Byte Magazine Volume 10 Number 08 - Declarative Languages

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Candidate Search Update

FILE: Reaunt,

SEARCH DATF: 5/20185

CLIENT: Sp/cndora Gourmet Baby Foods

FIND

EXPERIENCE - MarLaing MmagcHELD = FomLUnfantSIZE = J0OV Eny/nyccsSALARY REQ., Utl-$SO.Cm P„ ALOCATION REQ.-Dami

RELOCATABLE = K«

Mame Experience

Anlosz, Hank

Brown, Dob

1978—PresentPin/.-Pinz Baby Food1976—1978Heath Baby Products

1984—PresentLiz for Kids1982—1984Bonnie Babe, Inc.

Salary Education

$45,000

S48.000

Haydcn, Steve 1979—Present

Morrison. John

West, Nick

I leath Baby Products1975—1979Mummy Tummies

1977—PresentCamilla Grocers, Ltd1974—1977Georgie Porgie ofLondon

/ Ung dale/base management program

you can store, retrieve and sort informa-tion in an almost unlimited numberif combinations: As opposed In,-,, the way you're probablydoing it now. Above, we'velocated eligible candidates bysalary and work experience.Bui database managementis also handy for things likegenerating master mailing lists.Creating invoices. Sorting by zipcode. Checking inventory. Nofiles to lose. No crass-referencingyour Rolodex" No paperclips.

S.W " May 20,1985

Mr. Greg HolmVice President, MarketingSplendora Gourmet Baby Foods2200 Michigan Place EastWinnetka, Illinois

Dear Mr. Helm:

* a busy executive you know that accomplishing your many pro.essiona,objectives Is a lull-time lob. n8dic schedule to

And the last thing you need IS to lake ig^i^^ajnf, can holplsearch lor a new team player. M «h™ ffiHBHBjUrtUg , m••■» service recruitment lirmwilh J^™^, seteclad. aggres-

Ir^l succESSFUI.PtAce"Erns|

LSifi

sive ambitious. highly-qualMiedprofessionals not unliko yourself.

Our selective screeningprocesses hBlp us locatecandidates who not only meetyaur specitied work expsnenceand salary requirements, but whoare well suited to the corporaieculture of your company.

"»■ — - culture ui yuui »"■ 1-

One more reason we. nicy™^^^X

™u9Ess ?==:*=;--rre,erences'casa«^d-^rs;:ssSa:^swi,e,chai,don1

hesilate to call aaaJrVjMiaaiS -

^

In business, people often meet yourletterhead before they meet you. Everwondered what a type/vrillen page stiff'icilh ichite-oul says ahoul your business''With The Macintosh Office you caneven design and print your, own letterhead, plus com-bine publication qualitytext and graphics fora lasting first impres-sion. More important,you can send personal-ized letters to as manyprospects as you havepaper.

Personality

I

Leadership

Experience

P

tol

'Manufacturer's suggested retailprice. © 1985 Apple Computer. Inc. Apple, lIx'Mile logo. IjistrWHIer.-ljijile'ldlk and MacDraw are trademarks of Apple Compute/: Inc. Macintosh is a trademarkojMcintosh Laboratory Inc. and is being used with its express permission. Nabisco is a registered trademark of Nabisco, Inc. Modex is a registered trademark ofZepfy r American Gorporation,a subsidiary of'li/silco.** Multiplan is a registered trademark it] 'Microsoft Corporation.

uaness yam in

business.

: Analysis |

□ CMU»(^] Candidal!

□ C"",""U

Each graph represents sevento ten pages of test informationper candidate.

Individual tests are available

for your review at your request.

As these comparative charts

indicate, all candidates tested

competitively in the four areas.

However, based on further in-depth study, including extensivepersonal interviews, wp highlyrecommend you interviewcandidates 4 and 5 as soon aspossible.

Our office will be contactingyou immediately to set up theseinterviews at your earliest con-venience.

If a picture is worth athousand words,business graphics like these could cutmeetings and presentations in IxilJ.We've taken information onfivecandidates stored in one sq/nmref:, program, copied it intomother program, where itwas used to create these com-parative bar graphs. Onceyour data is entered thisparticular software programpves von your choice of 42difjerent graph cmifigurathus. You can preview yourA material I whether it's candi1 dates, coils or cookies I in.fm each configuration toAB decide which chart orgraph most persuasivelymakes your point.

meeli

Ml

Recruit-A-Suit Income StatementFiscal Year Ending 9/30/84

01

02

Q3

04

Yair-end

SALES

Arm A.-crji

F*M

30,000

19,000

.,-. ......j

17,000

78.000

Cnrrm.s-,:-.n^

52.000

45.000

■:.3.r.:-o

42,000

167.000

1 nl.V Attn rVr ■'

72,000

6*,O0O

70,000

59,000

265 000

Do Iron

Food

.14,000

46,000

42.000

39.000

171.0 no

Commit i a na

68.000

72,000

64,000

62,000

2SG.000

T of ill Do 1 roil

112.000

Illl.Oi 0

10-j.lifjO

101,000

437,000

TOTAL SALES

184.000

1(12.000

176.000

160.000

702.000

OPERATING EXPENSES

Ann Arbor

Payroll

30.000

30.000

33.000

30.000

123.000

Tmoa

2.500

2.500

2.600

2.500

10,100

Auto

1.200

1,200

1.200

1.200

4.BD0

retnhont

BOO

GOO

GOO

600

2,400

Ron.

0,000

(1.000

8.000

B,000

32,000

Ulil.lios

500

500

500

500

2,000

i .-..■.■ . r,;;--,.;.: Jj

100

100

200

100

500

MwwWIng

3.000

3,000

4,000

4,000

14,000

T"rav»l

1,000

1.000

1.000

1,000

4.000

EnlortBinmom

1,500

1.500

1,760

1.500

0,250

Office Supplies

300

300

300

300

1.200

Ann Arbor ToM

40.701

■lfi.700

53,150

■19,700

200.250

Dfitroil

Pavrnil

50.000

52.000

50.000

50.000

202.000

Taj os

4.200

4 400

4.200

4.200

17.000

Aula

2.400

2.400

2.400

2.400

9.600

Talophono

1.2Q0

1 5DO

1.500

1,200

5.400

Ron!

9.100

9,100

9,TOO

9.400

36.700

Ul.tilios.

BOO

800

S00

800

3,200

;■' ■

250

'.-c:

200

650

Advertising

3,000

a.:,i.;a

3 500

3,000

13.000

Trsvol

1.200

5,500

1.200

1,400

5.300

EniortaJnment

i 600

1,800

1.600

1.4O0

6,400

r.i[r;.-n Suppiifr.

I DO

400

400

400

1(100

DflfroU tqijI

74.100

77.650

74,900

74.400

301.050

EXPENSES TOTAL

122.800

120,350

120.050

124,100

E01.300

NETPKE-TAX PROFIT

61,200

55.550

47.950

35.900

100.700

T-r?

Y

f produces a

M von well know, business involvesinnumerable number-related tasks, notthe least of which is generating incomemid expense statements like Ibisone. Should you want to- I change any of the enteredI items—to take a look at theeffects of opening a new officei or decreasing your staff—aspreadsheet program like1 hilliplan" * will automatically. •calculate the entire document.(Here, we've copied it intoMucDraw™ and enhanced itfor presentation purposes.). II not only saves hours ofentering, double checkingand erasing, but when teamedup with our LaserWriter printer, itproduces a printout impressive enoughto show a bank president. Fast enoughfor this afternoon's meeting

Whether you're Nabisco™or Ms. Priss'Cookie Company you worry about the bottomline. Write letters. Keep track of inventory.Keep your overhead under control. Pay taxes.Retrieve files. Schedule projects.

Which is why you can dramaticallyincrease your business' productivity with TheMacintosh™ Office.

The cornerstone of The Macintosh Ottois our Macintosh 512K computer. All you needto know about its powerful, 32-bit, mouse-driven technology is that it reduces the timeit takes to become productive with a computerfrom well over a work week to just under alunch hour.

But more important, Macintosh runs

more than 500

software .;,....

programs that ..

can solve a

multitude

of business

problems. /

When

you team up Macintosh with the secondhardest worker in The Macintosh Office,our LaserWriter™ printer, you can bring a newlevel of professionalism to your paperwork.

It produces publication-quality textand graphics in letters, internal documents,presentations, even business forms. There'sno telling what it can save you in outsideprinting costs alone. And the LaserWriter canbe shared with as many as 31 Macintoshcomputers. So it becomes more cost efficientwith every Macintosh you connect to it.

Butcher, baker, candlestick-maker... orNabisco for more information about TheMacintosh Office call 800-446-3000.No job too big.Or too small.

TheMacinto&Office

CONTENTS

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148

FEATURES

Introduction 80

The Amiga Personal Computer

by Gregg WK/iams. }on Edwards, and Phillip Robinson 83

It has plenty of computing power and impressive color graphics.

Ciarcias Circuit Cellar:

Build the BASIC-52 Computer/Controller by Steve Garcia 104

Steve designs a cost-effective performance booster that can be usedin serious applications.

The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board, Part 1: The Hardware

by Trevor G. Marshall. George Scolaro. David L Rand, Tom King.

and Vincent P. Williams 120

When plugged into an IBM PC. the DSI-32 is a complete National Semiconductor32032 microcomputer with 2 56K bytes of memory.

Programming Project:

Context-Free Parsing of Arithmetic Expressions

by \onathan Amsterdam 138

This program lets you parse integer arithmetic expressions into executable form.

THEMES

Introduction 148

Prolog Goes to Work by Clara Y. Cuadrado and \ohn L. Guadrado 151

What Prolog is. who's using it. and why.

Logic Programming by Robert Kowalski 161

It can be implemented as either a declarative programming languageor a procedural programming language.

Declarative Languages: An Overview

by Susan Eisenbach and Ghris Sadler 181

Why we need another type of programming language.

Program Transformation by )ohn Darlington 201

A researcher in functional languages explains a program-developmentmethodology.

Functional Programming Using FP

by Peter G. \-\arrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan 219

This language lets you program without objects by facilitating the manipulationof functions.

A Hope Tutorial by Roger Bailey 235

Learn how to use one of the new generationof functional languages.

BYTE H5SN 0360-52801 is published monthly with one extra issue pel year by McGraw-Hill Inc Founder lames H McGraw 11860-19481 Executive editorialcirculation and advertising olhces 70 Main 51 Peterborough. NH 014 58 phone 16031 924-9381 Office hours Mon-Thur 8 JO AM - 4 30 PM. Friday8 30 AM — 1 00 PM Eastern Time Address subscriptions to BYTE Subscriptions. POB 590 Martinsville Nl 08836 Postmaster send address changesUSPS Form 3579 undeliverable copies, and fulfillment questions to BYTE Subsctiptions POB 596 Martinsville Nl 08836 Second-class postage paidat Peterborough NH 03458 and additional mailing offices Postage paid at Winnipeg. Manitoba Registration number 9321 Subscriptions are 521 lorone year S38 for two years and S55 (or three years in the USA and its possessions In Canada and Mexico S23 for one year S42 for two years S6Ilor three years S69 for one year ait delivety to Europe 17 100 yen for one year surface delivery to lapan S37 surface delivery elsewhere Air delivery10 -.elected areas at additional rates upon request Single copy price is S3 50 in the USA and its possessions. S3 95 In Canada and Mexico S4 50 InEurope, and S5 elsewhere Foreign subscriptions and sales should be remitted In United States funds drawn on a US bank Please allow six lo eightweeks fot delivery of firsl issue Primed in the United States of America

2 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

COVER PHOTO BY AARON REZNY WITH APOLOGIES TO PABLO PICASSO

VOLUME 10, NUMBER 8, 1985

REVIEWS

Introduction 262

Reviewers Notebook by Glenn Hartwig 265

The Tandy 1000 by Rich Malloy 266

An inexpensive IBM PC-compatible system.

IBM Pascal 2.00 by Patrick J. Finan .275

Improvements include better documentation and support of an 8087 coprocessor.

Review Feedback 283

Readers respond to previous reviews.

KERNEL

Introduction 290

Computing at Chaos Manor: The West Coast Computer Faire

by jerry Pournelle 293

A drive to San Francisco lets Jerry see a multitude of new products.

BYTE Japan: COMDEX in Japan by William M. Raike 331

Bill describes many of the new products that were featured at the first-everCOMDEX show in Japan.

BYTE U.K.: Declarative Update by Dick Pountain 341

Dick rounds out this month's "Declarative Languages" theme with reviewsof two books and a look at two new language systems.

According to Webster: Greetings and Agitations by Bruce Webster.... 355More Macintosh products are discussed this month.

BYTE West Coast New Microprocessor Chips by Phillip Robinson 369

Phil looks at Intel's iAPX 386. the 80C86. and Atron's "hardware-assisted"debugger for the 86 family.

Circuit Cellar Feedback conducted by Steve Ciarcia 376

Steve answers project-related queries from readers.

BYTELINES conducted by Sol Ubes 378

News and speculation about personal computers.

Editorial:A Very Special Issue 6

Microbytes 9

Letters 14

Fixes and Updates 33

Whats New 39, 380

Book Reviews 49

Ask BYTE 70

Unclassified Ads 429

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box,BOMB Results 430

Reader Service 431

262

f>';

I i

290

Address all editorial correspondence to the Editor BYTE POB 372 Hancock NH 03J49 Unacceptable manuscripts will be returned il accompaniedby sufficient first-class postage Not responsible for lost manuscripts or photos Opin.ons expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of BYTE

Copyright © 1985 by McGraw-Hill Inc All rights reserved Trademark registered in the United States Patent and Trademark Office Where necessarypermission is granted by the copyright owner for libraries and others registered with the Copyright Clearance Center iCCCl to photocopy any articleherein for the flat fee of 51 50 per copy of the article or any part thereof Correspondence and payment should be sent directly to the CCC. 29 CongressSt Salem MA 01970 Specify ISSN 0360-5280 83 SI 50 Copying done for other than personal ot internal reference use w thorn the permis-sion of McGraw-Hill Inc is prohibited Requests for special permission or bulk orders should be addressed to the publisher BYTE is availablein microform from University Microfilms International 300 North Zeeb Rd Dept PR. Ann Arbor Ml -18106 or 18 Bedford Row. Depi PRLondon WCIR m EnglandSubscription questions or problems should be addressed to: BYTE Subscriber Service. POB 328 Hancock. NH 03 44 9

section art by maciek albrecht

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 3

Can You Name aDual-Drive Color PCThat Runs Lotus l,Z,3and Costs Under $1500?

Hints

• It comes with a 14" RGB monitormuch like the 14" monitor that comeswith the $2495 Leading Edge PC.

• It has dual 800K disk drives muchlike the $2495 Tandy 2000, but it alsohas the ability to read and write topopular 160K, 320K, and 360K IBM-PCformats.

• It's an 8088, MS-DOS system with256Kof RAM, but it comes with a betterfree software bundle than the 8-bit Kayproincluding MS-DOS 2.11, HAGEN-DOS,DOS-TUTOR, WordStar 3.3, Easy Writer,Spell, Mail Track, PC File III, FILE-BASE, CalcStar, games, graphics, utili-ties, and two BASIC languages.

• Although it's not PC-DOS compatibleit will run hundreds of the same pro-grams as the IBMincludingdBASE II,Multiplan, the PFS series, Lotus 1,2,3and even Flight Simulator.

• During the dog days of summercomputer sales, we've lowered the pricesof both our color and monochrome systems.You can receive a free booklet on thesesystems by calling our machine at1-800-FOR A FOX, and leaving yourname and address at the beep.

Your time is up the answer is:

Color Fox $1497

alsoFox Jr. ... $899 Silver Fox .. $1297

Scorrsdole Systems, Lfd

617 N Scorrsdole Rd #B, Scorrsdole, Az 85257

(602)941-5856

The Silver Fox is sold exclusively by Scottadale SystemsLtd.. 617 N. Scoltadole Road SB, Scottadale. AZ 85257.Trademarks: Silver Fox. HAGEN-DOS, and Datemate,Scottsdale Systems Ltd.; WordStar and CalcStar,Micropro International; MS-DOS, and Multiplan, Micro-soft Corporation; FILEBASE, EWDP Software, Inc.;dBASE II. AshtonTate; IBM-PC. and IBM-PC DOS;International Business Machines Corporation. Ordering:Telemarketing only, Silver Fox price is for cash.F.O.B. Scottadale, prices subject to change, productsubject to limited supply. We accept purchase orders fromFortune 1000 companies and major universities withgood credit - add 2% Visa, Mastercard add 3%, AZresidents add 6%. Returned merchandise subject to a 20%restocking fee. Personal or company checks take up to 3weeks to clear. No COD's or APO's.

EVTE

editor in chief

Philip Lemmons

managing editor

Gene Smarte

consulting editors

Steve Ciarcia

Ierry Pournelle

Bruce Webster

senior technical editors

G. Michael Vose. Tfemes

Gregg Williams

technical editors

Thomas R. Clune

Ion R. Edwards

Richard Grehan

Glenn Hartwig, Reviews

Ken Sheldon

Richard S. Shuford

Iane Morrill Tazelaar

Eva White

Stanley Wszola

Margaret Cook Gurney. Associate

Alan Easton. Drafting

WEST COAST EDITORS

E/.ra Shapiro. Bureau Chief. San FranciscoPhillip Robinson. Senior technical Editor. Palo AltoDonna Osgood, Associate Editor, Son FranciscoBrenda McLaughlin. Editorial Assistant. San Francisco

NEW YORK EDITOR

Richard Malloy. Senior Technical Editor

managing editor,

electronic publishing and communications

George Bond

user news editor. east coast

Anthony I. Lockwood, Wfiaf's New

USER NEWS EDITOR. WEST COAST

Mark Welch. Microbes

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

Jonathan Amsterdam, programming projects

Mark Dahmke. video, operating systems

Mark Haas, at large

Rik Iadrnicek. CAD. graphics, spreadsheets

Mark Klein communications

Alastair 1, W. Mayer, software

Alan Miller, languages and engineering

Iohn C Nash, scientific computing

Dick Pountain, U.K.

William M. Raike. \apan

Perry Saidman. computers and law

Robert Sterne, computers and law

COPY EDITORS

Bud Sadler, ChiefDennis BarkerElizabeth CooperAnne L, FischerNancy HayesLynne M NadeauPaula Noonan

lOAN VlGNEAU ROY

Warren Williamson

assistants

Peggy Dunham, office ManagerMartha HicksLisa Jo Steiner

art

ROSSLYN A. FRICK. Art DirectorNancy Rice. Assistant An Director

PRODUCTION

David R. Anderson, Production DirectorDenise ChartrandMichael I. LonskyIan Muller

senior vice president/publisherHarry L, Brownpublishers assistant

Beverly Iackson

PERSONNEL

Cheryl Hurd. Office ManagerPatricia Burke, Personnel Coordinator

ADVERTISING SALES 1603-924-61371

I Peter Huestis. Sales ManagerSandra Foster, Administrative Assistant

ADVERTISING/PRODUCTION (603-924-644BI

Lisa Wozmak, Supervisor

Robert D, Hannings, Senior Account Coordinator

Marion Carlson

Karen Cilley

Lyda Clark

MlCHELE GlLMORE

Denise Proctor

WAI Chiu Ll. Quality Control Manager

Iulie Nelson, Advertising/Production Coordinator

CIRCULATION (800-258-54851

Gregory Spitzfaden, Director

Andrew Iackson, Subscriptions Manager

Cathy A Rutherford. Assistant Manager

Laurie Seamans, Assistant Manager

Susan Boyd

Phil Dechert

Mary Emerson

Louise Menecus

Agnes E. Perry

Jennifer Price

Iames Bingham. Sinaie-Copy Sales Manager

Linda Ruth, Assistant Manager

Carol A ho

Claudette Carswell

Karen Desroches

marketing communications

Horace T, Howland Director (603-924-342.1)

Vicki Reynolds. Marketing Production Manager

Priscilla Arnold Marketing Assistant

Stephanie Warnesky, Marftetiita Art Director

Sharon Price. Assistant Art Director

Doug Webster, Director of Public Relations 1603-924-9037)

Wilbur S. Watson. Operations Manager, Exhibits

planning and development

Michele P. Verville. Manager

Patricia Akerley. Research Manager

Cynthia Damato Sands, Reader Sen-ice Coordinator

Faith Kluntz. Copyrianfs Coordinator

manufacturing/finance/services

Daniel Rodrigues. Director

accounting

Kenneth A, King, Assistant Controller

Vicki Weston. Accounting Manager

Linda Short. D/P Manaaer

Edson Ware, Credit

Marie Caggiani

Marilyn Haich

Diane Henry

Vern Rockwell

IoAnn Walter

typography

Sherry McCarthy. Chief Typographer

Nan Fornal

Len Lorette

Kathy Quist

Donna Sweeney

building services/traffic

Anthony Bennett. Building Services Manager

Brian Higgins

Mark Monkton

receptionists

L. Ryan McCombs

Cheryl Castro, Assistant

Editorial and Business Office: 70 Main Street Peterborough New Hampshire 034 58 1603] 924-9281West Coast Offices: McGraw-Hill. 435 Battery St. San Francisco. CA 94111. 141 51 362-4600

McGrBW-HIII 10O0 Elwell Court Palo Alto CA 94303 |4I5| 964-0624New York Office: 1221 Avenue of the Americas New York. NY 10020, (2121 512-2000

Officers of McGraw-Hill Information Systems Company President Richard B Miller Executive Vice Presidents Frederick P lannOlt Con-struction Information Group. Russell C White. Computers and Communications Information Group. I Thomas Ryan Marketing and Interna-tional Senior Vice Presidents Francis A Shinal. Controller Robert C Violeue Manufacturing and Technology Senior Vice Presidents andPublishers Laurence Altman. Electronics Week. Harry L Brown. BYTE and Popular Computing: David 1 McGrath, Construction PublicationsCroup Vice President Peter B McCuen. Communications Information Vice President Fred O lensen. Planning and Development

Officers of McGraw-Hill lnc Harold W McGraw |r Chairman, loseph L. Dionne. President and Chief Executive Officer Robert N Landes. ExecutiveVice President and Secretary Ralph I Webb. Vice President and Treasurer. Shel F Asen. Vice President Manufacturing George R Elsinger Vice Presi-dent Circulation. Ralph R Schulz. Senior Vice President Editorial (Publishing Operations).

■if nil

BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Give yourself a Giff.

Now you can network IBM PCs with apowerful, multitasking, multiuser system.

Run popular MS-DOS™ programs like Lotus™ 1-2-3,SuperCalc 3 and WordStar.™ Plus all the thousands of CP/JVTprograms. Plus true multiuser accounting, database manage-ment, and electronic mail.

Gifford's MC-NET;™ running on our MC-186™ and IBMcompatible PCs, gives you all this capability and more. It letsyou grow a network that shares information and resourcesamong hundreds of people. With full security. Advanced tele-communications. And the ease of use of a standalone PC.

Get the whole stoiy on Gifford hardware, software andservice. Just call 415/895-0798 and ask for a Giff Pack.™ Or writeto us at 2446 Verna Court, San Leandro, CA 94577

Give yourself the Giff that keeps on giving.

©GIFFORDCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

A subsidiary of Zitel corporation

THE MULTIUSER COMPANY'

2446VemaCourt,SanL£andro,CA94577 415/895-0798 Telex 704521 2050 North Loop West, Suite 116 Houston, TX 77018 713/680-1944

In Europe: London (01) 337-2372 Telex 28106 (UK)

MONET and MC-186 are trademarks of Gifford Computer Systems. MS-DOS, Cl'/M, Lotus 1-2-3, SuperCalc 3 and WordStar arc trademarks of Microsoft. Digital Research,Ixjtus Development Corporation. Sorcim/IUS Micro Software, and MicroPro International respectively.

Inquiry 133

AUGUST 1985

EDITORIAL

A Very Special Issue

BYTE's readers like to stay on the leadingedge of technology and to try things forthemselves. We think this issue offersextraordinary opportunities for you todiscover some of the most exciting devel-opments at the forefront of personal com-puting. The new Amiga personal com-puter from Commodore International is amachine to rekindle the enthusiasm thatdrives personal computing.

Gregg Williams, Jon Edwards, and PhilRobinson have explained the Amiga's ar-chitecture in fascinating detail. TheAmiga's custom coprocessors for the68000 bring high performance. Dazzlinggraphics and audio and an open expan-sion bus make the Amiga the intellectualand technical heir to the Apple II. TheAmiga's operating system is a full-color,icon-based windowing system with trueconcurrency. All the dazzle does nothingto inhibit the Amiga's performance in anyserious application.

The Amiga's price seems fair, too. Withthe 68000, three custom chips that con-trol graphics, audio, and peripherals, voicesynthesis hardware with software to driveit, 2 56K bytes of RAM, I92K bytes ofROM, and input/output that includes an800K-byte microfloppy, RGB analog, RGBdigital, NTSC composite, two stereo jacks,a mouse, a parallel port, a high-speedserial port, and a disk port, plus the ex-pansion bus, BASIC, a word processor, apaint program, and four other pieces ofbundled software, the Amiga retails for$1295. Add Tecmar's $995 hard disk andan RGB monitor, and you have a phenom-enal computer system.

This issue also offers readers an oppor-tunity to build a true 32-bit computer sys-tem. Based on National Semiconductor's32032, the Definicon DSI-32 coprocessorboard for the IBM PC also uses theNS32081 floating-point chip and has theNS32082 memory-management chip asan option. FORTRAN, Pascal, C, and otherlanguages are available. If you have anIBM PC with 15 watts of power to spare,the DSI-32 can move you a generationahead in computing power. Phil Robinsonwas instrumental in bringing this excitingproject to the pages of BYTE.

Steve Ciarcia, preparing the blockbusterCircuit Cellar SB180 computer forSeptember's 10th Anniversary issue, givesus the versatile and powerful BASIC-52computer/controller (BCC-52) this month.Programmable in a ROM-based BASIC, theBASIC-52 and its on-board language areideal for process control and are bus-com-patible with Steve's earlier Z8 controllers.The BCC-52 board utilizes the Intel8052AH-BASIC microcontroller chip andincludes 48K bytes of RAM/EPROM, anEPROM programmer, three parallel ports,a serial terminal port, and a serial printerport.

lonathan Amsterdam's ProgrammingProject shows how to parse integer arith-metic expressions into executable form.This software project is written in Pascalfor the Apple 11, but lonathan has takencare to write portable code. He has alsoexplained the roots of the project inlinguists' work on context-free grammars.The article goes from theory of context-free grammers to a working Pascal versionof a Texas Instruments-style four-functioninteger calculator. We'll be having at leastone Programming Project in the featuresection each month.

Leading-Edge Software

The feature section emphasizes hardwarein part because the theme section isdevoted to declarative programming lan-guages. Declarative languages are gainingpopularity because they are ideal forparallel processing and because their pro-ponents claim they will increase the pro-ductivity of programmers.

Thanks to contributions from a varietyof authors, including several at the Im-perial College of Science and Technologyin London, England, this language issuegives readers insights into relational lan-guages such as Prolog and functional lan-guages such as Hope and FP. (There is lit-tle on LISP because of a previous themeissue on LISP and additional LISP articlesin the April 1985 issue.) Special thanks goto Susan Eisenbach of Imperial Collegeand Tom Clune of the BYTE staff for put-ting this theme section together.

Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler givean overview of declarative languages.Robert Kowalski. one of the pioneers of

Prolog, explains logic programming as aform of processing that is congenial tohuman thinking and also easy to imple-ment on a computer. Clara and JohnCuadrado tell who is using Prolog whereand for what, lohn Darlington gives an ex-cellent account of the power that declara-tive languages gain from their "referentialtransparency—the fact that the meaningof a program fragment depends only onthe meanings of its components, not onthe history of any computation donebefore the evaluation of the fragment.Darlington provides examples written inHope. Peter Harrison and HessamKhoshnevisan give us a look at lohnBackus's functional programming lan-guage, FP, which builds variable-free pro-grams from a set of primitive programs byuse of program-forming operations andrecursive definitions.

Finally Roger Bailey gives a lucid tutorialin the use of Hope that should bring youinto the world of declarative languages. Al-though he didn't write an article, Victor Wuof Imperial College ported a version ofHope from an Apricot machine to the IBMPC. Victor's version of Hope together withRoger's fine tutorial mean that you candownload Hope from BYTEnet Listingsand try a declarative language for your-self. BYTEnet Listings also offers a public-domain version of Prolog.

Sacrifices Made

To get in the long articles on the Amiga,the DSI-32, and the declarative languages,we had to cut from this issue some articlesand advisories that we badly wanted torun. We had less editorial space at ourdisposal than at any time since April 1981.The sacrifices included Books Received,Event Queue, Clubs and Newsletters,Chaos Manor Mail, all reviews exceptthose of the Tandy 1000 and IBM Pascal2.00, several strong feature articles, andadditional strong articles on declarativelanguages. Our apologies to all editorsand authors concerned. We will publish asmany of the postponed articles as we canas soon as we can. We are consideringelectronic publication of some of thepostponed material.

—Phil Lemmons, Editor in Chief

BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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^ Inquiry 246

MICRO-BYTES

Staff-written highlights of late developments in the microcomputer industry.

Sinclair Rescued from Bankruptcy; Sir Clive Loses Clout

In a marathon weekend session, Sinclair Research and Hollis Brothers & ESA Pic, a majordistributor of office and educational equipment in the U.K., reached a buy-out agreementthat saved the British computer maker from defaulting on more than £14 million of backbills. In the buy-out, Sir Clive Sinclair surrendered his controlling interest in the companyand parted with his chairmanship. He will now serve as Sinclair Research's Lifetime Presi-dent and as a research consultant.

Trouble had been brewing at Sinclair for some time: Christmas sales were disappointing,the QL computer failed to capture a market, the post-Christmas lull was deafeningly silent(industry wags claim that not a single Sinclair was sold during the first 60 days of 1985),and corporate cash was tied up in unsold inventory and research.

The squeeze came when Thorn/EMI, producer of Sinclair's products, demanded thatSinclair clear its tab. Sinclair, unable to meet its obligations, then began moving towardliquidation. But in stepped Hollis Brothers, amid rumors that 10 Downing Street would bepleased to see Sinclair rescued.

Hollis Brothers arranged to pick up £12 million worth of Sinclair stock. To finance theremaining debt, Sinclair will offer current shareholders a 3-for-l deal. Depending upon howinvestors exercise their entitlements, Sir Clive Sinclair will end up holding from 8 to 23 per-cent. He once owned more than 80 percent.

More than 70 percent of Hollis Brothers & ESA Pic is held by Robert Maxwell, who isviewed in England with the same mixture of awe and annoyance as T. Boone Pickens inthe United States. Maxwell will serve as Sinclair's board chairman, a position he alreadyholds at London's Daily Mirror and the Pergom Press.

Developments Bring Optical Discs Closer to Market

Several developments in June suggested that low-cost optical discs and drives might arriveon the market fairly soon.

Atari showed a compact-disc ROM (read-only memory) player at its booth at the Con-sumer Electronics Show in Chicago. The company also demonstrated software, developedby Activenture, that accesses the information in an encyclopedia stored in one-third of a550-megabyte disc. Atari said it will sell CD ROM drives for less than $600 by the end ofthis year. CD ROM drives use the same 12-cm (4.7-inch) read-only compact discs used instereo CD players but require additional error-checking and -correcting circuitry. Activenturesaid the enyclopedia disc might sell for about $200. Neither Activenture nor Grolier wouldconfirm reports that Grolier's encyclopedia is on the optical disc.

Just as 12-cm CD ROM drives seemed likely to hit the market, however, CD developerSony announced it would be focusing its data-storage efforts on a 13-cm (5!4-inch) disc sizeto increase disc capacity and perhaps provide an upgrade path to write-once and erasablemagneto-optic discs. The Sony "DataROM" 13-cm format was reportedly supported byseveral other Japanese companies at a standards meeting.

National Memory Systems, Livermore, CA, announced two optical-disc products that in-clude interfaces and software for the IBM PC. The $19,900 NMS-007 uses Optimem's1-gigabyte 12-inch optical drive and cartridges; NMS says that drive is available now. NMSalso plans to offer the $5000 01-OL drive; it uses Optotech's 400-megabyte 5'/4-inch driveand cartridges.

New Products Use 65816 Processor

A 4-megahertz version of the 65816 microprocessor, designed to provide more processorhorsepower while maintaining compatibility with the 8-bit 6502, is now available to endusers. Micro Magic, Millersville, MD. has unveiled MAX-816, an Apple II expansion card thatadds a 4-MHz 65816 and 256K bytes of RAM. Micro Magic is developing an operating

(continued)AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 9

system, MAX-OS, loosely based on UNIX, to take full advantage of the 65816. The firm alsoplans to add a 1024 by 1024 graphics card and a cache disk controller to accompany theMAX-816 board. While the basic MAX-816 card will be priced at less than $500 with 256Kbytes, up to 1 megabyte can be added to the card, and the 65816 can directly address upto 16 megabytes of RAM.

An earlier 65816 card ($395, 1 MHz) is available from Com Log, Scottsdale, AZ. ManxSoftware Systems, Freehold, NJ, said it expects to finish a 65816 version of its Aztec C com-piler late this year; the compiler will run on the Apple II under ProDOS and DOS 3.3.

C Compilers Expand to New Systems

Manx Software Systems reportedly expected to add native versions of its C compiler for theCommodore 64 and 128 and Apple's Macintosh, as well as an Apple II ProDOS version.The product line, including the $49.95 Apprentice C, was previously sold for the IBM PCand Apple II, with a cross-compiler offered for the Commodore 64. Manx will also providenative compilers for the Commodore Amiga and Atari ST later this year.

Lattice also expected to provide versions of its C compiler for 68000-based systems, in-cluding the Commodore Amiga, Atari ST, Sinclair QL, and Apple Macintosh. Both Latticeand Manx are porting cross-compilers to IBM's PC AT.

Two MS-DOS Portable Computers Enhanced

Hewlett-Packard unwrapped the Portable Plus, a 25-line, unbundled version of its Portable.While the Portable included a 300-bps modem, 256K bytes of RAM, and applications soft-ware in ROM, the standard Portable Plus provides only 128K bytes of RAM, plus MS-DOS2.11 and utility software in ROM. A 300/1200-bps modem, ROM applications software, andexpansion memory up to 896K bytes will be optional.

Meanwhile, Australian computer maker Time Office Corp. will enter the U.S. market withthe Kookaburra laptop computer. Previously available as the Dulmont Magnum, theKookaburra includes a 25-line LCD, 256K bytes of RAM, an 80186 processor, a video-outputport, MS-DOS 2.11, and several applications programs for less than $2000. Time Office alsoplans to introduce a line of Z80-/80186-based office workstations in the fall.

NANOBYTES

Actrix Computer Corp., Milpitas, CA, which emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protec-tion in May, planned to announce new versions of its Actrix computer that are compatiblewith IBM's PC, XT, and AT models. . . . Altos Computer Systems, San lose, CA, hasdeveloped two multiuser systems. The 2086 is a $19,900 20-user system based on Intel's80286 processor using the XENIX operating system; it cannot run PC-DOS programs. The3068, a 30-user system using Motorola's 68020 32-bit processor, is available only to othermanufacturers. ... At the Consumer Electronics Show, Melodian planned to unwrap amusic system for the Commodore Amiga computer that it claimed will give the Amiga thecapabilities of a $75,000 music synthesizer. . . . Tomy's new $500 Omnibot 2000 robot canbe interfaced to an Apple II or Commodore and has two moving arms as well as thefeatures of its predecessor, Omnibot.... Also at CES, Commodore announced a $60010-megabyte hard-disk drive for its 64 ... . Fujitsu announced at NCC an 8086-basedmultiuser computer that uses both the Pick and the MS-DOS operating systems. . . . Han-nes Keller, Zurich, Switzerland, has developed WitchPen, a programmable word processorwith spelling checker; WitchPad, a drawing program using standard IBM character graphics;Witchcraft, a BASIC database-management program generator; and HK, a text-oriented pro-gramming language. The programs, currently available in Switzerland, are slated for U.S.release next month.... Printer manufacturer Axiom Corp., San Fernando, CA, said that itsnewest daisy-wheel printers will use a "wedge-back" daisy-wheel technology. A wedgeshape on the back of each letter on the print wheel is struck by an indented hammer,which reportedly improves print accuracy and speed.... STM introduced an IBM PC AT-compatible computer. Configured like IBM's basic AT but with 640K bytes standard, theSTM AT will cost $3495 .... Faraday has reduced its IBM-compatible single-board com-puter to fit onto a single 5-inch IBM PC-style expansion card. While Faraday sells the cardsprimarily to OEMs, it will sell single Micro PC cards for $695 .... AST, Quadram, Ashton-Tate, and Borland have announced their support of a superset of the Intel/Lotus expandedmemory specification.

10 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 11

If you believe thesesimple facts about harddisks, you'd be willingto pay more for ours....fortunately, you won't have to

J\voiding hard disk failures and loss of data is justxjL one of the reasons to buy our hard disks.

Hard disks can fail—there'sreally no other nice way to say it.Even IBM has problems deliver-ing ATs with hard disks thatwork. We're not talking aboutnice, clean, clear-cut failureswhere the drive seizes up,coughs, and rolls over and dies.We're talking about the insidiouslittle creeping failures that sneakup over time—like a missing sec-tor here or a lost sub-directorythere.

There are precautions you cantake to protect against failureand ultimate loss of data. Here iswhat we contribute toward mini-mizing the potential loss of yourdata.

Best Drives Available

First, we buy the best drivesavailable. Sounds trite, doesn'tit? I mean, a drive's a drive—right? Hardly. You should seesome of the junk we get in ourlabs. Some have such high fail-ure rates that we even ques-tioned our own $10,000 hard disktester. But when we tested othermanufacturers' drives we wereassured that our equipment wasfine, which just confirmed thatthe bad hard disks were not onlybad—they were real bad.

But that's just the weeding outprocess. We then take each drivethat we've put through our testerand test it again with the control-ler you've requested. We call thisa "tested pair."

DOS Doesn't Do It

In case you're thinking that all

this is an unnecessary duplica-tion of what DOS does for you,let me explain the disk facts oflife.

If DOS did what you maythink it is supposed to do whenyou format the disk, DOS wouldmap around these bad areas.Unfortunately, DOS doesn't dothis.

DOS 2.0 and 2.1 can't enterthe bad tracks. DOS 3.0 can, butonly on the IBM AT. Unfortu-nately, as the press has so welldoeumentated, the AT's harddisk develops bad tracks later

We do what DOS can't

We believe the problem is sobad, we use a software programthat performs a powerful test ofyour disk drive on all of the IBMor IBM compatible computers—PCs, XTs, and ATs. Our formattakes hours to analyze the disk.But when we finish, you knowthat the bad tracks are reallymapped out so you won't writegood data that will disappearinto a black hole. We even sendyou a printed statement of ourtest results.

Our software allows you totype in the bad track locationsfrom the list supplied by themanufacturers, so you'll neverwrite good data to them—evenif DOS didn't identify them asbad. The software even lets yousave the location of these badsections to a file, so that you canreformat your disk withoutspending hours retesting.

We even include a programthat will give you continuouscomments on the status of yourhard disk. No more waiting forthat catastrophic failure.

Average Access Time

As you might suspect, some harddisks are faster than others intheir ability to move from onetrack of data to another. Thetime it takes the hard disk tomove one-half way between thebeginning of the disk to the endis called the "average accesstime."

The first generation of 10 meg-abyte hard disks had average ac-cess times of 80-85 milliseconds(msec). But computer users lovespeed, and guess what—the av-erage access time for the new 20megabyte hard disk in the IBMAT is only 40 msec. (We sell anAT equivalent with only 30 msecaccess time!)

There are some legitimate rea-sons for the shorter access time.It's particularly helpful whenthere are multiple users on thesame hard disk. It's also impor-tant when running a compiler.But remember, before you gettoo wrapped up in the accessspeed, there's always that ST 506interface which won't let datatransfer from the hard disk to thecomputer any faster than 5 me-gabits/second. We've bypassedthat choke hole, too. If you wantthe functional equivalent of aFerrari with a turbocharger, or-der our 10 Mbit per second 108

megabyte hard disk with 18 msecof average access speed.

Compatibility

To be sure that your hard disk is100 percent compatible with theIBM XT you don't need to buythe same hard disk that's in theXT. You can't even be sure whatbrand hard disk it is becauseIBM, like Express Systems, goesinto the marketplace and buyshard disks from several vendors.However, they buy their XThard disk controller from onlyone vendor—the same one wedo.

You can buy the IBM XT con-troller from IBM for $495 or youcan buy from us, the functionalequivalent, manufactured by thesame company that makes it forIBM for only $195. Is it the ex-actly identical IBM XT control-ler? No, it's better. First, it takesless power, and secondly, it cancontrol from 5 to 32 mega-bytes—the IBM controller canwork with only 10 megabytes. Itis 100 percent IBM XT compati-ble, and 100 percent is 100 per-cent. If you want to save a slot,we carry a version that lets youoperate two hard disks and twofloppy disk drives.

More than 32 Megabytes

You can operate with more than32 megabytes (the limit of DOS)through the use of "device driv-ers." Express Systems can supplyyou with device drivers for ourhard disks for over 32 megabytesformatted. But, if you don't haveindividual files, or databases thatare large, you might want to con-sider one of our controllers thatcan divide our 65 megabyate(formatted) hard disk into twoequal volumes of 32 megabyteseach.

Reliability

We offer you a choice betweeniron oxide and plated media—the stuff that covers the harddisk and gives it its magneticproperties. Iron oxide is,—well,it's rust. If you inadvertentlyjoust your disk, you may causethe low flying head to dig outsome iron oxide. A little rustflake can ruin your whole day.Plated media is more resistant todamage, and if it happens, lessdata is lost.

We offer both types of harddisks. The iron oxide is older

12 BYTE ■ AUGUST 1985

technology, and quite frankly,manufacturers understand it bet-ter. Their better understanding,combined with some of the spe-cial head locking mechanisms,gives us peace of mind when wesell you one.

Hard disks consume power. Oursmall, half-high hard disks con-sume so little power that you canuse them with your existing IBMPC power supply. If you plan touse lots of slots, you'll want toincrease your power supply to besafe. We offer the same amountof power for your PC that comesin the XT.

Some folks just never feel com-fortable buying mail order. Theyforget that Sears began as a mailorder house or that IBM is nowinto mail order. But, if it helps,here is a partial list of customerswho have felt comfortable to buyfrom us.

IBM

Sears

American Express

Honeywell

U.S. Army

MIT

AT&T (Bell Labs)

RCA

Bausch & Lomb

Lockheed

Xerox

Sperry

Easy to Install

If you're like most of us, raisedon the boob tube rather than theGreat Books, you'd rather seethe movie than read the book.Well, now you can choose toread our installation manual orfor only $9.95 more, you can geta VHS or Beta video cassetteshowing the simple steps for in-stallation.

Our VHS or Beta Cassettes makeinstallation easy.

Warranty

We offer you a one year war-ranty on our hard disks—thesame as IBM on the AT and 90days on the tape drives. (It's allthe manufacturer gives us.) If

Complete Hard Disk Kits

Formatted

Storage

Capacity

Plated

Average

Transfer

PC or PC/XT

AT

in Mbytes Height

Media

Access

Rate

10 Vz

yes

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 625

$ 430

10 Full

yes

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 625

$ 430

21 Vz

yes

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 825

$ 630

21 Full

no

30 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,535

$ 1,340

32 Vz

ves

85 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,095

$ 895

32 Full

no

30 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,775

$ 1,575

65 Full

no

30 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 2,295

$ 2,070

108 Full

yes

18 msec

10 Mbits/s

$ 4,995

$ 4,995

Removable Hard Disk

10 Vz

no

90 msec

5 Mbits/s

$ 1,095

N/A

Tape Systems and

Subsystems

Formatted

Data

Storage

Transfer

PC or PC/XT

AT

Capacity

Height

Rate (k/sec)

60 Mybytes

Vz

88

$ 995

$ 995

60 Mbytes Subsystem

88

$ 1,295

$ 1,295

17.6 Mbytes Start/stc

>p Subsys

tem

24

$ 795

$ 795

Controllers

All of our hard disk and tape controllers are available separately:

Please call for prices.

Subsystem Chassis

Any of our disk or tape units are available in an external subsystem for an

additional $250.00. You can mix & match any of our Vz high hard disks or tape

drives together or add any single full height hard disk.

Tape Cartridges $ 35.00

Express Certified 555 foot 310 Hci '/4-inch Data Cartridge

Power Supply $ 99.50*

130 Watt Power supply

"with the purchase of any drive

anything goes wrong with yourtape or disk drive or hard disk,send it back in the box it came in.However, we have found that wecan usually solve the problemover the phone. So call first for areturn authorization number be-cause we can't accept any returnswithout it.

Comes complete

All Express Systems productscome complete with the appro-priate software, tape and/or harddisk controllers, and cableswhere required. Hard disks areformatted and tested with the PCDOS of your choice. All drivesizes are formatted capacities.

If your application requires astacking kit, power splitter ca-bles, daisy chain cable, or someother variation, we'll supplythese items at a nominal charge.We even ship our hard disks withCommand Assist™ an on- lineDOS-like manual to give youhelp with your DOS commands.

More questions?

Because we spend so much at-tention on the front end with en-suring that our disks will arrivein working order, we have a cus-tomer service department that,unlike many of our competitors,has little to do. When you needus, you won't get a constant busysignal.

Call our friendly, knowledga-ble customer service staff to getanswers to your questions—be-fore or after the sale. Our peo-ple, who know the PC, can talkyou through the sticky parts, andthey'll respond to you quickly.Just call us.

How to order

Pick up the telephone and call 1-800-341-7549, to order. We ac-cept Master Card, VISA, Amer-ican Express and Diners Club.Or send a cashier's check or

(9

money order (We'll take acheck, but you'll have to wait forit to clear) and tell us if you wantone of our recommended config-urations or you want to mix andmatch yourself. Corporationswith a DUNS number may sendpurchase orders for quantitiesover five.

Call Toll Free 1-800-341-7549 Ext. 500In Illinois call (312) 882-7733 Ext. 500

Express Systems, Inc., 1254 Remington, Schaumburg, IL 60195

,-v>iWfeMMttL.

Inquiry 116

Command Assist is a trademark of Micro Design International

IBM* is a registered trademark of the International Business Machines Corporation. ExpressSystems, and Express Certified 555 are trademarks of Express Systems, Inc.

