up to 1 Mbyte of storageAsynchronous bus operation and uses the WAIT line only asneeded1 Year Warranty

Description

List Price Our Price

DVSDS38082BVSOS61102

Ram Disk 256K (A&T) $875.00Manual

$715.00$ 10.00

656

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 523-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

BYTE October 196

Circle 374 on Inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

THE INDUSTRY STANDARD

CPU BOARDS

66K-6S000 16 DIT CPU

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz on-boarcj sockets foe 2716. 2732, or 2764EPROMs for up to 8K x 16 ol memory

rut No. uetcriptlon Utt Price Our Price

BBT1MA A8.T 8MHz $695.00

BT1MC CSC 10MHz $850.00 $765.00

CP/M" 6SK NOW AVAILADLEIIFORTH OPERATING SYSTEM INCLUDED

Now CompuPro and Digital Hesearcti bring you CP/M for the 68000. Alsoincluded is the FORTH Operating System which requires a DISK 1.64K ofCompuPro memory and an INTERFACER 3 or A.

BTCMIMH 68000 CP/M1' & FORTH 0/S J350.00

CO-PROCESSOR 6066/8067

16 bit 8 or 10 MHz 8086 CPU with sockets lor 8087 and 80136S 750.00 $494.95

BV 6BT186A A&T 8MHz 8086 onlyBVGBTI86C CSC 10MHz 8086 only $850.00 $764.89

BVGBTI86A87 A&T with 8087 option S1050.00 $939.00

B»BBT186C«7 CSC with 8087 option- S1150.00 $1085.00

•8087 Limits clock speed to 5MHz

DUAL PROCESSOR 6065-8086

6 or 8 MHz provides true 16 Bit Power with a standard 8 bit S-100 bus.

BVGBTI6IZA

0VGBT1612C

A&T6MHzCSC 6/8 MHz

$495.00 S318.97

$595.00 $497.87

CPUZ - Z60D CPU NOW 6MHz!

3/6 MHz Z80B CPU with 24 Bit Addressing.FASTEST ZBO CPU AVAILABLE!

BVGBT160A

BHGBT160C

3/6 MHz A&T3/6 MHz CSC

$325 oo $228.95$425.00 $374.87

DISK CONTROLLERS

DISK 1 DMA FLOPPY CONTROLLER

Fast DMA. Soil Sector, Controls Up to Four 8" or 5%" Single orDouble Density Drives!

BVPDB171ACPM A&T w/CPM 2.2* & BIOS $670.00

When purchased w/two 8" disk drives only

BVPDB171CCPM CSC w/CP/M 2.2T & BIOS S770.00

$489.00$450.00

$595.00$368.95$550.00$148.95

BKGBT171A Disk 1 Controller A&T S495.00

B»GBTI71C Disk 1 Controller CSC S595.00

BKGBTCPMB0 CP/M 2 2' lor Z80/8085 w/manual &

BIOS 8" S/D disk

BKGBTCPM86 CP/M 2 T for 8086 w/manuals & BIOS $2S8.95

8" S/D disk

DISK 2/SELECTOR CHANNEL

HARD DISK CONTROLLER

Fasl DMA 2 hoard sel controls 4 Shugart 4000 series or Fujitsu 2300

type drives Includes CP/M 2.2s

BVGBTI77ABVGBTI77C

Assembled & TestedCSC

S795.00$895 00

$568.95

$850.00

M-DRJVE/H PROGRAM ACCELLERATOR

Interfaces through two 1/0 ports, and runs at 10MHz IEEE 696 compatible

Requires any CompuPro CPU and a DISK 1 Each board contains 512K of

fast, low power (900mA) RAM. with parity checking.

BYGBT197A M-DRIVE/Hw/software.A&T $1895.00 $1249.00BKGBT197C M-DRIVE/Hw/software.CSC $2095.00 $1495.00

STATIC RAM

RAM 17 - 64K CMOS STATIC RAM

12 MHz, RAM 17, 2 Watt, DMA Compatible 24 Bif Addressing

BK6BT175A64BVGBT175C64

64K A&T 12MHz64 K CSC 12MHz

$49900$599.00

$450.00$550.00

RAM 16 - 02K x 16 DIT CMOS STATIC RAM

8 and/or 16 Bit 12MHz, RAM 16, 32K x 16 or 64K x 8 IEEE/69616 Bit 2 Watt. 24 Bit Addressing, 12MHz

BV GBTI80ABVGBT1B0C

64K A&T 12MHz64KCSC 12MHz

$550.00 $510.00

$65000 $610.00

RAM 21 - 128K STATIC RAM

816 RAM 21 12MHz, 128K x 8 or 64K x 16 IEEE/6968 or 16 Bit, 1.2 Amps, 24 Bit Addressing, 12MHz

BVGBT190A 128K A&T $109500 $858.95

BVGBT190C I28KCSC $1245 00 $1125.00

I/O BOARDS

SYSTEM SUPPORT 1 MULTIFUNCTION BOARD

Serial port (software prog, baud), 4K RAM included, 15 levels ofinterrupt real time clock, optional math processor.

Part No.

Description

Uit Price Our Price

BVGBT162ABVGBT162CBVGBTB231BVGBT8232I BVGBTI62AM1B«6BTI62CMIBVGBT162AM2BVGBTI62CM2

Assembled & Tested

CSC

Math Chip

Math Chip

A&T w/8231 Math Chip

CSC w/8231 Math Chip

A&T w/8232 Math Chip

CSC w/8232 Math Chip

$450.00 $308.95

$550.00 $495.00

$105.00

$195.00

$645.00 $538.95

$745.00 $670.00

$645.00 $538.95

$745.00 $670.89

S-100 MOTHERBOARDS

Active Termination. 6-12-20 Slot

8VGBTI53ABVGBT153CBIGBTI54ABK6BTI54C8I6BT155ABV GBT15SC

A&T 6 slot (2 lbs.)CSC 6 slot (2 lbs.)A&T 12 slot (3 lbs.)CSC 12 slot (3 lbs.)A&T 20 slot (4 lbs.)CSC 20 slot (4 lbs.)

$140.00 $125.00$190.00 $155.00$17500 $155.00$240.00 $220.00

$265.00 $235.00

$340.00 $310.00

INTERFACER 1

Two Serial I/O

BKGBT133A Assembled & Tested $295.00 $198.95

BWBT13SC CSC $370.00 tUt.OO

INTERFACER 2

Ttiree parallel, one serial I/O board

BKGBTI50A Assembled & Tested $325.00 $249.00

BYGBT150C CSC $399.00 $359.00

INTERFACER 3

Eight-channel multi-user serial 1/0 board

BKGBT1748A Assembled & Tested $699.00 $518.95

BVGBTI748C CSC 200 hr. 8 port $849.00 $748.39

BKGBT1745A Assembled & Tested $599.00 $448.95

BVGBT1745C CSC 200 hr. 5 port $699.00 $628.69

INTERFACER 4

Three Serial, 1 Parallel. 1 Centronics Parallel

BVGBTI67A8KGBT187C

Assembled & TestedCSC

$450.00$540.00

$314.87

$414.87

MPX CHANNEL BOARDS

1/0 Multiplexer, using 8085A-2 CPU on board W/16K RAM

BVGBT166A16 Assembled & TestedBVGBT186C16 CSC

$649.00 $584.89$749.00 $674.89

596 S-100- ULTRA LOW POWER!

RAM 22

Fully static design eliminates timing problems

associated with Dynamic RAMs (<4 Watts)

Guaranteed to work with any IEEE/696 S-100

DMA device

24 bit extended addressing

8 or 16 bit data

Single 5 V operation

Assembled and Tested

EQ6BT198A

12 MHz

SUPER SALE PRICE:

$1500.00

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY 2 OR MORE

$1595.00™

128K RAM 21

• Fully static design uses less power than dynamics(1.2A typical)

• 24 bit extended addressing

• 8 or 16 bit data

• 16K window deselect

• Switch selectable PHANTOM disable

• Fully DMA compatible

• Assembled and Tested

BVGBTRAM21 LIST PRICE: $1295.00

12 MHz

SUPER SALE PRICE:

$650.00

EACH, WHEN YOU BUY TWO OR MORE

$695.00

64K 10MHz LOW POWER S-100 IEE/STATIC RAMS

RAM 17 RAM 16

64K 8 BIT / 24 BIT ABBBESS 64K 8 or 32K 16 BIT / 24 BIT ABBRESS

[QBBTRAM17 List Price: $499.00 E]GBTRAM16 List Price: $550.00

List Price: $499.00

.00

$325.00

'do

m

PRIORITYLoneJeLECTRONICS

9161 Deem ig Ave.. Chatswor th. CA 9131'

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 523-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

forms U S. VISA. MC. BAC Check. Money Order. U.S Funds Only. Ca residents add6%% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER$15*00. Include MINIMUM SHIP-PING & HANDLING of S3 00 lor the firsl 3 lbs. plus 404 for each additional pound Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect Just in case, include your phone number. Pricessubject to change without notice We will do our best to maintain prices through October, 1983. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, no rainchecks. no refunds or exchang-es on sale merchandise Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We are not responsible for typographical errors

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: CChotsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - Olivine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

TELETEK

THE SYSTEiMASTER Z80SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER

FEATURES:

• Z80A 4 MHz CPU with 64K bytes of on-board RAM • RAM ispartitioned into two banks.* One is always active, and the otherdeselectable, allowing the use of MP/M • Provisions for and EPROM(2716,2732. or 2764) • Two RS232 serial I/O ports, 45 to 19,200 baud

• Two 8 bit parallel I/O ports • DMA floppy disk controller • Single ordouble density, single or double sided • Controls up to 4 drives ot 5 1/4"or 8" drives • Simultaneous operation of four 8" and 5%" drives • Realtime clock

SyncMaster* For Operation With CP/W

Industrial Computer Designs

Hi'iii'ii'iHiiiiiilH

S-100 TO "REAL WORLD'INTERFACE PRODUCTS

64 INPUT 8 BIT A/0 D/A CONVERTERS

«337

I05

2 Serial, 3 Parallel S-100 Interface

Part No. Description

List Price Our Price

BV TLKAJOOI Configured with a 250 nS pre^rite $895.00 $650.00

comp for use with Sugart and

Siemens 3" drivesBV TLKA1002 Configured with a 0 nS prewrite S895 00 $850.00

comp for use with Qume, Tandon.

Mitsubishi and MPI8" drives

SysteMaster" For Operation with TurboDOS"BV TLKAI003 Configured with a 250 nS prewrite $895.00 $050.00

comp for use with Shugart

and Siemens 8" drivesBVTLKAT004 Configured with a 0 nS prewrite $895.00 $850.00

comp for use with Qume, Tandon,

Mitsubishi, and MPI 8" drives

Shipping weights on above items: 2 lbs. each

FEATUhfcS:

• Z80A4MHz,otZ80B6MHzCPU • 128K (fully populated) onboardRAM • Memory can be partioned onto 4 K segments on any 4 K boundary

• Provisions for one 2716.2732. or 2764 EPROM • Two RS232 serialports. 4 i to 19.200 baud • Two parallel ports

Part Number Description

Price

BVICDAD64100 64 input 8 bit S-100 A/D board $295.06

BVI1DDM4100 64 output 8 bit S-100 D/A board $396.00

REMOTE SENSORS, ALARMS, VALVES, AND

CONTROLLERS FOR 0SE WITH ABOVE A/D D/A

CONVERTER HOARDS

BVICDRTSl remote temperature sensor II lb.) $ 29.95

BVICDHLS1 remote light sensor (1 lb.) $ 29.95

BVICDRMSl remote moisture sensor (1 lb.) $ 59.95

BKICDRSDfll rewmote smoke detector alarm (2 lbs.) $129.00

BVICDDNVAC1 in-line remote air-conditioner & heating $ 94.95controller (1 lb)

Air Conditioning 0 Heating Duct Valves

Part No.

Description

Ult Price Our Price

BV SSMI05A Assembled & Tested

$329.00 $288.95

lOfl

8 Port Serial I/O S-100 Board

BY SSMI0BA Assembled 8. Tested

$550.00 $450.00

104

2 Serial, 2 Parallel I/O S-100 Board

BV SSMI04A Assembled & Tested

$290.00 $245.00

2706/2716 EPROM PROGRAMMER C EPROM DOARD

Programs2708 and2716 EPR0Ms.Holds4 2708s(4K)or4 2716s(8K)

B> SSMMiiBA Assembled & Tested

$265.00 $2I9.«7

BV ICD.WV07BV ICDA0V08BV ICDADV09BVICOADVIOBWICDADVIIBVICDADVI2BVICDMDV13BVICDADV14

7" diameter valve8" diameter valve9" diameter valve10" diameter valve11" diameter valve12" diameter valve13" diameter valve14" diameter valve

(4 lbs.)

(4 lbs.)

(5 lbs.)

(5 lbs.)

(6 lbs.)

(6 lbs.)

(6 lbs.)

(6 lbs.)

$ 74.95$ 75.95$ 76.95$ 79.95$ 81.95$ 83.95$ 84.95$ 85.95

DUAL.

64 PIN CARLE ASSEMBLIES

Pert No. Description

List Price Our Price

BVTLKA10274MHZ SBC-1 W/128K RAMBVTUXA102B6MHZ SBc-1 W/128K RAM

$ 945.00 $ 895.00$11.5.00 $1050.00

NON VOLATILE CMOS RAMS

16. or 32K. 8 or 16 Bit Data. Battery Backup On Board 6MHz.Bank Selectable

BV0ULCMEMB 8K A&TBVDULCMEM16 I6KASTBVDULCMEM32 32 K A&T

$495.00 $450.00$595.00 $550.00$695.00 $650.00

LONG DISTANCE ADAPTOR BOARDS

BVTLKA1200PSCIRS232) long distance interfaces to 50 It. $I25.|10BVTLKA1202 PSC (RS422) long distance interface up to4000 It $125 00BV TLKA1220 PPD parallel interlace lor up to 250 ft. $ 55.00

Z60A MULTI-FUNCTIONEDCPU DOARD

FEATURES:

• Z80 4MHz CPU

• Floppy disk controller: Controlls single/double sided, single/doubledensity. 5 1/4" and 8" disk drives or both at the same time (4 drivesmaximum) • On board 2716 monitor EPROM • Provisions for two more2716 EPROMs • Two RS232 serial ports (45 to 9600 baud) • Twoparallel ports • Real time clock • PROM programmer lor 2716s(requires an external voltage source)

Part No. Description List Price Our Price

BVTLKA1099FDC-1 0 nS prewrite comp for $695.00 $660.00

use with QUME. MITSUBISHI,

TANDON, and MPIBVTLKA1105 FDC-1 250 nS prewrite comp tor $695.00 $600.00

use with SHUGART. and SIEMENS

256K DYNAMIC MEMORY DOARD

FEATURES:

• Guaranteed tooperaleat 4MHz with nowaitstates • 256KdynamicRAM uses the popular 4164 1C • PHANTOM signal disables output ofdata Irom the memory board • On board refresh • Timing changes arecforu wit h jumpers to allow operation with 808C, Z80,8085, or Alpha MicroCPUs • Each of 16 banks are made up of 4 K byte segments • Eachsegment may be individually enabled or disabled

BYICD464PCA 64 pin single ended A' long [2 lbs.) $ 59.25DVICD.0B4PCA 64 pin single ended 10' long (3 Ibs.j $ 89.95BYICD20B4PCA 64 pin single ended 20' long (6 lbs.) $145.00

"HOW TO" APPUCATION NOTES

h you would like to learn more about the ICD Designer Control Series ofperipherals, ICD offers a complete collection of "How To" applicationsnotes. See how your computer can control your home or office, or be usedas part of an industrial control system.BVICDAPN Application notes (1 lb.) $ 15.00

S-100 CLOCK/CALENDAR DOARDS

BVIC0ACA100 With alarm circuit $228.00

BVIC0CT100 With timer down to .01 second $345.00

BVICDCTS Software lor ICDCT100 hoard $34.95

on 8" CP/M format

IntercontinentalMicro Systems

>A DMA SDC & Z60D SLAVES

256 K DYNAMIC MEMORY

256K, 230 ns access time, 2 x 128K organization, 24 bil addressing,parity error detection.

BVD0LDMEM258K Assembled & Tested

$1295.00 $1195.00

32/64K EPROM DOARD

8 or 16 bit data, holds 2716s (32K). or 2732s (64 K)

BVOULEPR0M32 For 2716s A&TBV DULEPR0M64 For 2732s A&T

$295.00 $275.00$295.00 $275.00

A/D CONVERTER

12 Bit Resolution 16 or 32 Channel Input

BV DULAIMI2 Assembled & TestedBV D0LAIM12B Without inslru. Amp

$69500 $625.00$645.00 $598.00

D/A CONVERTER

4 Channel, 12 Bit 3 Output Modes

Assembled & Tested

$695.00 $618.95

S-100 IEEE/696 COMPATIBLE -1 YEAR WARRANTY!