LETTERS

Quality,

Mot Just Quantity

In arguing that "the Macintosh is in har-mony with the broad lines of evolution inhuman communication" toward the visual,Jim Hoekema's letter on page 22 of theMay BYTE ("The Macintosh Debate GoesOn") offers as evidence that, as of 1981,there were 1,055,000 artists in the US,whereas a seventeenth-century burgher inAmsterdam probably saw some three orfour hundred pictures in a lifetime.

The particular example he chose is inter-esting. The pictures seen by our visuallyimpoverished Amsterdamer probablyincluded a few by fellow citizen Rem-brandt van Rijn (1606-1669). Poor old Rem-brandt, forced to muddle along with theprimitive technology of the paint brush.But will even a single painting of his, takenall by itself, ever fail to stand up againstall the visual images ever produced with"creativity" enhancers like the mouse,MacPaint, or whatever? The answer neednot be based on abstract aesthetic prin-ciples. Putting it more mundanely, howlikely is it that any art produced on a com-puter in 1985 will have the staying powerto grace a cigar box three and a half cen-turies from now?

In deciding how visually oriented we are,how we see should be as important as howmuch we see. When it comes to shapingthe way we look at the world, no graph-ics program—not even if it bears a namelike Rembrandt—will make as lasting a con-tribution as a graphic artist of the samename.

William LockeretzBrookline, MA

Mac Memory

Don Slaughter should spend less timewriting to BYTE and more time reading it!First he griped about a lack of RAM-disksoftware for his 512K Mac ("Take BackYour Mac," February, page 22). DanielSmith responded that not only is suchsoftware already available, but that it costsmuch less than Slaughter was willing topay ("A RAM Disk for the Mac," May, page24)!

Now Slaughter is complaining that heneeds a 1-megabyte Mac, and that hewon't be able to get a reasonably priced

one (under $3 500) until next year (May,page 26).

Wrong again! The April BYTE has a"What's New" item on the MegaMac onpage 441. The company is MicroGraphicImages. Its telephone number is (818)368-3482. It offers a complete Macintoshwith 1 megabyte of memory for $3495.If you choose to upgrade a 128K Mac, thetotal cost could be less than $3000.

Dennis GriesserLong Beach, CA

Don't Blame the Computer

Phil Lemmons's lanuary editorial ("Auto-nomous Weapons and Human Responsi-bility," page 6) was very amusing. Beinga high school student 1 can easily picturewhat would happen if some of the stu-dents at Jonesville High were scheduledfor lunch at 9 in the morning or at 3:10in the afternoon.

I'm sure the school mentioned in youreditorial had things straightened outwithin a few days, and people were findingout how beneficial the computer wouldreally be to them. As soon as everybodygot over the lunch-period screw-up, theywould realize how much easier thingswere going.

People in today's society are scared ofwhat they think they can't control. If theyhave to come in contact with a computer,perhaps an automatic bank teller, they'rescared to death they will "punch thewrong button" and totally wipe out theirlife savings. People need to be told of thebenefits of computers rather than some-thing to the effect that all computers aregood for is screwing up your phone billor sending junk mail. Humans are respon-sible for these mistakes and bothers.Magazines like BYTE do a fine job of clear-ing this up, but if people don't want tobelieve humans are responsible for thesemistakes and not the computer, nonumber of articles, reports, or editorialswill convince them; the only way I can seefor them to realize this is to have to usea computer and understand what makesit work. Explain why the computer printedout a phone bill for $6539.97. Again thereis the problem of people not wanting tocome in contact with the computer, evento learn about it. In come the schools. Our

school has increased the number of com-puters by 300 percent in the past yearalone, with more on the way. Alreadystudents have taken an interest. Granted,not all of them, but enough to justify thepurchase of the machines. The ones whoscoff at the computers in the classroomsare simply destined to get a phone bill for$6539.97 and hear the person at thephone company tell them "the computerhas made a mistake." If children can learnthe basics of computer programming andhardware, then maybe when our genera-tion is older we can use the computereven more efficiently than we do now tosimplify our lives and produce programsfor school offices that tell the computernot to schedule lunch at 9:00 a.m.

Michael A. Russelllonesville, VA

Sanyo Satisfaction

1 read Robert M. Keith's letter ("Sanyo Sup-port," March, page 304) advising againstbuying a Sanyo just as I was about toorder a Sanyo package by telephone fromComputer Creations in Dayton, Ohio. Theletter made me think twice, but I wentahead anyway. To my consternation thecomputer unit, which came as packagedat the factory, refused to format any disk,and I was stymied. But when I called Mr.lack Kaiser of Computer Creations andtold him of my problem, he had the com-puter picked up from my house, sent toOhio, and returned in good time all fixed,all at the company's expense.

Although I had had no previous hands-on experience with a computer, I was ableto write a letter the first day with Easy-Writer, and in the first two weeks have

{continued)

LETTERS POLICY: To be considered for publica-tion, a letter must be typed double-spaced on oneside of the paper and must include your name andaddress. Comments and ideas should be expressed asdearly and concisely as possible. Listings and tablesmay be printed along with a letter ij they are shortand legible.

Because BYTE receives hundreds of letters eachmonth, not all of them can be published, letters willnot be returned to authors. Generally, it takes fourmonths from the time BYTE receives a letter untilit is published.

14 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

THE ACCENT" IS ON EXMNDED MEMOR

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430 E. SEMORAN BLVD., CASSELBERRY FL 32707 305/331 -6402Inquiry 195

Why you

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Because NewsNet automatically finds the5% you need. From our database of authori-tative, up-to-date business news, you get justthe stories you want, delivered instantly to yourmicrocomputer:"You choose your own, uniquekeywords, and NewsNet saves—-just for you—every new article containing those words. Or,you can find that critical 5 % on your own,#C with NewsNet's powerful kcywi>rd search-•sP^ ing and text scanning.

Just what's in NewsNet's database? The full textof over 300 valuable business newsletters. In-depth news, written by experts, filled withanalysis and interpretation. News from 3 i dif-ferent industries and professions—everythingfrom Computers to Investments, from Manage-ment to Telecommunications. Plus extras suchas wire services, online stock quotes, air fares,and business credit reports.

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Inquiry 230

LETTERS

established a spreadsheet and succeededin drawing a few curves from data. Mostof the instructions are clear, especiallywhen read the second time, although Iconfess I had to spend an hour in thelibrary to come up to the starting level inBASIC. 1 have no regrets about havingtaken a chance with a telephone order fora Sanyo.

H. G. MacPhersonOak Ridge. TN

An Apple Dealer Replies

The letters in your April issue regardingApple service and Apple manuals ("AppleII Blues." page 23, and "Where Are Apple'sManuals When You Need Them?" page32) really hit me where I live: you see, 1am an Apple dealer. As such. 1 find thetreatment given to Mr. Lamar. Mr. Hine.and Mr. Raines unforgivable. Any productsold, no matter who makes it. is only asgood as the dealer who sells it. Thedealers in question certainly did a verypoor job of serving their customers, to thepoint of not even knowing anything aboutthe software being sold with the systemin Mr. Hine's case.

The 1200-bps problem was made knownto all Apple dealers, as was the no-chargeboard-replacement policy for those cus-tomers experiencing difficulty. Any dealerwho read his service bulletins would havebeen aware of this. Even if he could notread, a quick telephone call to any of theApple regional offices would have con-firmed this.

The pinouts of the Apple lie serial portwere available for the asking from a varietyof sources, all of which were readily ac-cessible to any dealer who made evenminimal effort to find out. Some of thesesources include Apple's own Technical Notes(issued in July of 1984). the Epsondistributor for the area, the sheet includedwith the Apple lie serial cable, and severalof the commercial interface-cable makers.Even when I could not purchase commer-cial cables I was making my own in thestore to sell to my customers. Apple alsoissued technical information for the sec-ond disk port on the lie that allowed usto modify our existing Apple lie drives foruse on the Apple lie before we got steadydelivery on regular lie drives.

Ah yes. manuals. Years ago. Apple didsupply most manuals with the systemspurchased. Starting with the introductionof the lie. technical manuals became op-tional, with only an owner's manual beingincluded with the computer. In general, Iagree with this policy because, as the type

[continued]

w*p

Jfc

^v

^***

UNIX fs a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboralorics. LascrLink and The Skcduler are trademarks of Unisourcc Software Corp. VENDC/86 is a trademark and an implementationof VemurCom, Inc. UNIFY is a trademark of Unify Corporation. The Connector is a trademark of Unlforum Software Systems, Inc.

-\

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18 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 76

LETTERS

of purchaser shifted from the "hacker" tothe novice, the material was more confus-ing than informative. It was not unusualto be asked. "Why do I have to pay forthese manuals when I don't know whatthey are and don't need them to run myVisiCalc?" Now that the manuals are op-tional, the opposite situation arises whenthe purchaser is competent and needs thematerial. Any dealer worth his salt willstock such reference material in order tomeet the needs of all his customers. It isunfair to condemn Apple for the failureof its dealers to act intelligently. Eventhough Apple has set rather high stan-dards for its dealer network, there aremore than enough retailers who are moreconcerned with shoveling boxes out thedoor than adequately serving theircustomers.

The common thread that ran through allthree of these letters is that the dealersfailed in the most elementary of tasks, thatbeing to support the products that theysold (or sell). In this day when the pressureis on to move more product and to hellwith the support, there are some of us outhere who really do try. We are the oneswho end up holding the hands of thosebuyers who have been left high and dryby the fast-buck artists and price-onlyretailers. If there are any other Apple userswho need manuals or technical help, callme. My people are competent and can domore than read the numbers on their com-mission checks.

Vern L. MastelBismarck, ND

BYTEnet Response

It is 11:57 p.m.; I've been dialing BYTEnetsince 7:00 p.m. and getting busy signalsor that obnoxious recording telling methat all the circuits are busy and I shouldtry calling back later.

I think I understand the rationale and im-petus behind BYTEnet. Typos are elimi-nated and money saved. It sounds like agreat idea. However, the current imple-mentation leaves much to be desired.

Oh, how aggravating it is to read an in-teresting article that makes references toa missing listing! It defeats the tutorialvalue of the article. And 1 subscribe toBYTE to learn.

1 think that I'm being shortchanged andthat there must be an alternative! At thevery least, restore the listings until the loadon BYTEnet is reduced.

I'm not staying up past midnight, and I'mnot thrilled about paying those long-distance rates just to see if a listing is

[continued)

4 Out Of 5 PC-AT" Expansion Boaid• Buyers Own Advantage!"

The overwhelming choice of IBM®PC-AT users, Advantage! from ASTsets the standard in high-poweredmultifunction enhancement.Advantage! was the first multifunc-tion board for the PC-AT. And itremains the leader by providing mil-lions of characters of memory capac-ity, two serial ports, a parallel portand a game port. All in a single expan-sion slot.

First In Memory. All it takes isAdvantage! There's no need to addother cards or hard-to-find chipson your system board. Whether youhave an 256K, 512K or 640K AT, ourunique memory addressing tech-nique lets you add up to 3 Megabytesof parity checked user memoryefficiently and economically. Forflexibility, Advantage! can use either64K or 256K memory chips. Andof course, it supports your AT's highperformance 16-bit bus and fasterprogram processing speed.

Now you can have the extramemory to run integrated businesssoftware such as Symphony™ and

Framework™To make full use of newconcept windowing software suchas D ESQ™ To utilize multitasking pro-grams such as IBM's TopView™ ormultiuser operating systems suchas XENIX™To handle larger amountsof data, faster. Or for RAM disks.

First In I/O. Here's all the I/O capa-bility you need now, even if you'restarting with a base model AT. EveryAdvantage! card includes an ATcompatible serial port and a parallelport so you can connect printers,plotters, mice and modems. Or withthe appropriate software, you canconnect other terminals to createmultiuser environments.

With our optional second serialport you can attach even more peri-pherals, while our optional gameport lets you plug in joysticks andother cursor-control devices forbusiness or just for fun.

First In Quality. AST's reputationis built on quality products, qual-ity support and quality service. Ourcomplete documentation meansAdvantage! is exceptionally easy

to install and use, but if it's notenough we're always here to help.

Four out of five buyers agree, thechoice is Advantage!-only from AST.Ask your dealer, or call our CustomerInformation Center (714) 863-1333for more information. AST Research,Inc., 2121 Alton Avenue, Irvine, CA92714 TWX: 753699ASTR UR

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Advantage! trademark of AST Research, Inc. IBM PC-AT andTopView trademarks of International Business Machines Corp.Framework trademark of AshtonTate. Symphony trademarkof Lotus Development Corp. DESQ trademark of QuarterdeckOffice Systems. XENIX trademark of Microsoft Corp.

RCSCflRCH INC.

Inquiry 3 for End-Users.Inquiry 4 for DEALERS ONLY.

'<S

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INTERRUPTPRODUCT

CflUHI^^HHnB

THIS MAJORINTRODUCTION TOYOU SOMETHINGREALLYIMPORTANT.

THE BIG NEWS IN DISK/TAPE IS PC/T, ASENSIBLE NEW APPROACH TO ARCHIVALSTORAGE.

We've tamed tape. And made it docile.By making it DOS-like.

So, while this started as an ad for ourfive new HardFile™ subsystems, whichdeliver 25 to 80 megabytes of hard diskstorage and 60 megabytes of tape backup,instead we want to introduce you to PC/T™

PC/T is a new format that makestape a more sensible storage solution forpersonal computers. It puts tape on line,in real time, for instant access. And freesyour hard disk for your most current data.

You already know how to use PC/T.Because it responds to standard DOScommands.

Here's the big news: just like anyDOS-controlled hard or floppy disk, PC/Tenables you to create directories and fileson tape. Then you can call up the exact fileyou need, and change a portion of the tapewithout having to erase and overwrite theentire cartridge.

Without PC/T, you haveto rewrite the entire 60MBcartridge each time youmake a single change.

With PC/T, you create anddirectly access files ontape, just like with floppyor hard disk.

PC/T formats each new tape cartridge,just like you format any hard or floppydisk, locking out bad blocks to assure thatevery bit of data you write to tape isrecorded with utter accuracy.

What's more, PC/T gives tape trueerror correction capability. 50% redundancyduring write operations ensures 100%reconstruction of data lost because of oper-ator error, dust and dirt, or everyday wearand tear.

There is a catch. You can get yourhands on PC/T just one way: Buy one of ourpowerful new HardFile subsystems. Withdisk plus tape. Or tape alone. Which bringsus back to where we started. And givesyou a place to start. Just call 1-800-228-DISK for the Tallgrass dealer nearest you.

TALLGRASS SELLS MORE HARD DISKSTORAGE WITH CARTRIDGE TAPEBACKUP THAN ANYONE IN THEWORLD.

TALLGRASSTECHNOLOGIES

COMMITTED TO MEMORY

Inquiry 315

HardFi]e'"and Tallgrass^are trademarksof Tallgrass Technologies Corporation© 1985 Tallgrass Technologies

The DADiSP Spreadsheet makes setup easy with a cursor-driven interface that lets you change parameters quickly.

TO MAKE THE KEITHLEY SCIENTIFIC

WORKSTATION EVEN EASIER TO USE,

WE TOOK A PAGE OUT OF YOUR BOOK.

Your scientific lab book. IntroducingDADiSP (Data Acquisition and DigitalSignal Processing), a new graphics-driven software package for dataacquisition and analysis with Keithley'sSeries 500 IBM PC-based ScientificWorkstation.

DADiSP parallels the way any scien-tist or researcher normally records andanalyzes data in a scientific lab book.

Using a spreadsheet for setup, win-dows for analysis and zoom graphics

DADiSP graphic analysis makes it easy to define each windowas raw data or a function of another window. Results are quicklygenerated for easy interpretation.

for display, DADiSP takes you throughthe steps to acquire, record and analyzedata from your Series 500.

And you don't have to be a program-ming professional to do it.

■ DADiSP IS EASY TO UNDERSTANDAND EASIER TO USE.

Simply insert the DADiSP diskette intoyour IBM PC. To set up a test, begin bymoving the cursor to the parametersyou want to change, such as engineer-ing units. Next, toggle the space bar toselect the test conditions, e.g., volts, °C.If you make a mistake, such as callingfor a test condition the system does notsupport, DADiSP identifies your error.It's that easy.

■ DADiSP IS FRIENDLY

AND FLEXIBLE.DADiSP consists of twosoftware modules: theDADiSP I SpreadsheetModule is used for testsetups, data acquisitionand graphic presenta-tion, including dynamiczoom/cursor capabilityto let you examine thedata more closely. Forexample, use this mod-ule for data monitoring,open loop control andto verify Series 500operation.

The DADiSP II Work-sheet Module uses mul-tiple graphic windows,for analysis, display and manipulationof data. With a single keystroke, DADiSPlets you do extensive data analysis,including FFTs (Fast Fourier Transforms),max/min, integration and differentiation.You can analyze data obtained fromSoft500, our standard realtime measure-ment and control software, or from anyASCII or Lotus 1-2-3 compatible file.

^$1975^) BUYS THE SERIES 500.Turn your PC into a powerful realtimedata acquisition and control system foronly $1975. The System 501 is a com-plete system consisting of Soft500 soft-ware and a mainframe with 8 analoginputs, 12-bit A/D conversion, 32 digitalI/O channels and 8 additional slots forexpansion. To expand your system,choose from our library of over 20 mod-ules for input, output and signal condi-tioning. The result: a flexible system atboard-level prices.

■ IT'S AN EASY CHOICE BECAUSE

IT'S KEITHLEY QUALITY.Behind the Series 500 is Keithley's40-year reputation for engineeringexcellence and low-level measurementexpertise. Your Series 500 comes with aone-year full warranty and 90-day freesoftware support. We even provide atoll-free applications hot line. Whatcould be easier?

For more information on the Series500 and DADiSP software, ask for ournew brochure. Call us, toll-free:1-800-552-1115. (In Massachusetts,call 617-423-7780.) Or write, KeithleyData Acquisition and Control, Inc.,210 Lincoln Street, Boston, MA 02111.

KEITHLEY

22 BYTE

AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 167

LETTERS

worthwhile. I just dropped you a check forS21, and now you want me to "buy" thelistings from Ma Bell?

Patrick ConroyVernon Hills. IL

Phil Lemmons replies:

This letter is representative of severalwe have received concerning BYTEnet.We're sorry about the trouble you hadgetting into BYTEnet Listings. We're tak-ing several steps to make program listingsmore accessible.

1. We're launching the BYTE InformationExchange (BIX), which will handle manysimultaneous users.

2. We've increased the free BYTEnet List-ings bulletin board to three lines.

3. We're buying a laser printer to permitus to print listings clearly in less spacethan now required.

We're trying to make arrangements tomake listings available in several disk for-mats but have nothing to announce yet.Any disk copy services who are inter-ested in copying disks for BYTE shouldcontact me.

We're also seeking people who willmake BYTE listings available on elec-tronic bulletin boards in foreigncountries.

What About MAGIC/L?

After reading all about various languagesin BYTE, I want to bring attention to alanguage that I have never seen men-tioned or advertised. The language, calledMAGIC/L, is made by Loki EngineeringInc. of Cambridge, Massachusetts.MAGIC/L is an extensible threaded inter-active compiler. It is an exceptionally gooddevelopment language and includes anassembler that is integrated into the high-level environment and allows access tohigh-level code and data. This makes a lotof sense. MAGIC/L has a full range of er-ror reporting; when an undeclared routineor variable is encountered during compile,instead of aborting, a word is compiledthat generates a run-time error, and thesystem remains intact. MAGIC/L includesa logging facility that allows all inputand/or output to be recorded on a diskfile. MAGIC/L also supports modules, pre-compiled versions of your routines; thiseliminates compile time for tested anddebugged routines. This only touches onsome of the advantages that MAGIC/Lgives to programmers. MAGIC/L is avail-able for MS-DOS, CP/M-80, RT-11. andUNIX-68000 in various formats. I have

[continued)

Data

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Inquiry 33

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 23

LETTERS

been using a version of MAGIC/L on Digi-tal Techniques' "Touchcom" equipment fora year now and find it indispensable.Perhaps a review of this product is inorder.

Stan CoplanPhiladelphia, PA

Clenn Hartwig replies:Thank you for your interest. As it hap-

pens, we recently received a review ofMACIC/L and hope to be able to run itin the near future.

ASCII Transfer

To honor the country where I discoveredit. let me present what I will call theMorocco Principle: "To transfer an ASCIIfile from one computer to another, com-munications software is needed only in

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UV ERASERS ...Start at $49.95, and $97.50for timer versions. Production model $149.95AND MORE! ...Call for more info onPALPRO, SHOOTER, PP7, XP, and requiredoptions. Detailed literature and spec sheetsavailable. IBM PC, Apple and other popular

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the receiving computer."

Testing was done using an IBM PC withthe IBM Asynchronous CommunicationsPackage and an HP 150 with DSN/LINK.A Smart Cable joined the Quadboardserial port of the IBM to the standardserial port of the HP. Separately. DickRoberts established the link betweenCompaq and Apple computers.

First, use the communications softwareto put the receiving computer in a waitingstate. Then use the operating system of thesending computer to route the desired filethrough the serial port. For example:

A>TYPE MYFILE.TXT>COM1:

Of course, the Morocco Principle savestime and money only if unidirectionaltransfer is sufficient. If not, communica-tions software is needed at both ends.Paul-Andre DesiardinsRabat. Morocco

8-bit ASCII Draft Standard

During 1984, three draft 8-bit character-set standards were developed for the Latinlanguages of western Europe and thewestern hemisphere with identical 8-bitcode tables. The ANSI draft is called 8-bitASCII; the ECMA approved standard(ECMA-94) and the ISO draft standard (ISODIS 8859/1) are called Latin Alphabet Nr 1.

This standard code table is the first 8-bitone intended to facilitate processing bycomputers (the old 1968 and 1977 ASCIIstandards are 7-bit standards). Each of the189 printing characters, including space, areone byte. All accented letters are includ-ed as single bytes to facilitate processingby software. Eleven U.S. word-processingcharacters are also included.

Because there is sufficient room in the8-bit code table for the characters mostcommonly used in these countries, thereare no national or user options in the codetable, unlike the old 7-bit ISO 646 stan-dard. Happily for the U.S., the left-handside is 7-bit ASCII, so the 8-bit standardis upward-compatible with the 7-bit ASCIIstandard.

Software-application writers and ter-minal vendors should make plans for sup-port of this standard. They should avoidusing the eighth bit in ASCII data for otherpurposes, such as processing flags, pari-ty, etc. Rather than inventing their owncharacter sets, users should study this newstandard to see if it will suffice.

Table I is the ANSI/ECMA/ISO 8-bitcode table. The ANSI draft is out for publiccomment until July 14, 1985. Copies of

(continued)

24 BYTE- AUGUST

Inquiry 180

rUslCAccounting

$

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Dac Easy Gives You Seven Full FeatureAccounting Modules In A Single Integrated

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Find out for yourself why Dac Easy is the fastest selling accountingpackage on the market. Compare Dac Easy's features against otherpackages costing thousands more. Then, order your Dac Easy Accountingby calling our toll free number or returning the coupon below.

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• File capacity limited only by disk space•Support contract available

General Ledger

•Unlimited # of accounts with multi-levelaccounting, unlimited departments•3 Year account history for CRT inquiry

• Pencil & pen feature to correct mistakeswithout reverse entries

• Unique budgeting routine (see Forecasting)•CRT transaction inquiry, unlimited

journals•Activity report, trial balance, financialstatements, etc.

Accounts Receivable

• Open invoice or balance forward

• 7 Customized columns lor aging report

• Unl imited # of customers•Mailing labels and directories with

4 different sorts•Automatic finance charges

• Supports partial payments•3 Year customer history for # of invoices,

sales, costs, and profits•Customized text on statements•Cash flow analysis•Sales analysis

• Automatic sales forecasting by customer,salesperson or customer type

Accounts Payable

• Check printing and up to 10 invoicespaid per check

•Automatic allocation of available

cash to payables•Vendor directories with sorting

by vendor code, name, or territory•Aging reports with 7 customized columns•Unlimited # of vendors

• Mailing labels with 4 different sorts

• 3 Year vendor history for CRTinquiry and printingFlexible payment calendar

•Automatic forecasting of purchases•Unlimited allocations per invoice

Inventory

•Supports average, last purchase,and standard costing methods

• Powerful physical inventory routines•Accepts any unit of measure like frac-

tions/dozens/gross/hours/minutes, etc.

• Automatic changing of costing methods•Time and product inventory•3 Year product history in units,

dollars, cost, and profits•Automatic forecast of product sales•Automatic pricing assignments■ Alert and activity reports with 11 sorts

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• Usable for inventoryand non-inventory jtems

• Allows up to 99 lines perpurchase order

• Per line discount in %•Purchase Order accepts generic

discounts/freight/taxes/insurance

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• Purchase journal

• Automatic interfacing withGeneral Ledger, Payables, andInventory

Billing

• Invoicing on plain or pre-printedforms

■ Prints sales journal

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remarks•Allows return credit memo

• interfaces with Inventory, AccountsReceivable and General Ledger

Forecasting

Unique program that automaticallyforecasts using your 3 year history

• Forecast revenue and expenseaccounts

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• Forecast customer sales, cost,and profit by customer orsalesperson

•Forecast inventory item usage by 4automatic methods

• Forecast by same as last year, or% base from last year, or trend,or least square trend line analysismethod

Minimum Hardware Requirements:IBM (PCjr, PC, XT or AT)1 or othercompatibles. 128K memory, one 5l/iDSDD floppy disk, 132 column printerin compressed mode, 80X24 CRT,MS-DOS2, PC DOS' 2.0 or later.1 Trademarks of International BusinessMachines.l Trademark of MicrosoftCorporation.

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Take advantage of our special introductory offer by ordering Dac Easy Accountingbefore July 31,1985. Simply send in this coupon with your credit card number,money order or check for $49.95 plus $7.50 for postage and handling. In Texas, add6'/s% sales tax ($3.06). Outside U.S., add $17.50 for postage and handling. No C.O.D.

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inquiry 89

AUGUST 1985

iYTE 25

LETTERS

Tbble 1: 8-bit ASCII Level 1. Note: Columns 0-7, 8-9, and 10-15 are specified indprAHS X3.4-198x, ANSI X3.64-1979, and dpAUS X3.134.2-198x, respectively:they are shown for information only. Blank code positions [double asterisks) are reservedfor future standardization. Readers are advised against directly implementing this chart.

bB

0

0

0

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0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

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1

0

0

0

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b6

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0

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0

0

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1

0

0

1

1

0

0

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BSR X3.134.1 (8-bit ASCII Structure andRules)andBSRX3.I34.2 (8-bit ASCII Sup-plemental Multilingual Graphic CharacterSet) are available for $15 each, along witha self-addressed mailing label, from X3Secretariat/CBEMA, 311 First St. NW,Washington. DC 20001.

Thomas N. HastingsMaynard. MA

Don't Sell Software,Sell Ad Space

I was recently talking to a few friendsabout software piracy. As a result of thisdiscussion, I began to see a possiblemethod to realize profits from this par-ticular situation. First off, computer piracyoccurs because software is copyable andalmost any protection scheme is break-able. The second reason is that many peo-ple are not willing to buy a piece of soft-ware but, through various rationalizations,justify themselves in obtaining copies ofit. Finally, some software is actually over-priced and of low quality, so the customer

(continued)

<L^'

\

Floppiclene

It's a Dirty Job,But Everybody'sGot To Do It.

At this very moment, magnetic oxides, dust andairborne pollutants are collecting on the surface ofyour drive's head. Sooner or later, that dirty head isgoing to ignore or even ruin valuable information onyour floppy disks.

Fight Back with Floppiclene '"

Floppiclene's disposable wet/dry cleaning systemcan gently and safely remove all contaminants fromyour drive's head. Used as recommended,Floppiclene can help win the war against costlydown time and drive repairs.

Floppiclene comes packaged in an airtight, vacuum-formed binder and contains a six month's supply ofdisposable cleaning disks, anti-static screenwipesand polishing cloths. Refills are available.

Available in 3.5, 5.25 and 8 inch formats.

Automation Facilities Corporation Financial Plaza, 3916 State Street,

Santa Barbara, CA 93105, Tel. 805/687-7040 TLX 6971013Inquiry 26 for End-Users. Inquiry 27 for DEALERS ONLY.

Ven-Tel's Half Card" modemis in all the best computers.

Here's why...

Ven-Tel gives you lots of reasons to buy our Half Cardmodem for your IBM PC or compatible. The Half Cardis a complete system that lets you communicate withother PCs, mainframes, and databases effortlessly.It includes Crosstalk-XVI® software. It's reliable.It's got all of the features you want. And it'sa good value.

Do You Own One of TheseComputers?

Chances are you do. And if you'rethinking of buying a modem, considerthe Half Card'". Because of its small sizethe Half Card™ fits in more computers,including all of the models we've listedhere. The Half Card™ is small, so it fits inshort slots or long. That means you cansave your long slots for other expan-sion uses.

Effortless CommunicationEach Half Card™comes with Crosstalk-XVI®communications software, by Microstuf. It'sthe easiest to use, whether you're a beginneror an old hand, and the most powerful. A fullon-line help menu makes using Crosstalk® forthe first time a snap. It can turn your PC into aterminal on a mainframe computer with its power-ful terminal emulation feature. It will even oper-ate your PC when you're not there. You can callinto an information service such as The Source or Dow Jones NewsRetrieval, or transfer files and electronic mail, all at the touch ofa button. The Half Card™ connects your computer to the world.Effortlessly.

More Modem for Your Money

When you buy the Half Card ™ you don't need anything else. TheHalf Card™ is a complete communications package that includesa full-featured modem and the best known software on the market.Complete easy-to-understand instructions with full technical supporton installation and use. And a very competitive price. The HalfCard'," with Crosstalk-XVI® software, retails for only $549.

Features

. 1200/300 baud auto-dial, auto-answer.

. Uses the industry standard "AT"command set.

. Runs with virtually all communicationssoftware, including Smartcom II and PCTalk III and integrated packages suchas Symphony and Framework.

. Includes Crosstalk-XVI® software.

• On-board speaker and extra phone jackfor easy switching from voice

to data mode.. Selective tone or pulse dialing;

full or half duplex.. Automatic answer on any ring.

• True ring or busy signal detection.

Reliability

Ven-Tel has been making

modems for 10 years. Our

experience shows. Ven-Tel's

Half Card™ only has about 70 parts, compared

to almost 300 on other modems. We reduced the parts

by building the first LSI modem chip using advanced

switched capacitor technology. What that means to you is

greater reliability and lower power consumption, so you can

load up your PC with expansion boards and not worry about

heat or power problems. And we back the Half Card™ with a full

two-year warranty on parts and labor.

You Can Buy the Half Card™Anywhere

You can get the Half Card™ at Computer-Land, Businessland, the Genra Group,Entre Computer Centers, Macy's ComputerStores and other fine dealers nationwide.Also from Ven-Tel: the 1200 Plus™ anexternal modem and the PC Modem1200™ an IBM internal with V.22 inter-national capability.

Effortless Communication

^Ven-Tel Inc.

2342 Walsh AvenueSanta Clara, CA 95051(408) 727-5721

Crosstalk is a registered trademark of Microstuf, Inc. Smartcom II is a trademark of Hayes Microcomputer Products. Symphony is a trademark of Lotus Development. Framework is a trademark of Ashton-Tate.inquiry 328 AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 27

e

I

UNO BRAND NEW

INSTANT DATABASES... BECAUSE THAT'SHOW MOST OF US NEED INFORMATION... INSTANTLY!

Homebase provides you instant access to awhole realm of databases. Just hit the hotkeyto freeze whatever software you're working in,and you're ready to find, insert or manipulatedata.

This is much more than a simple cardfile ormini-database. You'll be able to set up yourown templates, define parameters such as thelength of a field, and do rapid key searches.You can have thousands of records in a data-base. And numerous databases on your menu.

28 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

THE TOOLS YOU NEED.

We've Included a powerful set of tools that will save you time and helpyou organize Information, schedule, calculate and a whole lot more. Allwithin a aulck keystroke ... regardless of the software you're runningl

You may find a few of these In some "desktop" products ... but nothingelse approaches the power of Homebasel

• Instant Databases

• Qulckterm Terminal (available

• Phone Message Pad

even when you're working in

• Rolodex"

another program)

• Appointment Calendar

• Autodlaler

• Calculator

• Template Maker (for designing

• Notepad

your own databases)

• Time and Expense Diary

• DOS Services

• Programmable Hotkey (You

• Rolodex Card Printer

choose the key that gets you

• Mailing Label Printer

to your Homebase)

• Data Transfer (between

• Electronic Mall (as an

databases or your other

automatic multi-task!)

software)

• Tables and Pages (for those

• Cut and Paste (great for putting

things you always need to

together an Electronic Mail

look up)

letter that combines a chunk of

• Alarm Clock (including Musical

spreadsheet, some text from a

Snooze Alarm)

document, and a few notes)

• Tc-Do List

THE EXCITEMENT IS BACK

With the Electronic Mailbag of Your Dreams

ELECTRONIC MAIL THAT TAKES CARE OF ITSELF ... IN THE BACKGROUND

(While you're running WordStar, Lotus, dBase, a compiler or whatever)

Ve wanted electronic mail that could take care ot Itself while we were busy on the computer doing something else.

We always felt that there was something strange about having to play postman every time a piece of electronic mail was due.It was always a case of loading up a communications package and either waiting for the mall or going out to fetch it.

Now, we've got it! And you can have it, too. With HOMEBASE, Electronic mail can arrive while you're working in another piece ofsoftware. Up in the corner of your screen, a signal lets you know that there's incoming mail. You can read it as it comes in, if youwant. Or you can ignore it, and your mall will automatically file itself... to be read at your leisure.

When you're sending Electronic Mail, its just as easy. Once you've written and addressed your letter, the rest is done for you,automatically, while you're back working in another piece of software.

CHECK THE DIFFERENCE IN VALUE!

WHY ARE YOU GETTING SO MUCHSOFTWARE FOR SUCHA SMALL PRICE?

Amber Systems makes tools for program-mers including VSI—The Window Machine.We make mouse drivers, asynchronous driversand electronic mail packages for a numberof companies. Now, we've decided to usethese tools, plus some new ones that aren'tyet on the market, to produce new conceptsin software. Because we make the tools our-selves, our costs, and consequently yours, arethe lowest possible . .. with never a compro-mise in quality.

YES! Site licenses are available for

companies . . . large and small. If you wouldlike to order a single copy, now, to examineand show around your company, its cost canbe deducted, later on, from your site license.For further information on site licenses call408-996-1883.

HOMEBASE

SIDEKICK

POLY WINDOWS

SPOTLIGHT

Notepad

Notepad

Notepad

Notepad

Autodialer

Autodialer

Keyboard Macros

Calendar

Appointment Calendar

Calendar

Calendar

DOS Services

DOS Services

Calculator

Calculator

Calculator

Calculator

ASCII Table

Game

Rolodex

Rolodex

Rolodex

Alarm

File Cards

Rolodex Card Printer

Tables and PagesAlarm Clock

$49.95

$149.95

$49.95

Template Maker

Instant Databases

Data Transfer

Cut and Paste

Programmable Hotkey

Phone Message Pad

Time and Expense Diary

To-do List

Electronic Mall

Quickterm Terminal

Mailing Label Printer

$49.95 !

Sidekick ts a trademark ot Borland Intentional. Inc Poly Windows Is a trademark of Polytron Corp Spotlight is a trademark of Software Arts

ORDER YOUR COPY OF HOMEBASE TODAY!

For VISA and MasterCard Orders Call Toll Free: 800-538-8157 Ext. 824

In CA 800-672-3470 Ext. 824

Call Mon. - Fri. 6 A.M. to 12 P.M., Sat. & Sun. 6 A.M. to 8 P.M. (P.S.T.)

or fill in this ORDER FORM and enclose a check, money oraer or yourVISA or MasterCard number.

HOMEBASE is available for the IBM PC, XT and true compatibles$49.95 + $5 for shipping and handling"

NAMETITLE _

COMPANY NAMEADDRESS

CITY

V"

iPV

STATE

.ZIP.

HOME PHONE (

. WORK PHONE (

. Exp. date.

D CHECK D MONEY ORDER D VISA D MASTERCARD Card # .30-day money-back guarantee)

'California residents add 6% sales tax. Outside U.S. please add $15. Checks must be on a U.S. bank and in U.S. dollars. Sorry, no

C.O.D. or purchase orders.

For dealer and site license information, call 408 996-1883. BYTE

SEND TO:

/IW3ZI2

AMBER SYSTEMS, INC.

1171 S. Saratoga-Sunnyvale Road

San Jose, CA 95129

Inquiry 295

Togetalot

out of your

printer, you

need a lot ofprograms,

right?

rlrj

£ifj Sof tStyle

SoflSlyle, Inc. 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy Suite 205Honolulu, Hawaii 96825 Phone (800) 367-5600$69 95 Enhances over 30 dol matrix pnnters.includingEpson and Okidala IBM PC or compatible.

Wrong.

Sure, you could buy one

package to change type

sizes, another to create

fonts, and still another

to print sideways.

Or you could get one

simple program to

do it all!

Printworks.It's loaded.

Powerful in circuit emulation, pricedwell within your grasp. That's NICE. ™

NICE may be only 3" square and Vi" thick, but it hands you full speed,real-time emulation—over 50 emulation functions, software breakpoint^all memory addresses and all I/O ports.

Just plug NICE directly into the target MP socket and any RS232 t^rnfor system development, troubleshooting, debugging or testing . . .tat hoi—in the lab or in the field. v,. \ \

And NICE hands you all this performance, portability and Versatility for only$498". . . the best emulator price/performance ratio on the market; hinds down.

Call in your order today using if,. :

your VISA or Mastercard mini- "^aaMfil H^^. l\Ti/'"V^I/=»'t"

ber: (800) NICOLET outside ^^ iiNliA/IC-L

CA, or (415) 490-8300 in CA.Or send yourcheck or 0!kmoneyorderto NICE,Nicole*Paratri

201 FourierAvenue, Frtmont, CA 9

NICE is a trademark of PParatronics Corporation"780 |s a trademark of Zil

LETTERS

9>r<>

may not feel that in buying a piece of soft-ware he is getting his money's worth. Thisis our problem. If we assume that softwarepiracy will always exist, that friends willpass along software to friends, then howcan money be made in the softwaremarket where piracy steals away profits?Most software can be either consideredentertainment or tools. For the purposesof my proposition, I'm only going to con-sider entertainment software (games). Acertain game has a rather specific au-dience: The user has a specific machine(possibly specific hardware) and canreasonably be assumed to be of a certainage and socioeconomic class—a veryspecific market of users. Here is the pro-posal: Since a piece of software can beassumed to attract these users of aspecific group, there is a natural group-ing to which advertising could be aimed.1 am suggesting that instead of selling theentertainment to the user, sell the ex-posure of the program to advertisers anddistribute the programs freely.

What I am saying is, model the enter-tainment software distribution after otherforms of entertainment, i.e., television.Television does not sell the entertainmentits viewers (except examples like moviezhannels). it sells a captive audience to theadvertisers and thus turns a profit. Irelieve that the same principle could beipplied to game software, though in alore discreet manner. So develop the)rogram, make it basically self-explana->ry. and sell advertising within the pro-gram. Also, since software is notoriouslyhard to modify, the ads would easily becarried throughout the entire distributionof the game. Methods of implementingthis would be to include things like bill-boards on some game screens, maybe afull-screen ad that appears when the gameis paused, ads at the beginning and endof a game, and other visible but nonintru-sive advertising. In this manner, the gamewould still retain all of its lure and glitter,but other elements conveying the adver-tising message would be included.

So, 1 am suggesting that there is a way

to make a profit and utilize a problem that

is currently plaguing the software industry.

Edward Dean Tate, |r.

Seaford, VA

Why the Restrictions?

I would like to ask the software manufac-turers why unprotected software has moresevere restrictions put on its use than doescopy-protected software. A typical copy-protected software license says something

{continued)

30 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 23 I

50^

We make it simple.

An Interface disk or tape subsystem is simple to install ansimple to use tor IBM PC, XT, AT, and most PC-compatibles

For the PC and compatibles wegive you:

• External DiskSystems,fc from 10 to

119MB.-Internal with 10 to 55MB.

10MB removable cartridgeWinchester.10MBTapeSystem:c'- DualStorc with 10,22, or 33MB ofDmisiwwMi fixed storage plusmmummmtm irjMBtapeor10MB remov-"' able Winchester.

■1

For the PC-XT, we give you:

• Internal 10 to55MB.

• DoubleBarrel1Ciis an internal

<Km*»m*« combination with10,22, or 33MB fixed storage com-bined with 10MB of tape back-up.

• External 10MB tape cartridgedrive.

• External ExtraDrive0 is a 10MBremovable cartridge Winchester.

• External DiskSystem with 10 to55MB of additional storage.

Interface, Inc.

Inquiry 156 for End-Users.Inquiry 157 for DEALERS ONLY.

For the PC-AT, we give you:

• Internally mounted hard disk drives

with 21 to 117MB.

■ Internal 10MB r

removable

cartridge ^'

Winchester.Since 1978, Interface "*<«*«has been providing quality storagesubsystems at affordable prices forthe personal computer market.

DiskSyslems. TapeSystems. DualStor. DoubleBarrel and

ExlraDrive are copyrights ol Interlace. Inc.

IBM is a registered trademark ol IBM Corporation

21101 Osborne Street,Canoga Park, CA 91304Or call (818) 341-7914

Canada: Sanlronic Sales, Ltd.(604)522-1658

■

LETTERS

like "You may physically transfer the pro-gram from one computer to another, pro-vided the program is used on only onecomputer at a time," while the license foran unprotected program says somethinglike "This program may be used by onlyone user on one machine and may not betransferred."

The difference between these two atti-tudes can be seen in the following exam-

ple. Suppose 1 buy an unprotected copyof ClicheWriter, and 1 spend about twohours a day writing with it. When I'mfinished, the program must go back intothe box. If I want to work at home, I haveto buy another license. If my secretarywants to use the program, she has to buya copy. If the guy down the hall wants touse it, ditto. Let's say all these things hap-pen so that together we pay for four

Data Defenders by Ring

King. They're the finest qualityprotection you can buy for theinformation you have storedon 51/4" mini-diskettes andprintout.

The Ring King 070 Tray holds70 mini-diskettes in a toughcopolymer shell with securitylock. The Ring King Flip File IIbinder holds 20 mini-diskettesand converts to a desktopindex. Ring King Looseleaf Filesare punched to fit standard 3-

ring binders. Ring King DataBinders hold up to 8"of 9V2"x11" or 14%" x 11" unburstprintout.

Ask for Ring King Data Defen-ders at your computer supplydealer. Or send for our free, full-color catalog of computer sup-port products. Write Ring KingVisibles, Inc., 2210 Second Ave-nue, RO. Box 599, Muscatine,Iowa 52761. For customer serv-ice, phone (800) 553-9647, inIowa (319)263-8144.

DATADEFENDER

ClicheWriter licenses. Meanwhile, my com-petitor down the street buys a protectedcopy of WordyPlatitude. He uses it for twohours, lends it to his secretary for a fewmore hours, then to the guy down the hall,then takes it home to teach his kid. Bothprograms have been used the same totalamount, by several users on severalmachines (though only one at a time). Yet.to avoid being branded pirates andcriminals, the users of the unprotectedprogram have spent four times as much.

The question is, Why do the makers ofunprotected software trust users not tocopy and distribute the program, yet nottrust or allow them to use it by one per-son on one machine at a time? Some pro-grams are used many hours a day, butothers are used only for an hour or twoonce a week. Why can the protected onesbe freely passed around while the unpro-tected ones can't? Why must someonewho uses a program for an hour a day paythe same license fee as someone whouses it eight hours a day? Why can't theprogram be licensed for use eight hoursa day, regardless of whether that meanseight people at an hour each or oneperson at eight hours?

Let's say you want to buy a copy ofAlphaBetsy, that new program that alpha-betizes the Christmas card list you typedat random into your word processor. Nowthis program takes only five minutes to doits stuff. If it's copy-protected, chances areyou will be allowed to lend it to all yourfriends to alphabetize their Christmas cardlists, too, and as a result they may help youpay the $100 it costs. Yet, if the programis unprotected, you will no doubt bethreatened with immediate violent deathif you lend it to anyone. But then, will youwant to pay $100 for five minutes' useevery few months?

Perhaps software manufacturers shouldthink about just what it is they are licens-ing. Does the license permit, say, eighthours' use a day without regard to whodoes the using on what equipment, ordoes it permit only the use one personcan make of it? And if eight hours' a dayusage is permitted, what about four peo-ple using it simultaneously for two hours?Isn't that the very same net use as oneuser on one machine for eight hours? Oris the manufacturers' attitude one of "Hey.if you can use it all day, great. If not, that'syour tough luck"?

I would appreciate some answers tothese questions from some softwaremanufacturers.

Robert HarrisCorona, CA ■

32 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 277

READ

ONLY

A review of the IBM Personal Computer Family. Vol. 2 No. 2

WHAT'S THE PROGRAM?

Meaningful dialogue. There are twoprograms from IBM that can greatlyimprove the quality of our runningdialogue with computers. They are theIBM EZ-VU Runtime Facility and theIBM EZ-VU Development Facility.

Think of the EZ-VU Runtime Fa-cility as a mediator in your IBM PCconversations. It handles the exchangeof commands and information be-tween you and your application pro-grams tlirough predefined screens. Itcan give you a single consistent inter-face with applications written in a vari-ety of languages.

In short, the EZ-VU Runtime Fa-cility lets you concentrate on the essen-tials of the job youre doing.

EZ-VURuntime Facility

^M

If your job is program develop-ment, the IBM EZ-VU DevelopmentFacility can help you write menu-driven applications—or revise exist-ing ones—that are both sophisticatedand easy to use. It incorporates ascreen design tool that works throughthe function keys on your IBM Per-sonal Computer, so there are no spe-cial codes and commands to slow downyour design work. EZ-VU also helps

lUM Personal Computer

Professional FORTRAN

EZ-VU

Development

Facility'

make last work of testing and revisingyour screen designs.

Two additional points. Both ofthese EZ-VU programs benefit fromyears of success by similar dialoguemanagement programs in IBM hostMVS.VM. and VSE operating environ-ments. And both run under the IBMTopView program, which allows you torun a number of software applicationsconcurrently.

A quantum leap. Speaking of tech-nological advances, IBM PersonalComputer Professional FORTRANrepresents a quantum leap forward inFORTRAN for microcomputers.

Its a full ANSI 77 implementationwith enhancements that offers an un-

Application management, programdevelopment. and communicationssoftware from IBM. See next page forIBM PC Network SNA 3270 Emula-tion Program story.

IBM PC Nctttork

SNA 3271) Emulation Program

|

J9MB-—| .' Jr4

Irl |s

~*j*&

usual combination of speed and ac-curacy. Optimization techniques andfeatures such as a full symbolic inter-active debug facility are similar tothose usually found only in IBM VSFORTRAN and other mainframeFORTRAN compilers.

You can use IBM PC ProfessionalFORTRAN to work on large or smallhost programs and to recompile exist-ing FORTRAN programs—or sec-tions of those programs—to run onyour IBM Personal Computer. Its abil-ity to handle arrays larger than 64KBgives you the equivalent of mainframecapability on a personal computer.

And IBM PC Professional FOR-TRAN was designed for IBM by Ryan-McFarland Corporation to help youtake full advantage of other IBM Per-sonal Computer software, such as theIBM Personal Computer Engineer-ing/Scientific Series graphics develop-ment tools.

Make that "quantum leaps."

Hidden talent. Think of the many en-tertaining and useful programmingideas that must exist out there butnever find their way to market.

The IBM Directory ofpersonally developed softwaregives you direct access to someof that hidden talent. Its a cata-log of unique programs devel-oped by individuals for the IBMPersonal Computer Family.

Programs listed in theDirectory sell for as little as$14.95. They cover a wide range ofinterests, from entertainment andeducation to personal productivityand business applications.

Each program in the Directoryhas a full description that includessystem requirements and illustra-tions or color photos of representativescreens. Programs may be ordered bymail or through a toll-tree telephonenumber.

To subscribe to the Directory.call 800-IBM-PCSW.The last word. Or perhaps we shouldsay the last word to date. The new IBMDOS Technical Reference manual con-tains just about everything you'd wantto know about the IBM DiskOperatingSystem Version 3.1 and previous ver-sions 2.1 and 3.0.

That's not to say that new im-provements and information won't ap-pear in the future. They w i 11, and you'llbe kept abreast of such developments.An update information service is in-cluded in the manual's purchase price.

So you'll always have the lastwoi'd.

DiW^S"

S^Be^

Avalatant Sarla*

IBM MainframeCommunication Assistant

Enable your IBM PC loomuimo a 3101/3277or 3276/3279 terminal with upload (flown landcapability. Download data from a lioal directlylo a Filing Aaalitanl Ilia. Use Ihia data withoihnr Assistant Series programs withouttokoyiii(j. Communicfltu with VM'CMS andMVS/TSO 370 rtosta. Sarissfl sysiams.intormalion service*, and othar IBM PC«.

Updated versions of the DOS Techni-cal Reference manual and the Direc-tory of Personally Developed Soft-ware from IBM.

Close connections. The IBM PC Fam-ily has always included hardware andsoftware to help you keep in closetouch with important contacts.

Last year's announcement of theIBM PC Network, for instance, was animportant milestone in communica-tions among the immediate family. Itgives you an easy way to share informa-tion and hardware resources likeprinters and disk storage devices.

There are two recent IBM com-munications software products thatextend those IBM PC family connec-tions even further. They make it possi-ble for you to work directly with datastored on an IBM host computer, tocommunicate from one network to an-other, and to do an even wider range ofyour daily business over the IBM PCNetwork.

Host communications. The IBM PCNetwork SNA 3270 Emulation Pro-gram, for example, allows your IBMPersonal Computer to communicatewith an IBM host system through tele-communications lines.

Broaden your IHM /'(.' connectionswith convnunications softwarefrom IBM.

>/Cf

&&&

V

You then have di-rect access to the dataand programs on thehost computer. So ifyou're working on abranch-office quarterly re-port, you no longer have towait while essential data froma headquarter's computer issent to you and copied for youruse. There's also a redirectorfunction that allows you to placethe data on a file server for dis-tribution to other stations on yourIBM PC Network.

In addition, when the program isinstalled on an IBM Personal Com-puter in an IBM PC Network, that PCcan act as a communications gatewaylor other members of the same network.If members of a network need tocommunicate with more thanone IBM host computer—orwith different applications onthe same host—multiple gate-ways can be attached to a sin-gle'IBM PC Network.

And an IBM PC with theIBM PC Network SNA 3270Emulation Program in-stalled can still be used as a networkstation doing standard PC work.

You could, for instance, use yourIBM PC to create a data set on a hostsystem. You could also create a wordprocessing project on your IBM PCusing DispIayWrite3J switching easilyhack and forth between them withoutterminating either session. The IBMPC Network SNA8270 Emulation Pro-gram also allows you to transfergraph-

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ics printing jobsIBM PC withattached.Stand-alone assistance

om the host to anaphics printer

There's a new

addition to the IBM Assistant Series tohelp handle stand-alone communica-tions between your IBM PersonalComputer and a host machine or an-other' IBM Personal Computer. IBMMainframe Communication Assistantsoftware includes a 3101 and327( 1/78/7°- terminal emulator for yourIBM PC, plus a set of host computersupport programs for VM/CMS andMVS/TSO systems.

Mainframe Communication As-sistant has the same easy menu struc-ture as other members of the AssistantSeries, such as Writing Assistant andPlanning Assistant. And it offers anumber of unusual features to simplifyyour communications work.

It can. of course, speedily trans-fer files between host and PC (or PC

IBM Quiet writer® Printer offers advanced printer technology and unusuallylow operating noise level. Shown with sample of letter-quality printing.

and PC). After you've worked with thehost file. Mainframe CommunicationAssistant lets you transfer only thechanges you've made—rather than theentiie file—back to the host computer.And. as a member of the AssistantSeries. Mainframe CommunicationAssistant allows you to integrate main-frame database information into Fil-ing Assistant files. You're then able totransfer that information to othermembers of the Assistant Series, sav-ing the time and effort of reenteringdata that has been stored on a main-frame computer.

'Follow the propel- installation instructions inthe IBM PC Network327<) Emulation Programdocumentation for Display Write 3.

HARDWARE NEWS

Quiet, please. There's been a quietrevolution in printer technology. TheIBM Ouietwnter® Printer is as ad-

vanced as the computers it serves. Itsversatile, compact, remarkably quiet,and produces work that might makepeople th i n k you've got a pr i nting pressin the back room.

In this case, the spark behind therevolution is a new method of resistiveribbon, non-impact printing devel-oped by IBM. The "Quietwriter"Printer replaces print elements orhammers that strike the page with aunique multi-layer ribbon and printmechanism that virtually "paints"characters on the paper.

As a result, the "Quietwriter"Printer produces superb, letter-qual-ity printing on a variety of papers andin a wide range of type styles. Tochange type styles you just unplug onefont module and plug in another. Andbecause the "Quietwriter" Printercan accommodate two font modules,you can have two type styles online atonce.

The "Quietwriter" Printer alsoallows you to produce a wide array ofcharacter graphics either separately orto highlight reports and corres-pondence.

r-4-

And it does all of this very, veryquietly. At 50 dB, the IBM "Quietwrit-er" Printer* makes less noise whileprinting than many printers makewhile idling. That means you can putthe "Quietwriter" Printer whereverit's most convenient; it won't disturbeither your telephone conversations oryour train of thought.Unconventional ability. IBM alsomakes conventional printer technologyseem anything but conventional.

Consider the IBM Wheelprinter,*for example. Its printwheel is designedto provide sharp, clear letter-qualityprinting even after millions of impres-sions. And the printwheel is easy tochange, which is important becausethere's a selection of over 500 print-wheels to choose from. The Wheel-printer's standard features also in-clude both automatic sheet feed andcontinuous forms feed—optional onmany other printers.

The Wheelprinter is reliableenough to take on high-volume officework. It even works with two types ofribbons to suit the requirements ofdifferent types of jobs. There's a single-strike ribbon for finished reports orcorrespondence. For more routinejobs like purchase orders or internalmemos, you can use a longer lasting,lower cost multi-strike ribbon.

The Wheelprinter has equally im-pressive qualifications as a homeprinter. To begin with, it's remarkablyeasy to use. The Wheelprinter's inte-grated paper path provides reliablecut-sheet printing and allows it to domuch faster work than you might ex-pect from a 25cps printer. And itsacoustically engineered cover makesthe Wheelprinter an exceptionallyquiet impact printer.

Maybe "conventional" isn't theright word at all.

*These are jusl two of the various printersavailable from IBM for the IBM Personal Com-puter Family.

ON THE STOREFRONT

E\ln\ attention. Even the best equip-ment sometimes needs a little extraattention. An IBM Dealer Service Op-tion can provide it. It gives you ex-tended service coverage for IBMPersonal Computer products, and is

available from participating Au-thorized IBM Personal Com-puter Dealers either before orafter your original warrantyexpires.

>Xe've got you covered

The Deafer

Service Option

protects your |^

IBM Personal ^*

Computer

In addition to sparing youthe complications of arrangingfor the job to be done after some-thing has gone wrong, a DealerService Option assures you offirst-rate work. IBM PersonalComputer Dealers have full-time, IBM-trained and author-ized technicians on staff as wellas directaccess to IBM technicalexperts who can help with un-usual or complex questions.

An IBM Dealer Service Op-tion also covers a couple of im-portant additional contingen-cies. If you move, your servicecoverage can be honored by aparticipating Authorized IBMPersonal Computer Dealer inyour new location. And if youshould decide to sell your IBMPersonal Computer product,your Dealer Service Option maybe transferred to the new owner.

S

<P

A

TIPS AND TECHNIQUES

Slop action. If you occasionally sitfrozen while screen after screen ofinformation rolls by too fast to read,take heart. There's more than one wayto stop that cascade of data and viewone screenful at a time.

When listing the directory of adiskette or fixed disk, the commandDIB/P will do the trick. After finishingwith one screen, press any key to bringup the next.

To slow down the listing of a textfile, you could use the CTL/NUMLOCK keys, but that involves keepingboth hands on the keyboard and an eyeon the screen.

Instead, check your DOS direc-tory listing to make sure the DOS util ityprogram MOBE.COM is available.Then, at the DOS prompt A >. type thecommand line MOBE<filename andpress enter.

NOTE: be careful to use "<" andnot ">"; if you enter the wrong one.you'll destroy your text file.

To view a file called PC-WBITE.DOC. for example, enter MOBE<PCWBITE.DOC. That will list a singlepage of text on your screen and displaythe message —MOBE—. Again, pressany key to view next screen.

Voila. perfect control.

Thanks for this tip to Chuck Harrington of theAthens. Ohio, area IBM PC Users Club.

thanks also—and apologies for omitting a noteof credit in the last issue of HeadOnly-toEdSmuckler of the Kedondo Beach. California.Greater South Bay User Group for his tip aboutsetting screen colors.

For more information about IBMPersona] Computer productsdiscussed in this issue of Readonly.see your Authorized IBM PersonalComputer Dealer or IBM ProductCenter. To learn where, call800-447-4700. In Alaska and Hawaii800-447-0890.

© I'M.") International Business Machines CorporationLittle Tramp character licensed b> Bubbles Inc., S. A.

FIXES AND UPDATES

FEEDBACK

Leaks Like a Sieve

We've often called benchmarks a "can ofworms," and the little critters slithered outof the humus to terrorize us again in thewake of our review of True BASIC ("TrueBASIC" by G. Michael Vose, May BYTE,page 279). One reader wrote to say thealgorithm is wrong (it isn't, as explainedbelow), while a couple of others wrote toask why we persist in using GOTOs inbenchmarks of a language that has con-structs that allow you to avoid them. Allthis reexamination of our infamous Sievehelped us discover some problems, in-cluding a false impression created by thereview's benchmark table and accompany-ing graph, that need explanation.

The BASIC Sieve benchmark is a singleiteration of the algorithm to find primenumbers between 3 and 14003. ThePascal Sieve benchmark, however, ex-ecutes 10 iterations of the same algorithm.Our review implies that True BASIC is near-ly as fast as Turbo Pascal at executing theSieve when it is in fact substantially slower.Turbo Pascal's sluggish performance in theCalculations benchmark is an indicationthat its compiler may optimize the codeit generates for the Sieve.

BYTE began using single-iteration ver-sions of the Sieve for system benchmarks(which were all written in BASIC) in con-junction with our review of the IBM PC ("ACloser Look at the IBM Personal Com-puter" by Gregg Williams, lanuary 1982,page 36.) At the same time, we modifiedthe original Sieve ("A High-Level LanguageBenchmark" by Jim Gilbreath. September1981, page 180) from 8190 passes to 7000to accommodate the small memory avail-able on many of the 8-bit machines towhich the PC was compared. We've beenconsistent with this BASIC benchmarkingscheme for system reviews since then.

The queries about unstructured versusstructured versions of the Sieve in BASICraise a valid and interesting point—namely,does structure affect the performance ofthe algorithm? The answer, in the case ofTrue BASIC, is no—the difference in execu-tion time of the structured version of thebenchmark (see listing 1) was a 0.4 sec-ond, or 1.8 percent, decrease. We pur-

ListingBASIC.

A structured version of the Sieve benchmark, without GOTOs, written in True

LET startime = time

LET size = 7000

DIM flags(7000)

PRINT "Start One Iteration"

LET count = 0

FOR i = 1 to size

LET flags® «1NEXTiFOR i = 1 to size

IF flags(i)<>0 thenLET prime = i + i + 3LET k= i + primeDO while k< =sizeLETflags(k) = 0LET k= k+primeLOOP

LET count = count + 1END IFNEXT i

PRINT "Done: ";count;" Primes Found'LET finishtime = timePRINT finishtime-startime;" seconds"END

Listing 2: The accuracy

benchmarks in two slightly different versions. Using Y = Y"2

yields different results than computing Y = Y*Y. (In Microsoft BASIC, X and Y must be

declared double precision.)

(a)

(b)

LET x = 1.0000001

LET x= 1.0000001

LETy = x

LETy = x

FOR i = 1 to 27

FOR i = 1 to 27

LET y = yy

LETy = y-y

NEXTi

NEXTi

PRINT y

PRINT y

PRINT x~(2"27)

PRINT x-(2"27)

END

END

posely ran the benchmark with GOTOs tomaintain consistency among BASIC ver-sions of the test (so that we'd be compar-ing apples to apples), but the readers whotook us to task for not asking if there mightbe a better way have a legitimate gripe.Digressing a moment from the Sieve, an-other reader suggests we adopt an ac-curacy benchmark. Adapted from a dis-

cussion of numeric precision in the April1984 issue of Scientific American ("ComputerRecreations" by Fred Gruenberger, page19), his suggested benchmark appears inlisting 2 and its results in table I. We likeits brevity and simplicity and invite yourcomments as to its usefulness.Back to the Sieve, the most recent

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 33

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FIXES & UPDATES

"fable 1: The results of runs of the accuracy benchmark of listing 2. The correct value [with

\0-digil precision) is 674530.4707.

a = Y = Y"2 b = Y = Y*Y

y

X

Microsoft(a) 8850273

65536

True BASIC(a) 674530.431654

674530.570667

BetterBASIC(a) 674023.631

674530.4704

Microsoft(b) 674530.470612035 65536

True BASIC(b) 674530.431654

674530.570667

BetterBASIC(b) 674492.751149

674530.470738

Listing 3: The Sieve algorithm with comments.

800 SIZE = 7000

;set number of odd numbers to examine

820 DIM FLAGS(7001)

;dimension the primes-flag array

830 PRINT "start one iteration"

840 COUNT=0

;set prime number counter to 0

850 FOR l = 0 TO SIZE

initialize FLAGS array

860 FLAGS(I)=1

870 NEXT I

880 FOR l = 0TOSIZE

;start loop to strike all odd multiples of primes

from the primes list

890 IF FLAGS(l) = 0 THEN 970

900 PRIME = l + l + 3

;compute prime from FLAGS array index value

910 K = I + PRIME

;find the index to the first odd multiple of PRIME

920 IF K>SIZE THEN 960

;test for upper bound

930 FLAGS(K) = 0

;set flag for non-prime

940 K = K + PRIME

;find the index to next odd multiple of PRIME

950 GOTO 920

960 COUNT=COUNT+1

increment prime number counter

970 NEXT I

980 PRINT "done";COUNT;" primes found"

990 END

reader who claims the Sieve algorithm isincorrect misunderstands how the algo-rithm uses array indexes. The FLAGS arrayindex is used to calculate the prime num-bers in a rather unusual way. Essentially,the algorithm starts by assuming that thefirst number in the array is prime. Then iteliminates the multiples of the prime,since these numbers are obviously non-prime. The contents of FLAGS (INDEX) =1 stays unchanged when the number 2 *INDEX + 3 is computed, as this numberis always prime; otherwise, it is changed

to 0 to indicate that a multiple of PRIMEhas been calculated. The only numberstested for primeness are the odd numbersbeginning with 3. The prime number 2 isthus not captured in the Sieve and is there-fore not reported in a run of the algorithm:The message "1651 primes found" is cor-rect although there are 1652 primes lessthan 14003 because the Sieve doesn't startlooking for primes before the number 3.Our solution to the problem of theSieve's obtuseness is listing 3, a more fullydocumented version of the algorithm.

BYTE's BUGS

A Power Plant Chip?

Dozens of readers have taken us to taskfor the following sentence on page 458 ofthe June BYTE: "Each [Sunol Systems'lchip consumes just 100 megawatts whenoperated from a 5-volt power supply." (See

"A GEM Seminar" by John Markoff andPhillip Robinson, page 455.)

Obviously, the sentence should havesaid "100 milliwatts." We apologize for theerror. ■

34 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Introducing In-aVision

Complex DrawingMad

w

e created In-a-Visionjust for you. The

engineer who needsmore productivedrafting support.The designerwho needs ver-satility for alter-nate ideas orquick revisions.The architect whoneeds to manage avariety of workingdrawings. And thebusinessman who

needs first-class presentation mate-rials as well as detailed flow chartsand organization charts.

Point. Click. Draw.

Now all you do to create com-plex technical drawings, systemsdesigns, blueprints, diagrams, illus-trations, and proposals is point,

click and draw. WithIn-a-Vision's mousesupport, windowing,icons, and pull-downmenus, you producedrawings more quick-ly, accurately and effi-ciently than ever before.

In-a-Vision's advanced tech-nology includes many features notfound on comparable systems costing thousands more. For example,

(Most popular graphics cards, plotters and printers supported.)Microsoft Windows compatible. Call tor specific operatingenviron men l requirements.

Unlike more expensive CADsystems, In-a-Vision is easy toinstall and use. Even the com-puter novice can be productivein less than a day. AndIn-a-Vision is not copy-protected.

Ten Day Trial Period.

We're so sure In-a-Vision will

around in a user-de-finable drawing spaceup to 68" x 68" andzoom in on specificareas for greater de-tail. Scale, rotate anddimension symbols, fill an areawith your choices of predefinedcolors and patterns, as well asdraw lines with multiple styles andwidths. Other features includeoverlays, predefined and user-definable page sizes, rulers,grids, and symbol libraries.

Multi-taskingin a PC-basedCAD system.

In-a-Vision usesmulti-tasking to enableyou to continue drawing whileprinting hard copies as well as editmultiple drawings simultaneously.

MICROGRAFX

The Picture of Success.

Inquiry 206

make you more pro-ductive, we'll give youten days to prove it toyourself. If In-a-Vision doesn'timprove your productivity, returnit within ten days for a full refund.In-a-Vision willmake your complexdrawing tasks sim-ple and make youmore productive.Satisfaction guar-anteed. Dial800-272-3729 toorder or for a freebrochure. In Texasor for customer support, call(214) 234-1769. MICROGRAFX,Inc., 1820 North Greenville Ave-nue, Richardson, Texas 75081.

In-a-Vision and MICROGRAFX arc trademarks of

MICROGRAFX, Int.

Windows and Microsoft arc trademarks of Microsoft. Inc.

What's a database syste

doing with a

1. Relational capabilities.

2. Variable-length fields.

3. Multi-valued fields.

3 Orders froi Hal's F.;-r-~;an fate Repair

4 Orders tro« Hsncuer Service JUtion4 Orders frii Lexington Auto service3 Orders froi Rcian Olds Dealers

2 Orders froi T Itotors

3 Orders froi "osr.'s -eruice Unler

4. Subrecords.

5. Interactive report writer.

6. Calculations.

7. Sophisticated data features. 8. Options key.

9. File conversion.

Cornerstone is a trademark of Infocom, Inc. IBM is a registered trademark oflnternational Business Machines Corporation. 1-2-3 is a registeredtrademark of Lotus Development Corporation. Tandy is a registered trademark of Tandy Corporation. dBASE II is a registered trademark of Ashlon-Tate.Micro/Answer is a trademark of Informatics General Corporation. PFS is a registered trademark of Software Publishing Company.

36 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

m for non-programmersU this power?

Cornerstone makes it easy

to build sophisticated

applications.

Whether you program or not, youexpect your personal computer tohandle a wide variety of complexjobs. Simply and easily. That's whywe designed Cornerstone™ to deliverall the power of a high-end relational(1) database system into the hands ofprofessionals who don't want tospend needless time programming.

The key is flexibility.

To begin with, Cornerstone will growwith you as your needs change.Which means you don't have to planevery last detail of your database inadvance. Instead, you can quicklyand easily make changes anywhereand at any time—even with dataalready in the database. You can adda file, field or index, change a reportor relationship, or do countless otherthings.

And Cornerstone's remarkableflexibility also applies to data han-dling. For instance, variable-lengthfields (2) let you add notes of anylength anywhere in the database—without determining the length of thefield in advance. Cornerstone justmakes room as you need it. Whichmeans efficient storage, too.

In addition, any Cornerstone fieldcan be multi-valued (3). So you cantype in distinct, multiple entries inthe same field. Whether five differentphone numbers or 200 differentnotes. You can even have repeatinggroups of information, like line itemsin an order form (4).

The flexibility extends to reporting,too. There's no limit to the numberor kind of reports you can create withCornerstone's interactive report

writer (5). You can design complexreports with titles, headers, subto-tals and totals, and instantlysee what your report willlook like. Hundreds of re-ports can be saved for everyfile and modified at any time.

And Cornerstone has noartificial constraints. You cansort on any field, search on any field.

The calculating poweris built in.

Cornerstone has impressive calculat-ing power (6). Mathematical, scien-tific, statistical, financial, date, timeand string functions are built rightin. And because it's a full-featuredrelational database system, new datacan be calculated and reported frommultiple files. Cornerstone can alsoperform sophisticated data valida-tion—checking for minimum, maxi-mum, mandatory, unique orrestricted values (7).

Easy access for all.

Cornerstone's power is designed tobe easily accessible. On-line support,including menus and a Help key,allow even unsophisticated users tohandle complex jobs. Experiencedusers can hide the menus entirely.

What's more, Cornerstone'sexclusive Options key (8)always shows you whatcan be entered next-even if it's a restricteddata value from a relatedfield.

You can also use Cor-nerstone with othersoftware and hardware(9). For example, youcan easily convert files

from 1-2-3," PFS," dBASE® II andword processors (ASCII) directly

into Cornerstone. And youcan convert Cornerstonefiles to a wide variety offile formats, includingMailmerge,™ DIF, 1-2-3,SDF and ASCII. You caneven download data frommost IBM® mainframe databases,using Micro/Answer™ for Corner-stone.

Cornerstone is a different kindof database system. Created by acompany committed to eliminatingthe barriers between computers andpeople. It's now available for the IBMPC, PC XT,™ PC AT™ and compati-bles, and soon for the Tandy* 1000,1200 HD and 2000. Suggested retailprice $495.

Send for your freedemo disk.

To fully appreciate how differentCornerstone really is, you have totry it yourself. For a free demodisk and brochure, call 617-574-0644,or write to lnfocom, Inc., Dept. D.,125 CambridgePark Drive,Cambridge, MA 02140. Or see yourlocal lnfocom |HbMmmm>dealer. HlFOCOIIV

-

Cornerstone.1

The sophisticated database system for the non-programmer.

Inquiry 153

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 37

MICROSOFT PRESS PETER NORTON THE IBM PC

AN UNBEATABLE COMBINATION

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By Peter Norton, recognizedauthority on IBM technology,creator of the acclaimed NortonUtilities, and noted architect ofthe now-famous philosophy ofsimple, clean programming.

$19.95 Available now whereverbooks and software are sold.

38 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

Zoomracks

Zoomracks from Quick-View Systems is anorganizational framework forcreating database, text, andappointment applications. Ituses a series of files that issimilar to a time-card rack.Typical racks can containcards with appointments,notes, names and addresses,or sales orders. The formatof individual cards is user-specifiable; 2 5 starter for-mats are supplied.

Both data cards and racksare displayed with Zoom-racks' Smart Zooms. Thisfeature differs from windowsin that it compresses theinformation within a card,thereby providing both theessential information andthe overall picture associ-ated with the data card. Youcan tailor Smart Zooms' dis-play to provide an overviewof several data racks, aclose-up of an isolated datarack, or a view of a singlecard from a particular datarack.

With Zoomracks. you cancopy and move fields, cards,and text into different fields,cards, and racks. You candefine, alter, and store card-rack templates, and you canbrowse through or jumpamong data racks. Otherfeatures include macro in-structions, utilities to convertdBASE II files, a simpleWordStar-like text editor,and data storage in anASCII-/MS-DOS-file formatfor conversion to other dataformats.

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g Colo}, o Other?, d..Displag toraj)

A view of a Zoomracks data card, removed from the rack and expandedinto full text.

ujaposers on loaposing, ire is onl>i one iaportant thins in msic and that is ideas plusfeelins. Ike various tonalities and sound aean nothing unlessikes gro» out of ideas. Hot aang eoaposers have ideas. Far aoreol thea knot how to use strange instruments which do not requireideas.

Zoomracks can display upto eight racks on screen. Itcan accommodate 31 fields/cards with 80 characters perline, 2 50 lines per field, and20,000 cards per rack.Zoomracks supports displaysizes ranging from 2 5characters by 6 lines to upto 80 characters by 2 5 lines.It runs on 2 56K-byte IBMPersonal Computers.

A prerelease, copy-protected version of Zoom-racks is $59.95; an unpro-tected version is $79.95.Purchase of the prereleasepackage entitles you to afree upgrade to the finalversion, which is due to shipin November; your name inthe users manual if you arethe first to suggest an im-provement; and a six-month,money-back guarantee. Con-tact QuickView Systems,Suite 404, 146 Main St.. LosAltos. CA 94022, (800)443-0100, ext. 341.

Modem with VoiceDetection

Xecom's MOSART is a300/1200-bps modemwith voice detection.MOSART, which is housed ina 40-pin package, comeswith all necessary supportcircuitry. It requires only theappropriate telephone jack,software, and 2 squareinches of the IBM PC'smotherboard. Speech-syn-thesis capabilities areoptional.

The basic system, themodel XE1201, provides full[continued]

a Hidifsi. S Goto! 0 Other}, d tr.plas forai'

A name, appointment, and tickler file produced with Zoomracks.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 39

WHAT'S NEW

Bell 103/212A (i.e., 300- and1200-bps) compatibility. Itautomatically detects normalspeech and drops its carriersignal during voice conversa-tion. MOSART can alsodecode telephone touch-tone signals.

The model XE1203 ex-tends these features withcircuitry to generate speech.

To familiarize designerswith the features ofMOSART, Xecom offersevaluation kits for use withan IBM PC. Each evaluationkit includes a half-size IBMPC expansion card withtelephone and headphonejacks, a headset, and a flop-py disk with evaluation soft-ware and Xecom's XENIALcommunications software.

The XE125I evaluation kit,with the XE1201 MOSART, isavailable for $399; theXE1253 kit includes theXE1203 MOSART for $449.In 100-piece quantities, theXE1201 alone will cost $199,while the XE1203 will be$249. Contact Xecom Inc.,374 Turquoise St., Milpitas,CA 95035, (408) 943-0313.Inquiry 600.

Tektronix AI Systems

The Tektronix Informa-tion Display Group hasintroduced two artificial-in-telligence systems that runSmalltalk-80: the models4405 and 4406. In a relateddevelopment, Tektronix an-nounced a price reductionfor its 4404 artificial-intelli-gence system. The new pricefor the 4404 is $11,950, a$3000 cut.

In addition to Smalltalk-80.both the 4405 and 4406come with a UNIX-likeoperating system and a Ccompiler. Each machine isequipped with an RS-232Cinterface, a Centronics-type

The Tektronix 4406.

parallel printer port, a key-board, a mouse, and ANSIX3.64 terminal-emulationmode.

The 4406 is based onMotorola's 68020 micropro-cessor, which, in turn, isaugmented by a 68881floating-point coprocessor.Its standard 19-inch, 60-Hzdisplay screen offers a 1280-by 1024-pixel resolution.The 4406 also gives you 2megabytes of dynamic RAM(expandable to 4 mega-bytes) with which to work.Other features include a32-megabyte virtual-memoryaddress space, a 5!4-inchfloppy-disk drive, and a90-megabyte hard-disk drive.

The 4405 has a 13-inch,60-Hz display screen. Themonitor's 640- by 480-pixeldisplay area serves as a win-dow onto the system's 1024-by 1024-pixel addressablebit map. Smooth panningacross the bit map is pro-vided by the three-buttonmouse. Additional equip-ment includes 1 megabyteof dynamic RAM (expand-able to 4 megabytes), 8megabytes of virtual-mem-ory address space, a floppy-disk drive, and a 45-mega-byte hard-disk drive.

Tek Common LISP, FranzLISP, MProlog, a UNIXlibrary, and an EMACSeditor are optional. TekCommon LISP is reported to

be a full implementation ofGuy Steele's Common LISPstandard. It is licensed for$6000. Such hardware op-tions as increased hard-diskstorage, streaming-tapebackup, and Ethernetcapabilities are offered.

Prices for the Tek 4406begin at $23,950. The 4405starts at $14,950. Write oncompany letterhead toTektronix Inc., POB 1700,Beaverton. OR 97075.Inquiry 601.

MIDI Magic, MusicDisks

Q-R-S Music Rolls, acompany that has beenproducing piano rolls forplayer pianos for more than80 years, has introduced aline of musical hardwareand software for Com-modore computers.

MIDI Magic is a one-wayMIDI interface that lets youconnect Commodore's 64 or128 computer to MIDl-basedmusical synthesizers, in-cluding the Casio CZ-101. Itplugs directly into the Com-modore's user port and intothe MIDI input socket. A

demonstration disk with sixsongs is supplied.

Q-R-S Music Rolls also of-fers a collection of music onfloppy disks. Many perfor-mances feature contem-porary musicians and soundquality reminiscent of thatachieved by player pianos.The collection includesselections from such artistsas Gershwin, Joplin, andLiberace. These composi-tions can be played back onthe synthesizer in any com-bination of electronic voices.Each floppy disk features sixsongs.

MIDI Magic costs $49.95.Q-R-S Music Disks are$19.95 each. Contact Q-R-SMusic Rolls Inc., 1026Niagara St.. Buffalo, NY14213, (716) 885-4600.Inquiry 602.

Color DisplayAdapter

SubLogic recently intro-duced a high-resolutioncolor-display adapter cardfor the IBM Personal Com-puter. The card has a resolu-tion of 640 by 400 pixels by16 colors. You can selectfrom a palette of 4096colors.

An on-board custommicroprocessor can draw anaverage of 70.000 line vec-tors per second. Softwaresupport includes an alpha-numeric device driver, aprimitives library withsource code, high-levellanguage interfaces, diag-nostic utilities, and demon-stration programs. Theboard will cost approxi-mately $2 500 to $3000.

Contact SubLogic Corp.,713 Edgebrook Dr.. POB4019. Champaign. IL 61820.(217) 359-8482.Inquiry 603.

(continued)

40 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

INFOWORLD'S SOFTWARE PRODUCT OF THE YEAR

Borland's SideKick Will Clear

Your Desk In 30 Minutes And

Increase Your Productivity By 50%

SideKick is a combination of seven desktop accessories, which makes SideKick thesingle most effective business tool. Just a keystroke suspends your applicationprogram, giving you a window into m*mmm> SideKick. Another keystroke bringsyou back to where you were, m Wk Instantly. It's that easy.

A FULL-SCREEN WORDSTARS-LIKE EDITOR

You may jot down notes andedit files up to 25 pages long

AN ASCII TABLE

for easy reference"

AN AUTODIALER

for all your phone c

It will look up and <

telephone numbers

(A modem is required to use

this function.)

A PHONE DIRECTORY

for your names,addresses andtelephone numbers.Finding a name or anumber becomesa snap.

A MONTHLY CALENDAR

functional from year1901 through year 2099.

A RATEBOOK

to remind you of

important meetings

and appointments.

A FULL-FEATUREDCALCULATOR

ideal for business use.

It also performs decimal

to hexadecimal to

binary conversions.

COPY-PROTECTED

$54.95

NOT COPY-PROTECTED

THE CRITICS'CHOICE

"SIDEKICK deserves a place in every PC."Bury Rfy, PC WEEK

"Ijyou use a PC, get SIDEKICK You'll soonbecome dependent on it." Jury Paurnells, BYTE

"SIDEKICK is by far the best we've seen. It is alsothe least expensive." Am MiatHlU, ENTREPRENEUR

"In a simple, beautiful implementation ofWordStar's™ block copy commands, SIDEKICKcan transport all or any part of the displayscreen (even an area overlaid by the notepaddisplay) to the notepad."Outlet PtizoU. PC MUBAZME

»» BORlflflD

INTERNATIONAL

„BSS»-

Quantity:

(CA res. add 5=' ^ $84 95Quantity-' ——

Software for your

■I

4585 Scotts \fclley Drive, Scotts VaUey CA 95066Phone (408) 438-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BM008ASideKick Is a trademark of Borland Internationa), Inc.IBM and PC-DOS are registered trademarks of InternationalBusiness Machines Corp.

ifbworld is a trademark of Popular Computing, inc. a subsidiary

'CW Communications, Inc.•dStar is a registered trademark or Micrijpro International Corp.

quiry 38 for End-Users, Inquiry 39 for DEALERS ONLY.

I

I

I11

WHAT'S NEW

SAM 3001 AT

The SAM 3001 AT iscompatible with IBM'sPC AT microcomputer. Thismachine, built around the80286 microprocessor,comes with 640K bytes ofon-board RAM, a graphicscard, a parallel port, twoRS-232C serial ports, and asocket for the 80287 mathe-matics coprocessor. Thegraphics card is compatiblewith Hercules-type graphicsapplications, and usermemory is expandable toup to 16 megabytes. A1.2-megabyte floppy diskand a 20-megabyte harddisk store your data.

PC-DOS 3.0. GW-BASICMS-DOS 3.1, and XENIX aresupported. Available optionsinclude fixed-disk storage ofup to 80 megabytes and14-inch color or amber mon-itors. Multiuser capabilitiesand multifunction boardsare planned for futurerelease.

The SAM 3001 AT is man-ufactured by Samsung Semi-conductor Telecommunica-tions Co. Ltd. of Korea anddistributed in the UnitedStates by HiTech Interna-tional. System pricing beginsat $4395. The color monitoris $375. and the amber dis-play is $170. The MS-DOSoperating system is $50 percopy, and each copy of GW-BASIC is $150. ContactHiTech International Inc.,1180-M Miraloma Way, Sun-nyvale. CA 94086, (408)738-0601.

Robotic Kit

Robotic Computing Kitfor the Apple II seriesand Commodore's V1C-20and 64 computers is avail-able from fischertechnik.

The SAM 3001 AT.

With this kit. you can buildsmall, stationary robots thatperform a variety of tasks,such as plotting computa-tions, sorting objects of dif-ferent lengths, and solvingthe Towers of Hanoi puzzle.

The Robotic Computing Kitcomes with two motors, twogears, an electromagnet, twopotentiometers, lamps, andpush buttons. Its computerinterface module includesoutput connections, digitalinputs, analog inputs, andsoftware.

The Robotic Computing Kitsystem sells for $199. in-cluding the computer inter-face. Contact fischerAmerica Inc., 175 Route 46W, Fairfield, NJ 07006, (201)227-9283.Inquiry 604.

Biometal

Toki Corporation's Bio-metal is a metallic alloythat changes its shape whena small electrical current isrun through it. This titanium-nickel alloy can be shapedas a coil that will contractwhen current is applied, justlike animal muscle tissue.

Toki will begin selling coilsof Biometal in Septemberfor $8.99 per 8-inch length.A small robot arm that usesthe alloy as an actuator isalso available for about$150. including controllerbox. Contact Toki Corp., 850South West Temple, SaltLake City, UT 84101, (801)532-5430. In lapan. TokiCorp., Number 11-11, Ebisu-nishi 2-chome, Shibuya-ku,Tokyo 150; tel: 03-461-1961:Telex: 0242 5204 TOKION J.Inquiry 605.

The System/36 PC

IBM has announced adesktop version of itsSystem/36 minicomputerwith a list price of less than$6000.

The System/36 PC, whichis about the same size asthe IBM PC system unit, re-quires an IBM PC, PC XT, orPC AT as its console andcommunications server.

You can connect threeworkstations to the Sys-tem/36 PC in addition to theIBM PC. Optionally, you canlink a pair of workstationsand a system printer to theSystem/36 PC. The consolePC can function as a work-station. Each workstationcan execute System/36- andIBM PC-based applicationsconcurrently.

The System/36 PC hard-ware comprises 2 56K bytesof memory, a 40-megabytehard-disk drive, and a 1.2-megabyte 514-inch floppy-disk drive. A second 40-megabyte hard disk can beadded, and memory can beincreased to 512K bytes.

IBM says that the Sys-tem/36 PC is object-code-compatible with its two8-inch-disk-based versions ofthe System/36. IBM plans totransfer software for thesemachines to the smaller for-mat for the System/36 PC.

The System/36 has a listprice of $5995. Its operatingsystem is $995. It will besold through selected retailstores. The IBM PC requiresa special adapter card andsoftware. For the name ofyour nearest dealer, call(800) 447-4700; in Alaskaand Hawaii, call (800)447-0890.Inquiry 606.

[continued)

42 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

ATTENTION SIDEKICK USERS: SUPERKEY ISSIDEKICK'S BEST COMPANION. GET SUFERKEY TODAY

Borland's SuperKey

lets one powerful keystroke do

the work of hundreds and helps

keep your confidential files...

confidential!

SUPERKEY TURNS 1,000 INTO //Yes, SuperKey canrecord lengthy keystroke sequences and play themback at the touch of a single key. Instantly. LikeMagic. Say, for example, you want to add a columnof figures in 1-2-3. Without SuperKey you'd haveto type seven keystrokes just to get started.["shift-@-s-u-m-shift-("]. With SuperKey youcan turn those 7 keystrokes into 1.

SUPERKEY HELPS PROTECT YOURCAPITAL INVESTMENT. SuperKey, atyour convenience, will makeyour screen go blank after apredetermined time ofscreen/keyboard inactivity.You've paid hard-earnedmoney for your PC. SuperKeywill protect your monitor'sprecious phosphor... andyour investment. This featurealone justifies your SuperKeypurchase!

SUPERKEY KEEPS YOUR CONFIDENTIAL' FILES...

CONFIDENTIAL! Time after time you've experi-enced it: anyone can walk up to your PC, and readyour confidential files (tax returns, businessplans, customer lists, personal letters ...). WithSuperKey you can encrypt any file, even whilerunning another program. As long as you keepthe password secret, only YOU can decodeyour file. SuperKey implements the~"N U.S. government Data EncryptionStandard (DES).

SUPERKEY PROTECTS YOURWORK FROM INTRUDERSWHILE YOU TAKE A BREAK.

Now you can lock yourkeyboard at any time. Preventanyone from changing hours ■of work. Type in your secretpassword and everything comesback to life ... just as you left it.

THE CRITICS'CHOICE

"While most people only talk about low-costpersonal computer software, Borland has beendoing something about it. And Borland providesgood technical support as part of the price,"John Mukott S Pwl Fnlturgtr, sytidlctttd ulimnlttt

"What I think the computer industry is headedfor: well-documented, standard, plenty of goodfeatures, and a reasonable price."Jury ftwrotWi. BYTE

IBM

PC

iiBi

BORlflDD

INTERNATIONAL

4585 Scoos \fclley Drive, Scotts Valley CA 95066Phone (408) 458-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BI-1009A

SuperKey is a trademark of Borland International, Inc.i 2 3 is :i trademark of Lotus Development Corp.IHM is :t registered trademark of International BusinessMachine ■

Inquiry 40 for End-Users. Inquiry 41 for DEALERS ONLY

—-^^^dealers rrfgj*, (800) 255-800

'SSSflKS' » CreMJ+ ^ YES1 Please rush

nearest you J^ *W^ ^rW*"1*

$1

YES, Please rush

Send mecopies.

I

11I1

WHAT'S NEW

Conquest PC Turbo

The Conquest PC Turbois a single-board com-puter that's compatible withthe IBM PC.

It comes with a switch-selectable 4.77-/8-MHzsystem clock, 2 56K bytes ofmemory, a keyboard, singleserial and parallel ports, andfive expansion slots. RAMmemory is expandable to Imegabyte without using anexpansion slot. It also has afloppy-disk controller andvideo-adapter card built in.

TWin slim-line 360K-bytefloppy-disk drives serve asyour mass-storage devices.Optionally, the Conquest PCTurbo can be outfitted withhalf-height 10- 20-, or 40-megabyte hard-disk subsys-tems. Half-height streaming-tape backups are alsoavailable.

The Conquest PC Turbosupports PC-DOS. MS-DOS,CP/M-86, Concurrent CP/M,and such applications pro-grams as Lotus 1-2-3,VisiCalc, dBASE III, andMultiplan.

With the dual floppy disksand power supply, the Con-quest PC Turbo begins at$1695. Contact MicroshopComputer Products, Unit K,2640 Walnut Ave., Tustin, CA92680, (714) 838-7530.Inquiry 607.

Video Digitizer andBASIC Enhancementfor Commodore

Cardco has introduced apair of products for theCommodore 64: Digi-Cam, avideo digitizer, and S'moreBASIC, an enhancement toCommodore BASIC.

The Digi-Cam system in-cludes a Panasonic mono-

Mi', !,','' ' ' ' ' "'U.-**3j iiii ,',',',

I IM II

The Conquest PC Turbo.

The Executive Partner has a 640- by 400-pixel gas-plasma display.

chrome video camera, adigitizer, software, andnecessary cabling. It takes 3seconds to produce a 320-by 200-pixel screen image infive shades of gray. Images

can be stored on disk, trans-mitted over a modem, andprinted. The software lets

you manipulate the digitizedimage.

Digi-Cam is $249.

S'more (Super MemoryOptimized RAM/ROM Ex-pansion) BASIC gives youmore than 60 new or en-hanced BASIC commandsand functions, includingautomatic line numbering, aprogram renumbering facil-ity, and an undo command.This $69.95 cartridge letsyou use more than 60Kbytes of RAM for BASICprogramming, as opposedto the Commodore's usual38K-byte limitation. A com-panion BASIC compiler willbe available next month for$39.95.

Contact Cardco Inc., 300South Topeka, Wichita, KS67202, (316) 267-3807.Inquiry 608.

Executive Partner

Panasonic's ExecutivePartner is an IBM PC-compatible portable com-puter equipped with a 640-by 400-pixel gas-plasmadisplay. It uses the 8086-2microprocessor, whichfeatures selectable clockspeeds, 2 56K bytes of RAM(expandable to 640K bytes),two 5!4-inch floppy-diskdrives, an internal clock/calendar, and a built-inthermal-transfer printer.

The Executive Partner'skeyboard is attached. Asingle 5'/4-inch (i.e., IBM PCXT-length) expansion slotand an external bus port arestandard. The ExecutivePartner measures 5 by 16 by21 inches, weighs 28pounds, and is AC-powered.

The Executive Partner is$2 595, which includes MS-DOS and BASIC. ContactPanasonic Industrial Co.,One Panasonic Way, Secau-cus, NJ 07094. (201)348-7183.Inquiry 609.

(continued on page 380)

44 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PC WEEK'S PRODUCT OF THE YEARPC MAGAZINE'S AWARD FOR TECHNICAL EXCELLENCE

Borland Introducesthe Laws of TURBO DYNAMICS

Laws That Work Like Magic. Whether considering

technological excellence, or innovation in

areas such as pricing,

not copy-protection,

licensing agreements,

site licenses, 60 day

money-back guarantee

—Borland is clearly

recognized as the

software industry

leader. The following

three laws of"Turbo

Dynamic^''™ exemplify

our pledge for excellence.

2NTD LAW*

NOT COPY-PROTECTED

SOFTWARE AND

REASONABLE LICENSING

AGREEMENTS.

We will always offer notcopy-protected versions of oursoftware. Also, our licensingagreement is now so simplethat even a child can under-stand it.

J ST LAW*'

SPEED, POWERAND PRICE.

Borland products are knownto he fast, powerful and todeliver an incredible price per-formance ratio. We only believein absolutely superb softwareat rock bottom prices.

Turbo Dynamics Applies to Turbo Pascal.

Borland's Pascal family of products is growing_n x by leaps and bounds.

3RD LAW*

60 DAY MONEY-BACKGUARANTEE!

This third law is actually afirst in the industry! We are sosure that you will love oursoftware that all of our pro-ducts now come backed witha 60 day money-backguarantee. No questions asked

You can now joinhundreds of thou-sands of usersand enter theworld of TurboPascal program-ming. Andremember, allthree laws ofTurbo Dynamicsapply to all Borland products.

TURBO PASCAL" $69.95 TURBO GRAPHIX TOOLBOX" $54.95

The industry standard. With more than 350,000users worldwide Turbo Pascal is the indus-try's de facto standard. Turbo Pascal ispraised by more engineers, hobbyists,students and professional programmersthan any other development environmentin the history of microcomputing. And yet,Turbo Pascal is simple and fun to use. Freespreadsheet included on every Turbo disk with ready-to-compile source code. Options: We offer the exciting BinaryCoded Decimal (BCD) option for your business applications aswell as an 8087 option for your number-crunching applica-tions at a very low charge. Please refer to the coupon.Portability. Turbo Pascal is available today for most computersrunning PC-DOS, MS-DOS, CP/M-80 or CP/M-86. JatlDunlemann. PC Magazine: "In its simplicity it achieves anelegance that no other language compiler has ever displayed."

TURBO DATABASE TOOLBOX" $54.95

The Turbo Database Toolbox is the periodcomplement to Turbo Pascal. It contains acomplete library of Pascal procedures thatallows you to sort and search your dataand build powerful applications. It'sanother Borland set of tools that will givethe beginning programmer the expert's1 edge. Bet started right amy: tree databaselIncluded on every Toolbox disk is the source code to a workingdata base which demonstrates how powerful and easy to useour search system, Turbo-Access, really is. Modify it to suityour individual needs or just compile it and run. Remember,no roysltlosi

| BORIPOD

B> INTERNATIONAL

4585 Scotts \&lley Drive, Scotts Valley CA 95066Phone (408) 438-8400 Telex 172373

Copyright 1985 Borland International BI-1011

Turbo Pascal, turbo Database Toolbox. Ttirbo Graphix Toolbox, llirbo 'luror andTurbo llyuintles are trademarks of Borland International, Inc.