CPZ-48000 FEATURES:

• 4MHzZ80A,64KRAM

• Floppy disk personality cardincluded for 5'A" or 8"floppy disk drives

• RS232 personality card included

• Two serial - two parallel l/0s

Pert Number Description

SLAVE PROCESSOR

Z80 4 or 6MHz CPU (specify

at time ol order)

Two serial • two parallel l/Os

64 K RAM

TURB000S compatible

SIERRA DATA SCIENCES

S-100 SDC DOARD

280A 4 MHz, 2 Serial RS232 interfaces, 1 parallel interface, 64 K RAM.Floppy Disk Controller, provisions for one 2732 EPROM —

ALL ON THIS ONE BOARDS

$895.00 $655.00disk $150.00

1 disk $450.00disk $750.00

Part No. Description

Ult Price Our Price

BVIT.KAI066 Populated to 64kBUTLKAI069 Populated to 256k

$550.00$995.00

$520.00$945.00

BV ICMCPZ480008

BV ICMCPZ480005

BV ICM25e«MB

BVICMCPS4A

BVICMCPS4S

BVICMCPS6A

BVICMCPS6S

BVICMRS232BVICMCENTDBVICMeFDC

BVICM5F0CBVICMCLKCAL

SBC lor 8" floppySBC lor 5'A" floppy256 KByte RAM4 MHz slave/asynch. port4MHz slave/synch, port6MHz slave/asynch port6MHz slave/synch port(Shipping weight: 2 lbs. each)RS232 Personality CardCentronics Parallel Personality Card8" Floppy Disk Personality Card5'A" Floppy Disk Personality CardClock Calendar

HARD DISK/CARTIDGETAPE CONTROLLER

• A I S0A CPU • Support of 5'A" rigid-disk drives (ST506 or equival-ent) w;"h • Controller communications with the host processor via 2K •Two 28-pin sockets allowing the use of up to 16K bytes of on-boardEPROM and up to 8K bytes of on-board RAM • Cartridge tape drive •Expansion is made possible with an external card.Available early 4th Quarter of 1983

TELETEK software

I Software with no prewrite compensation Installer).CP/M" For SysteMaster"

BVTLKA1130Hard Disk/Tape controller 4MHz $795.00BV TLKA1131 Hard Disk/Tape controller 6MHz $845.00

$750.00$796.00

4 SERIAL AND 2 PARALLEL DOARD

FEATURES:

• 2 RS232 serial ports with lull handshaking, (45-19.200) baud* Eachport is speed independent • The Z80A CTC may be implemented as a reallime clock • Two parallel ports with the Z80A PI0 IC

Pari No.

Description

List Price Our Price

VTLKA1175 PSIO 4 serial 2 parallel ports $325.00 $295.00

Part Number Description

Price

BVTLKBI001 CP/M" on 8" and 5%" 35 track disks $135.00

CP/M" FOB FDC-1BV TUB103I CP/M» on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00

TurhoDoi'" For All TELETEK Floppy Controllers

BVTLKB1238 V1.22 single user $300.00

BVTIKBI239 V1.22 single us.rr w/spooling $350.00

BVTUB1240 V1.22rnultjuser.singleuser.&spoolingsoltware $750.00Software with s 250 nS prewrite compensation Installed.CP/M' For The SysteMaster"

BVTIKB100SBVTLKB10IO

BVTLKB1036BVTIKB1D40

CP/M1 on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00

CP/Mson8"lorTANDONTM848THINLINE $135.00

CP/M" For the FDC-1

CP/M" on 8" and 5'A" 35 track disks $135.00

CP/M* on 8" lor TANDON TM848 THINLINES $135.00

Z80 CPU 2 or 4MHz

On board RS232 Serial port, On board 2K Monitor, ROM. Power onjump lo any location in 64 K, LED status indicators for ROM select,

halfstate and interrupts.BVCCS2810A Z80A4MHZCPU A&T $325.00 $258.95

CCS271901

BVCCS271901 2 Serial. 2 Parallel. A&T $360.00 $288.95 CCS27201

BVCCS272001 4 Port Parallel. A&T $275.00 $218.95

CCS271001 ^__

BVCCS271001 4 Port Serial. A&T $325.00 $278.95

CCS203O

BVCCS2B300I Assembled & Tested

$550.00 $428.95

CCS206601

64K Dynamic S-100 RAM. Cromemco CROMIX~ Compatible.

BV CCS208601 Assembled & Tested

CCS2422A

Floppy disk controller w/CP/M 2.2BV CCS2422A Assembled & Tested

$450.00 $425.00

$475.00 $337.95

658

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 523-5922 - CA AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

MACROTECH MAX: 1 SLOT, 1 MEGABYTE!

SEE PAGE 477 FOR MORE DETAILS!

Features:

• S-100/IEEE-696 lull compatibility

• Various configurations — field upgradeable: 256K - 384 K • 512K • and

t Megabyte!

• High speed — 6 MHz in 8 bit environments and 8 M Hz in 16 bit environ-ments with no wait states

• Under CP/M 2.2"'. CP/M 3.0". CP/M 86"' or MP/M ir. all or part ot the

memory may be devided between system memory and virtual disk

• M3 Memory mapping option lor 8-bit environments {Translated 16-bitlogical address lo 24-bit physical address). Gives Z-80. 8080, or8085 16 MEG address space

• DMA lully supported in accordance with IEEE/696

• Low power consumption: 4.0 Amps (1 MEG): 3.0 Amps (256K)

• 6 Layer HOST and 4 layer "piggy-back" card lor noise-lree operation

• Fully socketed — Augut HOLTITE" zero profile sockets on all ICs0R0ERING INFORMATION: The 256K and 384K versions include the lullysocketed Host card. The 512K and larger versions also include the fullysocketed "piggy-back" card. To order the M3 Memory Mapping Option,add M3 to the end of the part number and add S90.00 to the price.

Part Number Description Our Price

BVMACMAX256 256K Dynamic RAM (AST) $1225.00

BVMACMAX384 384 K Dynamic RAM (AST) $1467.00

BVMACMAX5I2 512K Dynamic RAM (A&T) $1800.00

BVMACMflXM 1 MEG Dynamic RAM (A&T) $2449.00

BUMACMAXTHI MAX Technical Manual $ 15.00

8VMACMAXVDSK MAX Virtual Disk Software supplied on $ 25.008" S/D Disk

MACROTECH UPGRADE KITS

Each MAX board is ugradeable in 128K increments. Each upgradeincludes the RAMs and the proprietary PALs(Programmable Array Logic)required to change the board addressing. Call or write lor upgrade kits notlisted.

BVMACMKT23 Upgrade from 256K to 3B4K $ 265.00

BVMACMKT2M Upgrade trom 256K to 1 MEGABYTE $1747.00

BVMACMKT3M Upgrade Irom 384K to 1 MEGABYTE $1500.00

B»MACMKT5I» Upgrade from 512K lo 1 MEGABYTE $1005.00

Sierracin/Power Systems

S-100 OPEN FRAMELINEAR SUPPLIES

+ 8V <a> 8A + 8V @ 20A

+ 16V @ 2A ±16V @ 4A

B«$PtZDSI00 (9 Ibsl List: S85.00 BKSPUFS100 (14 lbs.) List S140.00

'ilcE $78.00 pSIce $129.00

SWITCHING POWER SUPPLYFOR DISK DRIVE APPLICATIONS

200 Won - 5 Output

5V I? 20A 12V rs 4A -5V @ ,7A

+12V S> 4A/7.5A Pk 24V » 3.2A/6A Pk

BVSPS7M20D (7 lbs.) List Price: $275.00

SALE PRICE: $249.00

MDC-555

Standard Features Include:

• MS DOS

• 16 bit 8088 CPU

• 128K internal memory

• 1 single sided/double density disk drive (160 Kbytes)

• Color Graphic Capabilities

• Centronic Printer Port

• Diagnostics, Utilities, Speaker & Joystick Port

• Sanyo Basic

• Runs over 80% of IBM-PC" software

• Word Processing and Spread Sheet Software

BVSY0MBC555 Sanyo IBM-PC" Compatible Computer (Sh. Wt 20 lbs.) $995.00

ASK ABOUT OUR SPECIAL PACKAGES INCLUDING SANYO MONITORS!

PRINTERS

MORROW

20 CDS LETTER QUALITY

The MORROWrDESIGNS MP200 type daisywheel printer provides all ofthe features that you would require in a letter quality printer. Features suchas 96 character set. 10/12/15 character pitch and proportional spacing.full 13.2" printing width, and a Centronics parallel interface to list just afew. are what makes the MORROW DESIGNSMP200 your first choice ina low cost letter quality printer.FEATURES:

• 20 cps (Shannon text) print speed - Bi-directional Printing

• 10/12/15 Character pitch and proportional spacing

• 17" paper width paper capacity - 13.2" printing width

• Prints up to 5 part forms

• Front panel controls of PAUSE. LINE FEED. FORM FEED, TOF SET

• POWER, ALERT, and PRINT ON front panel indicators

• Very quiet operation

• Optional tractor feed

OUR LOWEST PRICED PRINTER!

BVAXMGP100A 30 cps 80 col. dot matrix (11 lbs.) $199.00

Part Number Description

List price Gur Price

BVM0SMP200 MP200w/RS232 serial interface S950.00

(Shipping weight: 35 lbs.)0HMDSMPT50TK MP200 Iractor feed

RIDDON CARTRIDGES

BVSRP5504BVSRP5505

Single strike film ribbonMultistrike ribbonPRINT WHEEL

$795.00$125.00

$ 4.05$ 8.95

OKI DATA

TRACTOR INCLUDED (25 lbs.) $449.00

TRACTOR INCLUDED (35 lbs.) $729.00

OKIDATA 92A Parallel (25 lbs.) $400.00

OKIDATA92A Serial (25 lbs.) $599.00

0KIDATA92A Tractor (2 lbs.) $ 79.95

0klDATA93A parallel (35 lbs.) $030.00

0KI0ATA93A Serial (35 lbs.) $995.00

MANNESMANN TALLY

LETTER QUALITY DOT MATRIX PRINTER

BV0KIDAT82ATBV0KI0AT83ATDV0KIDAT92APBV0KIDAT92ASBV0KIDAT92ATBV0KIDAT93APBV0KIDAT93AS

BVSRPC0URIER10 Courier 10 pica

BVSRPC0URIER12 Courier 12. elite

BVSRPMODERN Proportional type

HVSRPSCRIPT Script elite

GEMINI 10X6 15

BVGEHIOX 120 cps Parallel Int. 80 col. (20 lbs.)BVGEM15 100 cps Parallel Int. 132 col (26 lbs.)BVGEMSERINT Serial interlace card for GEM15 (1 lb)BVGEHSERINTX Serial interface for GEM10X (1 lb.)BV6EMSERINTX4K Serial interlace & 4K buffer for GEM10X

60 cps

• 40 cps (Letter quality)

• Serial & Parallel Interface

• Double wide charactersBVTALMT160L 160 cps 8(

Tractor and friction feed"Bullet-Proof cast Iramewith metal cabinet

PRIORITY

col (21 lbs.)

BVTALMT180L 160 cps 132 col, (28 lbs.)

$569.00$784.00

QUME LETTER QUALITY

45 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $1789.00

55 cps Sprint 9 serial (49 lbs.) $2195.00

40 cps Sprint 11 (45 lbs.) $1380.00

RS232 Module lor Sprint 11 (3 lbs.) $ 99.00

Centronics parallel lor Sprint 11 (3 lbs.) $ 99.00

IEEE488 Module tor Sprint 11 (3 lbs.) $ 99.00

IBM module lor Sprint If (3 lbs.) $ 99.00

Bi-Directional Tractor (9 lbs.) $ 349.00

Wire baskel (2 lbs.) $ 05.00

Cut Sheet Feeder (20 lbs.) $ 849.00

ELECTRONICS

rf^ffl; -^W

ORDER TOLL FREE (800) 523-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (210) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA, MC. BAC, Check. Money Order. U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6%% Sales Tax. MINIMUM PREPAID ORDERSlSllO. Include MINIMUM SHIP-PING & HANDLING of S3.00 for Ihe first 3 lbs. plus 40c lor each additional pound Orders over50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, include your phone number. Pricessubject to change without notice. We will do our test to maintain prices through October. 1983. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, norainchecks. no refunds or exchang-es on sale merchandise. Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freighl. Sale prices tor prepaid orders only. We are no! responsible for typographical errors.

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chcrtsworth:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

SIEMENS FDD100-6

8" FLOPPY DISK DRIVE

SINGLE SIDED, DODDLE DENSITYSHUGART 801R COMPATIBLE

$175.00 each

$169.00 ea.2-910+ CALL

OEM INQUIRIES INVITED

BVSIEF0D100B (Include S7.00 per drive (or shipping)

DUY DRIVE 0 CABINET

TOGETHER AND SAVE!!

DUAL 8" SIEMENS FDD1008

DUAL 8" CABINET POWER SUPPLY

AND INTERNAL POWER CABLES

Positive Pressure Filter Cooling • Hinged to (or easy access

- Power Supply: 4A@+5V, 3A@+24V • Heavy non-flex .090 aluminum

1A @ -5V base

• Each output is individually fused • Modular power connectors

IF BOUGHT SEPARATELY: 9890.00SPECIAL SALE PRICE:

$625.00

BVPDBIIISIE (Include $30.00 for shipping)

BVIIIF0E002 CABINET ONLY (Sit Wt. 38 lbs.) $295.00

OUR FINEST DUAL 8"DISK DRIVE CABINET!

International

Instrumentation

Incorporated

Positive pressure forced air cooling for reliable disk drive operation

• AC input EMI filtered to sixamps to help prevent diskcrashes due tD power spikesand line noise

Part No.

MIIIU0E004 (Sh. Wt 40 lbs.)

< Integral power supply with 5V@ 6A/-5V(S) 1A/24V<a 6A1 Each DC supply and ACseparately fusedList Price .Our Price$495.00 $349.011

With augmented power supply to handle Tandon Slimline, or Winchesterdisk drives. Includes the disk environment monitor.DVIIIUDE004AUB (Sh. Wt. 40 lbs.) $733.00 $625.00

S584.95 $3900

B* IIIUDE004EM (Sh Wt 40 lbs)

DUAL 5W HARD DISK ENCLOSURE

The IIIHD5002 enclosure pro-vides all of the necessary powerlor two TANDON TM500 seriesor equivalent hard disk drives,and Xebec Controller. Forced aircooling is provided by a 33 cfmfan, and is filtered lo keep yourequipment running at its best!

Part Number

Description

List Price Our Price

Dual hard disk enclosure

(Shipping Weight: 20 lbs)

$42500 $375.00

DISK DRIVES

TANDON 5V4" HARD DISK

BVTNDTM501 1 platter 6 Mbyte (Sh. WL 9 lbs.) $749.00BVTNDTM502 2 platter 12 Mbyte (Sh. Wt 9 lbs.) $895.00BVTNDTM503 3 platter 19 Mbyte (Sh. Wt 9 lbs.) $1049.00

DUAL HARD DISK ENCLOSURE

BPIIMMMi

For above drives

TANDON 5V*"

$395.00

BVTNDTM100I 1Sided48TPI $225.00 2 FOR SI95.00 eachBVTNDTMI002 2Sided48TPI $260.00 2FOR$235.00eachBVTNDTM1003 1Sided96TPI $275.00 2 FOR $250.00 eachBVTNDTMI004 2Sided96TPI $390.00 2FOR$365.00each(Shipping Weight! on sboie Items: 5 lbs. each)

MPI5V4" FULL HEIGHT

BVMPI51- 1 Sided 48 TPI

BV MPI52* 2 Sided 48 TPI

BWMP191- 1 Sided 96 TPI

8HMPI92* 2 Sided 96 TPI

•Replace with an"bezel.

$200.00$270.00

$275.00$400.00

' for the MPI style bezel, or with an "S" tor Shugarl style(Shipping Weight: 5 lbs)

MPI 5V4" HALF HEIGHT

BVMPI501 1 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wt. 4 lbs.) $260.00

BVMPI502 2 Sided 48 TPI (Sh. Wt 4 lbs) $300.00

BVMPIB01 1 Sided 96 TPI (Sh. Wt 4 lbs) $300.00

BVMPI902 2 Sided 96 TPI (Sh Wt. 4 lbs.) $355.00

SHUGART 8" FULL HEIGHT

| BVSHU801R 1 sided (18 lbs) $369.00

QUME 8" FULL HEIGHT

| BVPMEDT8 2 sided (18 lbs.) $480.00

2 FOR $460.00 each

MITSUBISHI 8" FULL HEIGHT

| BVMITM2894B3B 2 sided (18 lbs.) $380.00

MPI 8" FULL HEIGHT

BVMPM1S 1 sided (11 lbs)I BVMPM2S 2 sided (11 lbs.)

$380.00$460.00

MPI 8" DUAL HALF HEIGHT

(SAME SIZE AS ONE FULL HEIGHT)

BVMPI4ID 1 sided (22 lbs.)BVMPI42D 2 sided (22 lbs.)

$760.00$870.00

TANDON 8" HALF HEIGHT

BVTNDTMB481 1 sided (9 lbs.) $395.00

2 FOR $375.00 each

| BVTN0TNI84B2 2 sided (9 lbs.) $495.00

2 FOR $475.00 each

MPI 8" HALF HEIGHT

BVMPI4IM f sided (11 lbs.)BVMPI42M 2 sided (11 lbs)

$380.00

$460. OO

5Va" DRIVE CADINETS

BVJMR1C5 Single 5'A" Cabinet (5 lbs.) $69.00

BVJMR2C5 Dual 5%" Cabinet (9 lbs.) $09.00

BVJMR2C5C JMR2C5 w/internal data cable (9 lbs.) $99.00

DUAL 8" HALF HEIGHTFLOPPY CABINET

24V @ 4A.5V @ 3A

-5V ta BOOma

Fan cooled

Socketed power connections

All supplies regulated

I

Ust Price Our Price

BVIII0TLOO2 Dual Thin Line Cabinet (12 lbs) $225.00 $165.00

DUY THE CADINET b DRIVES AND SAVE! With 2 Tandon Thlnllnes

BVIPDBII1THD1 Cabinetw/2 TN0TMB4BI -1 sidod(30 lbs.) S 885.00BVIPDBMITNOZ Cabinet W/2TNDTM8482- 2 sided(30 lbs.) $1115.00

With 2 MPI Slimlines

BVPDBIIIMPII Cabinet w/2 MPI41MBVPDBIIIMPI2 Cabinet w/2 MPI42M

1 sided (30 lbs.) S 920.00

2 sided (30 lbs.) $1080.00

Options

BVIIIDTLMPIKIT MPI drive adaptor mounting kit (2 lbs.)BVIIIDCCSNU Shugarl / AC/DC power connector kit (2 lbs.)(For full size single SA801 or compatible drives)

$24.95$14.95

TERMINALS

VISUAL 50

g^fe^^aCTl

(Sh. wt:41 lbs.)