Inquiry 42 for End-Users. Inquiry 43 for DEALERS ONLY.

High resolution monochrome graphics lorthe IBM PC.

The Turbo Graphix Toolbox will give evena beginning programmer the expert'sedge. It's a complete library of Pascalprocedures and functions. Tools that willallow you to draw and hatch pie charts,bar charts, circles, rectangles and a fullrange of geometric shapes. Procedures diat will save andrestore graphic images to and from disk. And much, much,more. You may incorporate part or all of these tools in yourprograms and yet we won't charge you any royalties. Best ofall, these functions and procedures come complete withcommented source code on disk ready to compile.

TURBO TUTOR" $34.95

From start to finish in 300 pages. TurboTutor is for everyone from novice to expert.Even if you've never programmed beforeTUrbo Tutor will get you started right away.A must. You'll find the source code for allthe examples in the book on the accompany-ing disk ready to compile. TUrbo Tutormight be the only reference on Pascal andprogramming you'll ever need.

t^^gst

ionwide.

75^'SfS"««'8M255

aS^SSSK-

^asss-*0-

Pascal 3.0pascal w/8087

S 69.95 .$109.90 -$109.90 .

■S3SS5S"

BCll _-16bl"

Mine's pC.rjOS .—

I Use — rp/M 8o _-

My^l-'—*

Pascal w'SCD

Pascal w/8087 &BCD95.

MS-DOSCP/M 86

-BBS®

Turbo Database

Turbo Graph*Turbo TlliOl

Toolbox

j 54.95

$ 54.95

$ 34.95 -

ic|ude shipP^.'0

•These prices «707eignordeall U,S: elites-^'0,, ordered

IBM's

best efforts are

now going intoMacintosh.

Macintosh and IBM PCsoftware. Compatible at last,thanks to MacCharlie, a ratherinnovative coprocessing system.

And imagine the consequences.

Nearly 10,000 IBM PC softwareprograms designed for generalbusiness and specific applicationsin real estate, insurance, law,medicine, banking, etcetera, cannow join.forces with Macintosh'sown popular programs.

And, the myriad of IBM PC-compatible software adoptsMacintosh's many belovedfeatures, including desktoputilities such as the clipboard andthe calculator.

In addition, MacCharlie allows

IBM PC and Macintosh data files tobe exchanged. Talk about flexibility.

But the good news gets better.

You see, MacCharlie delivershardware compatibility, as well.For example, IBM letter-qualityprinters can be easily usedwith Macintosh.

Furthermore,MacCharlie

now allows Macintosh to performvirtually any networking an IBMPC can perform. Even to the extentof tying in with IBM mainframes.

In other words, yournetworking capability goes beyondthe Apple family.

The Macintosh keyboard slidesright into MacCharlie's keyboard.About as easy as slipping a letterin an envelope.

Macintosh sets snuglybeside MacCharlie, ona custom-fit pedestal.

Once you plug in MacCharlie'spower and keyboard cords,you're ready to enjoy a veryhappy marriage.

How does it happen? As easilyas slipping on penny loafers.

In mere moments, MacCharliecombines the best features of theworld's premier personalcomputers.

And despite the fact that itturns one computer into two,

MacCharlie adds but a handful ofsquare inches to Macintosh'sphysique.

In short, one of life's mostperplexing decisions—whether tobuy a Macintosh or an IBM PC—can now be made with thegreatest of ease.

Ask for MacCharlie at your localcomputer store. Suggested retailprice for the 256K single disk drivemodel is only $1195, and just $1895for the 640K dual disk drive version.

For more information, callOperator 14 toll-free, 1-800-531-0600. (In Utah, call 801-531-0600.)

MacCharlie offers 256K RAM, wilh optional upgrade to 640K HAM: 360KB disk drive, and optional .second disk drive

Macchaiiie"

THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS.

MacCharlie is a product of Dayna Communications,50 S. Main, Salt lake City, Utah 84144Inquiry 95Apple is a trademark of Apple Computer. Inc. Macintosh Is a trademark licensed to Apple Computer. Inc. IBMis a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

EVEREXEVER FOR EXCELLENCE

The Everex Hard Disk/Backup Systems Are YourExpansion Systems too... with little additional cost.

More Room To Expand, Not More Money

Think about Off-loading expansion boardsfrom your PC or XT to an External HardDisk/Backup System. Everex provides acomplete line to choose from...

• Full-size system with eight expansionslots and room to add up to four hard disk/backup systems.

• Half-size system with four expansionslots and space for two hard disk/backupsystems.

• Slimline system, only 21/2 inches high withthree full-size, one half-size expansionslots and room for two hard disk/backupsystems.

• All Expansion systems are available withany combination of Everex hard disk drivesand backup systems.

Unique Features

• One shielded round cable (as IBM) instead

of flat ribbon cables. rsii—*fci

Replace the clumsy flat ribbon cablewith Everex's shielded, round cable.

1

-ff

• Advanced design eliminates "wait states"for faster data transmission.

• Compatible with more controllers thanother systems. . .

Visit your local Everex dealer today and askto see Everex Hard Disk/Backup Systemsin action. For the name of your nearestEverex dealer, please call (415)498-1111,47777 Warm Springs Blvd., Fremont,CA 94539. Dealer Hotline (800) 821 -0806.In CA (800) 821-0807

Imagineering Ultimo, Australia TLX: 74349 IMAGIN AA

Microage Distribution Ltd. London, England TLX: 881 3241

WONGS G

Feeder Paris, France TLX: 4413241 FEEDER

Automated Office Systems Hout Bay, South Africa 2721 -70-8091

Survex, 1027 Speers Road, Oakville, Ontario Canada L6L-2X5,

416-842-6093

Pride Computers, 102-8167 Main Street, Vancouver,

British Columbia, V5X 3L2, 604-321 -5690

IBM, PC, XT and AT are registered trademarks of International BusinessMachines Corporation.

EVER lor Excellence

48 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry

BOOK REVIEWS

BEGINNINGMICRO-PROLOGJ. R. EnnalsHarper & RowNew York: 1984196 pages, $15.95

MICRO-PROLOG:

PROGRAMMING

IN LOGIC

K. L. Clark

and F. G. McCabe

Prentice-Hall

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 1984

416 pages, $18.95

A SOFTWARE LAW

PRIMER

Frederic W Neitzke

Van Nostrand Reinhold

New York: 1984

157 pages, $24.95

EXTRATERRESTRIALS-SCIENCE AND ALIENINTELLIGENCEEdward Regis, editorCambridge UniversityPress

New York: 1985286 pages, $39.50

BEGINNING MICRO-PROLOGReviewed by Ramachandran Bharath

If you're seeking a lucid introduction to the Prolog lan-guage and its growing importance, or if you're inter-ested in the role of computers in education, I recommendyou read Beginning Micro-Prolog by J. R. Ennals. For peopleinterested in extensive programming, this book couldserve as a good lead-in to Clark and McCabe's text micro-PROLOG [reviewed next] or Clocksin and Mellish's Program-ming in Prolog (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1982), althoughthe latter uses a different version of the language. Ennalsalso covers Prolog's background in relation to fifth-generation knowledge information processing systems.This book is partly a report from a project entitled Logic

as a Computer Languagefor Children, in progress atLondon's Imperial Collegeof Science and Technology.The rest of the book is atutorial introduction to themicro-PROLOG version ofProlog used in that project.Ennals begins with aquick introduction to logicprogramming and whatmakes Prolog, the firstwidely used languagebased on the concept oflogic programming, differ-ent from "classical" lan-guages. He explains that inconventional programminglanguages the focus is ondesigning a step-by-stepprocedure that consists ofcommands that match thestep-by-step operation ofthe hardware operations.This is why these languagesare sometimes referred toas procedural or imperativelanguages. But the conceptof programming in logicemphasizes declarations orassertions of the relation-ships between, and therules applicable to, thevarious objects or entities involved in the problem. Thetask of deriving the necessary results is left to thecomputer.

Because of this fundamentally different approach towhat constitutes a program, Prolog makes a programmerbe concerned with specifying logical relationships ratherthan designing procedures. In other words, a Prolog pro-gram is a description or declaration of the problem, andthe Prolog interpreter undertakes the task of developingthe solution procedure. Ennals provides simple examplesto illustrate these ideas. Using these concepts as a start-ing point, he argues that a language like Prolog is moresuitable than procedural languages for human beingssince it emphasizes specification as the human's share of

(continued)

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BOOK REVIEWS

the labor, with procedural details being the computer'sshare.

Ennals mentions that the project at Imperial Collegeshares the educational philosophy Seymour Papert dis-cusses in Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas(New York: Basic Books, 1980), although the project usesProlog and not Logo. Indeed, even as I read Beginning Micro-Prolog I found it almost as enchanting as Papert's classicbecause the same concerns come through—for instance,finding ways to use computers as instruments to promotehuman worth and development rather than making themtools that limit people.

The core of the book is in the third chapter, a descrip-tion of teaching materials used for educating children be-tween the ages of 8 and 13. Guidance notes for teachersare also included. This part of the book is valuable toanyone interested in learning the general principles of Pro-log. Even if you have no access to the micro-PROLDG inter-preter that runs on MS-DOS and CP/M systems, readingthis chapter and trying the examples (for which solutionsare provided at the back of the book) should help youget a working knowledge of how to program in this lan-guage. Even though the syntax of micro-PROLDG is slightlydifferent from the version in Clocksin and Mellish's book,which is more or less the standard, the differences arenot great. A person who has learned the basics of the lan-guage from micro-PROLOG could adjust easily.

Particularly interesting is Ennals's presentation of theprinciples of list processing. He provides specific examplesof how writing programs and querying databases aremade easier by having data in the form of lists rather thanin individual items. A representative example is a set ofgeographical data in the form of a list:

( (city country) location (latitude longitude) )

Ennals shows how list-processing functions for extractingparts of a list or sublists make it convenient to formulatesimple Prolog programs for answering questions likeWhich cities are east of London? Is there any city east ofMoscow? and so on.

Next, Ennals covers the wide range of subjects for whichProlog would be appropriate as a teaching medium, suchas languages, science, historical simulation, and informa-tion retrieval.

In a chapter entitled "Prolog for Greater Things," Ennalsdiscusses a variety of issues. In particular, he emphasizesthe suitability of a Prolog-type language for designing ex-pert systems. He quotes the view of the Japanese FifthGeneration Project that "Prolog seems to be the bestsuited as the starting point for knowledge information pro-cessing." You can see the rationale behind this view whenyou look at what underlies successful expert systems, suchas those for medical diagnosis or geological prospecting.Essentially, the expert system mirrors the working of thehuman expert by embodying "if. . . then" rules thatdeduce actions to be taken or diagnoses to be made.

(continued)

50 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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Inquiry 190 AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 51

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52 BYTE • AUGUST 1985 Inquiry 92

BOOK REVIEWS

These are usually referred to as "production rules." Sincea Prolog program consists of logical specifications or rules,the translation of rules developed for expert systems intothe form of a Prolog program is straightforward. While itis true that an expert-system program could be writtenin a conventional procedural/imperative language, itsmodification to embody new knowledge and rules wouldbe an involved process. In Prolog or LISP, however, suchmodifications are natural. Prolog would help free usersfrom worrying about the procedures for solving problemsand allow them to concentrate on analyzing and specify-ing problems.

Ennals's concluding claim is that teaching Prolog wouldhave multiple advantages and a significance much beyondthat of teaching computer programming. Ennals's state-ment that by learning Prolog "children are being preparedfor the world of the 1990s" seems to me a persuasiveargument.

The subjects dealt with in this book are important andinteresting for general readers as well as for those whospecifically want to learn more about Prolog. I did notnotice any misprints or errors in the body of the book.On checking a fair sample of the solutions to problems,1 noticed only one minor error (the solution to problem12 on page 45), but this would not mislead you.

Ramachandran Bharath is a professor in the Department of Manage-ment, Marketing, and Computer Information Systems at NorthernMichigan University [Marquette, MI 49855). His book Introduc-tion to Programming in Prolog is scheduled for publication thisyear.

MICRO-PROLOG: PROGRAMMING IN LOGICReviewed by Margaret M. Sklar

Prolog is a relatively new language, both chronolog-ically and conceptually. K. L. Clark and F. G. McCabe,authors of micro-PROLOG: Programming in Logic, and B. D.Steele designed micro-PROLOG for microcomputers. Theauthors' claim that micro-PROLOG contains all of thesignificant features of mainframe Prolog seems wellfounded. It's a very sophisticated system, allowing the userto perform functions as simple as presenting queriesabout an existent (user-created) database and other func-tions as complex as creating expert systems that cananswer queries about the database and provide explana-tions as to why or why not a particular answer (or query)is appropriate.

The book micro-PROLOG is essential for people who usethe micro-PROLOG interpreter. The reference manual ac-companying the micro-PROLOG 3.1 disk includes an ex-cellent description of the system, utility modules, andother considerations for programmers (including how toadd assembly-language subroutines to Prolog programs),but the manual recommends that the user work through

(continued)

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BOOK REVIEWS

Clark and McCabe's book to learn the language.

The book claims to be a "self-instruction tutorial on logicprogramming using micro-PROLOG (version 3.1 or later)for someone unfamiliar with Prolog logic programming."The overall style and method of presentation are con-ducive to learning on your own, but the authors assumea certain degree of sophistication on the part of the reader.This book is indeed suitable for a reader unfamiliar withProlog, but it is doubtful that a reader with little program-ming, mathematics, or linguistics background could easilyfollow much beyond the basic concepts presented in partI. Nonetheless, it is a fast-paced introduction to what com-puting can and should be like.

"Basic Concepts" introduces the foundations of Prolog:setting up a database of facts, formulating queries in thedatabase, formulating rules (or conditional facts), arith-metic, and the key concepts of recursion and lists. Prologis based on the concept of relations. A relation, mathe-matically speaking, is a set of "tuples," the individualelements of which come from different domains but areconnected via some property.

The reader is led stepwise through key concepts by ex-amples and exercises. The authors develop a "family"database with the relations father-of, mother-of, male, andfemale. They then discuss retrieving information from thedatabase. Arithmetic operations (SUM, TIMES, LESS, andINT) are also considered relations by micro-PROLOG.Rules can be derived from relations to build still other rela-tions. For example, parent-of can be derived from the rela-tions father-of and mother-of, grandparent-of from parent-of, difference from SUM, etc. Clark and McCabe presentthese concepts thoroughly. They offer numerous examplesand exercises to help solidify the learning process. Exer-cise sets are related to the text material, but each set ofexercises leads the reader to discover more than just whatwas presented in the text. A reader seriously interestedin mastering micro-PROLOG should work through all ofthe exercises in the book.

Lists

The concept of list processing, which is central in artificial-intelligence research, is the main topic of "Logic Program-ming Using micro-PROLOG" in the second part. An interac-tive approach, where the user can input data to the pro-gram, is discussed along with functions, sorts, and morecomplex forms of conditions. The authors also discussconcatenation of lists and parsing.

The material just mentioned covers Prolog for the casualreader; the rest of part II is for the reader with somedegree of sophistication. This is where the thrill of Prologbegins. Metaconditions, metaprograms, tail-recursive defi-nitions, and user-created modules let you experience thefull power of Prolog and, indeed, add to the built-in powerof the micro-PROLOG supervisor. Again, the concepts arepresented via numerous examples and exercises, but nowthey are of a more theoretical nature.

(continued)

54 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 332

The C for Microcomputers

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Cross Compilers

Cross Development programs are edited, compiled, andlinked on one machine {the HOST) and transferred to an-other machine (the TARGET) for execution. This meth-od is useful where the target machine is slower or morelimited than the HOST, Manx cross compilers are usedheavily in consumer software development (games),scientific, industrial, research, and educationalenvironments.

HOSTS: VAX UNIX ($3000), PDP-11 UNIX ($2000), MS-DOS ($750), CP/M ($750), MACINTOSH ($750),CP/M-68k ($750), XENIX ($750).

TARGETS: MS-DOS, CP/M-86, Macintosh, CP/M-68k,CP/M-80, TRS-80 3 & 4, Apple II, Commodore C64,8086/80x86 ROM, 68xxx ROM, 8080/8085/Z80 ROM,65xx ROM.

The first TARGET is included in the price the HOSTsystem. Additional TARGETS are $300 to $500 (nonVAX) or $1000 (VAX).

Call Manx for information on cross development to the68000, 65816, Amiga, C128, CP/M-68K, VRTX, andothers.

CP/M, Radio Shack,8080/8085/Z80 ROMManx Aztec CII

"I've had a lot of experience with different C compilers,but the Aztec C80 Compiler and Professional Develop-ment Svstem is the best I've seen." 80-Micro. December.1984, John B. Harrell III

Aztec C II-c (CP/M & ROM) $349

Aztec C Il-d (CP/M) $199

C-tree database (source) $399

Aztec C80-c (TRS-80 3 & 4) $299

Aztec C80-d (TRS-80 3 & 4) $199

How lb Become an Aztec C User

To become an Aztec C user call 1-800-221-0440 or call1-800-832-9273 (800-TEC WARE). In NJ or outside theUSA call 201-530-7997. Orders can also be telexed to4995812.

Payment can be by check, COD, American Express,VISA, Master Card, or Net 30 to qualified customers.

Orders can also be mailed to Manx Software Systems,Box 55, Shrewsbury, NJ 07701.

How lb Get More Information

To get more information on Manx Aztec C and relatedproducts, call 1-800-221-0440, or 201-530-7997, or writeto Manx Software Systems,30 Day Guarantee

Any Manx Aztec C-c or Manx Aztec C-d develop-ment system can be returned within 30 days for a refundif it fails to meet your needs. The only restrictions arethat the original purchase must be directly from Manx,shipped within the USA, and the package must be in re-salable condition. Returned items must be received byManx within 30 days. A small restocking fee may be re-quired.Discounts

There are special discounts available to professors,students, and consultants. A discount is also available ona "trade in" basis for users of Lattice C, CI-C86, MarkWilliams C, Wizard C, Digital Research C, and MicrosoftC. Call for information.

To order or for information call:

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Inquiry 202

Inquiry 196

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BOOK REVIEWS

Part HI is short (26 pages) and technical, showing mainlyhow to translate the SIMPLE sentence syntax (SIMPLE isa special syntax of micro-PROLOG that allows for a moreEnglish-like expression of sentences) used throughout thebook into standard Prolog syntax. Little is new here asidefrom terminology and notation. A few features of micro-PROLOG that need standard syntax are included. Thisstandard syntax, incidentally, is more like other versionsof microcomputer Prolog, such as PROLOG-86. Someonefamiliar with SIMPLE Prolog would be able to use otherversions of Prolog after mastering the concepts in thissection.

The last part, "Applications of micro-PROLOG" is com-posed of four chapters written by guest authors to illus-trate applications of micro-PROLOG. One chapter, byF. Kriwaczek, demonstrates an application of graph search-ing for project management. Kriwaczek develops a critical-path analysis program with explanations as to how Pro-log is especially suited for this type of analysis.

The next chapter, entitled "micro-PROLOG of Expert Sys-tems," was written by P. Hammond. It scans the develop-ment of a minicomputer expert system based on themedical system MYCIN, with particular emphasis on howProlog lends itself to this type of system. The most inter-esting concept in this chapter is found in the explanationsof how the system, if asked to explain its conclusions, cantrace its own logic and provide the how and why of a par-ticular conclusion.

"The Logic of Two-Person Games" by M. H. Van Emdenand K. L. Clark is just good pure fun for anyone with abias toward game theory. The authors provide an analysisof game trees and min-max principle, using Prolog rela-tions (user-defined) such as good-move-for-white andvalue-of-white-to-move to develop winning strategy. Theirdiscussion of chess-playing programs is very informative.

In the final chapter, "micro-PROLOG for Problem Solv-ing," R. A. Kowalski and M.). Sergot tackle all-purposeproblem solving. Alternative search strategies and loop-detection techniques are incorporated as well. The onlydisappointment in this chapter was that it ended.

Required Reading

This book should be considered required reading for any-one interested in artificial intelligence, computer science,programming, or applied mathematics. Though learningthe Prolog language is the main emphasis of the book,it is not really simplified.

In addition to examples and exercises mentioned earlier,"system notes" scattered throughout the text explain non-logic programming activities (such as starting up, inter-rupting a program run, executing a trace, and so on) thatare not part of syntax but are certainly necessary if youare following along on a computer. Without a computer,you can still get a feel for programming in Prolog. The fourapplications chapters are excellently written and can helpprovide a feel for the full impact of this type of program-

(continued)

58 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry I 3

WHO SAYS

WORDSTAR 2000

■SSOGREOT?

"Move over MultiMate, MicroPro's back on top'.'

—Business Software

"The new package is packed with virtually dozens offeatures everybody wants.. .Even in a dedicated machine,word processing has never been more plushly self con-tained and comprehensive'.'

—Personal Computing

"Three early users of WordStar 2000 gave the programhigh marks for its overall design, mnemonic command setand intelligent use of function keys'.'

—ComputerWorld

"I've become addicted to some of the features such as undo,windows, and automatic reformatting'.'

—Popular Computing

"Include WordStar 2000 on your shopping list—it's com-petitive with anything now on the market'.'

—Computers and Electronics

WORDSTAR

Now there are no limits'." MlCflOPflO.

Inquiry 208 AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 59

"Switch boxes are sold by manysuppliers, but by far the two bestvalues are from MFJ Enterprises"

The MFJ RS 232 TransferSwitch. Buy it before the manu-facturer conies to his senses!"

Joe Campbell, The RS-232 SolutionSybex Computer Books

Now you can have reliable and affordableand unplugging cables. You can easily switchletter-quality printer, modem, terminalTransfer Switches includes one to fitlx>ok at these choices; then lookany price! Then ask them forshow you, call MFJ...

port expansion. Don't keep plugging

computer to your high-speed printer,

peripheral device. MFJ's range of

your needs at a price you can afford.

these prices. Compare others at

their reviews. When they won't

. or you need to have twoModel I 240/S79-95

When you need to switch between two peripheralscomputers sharing the same peripheral...

Never unplug a cable again. Now, with the push of a button you can go from dot matrix to letterquality printing, or go from your printerto your modem. MFJ's Model 1240Transfer Switch features a built-intransmit/receive switch allowing youtwo-way information flow. LEDs moni-tor important data lines while a built-insurge protector guards them. The 1240also acts as a null modem. All this forjust S79.95.No wonder its MFJ's No. I seller!

When you need 1 to 4 computers to share one peripheral or 1 to 4 peripheralsto share a common computer... Model 1243/$ 119.95

The perfect office Transfer Switch, Don't buy multiple printersor modems. Just buy MFJ's Model 1243. Then you can connectone or all your computers to a singleprinter or modem. Or let your onecomputer share up to four peri-pherals. Think of the money you'llsave. LEDs monitor important data lines while a built-in surgeprotector guards them. Two-way communication is allowed withno complicated softivare to learn: just push a button!

Seven additional models to choose from. Each unit's casingis constructed from high-quality aluminum. Printed circuit boardsassure maximum reliability by eliminating crosstalk, line interference and any need for wiring.All MFJ stvitches have LEDs to monitor data lines and MOV surge protectors. Enhance theinvestment you've already made in your computer by choosing from the finest line of TransferSwitches on the market, including MFJ's IBM & Centronics Parallel Switches.

You've got a lot of money tied up in your computer. Don't blow HI

Your valuable computer and peripheral equipment can be damaged by electrical surgesmuch smaller than you've been led to believe. Far more likely to happen is having your impor-tant data wiped out. These disasters, and others, can be prevented with IHFJ's Power Centers.Relay latches power off during power dropouts (Model 1108). Multi-filters isolate equipment,eliminate interaction, noise and hash. MOVs suppress spikes and surges. MFJ's. PowerCenters also have 3 isolated, switched socketpairs, with at least one unswitched socket (soyou can add a clock, etc.), lighted power switch, fast-acting fuse, 3-wire, 6-foot cords; ISA,125V, and 1875 watts. Although each model is attractivelyhoused in a protective aluminum casing, these areheatry-duty commercial-quality (xmer centers.Watch out for fancy names that cost twiceas much, last half as long, and have-half the features of MFJ's PowerCenters.

Model 1107 8 sockets,2 unswitched; $79-95Model 1108 7 sockets, I unswitched;with dropout relay; $99-95Model 1109 is like 1107 but intelligent (switchon the device that's plugged into the control socketand every thing else comes on). $129.95

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MFJ Enterprises Inc.921 Louisville RoadStarkville, MS 39759

BOOK REVIEWS

ming. While perhaps not a book for self-teaching, micro-PROLOG is a standard model for textbooks on pro-gramming.

Margaret M. Sklar is an instructor in computer information systemsat Northern Michigan University (Marquette, MI 49855). Herspecialty is computer languages.

A SOFTWARE LAW PRIMERReviewed by Mark J. Welch

Many programmers know that a variety of legal ques-tions need to be addressed before they can sell aprogram. Foremost is protection of the software itself sincethe programmer's goal is usually profit. Other issues, in-cluding potential liability to customers, obligations toprevious employers, and contract law are less apparentbut require consideration.

A Software law Primer packs much useful information intoa short, readable volume. I expected to find the usualanalysis of methods of protecting software from beingcopied: copyrights, patents, trademarks, trade secrets, andlicenses. Frederic W. Neitzke addresses each of these inbrief detail and also deals with contracts, torts, and poten-tial problems between employees and employers.

As explained in legal books and articles, protection forsoftware is a fuzzy issue because laws covering patents,trademarks, copyrights, and trade secrets can all poten-tially protect software but not all at the same time. Neitzkesuggests that while patents provide the strongest protec-tion if upheld, they are too costly and uncertain for mostprograms. He explains how copyright, trade-secret, andtrademark laws may be applied. Another chapter coverswhat must be done to be certain that specific protectionwill apply. The problems of contract and tort law, eachof which could create unexpected liabilities for a companyselling software, are also addressed.

In an industry with such a high turnover rate, employee/employer concerns need clarification. Neitzke identifiesproblems that could arise when an employee leaves acompany, including concerns over trade secrets, owner-ship of general programming methods and tools, and thelegality of some contract restrictions.

Throughout the book, Neitzke summarizes relevantcases and cautions that because the laws pertaining tosoftware are still evolving, unexpected twists could occur.He suggests that a programmer consult a lawyer beforeconsidering selling software.

The only problem with this book is that only weeks needpass before it is out of date. The Betamax case (Sony v.Universal City Studios), which could have an effect on soft-ware publishing, was reversed by the Supreme Court short-ly after this book was published. Despite the changes insoftware law, Neitzke's book provides an excellent sum-mary of the issues confronting software entrepreneurs.

(continued)

60 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 198

YOU DONTNEED A COMPUTER

10 FIGURE OUTWHICH IS THE RESTWORD PROCESSOR.

MultiMate™

v.3.30

Microsoft" Word

v.2.0

Word Perfect

v.4.0

wordstar

2ooc>plus

v.1.01

Easy-to-rem emberMnemonic Commands

/

•

Onscreen TutorFor Easy Learning

/

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•

Format Sheets ForFast, Easy Documents

/

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"Undo" To EasilyRestore Text

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•

Built-inTelecommunications

•

Spelling Corrector*

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Mail List Manager

•

Windows Onscreen

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Math Built-in

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Alphabetic And NumericSorting Within Document

•

"Macros" For Recalling OftenUsed Command Sequences

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Supports Over 100 Printers

•

Experience With Over1.3 Million Owners

•

WORDSTAR

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MicroPro

*Only with WordStar 2000 can correction be done while in editing mode; other programs cited require exiting the program. For a complete comparison chart, write: MicroPro,Dept. 2000,33 San Pablo Ave., San Rafael, CA 94903. Specifications are for the latest released versions of all products effective April 1985. MultiMate is a trademark ofMultiMate Corp.; Microsoft is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corp.; WordStar and MicroPro are trademarks of MicroPro International.

Inquiry 209

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 61

For Programming Professionals:

an expanding family ofcompatible, high-performance,Forth-83 Standard compilersfor microcomputers

For Development:

Interactive Forth-83 Interpreter/Compilers

• 16-bit and 32-bit implementations

• Full screen editor and assembler

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• 400 page manual written in plain English

• Options include software floating point, arithmeticcoprocessor support, symbolic debugger, native codecompilers, and graphics support

For Applications: Forth-83 Metacompiler

• Unique table-driven multi-pass Forth compiler

• Compiles compact ROMable or disk-based applications

• Excellent error handling

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• Cross-compiles to 8080, Z-80, 8086, 68000, and 6502

• No license fee or royalty for compiled applications

Support Services for registered users:

• Technical Assistance Hotline

• Periodic newsletters and low-cost updates

• Bulletin Board System

Call or write for detailed product Informationand prices. Consulting and Educational Servicesavailable by special arrangement.

urn

Laboratory Microsystems Incorporated

Post Office Box 10430, Marina del Rey, CA 90295Phone credit card orders to: (213) 306-7412

Overseas Distributors.

Germany: Forth-Systeme Angelika Flesch, D-7820 Titisee-NeustadtUK: System Science Ltd., London EC1A 9JXFrance: Micro-Sigma S.A.R.L., 75008 ParisJapan: Southern Pacific Ltd., Yokohama 220Australia: Wave-onic Associates, 6107 Wilson, W.A.

BOOK REVIEWS

62 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 171

Anyone hoping to make money from software should readA Software Law Primer.

Mark ). We/c/i is a staff writer for BYTE. He can be contacted at425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

EXTRATERRESTRIALS-SCIENCE AND ALIEN

INTELLIGENCE

Reviewed by Jack D. Kirwan

A collection of 16 essays written by "some of the mostdistinguished philosophers and scientists of our gen-eration," Extraterrestrials—Science and Alien Intelligence is a stun-ning summation of scholarly arguments, pro and con, onthe question of other intelligences in the universe. Giventhat none of the contributors has ever seen an extrater-restrial, much of the book is based on speculation andextrapolation. The essays range from logical and ingeniousexercises in reasoning to rather subjective anthropomor-phism.

The academic contributors to Extraterrestrials includephilosophers, biologists, mathematicians, and physicists.Personalities range from the relatively unknown to CarlSagan and Marvin Minsky. The book is divided into fivecategories that cover "Existence and Nature of Extrater-restrial Intelligence," "Extraterrestrial Epistemology,""Where Are They?" "Detectability and Decipherability,"and "Meaning and Consequences of Contact." The ques-tion of alien intelligence and existence is looked at fromseveral vantage points.

In terms of dazzling ideas per square inch, almost everypage has something worth quoting. Some of the conceptsfunction like delayed-action mines: They go off hours oreven days later. While each contributor deserves in-depthdiscussion, space permits mentioning only a few.

Computer Theory

Computer theory recurs sporadically throughout the book.However, sections in "Extraterrestrial Epistemology" and"Detectability and Decipherability" specifically addresscomputers and the search for aliens. A philosophy pro-fessor, Nicholas Rescher, and artificial-intelligence pioneerMarvin Minsky discuss whether we can even communicatewith aliens (assuming there are any). Rescher thinks not.He argues that in adapting to an environment completelydistinct from our own, an alien may develop science, in-telligence, or senses so different that communication isimpossible.

Minsky, on the other hand, reasons that "all intelligentproblem solvers are subject to the same ultimate con-straints: limitations on space, time, and materials." Tohandle these constraints, they will perforce develop botharithmetic and language skills. Because arithmetic is basedon universal truths, alien mathematics will be congruentto our own, Minsky says. And because life's realities are,

{continued)

inquiry 241 —»

The future... a little sooner than you expected JM

The Panasonic Exec. Partner. What makes it an execu-tive? The 7.16 Mhz 8086-2 microprocessor for high-speedprocessing. So you can do more in less time.

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Tomorrow's technology DoililCnni^for today's executives. The rw ISKWJPI llwnew Panasonic Exec. Partner. Industrial Company

IBM is Ihfl registered trademark of International Business Machines, Inc.

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introducing the Western M

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BOOK REVIEWS

in general, the same everywhere, our languages will matchto a "degree that will enable us to communicate withthem."

Interestingly, the astronomers, especially those of SET1(the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), are general-ly optimists on the subject of extraterrestrials, while evolu-tionary biologists tend to be pretty dubious. Ernst Mayer,for example, considers SETI "a deplorable waste of thetaxpayers' money."

Jill Tatter's essay "Searching for Extraterrestrials" appliesthe old analogy of searching for a needle in a haystack:How many haystacks are there? How long do they last?How should one look for a needle? (A magnet might missa platinum one.) Tarter exemplifies that scientific reason-ing need not be dull.

Cipher A. Deavours (one of the editors and foundersof Cryptologia, a quarterly cryptology journal published inLawrence, Kansas) has contributed a fascinating essay onusing cryptology to solve the problem of communicationwith aliens. After all, many a top-drawer cryptographer canbreak a foreign code without knowing a word in the en-coded language.

One essay that stands out is Hans Freudenthal's "Ex-cerpts from LINCOS; Design of a language for Cosmic Inter-course" (Amsterdam: North-Holland, I960). This excerptfrom the out-of-print classic covers the reasoning behindthe development of the binary language LINCOS, whichstands for lingua cosmica. LINCOS uses >,<,+, =, and- as vocabulary words and variables.

The Debate

The heart of the book is part IV, "Where Are They?" Thetitle originates from Enrico Fermi's well-known query: "Ifextraterrestrials really exist, where are they?" This sectionis a veritable scientific debate. Carl Sagan and William J.Newman clash ideas with Frank Tipler, a University of Texasphysicist whose unequivocal piece is entitled "Extra-terrestrial Beings Do Not Exist." Newman and Sagan (thefather of SETI) call their reply "A Solipsist Approach toExternal Intelligence."

This debate could have been the most dramatic and in-teresting part of the book, but it is not. There is no con-test. Tipler makes a very strong case for the anti-ETpremise, while the Sagan/Newman response is disappoint-ing in contrast.

Tipler's piece (originally published in 1980 in the Quarter-ly journal of the Royal Astronomical Society) begins with thepremise that "an intelligent species with the technologyfor interstellar communication would necessarily developthe technology for interstellar travel, and this would auto-matically lead to the exploration and/or colonization ofthe Galaxy in less than 300 million years."

Put briefly, Tipler argues that any species with the tech-nology to send or receive communications would havemade comparable advances in other fields, particularlyrocketry. He reminds us that "it is a deficiency in com-

(amt'mued)

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BOOK REVIEWS

puter technology, not rocket technology, which preventsus from beginning the exploration of the Galaxy tomor-row." Tipler then assumes that "a species will eventuallydevelop a self-replicating universal constructor with in-telligence comparable to our present-day technology, butwhich is comparable to the human level—such a machineshould be developed within a century." This theoreticalunit is known as a von Neumann machine. Tipler suggeststhat the sole problem of interstellar travel boils down to"transporting a von Neumann machine to another solarystem." He figures that for a technologically advancedculture, "the exploration of the Galaxy would cost about3 billion dollars, about one-tenth the cost of the Apolloprogram." This telescoped version of Tipler's argumentcontains only some key links in a long chain of reasoning.

1 found the response to Tipler by Sagan and Newman(published in 1982) disappointing on several counts. Forone thing, they figure "these implacable replicators willnot stop until the entire Universe has been converted into~1047 von Neumann machines, which will then pre-sumably cannibalize each other." (Tipler previously ad-dressed this argument.) But the weakness of Sagan andNewman is that they weave their own prejudices into theargument. For example: "It seems to us quite unlikely thatan advanced technological civilization, undergoing con-tinued biological and psychological as well as scientificdevelopment, will persevere in such imperialist designsfor a billion years" and "Civilizations devoted to territorial-ity and aggression and violent settlement of disputes donot long survive after the development of apocalypticweapons. Long before they are able to make any coloniza-tion of the Milky Way, they are gone from the galacticstage."

I question how Sagan and Newman know all this. ThoughSagan and Newman make valid points, much of their arti-cle is anthropomorphizing.

This is definitely not the case with Edward Regis, theeditor of this book. His essay "SETI Debunked" examinesa fairly common mindset, typified by those people who(consciously or not) favor SETI as a means of attractingHigher Beings who will beam down and save mankindfrom human follies. Regis's pro-human contribution is ahighlight of the book.

All in all, the anti-ET people argue a more compellingcase. This is not to say that they advocate playing ostrichand letting the rest of the galaxy go by, but they do pointout that the odds are against SETI's success.

While I consider this book must reading for anyone in-terested in aliens in general or SETI in particular, Extra-terrestrials deserves a wide audience. This collection ofessays, even the comparatively weaker ones, is a tributeto the level of terrestrial reasoning possible with suchsparse information. ■

lack D. Kirwan is assistant editor of The Energy Journal, pro-duced by the Department of Economics at the University of Arizonain Tucson (85721).

66 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 79

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2TG14

27C164164N-2006116P-46116LP-4

(200ns) CMOS SRAM .99

CMOS USES LESS POWER

{450ns) CMOS EPROM 9.95

!orami 1.49-9/12.95

(200ns) SRAM 3.49

(200ns) LP SRAM 3.69

Doscrlntlor

6264P-15

6264LP-15

27128-25

41256-150

68764

EWC-1

(150ns] SRAM(150ns) L.R SRAM|250ns) EPROM(ISOnslDRAM|450ns|21VEPR0M

EPROM Window

6.957.495.956.4912.95

Covers 10/.69

16

74ALS13B IB

74ALS240 20

74ALS244 M

74ALS245 20

74AL5373 20

74AL5374 20

74F240

74F24474F25374F25774F2B074F37374F37474F379CD-1503C04506CO4507CD4508CD451D

CD4511 IB

C04512 IE

CD45I4 24

C04515 24

CD45I6 IB

C045IB IB

C04519 16

CD4520 IB

CD452G 16

CD4528 16

CD4529 16

CD4531 16

CD453B IS

CD4541 |4

CD4543 IE

CD4566 16

C045B3 16

CW584 14

CD45S5 16

CD4723 16

C04724 16

MC1441D IE

MCI4411 24

MC14412 16

MCI 4433 2*

MC1449DP 16

MC14572 16

111

Digitalker

IM;Md=M«J^M«];W«].MJ«]gNgha

-MICR0PRDCESS0H CHIPS-

076EAC 40 Flocqy Disk Controller

D3242 28 Addi Muiiipieief S Relresn Counic

TUSS501 40 Eyncrironcus Dm InieiMu 1S1RC1

ZB0, Z80A. Z80B. Z8000 SERIES —

IBQ 40 Crnj|MK3aBW)(7BOC|2.SMHi . .

280-CTC 2D Counter Timer Citcuii

280DART 40 Dii. il A^yiu-.h-fjiimis (let /Trans..

Z80-DMA 4D Direct Memory Access Circuit

280-PI0 40 PJtailci I'O Interface Conlrnlier

ZBOS10/0 40 Serial l<0 iTiCB and H.CBSonrieai

ZBO-StO'1 40 Serial VQ ILacks DTRB)

Z80-S10/2 10 Senai HO Hacks SVNCBi

2BG-S10/9 40 Serial I/O

2BOA 40 CPU(Mit)8BOH-4il7eOC-1)4MHt

Z80ACTC 28 Counler Timer Circuit

ZEOAOART 40 Oual Asyntfimnous Rec/Trans

Z8DADMA 40 Direct Memory Access Cucuil.

ZB0A-P10 40 Parallel I/O Interlace Coniroller..

ZBOA-510'D (0 Serial I/O fl.CR and R>CB Qondedl.

ZflOA-SIO'1 40 Senai HO (Lacks BIRBI

ZBOASIO/2 40 Serial I/O (Lacks SVNCBj

Z80A-510/9 40 Senall/O

Z80Q 10 CPUIMK38BON.6I6MK;

ZBOB-crc 28 Counter Timer Circuit

ZB08-DART 40 Oual Asynclirwrjus R« /Trans

ZeOB-PlO 40 Parallel VQ Interlace Conlroliei

6500/6800/68000 SERIES

6502 40 MPUwitti Clock HMHtl

G502A 40 MPU Willi Clock <2MH/|

E502B 40 MPU wilh Clock (3MHD

6520 40 Peripteral Inter Adapler

8522 40 Versatile Inter Adaplei

6551 28 Asyn: Comm tnierlace Adaot

E80O 40 MPU

6802 40 MPU Willi Crock and RAM

B809 40 CPU - 8-B-l tOn-Crnp Oscillalori

6B09E 40 CPU - 8-Sil (Eitornal Clocking)

E8B09E 40 CPU - B-Bil (E«t Clockmtj) 2MH{ .

6810 24 12B«8 Sialic RAM

6BBIO 21 IZBiB Static RAM (2MHii

6821 40 i\'(.[iiittailri|c'A[k(i)llMCG820)

6BB21 40 Pennhcral Inter Nice Adapter (2MHii

6B45 40 CRT Controller (CRTC) ....

68B45 40 CRT Conuoller ICRlCl 2MHI

E850 24 Asynchronous Comm Adaolei

;-J 21 'J-';'.::.::. :■ ■;r,",.,T:V

ES0O0I.8 64 MPU 16-B.t I8MH11

E848BP (0 General Purpose Int Adapter

E866< 28 EnnancedProg Comm tntertace 12661)

8000/80000 SERIES

E03I 40 Control Orrcnlet) CPU w/flAM & I/O.

E035 40 MPU - E-Bll. ,

8039

48

CPU-Sgl Chili a-Bil(128Ms RAM).

. 4.95

8040N-6

40

CPU 1256 bytes RAM)

9.95

8060

40

CPU - 8-Bit NM0S ...

. 1295

8073N

46

CPU w'Basic Micro Interpreier

2995

8080A

40

CPU

395

B0ESA

40

CPU

395

E0B5A-2

40

CPu-8-Bit IKnannell6MHii

1095

8086-2

40

CPU 16-DH BMHi

1995

8087

40

Arithmetic Processor (5MHj)

12995

BD87-2

40

Arrihmeiic Processor (8MH;)

. 15995

B088

40

CPU 8/16-Bil.

. 14.95

8155

40

HMOS RAM 1(0 FoiMlmei

. . 4,95

B156

40

RAM with 1/0 Pan and Timer..

. .595

8205

16

Hi Speed I out ol B Binary Decoder

- 3.95

8212

24

a-Bil InnuifOutjiiil |74S412i

325

S224

16

Clock Generator/Drryei . .

269

B22S

II

S'fS. Com 'Bus On*! (745428)

395

8237-5

40

Higti Perl Pro(j DMA Conl iSMWl

1295

6238

28

System Coni!otieH74S43BI

495

8243

24

l/Q Expander tor 48 Senes

.395

B250N

40

Async Comm Element

9.95

8251

26

Prog. Comm 110 (U5AHT)

325

B251A

28

Prog Comm Interlace IDSART)

349

8253-5

24

Prog Interval Timer

649

6255

40

Prog Per ip Herat HO (PPI)

395

8255A-5

40

Prog Penpfleral I/O |PR| 5MW.

4 25

6257-5

40

Prog DMA Conuoller

. 6.95

8259

IB

Prog Interrupt Control

595

B259-5

26

Piog Interrupt ConKoiier

. 695

8272

40

5nJe/DI)ie Density Flopoy Disk Com

1E95

S274

40

MulliPiotowl Serial Conl 17201)

1495

B275

40

Prog CRT Controller

14.95

8279

40

Prog Keyboai d 'Display Interface.

. . 549

40

Prog Keyboard/Display Interlace

595

Octal Latch ......

649

8284

IB

Clock Generatoi/Oiiver

549

8285

20

Ociat Bus Transceiver

649

8287

20

Octal Bus Transceiver (Inverted)

649

B2BB

10

Bus Conuoller

1395

8289

70

Bus Arbiter

24.95

8741

40

8-Bit Unr/ Peripheral Interface.

1995

8748

40

HUii'UPHOMMPU

19.95

8749

40

MPU B-Liit (EPROM Version nlB049|. .

2495

6755

40

(i,KFPHOM with 1(0 . .

39.95

80I8G-6

M

Hk;Ii im.-gr,,:,.:;, H. Mil MI'U

4995

B018B

IB

High Integra 16-Bit MPU (B-Bil Data Busi 4995

MC3470PMM5321N

:,".•:. In'iFM

18 Floppy Disk Read Amp System

16 TV Camera Sync Generator

24 Micioprocessoi Real Erne Clock

16 Micro Compatible Time Clock

8 Prog QsciHatoi'Dtiriflei IEOHij

B Piog Did I lalor( Divider HOOIIil

Low Prolile (Tin) Sockets

WHO. 1.9 ID99 IPC up

Sulilerlail llioltll StandardPirlUn 1.9 1099 100 M

SpmSG 39

14 prn SG .49

16 pm SG 55

18 pin SG 65

20 pin SG 75

22 pin SG 79

24 pin SG .79

110340274II6H-15411614-20

4ur„'j-Z5

.in,l(i 110

.|ii,.iii-::;u

MM!.2Fil .

MMVG?

MM5270

MM52BO

!.".".?■.(! 1

41256-15041256-2004128

1024x1 (300nsi

4096x1 I250nsi

16.384(1 1150ns)

I6,384«1 (200nsj

16.384,t (250ns)

FA53fi.l (1 SOnsi65.5:iFi, I (200(11). - . .

1024»1 |300ns| .2048«l 1365ns.4095.1 (250ns| ....409GH I2[)0ii-,i ;-io/8192x1 l2DOfis)252 144.1 H50ns|262.144.11200ns)131.072x11250ns)

— STATIC RAMS —

99149

139-671095

79-8/6.29

.69-8/5.49

1.65-9/14 49

1.49-9(12.95

. .35 — B/1.95

35-8/195

4.95

395

21112112

2I14N

2114N-L

2114N-2

2114N-2L

2147HN

2148HIJ

TMS4045

1MS40L47-45

5101

MM5257

HM6I16P-2

1IM61I6LP-2

HMG1I6P-3

HM6116LP-3

HM6I16P-4

HM6116LP-4

HM6264PI2

HM6264UM!

HM02MP-15

liM{)?6-;LP-l5

27LS00

7489

74C921

74C930

74S1B9

74S2E9

82S10

B2S25

256x4

|450ns)B101

195

1024x1

. .89

1024,1

(250ns) LP I91L02).

... 149

256,4

(450ns)Blll

256<4

(450n5| MOS

. 2.49

1024«4

1450ns) . 129

- 8(995

1024..1

(450nsiLP 165-

a/12.95

103.1,4

(2O0ns) 1J9 -

B/1095

10?.'...:

6713.49

4096x1

1024.4

I70ns| . . , .