Part number Description

Ust Price SALE PRICE

BVVSL50BW Black & White 12" $695.00BVVS1506N Green Screen 12" $770.00

$625.008055.00

FEATURE COMPARISON CHART

VISUAL HiziIIJh ADDS50 Esprit Vlrapolat

tear TelltldlflSltglir 110ADM-5

Tilt & SwivelDetached KeyboardN-Key RolloverAudible Key ClickMenu Set-Up ModeStatus tineFull 5 Attribute

SelectionSmooth ScrollLine Drawing

Character SetIndependent RCW

TX RatesAnswerback User

Programmable

YESYESYESYESYESYES

YES

YES

HONONOYESNONO

NO

NO

NO

YESYESNONOHO

NO

NO

NONONONONONO

NONO

NONONONONONO

YESNO

no m

NO NO

OPT NO

VISUAL 330

The VSE330 terminals will emulate the DEC VT52. Data General D200.tear Siegler ADM-3 A and Haziltine 1500. Other features include: 12 userprogrammable function keys, line drawing character set, jump or 2 speedscroll, split screen, full editing, and programmable non-volatile columnartabbing or field tabbing forward and backward just to name a few.The VISUAL 300 has all of the same functions as the 330, but does not havemulti-emulation. The VISUAL 300 is ANSI X3.64 compatible.BVKSL3006N ANSI X3.64. 12" Green $1095.00 $995.00

BVVSL330GN Green 12" CRT (Sh. Wl 41 lbs.) $1200.00 $895.00BVVSL33014GNGreen14"CRT(Sh.WT.41 lbs.) S1250.00 $049.00

TELEVIDEO

BV PDBTLV9252P w/2nd page memory kit FREE (A$95.00 Value) $729.00

BVP0BTW9504P w/2nd, 3rd, & 4th page memory kit FREE $929.00

(A 285.00 Value) (above items: 37 lbs. each)

BVTLV910 80 col. terminal (37 lbs.)BVTLV97B 14" 80/132 col. terminal (40 lbs.)

$558.95$1019.00

LIBERTY ELECTRONICS

BVUBF50 Freedom 50 (Sh. Wt. 30 lbs.) $599.00 $474.00

ADDS

BVDDDVWPR Viewpoint 3A+ (30 lbs.)

$69500 $575.00

QUME

BV0ME102 80 Column Green (Sh. Wt 30 lbs.) $550.00

BV QME102AM 80 Column Amber (Sh. Wt. 30 lbs.) $565.00

BV0ME103 80/132 Column Green (Sh. Wt 30 lbs.) $765.00

BV0ME108 22 function key, 80 col. Green (30 lbs.) $749.00

BV 0ME1OBAM 22 function key. 80 col. Amber (30 lbs.) $765.00

ORDER TOLL FREE (000) 523-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111 circle 374 on inquiry c

PRIORITY ONE ELECTRONICS

CALCULATORS ANDPackard HANDHELD COMPUTERS

|^J HEWLETT

HP-75C Computer & Software

B» HP-T5C Portable Computer (9 lbs.)

BV HPO0M5-150I4BVHP00D75-15019BHHP00075-15015BV HP0D075-150I2BV HP00075-1503S

VisiCalc*Text FormatterMath PacSurveying Pac

DataCommunications Pac

S99500 $749.00$195.00$95.00$145.00$295.00

$145.00

HP-41C/CV HANDHELD COMPUTER SYSTEM

BVHM1CB» MIMIC*

BV HTO2104ABVHF62IS3A

BVHP82161ABV HP82162ABV HP82163A

Handheld computerHandheld computervj/5x the memoryCard readerOptical WandCassette driveThermal PrinterVideo Interlace

$195.00 $159.00$275.00 $219.00

$195.00 $159.00$125,00 5 99.00$450.00 $349.00$450.00 $349.00$225.00 $179.00(Shipping Weights on above items: 5 lbs. each)

ENHANCEMENT MODULES:

BV HFB2I60A HP-IL moduleBV HP82170A Quad RAM moduleBV HPB2IB0A Extended functions/

memory moduleBV HP82I8IA Ext memory moduleBVWW2182A Time module

$125.00 $95.00$ 75.00 $59.00$ 75.00 $59.00

$ 75.00 559.00$ 75.00 $59.00

(Shipping Weights on above items: 1 lb each)

We now carry the complete line c! series 40Application Pacs and Solution Books

HP-IL PERIPHERALS

For HP-41 CV&HP-75C

Part No.

Description

Ust Price Our Price

BV HPB2IBDA HP-IL Interlace $125.00 $99.00

included in HP-75CBVHP82IBIA Digital Cassette Drive $45000 $349.00

BV HP82I76A Digital Cassettes (10 pack) $ 95.00

BV HP82162A Thermal Printer/Platter $450.00 $349.00

BV HP82I25A Thermal Printer Paper (6 rolls) $ 10.00

BVHPB2163A Video Interface $225.00 $179.00

BVHP82184A RS-232 Serial Interlace $295.00 $249.00

BVHPB2165AGP10 Interface $295.00 $249.00

SERIES 10 PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS

$ 70.00 $59.00

$ 90.00 $79.00

$12000 $99.00

$120 00 $99.00

$120.00 599.00

BV HP-IOC ScientificBVHP-11C Mv scientificBVHP-12C Adv. linancialBV HP~1SC Adv. sci w/matrixBV HP-16C Digital & Computer science

(Shipping Weights on above calculators: 3 lbs. each)

AC SURGE PROTECTORSFOR YOUR COMPUTER

THE LEMON™ SOURS SURGES

Part No. Description Ust Price Our Price

BVEPDIEMON 6 outlet wall mount $59.95BKPDUHE 6 outlet tW cord 89.50 $69.95

w/power switch(Shipping Weight: 4 lbs. each)

EMI- RR FILTERED AC SURGE PROTECTOR

BKPD0RANGE 6 outlet 416" cord $139.95 $104.95

w/power switchBIEPDPEAGH 6 outlet wall mount $97.50 $ 74.95(Shipping Weight: 4 lbs. each)

1200 BAUD MODEM SALE!

U.S. ROBOTICS

^^

PASSWORD1200 BAUDAuto Originate/Auto Answer

Part Number Description

Ust Price Our Price

BVP0BPASSTEU3 Password Modem w/Com- $528.00 $379.00

munication Software 8" CP/M5'BVP0BPASSTEL5 Password Modem w/Com- $528.00 $379.00

munication Software 5'A" AppleBVPDBADIALTEUAulo Dial 212A Modem $678.00 $495.00

w/Communication software 8" ZPIW'BVPDBADIALTEL5Auto Dial 212A Modem $678.00 $495.00

w/Communication software 5W Apple

R1XON

1200BAUDAUTO DIAL

DIRECT CONNECT MODEMS WITH 10 NUMBER MEMORY

Part Number Description Ust Price Our Price

BVBIXR212A 1200 Baud Stand Alone unit $495.00 S475.00

BVHIXPCZ12A 1200 IBM PC™ modem (2 lbs.) $495.00 $475.00

BVRIXPCCOMI IBM PC™ Modem Software (1 lb.) $ 89.00

BVPOBRIXIBM IBM Modem & Software Together (3 lbs.) $539.00

D.C HAYES

BVDCH0400P

1200 Baud Smartmodem

$695.00 .

5514.95

BVDCH0200P

300 Baud Smartmodem

S279.00 !

229.00

BVBCW300P

Chronograph

S249.00 I

199.00

BV0CH0100P

MicroModem 100

$399.00 j

349.00

BVDCHOO00P

MicroModem II

$379.00 !

299.00

MURA 300 BAUD DIRECT CONNECT

RS232 C Interlace

Full Duplex

Bell 103 compatible

List Price 00R PRICE

$79.00

BHMIHMM100 0-300 baud modem (2 lbs.)BVCNDRS2328F RS232 Cable

$99.55. $79.00$19.95

INTRODUCING THE LOW COST

• Analog Bar Graph

• 3200 Count LCD Display

• Fast, Autoranging

• Simple, Single KnobOperation

• Resistance to32M

• 2000 HourBattery Life

• Diode Test

• VDE, UL Listed

70 SERIES DMM!

3 Models/3 Desk Accuracies

BVFLU73 0.7% Accuracy $85.00BVFLU75 0.5% Accuracy $99.00BVFLU77 0.3%Accuracy $129.00

(Shipping weights: 5 lbs. each)

BVFLUC70 Vinyl Case $ 9.00

BVFLUC71 Holster $ 9.00

(Included with FLU77)

12" RGD COLOR VIDEO MONIOTRS 5%" FLOPPY DISKETTES

TAX/AM

U lie

Part No.

Description

List Price Our Price

BVTAXR6B1 Medium Resolution/310 lines $399.00 $379.00

BVTAXR6B3 Super High Res/630 lines $699.00 $6f« 00

Shipping Weight 30lbs.

INTERFACE BOARDS AND CABLES

BVTAJMPPLE2BGB RGB interface for Apple II S14600BVTAX410-B0 RGB 80 col int. for *.pple lie $199.00BVTrUIBMRBB RGB cable for IBM PCBVTMRBBAPL RGB cable for Apple Ile and III

Shipping weight: 1 lb on each

FEATURES: D"* ^fl **

• Includes . enforcement ring

• 100% Surface tested

• Write protect with tabs

• Lifetime warranty!

SINGLE SIDED

40 TRACKS —DOUBLE DENSITY

1 BOX

OF 10:

2

ORDERING INFORMATION BOXES:

BV0LT514B1 Soft SectorBVULT5141B 10 SectorBVULT51416 16 Sector

10BOXES:

$ 25.00$ 40.00

$180.00

PRIORITY

BVULT52401 Soft sector, 40 track, 2 sided

BVULT52410 10 sector, 40 track 2 sided

BVULT524I6 16 sector. 40' track, 2 sided

1 BOX OF 10 2 BOXES 10 BOXES

$35.00 $60.00 $280.00

(Shipping weights: 1 lb. per box)

ELECTRONICS

^J;:,-^B

:A 91311

9161 Deerinq Ave„.ChatswortriORDER TOLL FREE (800) 423-5922 - CA, AK, HI CALL (213) 709-5111

Terms. U.S. VISA. MC, BAC. Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds Only. CA residents add 6W% Sales Tax, MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER S1 ^00. Include MINIMUM SHIP-PING & HANDLING of S3 00 for the first 3 lbs. plus 40* for each additional pound. Orders over 50 lbs. sent freight collect. Just in case, please include phone numberPrices subject to change wilhou! notice. We will do our best to maintain prices through October, 1983. Many quantities are limited. Sorry, no rainchecks, no refunds orexchanges on sale merchandise Credit Card orders will be charged appropriate freight Sale prices for prepaid orders only. We are nol responsible for typographical errors

RETAIL STORE PHONE NUMBERS: (Chorsworrh:) (210) 709-5464 - (Irvine:) (714) 660-1411

Circle 374 on inquiry card.

FAST PRECISIONA/D FOR APPLE II®

• 40,000 SAMPLES / SECONDDATA ACQUISITION RATE

• 12-BIT RESOLUTION

• 0.1% ACCURACY

• 8 ANALOG INPUT CHANNELS

• REMARKABLE PRICE $375

ALSOl LOW-COST PRECISION A/D12 SAMPLES / SECOND $195

ACCESSORIES

2CHANNEL THERMOCOUPLE THERMOMETER

1 ■ CENTIGRADE ACCURACY $135

6-CHANNEL THERMOMETER $155

16-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER $160

1 -4 CHANNEL OUTPUT CONTROLLER CALL

LAWSON LABS, INC.

5700 RAIBE ROAD

COLUMBIA FALLS, MONTANA 59912406-387-5355

age 65

years worked 40

retirement benefits 0

The U.S. Department of Labor has a freebooklet that will help you answer thesequestions and a lot more. Send for it today.Write: Pensions, Consumer InformationCenter, Pueblo, Colorado 81009

U.S. Department of Labor

6" DISKETTES ALSO AVAILABLE

TOP QUALITY

5V* DISKETTES

SPECIFY SOFT, 10 or 16 SECTORSS/10

• wahash S'1U Sl5° s/10°SSDD(M13A411X) 23.00 112.00 218.00DSDD(M14A411X) 30.00 146.00 286.00

• control data

SSDDICDC1242-00) 22.00 106.00 210.00

DSDD(CDC1244-00) 30.50 147.00 290.00

• 3M scotch

SSDD (3M 744D-0) 22.00 109.00 213.00

DSDD (3M 745-0) 31.00 150.00 295.00

• verbatim

SSDD(MD525-01-18158) 25.20 124.00 245.00DSDD(MD550-01-18188I 36.50 180.00 355.00

• max ell

SSDD(MAX-MD-IM) 28.95 140.00 270.00

DSDD (MAX-MDZ-DM) 39.00 192.00 380.00

• dysan

SSDD (DYS 104-1D) 36.00 177.00 350.00

DSDD (DYS 104-2D) 4100 202.00 400.00

CALL TOLL. FREE 800-824-7888

(VISA, M.C.. COD. ORDERS ONLY) "jmjSKKSeJS"

fteativity

VnL

CHECKS M.O., VISA.M.C.—ADD $2.00 SHIPCA. RESIDENTS ADD6% SALES TAXSURCHARGE ON ORDERSSHIPPED OUTSIDE USA

I Dealer Inquiries Invited

UTLL

P.O. BOX 3304SflRftTOGfl, C(1 95070,

(408) 252-4210

Circle 555 on inquiry card.

Circle 556 on inquiry card.

BIG SALE

CALL .... GOODWILL ELECTRONICS CO.

| APPLE HARDWARE |

„„,„,

ASK Compact compulur IKcytionrd A ttardcnse! ...

Z-BOcaid

Pa 11*

AW 207

.«

Wb accept

Visa. Master Cnarge. cnect and C O D CA residents a

d 6Vc Tai

Stopping

3 DO lor drat 3 lb* doc tor eacti additional

GOODWILL ELECTRONICS CO.

1B90I CflENSHAW BLVD.

TORRANCE. CA 90504

(213} 532-9624

SOURCE SOFTWARE

Professional-quality, CP/M compatibleZ80 assembler accepts standard Zilogmnemonics as well as 19 pseudo-ops.prints a sorted symbol table, and canread from multiple input files. Modularstructure allows easy revision as across-assembler.

Complete souce listing with detailedtutorial on theory of assemblers is con-tained m a 200-page manual. Profes-sional techniques fully explained includeRadix 40, binary search, expressionprocessing by recursive descent, etcSource code also available on a standardformat 8" SSSD disk

Manual with listing S25Manual and 8" disk S50

(foreign Drders add S3 surface S10 an mail)

'EKinrj Sojfwrun

PO Box 208Red Bank, N.J. 07701(201) 530-7245NJ residents please add 6"'u sales lax

1" ANNIVERSARY

CHRISTMAS SPECIAL

■k DRAWING FOR A FREE *

^gpPPte

GARDEN OF EDEN

COMPUTERS

13147 Cedar Street

Westminster, CA 92683

MAIL ORDERS ONLY

714-894-9528

24 Hours - 7 Days

Hayes Smartmodem

1^200 BD RS 232 $479.00/

-a*—f—

'■"■'■'■'■'■'."TT.TT

wSSSSSSy

ffffiEEffiE

FOR DETAILS &OUR FREE PRICE LISTCALL, WRITE OR USE R/S#

Circle 557 on inquiry card.

Circle 262 on inquiry card.

Circle 558 on inquiry card.

HOOKING IN

THE UNDERGROUND

BULLETIN BOARD WORKBOOK

FIRST TIME BETWEEN TWO COVERS

'83-'84 EDITION (Periodic Updates)

No matter what type of computer you own, thisbook will get you on-line TODAY!Complete information on computer bulletinboard systems including:

• What they are (and what's happening).

• Kinds of information available.

• Public domain systems.

• Free software (and how to get yours).

• Blitz course in telecomputing.

• Buyer's guide to modems.

Over 400 verified listings. Periodicallydated. On-line Logbook. ElectronicAddress Book.$14.95 P.P. Make checks payable to:

Computer Food Press

Div. of Coltrane & Beach

31754 Foxfield Dr.

Westlake Village, CA 91361

^^^_, (213) 462-0888

VKA ^'sa ancf Mastercard Accepted.

Up-Mail

1

fcleCOMM -A Complete Versatile, User-friendly &Telecommunicating

ELECTRONIC MAIL

TeleVideo'- , CP/M'- , MP/M . TurboDOS based Computers.TaleCOMM provides you with the most efficient and cost-effective meanof commut

lultWSInHto-ui«r Con

Listed P

i: IW9S

Special Introductory P'ice: 8280

Tele WORD — WORD PROCESSOR

CPM Baseu & Modem Interlaced

Built-in Operating System Commands

PlMword Protected Transactions • Fully Menu-driver Functions

Page/Document Format * Hoiuoniil and Vertical Scroll

Columnar Procoasmg

Special Introductory Price: 898

TurbuI)OS™-Free Consulting. S, Demo. Customized Drivers.Multiuser: K49S

TclcllOST™- Allows vaur terminal/computer to communicate with othtcomputers via telephone links. Prlea: Wf>

Td*iJST™-MBilina List Program. Prints Labels. Price: MS

International (Computers & I elecommunications, Inc.

932 Hungerford Drive, 16-B, Rockville, MD 20850

(3011 251-0062

0,

BG BANK64SMAXIMUM FLEXIBILITY!

. . .

!J64K!GJWfOS STATIC BAM

L\m 1 UlTSil BATf ERY BAJCkljP

$399

MPM • CDOS • MULTI-USEREXTENDED TRACK BUFFERING

y/ SIMULTANEOUS MEMORY ACCESS FEATURES

.8/16 BIT DATA TRANSFERS. 4 INDEPENDENT 16K X 8(or 8K X 16) BANKS. ADDRESSABLE ON 16K BOUND-ARIES. 2K DESELECTS FOR EACH BANK. 24-BIT EX-TENDED ADDRESSING • PHANTOM . RESET ON/OFF ■ 8MHZ • IEEE 696/S-100 . CROMEMCO COMPATIBLE* DEALER. OEM CALL! 5 BOARDS 7 USERS

OPTION: LITHIUM BATTERY BACKUP: Unique POWER-FAIL-SENSE circuit and Lithium battery allows processor tosave register information and disable board before POWERFAILURE CRASHES memory ($39).

BG COMPUTER APPLICATIONS, 206 Brookside,Bryan. Te.xas 77801. International Orders Add 30%.(409)-775-5009

Circle 559 on inquiry card.

Circle 232 on inquiry card.

Circle 560 on inquiry card.

JDR SUPER SPECIALS!

THE LEADER III

BRIfieS VOU THESE

OKI IYISIY15832RS

MICROPROCESSOR

COMPATIBLE

CLOCK/CALENDAR CHIP

3.95 100/3.25 ea.32.768KHZXTAL .95

OTHER CRYSTALS

3.579545MHZ .95

5.0688MHZ 1.95

18.432MHZ 1.95

78IYI05

VOLTAGEREGULATORTl PART#UA78M05CSTANDARD TO-220 CASE5 VOLT AT 500MA CAN BEUSED AS 7805T IN MOSTAPPLICATIONS

.29

100/.25 EA.

ORDER TOLL FREE800 538-5000800 662-6270

(CA Residents)

I i 1

— "i

1

MasterCard]

i ...

"^^"^^_

CONNECTORS

IDP-16 IDC DIP—PLUG .95

IDE-34 IDC EDGE-CARD 1.95

ICC-14 DIP "HEADER" .49

ICC-16 DIP "HEADER" .59

44P-ST PC EDGE-CARD 1.95DB25PC/P VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.49DB25PC/S VERTICAL

PC-MOUNT 1.69

TRANSISTORS

2N3904 TO-92 100/7.95

2N3906 TO-92 100/7.95

PN2222 TO-92 100/7.95

CERAMIC

MONOLITHIC CAPS

AT THE PRICE

OF DISC!

.1UF-MONO 100/12.00

047UF-MONO 100/11.00

01UF-MONO 100/10.00

PRIME LED S

JUMBO RED 100/ 8.00

JUMBO YELLOW 100/12.00

JUMBO GREEN 100/12.00

5082-7760 10/ 7.95

JDR

SAaio$11995

• y2 Mb Storage

• SS/DD

DISK DRIUEBLOW OUTS!

MICROPROCESSOR

SA460$14995

• 1 Mb Storage

• DS/DD

• 80 Track — 96TPI

• 6 ms — track to track

• 5Va" — StandardFormat

• 90-DAY GUARANTEE

SALE ENDS SEPT. 30, 1983

Z80A-CPU

3.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/1

12.95

Z80A-DART

6.95

8086 16-BIT 5MHZ

19.95

68A00 CPU 1.5MHZ

2.95

68A10 RAM 1.5MHZ

1.95

68A21 PIA1.5MHZ

2.95

68A50 ACIA1.5MHZ

2.95

6520/6820 PIA

2.95

MEMORV

2102L-4 450NS-LP

.55

2111L 450NS-LP

1.49

2112 450NS

1.99

2114 450NS

.99

2114-25 250NS

1.09

TMS4027 250NS

.99

SPECIAL

TMS4060/2107

4096 x 1 DYNAMIC

RAMSTI OR INTEL

.69

YOUR CHOICE

SPECIAL THANKSTO WATT FOR HIS

LINEAR I.C.'S

DISK CONTROLLERS

1771 11.95

LM1800 1.95 1

1791 18.95

LM1310 .99 ■

1793 18.95

MC1330 .99 ■MC1350 .89 ^fl

CRT CONTROLLERS

MC1358 .99 1

DP8350 19.95CRT5027 9.95

HARD TO FIND BLACK

CRT5037 9.95

CONDUCTIVE FOAIfl

DRAM CONTROLLERS

8202 17.95

14" x 26" SHEET 12.00 1

8203 32.95

12" X 13" SHEET 6.00 1

3242 5.95

uisit our

BmnnE

Retail store

i aMi-:fill ; i 1,

HOURS 10-3

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STOREHOURS: M-W-F 9-5 T-Th. 9-9 Sat. 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over S pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi% SalesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

Circle 246 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

64K DYNAMIC200 NS

2KX8 STATIC200 NS

STATIC RAMS

Z-80

8000

6800

74LS00

■ 2.5 Mh

Z

1 8035

5.95 1

68000

59.95 1

74LS00

.24

74LS173

1.95

3.95

.89

.99

1.49

2.49

2.99

8/9.95

8/10.95

8/12.95

1 Z80-CPU

:* qs

1 8039

6.95 1

6800

3.95 ■

74LS01

.25

74LS174

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4

2102L-2

2111

2112

2114

2114-25

2114L-4

256 x 4 (450ns)

256 x 4 (450ns) (cmos)1024 x 1 (450ns)1024 x 1 (450ns) (LP)1024 x 1 (250ns) (LP)

256 x 4 (450ns)

256 x 4 (450ns)1024 x 4 (450ns)1024 x 4 (250ns)1024 x4 (450ns) (LP)

1 Z80-CTC 4.491 Z80-DART 10.951 Z80-DMA 14.951 Z80-PIO 4.491 Z80-SIO/0 16.95I Z80-SIO/1 16.95I Z80-SIO/2 16.951 Z80-SIO/9 16.95

4.0 Mhz

1 INS-8060I INS-80731 80601 8065I B085A-21 80861 80871 80881 80891 8155

17.95 ■

24.95 1

3.95 1

5.95 1

11.95 1

29.95 1

CALL ■

39.95 ■

89.95 ■

6.95 1

6802

6808

6809E

6809

6810

6820

6821

6828

6840

6843

7.95 1

13.90 ■

19.95 ■

11.95 I

2.95 ■

4.35 1

3.25 1

14.95 1

12.95 1

34.95 1

74LS0274LS0374LS0474LS0574LS0874LS0974LS1074LS1174LS1274LS13

.25.25.24.25.28.29.25.35.35.45

74LS17574LS18174LS18974LS19074LS19174LS19274LS19374LS19474LS19574LS196

2114L-3

1024 x 4 (300ns) (LP)

8/13.45

1 Z80A-CPU

4.95

1 8155-2

7.95 1

6844

25.95 1

74LS14

.59

74LS197

2114L-2

1024 x 4 (200ns) (LP)

8/13.95

I Z80A-CTC

4.95

1 8156

6.95 1

6845

14.95 1

74LS15

.35

74LS221

2147

4096 x1 (55ns)

4.95

■ Z80A-OART

11,95

1 8185

29.95 I

6847

11.95 1

74LS20

.25

74LS240

TMS4044-4

4096 x 1 (450ns)

3.49

■ Z80A-DMA

16.95

1 8165-2

39.95 1

6B50

3.25 1

74LS21

.29

74LS241

TMS4044-3

4096 x 1 (300ns)

3.99

I Z80A-PIO

4.95

1 8741

39.95 1

6852

5.75 1

74LS22

.25

74LS242

TMS4044-2

4096 x 1 (200ns)

4.49

■ Z80A-SIO/0

16.95

1 8748

24.95 1

6860

9.95 1

74LS26

.29

74LS243

MK411S

1024 x 6 (250ns)

9.95

1 Z80A-SIO/1

16.95

1 8755

24.95 1

6862

11.95 1

74LS27

.29

74LS244

TMM2016-200TMM2016-150

2048 x 8 (200ns)2048 x 8 (150ns)

4.154.95

I Z80A-SIO/2

1 Z80A-SIO 9

16.9516.95

68756880

6.95 1

2 25 1

74LS2874LS30

.35

.25

74LS245

74LS247

TMM2016-100

HM6116-4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

2048 x 8 (100ns)2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)2048 x 8 (120ns) (cmos)2048 x 8 (200ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.154.754.958.955.95

6.0 Mhz

1 Z80B-CPU 11.951 Z80B-CTC 13.95I Z80B-PIO 13.95

W~ 8200

1 82021 82031 8205

24.95 1

39.95 ■

3.50 ■

6883 22.95 168047 24.95 ■68488 19.95 16800 1MHZ

74LS3274LS3374LS3774LS3874LS4074LS4274LS47

.29.55.35.35.25.49.75

74LS24874LS24974LS25174LS25374LS25774LS25874LS259

HM6116LP-3

2048 x 8 (150ns) (cmos)(LP)

6.95

I Z80B-DART

19.95

1 8212

1.80 1

68BO0

10.95 ■

HM6116LP-2Z-6132

2048x8 (120ns) (cmos)(LP)4096 x 8 (300ns) (Ostat)

10.9534.95

ZILOG

1 82141 8216

3.85 I1.75 1

68B0268B09E

22.25 129.95 ■

I Z6132

34.95

1 82241 82261 8228I 82371 8237-5

2.25 1

68B09

29.95 ■

74LS48

.75

74LS260

^ LP = Low Power Qstat - Ouasi-SIa

ic _J

S^Z8671

39.95.

1.80 1

3.49 I

19.95 1

21.95 1

68B1068B2168B4568B50

6.95 I

6.95 ■

19.95 1

5.95 1

74LS4974LS5174LS5474LS55

.75.25.29.29

74LS26674LS273

rNAMIC RAMS

m

■ crystals"1

74LS27574LS279

TMS4027

UPD411

MM5280

MK4108

MM5298

4116-300

4116-250

4116-200

4116-150

4116-120

2118

4164-200

4164-150

4096 x 1 (250ns)4096 x 1 (300ns)4096 x 1 (300ns)8192 x 1 (200ns)8192x1 (250ns)16384 x1 (300ns)16384x1 (250ns)16384x1 (200ns)16384x1 (150ns)16364x1 (120ns)16384x1 (150ns) (5v)65536 x 1 (200ns) (5v)65536x1 (150ns) (Sv)

1.99

3.00

3.00

1.95

1.85

8/11.75

8/11.95

8/12.95

8/14.95

8/29.95

4.95

5-.95

6.95

H 32.768 khz1 1.0 mhzI 1.8432I 2.0I 2.097152I 2.4576I 3.2768I 3.579535I 4.0I 5.0I 5.0688I 5.185

5.7143I 6.0

1.954.954.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.953.95

1 82381 82431 62501 82511 82531 8253-51 82551 8255-51 82571 8257-51 8259I 8259-51 82711 8272

4.49 14.45 110.95 14.49 16.95 17.95 I

4.49 15.25 17.95 I8.95 16.90 1

7.50 139.95 139.95 1

68B00 2 MHZ ^BJ

74LS6374LS7374LS7474LS7574LS7674LS7874LS8374LS8574LS8674LS9074LS9174LS9274LS9374LS95

1.25.39.35.39.39.49.60.69.39.55.89.55.55.75

74LS28074LS283

74LS290

r 6500

1 MHZ65026504650565076520652265326545

4.95 16.95 18.95 19.95 14.35 I7.95 I9.95 I22.50 1

74LS29374LS29574LS29874LS29974LS32374LS32474LS35274LS35374LS36374LS36474LS365

5V single 5 volt supply

I 6.144^M 6.5536

3.953.95

1 82751 82791 8279-51 8282

29.95 18.95 1

10.00 16.50 I

6551

2 MHZ

11.85 1

74LS9674LS107

.89.39

74LS36674LS367

EPROMS

I 8.0

■■ i o

3.953.95

6502A6522A

6.95 19.95 I

74LS10974LS112

.39.39

74LS36874LS373

1702

256x8 (1us)1024 x 8 (450ns)

4.50

I 10.738635

3.95

1 8283

6.50 1

6532A

11.95 1

74LS113

.39

74LS374

2708

3.95

1 14.31818

3.95

1 8284

5.50 1

6545A

27.95 1

74LS114

.39

74LS377

2758

1024 x 8 (450ns) (5v)

5.95

I 15.0

3.95

■ 8286

6.50 ■

6551A

11.95 1

74LS122

.45

74LS378

2716

2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v)

3.95

1 16.0

3.95

1 8287

6.50 1

3 MHZ

,74LS123

.79

74LS379

2716-1

2048 x 8 (350ns)(5v)

5.95

1 17.430

3.95

1 8288

25.00 1

,65023

14.95 H

74LS124

2.90

74LS385

TMS2516

2048 x 8 (450ns) (5v)

5.50

1 18.0

3.95

■L 8289

49.95 ■

74LS125

.49

74LS386

TMS2716

2048 x 8 (450ns)4096 x 8 (450ns) (5v)

7.95

1 18.432

3.95

74LS126

.49

74LS390

TMS2532

5.95

I 20.0

3.95

^ijar™

74LS132

.59

74LS393

2732

4096 x 8 (450ns)(5v)

4.95

1 22.1184

3.95

DISC

AY3-1014

6.95 BJ

74LS133

.59

74LS395

2732-2502732-10027642764-250

4096 x 8 (250ns)(5v)4096 x 8 (200ns) (5v)8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)8192 x 8 (250ns) (5v)

8.9511.95

9.9514.95

B 32.0

3.95

■ CONTROLLERS ■

1 1771 16.95 I

■ 1791 24.95 I1 1793 26.95 1

AY5-1013AY3-1015PT1472TR1602

3.95 ■6.95 I9.95 I3.95 I

74LS13674LS13774LS13874LS139

.39.99.55.55

74LS39974LS424

^g CRT

74LS44774LS490

2764-200

8192x 8 (200ns) (5v)

24.95

■ CONTROLLER

1 1795

49.95 I

2350

9.95 1

74LS145

1.20

74LS624

TMS2564

8192x8 (450ns) (5v)

17.95

1 6845

14.95

■ 1797

49.95 1

2651

8.95 I

74LS147

2.49

74LS640

MC68764

8192 x 8 (450ns) (5v)(24 pin)

39.95

I 68B45

19.95

■ 2791

54.95 1

TMS6011

5.95 I

74LS148

1.35

74LS645

27128

16384x8 Call

Call

I HO46505SP

15.95

■ 2793

54.95 1

IM6402

7.95 I

74LS151

.55

74LS668

■ 6847

11.95

1 2795

59.95 1

IM6403

8.95 1

74LS153

.55

74LS669

5v - Single 5 Volt Supply

1 MC1372

6.9524.9529.9599.9539.9549.9539.9549.95

1 2797

59.95 1

INS8250

10.95 1

74LSI54

74LS155

1.90.69.69.65.59.69.65.69

74LS67074LS67474LS68274LS68374LS68474LS68574LS68874LS689

EPROM ERASERS

Capacity IntensityTimer Chip (uW/Cm')

PE-14 6 5,200 83.00

1 68047■I 8275

I 7220

I CRT5027

I CRT5037■ TMS9918A■MpP8350

■ 6843

■ 8272

■ UPD7651 MB8876

■ MB8877

■ 1691■J 2148

34.95 139.95 139.95 129.95 134.95 I17.95 I18.95 1

GENERATUHS |BIT-RATE

MC14411 11.95 ■BR1941 11.95 ■4702 12.95 ■COM5016 16.95 ■COM8116 10.95 ■MM5307 10.95 ■

FUNCTION

74LS15674LS15774LS15874LS16074LS16174LS162

PE-14TPE-24T

X 6 5,200X 9 6,700

119.00175.00

74LS16374LS16474LS165

.65.69.95

74LS783

81LS95

M KEYBOARD

WCONNECTOI

81LS96

PL-265T

X 20 6,700

255.00

CHIPS

1 RS232 MALE

2.50 1

MC4024

3.95 ■

74LS166

1.95

81LS97

PR-125T

X 16 15,000X 32 15,000

349.00

■ AY5-2376

11.95

■ RS232 FEMALE 3.25 I

LM566

1.49 1

74LS168

1.75

81LS98

,PR-320

595.00

■ AY5-3600

ME AY5-3600 PRO

11.9511.95 l

■ RS232 HOOD■ S-100 ST

1.25 ■3.95 ■

XR2206, 8038

3.75 ■

3.95 Ml

74LS16974LS170

1.751.49

25LS252125LS2569

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

. 1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERIiTERMS: For shipping Include $2 for UPS Ground or $3 for UPSLabel Air. Hems over 5 pounds require additional shipping char.Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount tor shipping. There Is aminimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6WA STax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserveright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographlerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will materbeat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

664 BYTE October 1983

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

2114 4,NS 8/$9U 2114 «• 8/$1095

7400

.19.19.19.19.19.25.29.29.24.19.19.25.30.35.49.25.25.19.35.35.29.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29.19.49.65.69.69.69.69.69.19.23.23.23.23.35.29.34.33.45.35.591.10.95.50.59.352.15.35.40.50.35.65.55.702.751.75.30.45.45.551.551.20.29.45.49.45.45.55

7413274136741417414274143741457414774148741507415174152741537415474155741567415774159741607416174162741637416474165741667416774170741727417374174741757417674177741787417974180741817418274184741857419074191741927419374194741957419674197741987419974221742467424774248742497425174259742657427374276742797428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

CLOCKCIRCUITS

4.953.954.958.9511.956.95 i

.45

.50

.65

2.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2.95

1.65

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

1.15

1.15

79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

LINEAR

RCA

LM301

LM301H

LM307

LM308

LM308H

LM309H

LM309K

LM310

LM311

LM311H

LM312H

LM317K

LM317T

LM318

LM318H

LM319H

LM319

.34

.79

.45

.69

1.15

1.95

1.25

1.75

.64

.89

1.75

3.95

1.19

1.49

1.59

1.90

1.25

LM340 (see 7800)

LM320 (see 7900)

LM322

LM323K

LM324

LM329

LM331

LM334

LM335

LM336

LM337K

LM337T

LM338K

LM339

1.65

4.95

.59

.65

3.95

1.19

1.40

1.75

3.95

1.95

6.95

.99

LM348

LM350K

LM350T

LM358

LM359

LM376

LM377

LM378

LM379

LM380

LM380N-8

LM381

LM382

LM383

LM384

LM386

LM387

LM389

LM390

LM392

LM394H

LM399H

NE531

NE555

NE556

NE558

NE561

NE564

LM565

994.954.60

.691.793.751.952.504.50

.891.101.601.601.951.95

.891.401.351.95

.694.605.002.95

.34

.65

1.50

24.95

2.95

.99

H TO-5 CAN

74S00

74S00

.32

74S163

1.95

74S02

.35

74S168

3.95

74S03

.35

74S169

3.95

74S04

.35

74S174

.95

74S05

.35

74S175

.95

74S08

.35

74S181

3.95

74S09

.40

74S182

2.95

74S10

.35

74S188

1.95

74S11

.35

74S189

6.95

74S15

.35

74S194

1.49

74S20

.35

74S195

1.49

74S22

.35

74S196

1.49

74S30

.35

74S197

1.49

74S32

.40

74S201

6.95

74S37

.88

74S225

7.95

74S38

.85

74S240

2.20

74S40

.35

74S241

2.20

74S51

.35

74S244

2.20

74S64

.40

74S251

.95

74S65

.40

74S253

.95

74S74

.50

74S257

.95

74S85

1.99

74S258

.95

74S86

.50

74S260

.79

74S112

.50

74S274

19.95

74S113

.50

74S275

19.95

74S114

.55

74S280

1.95

74S124

2.75

74S287

1.90

74S132

1.24

74S288

1.90

74S133

.45

74S289.