4.95

1024,4

395

1024,4

256x4

I45d:':i CMOS ....

2.95

4096x1

|450ns|4044.

. 4.95

2048x8

(120ns) CMOS

: -■ ■■

.1 I!,'.'.:'

6.49

2048,B

1150ns) CMOS .

. 375

2048x8

ha '.iLPCMOS ..

395

204B.8

(200ns.) CMOS

. 349

20484

■: rT.MOS

h^i.i

■.'.':i

725

. I'fJVji

7.95

8192x3

.I'.C'.iiC'.'-JS

ii'j?.-.

utr,:-;, IPCMOS

?5fi,l

IflOnsi LP.

. 395

15)4

I'.'Jii-.) '1101

. .225

256x4

i;")i:-",i r.MOS . ..

5.95

1024,1

|.";0nM CMOS (5518). .

. 595

2.95

16x4

1024,1

i'.'iii-,jf)C 193415)

. .395

16x4

(50ns)0C (74S289!

225

PROHS/EPROMS-

1702AIMS2516

IVM -:

TMS2564

27160-5

2732

2732A20

2732A25

2732A45

27C32

27C32A-30

2764.20

2764-25

2764-45

27C64

27128-25

2725625

MCM687G4

74S188

74S2B7

74S2B8

745387

745471

74S472

74S473

74S474

74S475

745476

74S47B

74S570

745571

745572

74S573

82S23

B2S115

825123

82S126

S2S129

625130

B2S1B5

B2SI9I

riM37S181N

(1MB7S184N

i:m«/5i™

IWV'.l'illJ

2048x8 450ns) 3 ■voltage

2048,8 1450ns)

204B-8 CMOS

2048x8 (350(111

2048,8 1550ns)

4096(8 1450ns) . . . .

4096,8 (200ns)21V

4096,8 (250nsl 21V ......

4096x8 I450nsl 21V

4096.8 CMOS

4096iB l30Ons)21VlCMOSl

8192x8 (200ni| 21V

8192,6 1250ns) 21V

8192xB CMOS 21V..

16.384x8 (250ns)l2BK21V

32,768,8 (250ns)256K|l4V| .

B192»B (450ns 21V

32xB PROMOC (6330-1). ...

PROMTS .16301-1)

PROM p.. (6331-1)..

PROMOC 16300-1)

PflOMIS 16309-1) .

PROMTS (6349-1)v ■ ■;-:.

PROMTS.(OM87S296fii

■ v :■!

PROMTS . .

256x4256x8512x8512*6512x8512,61074,4

OC10

ADCO801

ADCO803

ADC0804

ADC0808

ADC0809

ADC08IB

ADC0817

0AC08OG

[)/>l,O0O7

OAC080B

OAC0830

OAC0831

OAC10O0

DAC1008

OAC1022

DAC1222

OAC1230

DAC1231

:-< VKil'IJ

AY VIDUA

14 1024x8 PROM TS16 512x4 PROMOC. IE305).IE 512x4 PROMTS {6306118 1024,4 PROMOC 16352)18 1024,4 PROMTS (62SI37)IE 32,8 PROMOC I27S1BI24 512.6 PROM TS (27S15)

15 32,8 PROMTS (27519)IE 256,4 PROMOC (27S20)

15 2:6.4 PROMTS I27S2H.

16 512,4 FROMOC (27S12)

IB 2048,4 PROMTS ITBP24S81]

24 2046x8 180(151

24 1024x8 PROMTS I82S181I

IB 2045,4 PROMOC I82S1B4)

18 2048,4 PROMTS (82S1B5J .

24 2048.B PROMTS 182S191)

— DATA ACQUIS1TI0N-

MosleV DC(DC Convener ->-5V 10 -9V 2.95

20 a-Bii A'U Convener 11/4LSB).

1495

.SB).

Irl A/D Converts I • 1/2LSBI8-Bit A/0 Convener (1LSB) . 3.49

8-Bit A/D Conv «/8-Channel Analog 9 958-B1I AVD ConwtUl (S-Cn Multi.) . 4.498-Bit A/0 Conv w(!6-Channel Analog 14956 fin Ad) l/i.T.iiidT (ir,.Ch. Mulli.) . . 9.498-Bit IWA convcrtet N).78W LinJ. . .. 1.958B1I O/A Cuiivetiei IMC140B-7). . . . 1.498-O1I DM Converter |MC1408-B[. . . 2.25

B-Bn Up DM Conv 105^ Lin.) 5.95

8-Bit Up OiA Conv II0H Lm), . . . 4.49

: 1) •.'. I!' A r ■:. '.'■.. i.'~;: .0 C5 -. ■ ':'•'.<10-Bit D/A Conv Mm Comp. 10 20*) 6 95IO3^lD'ACwiv!02O':lin.). . . 59512-B.lO.'AConv |020'-Um) . .6.9512 Bit Up D/A Conv (05^ lm.). . 14.95I2-0H Up 0/A Com 1IM Un) .. 13.95;■.- i-.i tah; .125

30K[i,iUdUAHf (TR1602) 395

Wire Wrap

Sockets '|Gold| Level t(3Pin Hi. i-s 10-

B pin WW 5510 pm WW 6914 pm WW 7516 pm WW 79IBp-nWW .9570 pm WW I 1922 pin WW 12924 pin WW 13528 pm WW 1.G936 pm WW 1 B94HpmWW229

Header Plugs |Go(d]

Mill. 1-9 10-99 jBjej

14 pin HP

as

w

55

69

h'S

59

24 p.n HP

1 IS

■■<-■

89

Header Covers

MpinHC .13 .1316pmllC .19 .1724 pin HC 29 .25

S10 Minimum Order - U.S. Funds Only CA Roaidonts: Add 6'/)% Sales Tax Spec Sheets - 30e each

Slupping: Add 5°.'ii plus Sl.bO Insuranco Send SI PoiIbdo for FREE 7985 Jameco Catalog Prices Subject to Change

Send stamped, sett-addressed envelop* to receive a Monthly Sales flyer - FREE!

NEW EEPROM

Part No. Pins Function Price

2816A 24 2048x8 16K E2PROM350ns. . . 12.95

Features: ■ On-board Address/Data Letches • Auto-Timed Byte Write (on

chip timer) - 5V Erase/Wrlie/Read ■ Optional High Voltage Erase/ProtjramII2V-22V) ■ Power Up/Down Write Protection ■ Auto Erase before WriteThe 2816A is an idea) nonvolatile memory providing m-system alterabililywith ihe same easo and with the same features as 2K,8 Sialic RAMs.

DT1050 IjftafcK TUCBBf MCL II.

iinrjuin inmliliOM. tic. The DT1050 is a standard DlGn"ALKER kn encooefl with 137 separaieand usetul words. 2 tones, ana 5 different silence durations Trie words and tones n»ve beenBsttgntd discrete addresses, makintj it possible to output Single words o( wo(dS concatenatedWltO phrtata cr even sentences The "voice" oulpul ol the 011050 is a tiirjtily mtelligitile male

H:f llT1050cdnillti nil Spi.ch Pitcuim Chip MJ454104 |tQ pm) inrj two (2) Siuch IMMi

MM5M64SSR1 inrj MM57164SSR2124-pin] iltn| .lift ■ tbilir Mil tin tnrj i nciniiMlH ictiiMlIcdiijnm on Ihe ippllulloii tfiMl.

DT1050 Digitalker™ $34.95 ea.

MM54104 Processor Chip $14.95 ea.

DT1057-Ewnuft. onoso mtfriti r™« i]r H nr m wrti w I*Mhut pa

Part No. DT1057 $24.95 ea.

INTERSIL

PMjJI

Function

FEO202O 40

FE0203D 40

7045IPI It

704SEV(Kil a

7106Ca 48

7I06EV/KH 40

71Q7CPI 40

7107EV/KJI 40

7116Ca 407201IUS

7205IPG 14

7205EWKJ1 24

7206CJPE 16

7206CEV(Kj| IE

7207A1PO 14

7207AEWKit 14

72IIIPL 40

72HMIPL 40

7215IPG 24

72I5EV/KH 14

7216AUI IB

7216DIPI »

7217LH II

7217AIPI It

7224IPL 40

722fiAEV/Kil 40

130009 1983

4Dirji1LCDDi5play1or72111PL672l1MIPL 14.95

3'! Dion LCD Display loi 7106 4 7116 1495

CMOS Precision Timer. . 1495

Stopwatch Cnip. XTL lEvaluaiion Kill .... 1995

3'3 Dip*! A/D (LCD Onw) . 1049

IC, Circuit Board. Display (Evaluation Kit! 4E95

3'; Dirjit A/D ILEO Duvet ... 1095

IC. Circuit Boaid. Display (Evaluation K.i) 46 95

3'j DinitAJDLCO D« HLO . . , (095

Low Bantry Von indicator 225

CMOS LEO StopwalchTTimer 14.95

SioDwaicii Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kit) 1695

Tone Generator .4 95

lone Generator Chip. XTL Evaluation Kit) 7 95

Oscillator Coniroller ... 595

FrCQ Counter Chip. XTL (Evaluation Kit) 8.49

4 Difjn LCO Display Decooer/Onver (HL compatible) 7.95

4 Droit LCO Display Decoder/Dnver IMicroproc compalj . 8954 Func CMOS Stopwatch CKT . 1695

4 Func 5topwatch Cnip. XTL (Evaluation Kil) .... 19.49

8 DirjitUmv Counter CA 31.49

8 Digit Freg. Counter C.C 21 49

4 Digit LED Up/Down CounletC A 1095

4 Digit LED Up/Down Counter C.C.LCO 4'j Digit Up Counter OFtl

5 Function Counter Chip. XTL Evaluation Kill

INTERSIL Data Bookmsep.)'.

... 10959995S9.95 I

74HC HIGH SPEED CMOS

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002a/851 PHONE ORDERS WELCOME - (415) 592-8097 - Telex: 176043

74HC02 14

74HC03 14

74HC04 14

74HCU04 14

74HC0B 14

74HC10 14

74HC11 14

74HC14 14

74HC20 14

74HC27 11

74HC30 14

74HC32 14

74HC42 16

74HC51 14

74HC58 14

74HC73 14

74HC74 14

74HC75 16

74HC76 16

74HCB5 16

74KC86 14

74HC107 14

74HC109 It

74HCI12 16

74HC123 16

74HC125 14

74HC132 14

74HCI37 16

74HC138 16

74HC147 11 1.29

74HC151 16 .99

74HC153 16 1.09

74HC154 14 265

74HC157 It .99

74HC158 It 99

74HC160 It 139

74HC161 IB 139

74HC162 16 139

74HC1E3 It 139

74HC164 14 135

74HC165 16 2.15

74HC166 16 249

74HC173 IB 129

74HC174 16 1.09

74HC175 18 109

74HC190 II 159

74HC191 IB 159

74HC192 II 149

74HC193 16 149

74HC194 It 1 19

74HCI9S II 119

74HC221 II 295

74HC237 II 149

74HC240 10 229.

74HC241 10 229

74HC242 14 2.15

74HC243 14 2.15

74HC244 « 2 29

74C0074C0274C0474C0874C1074C1474C2074C3074C3274C4274C4B74C7374C7474C8574C8674C8974C9074C9374C95

14

wia*..'.!*

74HC251 16

74HC253 16

74HC257 18

74HC259 IB

74KC266 14

74HC273 20

74HC280 14

74HC299 10

74HC36E II

74HC367 IB

74HC373 M

74HC374 20

74HC390 18

74HC393 14

74HC533 M

74HC534 20

74HC595 16

74HC6B8 10

74HC4024 14

74HC4040 II

74HC4049 It

74MC4050 IB

74HC406Q If

74HC4075 14

741404076 14

74HC4511 16

74HC4514 14

74KC4538 18

74HC4543 II7i«mn4 g in

74CI0774C15174C15474CI5774C16074C16174C16274C16374C16474C16574C17374CI7474C17574C19274C19374C195| 74C221

74C24074C24474C37374C37474C90174C90274C90374C90674C90774C9I174C9I274C91574C91774C92274C92374C92574C926BOC95:80C97

liSOQ26C(J B

uo7icp a

IL072CP I

TL074CN 14

TL0BICP I

TL0B2CP t

TL0B4CH 14

LMI09K

LM301CN 1

LM302H

LM304H

LM305H

LM307CN I

LM308CN B

LM309K

LM310CN 1

LM311CN I

LM312H

LM3IH

LM317K

LM318CN I

LM319N 14

LM320K-5

LM320K-12

LM320K-15

LM320K24

LM320T-5

LM320T-12

LM320M5

LM320T-24

LM322N 14

LM323K

LM324N 14

LM329D2

LM331N 1

IM334Z

LM335Z

LM3362

LM337MP

LM337T

LM338K

LM339H 14

LM340K-S

LM340K-12

LM340K-15

LM340K24

LM340T-5

LM340T-12

LM340M5

LM340I-24

LF347N 14

LM348N 14

LM350K

LF35IIM I

LF3S3N I

LF355N t 1.09

ILF356N I V09

1LM35BN I 59

LM359N 14 179

LM370H 14 495

LM373H 14 495

LM377N 14 1.95

LM3BOOJ 8 1.09

LM380N 14 .89

LM381N 14 1.79

LM382N 14 149

LM384S7 14 1.95

LM366N-3 8 89

LM387N t 1.39

LM389N II 119

LM391K-8Q1B t 19

LM392N I 59

LM393N I 45

LF39BN I 395

LM399H 595

LF412CN I 1-95

TL494CN IB 279

TL496CP B 1.59

NE531V ■ 1.79

NE540H (C540M) 295

NE544M II 195

NE5SCM 14 195

HE555V I 35

XR-L555 8 69

LM556N 14 79

NE55BN It 159

NE564M 16 195

LM565N 14 39

LM566CN t 1,49

LM567V 1 99

NE570N IB 2 95

NE571N IB 249

NE592N 14 1 19

LM703CN I 149

LM710N 14 69

LM7I1N 14 79

LM723H 14 49

LM733N II 89

LM739N 14 1.95

LM741CN 8 39

II

IM747N 14

LM748N IUA760HC

LM1456V 8

LM1453CN 1

LM1488N 14

LM1489H 14

LM1496N 14LM1605CK

LM1871N 18

LM1B72N ItLM1B77N-9 14

LM1889N IB

LMI896N 14LM2002T

ULN2003A 16

XR2206 It

Xft2207 14XR2208XR2211LM2877PILM2B78P

LM2901N It

LM2902N It

LM2907N 14

LM2917N 1

LM3900N 14

LM3905CN 8

LM3909N 8

LM3914N II

ILM3915N II

■ LM3916N II

IRC4136U 14

I RC4151NB I

RC4193NB 8RC4I95TK

LM4250CN B

NE5S32 8

KE5534 878L05A7ai2A79L05A79M05AH

IC1.B03B 14

LM13080N 8

LM1360ON It

I 75477 I

76002 14

76477 21

30003 i982Nat.LinearDataBook(i952pgs) .$11.95

68 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

JlgSi Mail-Order Electronics • Worldwide • Since 1974 JH^

Commodore" Accessories

RS232 Adapterfor VIC-20 andCommodore 64

Ttie JE232CM allows connection of standard serial RS232printers, modems, etc. to your VIC-20 and C-64. A 4-poleswitch allows the inversion of the 4 control lines. Com-plete installation and operation instructions included.

• Plugs into User Port ■ Provides Standard RS232 signallevels ■ Uses 6 signals (Transmit, Receive, Clear to Send,Request to Send. Data Terminal Ready, Data Set Ready).

JE232CM $39.95

VOICE SYNTHESIZERFOR COMMODORE VIC-20 AND C-64

Plug-In — Talking in MinutestJE520CM $99.95

TRS-80 Accessories

JtoCMk. MPI 5V«" DISK DRIVE

JSWjfjtf^^m ■ Use as a seconc disk drive ■ Single-

«rVf21^V sided - Single/double density ■ Full-

^V height drive ■ 48 TPi • Documentation

"^^^^J included • Weight: 3.7 lbs.

MPI51S. . .. $89.95 or 2 for $159,95EXPAND TRS-80 MEMORY

TRS-80 MODEL I, III

Each <■.: comes compete with eight MM5290 (UPD416'4116| 16K DynamicHAMs and documentation for conversion Model 1:16K equipped with Ex-tension Interface can be expanded to 48K with 2 Kits Model III Can beexpanded Irom 16K to 48K using 2 Kits Each Kit will expand computer by16K increments

TRS-16K3 200ns (Model III) $6.29

TRS-16K4 250ns (Model 1) S5.49

TRS-80 COLOR AND COLOR II

Easy to install Kit comes complete with 8 each 4164N-20 (200ns) 64KDynamic RAMa and documentation for conversion, Converts TRS-80 ColorCompLters will D, E. ET. F and NC circuil boards lo 32K. Also convertsTRS-80 Color Compulor II to 64K Flex DOS or OS-9 required to utilizelull 64K RAM on all computers

TRS-64K-2 $17.95

TRS-80 MODEL IV & 4P

Easy to install Kit comes complete with 6 ea 4164N-20 (200ns) 64K DynamicRAMs and conversion documentation Converts TRS-80 Model IV computersfrom 16KI0 64K Also expands Model 4P from 64K to 12BK

TRS-64K-2 $17.95

(Converts the Model IV from 1EK to 64K or will expand lha Model 4P from

MKtoiaiR)

TRS-G4K2PAL (Model IV only) $38.95

(8 • 4164'» with PAL Chip to expand from 64K to 12SK)

- TRS-80 Model 100* * NEC • Olivetti

'ALSO COMPATIBLE WITH NEC PC-B201A AND OLIVETTI M10Easy to install module plugs right into the socket increasing memory in 6Kincrements Complete with modulo and documentation for conversion.

M1 008K (THS-HO Model 100 Expansion) $49.95

NEC8KR (NEC PC-8201A & Olivetti M10) Please Specify $49.95

PROMETHEUS MODEMS

Intelligent 300/1200Baud Modem with RealTime Clock/Calendar

The ProModem ■" is a Bell 212A (300/1200 baud) in-telligent stand-alone modem • Full featured expandablemodern • Standard features include Auto Answer andAuto Dial, Help Commands, Programmable IntelligentDialing, Touch Tone'" & Pulse Dialing and More • Hayescommand set compatible plus an additional extendedcommand set ■ Shown w/alphanumeric display option.

PMj 200 RS-232 Stand-Alone Unit $299.95

OPTIONS FOR ProModem 1200

PM-COM (ProCom Ccmmunicalion Software) $79.95

Please specify Operating System.

PM-OP (Options Processor) $79.95

PMO-16K (Options Processor Memory- 16K) $ 4.50

PMO-32K (Options Processor Memory - 32K) $ 9.00

PMO-64K (Options Processor Memory - 64K) $18.00

PM-ALP tAtphanumenc D.spiay) S79.95

unci Options Processor.

PM-SpeCJal Alphanumeric Display) $149.95

DATA BOOKS

210830 Intel Memory Components Hndbk. (i 983/04) S14.95

Conlalns nil Applications Nolos. Article Peprlnls. Data Slmols S olherdesign Inbnwlon on tntsl'a RAMI, drams, EPROMo. E'PnOMs and

Bubble Mnmaries (880 pages]

230843 Intel Microsystem Components Hndbk. (19B3/84) S19.95

Contains Data Sheets on all Of Intel's Microprocessors A peripherals - 2 volumes (2575 pagesi

National Logic Data Book Set (1984) S24.95

Volumes 11II (3*85 pagesi

Contains into'mation on Nationals TTL product line and CDdOOO familyThiii includes 7*DQ. 7*L. 5, AS. LS and ALS Series duvices, andUU!,.iH<; . 7-1HC / S-fHCT I 74HCT High Speed Micro CMOS lamily.MM5-IC / 7*C family, and CMOS LSI / VLSI.

o

Muffin-Style andSprite-Style Fans

MUF60 (SPN3-15-2462)

Howard Industries (4.68,"sq..60ctm). . . . $9.95

SU2C7 Reverse Row

EG8G Rotron (3.125" sq, 32cfm) $9.95

APPLE® Accessories

1- APPLE*H| Compatible

Key: a = Apple II or 11+ PADflCb=Apple«e V^MnL/O

16K RAM Card (Language Card)

The ARC-16K RAM Card allows the Apple' II and II+ compilers to expand from 48K to 64K.

Complete with instructions. Key: (a)

ARC-16K $39.95

Z-80 CP/M Card

The AZ80-1 is Soft-card compatible. Used with CP/M related programs. Software not

included. Key: (a,b)

AZ80-1 ; $49.95

EPROM Burner Card

The AEB-2 allows user to program and work with standard EPROMs (2716, 2732 & 2764).Easy to use, on-board firmware. Menu contains the following options: Write, Read, Copy,Compare, Blank-Check and Monitor. Complete with instructions. Key: (a.b)AEB-2 $69.95

80-Column Card w/Soft Switch

The A80-C is an 80-column card designed for the Apple" II and 11+ computers. The card isequipped with a soft switch which allows easy hookup for any monitor. The A80-C alsoleatures inverse video capabilities. This card is similar to the Videx*" 80 column card.Complete with instructions. Key: (a)A80-C $74.95

Super Serial Card

The ASSC-P Is a serial card with a printer mode. It generates standard RS-232C signalsand is similar to the Apple' Super Serial Card. Complete with instructions. Key: (a.b)ASSC-P. $99.95

Parallel Graphics Printer Card w/64K Buffer

The APC-64K is a parallel graphics printer card with a 64K buffer and graphic dump

capabilities. Complete with instructions. Key: (a,b)

APC-64K. $129.95

80-Column/64K RAM Card

Extended 80-Column/64K RAM Card expands memory by 64K to give 128K when used

with programs like vislCalc™. Complete with instructions. Key: (b)

JE864 S79.95

APPLE" Compatible5'V Half-Height Disk Drive

%&

1 UsesCriinon Pinch-iypornochanics ■ idSKiormaiioO.storage ■ 35 tracks ■ Super quie! ■ Works with AppleControllers or other compatibles IACC-11 {loft) ■ Com-plete with connector - just plug into your conlroller■ Slw: 5 VW itVHii 8"0 ■ Wt; 4 los Key, (a,b)

ADD-12 $129.95

0

APPLEv

Compatible ^5V Disk Drive& ControllerCard

- Usos Shupart SA390 mechanics ■ 143K Icrmattodstorage ■ Color matches Apple Compulor • Work9 wllhApple Controller or other Applo-cornpallble controllers(ACC-tl • Complete with connector - just plug Intoyour disk controller card • 35 tracks • Size: 6"W «3VH x 8-9/te-D - Wt.: 41. lbs Key. (a.b)

ADD-514 (DitkDrtvt) $149.95

ACC-1 (Controller Card) $ 49.95

APPLE" lie Compatible5 V Half-Height Disk Drive

■ Same specs as ADD-12 (left) except

ADD-llc. "°.c.T?'"'.T.'".';r; $129.95

Additional Apple* Compatible Products

APF-1 Cooling Fan with surge protection • Key: (a,b) $ 39.95

JE614 Numeric/Aux. Keypad-23 accessible functions • Key: (b|.... $ 49.95

EAEC-1 Expanded Apple Enclosure Case only ■ Key: (a) $ 59.95

KHP4007 Switching Power Supply ■ Key: (a) $ 59.95

KB-A68 68-Key Apple Keyboard only • Key: (a) $ 79.95

MON-12G 12" Green Monitor with swiyel stand • Key: (a, b S lie) $ 79.95

JE520AP Voice Synthesizer - Plug-In, User Ready • Key: (a.b) $119.95

KB-EA1 Apple Keyboard and Case • Key: (a) $134.95

PM1200A Prometheus Internal Modem - 2 cards • Key: (a.b) $299.!

PM1200M Prometheus Macintosh Ext. Modem • Key: (Macintosh! $369.

General Application Power Supplies

Power/Mate Corp. REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

•Input: 105-125/21O-250VAC Q 47-63Hz -Line regulation:-0.05% • Three mounting surfaces • Overvoltage protection • ULrecognized • CSA certified

Part No. Output Six* WMght Pries

EMA5/6BEMA5/6C

5V@3A/6V@2.5A 4VLx4"Wx2'4"H5VS6A/6VS5A 5VLx4'*"Wx2i."H

2lbs.4lbs.

S29.95$39.95

KEPCO/TDK 4-OUTPUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

• Ideal for disk drive needs of CRT terminals, microcomputers andvideo games • Input: 115/230VAC, 50760Hz • Output: +5V S 5A,+ 12V 8 1.8A, +12V S 2A, -12V @ 0.5A • UL recognized ■ CSAcertified • Size: 7Wi x 6-3/16"W x 1VH ■ Weight: 2 lbs.MRM 174KF $49.95

4 CHANNEL SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY

• Microprocessor, mini-computer, terminal, medical equipment andprocess control applications • Input: 90-130VAC, 47-440Hz ■ Out-put: +5VDC 8 5A, -5VDC e 1A; +12VDC e 1A. -12VDC » 1A

• Line regulations: -0.2% • Ripple: 30mV p-p • Load regulation:'-1% • Overcurrent protection • Adj: 5V main output -t10% • Size:6%"Lx 1WWx4-15/16"H- Weight: 114 lbs.

FCS-604A $69.95

510 Minimum Order - US. Fund* Only CA Residents: Add 6'■»»*> Sales Tax Spec Sheets - 30: Mch

Shipping: Add 5% plus S1.50 Insurance Send SI Postage for FREE 1985 Jamcco Catalog PricfM Subject to Change

Send stamped, sart-addiaued envelope to receive a Monthly Sales Flyer - FREEI

MasterCard J

j

ameco

1355 SHOREWAY ROAD, BELMONT, CA 94002PHONE ORDERS WELCOME- (415) 592-8097 - Telex: 176043

IBM® Accessories

* Cables

* Cables

8-Foot Parallel Printer Cable

IBM-8PC (0B25MBl6toCnntn>nlc»36-plnMBlB|. ■ . . $19.95

6-Foot Serial Printer/Modem Cable

MMS-2206 (DB25 Male to DB25 Mala] $14.95

MFS-2206 (0BZ5 Mala lo DB25 Female) $15.25

5-Foot Keyboard Extension Cable forIBM-PC and XT Computers

IBM-KEC $9.95

MEMORY EXPANSION KITS

IBM PC, PC XT and Compatibles

The IBM64K Kil will increase memory in 64K byte increments The Kit is simpleto install - jusl insert the 9 - 64K HAM chips in the provided sockets and setthe 2 groups ol swilcfies Conversion documentation Included.

IBM64K (Nine 200ns 64K RAMs) $12.95

IBM PC AT

Each kit comes complete with nine 128K dynamic RAM sand documentationlor conversion

IBM128K (Nine 250ns 128K RAMs).... $133.95

IBM PCXT EquivalentI 130 Watt Power SupplyUPGRADE YOUR PCI

■ Input: 110V e 60Hz ■ Output: +5VDC 8 ISA, -5VDC a0.5A, +12VDC » 4.2A, -12VDC 8 0.5A ■ Plug compatibleconnectors ■ Fits into IBM PC ■ Weight: 6 lbs.

IBM-PS $159.95

Prometheus Modems

The ProModem 1200B/BS is a 1200/300 baud modemcard which plugs into IBM PC and XT. Provides a thirdserial Comport. Two versions available: 1200B (withoutsoftware) and 1200BS (with software). The PM1200BSIs supplied with powerful MITE communications softwarefrom Mycroft labs.

PM1200B (without Software) $239.95

PM1200BS (with MITE Software) $274.95

iert> ,et DISK DRIVES

DocumentationIncluded

RFD480 (Remex5«,"DStull-ht.) $ 89.95

FD55B (Teac 5V DS hall-ht.) $139.95

SA455 (Shugart5VDShal!-ht.). . . . $139.95TMT00-2 (Tandon 5'/.'PS full-hl.) $159.95

5V4" DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES

Complete with power supply, switch, powercord, fuseholder and connectors

DDE-1FH (Houses 1 lull-fit. 5V drive) $69.95

DDE-2HH (Houses 2 ft-ht 5V drives) $79.95

General Application Keyboards

Mitsumi 54-KeyUnencoded

Ail-PurposeKeyboard

Pj':

• SPST keyswitches ■ 20 pin ribbon cable connection

• Low profile keys • Features: cursor controls, control,caps (lock), (unction, enter and shift keys • Color (key-caps): grey • Weight: 1 lb. • Pinout inct. • Size: 13VL xWWxVrH

KB54 $14.95

■ i i i i-1 i 11 i ill-i-

ll i i i i i i i i i i ii il 1

l^gj l ii l-1 B

74-KeyASCIICherryKeyboard

• 7-bit parallel ASCII • Full Upper Case, Full Lower Caseexcept I, m, n, o and p. • Cursor keypad • SPST mechani-cal keyswitches • 26-pin header connector ■ Color: white

• Size: 18"L x Btt "W x 1 '* "H • Spec includedKB8201 (1700 available) $29.95

UV-EPROM ERASER

8 Chips - 21 Minutes

I 1 Chip-15 Minutes

Erases all EPROMs. Erases up lo B chips within 21 minutes (1 chipIn 15 minules). Maintains constant exposure distance of one inch.Special conductive loam liner eliminates static build-up. Built-insafety lock to prevent UV exposure. Compact - only 9,00"L x3.70'W x 2.60'H Complete with holding tray lor 8 chips.

DE-4 UV-EPROM Eraser. ..... $74.95

UVS-11EL Replacement Bulb $16.95

Inquiry I6l

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 69

ASK BYTE

Conducted by Steve Ciarcia

80186 C Machine

Dear Steve,

I'm interested in building a 16-bit C ma-chine based on one of the Intel 80186chips. Does anyone offer instructions ora kit? Is a suitable C available in ROM?John A. ZookTempe, AZ

I haven't seen any kits for 80186-basedcomputers, but I did locate an S-IOOboard. It is the Thunder 186 from LomasData Products (66 Hopkinton Rd., West-borough, MA 01581, (617) 366-6434).

There are also a couple ofS-100 boardsavailable using the 80286:

MI-286 S-100 board fromMacro tech International Corp.9551 Irondale Ave.Chatsworth, CA 91311(818) 700-1501

CompuPro CPU 286/287 board from

Viasyn

3506 Breakwater Court

Hayward, CA 95455

(415) 768-0909

The CompuPro board is also availableas part of the System 816/F computer,which runs CPIM. There are C compilersthat run under CP/M-86 available fromDigital Research, Microsoft, Mark Wil-liams, and c-systems. Addresses of thesecompanies can be found in ads in BYTE.

The Macrotech board runs MP/M 8/16and other operating systems. It reported-ly replaces the CompuPro 8085/88board, so C compilers should be availablefrom the above suppliers.—Steve

S-100 BOARDS FOR HORIZON

Dear Steve,

I am writing for myself and for North StarHorizon users in general. Every day 1notice ads for S-100/1EEE-696 boards.Many whet my appetite, but I become dis-couraged when I remember that myHorizon does not follow the IEEE-696standard.

Selling my system to buy another com-puter that does conform to the IEEE-696standard seems like a waste of goodmoney.

How different is the Horizon's bus from

the IEEE-696 standard? Is it possible toalter the bus lines to conform? Where canI get technical information for altering thebus, if it is feasible?

Jeff ChadimaAustin, TX

The Horizon remains a popular S-100machine. North Star thought that de-mand would decline when the Advantagewas introduced a few years ago, but suchwas not the case.

It is true that the Horizon does notcompletely follow the IEEE-696 standard.However, it is very close, and most S-100boards should work in it without modifi-cation. I have used boards (some claim-ing IEEE-696 compatibility) from sixmanufacturers in the Horizon with nochanges. The pin-outs used in theHorizon are detailed in the Horizonmanual.

INSUA (International North Star User'sAssociation, POB 2910, Fairfield, CA94533) publishes The Compass quarter-ly ($20 per year) for its members. Vol. IV. Icontains an article about various "alien"boards being used in the Horizon andnotes incompatibilities, if any. They alsohave a former North Star technician whowrites a regular column, answering ques-tions about specific problems.

Although now defunct, Microsystemsmagazine (from Ziff-Davis) had a regularcolumn on North Star topics. You mightcheck your local library or computer clubfor back issues.— Steve

AN 8087 ON THESANYO MBC 555

Dear Steve,

I recently purchased a Sanyo MBC 555microcomputer and find it to be every-thing I want in a computer. The review inthe August 1984 BYTE (page 270) statedthat the Sanyo had a slot for (and was con-figured for) the 8087 mathematics co-processor. What does the 8087 do for thecomputer, and is it a wise investment fora small accounting practice?

William CornelisonOgdensburg, NY

The 8087 coprocessor is a special-purpose computer chip designed to per-

form certain arithmetic operations athigh speed, under the control of an 8088or 8086 processor. Its functions, whichinclude floating-point addition, subtrac-tion, multiplication, and division; squareroot, tangent, and arctangent; and logand exponential in base 2, are coded intothe chip hardware to make for very fastexecution. It has no effect on the speedof disk data transfer or other I/Ooperations.

The usefulness of the 808 7 for your ac-counting applications depends onwhether you need faster computationalspeed from your computer and onwhether the 8087 will be used by yoursoftware. Most commercial business soft-ware is not written to look for an 8087and will ignore it if present. The com-puter does not automatically use the8087; special instructions are required atthe machine-language level.

If you have software that will use the8087, you can gain considerable speedin computation-intensive operations.Speed gains of up to 10 times have beenreported in some cases, with 2 to 3 timesbeing more typical. —Steve

UNINTERRUPTIBLEPOWER SUPPLY

Dear Steve,

1 live on a houseboat, and it seems tome that I already have half of an uninter-ruptible power supply in the boat. Theboat has two engines and a generator,with a battery for each. One of the bat-teries is oversize and powers the toilet,running lights, and so on. The other bat-teries are used only for starting the engine.

The boat spends almost all its time atthe dock, where the marina power is nonetoo steady. 1 have a Raritan Crown auto-matic marine converter (20 amperes) thatkeeps the batteries constantly charged.The converter also works at anchor withthe generator running.

It seems that if I got an inverter large

enough to handle my IBM PC, I'd have an

uninterruptible power supply. Is this true?

Steve Beste

Washington, DC

Two types of uninterruptible or back-

(continued)

70 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Power, Performance, and PriceZorro is where it's AT

Our new Zorro AT sysiems give you; on 80236 CPU operating 01 o quick 6 Mz.. eighiexpansion slors. oclock/colendarwirh bartery backup, o 1.2 Megabyte 5 1/4" floppy disk drive,and IDM-AT comparlbility,

Zorro AT's also come with o 360K drive for PC/XT medio compatibility and 512K of RAM.feotures thai would cost you hundreds of dollars from big blue,

Zorro AT-20's feature o 20 Mb. Winchester drive from NEC. ond you still have room ro odd o Ifourth drive or tope backup.

To be quite frank, we believe our Zorro AT's are built better, and we bock eoch system with alimited warranty for a full year. Our quality ond features invite comparison, our prices speak forthemselves.

Zorro AT $2995 I

Zorro AT-20 $0995 I

The Silver Fox TrotsThrough Lotus Like 1,2,3

The Silver Fox is nor IDM-PC compatible yet it runs hundreds of MS-DOS programs includingLotus 1.2.0. dDASE II. Multiplon. ond even Flight Simulator.

The Silver Fox does not hove IDM compatible expansion slots bur you con economically oddprinters, serial ports, modems. 10-40 Mb. hard disks, clock/calendar cards. RAM. joysticks, on8087 co-processor, ond more.

What mokes the Silver Fox unique, however, isn't what you con odd to it. but what comeswith it. Eoch Silver Fox comes with an 8088 CPU. 256K of RAM. four video ports, ond a printerport. Plus you get more than twice the storage of a standard PC. 1.6 Megabytes on dual 5 1/4"floppys. ond the Fox will read ond write to standard 160K. 320K. and 060K IDM-PC formats.

Standard equipment also includes a better keyboard, a 12" high resolution monitor with ofull 25x80 display, ond we bock each Silver Fox with a one yeor limited warranty.

Were this nor enough each Silver Fox comes with the best free software bundle in thebusiness including: MS-DOS 2.11/HAGEN-DOS 2.11. DOS Tutor. Wordstar 0.3. Easy Writer. Spell.Mail Trock. PC File III, FILEDASE. CalcStar. gomes, graphics, utilities, and two DASIC languages.

Decause computer sales usually slow down during the summer we've given you an extraincentive to buy a Fox by lowering our prices. If you want to get the most for your computerdollor, call our machine at 1-800-FORAFOX. leave your name and oddress or the beep, andwe'll send you o Silver Fox booklet that will tell you how it con.

Silver Fox $1297

Color Fox ._.. , $14°7

Altos

High-performance, Xenlx-bosed. multi-user systems fromlAltos-world leaders In multi-user systems ond applications| software.

As pan of TRW's marketing support group we con have yourlAlros system installed on your site (additional charge).

Altos systems ore easy to expand, and with shared printersland hard disks are cost competitive with multiple single userI systems. Coll for additional pricing and availability.

I4S6-20 $4539

1566-40 $7249

|986-40 S6829

MtosAcc'f $2779

PRINTERS

The Bernoulli Box:

■ Hard disk copociry ond performanceI Removable cartridge economy

■ Cartridge convenience "Flexible disk economy I

■ Winchester capacity ■ Unparalleled reliability!110 Mb $18391

20 Mb $24891

l5Mb./Moc $1379j

Fox Jr

8088«Dual 360K Drives128K»Keyboard»Software

$899

StarSG-10 $234

SrarSR-15 $599

EpsonFX-80+ . 3*>S:$141 off

lx-80 3*wr;$60 off

Okidato 182 ... 3*5«:$74 offOkidaro 192 5»«r$125off

Olympic NP $329

Ponosonic 1091 $269

Citizen MSP-10 $295

Toshiba 1340 $579

Toshiba 351 $1198

LETTER QUALITY

Juki 6100 $399

Juki 6300 $719

Silver Reed 500 $299

Silver Reed 550 $409

Silver Reed 770 $724

Diablo Call

NEC Call

Daisywritet 2000 $824

HOUSTON INSTRUMENTS

DMP-29 $1795

DMP-40 $745

DMP-41 $2340

t other models Call

Columbia 4220 or 2220

\ / '

$1698

-^

iScoltsdale Systemsm.

| 617 N. Scorrsdale Road. Suite D, Scortsdale, Arizona 85257

"■" (602) 941-5856

A Call 6-5 Mon.-Fri.

JP^fc We participate in arbitration for business and customers through the DefterBusiness Bureau of Maricopa County.

SINCE 1980

' TELEMARKETING ONLY: If you plan to stop by please phone ahead. Prices listed ore for Icash. P.O.'s from Fortune 1200 companies and universities with good credit odd 2% /

' Mastercard and Viso odd 3% / Arizona residents odd 6% soles tax / Shipping extra / Allitems are new with manufacturers warranty / Returned merchandise subject to 20%restocking fee / Peisonal or company checks take up ro 3 weeks to clear / No COD's orAPO's. Prices ond specifications subject to change / Product subject to availability.Trademarks: Silver Fox. HAGEN-DOS. and Zorro AT, Scottsdole Systems. Ltd.; Wordstar ondColcStar. Micropro International: MS-DOS, and Multiplan. Microsoft Corporation,-FILEBASE. EWDP Software. Inc.: dBASE II. AshtonTate: IBM-PC, IBM-PC DOS. and IBM-AT.International Business Mochines.

TERMINALS

Qume

VT101 S298

Wyse 50 . 8449

1200 BP5 Modems

Volksmodem 12 $199

Password Call

Promerheus $315

Hayes 300/1200 $389

ft OLYMPIA

IS IT SICK TOLOVE A PRINTER?

If you love your Okidato 92 or Epson FX60don't read any further because the newOlympia NP is rated os faster, is noticeablyquieter and has a near letter quollry modethat is much superior to anything In its priceclass.

Plus, unlike the Okldata or the Epsonthe Olympio comes with adjustoble tractorfeed (os well os friction feed) as standardequpment. The ttactor feed is the "punch-type" and the NP has a tear bor so that itworks great with continuous forms.

The NP uses standard Epson typeribbons, comes with the quality that hasmode Olympio world leader in typewritersand is backed by nationwide service.

To quote PC magazine. "The f NP)printer is o sure thing if it falls into your pricerange ond even if it doesn't it may beworth considering ..."

tf you're considering the purchase of anOkidata, an Epson, or even a Toshiba, giveus a call and let us send you on octual printsample from the Olumpio NP and additionalinformation.

Decause If you were to buy an EpsonFX-flO or on Okidaro 92 with tractors and acable for the lowest advertised prices, youwould pay about S50 more for an inferiorprinter. Scottsdole 5yslems sells the OlympiaNP with a 10' shielded coble for a mere:

$344

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 71

Inquiry 234

I

M3i

COMPUTERS • VIDEO • EUCTHONICS • PHOTOGRAPHYFOR INFO CALL FOR ORDERS

(212) 725-1234 (800) 221-3160

m

m

\

mmm

1

PC & COMPAT. ****"

IBM PC wldrrve. monitor Call

IBM PC »/256k (2| 360 drives,keyboard, monitor & monitor

adplr 1849

IBM PC wl(1) 360k lloppy &

20Mb disc drive 2495

IBM PC as above wfRGB color

momlor Call

IBM PC XT «!256k Call

IBM AT Enhanced Call

COMPAQ PORTABLE *(256k. (2)360 disc drives. DOS &

basic 1975

COMPAQ PIUS 3295

COMPAQ Desk Pro II 2099

COMPAQ Desk Pro III 3795

COMPAQ Desk Por IV 4895

LEADING EDGE PC <i!l?Bk (2)360 disc drrves, monitor A

adapter, basic DOS 211 1499

LEAOING EDGE PC Wi256k as

above but RGB color 1899

LEADING EDGE 10Mb bald disc

system 2395

SANYO MBC 550-2 599

SANYO MBC 555 2 979

ZENITH Z150 wl(2| 360k discdrives. t26k RAM. IBM compatible. wflree Microsolt Word & treeMicrosoft Multiplan & Color

graphics carO 1599

ZENITH ZW 15152 as above outwfcolor monitor & 10Mb hard disc

system ...3495

ZENITH 3 COM Loca! Area

Network From 1749

LAP COMUTERSMORROW w/(2) 360k. discdrives, Bbs. 256k. IBMcompatible 1995

:

i

1

(ton* U >

APPLE lie «/dtive SSSS849

APPUIIc BN

APPLE Macintosh 1B99

APPLE lie professional system w/128k. (2) duo disc drives & 80 col.

card 1399

APPLE Image Writer 499

PRINTERS& PLOTTERS

EPSON:

RX-80 229 LO150O...1O69

JUKI: 6000 219

6100 374 6300 779

HP: Laser Printer 2795

Sweet Pea Plotter Call

NEC: 3550 1B99

DKIDATA: I82 239

192 349 84 679

193 589 2410 Call

OLYMPIA: BO 319

SILVER REED:

400 248 500 289

550 449 770 769

TOSHIBA:

1340 575 351 1195

#

MONITORS

AMDEK 3104 ZZZ.m

LEADING EDGE RGB Color..399TTL Green.139 111 Amber 149PRINCETON GRAPHICS:

HX-12 469 Max 12 E ...174

SR-12 wrScan Double' 899

TAXAN 410 IBM RGB 299

TAXAN 420 Hi Res RGB I/IBM419XTRON 1000 Lines Hi Res Amber

l/IBM TTL 149

ZENITH:

ZVM124 IBM Compatible 139

'BOARDS

FOR IBM

AST 6 Pak Plus w/64k 244

HERCULES color card 189

HERCULES graphic card for TTL

mono monitor.... 289

PARADISE MODULAR Graphics

Card 269

ORCHID Turbo 186 649

"#■

/HARD & ,■.,..,-J

DISKS ~J

Tall Grata Call Ampex Call

Btmoulll Box 20Mb 24M

Mini Scribe Inlarnal 10Mb..349

389

MODEMS

HAYES:

300 189 1200

1200B wISmarlcom II...

SMARTCOMII 99

2400 Call

Micro Modem lie 249

US ROBOTICS: Password I2U0..299

VKV

I SOFTWAREl/IBM

Nutshell 89 dBase III ....349

PFSF42 64 SBase 4000 ..258

Wordstar Professional 249

Wordstar 2000 249

X Y Write Plus II 229

Word Perfecl 40 239

Volkswriter Deluxe w/ATI 169

bamna Plus 349

Samnalll 299

Multimale 244

Leading Edge Word w/Spel!....1B9

Sman System Call

Framework...349 Enable Call

Sidekick 29 Norton 30....53

Managing Your Money 99

Dollar & Sense 109

Think Tank 99

Pro Kev ver 20 99

Flight Simulator 39

Sargon III 34 PFS Write 69

1 MuMaplan...1M Run "C" 119

' MtosoH-C- 279

DISKETTES :Lm

SSIDDVerbalim Data Lite (10)21

FUJI (10) 13

MAXELL (10) 16

BASF (10) 17

IBM (10) 22

FAMOUS MAKE ....13SPECIAU1 TDKOuanlilies of 100rea 1.35

:

3==?

TYPEWRITERS

CANON Typeslar 5 -146

CANON Typeslar 6 "106

BROTHER CE58 468

OLYMPIA Compact II 384

SMITH CORONA 350M '31S

'Arm Mgxgcteirt fttmit

/caT(cop

I PC 10.I PC K

w

CANON

COPIERS "%

469 PC 20 .

684 Stand..

:a

IBM PC

W(64k (1) 360 Disc MutrntH

S Keyboard 143M

IBM PC W/256k (2) 360 DiscDrrves. Graphics Monitor Card,Mon. Keybd & Software Kit...CallI8MPC AT Call

LEADINGEDGE PC

W128k. LeadingEdge Monrtor,Keyboard Monrtor& Printer Adapter

ZENITH z 150

Wl(2) 360k Drives.Microsofl Word,mitotan. Keyboard 15QQas above acerjl— IJ"

1399.

-m

SANYO 550-2

Now Runs Lulus 123'

IBM PC Compatible.

360* Disc nn-.iv

128k RAM. Word Star COO

Calc Star & Easy wmei D99

RGB VIDEO CARO 149

OLYMPIA HO i

Daisy Wheel , I

Letter Quality.14 Cps ^Parallel & -Serial Ports wfBuill InTractor Feed AM

3 PrtctiONLV t\$3

COMPAQ

Portable Wffi) 360*

Disc Drrws. DOS 4 —-tmc

Basic Keyboard ISf/D

COMPAQ oonc

Plus WfKard Disc Oc\30

ASK BYTE

up power supplies are commonly avail-able. One type is inactive until a powerfailure occurs. It senses the power lossand switches in to power your system.The switch takes a few milliseconds andusually doesn't appear as an interruptionto the computer.