6.89

74S134

.50

74S301

6.95

74S135

.89

74S373

2.45

74S138

.85

74S374

2.45

74S139

.85

74S381

7.95

74S140

.55

74S387

1.95

74S151

.95

74S412

2.98

74S153

.95

74S471

4.95

74S157

.95

74S472

4.95

74S158

.95

74S474

4.95

74S161

1.95

74S482

15.25

74S162

1.95

74S570

2.95

74S571

2.95

INTERSIL

ICL7106

ICL7107

ICL7660

ICL8038

ICM7207A

ICNI7208

9.9512.952.953.955.5915.95 ,

9000

93169334936894019601960296S02

1.002.503.959.95.751.501.95

LM566

LM567

NE570

NE571

NE592

LM709

LM710

LM711

LM723

LM723H

LM733

LM741

LM741N-14

LM741H

LM747

LM748

LM1014

LM1303

LM1310

MC1330

MC1349

MC1350

MC1358

MC1372

LM1414

LM145B

LM1488

LM1489

LM1496

LM1558H

1.49

.89

3.95

2.95

2.75

.59

.75

.79

.49

.55

.98

.35

.35

.40

.69

.59

1.19

1.95

1.49

1.69

1.89

1.19

1.69

6.95

1.59

.59

.69

.69

.85

3.10

LM1800

LM1812

LM1830

LM1871

LM1872

LM1877

LM1889

LM1896

ULN2003

LM2B77

LM2878

LM2900

LM2901

LM3900

LM3905

LM3909

LM3911

LM3914

LM3915

LM3916

MC4024

MC4044

RC4136

RC4151

LM4250

LM4500

RC4558

LM13080

LM13600

LM13700

2.378.253.505.495.493.251.951.752.492.052.25

.851.00

.591.25

.982.253.953.953.953.954.501.253.951.753.25

.691.291.491.49

CA 3023CA 3039CA 3046CA 3059CA 3060CA 3065CA 3080CA 3081

2.751.291.252.902.901.751.101.65

CA 3082CA 3083CA 3086CA 3089CA 3096CA 3130CA 3140CA 3146

CA3160 1.19

Tl

TL494TL496TL497751077511075150751547518875189

TL071TL072TL074TL081TL082TL083

4.201.653.251.491.951.951.951.251.2575494

753657545075451754527545375454754917549275493.89

Bl FET

.791.192.19

.791.191.19

TL084LF347LF351LF353LF355LF3561.40

1.651.55.802.993.491.301.151.B5

1.95.59.39.39.39.39.79.79.89

2.192.19.601.001.101.10

INTERFACE

8T26

1.59

8T28

1.89

8T95

.89

8T96

.89

8T97

.89

8T98

.89

DM8131

2.95

DP8304

2.29

DS8835

1.99

DS8836

.99

MISC.

TMS99532

29.95

ULN2003

2.49

3242

7.95

3341

4.95

MC3470

4.95

MC34B0

9.00

11C90

13.95

95H90

7.95

2513-001 UP

9.95

2513-002 LOW

9.95

VOLTAGEREGULATORS

7805T

.75

78M05C

.35

7808T

.75

7812T

.75

7815T

.75

7824T

.75

7805K

1.39

7812K

1.39

7815K

1.39

7824K

1.39

78L05

.69

78L12

.69

78L15

.69

78H05K

9.95

78H12K

9.95

7905T7908T7912T7915T7924T

7905K7912K7915K7924 K

79L0579L1279L15

LM323K

UA78S40

.85.85.85.85.85

1.49 [1.491.491.49

.79.79.79

4.95

1.95

TO-220

L = TO-92

IF VOU CAN FIND A PRICE LOWER ELSEWHERE.LET US KNOW AND WE WILL NIEET OR BEAT THEIR

PRICE! (SEE TEM1S BELOW)

* Computer managed inuentorv - uirtuailvno bach orders!

* uery competltlue prices!

* Friendly staff!

* Fast serulce - most orders shipped within2a hours!

EXAR

1

f DATA ACQUISITION

XR 2206

3.75 1

1 ADC0800

15.55

DAC0808

XR 2207

3.75 1

1 ADCO804

3.49

DAC1020

XR 2208

3.75 1

1 ADC0809

4.49

OAC1022

XR 2211

5.25 1

1 ADC0817

9.95

MC1408L6

XR 2240

3.25 J

I DAC0800

4.95

MC1408L8

2.958.255.951.952.95 .

CMOS

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4049

4050

4051

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4078

4081

4082

4065

4086

4093

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

4502

4503

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4522

4526

.29

.25

.25

.89

.29

.95

.39

.45

.25

.25

.38

.79

.39

.39

.69

.79

.39

.75

.79

.79

.29

.65

.29

1.65

.45

.69

.79

.39

1.95

.85

.75

.75

.69

.85

.79

.85

.95

.35

.35

.79

.79

.89

.39

.39

.29

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

4.18

.95

.65

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

1.25

1.25

4527

4528

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4581

4582

4584

4585

4702

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

74C107

74C150

74C151

74C154

74C157

74C160

74C161

74C162

74C163

74C164

74C165

74C173

74C174

74C175

74C192

74C193

74C195

74C200

74C221

74C373

74C374

74C901

74C902

74C903

74C905

74C906

74C907

74C908

74C909

74C910

74C911

74C912

74C914

74C915

74C918

74C920

74C921

740922

74C923

74C925

74C926

74C928

74C929

1.951.19

.951.951.951.952.641.195.79

.95

.951.951.95

.75

.7512.95

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.391.291.99

.65

.65

.801.951.95

.394.501.191.75

.99

.895.752.253.251.751.191.191.191.191.392.00

.791.191.191.491.491.395.751.752.452.45

.39 [

.85

.8510.95

.95 [1.002.002.759.958.958.951.951.192.7517.9515.954.494.955.957.957.9519.95 J

SOUND CHIPS

76477

3.95

76489

8.95

AY3-8910

12.95

AY3-8912

12.95

MC3340

1.49 J

ORDER TOLL FREE 800-538-5000 000-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

100% GUARANTEED

CALL US FOR VOLUME QUOTES

1983 JOft MICRODEVICES, INC.

Circle 247 on inquiry card.

DYTE October 1983

2732

32K EPROM

2764

64K EPROM

PROMS

Order by

Function32x8 OC

EQUIVALENT PART NUMBERS

Part

Tl

SIG82S23

MIMI6330-1

Harris7602

74S1BB

18SA030

1.95

74S287

256x4 TS

24S10

82S129

6301-1

7611

1.90

74S288

32x8 TC

18S030

82S123

6331-1

7603

1.90

74S387

256x4 OC

24SA10

82S126

6300-1

7610

1.95

74S471

256x8 TS

28L22

6309-1

4.95

74S472

512x8 TS

28S42

82S147

6349-1

7649

4.95

74S473

512x8 OC

28SA42

82S146

6348

7648

10.95

74S474

512x8 TS

28S46

82S141

6341

7641

4.95

74S475

512x8 TS

28SA46

82S140

6340

7640

12.95

74S478

1Kx8 TS

28S86

19.95

74S570

512x4 OC

27S12

82S130

6305

7620

2.95

74S571

512x4 TS

27S13

82S131

6306-1

7621

2.95

74S572

1kx4 OC

24SA41

82S136

6352-1

7642

9.95

74S573

1kx4 TS

24S41

82S137

6353-1

7643

9.95

87S180

1kx8 OC

28SA86

82S180

6380-1

7680

19.25

87S181

1kx8TS

28L86

82S181

6381-1

7681

16.25

87S184

2kx4 OC

24SA81

82S184

7684

17.20

87S185

2kx4 TS

24S81

82S185

7685

16.95

87S190

2kx4 OC

28SA166

82S190

76160

39.95

87S191

2kx8 TS

28S166

82S191

76161

39.95

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

DISC

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TOSUBSTITUTE MANUFACTURER

ORDER 800-538-5000TOLL FREE 800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

6 V

10V

15V

20V

25V

35V

50V

.22ul

.40

.27

.40

.33

.40

.45

.47

.35

.50

.68

.45

.50

1.0

.40

.40

.45

.45

1.5

.45

.50

.60

1.8

.75

2.2

.35

.40

.45

.65

.85

2.7

.40

.45

.90

3.3

.45

.50

.55

.60

.65

.90

3.9

.45

4.7

.45

.55

.60

.65

.85

.90

6.8

.70

.75

8.2

1.00

10

.55

.65

.80

.85

.90

1.00

12

.65

.85

.90

15

.75

.85

.90

18

1.25

22

1.00

1.35

27

2.25

39

1.50

47

1.35

56

1.75

100

3.25

270

3.75

10pf

50V

.05

470

50V

.05

22

50V

.05

560

50V

.05

25

50V

.05

680

50V

.05

27

50V

.05

820

50V

.05

33

50V

.05

.001ut

50V

.05

47

50V

.05

.0015

50V

.OS

56

50V

.05

.0022

50V

.05

68

50V

.05

.005

50V

.05

82

50V

.05

.01

50V

.07

100

50V

.05

.02

50V

.07

220

50V

.05

.05

50V

.07

330

50V

.05

.1.1

12V50V

.10.IS

MONOLITHIC

.1uf-mono 50V

.18

.47uf-mono 50V

.25

ELECTROLYTIC

RADIAL

AXIAL

.47uf

50V

.14

1uf

50V

.14

1

25V

.14

4.7

16V

.14

2.2

35V

.15

10

16V

.14

4.7

50V

.15

10

50V

.16

10

50V

.15

22

16V

.14

47

35V

.18

47

50V

.20

100

16V

.18

100

15V

.20

220

35V

.20

100

35V

.25

470

25V

.30

150

25V

.25

2200

16V

.60

220

25V

.30

COMPUTER

330

500

16V16V

.404?

GRADE

1000

16V

.60

26,000

ut 30V 3.95

1500

16V

.70

6000

16V

.8b

OPTO-ISOLATORS

4N26

1.00 MCA-7

4.25 |

FEDERAL EMPRESS

1-99 100

8 pin ST .13 .11

14 pin ST .15 .12

16 pin ST .17 .13

18 pin ST .20 .18

4N274N284N33

1.10 MCA-255

.69 IL-11.75 ILA-30

1.75 11.25 1

1.25 1

SERVICES AVAILABLE

4N35

1.25 ILQ-74

2.75 1

4N37

1.25 H11C5

1.25 1

22 pin ST .30 .2724 pin ST .30 .27

MCT-2

1.00 TIL-1111.50 TIL-113

1.00 1

MCT-6

1.75 ^IJ

'TRANSISTORS^

40 pin ST .49 .39

64 pin ST 4.25 call

DIODES

2N918MPS91B

.50.25

MPS37062N3772

.15 11.85 I

8 pin WW .59 .4914 pin WW .69 .52

2N2102

.75

2N3903

.25 1

16 pin WW .69 .58

1N751

5.1 volt zener

.25 I

2N2218

.50

2N3904

.10 I

18 pin WW .99 .90

1N759

12.0 volt zener

.25 1

2N2218A

.50

2N3906

.10 I

20 pin WW 1.09 .98

1N4148

(1N914) switching

25/1.00 1

2N2219

.50

2N4122

.25 1

22 pin WW 1.39 1.28

1N4004

400PIV rectifier

10/1.00 1

2N2219A

.50

2N4123

.25 I

24 pin WW 1.49 1.35

KBP02

200PIV 1.5amp bridge

.45 1

2N2222

,25

2N4249

.25 I

28 pin WW 1.69 1.49

KBP04

400PIV 1.5amp bridge

.55 1

PN2222

.10

2N4304

.75 1

40 pin WW 1.99 1.80

VM48

Dip-Bridge

.35 ^PJ

MPS23692N2484

.25.25

2N44012N4402

.25 I

WW = WIREWRAP

24 pin ZIF 9.95 call

28 pin ZIF 10.95 call

ZIF = TEXTOOL

MUFFIN FANS

2N2907PN2907

.25.125

2N4857PN4916

1.00 1.25 I

NEW UN-USED

2N3055

.79

2N5086

.25 I

L (Zero Insertion Force)

4.68" Sauare

14.95 |

3055T

.69

PN5129

.25 1

3.125"

Square

14.95 1

2N3393

.30

PN5139

.25 1

2N3414

.25

2N5209

.25 I

HEAT SINKS

2N3563

.40

2N6028

.35 I

r DIPSWITCHES

TO-3 styleTO-220 style

.95 1.35 1

2N3565PN3565MPS3638

.40.25.25

2N60432N6045MPS-A05

1.75 I1.75 1.25 1

SWITCHES

MPS3640

.25

MPS-A06

.25 I

4 POSITION .85

PN3643

.25

MPS-A55

.25 1

SPDT I

mini-toggle

1.25 1

PN3644

.25

TIP29

.65 I

6 POSITION .90

DPDT

mini-toggle

1.50 1

MPS3704

.15

TIP31

.75 H

7 POSITION .95

SPST mini-pushbutton

.39 ^

TIP32

.79 JjJJJjH

8 POSITION .95

1

P^^^^**

1

MasterCard

1

Lt>aa>>V^

1

[LED LAMPS

1-99

100-u

Jumbo

Red

.10

.09

Jumbo

Green

.18

.15

Jumbo

I Yellow

.18

.15

BYPASS CAPS

.01 UF DISC 100/6.00

.1 UF DISC 100/8.00

.1 UF MONOLITHIC 100/15.00

LED DISPLAYS

HP 5082-7760MAN 72MAN 74FND-357 (359)FND-500 (503)FND-507 (510)

.6".3".3".375"

.5".5"

CCCACCCCCCCA

1.29.99.991.251.491.49

RESISTORS

Vt WATT 5% CARBON FILM ALL

STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PCS. SAME VALUE .025

100 PCS. SAME VALUE .02

1000 PCS. SAME VALUE .015

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Avenue

San Jose, CA 95128

800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA)

(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

VISIT OURRETAIL STORE

— NEW HOURS —

M-W-F, 9-5T-Th.,9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS For shipping include S2 tor UPS Ground or S3 tor UPS Bli-rLabel Air Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping chargesForeign orders, include sufficient amount for shipping There is a $10minimum order Bay Area and Los Angel- s Counties add 6/V. SalesTan. Other California residents add 6 Sales Tai We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer Not responsible (or typographicalerrors. Price s are subject to change without notice We will match orbeat any competitor s price provided it is not below our cosl

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC

666 BYTE October 1983

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

2716

16K EPROmS

2732

32K EPROmS

MICROCOMPUTERHARDWARE HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP —$14.95Over 800 pages of manufacturers datasheets on most commonly used IC's.Includes.

* TTL- 74/74LSand74F

* CMOS

* Voltage Regulators

* Memory — RAM, ROM, EPROM

* CPUs — 6800. 6500, Z80. 8080.8085. 8086/8

* MPU support & interface —6800. 6500. Z80, 8200, etc.

BEST SELLINGBOOKS

OSBORNE/MC GRAW-HILL

Apple II User's Guide 16.95

CRT Controller's Handbook 9.95

68000 Assembly Language

Programming 16.99

CBASIC User Guide 15.00

SYBEX

Your First Computer 8.95

The CP/M Handbook 14.95

The PASCAL Handbook 18.95

Microprocessor InterfacingTechniques 17.95j

TRANSFORMERS

FRAME STYLE

12.6VAC 2amp

12.6VAC CT 2amp

12.6VAC CT 4amp

12.6VAC CT Samp

25.2VAC CT 2amp

12VAC12VAC12VAC12VAC

PLUG CASE STYLE

250ma500malamp2amp

4.955.957.9510.957.95

3.954.955.956.95

DC ADAPATER6, 9, 12 VDC selectable with universaladapter 8.95

NOTE: Please include sutticient amount forshipping on above items.

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

TM100-1 5V (FOR IBM) SS/DD 229.00TM100-2 5 ." (FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

SHUGART

I SA 400L 5 ." (40 TRACK) SS/DD 1 99.95

SA 400

FD-200 sFD-250 s

MP-52 s.

189.95

." (35 TRACK) SS/DD

PERTEC

r SS/DDi" DS/DD

MPI

(FOR IBM) DS/DD 295.00

8" DRIVE SALEFD100-8 $189

SHUGART 801 EQUIVALENT

179.95199.95

SS/DD

10 FOR $175 EA.

NOTE: Please include suflicient amountlor shipping on above items.

CABINETS FORCABINET #1 S29.95

DIMENSIONS 8% x 5,5/ie x 3,5/ie"COLOR MATCHES APPLEFITS STANDARD 5V4" DRIVES,INCL. SHUGARTINCLUDES MOUNTINGHARDWARE AND FEET

NOTE: Please include sutticient amount forshipping on above ilems.

FD200-8 $239

SHUGART 851 EQUIVALENTDS/DD 10 FOR $220 EA.

51/4

" DISK DRIVESCABINET #2 $79.00

COMPLETE WITH POWERSUPPLY. SWITCH, LINECORD, FUSE & STANDARDPOWER CONNECTORDIMENSIONS: 11'/?x 5% x3,5/'6"+5V@ 1 AMP, +12V@ 1.5 AMPFITS STANDARD 5V4" DRIVESPLEASE SPECIFYGRAY OR TAN

EDGE-CARD

CONNECTORS

S-100 ST

3.95

S-100 WW

4.95

72 pin ST

6.95

72 pin WW

7.95

50 pin ST

4.95

44 pin ST

2.95

44 pin WW

4.95

44 pin SE

3.95

I ll

^^. ~^^.

I

MasterCard

I . II

"^^"^^

DIP CONNECTORS

HIGH RELIABILITY

COMPONENT

RIBBON

DESCRIPTION

TOOLED ST IC

CARRIERS

CABLE

SOCKETS

(DIP HEADERS)

DIPPLUGS (IDC)

ORDER BY

AUGATxx-ST

ICCxx

IDPxx

CONTACTS 8

99

65

14

99

75

1.45

16

99

85

1 65

18

1 69

1 00

20

1 89

1 25

22

1 89

1 25

24

1 99

1 35

2 50

28

2 49

1.50

40

2 99

2.10

4 15

POWER SUPPLYMODEL 2 s3995

MOUNTED ON PC BOARD

MANUFACTURED BY CONVER

+5 VOLT 4 AMP

+ 12 VOLT 1 AMP

NOTE: Please include sulficienl amount lorshipping on above items.

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 Ribbon Cable 36 Pin MaleCEN36 Solder Cup 36 Pin Male

8.95 I7.951

RIBBON CABLE

¥

D-SUBMINIATURE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

V

10'

r

10'

10

.50

4.40

.83

7.30

16

.55

4.80

1.00

8.80

20

.65

5.70

1.25

11.00

25

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

26

.75

6.60

1.32

11.60

34

.98

8.60

1.65

14.50

40

1.32

11.60

1.92

16.80

50

1.38

12.10

2.50

22.00

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER CUP

RIGHT ANGLEPC SOLDER

IDCRIBBON CABLE

HOODS

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

BLACK

GREY

ORDER BY

DBxxP

DBxxS

DBxxPR

DBxxSR

IDBxxP

IDBxxS

HOOD-B

HOOD

CONTACTS 9

15253750

2.082.692.504.806.06

2663.63

3.257,119.24

1.652.203.004.83

2.183.03

4.426.19

3.374.706.239.22

3.69

5.13

6.84

10.08

1.25

1.601.601.252.953.50

For order instructions see "IDC Connectors" below.

CALL FOR MOUNTING HARDWARE

IDC CONNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

SOLDER HEADER

RIGHT ANGLESOLDER HEADER

WW HEADER

RIGHT ANGLEWW HEADER

RIBBONHEADER SOCKET

RIBBONHEADER

RIBBONEDGE CARD

ORDER BY

IDHxxS

IDHxxSR

IDHxxW

IDHxxWR

IDSxx

IDMxx

IDExx

CONTACTS 102026344050

.821.291.682.202.583.24

.851.351,762.312.723.39

1.862.983.844.505.286.63

2.053.284.224.454.807.30

1.151.862.433.153.734.65

5.506.257.007.508.50

2.252.362.653.253.804.74

ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS: Insert the number of contacts in the position marked "xx" of the "order by" part number listed. Example: A 10 pin right angle solder styleheader would be IDH10SR.

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES. INC.

Circle 248 on inquiry card.

BYTE October 1983

FOR APPLE COMPUTER USERS

FD-35 DISK DRIVE

* Direct Replacement forApple Disk II

* Compatible with AppleController or other Applecompatible controllers

* Specially designed electronicswith low power consumption

* DOS 3.3 and 3.2 compatible

* Owner's Manual and WarrantyCard included

NOWWITH ONE YEAR $22995WARRANTY

CONTROLLER CARD ^9.95^

VIEWMAX-80

A Full Function

80 Column Card for Apple II** Soft Video Switch * Shift Key Support

2 YEAR WARRANTY

NOW ONLY $18995

51A" DISKETTES

UERBATIIYI DATALIFE

I SS/DD SOFT SECTOR 29.95

' SS/DD 10SECTOR HEAD .... 29.95

NASHUA

195

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR c-I /

WITH HUB RING . ... I 51"

Ask about our full BEST BUYline of Nashua diskettes

THOUSANDS SOLD

JDR16K RAMCARD

* Expand your 48K Apple to 64K

* Fully compatible with AppleLanguage System — Use inplace of Apple Language card

* Provides extra memory forVisicalc'"

* Run PASCAL, FORTRAN,Integer Basic with appropriatesoftware

* Highest quality card features:gold edge connector, socketsfor all IC's

WITH 2 YEAR WARRANTY

$4495

$4Q95$-|495

ASSEMBLED & TESTEDWITH WARRANTY

KIT —INCLUDES ALLPARTS & INSTRUCTIONS

BARE PC CARD

WITH INSTRUCTIONS ...

apple compatibleSSRFl'y $99.95

* Compact Switching Design

* All Outputs regulated

* Short Circuit and OverloadProtection

* Complete with Apple-typeplug-in power cord

* Apple Compatible — Yet higheroutput allows more disk drivesand cards without overheating

* +5V@ 5A, +12V@3A,-5V@ .5A, -12V @ .5A

* Shielded enclosure: 10%" x3V?"x 2'/.6"

NEW IMPROUED

JDR COOLING FAN

* Easy modification — nomodification of Apple required

* Eliminates overheatingproblems

* Switch on front controls fan,Apple, and extra outlet

* Rotron whisper fan is thequietest, most reliable on themarket

NOW WITH SURGESUPPRESSION

$69.95

WITHOUT SURGE

SUPPRESSION s59.95

MONITORS

MONOCHROME

NEC JB1201M- 20 MHZ GREEN $1 69 IZENITH ZUM-121-15 MHZ GREEN S99

TAXAN 18 MHZ AMBER s139 j

COLOR

AMDEK COLOR I - COMPOSITE s335 ]

NO CO.D. ORDERS PLEASE

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000

rnnKYMwE

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

ACCESSORIES FOR APPLE II & HE

ALL WITH 1 YEAR WARRANTY BY

PERISOFT

PRINTERLINK

CENTRONICSPARALLEL INTERFACE

* Simple to use — Noconfiguring required

* Use with any Centronicsprinter — EPSON,OKIDATA, etc.

* Includes Cable & Manual

$59

00

MESSENGER

SERIALINTERFACE

* Connects to any RS-232serial device

* 8 switch selectabledrivers for printers,terminals and modems

* Includes Cable & Manual

$99

00

TIMELINK

REALTIMECLOCK

Applications in file man-agement, word processing,communications, etc.Exclusive Alarm Clockfeature

Battery rechargesautomatically

$84

00

NEWBUFFERLINK

ADD-ONPRINTER BUFFER

* Saves Time — No morewaiting for printed output

* Connects easily to anyparallel interface

* Expandable from 16K

to64K

$13900

16K)

JDR Microdevices

1224 S. Bascom Ave. • San Jose, CA 95128(408) 995-5430 • Telex 171-110

K:V-»

1 .■ ~

1983 JDR MICRODEVICES, INC.

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

HOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 T-Th., 9-9 Sat. 11-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: For shipping include $2 tor UPS Ground or S3 for UPS BlueLabel Air. Items over 5 pounds require additional shipping charges.Foreign orders, Include sufficient amount for shipping. There is a $10minimum order. Bay Area and Los Angeles Counties add 6Vi% SatesTax. Other California residents add 6% Sales Tax. We reserve theright to substitute manufacturer. Not responsible for typographicalerrors. Prices are subject to change without notice. We will match orbeat any competitor's price provided It Is not below our cost.

668 BYTE October 1983

Circle 249 on inquiry card.

Unclassified Ads

WANTED: Get a rax deduction instead of a cash loss whenyou sell your equipment. I can put you in touch with nonprofitorganizations that need your donated equipment and can giveyou a tax receipt. Rev. Edw. Simpson, POB 93 I. Columbia, MD21044. (30 f J 997-4992.

NEEDED: A network 2 controller, two printers. 16 nondiskstudent station/terminals, and modem to supplement a TRS-80Model I. Group of educators plans to teach computer literacy ina low-income community. All contributions are tax deductible.Dr. Sidney Rabsatt. I 122 Banbury Cross. Arondale Esates. GA30002, [404) 292-8366.

WANTED: A nonprofit agency that serves mentally retardedadults seeks tax-deductible donations of computers, modems,printers, and terminals. Certified receipts will be furnished.Winifred Law Opportunity Center Inc.. 106 East Second, POB434, Indianola. IA 50125. |5!5) 961-5341; call collect, ask forAlan or Ron.

WANTED: Nonprofit educational research organizationseeks donation of tax-deductible personal computer (Apple) forrecord keeping. Greater Milwaukee Chapter of Ileitis and Colitis,626 East Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee. Wl 53213, (414)291-6980.

WANTED: Tax-exempt nonprofit whale-research organiza-tion needs functional hardware and/or software in data andword processing with 64K potential, and printing/accountingcapabilities. Our references and IRS information available on re-quest. Frederick Wenzel. Director of Operations. Mmgan IslandCetacean Study Inc.. POB 518. Menden, CT 06450.WANTED: Church seeks Apple II Plus equipment for use inChristian education program. All donations are tax deductible.Rev. Jay van Santen, First Presbyterian Church, 609 SoutheastSecond St.. Evansville. IN 47713

WANTED: Commodore 64- or VIC 20-compatible softwareto use in computer literacy /programming classes and tutorialstudies in private Christian school. All donations are tax deduct-ible. Rodney Cam, Faith Academy, 4700 South Mam, Rockford,IL 61102, |8I5) 964-0133.

WANTED: A donation of a computer for use in bulk mailand records of nonprofit organization and OSI C8P DF with in-terface to control 8 stepping motor animation stand. Also, infor-mation about fund raising by computer mailing list for Chris-tians and Jews. Dan Coffin, Aim for Christ, 654 KennebecAve.. Takoma Park, MD 209 12

FOR SALE: Lots of hardware/software: Apple. Commodore,Zenith. Also, disk packs, modems, chips, disks, cables, cableparts, ribbons, and so on. Much is brand new. Selling at auc-tion. Send SASE for catalog. Will consider donating all or part toworthwhile IRS-approved chanty. Edwin F. Scnaeffer, 3 WatersEdge Place, Lexington, KY 40502. (606) 266-S861.FREE: Computer-language hobbyist gives free advice andtechnical information about the Algol-sixteen language (for theIBM PC. Zenith Z-100, TI-PC) and other programminglanguages: BASIC. PL/i, FORTRAN. Send SASE. D. Baer, POB3020, Farmingdale, NY I 1735. (516) 694-5872WANTED: Schematics, especially parts lists showing the ICnumbers for the Redactron (Burroughs) Console. This is a two-cassette drive and connects to an IBM Selectric II printer (used asa word processor). Will reimburse. Dan Test. POB 9064B.Newark. NJ 07104.

FOR SALE: Televideo 9I2C terminal: S450. Two SA400drives with cabinet: S200. Two 19-inch color RGB monitors:S150 each. Will consider any reasonable offers. Rich Pagnusat,748 Berkley. Efmhurst, IL 60126, (312) 941-0739.FOR SALE: Three former employees of Digital Group are sell-ing their systems. Send SASE for a list of systems, boards, andparrs. Sco Scofield, 1 183 Lamar St. #8. Lakewood. CO 802 14.WANTED: Documentation for IMSAI VDP80, especially DIOdisk controller or correspondence with anyone familiar with theabove. Is there an IMSAI orphans dub out there somewhere?May be interested in spare parts or ideas on how to update theVDP80. Grant Hargrave, 8265 ave. de Gaspe, Montreal,Quebec H2P 2J9, Canada.

FOR SALE: Tektronix 7D02 programmable logic/stateanalyzer, fully implemented with timing option for 48 channels.Includes 7603 mainframe. 7D02 plug-in. general purpose per-sonality module, cabling, and test clips. New condition. AskingS 7000. but will negotiate. Michael Balamuth, 300 East Main St.,Centerport. NY II 721, (5 16) 427-7224.FOR SALE: Excellent condition North Star Horizon with 64Kmemory and two quad disk drives, Intertube II display. N"floating-point board, and Godbout Spectrum board. Softwareincludes N" DOS, CP/M-2.2. FORTRAN, Statistical Program,and games: S2000 or best acceptable offer. Philip K. Hopke,706 South Lynn St.. Champaign. IL 61820, (2I7J 352-4282.FOR SALE: Eight Microvision cartridges [Baseball, Phaser-strike. Alien Raiders, Sea Duel. Cosmic Hunter. Bowling. Con-nect Four, and Mind Buster). All in good condition. OriginallyS18 each; will sell for S 100 or will trade for TRS-80 Color Com-puter software and/or hardware. Richard Wasserman, 2795fast 63 St., Brooklyn, NY 1 1234.

FOR SALE: LA36/LA35 DECwnter II—Interactive Data Com-munications terminal, standard ASCII keyboard, input/outputdevice. Asking S1000. John L. Chlada. East 210 Route 4,Paramus, NJ 07652. (201) 843-7700.

WANTED: Unwanted or broken printers, computers, andother peripherals. Also, any software for Apple II computer. I'llpay shipping and handling. Charles Dixon. 1450 Jersey Lane,Waterloo. IA 50701.

FOR SALE: IBM Asynchronous Communications adapter forthe IBM PC. Supports a variety of RS-232C interfaces and is fullycommunication programmable. Data rate selectable 50 to 9600bps. Complete documentation: SI00. IBM 64K memory-expansion board: S220. IBM Parallel Printer Adapter, completedocumentation: SI 00. All boards less than a year old and in ex-cellent condition. R. W. Losefsky, 36 Old Milford Lane, WestMilford. NJ 07480.

WANTED: Amputated arm from HERO-1. Wade Nelson,13303 R. Penasquitos Blvd. MI08, San Diego, CA 92129.[619) 692-7228 days and 484-1485 evenings and weekends.FOR SALE: VIC-20. 16K RAM, super expanded, introductionto BASIC, three games fGorf. Quest, and Defender on Tn) threeVIC books. All in super condition. Thomas Albertson Jr., 361 2Sprucedale Dr., Annandale. VA 22003. \703\ 256-9260.FOR SALE: Complete Netronics ELF II system with 28KRAM. Giant I/O board, Epson printer interface, ASCII keyboard.44-pin bus adapter board, text display with high-resolutiongraphics, power supply, and enclosure. Software includesBASIC, text editor, monitor, and dozens of games. Completedocumentation, extensive literature. Worth over SI 150.George Musser. 60 Broadway Rd., Warren, NJ 07060, (20I(647-1437.

FOR SALE: Commodore 4016 computer with I6K RAM, abuilt-in 12-inch green screen, and a full-sized keyboard. It con-tains a new version 4.0 BASIC and is only oneyearold. In goodcondition; asking S680. Leon Fan, 4738 C. Main St., Skokie, IL60076. (3I2( 679-4007.

FOR SALE: IMSAI PCS-44 64K RAM, 8085 processor, dual5!/4-mch format either 40 or 77 track (360+K each), IMDOS2.05with utilities, and manuals, S1500. Jerry Augst, 5233 16th Ave.S, Minneapolis, MN 55417. (612) 726-2699 weekdays.WANTED: People or clubs interested in joining nationwidehardware/software Computer Buying Club are welcome tojoin. Monthly newsletter, club catalogs, special services, andnews-flash updates. M. Louis Brott. Suite 7502, 1400 WorcesterRd.. Framingham. MA 01 701.

FOR SALE: TRS-80 Model I 48K. MDX-2 interface, RS-232C.modem, printer port, two Tandon 40 track drives, NEWDOS,FORTRAN, and more. Good condition, s I 595. Wendell Hut-chings, (303) 733-2439 between 8 and 5.FOR SALE: Osborne I single-density drives: SI350. TRS-80Model II 64K with CP/M 2.2: S2750. Model II Expansion Unitwith one drive: S750. TRS-80 Line Printer VI: S750. ChelleyHoffman. Box 413. Gates Mills, OH 44040, (2 16) 729-2808.FOR SALE: Used wire-wrap tools. Thor I I 5v industrial gun,uses standard 22- to 32-gauge bits; S60, less bit. OK Hobby-Wrap gun with 30-gauge bit and Ni-cad batteries: S20. 26- to28-gauge bit for OK gun: S5 Vector Sht-N-Wrap manual tool:SI 7. spare bit: S8. OK Just-Wrap manual tool: 58. EdsynDeluxe Soldapullt, anti-static model: SI5. Bob Levine, 32 KingSt., New York. NY 10014, (212) 69 3-2897.FOR TRADE: TRS-80 Mode! Ill-compatible software to swap:utilities, word processing, games. Send a list, disk or cassette ofyour better programs and I will promptly return same. I havetwo drives and can accept nonsystem disks. Cassettes limit twoprograms. Michael Vernier. POB 3075, Farmmgton Hills, Ml48018, (313) 661-1205.

FOR SALE: OSI 8K computer system, 6A switchingpower/supply, RS-232C port, Centronics serial printer. 9-inchGBC black-and-white monitor. All documentation included:S400. Mark Woithe, 62 Coddington Ave.. Hopelawn. NJ08861, (201) 442-5242 evenings.

FOR SALE: NEC PC800IA complete system. Z80 processor,64K RAM. BASIC in ROM. RGB color monitor, printer, dualDSDD disks. CP/M. Supercalc. dBASEIl. Modem7, SELECT,games, and more software. Great development system. Perfectshape, best offer. Richard Beal, POB 44. Aptos, CA 95003.(408) 688-8648.

FOR SALE: Four Shugart 8-inch SAI002 5.33-megabytehard disk drives, unused: S380 each. Also. Western Digital con-troller for this drive: S350 each. Herb Merrill, 20 Randy Dr.,Taylors. SC 29687, (803) 877-9444

FOR SALE: Unused software for Commodore VIC-20s withat least 6K RAM. A few of these cassettes and cartridges havebeen slightly used but are in excellent condition. Send SASE.Ken Payne, 2623 Brocklin Dr.. Grayson. GA 30221, (404)972-3091 after 5 p.m.

FOR SALE: HP-85A microcomputer with built-in high-performance tape drive, printer, and monitor; 16K RAM module(32K total); 82950A direct connect/auto dial modem; HP-IB in-terface; and ROMS: Advanced Programming, I/O. massstorage, printer/plotter, and matrix. In software: three word-processing programs (S550 retail), telecommunications, games,database program, 30 tapes [SI9 retail each), and paddedcarrying case with dust cover. Current value 54600 + ; askingS3300 or best offer. Bob Midden, [301) 338-3346.FOR SALE: New parallel-printer interface by Micro WorldElectronix, Model MW-302, for the Commodore VIC-20 or 64.Use with all Centronics type printers and plotters. Switch-selectable options include 7- and 8-bit output, ASCII or PETASCII, and device 4, 5, 6, or 7. Professional Software recom-mends MW-302 for use with 64 version of Word Pro 3 + . Listprices I 19.95; will sell for S80.W R. Freytag. I 141 KathrynSt..Boalsburg, PA 16827.