The other type supplies power to thecomputer at all times and might be moresuitable for your situation. This type ef-fectively runs your computer off its inter-nal batteries at all times and provides ex-cellent isolation from power-line tran-sients. Both types maintain fully chargedbatteries by taking power from the lineas needed. Some make provisions for ex-ternal batteries, as you require for ex-tended operation.

Some vendors of on-line uninterrupti-ble power supplies are

Electronic Protection Devices41 MontvaleStoneham, MA 02180(617) 890-2518

General Power Systems1400 North Baxter St.Anaheim, CA 92806(714) 956-9521

Jefferson Electric840 25th Ave.Bellewood, IL 60104(312) 544-2200

RTE Deltec2727 Kurtz St.San Diego, CA 921IO(619) 291-4211

—Steve

IBM PC RS-232C

Dear Steve,

Before I purchased my IBM PC, I owneda Qume Sprint 5 printer. By trial and error,I created a usable but not fully satisfac-tory cable to connect this serial printer tothe IBM serial board. Apart from identi-fying pin usage and furnishing generalsuggestions, neither IBM nor Qume canhelp me. I am using an intelligent interface,but I would prefer to have a real cable. Isthere a source that specifies proper com-puter-to-printer interfaces?

Frederick OrkinPhiladelphia, PA

Your problem is not uncommon.Despite the reputation that RS-232C hasas a standard, it really hasn't helped endthe confusion about printer interfacing.

There are a few solutions, however. 1QTechnologies (11811 Northeast First St.,

Bellevue. WA 98005, (206) 451-0232) sellsa smart cable that lets you hook upRS-232C devices to your machine with-out worrying about what signal is onwhat pin. LEDs on the device indicatewhich direction two switches on the cablemust be set to ensure proper handshak-ing. The price is $89.

Another possibility is to use a breakoutbox (available from many manufacturers,priced from about $40 to $80). Thisdevice slips between your computer andprinter. It has LEDs that monitor thestatus of the various RS-232C lines sothat you can actually "see" which linesare active. Some models provide jumpersso you can experiment with different con-nections until you determine the correctconfiguration.

For a complete description of the oper-ation of breakout boxes and a circuit forthe construction of one, see my articleon page 28 of the April 1983 BYTE,"Build an RS-232C Breakout Box."—Steve

CHAINING BASIC PROGRAMS

Dear Steve,

Frequently, I use the CHAIN commandin BASIC to chain two smaller programstogether. How can I chain two already-compiled BASIC programs?

If I write two BASIC programs, whatstatements do I need to include, beforecompiling, to make one of the programsact as a subroutine of the other?

Is it possible to call a compiled BASICprogram as a subroutine from a noncom-piled BASIC program?

Sen CanSt. Louis, MO

TWo previously compiled BASIC pro-grams cannot be chained without recom-piling the source code and including theappropriate statements. An accom-plished assembly-language programmerwith a good debugging program couldprobably identify the "return to operat-ing system" call in the first program. Theprogrammer could then patch in a ma-chine-language routine to chain to thesecond program, but it would be impos-sible to pass variables between the twoprograms.

Microsoft BASIC does not allow you tomake a compiled BASIC program act asa subroutine to another program. How-ever, a new product called BetterBASIC(Summit Software Technology, Box 99,Babson Park. Wellesley, MA 02157, (617)235-0729) allows something similar. Read"IBM Images" in the December 1984

(continued)

72 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Circuit-Board-Artwork Softwarefor the Design Engineer

in a Hurry

For only $895, smARTWORK' letsthe design engineer create andrevise printed-circuit-board art-work on the IBM Personal Com-puter. You keep complete controlover your circuit-board artwork —from start to finish.

Forget the tedium of taping ityourself or waiting for a tech-nician, draftsman, or the CADdepartment to get to your project.

smARTWORK* is the only low-cost printed-circuit-board artworkeditor with all these advantages:

□ Complete interactive controlover placement and routing

□ Quick correction and revision

□ Production-quality 2X artworkfrom a pen-and-ink plotter

□ Prototype-quality 2X artworkfrom a dot-matrix printer

□ Easy to learn and operate, yetcapable of sophisticatedlayouts

□ Single-sided and double-sidedprinted circuit boards up to

10 x 16 inches

□ Multicolor or black-and-whitedisplay

System Requirements:

□ IBM Personal Computer, XT, orAT with 256K RAM, 2 disk drives,and DOS Version 2.0 or later

D IBM Color/Graphics Adapterwith RGB color or black-and-white monitor

D IBM Graphics Printer or EpsonFX/MX/RX series dot-matrixprinter

□ Houston Instrument DMP-41pen-and-ink plotter

□ Optional Microsoft Mouse

The Smart Buy

At $895, smARTWORK® is proven,convenient, fast, and a soundvalue. Call us today. And put it towork for yourself next week.

KAfl

mflHWBH

^

L A J L JI -iv .

S i

Inquiry 339

Wintek Corporation1801 South StreetLafayette, IN 47904-2993Telephone: (317) 742-8428Telex: 70-9079 WINTEK CORP UD

In Europe contact: RIVA Terminals Limited,Woking, Surrey GU21 5JY ENGLAND,Telephone: 04862-71001, Telex: 859502

"smARTWORK:' "Wintek" and the Wintek logo areregistered trademarks of Wintek Corporation.

How to go

from

UNIX to DOS

without

compromising

your

standards.

It's easy. Just get an industry standard file accessmethod that works on both.

C-ISAM™ from RDS.

It's been the UNIX™ standard for years (used inmore UNIX languages and programs than any otheraccess method), and it's fast becoming the standardfor DOS. Why?

Because of the way it works. Its B+ Tree index-ing structure offers unlimited indexes. There's alsoautomatic or manual record locking and optionaltransaction audit trails. Plus index compression tosave disk space and cut access times.

How can we be so sure C-ISAM works so well?

We use it ourselves. It's a part of INFORMIX^INFORMIX-SQL and File-it!? our best selling data-base management programs.

For an information packet, call (415) 424-1300.Or write RDS, 2471 East Bayshore Road, Palo Alto,CA 94303.

You'll see why anything less than C-ISAM is justa compromise.

RELATIONAL DATABASE SYSTEMS, INC

© 1985, Relational Database Systems, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories. INFORMIX isa registered trademark and RDS, C-ISAM and File-It! are trademarks of Relational Database Systems, Inc.

ASK BYTE

issue of Creative Computing for moredetails.

It is not possible to call a compiledBASIC program as a subroutine from anoncompiled BASIC program.— Steve

Chameleon pluspower supply

Dear Steve,

In his review of the Chameleon Plus(June 1984, page 327), Rich Krajewskistated that the Chameleon has a switch-ing power supply and that it could beswitched only by a dealer. Is there any wayto switch it myself?

Also, do the Chameleon Plus, Compaq,and the Panasonic Sr. Partner run Micro-soft's Flight Simulator?

David TayMcLean, VA

When you speak of "switching" thepower supply in the Chameleon Plus, Iassume you are referring to the reviewarticle's mention of being able to switchbetween 110 V and 220 V. Although Ihave not seen the power supply in theChameleon myself, most power suppliesof this type do have a simple switch, ap-propriately marked, for changing be-tween the two voltages. 1 am assumingthat this switch is located within thepower-supply box in the Chameleon. Ifyou are the experimenting type, you canremove the power supply from theChameleon, take the cover off of thesupply, and look for a switch markedsomething like "110-120 V, 50-60 cycle"on one side and "220-240 V, 50-60cycle" on the other. If you do not findsuch a switch, do take it to your dealer.

I have personally tested FlightSimulator on the Chameleon and it doesnot work. Published reports state that itdoes work on both the Compaq and theSr. Partner.—Steve

atari numberCrunching

Dear Steve,

I have been doing a certain amount ofscientific computing on the 6502-basedAtari 400 and 800XL computers. The mainadvantage of these machines is that in-teractive graphics is easy and nice, butthere is a problem with speed as theBASIC and the floating-point hardware arepretty slow. Accessing the floating-pointroutines with machine language seems tospeed things up by only about 40 percent,

(continued)

74 BYTE- AUGUST

Inquiry 276

FORTRAN, C, andBASIC Programmers...

Programming just got easier withScientific Subroutine Librariesfrom Wiley Professional Software.

You need to quickly generate dependable, accurate and error-free code. Whatever language youuse, Wiley Professional Software has a powerful Scientific Subroutine Library that can save youconsiderable programming time and development money.

Each library consists of more than 100 pretested and precompiled mathematical and statisticalsubroutines, supplied on disk as a linkable library and as source code. Each package includes 400-plus pages of documentation, providing you with extensive reference material, a listing of thesubroutine's source code, complete test programs and the results of running each test. TheSubroutines cover formulas for:

♦ General statistics

♦ Interpolations

♦ Function evaluations

♦ Probability

♦ Fourier analysis

♦ Systems of equations

♦ Analysis of variance

♦ Cross tabulations

♦ Solution of equations

♦ Regressions

♦ Differential equations

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♦ Matrices

♦ Roots of biquadratic equations

♦ and more

Just out, Professional FORTRAN! Coming Soon, MORE FORTRAN!

And now all the subroutines are available to those of you programming in ProfessionalFORTRAN. All that's required is IBM Professional FORTRAN or Ryan McFarland FORTRAN.On the way is MORE FORTRAN, which includes subroutines covering such areas as:

Analytical Geometry ♦ Vector Algebra ♦ Utility (including complex matrixmanipulation) ♦ Numerical Analysis (including fast Fourier transforms, and solutionto systems of non-linear equations) ♦ Assembler Service Routines—FORTRAN CALLS

LIBRARY

PRICE

REQUIREMENTS

FORTRAN Library

5175

Microsoft FORTRAN ver. 3.13 or later, or IBM 2.0

C Language Library

S175

hittice C Compiler ver. 2.12 or later

BASICA Library

S125

BASICA

Professional FORTRAN Library

S175

IBM Professional FORTRAN;Ryan McFarland FORTRAN

MORE FORTRAN Library

Call for Price

Microsoft FORTRAN ver. 3.2 or later;IBM Professional FORTRAN;PC DOS 2.0 or better

Developed by Peerless Engineering Service

To order, or for free literature, call: 212-850-6788

Or write: Wiley Professional SoftwareJohn Wiley & Sons. Inc.Leslie BLxel, Dept. B8605 Third Avenue, New York. NY 10158

Dealer Inquiries Invited.Educational site licenses available.

THE TECHNICAL SOFTWARE SOURCE

Inquiry 165

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 75

^29^ SOFTWARE!

POWERFUL

NEVADA

SOFTWARE FOR CPM-80

NEVADA

t )li%

COB

^^J Rev. 3.0. Based on ANSI-74 standards with powerful levelr?*T2 features, including compound conditionals & full CALL

^r CANCEL. A classroom favorite. Requires 32K RAM. Packageincludes diskette, 165-page manual, many examples & 16 com-plete COBOL source code programs. $29.95.COBOL Application Package, Book 1: $9.95.NEVADA

FORTRAN.

Based on ANSI-66 standards (FORTRAN IV) with some 1977level features. Advanced features include: IF..THEN...ELSEstatement; COPY (Include); CHAINing with COMMON: TRACEdebugging. Requires 48K RAM. Package includes diskette, 214-page manual, 5 sample programs & an 8080 assembler. $29.95.

NEVADA

EDIT

A full-screen, video-display text editor designed specifically forcomputer program text preparation. Completely user-changable,it can be configured to almost any terminal & takes only 12K diskspace. Requires 32K RAM. Package includes diskette & 59-pagemanual. $29.95.

NEVADA PASCAL" §WBS NOW $19.95!

Diskelte & 184-page manual. Requires 64K RAM & 2 disk driveswith at least 90K storage.

NEVADA BASIC" $29.95Diskette & 220-page manual. Requires 48K RAM.

NEVADA P I L 0 T™ $29.95

Diskette & 131-page manual with 10 sample programs. Requires 32K RAM.

B I G P R I N T™ DISKETTE $19.95Great lor making signs. Requires 132-print position printer.

POWERFUL

UTAH

SOFTWARE FOR PC-DOS/MS-DOS

UTAH

PASCAL

Has many advanced features including: 14 digit precision, BCDmath (no round-off errors), floating point +63 -64, TRACEdebugging, Arrays up to 8 dimensions, 64 strings, Externalprocedures & Dynamic Module loading. Requires 128K RAM.Package includes diskette & 134-page manual.£0MfS

NOW $19.95!UTAH

BASIC

Has advanced BASIC features such as full matrix operations,Single- & Multi-Line functions, BCD math (no round-off errors).And Utah BASIC has a built-in, full-screen text editor that makesprogramming a real pleasure. Requires 128K RAM. Packageincludes diskette & 220-page manual. $29.95.

UTAH

PILOT

Written by Prof. J. Starkweather, the language's creator, UtahPILOT exceeds all PILOT-73 standards. And it has an integratedfull-screen text editor for easy program development. Ideal forclassroom instruction, business training & home study. Requires128K RAM. Package includes diskette, 125-page manual & 10sample programs. $29.95.

UTAH EDIT'" $29.95Diskette & 55-page manual. Requires 128K RAM.

B I G P R I N T'" DISKETTE $19.95Great lor making signs. Requires 132-print position printer.

UTAH software requires 128K RAM (i.e., 90K user RAM) an IBM-PC, XT, AT, PCjr,or compatible (16-bit) micro with MS-DOS or PC-DOS Operating System, Rev. 2.0or higher.

NEVADA Software requires 32K RAM (unless otherwise indicated above), a CP/MOperating System & an 8080, 8085, or Z-80 (8-bit) processor.

SATISFACTION GUARANTEED! If for any reason you're not completely satisfied, just return the Nevada or Utah package within 15 days-in good condition,with the sealed diskette unopened-and we'll refund your money! There's absolutely no risk to you, so why wait?-order today! We welcome CO.D.s and(PLEASE NOTE: In-store prices are S39.95. Prices shown here are valid only by mail order with this coupon; offer expires Aug. 31,1984.)

NEVADA Please send me these NEVADA Software packages:

□ COBOL DFORTRAN DEDIT DPASCAL DBASIC DPILOT DBIGPRINT(Extra manuals-$14.95 each; diskettes alone-$19.95 each. Specify number & formats

of manuals and/or diskettes required.)

Please specify the diskette format you want:

□ 8" SSSD (Standard CP/M IBM 3740)

□ 5W Diskette for: GAccess/Actrix; DApple CPM; DDEC VT 180, or

□ Rainbow; D Epson QX-10; D Heath Hard Sector (Z-89), or □ Soft Sector (Z-90,Z-100); □ IBM-PC (requires Z-80, Baby Blue II Card); □ Kaypro DD (NCR);DMicropolis Mod II; DNEC PC 8001; □ North Star DD; □ Osborne SD;QSanyo 1000, 1050; DSuperbrain DD 3.X; DTelevideo; □ Xerox 820 SD.)

UTAH Please send me these UTAH Software packages (IBM-PC diskette):

□ PASCAL DBASIC □ PILOT DEDIT DBIGPRINT

(Extra manuals-$14.95 each; diskettes alone-$19.95 each. Specify number & formatsof manuals and/or diskettes required.)

o

Send your order to:

ELLIS COMPUTING, INC.

3917 Noriega Street, San Francisco, CA 94122

Phone (415) 753-0186

SINCE 1977

Send me software packages: TOTAL.

Other: extra manuals, extra diskettes,Nevada COBOL application Book 1, BIGPRINT: TOTAL.California residents add sales tax (6% or 6'/?%) .

Handling/shipping: add $5 for first package or manual, $2 each

additional. OVERSEAS: add $15 lor first package or manual,

$5 each additional.□ Check □ MasterCard DVISA

Checks must be in U.S. Dollars, drawn on a U.S. bankDC.OD. (add $4)

Enclosed: TOTAL_

CARD i

Exp..

SIGNATURE.

SHIP TO NAME.STREET

CITY STATE/ZIP

CP M is a Digital Research TM; MS is a Microsoft Corp TM. Apple II is an Apple Computer. Inc TM.Osborne is an Osoorne Computer Corp TM; Xerox 820 is a Xerox Corp TM. Kaypro is a Non-linearSys TM. Heath/Zenith Is a Heath Corp. TM. IBM Is an Inlernational Business Machines. Corp TM.Nevada BASIC, Nevada COBOL. Nevada FORTRAN, Nevada PILOT Nevada PASCAL, Nevada EDIT,Ulah BASIC, Ulah PASCAL, Ulah PILOT, Ulah EDIT. BIGPRINT 5 Ellis Compuling, Inc are Ellis Corn-puling TMs c 1985 Ellis Compuling, Inc

76 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

ASK BYTE

at most, and is clumsy.

Is it possible to speed things up byreplacing the 6502 chip with the new65816 in the Ataris, or would somethingmuch more extensive be necessary?

Also, I remember seeing an ad for theFastchip. a faster replacement for thefloating-point hardware chip for the Atari.That was a year or so ago. Are they stillavailable, and do you know where I mightget a couple?

John CockeTUcson, AZ

Replacing your 6502 with a faster chipis possible, but several hardware andfirmware changes are required that makeit uneconomical.

A less expensive approach is to use theFastchip. This chip will speed up applica-tions involving floating-point calculationsby as much as four times, according tothe manufacturer. A review of the Fast-chip appeared in the September 1982issue of Compute! magazine. The Fast-chip is available from Newell Industries,3340 Nottingham Lane, Piano, TX 75074.—Steve ■

Between Circuit Cellar Feedback, personal ques-tions, and Ask BYTE, 1 receive hundreds of letterseach month. As you might have noticed, at the endoj Ask BYTE 1 have listed my own paid staff. Weanswer many more letters than you see published,and it often takes a lot of research.

If you would like to share the knowledge you haveon microcomputer hardware with other BYTEreaders, joining the Circuit Cellar/Ask BYTE staffwould give you the opportunity. We're looking foradditional researchers to answer letters and gatherCircuit Cellar project material.

1/ you're interested, let us hear from you. Senda short letter describing your areas of interest andqualifications to Steve Garcia, POB 582, Glaston-bury. CT 06033.

IN ASK BYTE, Steve Garcia answers questions onany area of microcomputing. The most representativequestions received each month will be answered andpublished. Do you have a nagging problem? Sendyour inquiry to

Ask BYTE

do Steve Garcia

POB 582

Glastonbury. CT 06033Due to the high volume of inquiries, personal repliescannot be given. All letters and photographs becomethe property of Steve Garcia and cannot be returned.Be sure to include "Ask BYTE" in the address.

The Ask BYTE staff includes manager HarvWerner and researchers Bill Curlew, Larry Bregoli.Dick Sawyer. Robert Stek, and \eannette Dojan.

WAREHOUSE

DATAPRODUCTS

Se habla Espanol Call for programs not listed

Technical & Other Information (602) 246-2222TOLL FREE ORDER LINE 1-(800)-421-3135

SOFTWARE SPECIALS Au,h°rlZ8dSpBrrv""'"

Word Perfect $199 Supercalc III Ver. 2 ... $159 Crosstalk $95

Multimate $225 Nutshell $55 We stock over 300 IBM solt-

Knowledgeman $225 R Base 5000 $369 ware programs-call for pricing

FREE! PRINTER SET SOFTWARE

Purchase an Okidata, Epson, Gemini orToshiba printer and receive at no charge amenu driven program to set print character-istics or to make your computer function as acorrecting typewriter. Retail value $35.Available for most disk formats.

PRINTERS

CITIZEN

MSP-10 $299

MSP-15 Call

MSP-20 425

C-ITOH

F-10-55 1030

8510 Parallel (Pro-writer) 295

8510SEP 399

DAISYWRITER 2000 795

EPSON - Call on all modelsJUKI

Juki 6100 385

Juki 6300 685

Juki Tractors 129

NEC

3550 1009

8850 1349

P2 Parallel 525

P3 Parallel 725

OKIDATA - Call on all modelsPANASONIC

1091 .258

1092 Call

1093 515

KXP3151 455

SILVER REED

EXP 400P 235

EXP 500P 289

EXP 550P 399

EXP 770P 699

STAR MICRONICS

SG-10 235

SG-15 369

Call for prices on other modelsTOSHIBA

1340 549

P351 1164

AB PRINT SWITCH 75

COMPUTERS

IBM PC Call

Sperry PC Mono 1650

MOUSE SYSTEMS

PC Mouse w/Paintbrush 135

TERMINALS

Qume QVT-102 Green $448

WYSE 50 450

MICROSOFT

Bus. Mouse 120

Serial Mouse 129

MODEMS

Hayes 1200 389

Hayes 1200B 359

Hayes 2400 595

Anchor Mark XII 239

Anchor Express 274

Promodem 1200B 265

Promodem 1200 ^ 305

RAM

64K 150NS Chips (set of 9) 9.50

256K Ram Chips (set of 9) 35

BOARDS

AST Six Pack Plus W/384K 295

AST Advantage 395

Hercules Color Card 149

Hercules Graphics Board 295

Paradise Graphics Board 259

Paradise Five Pak w/64K 175

Quadram Board 199

Quadcolor I 179

Sigma Maximizer W/64K 189

512K Expansion Board W/128K 145

STB Graphics Chauffeur Board 255

STB Mono Board 155

TEC Mar Graphics Master 465

DISK DRIVES

Iomega Bernoulli 20 mg 2450

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10 mg External Hard Drive 825

33 mg External Hard Drive 1625

Teac 1/2 Ht. Drives 99

Turbo 10 Internal Drive 625

Turbo 20 Internal Drive 1010

MONITORS

AMDEK Call for price

Princeton HX-12 449

Princeton Max 12E 179

Taxan 425 399

Taxan 121 Green 125

Taxan 122 Amber 134

CP/M SOFTWARE

Call us for pricing on CP/M Software!Programs like Multiplan, WordstarPropack, Fortran, Move-It, Crosstalk andmore!

TERMS: Prices include 3% cash discount. Add 3% for charge orders. Shipping on most items$5.00. AZ orders +6% Sales Tax. Personal check, allow ten (10) days to clear. Prices subject tochange.

Inquiry 335

TOLL-FREE ORDER LINE 1-800-421-3135

WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS

2701 West Glendale Ave., Suite 6

Phoenix, AZ 85021

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 77

Mvhowprinters

MOST

PRINTERS

HAVE BEEN RUNNINGLONGER THAN MOSTPRINTER COMPANIES.

In this age of ram-pant office automa-tion, Epson" printersseem to be one of thefew things that neverbreak down. This reli-able, worry-free per-formance has been

characteristic of Epsonever since we devel-oped the first low-costprinter 20 years ago.No other printer orprinter company comesclose to such proven,long-term reliability.

Which is why mostof our printers havebeen operating longerthan most printercompanies. And willprobably continueworking after many ofthem have stopped.

FullCompaiManagi

[TyWth

5TS.

Not all printers work,-with all computers. 'Or all software.

This incompatibil-ity can be avoided ifyou're just matchingone printer to onecomputer. But itcan cause real prob-lems if you everwant the flexibilityto hook that printerup to a differentcomputer.

m

;. Since Epson is thei world standard for-printers, virtually allmaj or hardware andsoftware is designedto work with ourprinters. From IBM" tothe newest name on themarket—which meansyou can be sure you'll beable to put your Epson; printer to use wheret-you need it, whenSyou need it.

NO

For most people,reading a printermanual is like hardlabor. But it's im-portant if you wantto get the most outof your printer.WeVe been work-ing to make ourmanuals as userfriendly as ourprinters.

most'SCpiforgettableprinteryoueverbought

The main reason cor-porate MIS departmentsthink so much of Epsonprinters is that once they'rebought, they rarely have togive them another thought.With an estimated 5 mil-lion lines between failures.And 100 million charactersbetween new print heads.

They're easy to use,many with simple push-button typestyle controls,so you won't be hearingthose complaints or fran-tic calls for help.

The ribbon cartridge isvery easy to put in andtake out. No muss. No engi-neering degree required.

And Epson printers arefamous for being able totake those odd little bumpsand crashing falls thatrender other equipmentuseless.

As for our full yearwarranty well it's reas-suring to have. But nobodyseems to need it.

78 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Epsondo go on...

&

for

readers

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 79

BYTE

Features

The Amiga Personal Computer

by Gregg Williams. Ion Edwards, andPhillip Robinson

83

Garcias Circuit Cellar: Build

the BASIC-52 Computer/Controller

by Steve Garcia 104

The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board.Part I: The Hardware

by Trevor G. Marshall, George Scolaro. David L.Rand. Tom King, and Vincent P. Williams. . 120

Programming Project: Context-FreeParsing of Arithmetic Expressions

by Jonathan Amsterdam 138

IN EARLY 1984, officials from a start-up company called Amiga showed jour-nalists prototypes of a new personal computer. The prototypes used a Sage68000-based machine as a CPU. Big steel boxes performed the special graphicsand sound functions that Amiga planned to implement in silicon. The graphicswere spectacular—fast enough to support animation. The audio output notonly produced music but used stereo to enhance animation. Sound shiftedfrom the right speaker to the left as a ball bounced across the screen. Everyonewondered if Amiga could really reduce all the power in the prototypes to siliconchips.

Late in 1984 and early in 1985, venture capital firms became wary of newentries in the crowded personal computer market increasingly dominated byIBM. Serious doubt arose about whether Amiga would be able to get capitalto manufacture its machine. Many of us feared that the exciting machine wehad seen in prototype would never become a product. We were delightedwhen Commodore acquired Amiga and saved this technically outstandingmachine from oblivion. Gregg Williams, Ion Edwards, and Phillip Robinsongive an in-depth look at the technology that makes the Amiga the most ad-vanced and innovative personal computer today.

Steve Ciarcia's Z8 controllers are running all sorts of devices throughoutthe world. This month, Steve introduces a new controller that is bus-compatiblewith his Z8 products. The BASIC-52 computer/controller has an 8K BASIC inROM and so is easy to program. Steve will be developing applications forthe BASIC-52 in the months ahead.

BYTE's readers appreciate the 32032 microprocessor from National Semicon-ductor because of its outstanding architecture and its raw power. Those whowant to buy a complete 32032 system can now get systems such as the EliteComputer Systems Expert 32 (see What's New, May, page 464). Those readerswho want to move a 32032 into an existing box can complete the DSI-32 32032coprocessor board for the IBM PC described in this issue. Five authors fromDefinicon Systems tell about the hardware and software that will give manyof us our first taste of 32-bit microcomputing.

The August Programming Project lists Pascal code that can do context-freeparsing of arithmetic instructions, which converts them to executable form.The code generates what amounts to a Tl-style calculator. In the process ofbuilding the calculator in software, you learn a lot about the roots of the parserin linguistic theory of context-free grammars. Jonathan Amsterdam wrote theparser in highly portable Pascal code.

AUGUST 1985

IYTE 81

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82 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 285

by Gregg Williams, Jon Edwards, and Phillip Robinson

BYTE 83

IN BRIEF

Name

Amiga Personal Computer

Manufacturer

Commodore International1200 Wilson Dr.West Chester, PA 19380(215) 431-9100

Price

$1295

Microprocessor

Motorola 68000, a 32-/16-bit microprocessor (32-bit internal data path andregisters, 16-bit external data bus) running at 7.15909 MHz

Main Memory

256K bytes dynamic RAM, user-expandable to 512K bytes;machine's design allows for maximum of 8.5 megabytes

ROM

192K bytes of ROM containing multitasking, graphics, sound,and animation support routines

Graphics

Five modes (320 by 200 pixels, 32 colors; 320 by 400, 32 colors; 640by 200, 16 colors; 640 by 400, 16 colors; sample-and-hold mode);independent horizontal and vertical scrolling of dual playfields;eight hardware sprites; colors chosen from a palette of 4096 colors

Sound

Four independent audio channels; sound produced without supervisionof 68000

Floppy Disk

Built-in 31/2-inch double-sided disk drive. Disks hold 880K bytes

in 160 tracks, each with eleven 512-byte sectors; drive hardware can read

an entire track at a time

Keyboard

Detached 89-key keyboard with calculator pad, function and cursor keys;keyboard returns row/column keycodes for each key, sends both key-up andkey-down signals; can sense up to two keys simultaneously;8-key type-ahead buffer

Expansion Ports

Disk port onto which three additional disk drives can connect via daisy chain;serial port with maximum transfer rate of 500,000 bps;programmable parallel port normally configured as Centronics-compatible;expansion bus includes full set of signals for optional peripherals andmemory expansion

User Interface (Intuition)

Supports multitasking through the use of virtual terminals; allows simultaneousdisplay of different resolutions and graphics modes

Bundled Software

AmigaDOS

Voice Synthesis Library

ABasiC

Tutorial (Mindscape)

Kaleidoscope (Electronic Arts)

Audio and Video Ports

Two stereo audio jacks; RGB analog, RGB digital, and NTSC compositeoutput

Miscellaneous

Three custom chips to control graphics, audio, and peripheral I/O; chipsconnected by 19-bit register-address bus; two-button mechanical mouse

Optional Peripherals

3V2-inch 880K-byte disk drive; RGB analog color monitor; 256K-byte memoryexpansion module; 300/1200-bps modem; MIDI interface; frame grabber

THE AMIGA

not coincidentally, people want Appleto increase the Mac's speed, addcolor, and lower its price.

Commodore has just introduced acomputer that promises these im-provements, and it does so by doingmany things in hardware. At $1295,the Amiga Personal Computer (seephoto 1) promises lightning-fastdesktop-metaphor graphics in colorand twice as much memory and diskstorage as the Macintosh for severalhundred dollars less than the Macin-tosh (about $900, but you'll have tobuy a monitor or television set for theAmiga). It also has an expansion busand a whopping I92K bytes of so-phisticated 68000 code in ROM (read-only memory) that extends the multi-tasking, graphics, sound, and anima-tion capabilities of the Amigahardware.

System Description

The Amiga is summarized in the InBrief section on this page. It has noslots for expansion cards, but Com-modore later intends to offer a boxthat connects to the expansion con-nector to add several expansion slots.(It is theoretically possible to add 8megabytes of memory in this way.)The Amiga's disk operating systemwill also be able to look at the expan-sion box, determine what peripheralsare present, and configure itself ac-cordingly, regardless of the box'scontents.

System Architecture

The Amiga has a unique architecturethat is only partially described by afunctional block diagram (see figure1). Three custom chips relieve the68000 processor of many tasks thattie it down in other computers. How-ever, the diagram does not show thefinely tuned sharing of the system'sdata and address buses, the 2 5 DMA

Gregg Williams is a senior technical editor atBYTE, and )on Edwards is a technical editor.They can be reached at BYTE. POB 372.Hancock, NH 03449. Phillip Robinson isa West Coast senior technical editor at BYTE.Y\e can be reached at BYTE Magazine. 425Battery St., San Francisco. CA 94111.

84 BYTE- AUGUST

THE AMIGA

(direct memory access) channels thatdo many data-movement-intensiveoperations without tying up the68000, or the multiprocessingroutines in ROM that allow the Amigato orchestrate a variety of tasks. In thefollowing sections we will look at thekey elements of the Amiga's systemarchitecture.

The Custom Chips

The three custom chips that controlDMA, graphics, sound, and I/O (input/output) (see photo 2) were designedby Jay Miner, who is best known forhis design of the custom chips in theAtari 800 series computers. Althoughwe will discuss them in depth by func-tion, here is a simple breakdown:

• The "animation custom chip" actual-ly contains several miscellaneousfunctions. It is the "traffic cop" thatcontrols DMA. It contains the Copper,a coprocessor that can directly con-trol the other chips in relation to thevideo beam, and the Blitter, a devicethat quickly draws lines, fills areas witha given color, and manipulates rec-tangular blocks of pixels.

• The graphics custom chip, whichmanipulates the visible display, per-mits up to two independent bit-mapped images and eight sprites(which are images that can be movedeasily around the screen, "under" or"on top of" the bit-mapped images).

• The peripherals/sound custom chipcontains four channels of sound, thedisk controller, an interrupt controller,and the interfaces for the serial portand the mouse/joystick port.

Interrupts and DMA

In the Amiga, all the peripherals areinterrupt-driven—that is, the 68000 isnot tied up constantly polling them tosee if they have new data; instead, the68000 gets data from the peripheralonly when the peripheral sends an in-terrupt signal. The peripherals/soundchip receives interrupt-request signalsfrom one of 15 sources (e.g., the diskdrive or a sound channel), translatesthe request to one of six interruptlevels supported by the 68000 (theseventh is reserved for future use),and sends the interrupt signal to the68000.The 68000 shares the address and

data buses with 2 5 channels of DMA,the registers and logic of which residein the custom chips. Amiga's DMA isfast for two reasons: first, the fact thateach device has its own DMA chan-nel decreases the overhead asso-ciated with a DMA operation; second,many DMA operations are interleavedwith 68000 bus access in a way thatmakes the DMA transparent to the68000 (see below for details).

When DMA occurs between mem-ory- and custom-chip registers, theuse of the 19-bit register-address bus(see figure I) makes the transfer twiceas fast. By putting the memory ad-dress on the address bus and theregister address on the register-address bus, the DMA circuitry causesthe data value to move directly fromthe memory address to the register.This occurs twice as fast as DMAwould via the 68000, which wouldfirst read the data into itself and thenwrite the result to the register.

Libraries and Devices

System software (much of it in the192 K bytes of ROM) contains libraries,

{continued)

-RGB-COMPOSITE VIDEO

GAME I/OPRINTER PORTKEYBOARD SERIAL INPUT

READ-ONLYMEMORY192K BYTES

TV SYNCSIGNALS

RFMODULATOR

I/O AUDIO

PARALLEL I/O( 2 CHIPS)

7^

INTERRUPT BUSj

MICROPROCESSOR

ANIMATIONCUSTOM CHIP

~2)

\ MULT

I » (1 CH

REGISTERADDRESS

IPLEXING \r~\

IP)

ADDRESS BUS

IL

GRAPHICSCUSTOM CHIP

: -.REGISTER ADDRESS BUS;;™;:

ADDRESS

multiplexing13 chips:

PERIPHERALS/SOUNDCUSTOM CHIP

RAM DATA BUS

m

CHIP MEMORY

256K BYTES STANDARD

256K BYTES ADD-ON

BUS CONTROL(6 CHIPS)

_JJ

DATA

MULTIPLEXING(4 CHIPS)

Figure I: A block diagram of the Amiga Personal Computer.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 85

Composite

video out

Connector

to RF modulator

Audio out

Parallelinterface

Keyboardconnector

256Kdynamic RAM

Animationcustom chip

Graphicscustom chip

Display

bus arbitration,RAM support,and bus drivers

68000processor

Locationsfor ROMs

Photo 2: The Amiga motherboard. The internal disk drive, which has been removed, would normally obscure the lower right cornerof the motherboard. The power supply [not shown) is to the left of the motherboard.

86 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

THE AMIGA

a predefined way of organizing usefulroutines so that they can be accessedwith maximum flexibility. Librariescan be resident or transient and canbe used at any memory address(when they're in RAM [random-accessread/write memory]). Both routinesand data can always be called via a68000 indirect reference with offset;this allows you to write code using alibrary routine without knowing thatlibrary's address at compile time. (Infact, all the code in the system can bereferenced knowing only one fixedaddress in the machine, and even thataddress is supplied to any machinethat needs it.) A device is an extensionof the library concept that allows soft-ware to access I/O devices (both pres-ent and future) in a uniform way.

The Exec Routines

The Exec system is a collection ofreentrant optimized 68000 ROMroutines that perform many functionsvital to the operation of the Amiga.It includes routines that create andmanipulate lists and queues, scheduletasks by priority handle interrupts,organize device I/O, control memoryuse, and perform other functions.

An important data structure in theAmiga is the list node. The list node isa block of data with pointers to thepredecessor and successor nodes inthe list it's in, two 8-bit type and priori-ty fields, and an associated block ofdata. A list is a doubly linked chain oflist nodes and items, started by aheader that points to the first and lastnodes. Exec contains several routinesthat let you do things like create a newlist, insert a list item into its properplace in a queue, and remove a nodefrom a list.

Another important set of routinesallows you to manipulate tasks. A taskis a unit of work that shares the Amigawith other tasks in a way that varieswith both the type and priority of thetask. (All the current tasks are held ina queue and are executed by decreas-ing priority.) Most programs and oper-ations reside in the Amiga as tasks.

The task priority field, which con-tains a number between -128 and127, determines the order in which

T,

he Exec routinesperform manyfunctions vitalto the operationof the Amiga.

tasks will execute. Tasks with identicalnumbers share the Amiga in timeslices of preselected duration. A taskwith higher priority preempts the cur-rent task and begins executing.Because the system saves a task'sstates, registers, and stack area, a taskcan resume at any time. More impor-tant, programmers do not have tomake allowances for other tasks thatmay be running concurrently—while atask is active, it "thinks" that it has fullunrestricted access to the 68000.

Sharing the System Bus

Consider that the Amiga can simulta-neously read the disk, play four chan-nels of audio, and show 16-color low-resolution bit-plane graphics andeight sprites with virtually no slow-down of the 68000 processor. This ispossible largely because of the wayvarious subsystems share the bus.

The Amiga's 68000 runs at 7.15909MHz, while its memory runs at twicethat speed. Most of the instructionsin the 68000 alternate between usingthe bus and doing internal calculation.In this situation, the memory can runat its top speed and still leave everyother bus cycle free.

The bus sharing takes place in sub-divisions of the time the electron guntakes to draw one line of pixels anddo a horizontal retrace, approximately63 microseconds (/us). This dividesinto approximately 226 memory-access cycles of 280 nanoseconds (ns)each. The Copper, Blitter, and 68000access memory on the even cycles (0,2, 4,. . .); the odd cycles (1, 3, 5,. . .)are reserved for four cycles of mem-ory-refresh DMA, three cycles of diskDMA. four cycles of audio DMA(enough for four channels), 16 cyclesof sprite DMA (enough for eightsprites), and 80 cycles of bit-plane

DMA (enough to show a 16-color low-resolution image). The DMA circuitson each chip "know" when their slotsoccur on each horizontal line andautomatically initiate the DMA trans-fer without involving the 68000.

In many cases, the Copper and theBlitter aren't active, leaving the 68000running at full speed. (Actually, someinstructions need the bus at oddtimes; if the bus isn't available, the68000 will insert wait states until thebus-arbitration PAL |programmed-array logic chip] signals that the busis free by asserting the 68000's DTACKline. This happens more frequently asthe custom chips demand more of thebus's cycles.)

Several things modify this bus shar-ing. If.you use more than four bitplanes of low-resolution display, ormore than two high-resolution bitplanes, the bit-plane DMA will stealsome memory cycles from the 68000.Both the Copper and the Blitter havehigher priority than the 68000 andwill get the cycles they need first. Ifthe Blitter senses a memory-bus re-quest by the 68000, it will halt withina few cycles to let the 68000 use thebus; then it will again take over thebus and continue. This gives the68000 some cycles even when theBlitter is running. If you set an inter-nal "Blitter priority" bit, however, theBlitter steals all the cycles it needsfrom the 68000. Even this is not asbad as it sounds; whenever any of theabove items steals cycles, it still per-forms its function faster and more ef-ficiently than the 68000 could have.

Multitasking

The Amiga is multitasking—that is, itcan work on more than one thing ata time. At a low level, for example, thismeans that the Amiga can movesprites, read from the disk, and playmusic at the same time. At higherlevels, several programs can run si-multaneously in overlapping windows.The Amiga's multitasking abilitycomes from several features we'vealready discussed: the interrupt struc-ture and the Exec multitasking rou-tines in ROM. Interrupts, which are

{continued)

AUGUST 1985

I YT E 87

THE AMIGA

routed through and prioritized by theperipherals/sound chip, initiate taskswitching. For example, when a pe-ripheral signals its need to do I/O, theinterrupt goes through the periph-erals/sound chip and causes the pe-ripheral's interrupt routine to execute(assuming that no interrupt of higherpriority is running). The interruptroutine either handles the peripheral'sneed immediately or notifies a task todo so, then the routine ends. In bothcases, the Amiga then calls the taskrescheduler, which ensures that the

appropriate task has the chance touse the system.

The Copper

The Copper is a coprocessor insidethe animation chip that runs its ownprogram. The execution of this pro-gram is tied to the progress of theelectron beam as it draws the videodisplay. Because of this capability, theCopper is most often used to controlthe graphics and sound parts of thecustom chips, thus relieving the 68000of the same task. The Copper reads

ADDRES(HEXAD

000000040000080000

200000

AOOOOO

BFDOOOC00OOO

DFFOOOEOOOOO

E80000

FOOOOO

FDOOOO

S

ECIMAL)

•« 256K OF CHIP RAM

(RAM FOR STANDARD MACHINE)

^256K OF CHIP RAM

(OPTIONAL PLUG-IN MEMORY)

-. 12K RESERVED AS ADDRESS SPACE

FOR TWO 8520 SERIAL I/O CHIPS( ADDRESSED AT BFDOFF ANDBFEOFE HEXADECIMAL)

"■ CUSTOM CHIPS ARE ADDRESSED

IN THIS 4K SPACE

^192K OF SYSTEM ROM

1.5 MEGABYTES-RESERVED

8 MEGABYTES RESERVEDFOR FUTURE USE AS PROCESSORRAM AND PERIPHERALS(LOCATED IN EXPANSION BOX)

1.988 MEGABYTES-RESERVED

0.996 MEGABYTE-RESERVED

512K-RESERVED

512K CONTROL AREA FORCONFIGURATION OF EXPANSION AREA

832K-RESERVED

TOTAL WORKSPACE IS 16 MEGABYTES

Figure 2: The Amiga memory map.

its instructions from memory and usesDMA to write from its program (inmemory) to the registers in itself andthe other two custom chips. (Accord-ing to Jay Miner, this is not so strangeif you look at the three chips as "onebig custom chip.")

The Copper's instruction set hasonly three instruction types: move im-mediate data to a register, wait untilthe electron beam passes a givenposition, and skip past the next in-struction if the electron beam is pasta given location. The beam-positionvalues are accurate to the exact linevertically and to 4 low-resolutionpixels (or 8 high-resolution pixels)horizontally.

The Copper's versatility can be ex-tended by clever use of its registers.For example, you can get the Copperto jump to a given instruction by caus-ing the new address to be placed inthe Copper's internal "programcounter." By setting bit 15 of the IN-TREQ (interrupt request) register, theCopper can cause a level-6 interrupt,which should lead to a more complex68000 routine that will service thesituation that caused the interrupt.

One important aspect of the Cop-per is that, while it is waiting for theelectron beam, it is off the system busand does not tie up any resources.This is in contrast to many systemsthat tie up their processors whilewaiting for a given beam position.Because of the Copper, the 68000 isnever tied up for several millisecondswaiting for a display-related event.

The Copper can handle many basicsystem functions without the interven-tion of the 68000. For example, it canrefresh certain bit-plane and spritevalues that must be restored at thebeginning of each frame. It can alsochange the color palette in mid-screen (giving you more than 32colors on the screen), change thegraphics mode (saving memory), andupdate the display memory withoutglitches by changing an image after theelectron beam has drawn it for thecurrent frame.

The Copper programs give the max-imum amount of control over thevideo display and events of that

88 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

THE AMIGA

periodicity, but most programmerswill not create them directly. Many ofthe ROM routines that accomplishhigh-level tasks manipulate Copperprograms to get their work done.

Memory Space

The first 512K bytes of memory iscalled the chip memory (see figure 2 fora memory map). Any function per-formed by the custom chips—bit-plane and sprite images, Copper pro-grams, and other data (coveredbelow)—must be in this memory area.Of course, in the standard 2 56K-byteAmiga (or the expanded 512K-byteversion), the chip memory is alsoused for everything else a computerneeds RAM for. Commodore/Amigamay announce an expansion box ata later date that can accommodatevarious peripheral cards and up to 8continuous megabytes of memory.Normal programs and data should beplaced there, leaving the displaymemory free for its specialized uses.

Graphics

The Amiga's graphics are, in a word,breathtaking—in both their qualityand their speed. The machine's majorgraphic components are the playfield.the sprites, the Blitter, and the anima-tion and text routines.

The Playfield

A bit map is an area of memory thatthe computer interprets as a rec-tangular array of pixels (dots); mostcomputers have some bit-mappedgraphics capability. Many machinesform different colored pixels bygrouping two or more adjacent bits inthe bit map. The Amiga, however,uses only one bit per pixel in its bitmap (this is called a bit plane) and"stacks" separate bit planes togetherto get different colors (see figure 3).(The colors available are not "hard-wired" into the machine but are speci-fied in a color-register table, also knownas a color palette.) An image created bymultiple bit planes is called a raster.The playfield is the bit-mapped graph-ics display that comprises most of theAmiga's video display.The Amiga can stack up to five bit

FIVE BIT PLANES

VIDEO DISPLAY

|1 1

0

0

1

o 1

U 1 1

1

]

0

1 8888°

|o o o o

0

0

0

|l 0 0 0 1

1

1

1 ocy

ioooii

1

10 0 10 01110 0 0

0

BRIGHT PINKPIXEL

INDEX FORCOLOR OFPIXEL

^•^o^^

J| ( = 3 HEXADECIMAL)

0

000 TRANSPARENT

\ 1

3D2 MEDIUM GREEN

\. 2

7D6 LIGHT GREEN

S"~-*3

D88 BRIGHT PINK —-

IE

AAA LIGHT GRAY

IF

333 DARK GRAY

INDEX VALUE MEANING(HEXADECIMAL)

COLOR REGISTER TABLE

Figure 3: Amiga playfield graphics. The bits from a given position in each bit planecombine to create an index into the color-register table. The selected entry in the color-register table determines the color of the pixel.

planes to get a maximum of 32 colors.The color-register table contains12-bit values that can specify any of4096 different colors. Therefore, theAmiga can draw images that use any32 of these 4096 colors.

The Amiga has five bit-mapped res-olutions. Four of them come from twohorizontal resolutions (320 pixels perline, low resolution, and 640 pixelsper line, high resolution) times twovertical resolutions (200 visible linesper screen, noninterlaced frame, dis-played every 1/60 second, and 400visible lines per screen, interlacedframe, displayed in two passes every1/30 second). These can take any-where from a minimum of 4000 bytes(for a 320- by 200-pixel image) to32,000 bytes (for a 640- by 400-pixelimage). Photo 3 shows an example ofthe 320 by 200 mode.

The fifth mode, called hold-and-modify.uses six bit planes in a way that cansimultaneously display all 4096 colorson screen. In this mode, the top 2 bitsof a pixel control the interpretation ofthe bottom 4 bits, which may repre-

sent either a color-register table valuefor that pixel or a modification to onecomponent of the previous pixel'scolor. Using hold-and-modify, you candisplay all 4096 colors on an analogRGB (red-green-blue) color monitor.