WANTED: MPX-16 owner see<:s correspondence with otherowners or users. David Claxton. RFD Box 449. West Bath. ME04530. (207) 443-4588.

WANTED: People interested in sharing ideas about Apple III.The possibility exists of forming an international users group.George H. Buch. c/o Buchan, Ravnsborggade 19, Copehagen2200 N, Denmark.

FOR SALE: Heath H-8 with 8K memory and H-9 video.Presently inoperable. Ideal for one with good electronics back-ground or an electronics hobbyists. Will take best offer. MichaelR. Skwark, 2517 Pineway Dr. S, Mobile. AL 36605, (205)476-0464.

WANTED: Documentation for the Atari Video ComputerSystem. Particularly interested in schematics and instructions toconvert the game from NTSC to PAL-N systems. Will coveryour shipping and printing costs. Fernando Ubina. UruguayI 198 Apt.2. Montevideo, Uruguay, South America.FOR SALE: Two Shugart SA-400 SSDD disk drives inseparate cabinets with power supplies and manual. AskingS325, will pay postage within U.S. S. Jackson, 2272 CoventGardens Court. Reston. VA 2209). (703J 476-4763.WANTED: College student/programmer seeking corre-spondence with owners of TRS-80 Color Computers andMonroe microcomputers to exchange programs and informa-tion. Also looking for used disk drives and modems. LawrenceHall. 94-19 133 St., Richmond Hill, NY I 1419.FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard 9845A desktop computer com-plete with 64K RAM (62K available for programs), 80-columnmonitor, fast thermal printer, two fast tape drives, graphicsROM and high-resolution graphics, modem. 32 user-program-mable keys, various software, and other supplies. Mark Bran-don, 2720 Fernbrook Lane. Minneapolis. MN 55441, (612)559-9361 days

FOR SALE: Hewlett-Packard HP-85 professional microcom-puter with 32K main memory. Two software packs includeVisicalc Plus and Financial Decisions. Less than one year old.Asking S2200. Dean Nolte. 11625 Applewood Knolls Dr.,Lakewood. CO 80215, (303) 233-7971FOR SALE: Teletype Model ASR-35 with 20-mA current-loopinterface and complete manuals: S250, Tim Martin, 1900Noriega St., San Francisco, CA 94122, (415) 665-6656.FOR SALE: DEC LA-34 DECwnter IV printer/terminal with 7by 9 dot-matrix printer with full remote-terminal capabilities; ex-panded and compressed print 7 choices of vertical pitch; 7foreign-language character sets; built-in diagnostics. All featuresare software or keyboard selectable. Has full 67-key typewriterkeyboard. Accepts any paper size up to 14 inches; friction ortractor feed; used only 2 months in light, noncommercial en-vironment: SIOOO. Steve Otenti. 13 Park St., Hudson. MA01749, (617) 562-7150.

WANTED: Contact with users of Morrow Designs' MicroDecision in Los Angeles area. Let's get together for sharingideas and mutual help. Send SASE and I'll coordinate ar-rangements. E. R. Paquin, 104 West Wistaria. Arcadia, CA91006. (213) 447-6541.

UNCLASSIFIED POLICY: Readers who have computer equipment to buy, sell, ortrade or who are requesting or giving advice may send a notice to BYTE for inclusionin the Unclassified Ads section. To be considered for publication, an advertisement mustbe noncommercial (individuals or bona fide computer clubs only|, typed double-spacedon plain white paper, contain 75 words or fewer, and include complete name andaddress. This service is free of charge; notices are printed once only as space permits.Your confirmation of placement is appearance in an issue of BYTE as we engage in nocorrespondence. Please allow at least three months for your ad to appear. Send yournotices to Unclassified Ads, BYTE/McGraw-Hill, POB 372, Hancock, l\IH 03449.

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

669

Unclassified Ads

FOR SALE: Model K5R-35 Teletype with 20-mA loop, com-plete manuals set, cable, and connector: $200. IMSAI videoboard with graphics and terminal firmware (full house): S100.IMSAI SIO board: S75. North Star disk-controller board: S85.Three Tarbell cassette boards: S25 each or S60 for all. All S-100boards with manuals, some never used. S. Hall, 2259 CollegeSt. #1. Jacksonville. FL 32204. (904) 389-9583.FOR TRADE: I have 100 disks of Atari software available fortrade. Send a list of your software and a telephone number. In-clude a SASE for a copy of my list. Ken Mizoi, POB 31, Orangeburg, NY 10962. (914) 352-8768.

WANTED: Users of TRS-80 Models I and III or SinclairZX81/TS1000 willing to exchange information or programs.Case Larsen, I 15 Bixby Dr., Milpitas, CA 95035.FOR SALE: QT vertical cabinet and power supply for single8-inch disk drive. Lists for S300, like new: $150. Mike Schmidt,1140 Castro # 18, Mountain View, CA 94040, (415) 968-8661.FOR SALE: Televideo 912C terminal in excellent condition.Features 24 by 80 display, full attribute set, two pages ofmemory, numeric pad, cursor movement keys, and muchmore. Printer port only reguires connector if desired. First S 500owns new terminal. George Sipe, 4873 Scotts Mill Way,Duluth, GA 30136, (404) 447-4731 weekends.FOR SALE: TI-99/4A home computer, 16K, video modulator,cassette cable, and the following cartridges: Amazing andAdventure including Pirate: $150 takes it all. Matthew Reilly, 46Spring Hill Ave.. Norwalk, CT 06850, |203) 847-4945.

FOR SALE: SSM VB1B video board with 64 by 16 display.SSM 8K static RAM board. New Godbout Interfacer 2 I/O boardwith three parallel and one serial ports and interrupt timer. Also,Centronics 761 ASCII keyboard: S310 or best offer. All areS-100/IEEE 696 compatible in good working order. Will sellitems separately. Michael Cohen, 206 Overlook Rd.. Ithaca, NY

14850, |607) 257-0342 evenings.

FOR SALE: IBM Model 1980 I/O typewriter, good operatingcondition, complete with Model 1971 buffered terminal elec-tronics and power supplies, and all available schematics. Canbe interfaced for use as letter-quality printer: S250. Also, TRS-80Model I 64K system with Level II BASIC Includes expansion in-terface, keyboard with numeric keypad, monitor with built-inaudio circuits, power supplies, tape recorder, manuals, games,and utilities: S650 or best offer. Jack Bozzuffi. 328 SucknellAve., Turnersvilfe, NJ 08012. (609) 228-3385.FOR SALE: SwTPC 68/A computer 40K RAM with serial andparallel I/O, three disk drives, and Percom Graphics board withextras including software: SI000 or best offer. D. Melbarde,

105 Christopher St., Hackettstown, NJ 07840. {20)) 852-9389.FOR SALE: SwTPC 6800 with 28K RAM, 4K EPROM pro-grammer/card, one serial and three parallel I/O cards, dual5!/i-inch floppy disks, ADM-3A terminal, Novation modem,and software: S1000. Ken Staton, POB 10490, Stanford. CA94305, (415) 856-8147.

FOR SALE: Apple III programs for sale or trade. Send for list.

E. Foreman, Box F, Mobile. AL 36601.

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

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Article

The HP 150

An Interview: The HP 1 50's Design-team Leaders

Build the Micro D-Cam Solid-State Video Camera.Part 2: Computer Interfaces and Control SoftwareBYTE West Coast: Shaping Consumer Software

User's Column: New Computers, Boards,

Languages, and Other Tidbits

The Unix Tutorial, Part 3: Unix in the

Microcomputer Marketplace

Unix and the Standardization of Small Computer

Systems

A Tour Through the Unix File System

The Unix Shell

Unix as an Application Environment

Usenet: A Bulletin Board for Unix UsersThe Unix Writer's Workbench Software

Typesetting on the Unix System

Moving Unix to New Machines

The NEC Advanced Personal Computer

Radio Shack's TRS-80 Model 4

The Morrow Micro Decision

The Microneye

The M68000 Educational Computer Board

Fancy Font

Photographic Animation of Microcomputer

Graphics

The Fourth National Computer Graphics

Association Conference

Echonet, Part 2: The Compiler

Computer Crime: A Growing Threat

More Unix-style Software Tools for CP/M

Mainframe Graphics on a Microcomputer

Talker

Bitmaps Speed Data-handling Tasks

Simplified Program Interfacing

Authpr(s)

Lemmons,RobertsonLemmons,Robertson

Ciarcia

Lemmons,

Robertson

Pournelle

Fiedler

Yates

Joyce

Bourne

Krieger,

Pack

Emerson

Cherry,

Macdonald

Tuthill

Tilson

Suits

Archer

Wadlow

Wieland

Floyd

Hoffman

Cann

Pournelle, A.

Barber

Gillard,

Smith

Kern

Kelly

Williams

Sohr

Irvine

FOR SALE: Digital Group Z-80 system with 26K memory,two Phidecks, I/O board, keyboard, monitor. MaxiBASIC allDigital Group games, and dress-tan cabinet. Interfaced toSanders 3110 printer. Everything is fully operational, completedocumentation included Complete system with printer: S750.Steve Izard, 1890 Shady Lane, Columbia. SC 29206. (803)787-8523.

WANTED: Someone to make a printed-circuit board for amicrocomputer. Mike Graff, 1716 Davis Ave., Grinnell. IA50112.

FOR SALE: Ohio Scientific C1P with 8K RAM. MicrosoftBASIC plus 6502 monitor in ROM. Includes all cables andmanuals for cassette operation. A dozen programs included:S300. Video monitor available: S85. David Ellis II, 101 ShadyLane, Wabash, IN 46992.

WANTED: Assembly-language program for IBM PC special-character substitution on monochrome display adapter toenable substitution of IBM PC high ASCII characters (128 to255) for normal characters only on display, not in programs,files, or to printer. If special characters are sent to some pro-grams (e.g.. Wordstar] they are raken as control charactersBelieve interrupt-decimal 16 and service codes decimal 10 and14 are key. Alan Fiske, 5107 South Blackstone Apt. 505.Chicago. IL 60615.

FOR TRADE: Send a list of Apple software (utilities, games,word processing, etc.) and I will send you mine. Send SASE JimMyhre. 17 South Dr., East Brunswick. NJ 0881 6.

Real-Time BuildersVote for Ciarcia

The July BOMB tally reveals SteveCiarcia to be first in the winner's cir-cle with his article, "Build the RTC-4Real-Time Controller." The author ofthe Circuit Cellar takes the S100prize. Second place in the winner'scircle is Jerry Pournelle's User's Col-umn entitled "Interstellar Drives,Osborne Accessories, DEDICATE/32, and Death Valley." The doctorwill be awarded S50. And MarkDahmke's article, "CP/M Plus," takesthird place in our monthly count-down.

Correspondence

Address all editorial correspondence to the editorat BYTE, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449 Unaccept-able manuscripts will be returned if accompaniedby sufficient first-class postage. Not responsible forlost manuscripts or photos. Opinions expressed bythe authors are not necessarily those of BYTE En-tire contents copyright © 1983 by BYTE Publica-tions Inc. All rights reserved. Where necessary, per-mission is granted by the copyright owner for librar-ies and others registered with the CopyrightClearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any articleherein for the flat fee of S1.50 per copy of the arti-cle or any part thereof. Correspondence and pay-ment should be sent directly to the CCC. 21 Con-gress St.. Salem, MA 01970 Specify ISSN 0360-5280/83. S1,50. Copying done for other than per-sonal or internal reference use without the permis-sion of McGraw-Hill is prohibited. Requests forspecial permission or bulk orders should be ad-dressed to the publisher. BYTE* is available inmicroform from University Microfilms International,300 North Zeeb Rd., Dept. PR, Ann Arbor, Ml48106 USA or 18 Bedford Row. Dept PR. LondonWC1R 4EJ England.

670 October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc.

Reader Service

Inquiry No.

Page No.

1 1ST NATIONAL COMPUTER 285

2 1 SUPER WAREHOUSE 225

4 3R COMPUTERS 527

5 800 SOFTWARE 99

6 A.S.T. RESEARCH 137

8 AB COMPUTERS 615

9 ABC DATA PRODUCTS 456

11 ACCESS UNLIMITED 618

12 ACL INC. 176

13 ACORN COMP.CORP. 158, 159

14 ACTIVE ELECTRONICS 424

15 ADDMASTER CORP. 418

16 ADV.COMP.PROD. 619

• ADV.DIGITAL CORP. 77

17 ADV. DIGITAL INFORMATION 614

18 ADV.LOGIC SYSTEMS 467

19 ADV.PROCESSOR SYS. 622

20 ADV.SYS.CONCEPTS 570

21 AFTERTHOUGHT ENG. 612

• AGRIPLEX COMPUTERS 418

23 ALBERT COMPUTERS 264, 265

24 ALCOR SYSTEMS 263

25 ALF PRODUCTS, INC. 552

26 ALL ELECTRONICS CORP. 624

27 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD. 180

28 ALPHA BYTE COMP.PROD.396 397

29 ALPHA OMEGA COMPUTER 204

30 ALTOS COMP.SYS. 73

31 AM 84 CONFERENCE &EXHIBITION 360

• AMDAHL 320 WCI

32 AMDEK CORP. 21

34 AMER. BUYING & EXPORT 424

33 AMER.SQUARE COMP. 235

35 ANADEX115

36 ANGELS COMPUTER 507536 ANKO ELECTRONIC 90

37 ANTEX DATA SYS. 124

38 APPARATINC. 461

39 APPLE COMPUTER INC. CM, 1

41 APPLE COUNTRY LTD. 617

42 APPLEWARE, INC. 488

43 APPLIED LOGIC INC. 634546 APPLIED SOFTW.TECH. 229

44 ARBA470

45 ARTIFICIAL INT'L.RESRCH. 616

46 ASHTON-TATE 127

47 ASHTON-TATE 256

• AUTOCODE 199

48 AUTOCONTROL INC. 628

49 AUTOCONTROL INC. 630

50 AVERY LABEL 356

51 AVERY LABEL 356

52 AVIS RENT-A-CAR 571

53 AVOCET347

• AXEL JOHNSON 199

• AYEWIPS 618

54 BAHR TECHNOLOGY 144

55 BALCONES COMP.CORP. 125

56 BASIS, INC./COMP.SYS.DESIGN 401

58 BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC. 30

59 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 638

60 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 638

61 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 639

62 BELL, JOHN ENGR. 639560 BG COMPUTER APPL. 662

63 BHRT 348, 349

64 BLUE CHIP SOFTWARE 403

65 BMC USA.INC. 567

66 BMC USA.INC. 567

67 BMC USA.INC. 353

68 BMC USA.INC. 353

69 BOTTOM LINE, THE 261

• BRYLAR614

• BYTE BOOK CLUB/MCGRAW-HILL 545

• BYTE PUBL.INC. 466

• BYTE BACK ISSUES 468

70 BYTEK COMP.SYS.CORP. 585

71 BYTEWRITER 122

72 C-SYSTEMS 232

73 C-WARE CORP. 570

74 C.S.D.INC. 434

514 CABLES UNLTD. 620

75 CADO SYSTEMS 215

76 CALIF. DATA CORP. 488

• CALIF. DIGITAL 635, 636, 637

• CALIF.MICRO.COMP. 416

77 CANON USA 489

• CDEX 153

79 CDR SYSTEMS 612

80 CERTIFIED COMPUTERS.INC. 634

81 CHECK-MATE 565

82 CHIPS & DALE 626

Inquiry No. Page No.

83 CHRISLIN IND. INC. 101541 CIRCUITS & SYSTEMS 88

84 CLE0 525

85 CMC.INT'L. 182

86 COGITATE 624

87 COLORADO COMP.PERIPH. 620

88 COLUMBIA DATA PROD. 184, 185

89 COMMAND SERVICES CORP. 616

90 COMMUNICAL.INC. 572

' COMPAQ COMPUTER CORP. 13

94 COMPONENTS EXPRESS 410

95 COMPUADD616

96 COMPUADD616

97 COMPUADD616

98 COMPUCLASS 632

99 COMPUPRO 33

• COMPUPRO 576, 577, 578525 COMPUSERVE 71

101 COMPUSHACK 561

" COMPUSOFT PUBL-B 628

102 COMPUTER ACCESSORIES 328

103 COMPUTER APPARATUS 117

104 COMPUTER CHANNEL 483

91 COMPUTER COMPONENTSUNLTD. 652, 653

105 COMPUTER CONNECTION 628

107 COMPUTER DISCOUNT PROD. 621

108 COMPUTER ENTREPRENEUR 529

530 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 238, 239

531 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 238, 239

532 COMPUTER EXCHANGE 238, 239559 COMPUTER FOOD PRESS 662

109 COMPUTER HUT OF NE 485

110 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 148

111 COMPUTER MAIL ORDER 496, 497

112 COMPUTER OUTLET 623

• COMPUTER PLUS 79

113 COMPUTER POST INC. 627

114 COMPUTER SOFTWAREASSOC. 620

115 COMPUTER STORE, THE 622

116 COMPUTER STORE, THE 624

• COMPUTER WAREHOUSE 259

117 COMPUTERUNE INTL-A 404, 405

118 COMPUTERUNE INT'L-B 346

119 COMPUTER-MATE INC. 218

120 COMPUTERS AND MORE 400

121 COMPUTERS AND MORE 614565 COMPUTERS WHOLESALE 208

530 CONROY-LAPOINTE 238, 239

531 CONROY-LAPOINTE 238, 239

532 CONROY-LAPOINTE 238, 239123 CONSOLINK 166

• CONTROL DATA CORP. 157, 257

125 CONTROL ELECTRONICS INC. 302538 CORONA DATA SYS. 304, 305

126 COST PLUS COMP. 634556 CREATIVITY UNLTD. 662

127 CROMEMC0 5

128 CSCS630

129 CUESTA SYSTEMS 622

130 CUSTOM COMP.TECH. 633

131 CYBERTEK CORP. 488

132 D.C. CRANE INC. 620

134 DATA DISTRIBUTING ENT. 620

135 DATA ELECTRONICS INC. 240

137 DAT A-MAIL 562

138 DATA-RITE CORP. 488

139 DATABASE RESEARCH 295

140 DATAMASTER 612

141 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP 364, 365

142 DATASOUTH COMP.CORP 406

143 DECISION RESOURCES 112, 113

145 DECOTEC 630

146 DENNISON KYBE CORP. 311

147 DIAMOND SFTW. SUPPLY 110

148 DIGISOFT COMPUTER 400

149 DIGITAL DELI 616

534 DIGITAL DIMENSIONS 476

150 DIGITAL ELECT.SYS. 12

151 DIGITAL LABORATORIES 256

152 DIGITAL MEDIA 626

153 DIGITAL PRESS 408

' DIGITAL RESEARCH COMP. 629

154 DIGITIME626

• DIRECT SOFTWARE 390

155 DISCOUNT SOFTWARE 269

156 DISK WORLD 289

157 DISPLAYED VIDEO 625' DMA SYSTEMS 559

158 DOKAY COMP.PROD.INC. 650, 651

159 DOW JONES SOFTWARE 433

160 DUPONT COMPANY 421

161 DWIGHT CO. INC. 630163 DYNACOMP 626

162 DYNAX INC. 299

Inquiry No.