A playfield image can be muchlarger, both horizontally and vertical-ly, than the screen area used to dis-play it. By manipulating severalregister values, you can scroll animage horizontally, vertically, or both,with very little effort. (When the totalimage is wider than its displayed part,the last pixel on one line and the firstpixel on the next are not adjacent andare separated by a fixed number ofbytes. The Amiga makes use of moduloregisters to make the manipulation oftwo such bytes as fast and as simpleas if they were contiguous.)

Another display option is called thedual-playfield mode. When you use thismode, up to six bit planes are dividedinto two separate images of up tothree bit planes each, with one imagehaving priority over the other. This

{continued)

AUGUST 1985

(9

THE AMIGA

often simplifies complex graphic dis-plays. For example, to simulate the ef-fect of looking at a landscape throughbinoculars, you can scroll a wide land-scape playfield "underneath" a sta-tionary playfield that is all black ex-

cept for a transparent area that letsthe lower playfield show through.

Sprites

A sprite is a small bit-mapped imagethat can be repositioned simply by re-

Photo 3: Robocity. an example of Amiga graphics in the 320- by 200-pixel32-color mode.

Photo 4: The Workbench display. This is an example of the 640 by 200 mode.

defining the horizontal and verticalvalues for its upper left corner; spritesare independent of the playfield andappear to be over or under eachother and the playfield(s) according toa specified priority.

The Amiga has eight hardwaresprites, each of which can have threecolors (sprites are two bit planesdeep, and each 2-bit pixel translatesto three colors plus transparency).Amiga sprites are 16 low-resolutionpixels wide by any height. Each pairof sprites shares a different three-color color-register table (for example,sprites 0 and 1 share color registers17, 18, and 19. sprites 2 and 3 share21, 22, and 23), allowing the eightsprites to use up to 12 colors. Adja-cent sprites (0 and 1, for example) canbe attached, meaning that their four bitplanes are combined; an attachedsprite pair can then use color registers17 through 31 to display up to 15colors.

As happens often in the Amiga,complexity underlies apparent simpli-city. A sprite is actually a 16-bit valuewith a specified horizontal displace-ment for the current line of the videodisplay. In manual mode, you areresponsible for creating the sprite'simage on a line-by-line basis (few peo-ple will use this mode directly). Inautomatic mode, however, you activatethe sprite's DMA circuitry, which looksto a data structure that contains theline-by-line position and shape of thesprite and draws it automatically. Inaddition, you can redefine the spriteindefinitely while the electron beamcreates the video display. The spriteDMA circuitry accepts a list of spriteposition and shape-definition wordsand draws them as long as the bot-tom line of one occurrence and thetop line of the next are separated byat least one video line (note that thisis without intervention of the Copper).

The Blitter

The Blitter is an area of the animationchip that controls a DMA channel de-dicated to drawing lines and manipu-lating rectangular areas of the play-field. Its name comes from an earlier

{continued)

90 BYTE- AUGUST

The mostBASIC

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THE AMIGA

term, bit-bit. which means "bit-mappedblock transfer." Miner calls it a Bimmer,for "bit-mapped image manipulator,"because of its extended capabilities,but "Blitter" is used exclusively in theAmiga's documentation.

When manipulating blocks of animage, the Blitter (when properly setup) takes care of a number of "house-keeping" tasks that, in other com-puters, tie up a lot of the processor'stime. These include: masking out thebits just outside the image that belongto the same memory word as thedesired bits; shifting the image severalbits horizontally to match the wordalignment of the destination; and fill-ing an area bounded on the left andright by two nonhorizontal single-pixellines (this is the basis of its area-fillcapability).

The Blitter distinguishes itself fromother bit-bit devices by its ability tocombine up to three source areas inone of 2 56 ways to become the des-tination area. (If we call the sourcesA, B, and C and their inverses A, B,and C, these ^combine in eight

ways: ABC, ABC, ABC ABC.

There are 2 56 possible combinationsof these eight terms.)

When being used to draw lines, theBlitter can draw lines as Is, Os, or aspecified pattern; it can also drawsingle-bit-wide lines, which areneeded to bound an area to be filled.

In both its line-drawing and area-manipulating operations, the Blittermust have a moderate amount of"housekeeping" calculations donefirst. Given the speed and simplicityof the resulting operation, the setupcalculations are not an unreasonableoverhead; however, you can deal withthe Blitter on a higher level usingsome graphics routines in ROM.

Animation Routines

The animation routines that are partof the Amiga's ROM form the basis forthe most sophisticated color anima-tion the personal computer markethas ever seen. One of the demonstra-tions we saw, Robocity, showed fivecartoon characters roaming across thescreen. The resolution was verygood—only when you looked closely

T,

he basic

element in the

animation subroutine

is the GEL,

a graphics

element.

could you see the "jaggies" thatproved you weren't looking at a hand-drawn cartoon.

Animation is accomplished througha few subroutine calls that draw alinked list of things needing to beanimated. The basic element in theanimation subsystem is the GEL, orgraphics element. There are fourtypes of GELs: VSprites, BOBs, Anim-Comps, and AnimObjs.

VSprite stands for "virtual sprite." AVSprite is a data structure in memory,closely tied to a hardware sprite, thatis managed by the animation routines.By letting the routines manage themapping of VSprites to hardwaresprites, you can (with some limita-tions) define more than eight VSpritesand let the routines keep track of thedetails automatically. VSprites canalso be clipped to display themselvesonly within a certain horizontal sliceof the display.

BOB stands for "Blitter object." ABOB is an image that acts like a sprite,but the animation routines use theBlitter to "paste" the image onto theplayfield and (optionally) restore theimage that was "underneath" theBOB. A BOB is defined by the com-bination of a BOB data structure anda VSprite data structure, both ofwhich point to each other. One advan-tage of a BOB over a VSprite is thata BOB is drawn into a playfield—thismeans it can be of any width and itcan have as many colors as the play-field (up to 32). BOBs can also beclipped to appear only in a certainrectangular window.

An AnimComp is an animation com-ponent, one part of an AnimObj, ananimation object. If your AnimObj isa figure of a man walking, its Anim-

Comps will probably include BOBs fora torso, a head, two arms, and twolegs. Each AnimComp includesseveral views of the same object (e.g.,arm bent, arm straight) with an asso-ciated time that must elapse beforeprogressing from one view to thenext. Once all this is assembled,repeated calls to the Animate routinesubstitute new views (as determinedby their timer constants) into thelinked list of GELs before drawing theitems in the list.

You can do sequenced drawing animationby specifying a series of views thatdescribe a repeated motion and byspecifying an offset to add to the ob-ject's position each time the routinescycle from the last view to the first. Forexample, take the example of a catwalking two steps to the right in sixviews so that view 1 appears naturalwhen it is shown after view 6. Byspecifying the correct horizontal off-set to the right (which gets addedevery time the image cycles back toview 1), the Animate routine will auto-matically draw the six views in the cor-rect order and position to make thecat appear to walk across the entirewidth of the screen.

Alternatively, you can have theAnimate routine do motion-controi anima-tion, in which the next position of aBOB is automatically calculated fromits current position and four x- and u-axis velocity and acceleration values.(You can also do this with a "ring" ofBOB views that cycle as in sequenceddrawing animation.)

Another routine, DoCollision, detectstwo types of collisions, GEL-to-GELcollisions and boundary collisions(collisions of GELs with rectangularboundary windows); the routine thenexecutes a given collision-handlingroutine from a table of 16 possibleroutines. GELs can be coded so thatonly certain types of collisionsregister (useful in a game, for exam-ple, to detect missile-target collisionsbut not missile-missile collisions).

Text

The Amiga treats text as a specialkind of graphics. Fonts are described

[continued)

92 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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THE AMIGA

by a Text Font (TF) data structure thatallows the creation of either mono-spaced or proportional characters ofany height. To save room with largerfonts, a font may define anywhere be-tween 1 and 2 55 characters. Twofonts, Topaz 8 and Topaz 9, are in theAmiga ROM. The first gives 40 char-acters per line in normal resolution.80 in high resolution; the secondgives 30 and 60 characters per line,respectively. Additional fonts may beloaded into and removed from RAMas needed.

The Amiga uses the ROM routineTxWrite to draw a given message toa given location. The text can bedrawn in one of two user-definable"pen" colors and in one of three draw-ing modes: |AM1, an overstrike mode;JAM2, a mode that draws both thecharacter in one color and the "whitespace" behind it in another; and Com-plement, which inverts every pixelthat corresponds to a pixel of thecharacter being drawn.

As in the Apple Macintosh, fontsmay be modified by combining any ofseveral styles: underline, italic,boldface, and extended. However,unlike the Macintosh, the Amiga text-drawing routine looks for a separate-ly defined font that contains theneeded style(s). If this fails, a futurerevision of the text-drawing routinemay try to modify the existing "nor-mal" version of the font (this is theonly way of achieving font styles inthe Macintosh).

Audio Hardware

The Amiga includes four hardwarechannels of sound that are largelycontrolled by DMA circuitry, indepen-dent of the 68000. Audio-controllingroutines in part of the Amiga's ROMextend these capabilities, allowingyou to work with the Amiga's soundcapabilities at a higher conceptuallevel and to manipulate the soundchannels "on the fly" without "glitch-ing" the output.

The four channels of sound, num-bered 0 through 3, are converted toanalog signals, filtered through a low-pass filter, and mixed into twoseparate output signals, one combin-

R

onts may be

modified by any

combination of

several styles:

underline, italic,

boldface, and extended.

ing channels 0 and 3, the other, chan-nels 1 and 2. The filter begins to at-tenuate frequencies between 5.5 kHzand 7.5 kHz and effectively eliminatesany higher frequencies. This elimi-nates much aliasing, which is distortionthat occurs when a signal that wassampled too infrequently is playedback.

The sound channels can be con-trolled directly by the 68000, whichgives you complete control over thesound but keeps the 68000 from do-ing other work. In most cases, you canget the sound you need by letting theDMA channels produce the soundfrom a table of values (called a soundtable) that describe one or more cyclesof the needed waveform.

In the Amiga, each audio DMAchannel includes registers that givethe channel's loudness, point to a16-bit-wide table of sound-table bytes(the values are fetched a word at atime and must be stored on even byteboundaries), and establish the timethat must elapse before the nextsound byte is sent out. This last is aperiod register, which contains a valuethat is decremented every 279 ns; thenext value from the sound table issent out when the counter reacheszero, and the register is reset to itsoriginal value. When the pointer tothe sound table reaches its last value,the pointer is reset to the start of thetable. In this way. the audio channelcontinues to produce the given wave-form without supervision until it is ex-plicitly turned off.

Sound channels 0 through 2 can beattached to the channels directly abovethem to modulate the output of thehigher channel. When a channel is at-tached, the 16-bit words that make up

its sound table are not interpreted astwo 8-bit sound values. Instead, thedata words are interpreted as volumeor period values for the current valuein the channel being modulated (i.e.,the volume value will determine thecurrent loudness of the channel, andthe period value determines howmuch time passes before the channelsends out the next value in its soundtable). You can manipulate thesevalues to cause either amplitudemodulation, frequency modulation, orboth.

Audio Software

The ROM contains three kinds of rou-tines. The first, channel-allocation rou-tines, allow you to allocate, use. anddiscard a channel without keepingtrack of which channel it is. If you havemore than four "virtual" channelsopen, the four with the highest priori-ties are mapped to actual hardwareaudio channels.

Second, the DMA-control routinescontrol the way the audio DMA chan-nel manipulates the hardware audiochannel via the various registers andthe sound table. In addition, you cancause the channel to send a user-specified signal bit to an existing task(which may then trigger some event)when the sound channel has playeda given number of repetitions of thesound table; this allows tasks tomanipulate the Amiga based on thesound channel's activity.

Third, the envelope-generator rou-tines automate the task of varying theamplitude envelope that determineshow slow or fast a note changesvolume when it is played. To use theseroutines, you must create a table offour slope/destination values thatdescribe an ADSR (attack, decay, sus-tain, release) envelope. (The ADSRenvelope tells you how fast the notegains volume as soon as it starts, whatits maximum value is, how fast itdecays once it reaches that value, onwhat level it remains as long as thenote is sustained, and how fast itreturns to zero once the note is re-leased. You can draw such an en-velope with four line segments: the

{continued)

94 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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THE AMIGA

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Amiga defines the ADSR envelope bygiving the slope and destination y-axisvalues for each line segment.) As withthe audio DMA, the software involvedcan be told to send a signal bit to agiven task when the envelope iscompleted.

One potentially significant piece ofcode is a library of text-to-speech rou-tines that is included with the stan-dard Amiga computer. These are tran-sient routines that are loaded fromdisk to memory when needed; theyare capable of "speaking" normalEnglish text in a variety of pitches andrates via one of the sound channels.We heard the routines and found theiroutput to be heavily inflected butunderstandable even with our eyesclosed (a test that many text-to-speech algorithms fail).

Intuition

Intuition, the user interface of theAmiga, sits on top of the disk operat-ing system and provides the icon-oriented, mouse-based, desktop-metaphor interface popularized bythe Apple Macintosh. Intuition com-plements the architectural philosophyand the graphics capabilities of thecomputer by managing a complexwindowing system and providing ac-cess to multitasking capabilities.

Intuition allows programs to ex-ecute, each in its own window, simul-taneously. Each program opens a vir-tual terminal that has access to all thesystem resources. Even though multi-ple programs can execute simulta-neously, only one can accept inputand display its menu bar. You canselect which program does this byclicking on its window; this windowwill also display special commandmessages from the system. Differentprograms can share the video display,or a single program can create severalvirtual terminals.

To support the simultaneous displayof different resolutions and graphicsmodes, Intuition uses screens, whichare rectangular areas that occupy thefull width of the video diplay. Screenshave predefined resolutions, colorpalettes, and height and contain oneor more windows. A bar at the top of

each screen identifies the screen.

All screens have pull-down menus.Pressing the right mouse button,which generally summons a menu,transforms the screen bar into a menubar (a strip containing the names ofthe menus that apply to the current-ly active window). The screen bar alsocontains two boxes that, when clickedwith the left mouse button (generallyresponsible for selecting things),move the screen to the top or bottomof the stack of screens. You can selectmenu items in the conventional way,although there are several rlew fea-tures. Pull-down menus, for example,can have up to two levels (see photo4). Menus can contain options that,when selected, persist until other,mutually exclusive choices are made.Programs may allow you to use com-mand-key/letter combinations toselect commonly used menu items.

Programmers have considerableflexibility in designing the menus. Forexample, menus can appear in multi-column format and contain graphics.Menu items can, when selected, bemarked with checks, and they canautomatically display command-key/letter alternatives.

Windows, which appear withinscreens, can support all of theAmiga's graphics, text, and animationfeatures. Since Intuition opens ap-plication programs in windows, ap-plications must specify their graphics,text, and color requirements byselecting or creating an appropriatescreen. Intuition will support as manyscreens and windows as can fit inmemory, but only one window and,by extension, one screen can receiveinput at a time. As a virtual terminal,programs need not know if they areactive; they can continue to processdata as long as they don't need anyexternal input.

You can activate a window either bymoving the on-screen pointer insideit and clicking the mouse button or bymoving an icon into it. Closing a win-dow causes the last activated windowto be reactivated. Windows can in-clude any of several features, includ-ing vertical and horizontal scroll bars,title bars, window-dragging areas

(used to drag the window to a newposition), depth arrangers (whichmove the window to the top or bot-tom of a stack of windows), sizingboxes (which allow you to change thewindow's size), and close boxes(which close a window).

Intuition supports backdrop windows.which open behind all other windowsand cannot be moved, sized, ordepth-arranged. The application pro-gram is entirely responsible for main-taining its contents, and normal win-dows appear on top of it. A graphicsprogram, for example, may use abackdrop window as the primarydrawing area and call a normal win-dow to show you a palette of colorsfrom which to choose.

Programmers can specify whetheran application will refresh its windowwhen partially covered and un-covered, or whether memory must beallocated to save the concealed por-tions of the window. A third choice,super bit map. reserves enough memoryto store an image larger than the win-dowing system will display. Intuitionautomatically adjusts and displays asmuch of the super bit map as it can.Programmers can use this techniqueto create windows whose contentsscroll. They can also determine wherewindows will appear, what color touse when drawing the border andtext, whether the window will have aborder, and whether to include a win-dow title.

Requesters, Alerts, andGadgets

Requesters are pop-up informationboxes that wait for either keyboard ormouse input from you. Normally, youwill have to click the left mouse but-ton over an "OK" area before con-tinuing, although you may be able toswitch to a different window (the re-quester will still be there when youreturn to the first window). With asingle call, programmers can attachrequesters to a window or to the dou-ble click of the mouse button.

Programmers have access to pre-defined system requesters, like the"Please Insert Disk XXXX" requester.

[continued)

96 BYTE- AUGUST

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THE AMIGA

To use a custom requester, however,the programmer must specify thingslike gadgets (discussed below),borders, requester text, and, ifdesired, hand-designed bit-mappedimages.

Alerts are special screens that carryabsolutely crucial information. Theydiffer from requesters in that noscreen or window can obscure them,and users must act immediately onthe information before proceeding.Recovery alerts require immediateresponses; dead-end alerts tell users thatthe system has crashed.

Screens, windows, requesters, andalerts all use gadgets, which are inputdevices that attach to windows, re-questers, and alerts. System gadgets in-clude window-sizing gadgets, window-/screen-dragging areas, depth ar-rangers, and close boxes.

Programmers can design their owngadgets by specifying border shapesand colors, describing the select boxof the gadget, providing gadget text,supplying a memory buffer for thegadget response, and defining howthe gadget will behave.

In addition to system gadgets, pro-grammers can select among Boolean,string, integer, and proportionalgadgets. Boolean gadgets are true/falsedevices that return a value only whenselected. String gadgets return a stringfrom the keyboard, \nteger gadgetsreturn integer values. Proportionalgadgets, which return a value propor-tional to their positions on either thehorizontal or vertical axis (or both),are similar to scroll bars on the Macin-tosh. A programmer can customizethe appearance of the knob (the ele-ment that slides along the axis ofmovement) to something differentfrom the default rectangular shape.

The Workbench

Intuition includes Workbench, aniconic, window-based command inter-face. The Workbench area is a four-color screen with 640- by 200-pixelresolution. It is both a screen on whichdisks will open and application pro-grams will run and an application thatkeeps track of Workbench objects anddisplays information using Intuition

windows. The Workbench automati-cally opens when you enter a diskcontaining it. By opening the Work-bench library, programmers can ac-cess Workbench functions to createand manipulate the Workbench andWorkbench objects.

In the Workbench, users can openand close disks, tools, projects,drawers, the clipboard, and the trashcan. Opening a tool (Amiga's term foran application program) creates a win-dow on the current screen. Toolscreate projects—files associated withthe tool. (A document file, for exam-ple, is the project of a word-process-ing application.) Opening a tool auto-matically opens a window that liststhe names of available projects. Open-ing a project icon automatically opensthe tool associated with it.

Workbench also supports extendedselection, a method of selecting multi-ple items that will be operated on inthe order they were selected. For ex-ample, you can select a word pro-cessor and three projects (docu-ments); the word processor will thenwork on the projects in the order inwhich they were selected.

Drawers are Workbench icons thatcontain tools, projects, and otherdrawers; when opened, they displaytheir contents as icons in a window.To add an item to the drawer, eitherdrag the item's icon into the windowof an opened drawer or drop it overa closed drawer's icon. You can deletean item by moving its icon over thetrash can, a special drawer in eachdisk drawer that contains deletedobjects.

The clipboard is a special object thatlets you transfer data between tools(programs). The clipboard stores thelast text, graphics, or data cut from aproject as a RAM-based file (disk-based if the clipping is too large formemory). By using the clipboard, youcan quickly transfer information be-tween tools or projects.

Programmers can also design cus-tom screens, in which they can specifythings like the screen size and posi-tion, the number of colors available,the screen titles, and the default font.

[continued)

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And best of all, TRICE costsless than $500.

Progressive EPROMprogramming.

Avocet AVPROM programmerswork with over 37 differentdevices including EPROMsthrough 27512, CMOS and E2PROMs, and MPU/EPROMcombos using fast "adaptive"algorithms. These intelligent,self-contained units work withany personal computer usingAvocet's GDX driver software.

Made to order.

You don't have to come to Maineto get Avocet products (unless, ofcourse, you want a really greatlobster dinner).Just call, toll-free,

1-800-448-8500

(in the U.S. except Alaskaand Hawaii)and we'll rush out your order,send out more information, or, ifyou want, talk about some of yourgreat ideas. Avocet Systems Inc.,RO. Box 490-B8, Rockport, Maine04856. (207) 236-9055. Telex:467210 AVOCET CI

AVOCET yTSYSTEMS INC;

Inquiry 28

AUGUST 1985

i Y T E 99

THE AMIGA

The Workbench also contains a pro-gram called Preferences that lets youset things like the maximum time fortwo clicks to be considered a doubleclick, the monitor type, the speed withwhich keyboard keys repeat, the inter-val before they begin to repeat, andthe presence of optional peripherals,including printers, modems, andtouchpads.

The Preferences program can alsogive you access to a command-line in-terface (CL1), which allows you to getwork done via typed-in commands.The CLI, which opens as a windowunder Workbench, will not be heavilydocumented in the standard manuals,and you will normally not see the iconassociated with it. The CLI uses com-mands that are similar to those ofMicrosoft's MS-DOS. It can, for exam-ple, examine directories, run pro-grams, and redirect input and output;in essence, it gives programmers ac-cess to the operating system that is"underneath" Workbench.

Caveats

This product preview is unusual inthat we looked at the Amiga in anearlier state than we usually do forother product previews. We feeljustified in doing this for two reasons:First, the hardware was in its final state(the custom chips were working onthe production-version motherboard,although the PROM [programmableread-only memoryl chips did not con-tain the final version of the ROMcode); second, the Amiga should beannounced by the time you read this,and we feel that the technology usedhere is noteworthy. BYTE will print aformal review of the Amiga as soonas we can get our hands on a finishedmachine.

We wrote this product preview aftertwo days with the Amiga engineeringstaff, much study of four volumes oftechnical documentation and severaluser manuals, and subsequent tele-phone conversations. At the time wesaw the machine, neither the ROMcode nor the operating system hadbeen "frozen," which limited theamount of software we could see tothe Workbench user interface, several

Table 1: This is a list of theannounced hardware and softwarefor the Amiga.

Hardware

20-megabyte hard disk,20-megabyte tape backup,multifunction card,2400-bps modem (Tecmar)

Laser disk,Color digitizer,Genlock peripheral—allows

computer'sdisplay to overlay an externalvideo signal (Commodore)

Software

Pascal,

Linkage Editor,

Overlay Loader,

Macro Assembler (Metacomco)Turbo Pascal (Borland International)Logo (The LISP Company)Propaint,

Business Graphics,

Graphicraft,

Animation (Island Graphics)Enable/Write (The Software Group)Textcraft (Arktronics)Musicraft (Commodore)Harmony and four-octave music

keyboard,

Pitchrider (Cherry LaneTechnologies)C Compiler (Lattice)General Ledger,

Accounts Receivable,

Accounts Payable (ChangLaboratories)7 Cities of Gold,

One on One,

Archon,

Adventure Construction Set,

Pinball Construction Set,

Skyfox,

Financial Cookbook,

Deluxe Music Construction Set,

Black Knight,

Video Construction Set,

Return to Atlantis (Electronic Arts)Communications package

(Software 66)Welcome Aboard,

Print Shop,

SynCalc,

Mindwheel (Broderbund)Keyboard Cadet,

The Halley Project (Mindscape)All Infocom Interactive fiction

products

demonstration programs, and anearly version of the Graphicraft draw-ing program.

All the screen shots in this productpreview came from working (thoughstill unfinished) software, but most ofwhat we've written about the Amiga'ssoftware came from the documen-tation or the engineers. According toCommodore/Amiga, the BASIC thatwill be bundled with the system willhave extended graphics and soundcapabilities driven by calls to theROM routines. Table 1 gives a listof products for the Amiga that welearned of from their respectivemanufacturers.

Conclusions

We were impressed by the Amiga'sdetail and speed of the color graphicsand by the quality of its sound system.The interlocking features of theAmiga—its custom chips, multitaskingsupport, multiple DMA channels,shared system bus, display-drivencoprocessor, system routines in ROM,etc.—point to a complexity of hard-ware design that we have not seenbefore in personal computers. (It's in-teresting to note that the Macintosh'scomplexity is in its software and that,according to several third-partydevelopers who have used both com-puters, the Macintosh is harder to pro-gram.) The synergistic effect of thesefeatures accounts for the speed, quali-ty, and low cost of the Amiga.

We are also very excited about theinclusion of the text-to-speech libraryin the Amiga. This means that anyAmiga program can potentially createvoice output, something that hasnever been common in personal com-puters because it was never, until now,a standard feature.

The hardware looks good—we haveseen it work—but we saw very littlesoftware actually working (a paintingprogram, the Workbench "desktop,"and a few demonstration programs).However, we think this machine willbe a great success; if that happens,the Amiga will probably have a greateffect on other personal computercompanies and the industry ingeneral. ■

100 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 215 —►

>tf

ftfe

^1

ma

m

Mfflmffimfr

Speeds Up Everything...Especially 1-2-31

The MicroWay NUMBER SMASHER triples the speed of allcpu bound software while doubling the speed of 80 87 boundsoftware. When combined with MicroWay's FASTBREAK" itresults in an increase in the speed of 1 -2-3'" of up to 80 to 1!If you're tired of WAITing, the SMASHER is the card for you!

The heart of the NUMBER SMASHER is a 9.54 mhz8086 working with a matched high speed 8087. The cardcomes standard with 512K of 16 bit RAM and can be ex-panded to 640K. It triples the throughput of your original8088 by doubling the system clock speed and quadruplingthe data bus bandwidth.

Software compatibility is guaranteed by the nature ofour card. It does not augment the 8088, but replaces it witha special 8086 that runs as a true 16-bit processor in thefirst 640K of ram and as an 8-bit processor everywhere else.

Examples of software which show dramatic speed-upsinclude AUTOCAD, 1 -2-3" worksheets which depend heavilyon financial or transcendental functions, and multi-user oper-ating systems. Any program written with an MS-DOS compilerthat supports the 8087, such as MS-FORTRAN or 87BASIC,will run on the NUMBER SMASHER at least a factor of 2.5times faster! Software that comes with the card also in-creases the throughput of I/O bound programs and includesa disk cache routine, ram disk and print spooler.

The NUMBER SMASHER is an upgrade product for8088 based PCs and compatibles. It works on the IBM-PC and XT, the COMPAQ and compatibles manufacturedto the IBM-PC hardware standard. Contact MicroWay oryour local MicroWay Installation Center for technical speci-fications and supporting benchmarks.

The World Leader in 8087 Support

P.O. Box 79, Kingston, Mass. 02364 USA (617) 746-7341

NUMBER SMASHER and FASTBREAK are trademarks of MicroWay, Inc LOTUS and 1-2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Development Corp

For everyone who ever trieddoing five things at once

The perfect computer programfor someone as busy as you.It lets you keep several otherprograms working at once.

Do you ever go in so many directionsso fast not even a computer can keep upwith you?

Well, now an IBM Personal Comput-er can—thanks to IBM TopView.

TopView is a new kind of softwarethat lets you switch between other pro-grams as quickly as you can change yourmind, even run several programs at thesame time.

Once you load TopView into yourcomputer, you load the other programsyou use most—as many as your com-puter's memory will permit.

After that, the greatest distancebetween two programs is just a couple of

keystrokes, or (optional) mouse moves.

There's no waiting and a lot lessdiskette swapping.

But when you're really busy is whenTopView really shines, letting you domany jobs simultaneously.

For example, you can print a letter,while you search a file, while you analyzea spreadsheet, while your clock/calen-dar reminds you that your automaticdialer is about to place a call for you.

Little Tramp character licensed by Bubbles Inc., s.a.

102 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

... IBM presents TopView.

And you can see everything throughon-screen "windows" and control it allwith easy-to-use pop-up menus.

You can even make unrelated pro-grams work together; say a "Brand Y"spreadsheet with a "Brand Z" word pro-cessor.

But simplest of all is a certain'Brand IBM", namely the IBM AssistantSeries—for filing, writing, planning,reporting and graphing.

Many other popular programs alsowork with TopView, and the number isgrowing.

Naturally, the more computermemory you have, the more TopView canhelp you. At least 512K is recommended.

And the price is only $149*

Beyond that, all you need is to be thekind of person who never does a singlething all day, but who wants to do every-thing, at once.

To learn more, call an IBM market-ing representative, or visit an IBM Prod-uct Center or Authorized IBM PC orSoftware Dealer.

For the store nearest you, and a freebrochure, call 800-447-4700. (In Alaskaand Hawaii, 800-447-0890.)

Personal Computer Software

'IBM Product Center price.Inquiry 150

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 103

104 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PHOTOGRAPHED BY PAUL AVIS.

CIARCIAS CIRCUIT CELLAR

BUILD THE

BASIC-5 2 COMPUTER/

CONTROLLER

by Steve Ciarcia

A single-board problem solverwith great potential

One of the most popularCircuit Cellar projects wasthe Z8 BASIC computer/controller presented inJuly and August of 1981.Since then, thousands ofZ8 controller boards havefound their way into end-user and OEM ap-plications.

I specifically designed the original Z8 con-troller because I hate programming. Gen-erally speaking, if the program has fewerthan 100 lines I'll grin and bear it. Anylonger than that, however, and 1 lose interestand call in a programmer. To ease the pain,I generally use high-level languages likeBASIC Most people understand BASIC, andit excuses me from wasting time on tediousbit manipulations merely to demonstrate ahardwafe peripheral device. (My favoriteprogramming language is solder.)

I don't try to justify using BASIC, I just getresults. While others are arguing the meritsof Pascal and C, I've plugged in my single-board computer/controller and am plinkingaway in BASIC to solve the problem. I'velearned enough about other programminglanguages so that I know when to nod ap-preciatively at a programmer's descriptionof a random-number seed generator writ-ten in some obscure programming dialect.This "plug and program" approach hasbeen adequately satisfied by the Z8, but 1

find that I purposely avoid applications in-volving floating-point calculations ortrigonometric functions that would other-wise force me to resort to assembly-lan-guage programming (ugh!). In an effort toforestall my inevitable defection fromBASIC, I am continually on the lookout forcost-effective performance boosters that Ican package as single-board problemsolvers (that execute in BASIC, naturally).And I just found another one!

What I have found is the Circuit CellarBASIC-52 computer/controller (BCC-52)board. It uses the new Intel 8052AH-BASICmicrocontroller chip that contains a ROM(read-only memory)-resident 8K-byte BASICinterpreter. The BCC-52 board includes the8052AH, 48K bytes of RAM/EPROM (ran-dom-access read/write memory/erasableprogrammable ROM), a 2764/128 EPROMprogrammer, three parallel ports, a serialterminal port with automatic data-transmis-sion-rate selection, a serial printer port, andis bus-compatible with the BCC-11 Z8 sys-tem/controller and all the BCC-series expan-sion boards I've already designed. Figure 1

(continued)Steve Ciarcia (pronounced "see-ARE-see-ah") is anelectronics engineer and computer consultant with ex-perience in process control, digital design, nuclear in-strumentation, and product development. He is theauthor of several books about electronics. You canwrite to him at POB 582, Glastonbury. CT 06033.

COPYRIGHT © 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE

105

CIRCUIT CELLAR

is a block diagram of the hardware.

BASIC-52 is particularly suited forprocess control, providing IF. . .THEN, FOR. . .NEXT, DO. . . WHILE/UNTIL, ONTIME, and CALL state-ments among its broad repertoire ofinstructions (figure 2 lists the softwarefeatures). Calculations are handled ininteger or floating-point math and arefully supported with trigonometricand logical operators. Because of itslow system overhead it is extremelyfast and efficient.

I'll get into the system configurationand the design details momentarily,but I first have to mention an interest-ing aspect of BASIC-52. While I con-sidered using EEPROMS (electricallyerasable programmable ROMs) andother nonvolatile storage techniques,the sophisticated EPROM program-ming capabilities of BASIC-52 justifiedeliminating them simply on the basisof cost and board real estate. Unlikemost one-shot EPROM programmersthat fill the entire contents of anEPROM regardless of the applicationprogram's size, BASIC-52 treats theEPROM as write-once mass storage.

When a BASIC application programis saved to EPROM, it is tagged withan identifying ROM number andstored only in the amount of EPROMrequired to fit the program (plusheader and EOF [end of file|). Addi-tional application programs can be

stored to the same EPROM and re-called for execution by requesting aparticular ROM number. A 27128EPROM provides 16K bytes of mass-storage space. When it is full (a non-destructive EPROM FULL error willtell you), simply erase the presentEPROM or insert another. Finally,since this pseudo-mass storage existsin directly addressable memory spacerather than cassettes or disks, it runsat full processor speed and stored ap-plication programs are instantly ac-cessible.

BASIC-52 bridges the gap betweenexpensive, intelligent control capabil-ities and hard-to-justify. price-sensitivecontrol applications. BASIC-52's fullfloating-point BASIC is fast and effi-cient enough for the most compli-cated tasks, while its cost-effectivedesign lets it be considered for manynew areas of implementation.

I'm bullish on the BCC-52 board,and you can expect to see it in futureCircuit Cellar projects. With so muchpower and convenience, 1 can accom-plish quite a bit in a few lines ofcode—especially since that's all I mayever write.

The BCC-52 Board

The BCC-52 is a single-board con-troller/development system. Shown asa prototype in photo 1 and as a sche-matic in figure 3, this 17-chip circuit

fits in a compact AVi by 6Vi inches (thesame size as the Term-Mite smart ter-minal |see photo 2), if you want a two-board complete system—see my col-umns in the January and February1984 issues of BYTE). It containsRAM/EPROM, an EPROM program-mer, three parallel ports, and twoserial ports.

The BCC-52 board has five mainsections: processor, address decod-ing and memory, parallel I/O (input/output), serial I/O, and EPROM pro-grammer.

The BCC-52 board is based on the8052AH-BASIC chip, a prepro-grammed version of Intel's 8052AHmicrocontroller (see figure 4). The8052AH is the newest of Intel's 8-bitmicrocontroller-chip series, alsoknown as the MCS-51 family.

The 8052AH contains 8K bytes ofon-chip ROM, 2 56 bytes of RAM,three 16-bit counter/timers, six inter-rupts, and 32 I/O lines. In the 8052AH-BAS1C chip, the ROM is a maskedBASIC interpreter, and the I/O linesare redefined to address, data, andcontrol lines. Figure 5a illustrates the8052AH-BASIC chip pinout.

The 8052AH-BASIC chip has a16-bit address and an 8-bit data bus(the 8 least significant address bits[AD0-AD7| and the data bus [D0-D7]are multiplexed together, similar to

(continued)

LINE-PRINTER

ADDRDECODER

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8000H

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4000H

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EPROMPROGRAMMER

8255PIA

8

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8K

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DATA

8

CONTROL _

1

i

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PROGRAMMING-LCONVERTER

EVEL

Figure I: Block diagram of the Circuit Ceilar BASIC-52 computer/controller board.

106 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Command

Function

Statement

Function

RUN

Execute a program

POP

Pop argument stack to variables

CONT

Continue after a stop or Control-C

PWM

Pulse-width modulation

LIST

List program to the console device

REM

Remark

LIST*

List program to serial printer

RETI

Return from interrupt

NEW

Erase the program stored in RAM

STOP

Break program execution

NULL

Set null count after carriage return/line feed

STRING

Allocate memory for strings

RAM

Evoke RAM mode, current program in read/write memory

UI1

Evoke user console input routine

ROM

Evoke ROM mode, current program in ROM/EPROM

UIO

Evoke BASIC console input routine

XFER

Transfer a program from ROM/EPROM to RAM

U01

Evoke user console output routine

PROG

Save the current program in EPROM

UOO

Evoke BASIC console output routine

PROG1

Save data-transmission-rate information in EPROM

PROG2

Save data-transmission-rate information in EPROM andexecute program after reset

FPROG

Save the current program in EPROM using the intelligentalgorithm

Operator

Function

FPROG1

Save data-transmission-rate information in EPROM using

CBY()

Read program memory

the intelligent algorithm

DBY()

Read/assign internal data memory

FPROG2

Save data-transmission-rate information in EPROM and

XBY()

Read/assign external data memory

execute program after reset, use intelligent algorithm

GET

Read console

IE

Read/assign IE register

IP

Read/assign IP register

Statement

Function

PORT1

Read/assign I/O port 1 (P1)

BAUD

Set data-transmission rate for line-printer port

PCON

Read/assign PCON register

CALL

Call assembly-language program

RCAP2

Read/assign RCAP2 (RCAP2H:RCAP2L)

CLEAR

Clear variables, interrupts, and strings

T2CON

Read/assign T2CON register

CLEARS

Clear stacks

TCON

Read/assign TCON register

CLEAR1

Clear interrupts

TMOD

Read/assign TMOD register

CLOCK1

Enable real-time clock

TIME

Read/assign real-time clock

CLOCKO

Disable real-time clock

TIMERO

Read/assign TIMERO (THOTLO)

DATA

Data to be read by READ statement

TIMER1

Read/assign TIMER1 (TH1TL1)

READ

Read data in DATA statement

TIMER2

Read/assign TIMER2 (TH2TL2)

RESTORE

Restore read pointer

+

Addition

DIM

Allocate memory for arrayed variables

/

Division

DO

Set up loop for WHILE or UNTIL

**

Exponentiation

UNTIL

Test DO loop condition (loop if false)

Multiplication

WHILE

Test DO loop condition (loop if true)

-

Subtraction

END

Terminate program execution

.AND.

Logical AND

FOR-TO-{STEPj

Set up FOR. . .NEXT loop

.OR.

Logical OR

NEXT

Test FOR. . .NEXT loop condition

.XOR.

Logical exclusive OR

GOSUB

Execute subroutine

RETURN

Return from subroutine

GOTO

GOTO program line number

ON GOTO

Conditional GOTO

Stored Constant

ON GOSUB

Conditional GOSUB

PI

PI - 3.1415926

IF-THEN-{ELSE} Conditional test

INPUT

Input a string or variable

LET

Assign a variable or string a value (LET is optional)

ONERR

ONERR or GOTO line number

Operators-

-Single Operand

ONTIME

Generate an interrupt when time is equal to or greater

ABS()

Absolute value

than ONTIME argument; line number is after comma

NOT()

One's complement

ONEX1

GOSUB to line number following ONEX1 when INT1

INT()

Integer

pin is pulled low

SGN()

Sign

PRINT

Print variables, strings, or literals, R is shorthand for

SQR()

Square root

print

RND

Random number

PRINT*

Print to software serial port

LOGO

Natural log

PHO.

Print hexadecimal mode with zero suppression

EXP()

"e" (2.7182818) to the X

PHI.

Print hexadecimal mode with no zero suppression

SIN()

Returns the sine of argument

PH0.#

PHO J to line printer

COS()

Returns the cosine of argument

PH1J

PHU to line printer

TAN()

Returns the tangent of argument

PUSH

Push expressions on argument stack

ATN()

Returns the arctangent of argument

Figure 2: Detailed description of the Mel 8052AH BASIC-52 programming language.

AUGUST I985

i YTE

107

CIRCUIT CELLAR

* tfi H 3 > ? X >- N —00 r~ u> in

CIO30pF

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of flic BCC-52 kwd.

108 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 109

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the 8085 and Z8). When the chip is■powered up, it sizes consecutive ex-ternal memory from 0000 to the endof memory (or memory failure) by al-ternately writing 55 hexadecimal and00 to each location. A minimum of IKbytes of RAM is required forBASIC-52 to function, and any RAM

must be located starting at 0000.[Editor's note: For the remainder of the arti-cle, all addresses and data values will be hem-decimal unless otherwise specified. \

Three control lines, RD (pin 17), WR(pin 16), and PSEN (pin 29), partitionthe address space as 64K bytes eachof program and data memory. How-

Photo 1: The Circuit Cellar BASIC-52 computer/controller prototype.

Photo 2: On the right is the BCC-52 prototype: on the left is the Circuit CellarBCC Term-Mite smart-terminal board {see the January 1984 Circuit Cellar). With theaddition of a video monitor and keyboard, the two boards constitute a completecomputer system suitable for software development or installed use.

ever, user-called assembly-languageroutines and EPROM programmingare unsupported in data memory. Forthat reason, the BCC-52 board as I'vedesigned it is addressed completelyas program memory (RAM/EPROMmode), both for RAM and I/O. The ad-dressing logic is as follows:

1. The RD and WR pins on the8052 AH chip enable RAM from 0000to 7FFF Addresses are used todecode the chip select (CS)Jor theRAM devices, and RD_and WR areused to enable the OE and WE (orWR) pins, respectively.

2. PSEN is used to enable EPROMfrom 2000 to 7FFF. Addresses areused to decode the CS for theEPROM devices, and PSEN is used toenable the OE pin.

3. Between 8000 and 0FFFF, both RDand PSEN are used to enable eitherEPROM or RAM. RD and PSEN areapplied as inputs to AND gate IC15,a 74LS08. The WR pin on the chip isused to write to RAM in this same ad-dress space.

BASIC-52 reserves the first 512bytes of external data memory to im-plement two software stacks: the con-trol stack and the arithmetic or argu-ment stack. Understanding how thestacks work is necessary only if youwant to link BASIC-52 and 8052 as-sembly-language routines. The detailsof how to do this are covered in theassembly-language linkage section ofthe MCS BASIC-52 User's Manual.

The control stack occupies locations60 (96 decimal) through 0FE (2 54 dec-imal) in external RAM. This memoryis used to store all information asso-ciated with loop control (i.e., DO. . .WHILE, DO. . .UNTIL, and FOR. . .NEXT) and BASIC subroutines(GOSUB). The stack is initialized to0FE and "grows down."

The argument stack occupies loca-tions 12D (301 decimal) through 1FE(510 decimal) in external RAM. Thisstack stores all the constants thatBASIC is currently using. Operationslike add, subtract, multiply, and dividealways operate on the first twonumbers on the argument stack andreturn the result to the argument

110 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

Vcc .—

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RAM ADDRREGISTER

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PORT 2DRIVERS

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CONTROL

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SCON

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TCON

T2CON

THO

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TH1

TL1

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INTERRUPT, SERIAL PORT,AND THEIR BLOCKS

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Figure 4: Block diagram of the Mel 8052AH-BASIC chip.

stack. The argument stack is initializedto 1FE and "grows down" as morevalues are placed on it. Each floating-point number placed on the argu-ment stack requires 6 bytes ofstorage.

The stack pointer on the 8052AH(special-function register, SP) is ini-tialized to 4D (77 decimal). The8052AH's stack pointer "grows up" as

additional values are placed on thestack.

Address Decoding

The three most significant addresslines (A13-A15) are connected to a74LS138 decoder chip. IC13. whichseparates the addressable range intoeight 8K-byte memory segments, eachwith its own chip select (Y0-Y7). The

four least significant chip selects areconnected to 28-pin, 64K-bit (8K by 8)memory devices, either 2764EPROMs or 6264 static RAMs. IC1, ad-dressed at 0000, must be RAM inorder for BASIC-52 to function. IClocations 3 (2O0O-3FFF), 11 (4000-5FFF), and 12 (6000-7FFF) can useeither RAM or EPROM. IC16 (8000-

[conlmucd]

AUGUST 1985

IYTE Ml

CIRCUIT CELLAR

9FFF or BFFF) is an EPROM program-ming socket intended for 2764 or27128 EPROMs (see figures 5b and5c).

Altogether, you have 48K bytes ofmemory on the BCC-52 board if youuse four 6264 RAMs (as ICs 1. 3, 8.and 12) (see figure 5d) and a 27128EPROM in IC16. The memory and I/Ocan be further expanded through theexpansion bus using BCC-seriesZ8-system expansion cards.

A second 74LS138 decoder, 1C14,

partitions either C800-CFFF or E800-EFFF as eight 2 56-byte I/O blocks.Rather than simply using the availableC000 or E000 strobes from IC13alone, which would occupy a 2000 ad-dress space for a single PIA (periph-eral interface adapter) chip, IC14allows many peripheral devices toshare the remaining address space byusing only a 2 56-byte address range.This addressing convention is consis-tent with other expansion boards I'vedesigned, and it is easy to configure

a 64-channel A/D (analog-to-digital) or128-channel power I/O system usingthis board with a number of periph-eral cards.

Parallel I/O

The BCC-52 board contains an82 55A-5 PIA (IC17) that providesthree 8-bit I/O software-configurableparallel ports. The three I/O ports,labeled A, B, and C, and a write-onlymode-configuration port occupy fourconsecutive addresses in one of the

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ZlVcc

Zl PGMZINCZl A8Zl A9Zl AllDOEZl A10

DMA ACKNOWLEDGE/PI.6 LZ

LINE-PRINTER OUTPUT/PI.7 C

RESET C

CONSOLE SERIAL INPUT C

CONSOLE SERIAL OUTPUT C

INTO/ DMA REQUEST [Z

INT1 C

TOC

Tl rz

15

26

Zl A13

Airz

9

20

ZICE

./

wr rz

16

25

Zl A12

AOC

10

19

Z107

RD LZ

17

24

Zl All

oo rz

11

18

ZI06

XTAL2 LZ

18

23

Zl A10

oi rz

12

17

ZI05

XTAL1 rz

19

22

Zl A9

02 rz

13

16

Z104

a) vss LZ

20

21

Z) A8

b) GND C

14

15

U03

VppLZ

1 ^

28

ZlVcc

Ncrz

1 ^

28

nvcc

A12 rz

2

27

Zl PGM

A12 \Z

2

27

Zl WE

A7[Z

3

26

Zl A13

A7IZ

3

26

Zl CS2

A6 rz

4

271285

25

Zl A8

A6 rz

4 6264

25

Zl A8

A5 tz

24

Zl A9

A5LZ

5

24

Z) A9

A4 C

6

23

Zl All

A4 rz

6

23

Zl All

A3 IZ

7

22

ZlOE

A3 C

7

22

ZlOE

A2 C

8

21

Zl A10

A2LZ

8

21

Zl A10

Airz

9

20

Z1CE

A1C

9

20

Zl csi

ao rz

10

19

Zl 07

ao rz

10

19

Zl 1/08

oo rz

n

18

Z3 06

i/oi C

11

18

ZJl/07

oi rz

12

17

Z105

1/02 rz

12

17

Zl 1/06

02 C

13

16

P 04

1/03 d

13

16

Zl 1/05

c) GNDC

14

15

Zl 03

d) GND c

14

15

Zl 1/04

Figure 5: Pinouts for (a) the 8052AH-BASIC chip, (b) the 2764 8K-byte EPROM, (c) the 27128 \6K-byte EPROM,and [d) the 6264 8K-byte RAM.