Page No.

164 DYSAN CORP. 327

165 EAGLE SOFTWARE 412

166 EAST SIDE SOFTWARE 413

167 EASTERN ENTERPRISES 300

• EASTMAN KODAK CO. 501

168 ECOSOFT 550

169 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 584

170 EDUCATIONAL MICROCOMP. 418

171 ELECTRONIC PROTECTIONDEVICES 155

533 ELECTRONIC PROTECTIONDEVICES 464

172 ELECTRONIC SPCLISTS 580

173 ELECTROSONICS612

• ELLIS COMPUTING INC. 213

• ELLIS COMPUTING INC. 430

174 EMERY AIR FREIGHT 498

• EMPIRICAL RESRCH.GRP. 86

175 ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES 634

176 EPSON AMERICA 521

177 EROS 143

178 ESPRIT SYS. INC. 286539 EXCEL 120

' EXECUTIVE SOFTWARE 66

180 EXPOTEK334

181 EXTENDED PROCESSING 624

182 EXXON OFFICE SYSTEMS 488

183 FACITINC. 355

184 FALCON SAFETY PROD. 274542 FIDELITY DEV. CORP. 88

185 FIGURE LOGIC BUS.EQUIP. 612133 FLIP-IT 260

187 FORMULA INTL. 613

188 FORMULA INT'L. 613

189 FOX & GELLER INC. 135

190 FRANKLIN COMP.CORP. 377

191 FUJITSU PROFESS.MICROSYS. 335537 G.G.M. INDUSTRIAL 90

193 G&G ENGIN. 393

558 GARDEN OF EDEN 662

192 GENERAL MICRO SYSTEMS 632

193 GIFFORD COMP. SYS. 393

194 GILTRONIX INC. 418

195 GLOBAL EQUIPMENT INC. 614

196 GLOUCESTER COMP.CO.INC. 612557 GOODWILL ELECTR. 662

198 GREAT SALT LAKE COMP.642, 643

• GTCO CORP. 301

199 GTEKINC. 190

• GULFSTREAM 320 WC2

• GULL 320 NE4

' H&E COMPUTRONICS 31

201 H&M DISK DRIVE SERVICES 630

202 HANDWELL CORP. 631

203 HAYDEN SOFTWARE 233

204 HAYDEN SOFTWARE 446

205 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 83

207 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD.164, 165

208 HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 459

• HAYES MICROCOMP.PROD. 320SE1

209 HEATH COMPANY 228

210 HEWLETT-PACKARD 216, 217

• HEXADAISY PRODUCTS 620

211 HOLIDAY INN 321

212 HOLLYWOOD HARDWARE 13857 HOUSTON INSTR.DIV. OF

BAUSCH & LOMB 379

213 HUMAN DESIGNED SYSTEMS 463

214 HUMAN SOFT 211

215 I/O TECHNOLOGY 231

216 IBM CORP. 104, 105

217 IBM SYSTEMS SUPPLY DIV. 515

218 IBS COMPUTERTECHNIK 558

219 IDEA WARE 283

220 IMAGE COMP.PROD. 634

221 IMS INTERNATIONAL 106

222 INCOMM 432

223 INCOMM 582

• INDEPENDENT BUS.SYS.INC. 275

225 INDUS-TOOL 614

197 INDUSTRIAL 618

226 INFOCOM INC. 290, 291

227 INFOPRO SYS. 622

228 INFORUNNER CORP. 523

229 INMAC 226

545 INNOVA COMPUTER 92

231 INSTITUTE-SCTF.ANALYSIS 227554 INT'L AEROSPACE 414

232 INTL COMP. & TELECOM.INC. 662

233 INT'L MICRO SYS. 173

234 INT'L TECH. SEMINARS 622

235 INTEGRAND 581

• INTERACTIVE STRUCT. 175

Inquiry No.

Page No.

To get further information on the products advertised in BYTE, fill out the reader service cardwith your name and address. Then circle the appropriate numbers for the advertisers you selectfrom the list. Add a 20-cent stamp to the card, then drop it in the mail. Not only do you gaininformation, but our advertisers are encouraged to use the marketplace provided by BYTE. Thishelps us bring you a bigger BYTE. The iridex is provided as an additional service by the publisher,who assumes no liability for errors or omissions. "Correspond directly with company.

237 INTERDATA SYSTEMS INC. 616

550 INTERFACE INC. 312

551 INTERFACE INC. 312

* INTERSTATE ELECTRONICS320 WC1

238 INTERTEC DATA SYS. 10, 11

239 ISE/MICRO DATA BASE 551

240 J.C.SYSTEMS 26

241 JADE COMP.PROD. 644, 645

242 JADE COMP.PROD. 646, 647

243 JADE COMP.PROD. 648, 649

244 JAMECO ELECTR. 654, 655

• JAMES FOX ASSOC. 612

245 JAMES LW & ASSOC. 416

• JANUS32A

246 JDR MICRODEVICES 663

247 JDR MICRODEVICES 664, 665

248 JDR MICRODEVICES 666, 667

249 JDR MICRODEVICES 668544 JE COMPUTER 92

250 JUKI INDUSTRY OF AM 386

251 JVB ELECTRONICS 628

252 K&R COMPUTER CO.LTD. 632

253 KADAK PRODUCTS 102

254 KADAK PRODUCTS 410540 KAYPRO 554, 555

255 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 632

256 KELLY COMP.SUPPLIES 634

257 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 332

258 KENSINGTON MICROWARE 375

259 KERN PUBLICATIONS 202, 203

261 KEY TRONIC CORP. 465

262 KING SOFTWARE 662

263 LABORATORY MICROSYS. 612

264 LAREM INC. 414

265 LARK SOFTWARE 618555 LAWSON LABS 662

266 LEADING EDGE PROD. Clll

267 LEHMANN & ASSOC. 470

268 LEXICOMP DATA SYS. 630

269 LIBERTY GROUP INC. 493

282 LIGO RESEARCH 357

• LINK 320 SE3

270 LINTEK INC. 568

271 LOCKHEED DIALOG 505

272 LOGICAL DEVICES 20

273 LOGICAL MICROCOMPUTER 298

274 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 547

275 LOTUS DEVELOPMENT 249

276 LSI JAPAN CO. 614

535 LUNG HWA ELECTRONICS 90

277 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 622

278 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 624

279 LYBEN COMP.SYS. 626

280 LYCO COMPUTER 109

281 MACROTECH INT'L. 477

283 MAGIC COMPUTER CO. 309

285 MANNESMANN TALLY 407

286 MANX SOFTWARE 136

287 MARITIME SOFTWARE ASSOC. 624

288 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES 632

* MC-P APPLICATIONS 422

* MCGRAW-HILL BOOKSTORE 583

289 MEGABYTE INDUSTRIES 612

290 MET CHEM INTLCORP. 289

291 METASOFT CORP. 471

293 MICRO AGE COMP.STORESINC. 237

301 MICRO CRAFT 34, 35

294 MICRO DATA SUPPLIES 326

295 MICRO MANAGEMENT SYS. 533

561 MICRO MART 388

296 MICRO MART 630

297 MICRO MINT 573

298 MICRO WEST 553

299 MICRO WORKS, THE 441419 MICRODYNAMICS 632

302 MICROHOUSE 97

303 MICROMA1L610

304 MICROMATION 484

305 MICROMAX SYS. 103

306 MICROMAX SYS. 103

562 MICROPERIPH.CORP.THE 388

307 MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. 620

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 151

• MICROSOFT (CPD) 475

308 MICROTAX 167

309 MICROTECH EXPORTS 214

310 MICROTYPE 403

311 MICROWARE 196

300 MICROXPRESS 458

312 MILLER.J.W. 624

• MINISCRIBE320SW2

313 MINOLTA CORP. 510, 511

* MITRE CORP. 320 NE3

314 MITSUBA 178

315 MONUMENT COMPUTERSERV. 474

563 MORE 388

316 MORROW 16, 17

317 MOUNTAIN VIEW PRESS 243

318 MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 236

319 MULTIMICRO COMPUTER 313

320 MULTITECH ELECT. 89

321 MULTITECH ELECT. 91

322 MULTITECH ELECT. 93

* MUSYS177

* NATL SECURITY AGENCY320 NE1

October 1983 © BYTE Publications Inc. 671

Reader Service

Inquiry No. Page No.

• NAVAL AIR DEV.CTR. 320 NE8

• NAVAL UNDERWATER SYS. 320NE2

325 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 444, 446

383 NEC HOME ELECTR.USA 183

• NETWORK CONSULTING INC. 139

• NETWORK CONSULTING INC. 563

327 NETWORX INC. 245

328 NEWTECH CO. LTD. 558

329 NORTH STAR COMPUTERS 373

330 NORTHWEST DIGITAL SYS. 150

331 NOVATION,INC. 123

• NRI SCHOOLS ELECTR.DIV. 513

332 O'HANLON COMP.SYS. 517

333 OFFICE NETWORKS CORP. 628

334 OLYMPIA U.S.A. INC. 277

335 OLYMPIC SALES 557

336 OMNI RESOURCES 543

338 ORYX SYSTEMS 478, 479

339 OSBORNE/MCGRAW-HILL 503526 OVERLORD MONITORS 618

340 OXFORD INTL. INC. 546

• PACIFIC COMPUTERS 188

341 PACIFIC EXCHANGES 418, 614,622, 626, 628, 630, 632, 634

349 PAN AMERICAN ELEC.INC. 582

350 PANASONIC INDUSTRIAL DIV. 191552 PC TECHNOLOGY 564

351 PC WARE 32

352 PC WARE 273

353 PEACHTREE SOFTWARE 28, 29

355 PENCEPT INC. 343

356 PER SCI INC. 622

357 PERCOM DATA 9

• PERFECT SOFTWARE 59

359 PERFECT SOFTWARE 60, 61

360 PERFECT SOFTWARE 62, 63

361 PERFECT SOFTWARE 64, 65

375 PERSONALIZED COMPUTERPAPER 626

363 PETRO-LEWIS FUNDS INC. 412

365 PHACT ASSOC. LTD. 568

366 PHASER 119

367 PHONE I,INC. 417

368 PICKLES & TROUT 230

369 PMI ASSOCIATES 614

370 POOR PERSON SOFTWARE 628

371 PRACTICAL PERIPH. 247

372 PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS. 179

373 PRINTER STORE, THE 519

374 PRIORITY ONE 656, 657, 658, 659,660,661

376 PROF. SOFTWARE PROD. 181

377 PROGRAMMERS SFTW. EX. 232

Inquiry No. Page No.

527 PROGRAMMING INTL. 435

528 PROGRAMMING INTL. 436, 437

529 PROGRAMMING INTL. 438380 PROMETHEUS PRODUCTS 495382 PURCHASING AGENT, THE 302

384 QUADRAM CORP. 15

385 QUADRAM CORP. 75

386 QUADRAM CORP. 363

387 QUANT SYSTEMS 630

388 QUARK ENGINEERING 314, 315

389 QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 81564 QUBIE DISTRIBUTING 189

390 QUELO 562

' QUEUE LIMITED 620

391 R.C. ELECTRONICS 473

392 R.C.ELECTRONICS 473

393 R.R.SOFTWARE111

394 RADIO SHACK CIV

395 RANA SYSTEMS 22, 23

396 RANDOM ACCESS INC. 628

397 RANDOM HOUSE 474

398 RAP ELECTRONICS 470

* RCA 320 NE5

399 RCA 340

400 REDDING GROUP INC. 149

401 REVIEW PUBLICATIONS 142

402 RING KING VISIBLES INC. 156

* ROCKY MT.MICRO INC. 331

403 ROGERS ELECTRONICS 632

404 ROGERS LABS 622

405 RTL PROGRAMMING AIDS 470

406 S C DIGITAL 460

407 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 222

408 SAFEWARE 537

409 SAGE COMP.TECH. 87

410 SAKATA451

411 SCALA R ELECTRON IX (1982)INC. 632

412 SCM ALLIED PAPER 85

413 SCM CORP. 252

* SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 389

414 SCREENWARE 626

415 SEEQUA COMP.CORP. 6

416 SEMI DISK SYSTEM 196

417 SENTINEL COMP. PRODUCTS 24

418 SEXTANT MAGAZINE 333

420 SGL HOMALITE 234

362 SHARP ELECTRONICS 419

421 SHARP ELECTRONICS 490

* SIEMENS COMM.SYS.INC. 168, 169

423 SIERRA DATA SCIENCES 57

424 SIGNUM SYSTEMS 618

* SILICON SPECIALTIES 450

* SIMPLIWAY PROD. 618

Inquiry No. Page No.

427 SLR SYSTEMS 624

428 SLR SYSTEMS 418

429 SLUDER/COMPETmVE EDGE 484

547 SOFTLINE 425

430 SOFTRENT 620

432 SOFTWARE ARTS 128, 129

433 SOFTWARE BANC 206, 207

435 SOFTWARE DEV.CORP. 146

436 SOFTWARE DIGEST 426, 427' SOFTWARE GUILD 278, 279

' SOFTWARE OF THE MONTHCLUB 100

437 SOFTWARE SERVICES 289

438 SOLUTIONWARE CORP. 626

* SONICRAFT 320 NE7

439 SPECTRON INSTRUMENT 616

* SPERRY 320 SE4, SW1

440 SPRINGER-VELAG 276

441 SPSS 550

553 STAR LOGIC 560

442 STAR MICRONICS 141

443 STARBUCK DATA CO. 454' STEMMOS LTD. 199

444 SUNNY INTL. 611

445 SUNTRONICS611543 SUPERCOM 88

10 SUPERLETTER/ABRAMSCREATIVE SERV. 618

446 SUPERSOFT 193

447 SUPERSOFT 195

448 SUPERSOFT 197

449 SUPERSOFT 322, 323,

451 SWEET GUM INC. 108

452 SWI INTL. 569

453 SYBEX147

454 SYNETIX 223

457 TALLGRASS TECH. 69

458 TATUM LABS 616

459 TAURUS COMP.PROD.INC. 194

460 TAYCO BUSINESS FORMS 488472 TDI 356

461 TDK ELECTRONICS 415

* TECHNICAL SYS.CONSLTNS. 205

* TEKTRONIX INC. 319

463 TELECON SYSTEMS 336

464 TELETEK ENTERPRISES 25

465 TELETEX COMMUNICATIONS 469

466 TERMINALS TERRIFIC 579

467 TEXAS COMP.SYS. 221

* TEXAS INSTRUMENTS 338, 339

469 THOUGHTWARE INC. 423

548 THREE M COMPANY 271

3 THREE M TRENDCOM. 359

470 THUNDERWARE CORP. 634

Inquiry No. Page No.

473 TINNEY, ROBERT GRAPHICS 575

474 TITAN TECHNOLOGY 455

475 TOPAZ INC. 303

476 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 442

477 TOSHIBA AMERICA INC. 443

478 TRAK CO., THE 255

479 TRANSACTION STORAGESYS. 121

480 TRANSTAR 145

481 TRANSTAR 539

482 TRISTAR DATA SYS. 212

483 TSK ELECTR.CORP. 345

484 TSL262

488 U.S. MICRO SALES 640, 641

485 U.S. ROBOTICS 18

489 UNIFIED SOFTWARE SYS. 470

490 UNIPRESS387

491 UNIVERSAL COMP.PROD. 614

492 UNIVERSAL DATA SYS. 27

493 VANTEC 628

494 VAULT COMPANY 154

495 VECTOR ELECTR. CO. 329

496 VICTORY COMP.SYS. 382, 383

497 VIDEX 19

498 VISUAL TECH,INC. 449

499 VLM COMPUTER ELEC. 634

500 VOTRAX549

501 VR DATA 531

502 W.T.I. COMP.S.PERIPH.PROD. 369

503 WADSWORTH ELECTRONICPUBL509

504 WANG ELECTR.PUBLINC. 224' WANG LABS INC. 541

' WAREHOUSE SOFTWARE 152

506 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 402

507 WASHINGTON COMP.SERV. 564

508 WESPER MICROSYSTEMS 201

509 WESPER MICROSYSTEMS 201• WESTICOINC. 411

510 WHITESMITHS LTD. 462

511 WILLIAMS, MARK CO. 535

512 WINTEK CORP. 624

513 WORLDWIDE COMP.SUPPUES 470

515 WYSE TECHNOLOGY 409

516 X COMP 453

517 XEROX EDUCATION PUBL. 457

518 XIDEX MAGNETICS 250, 251136 XL SYSTEMS 618

520 YIELD HOUSE 116

521 ZOBEX487

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History will record as a profound irony

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ever created for the IBM® Personal Computer

wasn't created by IBM.

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*IBM i> a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

Circle 266 on inquiry card.

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Professional Computing at a Low Cost. This superbTRS-80 trio lets you enjoy unsurpassed power arid flexi-bility in assembly language and color graphics program-ming. The complete system—including the 64KExtended BASIC TRS-80 Color Computer, OS-9 operat-ing system with editor/assembler and Color Disk Kit—isjust $869.85!

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Prices apply abparticipating Radio Shack stores and dealers.Circle 394 on inquiry card.