112 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

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CIRCUIT CELLAR

eight jumper-selectable I/O blocks.With C000 selected and pin 17 of IC14(YO) jumpered to pin 6 of 1C17 (at JP3).the range would be C800-C803.Using the XBY() operator in BASICdata can be written to and read fromthis PIA. (You are probably morefamiliar with PEEK and POKE. PEEK(C802H) is accomplished with XBY(C802H). and POKE C902H.A isXBY(C802H) = A.) 1 won't belabor thediscussion on the 82 5 5. 1 have usedit many times in Circuit Cellar projects

and refer you to the manufacturer'sdata sheets.

The three parallel ports and groundare connected to a 26-pin flat ribbon-cable connector. The outputs are TTL(transistor-transistor logicj-compatible.

Serial I/O

Two serial ports are found on theBCC-52 board. One is for the consoleI/O terminal (IC5 pins 10 and 11); theother is an auxiliary serial output (1C5pin 8) frequently referred to as the

I Mode Selection (goes with figure 5b)

CE

(20)

OE

(22)

(D

Vcc

(28)

PinsMode

PGM(27)

Outputs(11-13, 15-19)

Read

Va

Va

v,„

VCc

Vcc

Dout

Standby

v,„

X

X

vcc

Vcc

High Z

Program

vtt

X

V,,

v„

Vcc

Din

Program Verify

v,L

V,,

Vn,

v„

Vcc

Dout

Program Inhibit

v,K

X

X

V,,

Vcc

HighZ

■ Mode Selection (goes with figure 5c)

CE(20)

OE(22)

V„

(1)

Vcc

(28)

PinsMode

PGM(27)

Outputs(11-13, 15-19)

Read

V,L

V„

v,„

Vcc

Vcc

Dout

Standby

v„

X

X

Vcc

Vcc

High Z

Program

v,L

X

v„

V,,

Vcc

Din

Program Verify

Vb

v„

v,„

v„.

Vcc

Dout

Program Inhibit

vm

X

X

V,,

Vcc

High Z

I Mode Selection (goes with figure 5d)

WE

CS,

CS,

OE

Mode

I/O Pin

X

H

X

X

Not Selected(Power Down)

High Z

X

X

L

X

High Z

H

L

H

H

Output Disabled

High Z

H

L

H

L

Read

Dout

L

L

H

H

Write

Din

L

L

H

L

Din

x: don't care

line-printer port. When using anl l.0592-megahertz (MHz) crystal, theconsole port does automatic data-transmission-rate determination onpower-up (a preset data-transmissionrate can alternatively be stored inEPROM as well). I've used it at 19,200bits per second (bps) with no degra-dation in operation.

The BAUD[expr] statement is usedto set the data-transmission rate forthe line-printer port. In order for thisstatement to properly calculate thedata-transmission rate, the crystal(special-function operator—XTAL)must be correctly assigned (e.g., XTAL= 9000000). BAS1C-52 assumes acrystal value of 11.0592 MHz if noXTAL value is assigned.

The main purpose of the softwareline-printer port is to let you make ahard copy of program listings and/ordata. The command LIST# and thestatement PRINT# direct outputs tothe software line-printer port. If theBAUDfexpr] statement is not ex-ecuted before a LIST# or PRINT#command/statement is entered, theoutput to the software line-printerport will be at about 1 bps, and it willtake a long time to output something.It is necessary to assign a data-trans-mission rate to the software line-printer port before using LIST# orPRINT#. The maximum data-trans-mission rate that can be assigned bythe BAUD[expr] statement dependson the crystal, but 4800 bps is a rea-sonable maximum rate.

MCI488 and 1489 level shifters (ICs6 and 7) convert the TTL levels fromthe console and line-printer ports toRS-232C. (The TTL serial lines are alsoconnected to the bus to allow use ofthe Term-Mite smart-terminal boardwithout RS-232C voltages.) TheBCC-52 board requires only about200 milliamperes (mA) at + 5 volts (V)to function. The voltage required forexternal RS-232C communication is±12 V; that required for EPROM pro-gramming is +21 V.

EPROM Programmer

One of the more unique and power-ful features of the BCC-52 board is its

(continued)

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CIRCUIT CELLAR

ability to execute and save programsin an EPROM. The 8052AH chipactually generates all the timingsignals needed to program 2764/128EPROMs. Saving programs in EPROMsis a much more attractive and reliablealternative to cassette tape, especiallyin control and/or noisy environments.

The entire EPROM programmingcircuitry consists of two 7407 open-collector drivers and a single tran-sistor circuit that switches between+ 5Vand21V(CR2, connected to thecollector of the transistor should bea germanium diode like a 1N270).

Port 1. bit 4 (IC5 pin 5) is used toprovide a 1- or 50-millisecond (ms)programming pulse. The length of thepulse is determined by whether weare programming Intel fast-programEPROMs or generic 2764s and27128s. BASI052 calculates thelength of the pulse from the assignedcrystal value. The accuracy of thispulse is within 10 processor clockcycles. This pin is normally in a logicalhigh (1) state. It is asserted low (0) toprogram the EPROMs.

Port 1, bit 5 (IC5 pin 6) is used toenable the EPROM programming volt-age. This pin is normally in a logicalhigh (1) state. Prior to the EPROM pro-gramming operation, this pin isbrought to a logical low (0) state, andit is used to turn on the high voltage(21 V) required to program theEPROMs on or off.

BASIC-5 2 saves several programs ona single EPROM. In fact, it can saveas many programs as the size of theEPROM permits. The programs arestored sequentially in the EPROM,and any program can be retrieved andexecuted. This sequential storage ofprograms is referred to as the EPROMfile. The following commands permityou to generate and manipulate theEPROM file.

RAM and ROM[integer] tell theBASIC-52 interpreter whether toselect the current program (the onethat will be displayed during a LIST#command and executed when RUNis typed) out of RAM or EPROM. TheRAM address is assumed to be 200(512 decimal), and the EPROM ad-dress begins at 8010 (32,784 decimal).

When RAM is entered, BASIC-52selects the current program fromRAM. This is usually considered thenormal mode of operation and is themode that most users employ to in-teract with the command interpreter.

When ROM[integer] is entered.BASIC-52 selects the current programout of EPROM. If no integer is typedafter the ROM command (i.e.,ROM(cr)), BASIC-52 defaults to ROM1. Since the programs are stored se-quentially in EPROM, the integerfollowing the ROM command selectswhich program you want to run or list.If you attempt to select a programthat does not exist (i.e., you type inROM 8 and only six programs arestored in the EPROM), the messageError: Prom Mode will be displayed.The error is nondestructive, and youcan retype the correct command.

BASIC-52 does not transfer the pro-gram from EPROM to RAM when the 'ROM mode is selected, and you can-not edit a program in ROM. Attempt-ing to do so will result in an errormessage.

Since the ROM command does nottransfer a program to RAM, it is pos-sible to have different programs inROM and RAM simultaneously. Youcan flip back and forth between thetwo modes at any time. Anotherbenefit of not transferring a programto RAM is that all the RAM can beused for variable storage if the pro-gram is stored in EPROM. The system-control values, MTOP and FREE,always refer to RAM.

The XFER (transfer) commandtransfers the currently selected pro-gram in EPROM to RAM and thenselects the RAM mode. After theXFER command is executed, you canedit the program in the same mannerany RAM program can be edited.

The PROG command programs theresident EPROM with the current pro-gram (this is the only time that the+ 2 l-V programming voltage needs tobe applied). The current program canreside in either RAM or EPROM. AfterPROG is typed. BASIC-52 displays thenumber in the EPROM file the pro-gram will occupy.

Normally, after power is applied to

114 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

the BASIC-52 device, you must typea space character to initialize the8052AH's console port. As a conve-nience. BASIC-52 contains a PROG1command. This command programsthe resident EPROM with the data-transmission-rate information. Thenext time the MCS BASIC-52 deviceis powered up, i.e., reset, the chip willread this information and initialize theserial port with the stored data-trans-mission rate. The sign-on message willbe sent to the console immediatelyafter the BASIC-52 device completesits reset sequence. The space charac-ter no longer needs to be typed.

The PROG2 command does every-thing the PROG1 command does, butinstead of signing on and entering thecommand mode, the BCC-52 boardimmediately begins executing the firstprogram stored in the residentEPROM.

By using the PROG2 command, itis possible to run a program from areset condition and never connect theBCC-52 board to a console. In es-sence, saving PROG2 information isequivalent to typing ROM 1 and RUNin sequence. This is ideal for controlapplications, where it is not alwayspossible to have a terminal present.In addition, this feature lets you writea special initialization sequence inBASIC or assembly language andgenerate a custom sign-on messagefor specific applications.

Powering Up the board

The best way to check out the BCC-52board is to run it with the minimumhardware first. With only ICs 1,2, 4-7,9-11, 13, and 15 installed, we have an8K-byte RAM-only system. After apply-ing power, BASIC-52 clears the inter-nal 8052AH memory; initializes the in-ternal registers and pointers; and tests,clears, and sizes the external memory.BASIC-52 then assigns the top of ex-ternal RAM to the system-controlvalue (MTOP) and uses this numberas the random-number seed. BASIC-52 assigns the default-crystal value,11.0592 MHz, to the system-controlvalue (XTAL) and uses this defaultvalue to calculate all time-dependentfunctions, like the EPROM program-

ming timer and the interrupt-drivenreal-time clock. Finally, BASIC-52checks external memory location8000 to see if the data-transmission-rate information is stored. If the data-transmission rate is stored, BASIC-52initializes the data-transmission-rategenerator (the 8052AH's special-function register, T2CON) with this in-formation and signs on. If not, BASIC-52 interrogates the serial-port inputand waits for a space character to betyped (automatic data-transmission-rate detection).

If you have entered nothing on theconsole device, BASIC-52 will appearinoperative to the uninitiated. Simplytype a space, and the console deviceshould display the following:

*MCS-52(tm) BASIC Vx.x*

READY

>

To see if the processor is operatingcorrectly, we type the following:

>PRINT XTAL, TMOD, TCON,T2CON

BASIC-52 should respond with thecontrol and special-function values:

11059200 16 244 52>

A Word About the BASIC

As I mentioned earlier, BASIC-52 isoriented toward process control andis significantly more powerful than atiny BASIC. Since most of you arefamiliar with BASIC, I will not describeindividual instructions like DO. . .WHILE and FOR. . .NEXT. Instead,I'd like to point out the pertinent fea-tures that demonstrate the excep-tional small-package performance ofthe BCC-52 board.

MCS BASIC-52 contains a minimum-level line editor. Once a line isentered, you cannot change the linewithout retyping it. However, it is pos-sible to delete characters while a lineis in the process of being entered.This is done by inserting a rubout ordelete character (7F). The rubout char-acter will cause the last characterentered to be erased from the text in-put buffer. Additionally, pressing

Control-D will cause the entire line tobe erased.

Variables and Expressions

The range of numbers that can berepresented in BASIC-52 (in decimal)is +1E-I27to+0.99999999E+127.

It has eight digits of significance.Numbers are internally rounded to fitthis precision. Numbers can beentered and displayed in four formats:integer, decimal, hexadecimal, and ex-ponential, for example, 129, 34.98,OA6EH, 1.23456E + 3.

Integers are numbers that rangefrom -32,768 to +32,767 decimal.All integers can be entered in eitherdecimal or hexadecimal format. Ahexadecimal number is indicated byplacing the letter "H" after thenumber. When an operator like ANDrequires an integer, BASIC-52 willtruncate the fraction portion of thenumber so that it will fit the inte-ger format. All line numbers areintegers.

A variable can be either a letter (e.g.A, X, I), a letter followed by a number(e.g., Ql, T7, L3), a letter followed bya one-dimensioned expression (e.g.,1(4), G(A+6), I(10*SIN(X))), or a letterfollowed by a number followed by aone-dimensioned expression (e.g.,Al(8), P7(DBY(9)), W8(A + B)). Vari-ables with a one-dimensioned expres-sion are called dimensioned or ar-rayed variables. Variables that involveonly a letter or a letter and a numberare called scalar variables.

BASIC-52 allocates variables in astatic manner. Each time a variable isused, BASIC-52 allocates 8 bytesspecifically for that variable. Thismemory cannot be deallocated on avariable-by-variable basis. If you ex-ecute a statement like Q=3, later onyou cannot tell BASIC-52 that the vari-able Q no longer exists and free upthe 8 bytes of memory that belong toQ. You can clear the memory al-located to variables with a CLEARstatement.

Relative to a dimensioned variable,it takes BASIC-52 much less time tofind a scalar variable. That's becausea scalar variable has no expression to

[continued]

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 115

CIRCUIT CELLAR

evaluate. If you want to make a pro-gram run as fast as possible, use di-mensioned variables only when youhave to. Use scalar variables for inter-mediate variables, then assign thefinal result to a dimensioned variable.An expression is a logical mathe-matical term that involves operators(both unary and dyadic), constants,and variables. Expressions can besimple or quite complex, e.g., 12*EXP(A)/100, H(I) + 55. or (SIN(A)*SIN(A) + COS(A)*COS(A))/2. A stand-alone variable |var| or constant |const|is also considered an expression.

Real-Time Operation

After RUN is typed, all variables areset equal to zero, all BASIC-evoked in-terrupts are cleared, and program ex-ecution begins with the first linenumber of the selected program. TheRUN command and the GOTO state-ment are the only ways you can ex-ecute a program in the commandmode. Program execution can be ter-minated at any time by typing aControl-C on the console device.

Unlike some BASIC interpreters thatallow a line number to follow the RUN

command (e.g., RUN 100), BASIC-52does not permit such a variation onthe RUN command. Execution alwaysbegins with the first line number. Toobtain the same functionality as theRUN[ln num], use GOTO[ln num] inthe direct mode.

The CLOCK1 statement enables thesoftware real-time clock in BASIC-52.The special-function operator time isincremented once every 5 ms afterthe CLOCK1 statement has been ex-ecuted. The CLOCK1 statement usestimer/counter 0 in the 13-bit mode togenerate an interrupt once every5 ms. Because of this, the special-function operator time has a resolu-tion of 5 ms.

BASIC-52 automatically calculatesthe proper reload value for timer/counter 0 after the crystal value hasbeen assigned (i.e.. XTAL = value. If nocrystal value is assigned, MCSBASIC-52 assumes a value of 11.0592MHz). The special-function operatortime counts from 0 to 65.53 5.995 sec-onds. After reaching a count of65.535.995 seconds, time overflowsback to a count of 0.

The interrupts associated with the

Photo 3: The BCC-52 and Term-Mite boards can be combined with other BCC-seriesperipheral devices to create control and data-acquisition systems. Here, they are combinedwith four BCC-I3 8-channel. 8-bit A/D converter boards to make a 32-channel data-acquisition system.

CLOCK1 statement cause BASIC pro-grams to run at about 99.6 percent ofnormal speed. That means that the in-terrupt handling for the real-time-clock feature consumes only about0.4 percent of the total processortime. This is small interrupt overhead.The CLOCK0 statement disables orturns off the real-time-clock feature.

The TIME statement is used toretrieve and/or assign a value to thereal-time clock after the CLOCK1statement enables it. TIME = 5 pre-sets the real-time clock to 5 seconds,while ONTIME 30,100 causes the pro-gram to jump to line 100 when thereal-time clock reaches 30 seconds.

Finally, PWM might be useful toliterally add bells and whistles to yournext control application. PWM standsfor pulse-width modulation. It gener-ates a user-defined pulse sequenceon IC5 pin 3.

The statement appears as PWM50,50,100. The first expression follow-ing PWM is the number of clockcycles the pulse will remain high. Aclock cycle is equal to 1.085 microsec-onds (11.0592-MHz crystal). The sec-ond expression is the number of clockcycles the pulse will remain low; thethird expression is the total numberof cycles you want to output. All ex-pressions in the PWM statement mustbe valid integers, and the minimumvalue for the first two expressions isdecimal 20.

These are only a few of the 103commands, statements, and opera-tors in BASIC-52. The User's Manualdescribes them in detail.

In Conclusion

This was a hard article for me to write,but not for any of the reasons youmight think. So much is built into thiscompact board that I am impatient touse it, and it was hard to sit down andwrite. Unfortunately, documentation isthe drudge work side of engineering.It won't take long to put the BCC-52board into some serious applications.It might be a single-board computer,but its configuration does not stopwith a single board. The BCC-52 isBCC-series Z8-bus-compatible andcan be expanded using many of the

116 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

CIRCUIT CELLAR

projects and boards I've already de-signed. For example, monitoring tem-peratures, controlling motors andheaters, and reporting events are ade-quately handled by existing power I/O.serial and parallel expansion, and A/Dconverter boards (see photo 3).

This BASIC-52 project has juststarted. Because of its power, I am in-spired to further develop applicationsand peripheral support devices. Whilea specific time has not been chosen,I'll be back in a few months with thenext chapter on the BCC-52.

Circuit Cellar Feedback

This month's feedback is on page 376.

Next Month

Go beyond the Z80 with the CircuitCellar SB 180 computer. ■

Diagrams and data pertinent to the 8052AH-BASIC chip are reprinted courtesy of the MelCorporation.

Editor's Note: Steve often refers to previousCircuit Cellar articles. Most of these past ar-ticles are available in book form from BYTEBooks. McGraw-Hill Book Company. POB400. Hightstown. Nl 08250.

Garcia's Circuit Cellar. Volume I covers articlesin BYTE from September 1977 throughNovember 1978. Volume II covers December1978 through June 1980. Volume III covers July1980 through December 1981. Volume IVcovers January 1982 through lune 1983.

The following items are available from

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Inquiry 114

AUGUST 1985

BYTE

II7

WHO MAKESTHE HIGHEST

QUALITY35" DISK?ASK SONY.

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Inquiry 304 AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 119

Part 1: The Hardware

The DSI-32

CoprocessorBoard

Plug a 32-bit

microcomputer intoyour IBM PC

Do you have scientificnumber-crunching prob-lems that leave your IBMPersonal Computer (PC)gasping? Do you want to learn aboutthe 32032, one of the first commer-cially available 32-bit micropro-cessors? Or do you just want thefastest IBM PC on the block? If youanswered "yes" to any of these ques-tions, then you may be looking for theDSI-32 coprocessor board fromDefinicon Systems Inc.

The DSI-32 coprocessor board usesthe National Semiconductor NS32032full 32-bit CPU (central processingunit), the NS32081 high-speed FPU(floating-point processing unit), andoptionally the NS32082 MMU (mem-ory-management unit).

There are two kits. The starter kithas a 6-MHz CPU and 2 56K bytes ofRAM (random-access read/writememory). The advanced kit has a10-MHz CPU and 1 megabyte ofRAM. The only difference betweenthe two kits is the jumper configura-tion; both use the same board. If youget the starter kit, you can upgradelater to the more advanced system.Both kits have a socket for the MMUchip.

The board also has two high-speed(up to 38.4k bits per second) RS-232C

serial ports and a 16-bit program-mable timer. In addition, all MS-/PC-DOS facilities—such as communica-tion ports and video and printer con-trollers-are available to the NS32032via the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS inter-face software. The interface hasspecial support for bit-mapped graph-ics-display access, including supportfor multiple-screen images in memory.Did we call the DSI-32 a copro-cessor? Well, that's only one way tolook at it. You can also think of theIBM PC as a convenient standardchassis—supplying disk drives, powersupply, display, keyboard, andexpansion-board connectors—intowhich you can plug a powerful 32-bitmicrocomputer. Since Definicon's in-terface software runs in MS-DOS, youdon't have to learn a different oper-ating system to use the DSI-32.

A Walk Aroundthe Circuit Board

The DSI-32 consists of a number ofrelatively independent functionalunits (see photo 1 and figures 1through 4). The 32032 CPU (IC44) isnear the center of the board. Aboveit is the 32201 TCU (timing controlunit, IC43), which contains the clockoscillator and much of the bus-inter-face timing circuitry. To its right is the32081 FPU (IC49) and to its im-mediate left is the MMU (IC40). Fur-ther left is the DP8409 dynamic RAMcontroller (IC37) and the RAM array(IC1-32). To the right of the FPU is the2681 DUART (dual universal asyn-chronous receiver/transmitter, IC55),the RS-232C drivers (IC58.59.61.63.

64), and serial port connectors.

Above the DUART is a socket foruser-defined peripheral devices. Thissocket simplifies the task of design-ing additional special-functiondaughterboards. At the far lower leftare the dual bidirectional latches(74LS646, IC33-36) that buffer thedata between the asynchronous 8-bitPC bus and the 32-bit internal databus of the DSI-32. The remaining cir-cuits perform address decoding, buf-fering, and control-signal generation.

There are four jumper blocks (JB1,JB2. JB3, and )B4) for selecting theoperational configuration of theboard. When shipped, the jumpersare in the correct position for a 32032(full 32-bit bus) with no MMU chip inthe MMU socket. Other possible con-figurations include the 32032 with the32082 MMU, or just the 32016 CPU(16-bit bus). Jumpers for these con-figurations are shown in figure 5. TheJB1 jumpers determine whether 64K-byte RAM chips or 2 56K-byte RAM

[continued)Trevor G. Marshall George Scolaro, DavidL. Rand, and Tom King are engineers withDefinicon Systems Inc. Vincent P. Williamsis president of Definicon. They can be con-tacted at 21042 Vintage St., Chatsworth,CA 91311.

120 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

by Trevor G. Marshall, George Scolaro,David L. Rand, Tom King, and Vincent P. Williams

Photo 1:The DS1-32

coprocessor board.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 121

DSI COPROCESSOR

National Semiconductor's absencefrom the 8-bit and 16-bit micro-processor markets turned out to be anadvantage in one way. The 32000series could be designed from scratch.Other microprocessor makers often feltit was important to keep some compat-

Architecture

by Phillip Robinson

ibility between their earlier chips andany new designs. Free of such con-straints. National Semiconductor tookwhat it calls a "radical departure frompopular trends in architectural design."The main aim was to make software de-velopment easy: to design a chip that

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Figure A: A block diagram of the 32032 CPU.

compiler writers would love.

Figure A is a block diagram of the32032. It has a 16-megabyte uniform(nonsegmented) linear-addressingspace and is available in 6-. 8-. and10-MHz versions.

The 32032 has eight 32-bit-wide,general-purpose registers that can han-dle byte, word, or double-word data.It also has eight dedicated registers in-cluding a 32-bit program counter, aprocessor status register, two stackpointer registers for user and interruptstacks, the frame-pointer register thatpoints to a procedure's dynamicallyallocated local storage, the static baseregister (which points to relocatableglobal variables), the interrupt baseregister (which locates the dispatchtable for interrupts and traps), and themodule register (which holds thedescriptor's address of the currentlyexecuting module).

The 32032s design was heavily in-fluenced by the VAX, particularly itsaddressing modes. Besides the stan-dard immediate, absolute, register, andregister-relative modes, there are fiveother modes that help support high-level languages. These are the memory-space, memory-relative, external,scaled-index, and top-of-stack modes.

As with many advanced micropro-cessors, the 32032 has both supervisorand user operating modes. To protectoperating systems, a user mode pro-gram cannot execute some instructionsor access certain registers. A super-visor mode program doesn't have suchrestrictions.

The 32032 has customary move, in-teger-arithmetic, BCD (binary-codeddecimal), integer-comparison, logical.Boolean, shift, bit. jump, stack, andcontrol instructions. To that stew it addsnew instructions such as MODi(modulus arithmetic) as well as new in-struction groups including bit-field.array, and string operations. Finally, the32032 has a list of floating-point, mem-ory-management, and custom slave in-structions that allow it to cooperatewith other processors.

122 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

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Figure 1: Scliematic of the DSI-32 board's CPU and CPU support circuitry, including the optional memory-management unitand floating-point unit.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 123

DSI COPROCESSOR

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Figure 2: Schematic of the DSI-32's IBM PC bus interface circuitry.

124 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

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AUGUST 1985

iYTE 125

DSI COPROCESSOR

chips are installed and the memory- generated. This is a power-on reset for then remains latched until the loader

refresh rate.

The PC Bus Interface

When power is first applied to theIBM PC, a bus signal RESET DRV is

any slave boards on the bus. TheRESET DRV signal is latched in IC60,the DIAG vector PAL (programmablearray logic). Pin 22 of this PAL,/POWERON, initializes the board and

software resets it by pulsing the RFSHINHIBIT line.

Since there is no room for a ROM(read-only memory) on this board, we

(continued)

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Figure 3: Schematic of the DSI-32's RAM controller circuitry, including the address decoding and HOLD arbiter PALs.

126 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PROGRAMS AWORLD OF

IIMMEaS

BYTEK Corporation, Instrument Systems Division,introduces the finest Universal Software-ControlledProgrammer on the market, ata price nobody can beat. TheS125 MultiProgrammer is ahigh technology master-piece that's been twoyears in the making.This state of the artinstrument is packedwith features likethese:

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• Supports all current technologies: EPROMsincluding CMOS, and Three Voltage devices,EEPROMs, Bipolar PROMs, Micro computer chips,PALs, HPLs, and IFLs.

• Internal RAM starts at 8K bytes and is expandable to2 megabyte (16 megabits).

• Integrated EPROM Programming. No modules orpersonality adapters are required to program mostpopular EPROMs and EEPROMs.

• Integrated Gang Programming capable of programming8 EPROMs simultaneously; 8,16,32 and 64 bitwords. Up to four masters may be copied in a singleoperation. Eight sets of EPROMs, each set withdifferent data, may be programmed from RAM.

• Optional Gang Expansion Module doubles the gangprogramming capacity, allowing for sixteen duplicatesin a single operation; or a word width from 8 to 128 bits

• 25 key full-travel integrated keyboard.

• 16 Character X 2 Line LCD Display. Integrated alpha-numeric display provides a truly operator friendlyenvironment.

• Intelligent Algorithms automatically identify the typeof EPROM in the socket.

• Two Serial RS232 Ports and a Parallel Printer Portprovide maximum communication flexibility.

• Advanced Technology Module Port supports presentand future programming technologies.

• 16 Bit in Circuit Emulation Option.

• Completely software-controlled programming plushardware expandability insures that your S125 willnot become obsolete.

• Prices start at $995.

• Delivery in one to two weeks.

1021 South Rogers CircleBoca Raton, Florida 33431

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Telex 4310073 MEVBTC

DSI COPROCESSOR

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Figure 4: T/ie DSI-32's DUART serial-port circuitry, DIAG vector PAL, and IBM PC bus control PAL.

128 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Compare theHercules Color Card

to IBM's.

Five reasons why the Hercules Color Card is better.

1. Compatibility

3. Size.

4. Flexibility.

5. Warranty.

IBM Color Adapter $244

Runs hundreds of graphicsprograms.

2. Printer port. None.

13.25 inches. Limited to longslots.

Can't always work with aHercules Graphics Card.

90 days.

Hercules Color Card $245

Runs the same hundreds ofgraphics programs. "TheHercules Color Card is so nearlyidentical to the IBM Color/Graphics Card that it's almostuncanny." PC Mag.

Standard. Our parallel portallows you to hook up to any IBMcompatible printer.

5.25 inches. Fits in a long or shortslot in a PC, XT, AT or Portable.

Always works with a HerculesGraphics Card by means of asoftware switch.

Two years.

Any one of these five features is enough reason to buy a Hercules Color Card. Butperhaps the most convincing reason of all is just how easy the Hercules Color Card is touse: "Right out of the box, the Hercules Color Card goes into an empty expansion slot,ready for you to plug in. . . and go to work—no jumpers, no software. For mostapplications, it's just that easy." PC Magazine.

Call 1-800-532-0600 Ext. 421 for the name of the Hercules dealer nearest you andwe'll rush you our free info kit. tt i

Hercules.

We're strong on graphics.

Inquiry 139Address: Hercules, 2550 Ninth St, Berkeley, CA 94710 Ph: 415 540-6000 Telex: 754063 Trademarks/Owners: Hercules/Hercules Computer Technology; IBM/IBM.

DSI COPROCESSOR

needed some mechanism for the CPUto execute defined instructions duringthe power-on cycle. The DIAG vectorPAL performs this function. The PALforces a DIA instruction on the databus whenever the CPU is uninitialized.This makes the CPU fetch a DIA as its

first instruction (at address 0). [Editor'snote: All addresses to follow are in hexa-decimal] The DIA instruction causesthe CPU to flush its queue and ex-ecute a "branch to self." In this way,the 32032 is put into a very tight loopand won't lock up by executing some

undefined instruction from its unini-tialized main RAM memory space.The remaining function of the DIAGvector PAL is to act as a 4-bit read-only port so the CPU can read theRS-232C status lines of |2.

{continued)

CWAIT 0(PIN 22,

N TCUC43)

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LOCKOUT

-♦REFRESH CLOCK (PIN 1, IC37)

10MHz CLOCK FREQUENCY JUMPER6MHz CLOCK FREQUENCY JUMPERFROM PIN 19. IC38

JUMPER FOR 256K DYNAMIC RAMS

JUMPER FOR NS32016 CPU

JUMPER FOR 6MH2 BOARD

JUMPER FOR 10MHz BOARD

RESET TCU

IC62. PIN 15

0

b 0

SYSTEM ADS

HLDAO OF MMU

MMU BBG/RST

PIN 29. IC40 1 i

TO BBG BYPASS

CAPACITORS

TO 32052

OR HBE OF 32016

^ HLDAI OF MMU (PIN 31)

1 OR HLDA OF 3201S

<—I I *

a 32016 RST/ABT

• SYSTEM HLDA-< HLDA FROM 32032

000

JUMPERS FOR 32016 CPU

JUMPER FOR 32032 ALONE

JUMPER FOR 32032 CPU.WITH 32082 MMU

^r

O^o L-0

rti

-» TO PIN 1-» TO PIN 6

-> AT/SPC 32016

-» A24 MMU OR INT32016

I

0-1 J'"

0 I INT

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FLT TO 32016132032

o—o 0000

32032 CPU ALONE

0 0 0 0 0 0

o oo o

32032 CPUo WITH 32082 MMU

o 00000

32016 CPU

SYSTEM INT

DUART INT

J

'IN 13 <—i

^h

NORMAL CONFIGURATION

0 RAM AT EOOOOh IN RAM SPACE OF 8088SEGMENT LATCH AT 160h IN I/O SPACE OFI/O PORT ADDRESS AT 150h IN I/O SPACEALTERNATIVE CONFIGURATION

-o RAM AT DOOOOhSEGMENT AT 280hI/O AT 2A0h

Figure 5: Various jumper configurations for the DSI-32. All diagrams are shownwith the edge connector to the bottom right.

king at the top of the board.

130 BYTE- AUGUST

The world's best selling monochromegraphics card for the IBM PC.

There are more Hercules'"Graphics Cards in more IBM"PCs, XTs and ATs than anyother monochrome graphicscard in the world.

Over a quarter of a milliondemanding users around theworld use a Hercules GraphicsCard to improve the perfor-mance of their software.The Lotus* 1-2-3* Booster.

Consider Lotus 1-2-3.Hercules gives an off-the-shelfcopy of 1-2-3the highestresolutionpossibleon an IBMPC, XT or AT. More 1-2-3users choose the HerculesGraphics Card to get crispertext and sharper graphicsthan any other monochromegraphics card.

And we bring the sameperformance to other integrat-ed programs like Symphony',"Framework," and SuperCalc*3.

But we don't stop there.The Hercules Graphics Card

improves all kinds of software.

Like Microsoft* Word, aword processor that enablesyou to display text with sub-scripts, superscripts and italics

Or pfs: Graph, an easy-to-use business graphics programthat converts your data intopresentation quality graphs.

Or Microsoft* Flight Simu-lator, the high flying game forthe overworked executive.

Or our own Graph X™ alibrary of graphics sub-routines that eases graphicsprogramming.

Or AutoCAD," a computeraided design program thatoffers features normally asso-ciated with expensive CADsystems.

And we supply free soft-ware with each cardto do hi-res graph-ics using the PC'sBASIC interpreter.State-Of-The-Art Hardware.

The Hercules GraphicsCard gives you graphics res-olution of 720h x 348v and a

parallel printer port. Ourunique static RAM buffer pro-vides sharp 9 x 14 charactersand flicker-free scrolling. Ourexclusive safety features helpprevent damageto your monitor.State-of-the-artcustom IC technologydelivers unsurpassed reli-ability. Ordinary graphics cardsuse up to 30 ICs to do what oneHercules IC does. By usingfewer parts, we reduce the pos-sibility of component failure.

Which is one reason wewarranty the HerculesGraphics Card for two years.

Unbeatable reliability.Advanced technology. Provenby over a quarter of a millionusers. Why settle for anythingless than Hercules?

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Hercules.

We're strong on graphics.

Inquiry 140

Address: 2550 Ninth St., Berkeley, CA 94710 Ph: 415 540-6000 Telex: 754063. Trademarks/Owners: Hercules, Graph X/Hercules; 1-2-3, Symphony/Lotus; IBM, XT,AT/IBM; Framevrork/Ashton-Tate; SuperCalc/Sorcim-IUS; Microsoft/Microsoft; pfs:/Software Publ; AutoCAD/AutoDesk.

DSI COPROCESSOR

The PC bus interface PAL, IC62, per-forms many functions. It provides theIBM PC with a 2-bit status (read) portand also a 4-bit control (write) port.Also, this PAL supplies two polledflags for interprocessor communica-tion, in addition to the one level of in-terrupt in each direction.

When the IBM PCs CPU accessesthe DSl-32's RAM. it performs a mem-ory (read or write) cycle in a 64K-bytesegment of its address space. For thePC XT this is from E000 to EFFF. Forthe PC AT the board can be mappedfrom D000 to DFFF. 1C47 determineswhich 64K-byte segment of the DSI-32address space the PC is referencing.

When a memory read/write requestfrom the 8088 is detected by the dualport RAM controller (1C56), it assertsa HOLD (DMA) request to the 32032CPU. When it is able to service theHOLD request, the 32032 respondswith a HLDA (hold acknowledge)signal and 1C56 completes the DMAcycle. Due to the 8-byte instructionprefetch queue on the 32032, the in-ternal CPU state machine continues torun even after it has relinquished itsbus to the DMA cycle. This is for-tunate because, although the muchslower 8088 may take almost a micro-second to complete its portion of theDMA cycle, the usual loss of execu-tion time to the 32032 is only 100nanoseconds.

The default I/O (input/output) mem-ory-address allocation for the DSI-32'scontrol register can be changed if an-other board in your IBM PC has an ad-dress clash with the DSI-32. A pro-gram that comes with the kit guidesyour choice of memory and I/O portaddress configuration.

The Dynamic RAM Array

Either 2 56K bytes or 1 megabyte ofdynamic RAM can be installed on theDSI-32. The first 14 megabytes of ad-dress space are uniquely decoded,allowing for future memory expansionon a separate board.

No parity checking or obvious-errorcorrection was designed into theDSI-32. Parity checking on an IBM PCslave board is of little use. The onlyaction you could take if an error were

Benchmarks

These three benchmarks in table Arepresent numerically intensivealgorithms that require both integerand floating-point arithmetic.

The Sieve of Eratosthenes tests theperformance of a high-level languageimplementing Boolean algebra and in-teger arithmetic (see listing A). TheFloat benchmark examines the pro-cessor's ability to execute floating-point array arithmetic (see listing B).The FLT benchmark tests the speed ofthe floating-point coprocessor (seelisting C).

Array handling is primarily exercisedby the Float and Sieve benchmarks,since the FLT benchmark uses onlyscalar calculations.

It should be noted, however, that theSieve benchmark uses only a Booleanarray and this negates much of thethroughput advantage of theNS32032's 32-bit bus (and indeed theVAX's 64-bit bus), tending to favor the8- and 16-bit processors.

Notes on Benchmarks

The Sieve benchmarks that were run onthe IBM PC XT and PC AT were writ-ten in Digital Research C. The FLTbenchmark used Microsoft FORTRAN

for the XT and DR F77 for the AT.

The variable n represents the maxi-mum control number on the majorloop of the benchmark test. In theSieve benchmark, the major loop wasrun 10 times.

N/D indicates No Data, a test not run.

N/A indicates Not Available. No com-piler could be found that could use ar-rays with more than 64,000 elements.

The five target machines being com-pared are the IBM PC XT (8088 CPU),the IBM PC AT (80286 CPU), the VAX-11/750, the VAX-11/780, and DefiniconSystem's DSI-32 coprocessor (10-MHz32032 CPU). All five machines have ad-ditional numeric-processing hardware:

1. IBM PC XT has Intel's 8087 floating-point chip (4.77 MHz).

2. IBM PC AT has Intel's 80287 floating-point chip (4.0 MHz).

3. VAX-11/750 has Digital Equipment'sFloating-Point Accelerator.

4. VAX-11/780 has Digital Equipment'sFloating-Point Accelerator

5. DSI-32 coprocessor has NationalSemiconductor's 32081 FPU (floating-point unit).

The compilers used for the PC XTand PC AT were chosen on their pub-

Table A: Execution time (in seconds) formachines have floating-point accelerators.

10 iterations

of the Sieve. All

Sieve Benchmark

n IBM PC XT8191 11.620000 35.330000 44.940000 351.580000 N/A

IBM PC AT

3.71

8.1312.4099.71

N/A

VAX-11/750

2.41

6.11

N/D

13.13

29.65

VAX-11/7801.903.04N/D6.3813.34

DSI-321.854.526.789.0418.12

Float Benchmark

n IBM PC XT40000 11.46

IBM PC AT

17.71

VAX-11/7500.83

VAX-11/7800.50

DSI-320.84

FLT Benchmark

n IBM PC XT256000 119.3

IBM PC AT134.0

VAX-11/7509.48

VAX-11/7806.18

DSI-3216.48

132 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

DSI COPROCESSOR

benchmark on both the PC XT and the

lished reputation for generating high- PC AT. The FORTRAN compiler for the

speed code. Microsoft FORTRAN ver- VAX was written by Digital Equipment

sion 3.1 was used for the FLT and Float running under the VMS operating

benchmarks on the PC XT. As it did not system.

execute on the PC AT Digital Research The compilers for the DSI-32 copro-

F77 was used for the FLT and Float cessor were written by Green Hills Soft-

benchmarks on that machine. Digital ware and ported to the Definicon

Research C was used for the Sieve MS-/PC-DOS environment.

Listing A: The Sieve benchmark.

#define LIMIT 8191

#define ITS 10

#define FALSE 0

#define TRUE 1

main ()

i

char flags[LIMIT+1];

register long i,prime,k;

int countjter;

for (iter = 1;iter< = ITS; iter+ + ) {

count = 0;

for (i = 0;i< = LIMIT;i + + ) flags[i] = TRUE;

for (i = 0:i<=LIMIT;i + + ) {

if (flagsfi]) {

prime= i + i + 3;

for (k = i + prime;k< =LIMIT;k+ = prime) flags[k] = FALSE;

count+ +;

}i

}

printf("Found °/od primes",count);

}

Listing B: The Float benchmark.

Listing C: The FLT benchmark.

PROGRAM FLOAT

C

DIMENSION RARRAY (40000)

PROGRAM FLT

COMMON /FAST/ RARRAY

INTEGER-4 l,J

INTERGER-41

REAL*8 X,Y,Z

DO 10 1 = 1,40000

DO 10 1 = 1,256000

10 RARRAY(I) = 1.0

J = 256000-I

DO 91 1 = 1,40000

X = FLOAT(l)

RARRAY(I) = RARRAY(I) -

Y = FLOAT(J)

C RARRAY(40000 - I)

Z = Y/X

91 CONTINUE

X = Y-Z

STOP

Y = Z*X

END

Z = Y + X10 CONTINUEC Force the loop optimizer to retainC all four lines by;

X = Z + Y

STOP

END

detected would be to shut down thehost 8088 CPU. Although the 8088then reports the address currently onits bus, this usually bears no relationto the true cause of the problem. Con-ventional external error correction isslow and requires adding wait statesto the memory cycles, reducing the32032's performance.

There is a level of protection pro-vided by the DSI-32 interface soft-ware. Should the 32032 execute an in-struction that it cannot decode (suchas would occur on a faulty programread), it executes an ILLEGAL IN-STRUCTION trap. This trap is caughtby the Definicon MS-/PC-DOS inter-face software, and the full status isreported to the operator.

To further increase the board's reli-ability, a REFRESH INHIBIT controlsignal has been made available to the8088/8086 CPU. This lets the diagnos-tic software determine the exact safe-ty margin of each dynamic RAM chipin the memory array. This signal isalso used to start the CPU after a coldboot.

Nevertheless, true error correctionis available as an option on the l-megabyte advanced kit. The DSI-32 isdesigned to accommodate the newINMOS (a British semiconductor com-pany) 2 56K by 1-bit RAM chip that internally detects and corrects errors,such as those occurring from irregularrefresh or alpha-particle activity.

The RAM array is driven and con-trolled by a National SemiconductorDP8409. This device (IC37) containshigh-current outputs that can drivethe highly capacitive RAM array, aswell as circuitry to insert "hidden"refresh cycles whenever the RAM isinactive. These cycles allow the CPUto avoid the otherwise mandatoryHOLD request (every 12 microsec-onds or so) to allow the DP8409 torefresh, the array. Nevertheless, whena forced refresh is required, it is com-pleted in two T (timing) states, leav-ing the processor's execution essen-tially unaffected.

Since both the RAM array and the8088/8086 are asynchronously plac-ing HOLD requests on the CPU, a

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 133

DSI COPROCESSOR

DSI-32 Hardware,Software, and Support

The following hardware kits and soft-ware are available from Definicon Sys-tems Inc., 21042 Vintage St., Chats-worth, CA 91311, (818) 341-5654.

Hardware

1. Starter kit - 32032 CPU and 32081FPU. 6-MHz clock rate. 2 56K bytes ofRAM (32 64K by 1-bit chips) wave-soldered, partially tested, fullysocketed printed-circuit board. Full setof integrated circuits and assembly in-structions. Diagnostic software disk.Simplified NSX-compatible assem-bler/linker/loader. MS-DOS interfacesoftware, advanced debug monitor.Public-domain software disk (suppliedupon request). Price: $995.

2. Advanced kit — Same as above, ex-cept CPU and FPU are 10-MHz and 1megabyte of memory (32 2 56K by1-bit chips) is supplied. Price: $1495.

The DSI-32 is suitable for use withthe IBM PC or any identical "clone"microcomputer. However, a money-back guarantee is the only guaranteeof compatibility offered by Definicon.The DSI-32 draws up to 15 watts fromthe PCs power supply. Make sure youhave that much spare power beforeordering.

A fixed disk is almost essential if youare to run the Green Hills compilers(which range to 2 50K bytes of code).

Software

Public-domain compilers/interpretersare available for FORTH, Small-CPascal, and Tiny BASIC. A disk contain-ing them will be included with your kitprovided that you specifically ask for it.The following advanced software isavailable. (Note that the C and Pascalcompilers will run in 2 56K bytes ofRAM. but their capabilities will be con-siderably limited. The FORTRAN com-piler will not run in 2 56K bytes of RAM.

If you want to run these compilers,Definicon suggests you use the Ad-vanced kit with its I-megabyte ofRAM,)

1. Green Hills C Compiler: Kernighanand Ritchie C plus full Berkeley 4.2UNIX extensions.

2. Green Hills Pascal Compiler: FullBerkeley 4.2 UNIX-compatible plusmany extensions.

3. Green Hills FORTRAN Compiler:ANSI (American National Standards In-stitute) FORTRAN 77 plus full Berkeley4.2 UNIX extensions.

4. Definicon/Computer Systems DesignNS32000 Assembler/Linker: AdvancedNational Semiconductor NSX syntaxassembler with the GENIX extensionsrequired by Green Hills compilers. Sup-ports fully relocatable code and"Pascal-like" high-level constructs.Linker supports assembler output syn-tax and fully relocatable code, includ-ing named COMMON blocks and ini-tialized statics.

5. Definicon/Computer Systems DesignNS32000 Library Manager and Pro-grammer's Utilities: LIB32 program toform and examine libraries of objectmodules, assembly and high-level lan-guage examples for direct (OEM) inter-face to the Definicon MS-/PC-DOSinterface.

Prices:

Library manager/programmer'sutilities: $49

Assembler/linker (purchasedseparately): $149

One compiler (your choice),including assembler/linker: $299

Two compilers, including assembler/linker (one purchase): $499

Three compilers, including assem-bler/linker (one purchase): $649Any compiler, purchased alone

(needs assembler above):

$249

Note: Green Hills Software has helpedmake these compilers available toBYTE readers using the DefiniconMS-/PC-DOS software environment atprices well below those of the identicalcompilers for their original UNIXenvironment.

A 32-bit FORTH interpreter is availablefor $299 from Symbolic ProcessingSystems, 501 West Maple, Orange, CA92668, (714) 637-4298, This FORTH in-cludes a screen editor, string and filehandling, and full floating-point sup-port. Debugging aids—includingTRACE and VIEW-are provided. Themetacompiler and source-codescreens are provided to ease systemcustomization.

Support

The prices Definicon is charging for thesoftware are special discounts for BYTEreaders. The only support that Defini-con can offer to purchasers of this soft-ware is a guarantee to respondpromptly to written bug reports. Defini-con assumes that BYTE readers will beproficient in the basic programmingsyntax of a language before they orderthese products, and the documenta-tion provided reflects this assumption,

Trevor Marshall's Thousand OaksTechnical Database (RCP/M) will act asa focal point for public-domain soft-ware for the DSI-32. The database maybe reached on the public accessnumber (24 hours a day, 1200 bits persecond) at (805) 492-5472, or, foruploads, at the restricted (sysop's)number, (805) 493-1495.

Micro Cornucopia (POB 223, Bend,OR 97709, (503) 382-8048) has agreedto form a users group to support theDSI-32. Contact them directly fordetails.

134 B YTE • AUGUST

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Or, phone 1 800 44KODAK, Ext 293 (1 800 445 6325, Ext 293).

Tell'em Slide Cat sent you!"

The system includes KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Copy Stand, KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC CRT Slide Imager and CRT Adapters, KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Color Slide Film, and KODAK INSTAGRAPHIC Slide Mounter and Mounts.

© Eastman Kodak Company, 1985Inquiry 108 AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 135

SubscriptionProblems?

We want to help!

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DSI COPROCESSOR

In conjunction withthe interrupt-driven\6-bit timer and thetwo serial ports, anMMU will let theDSI-32 run UNIX.

HOLD arbiter PAL (IC38) allots eacha priority and ensures that no accesscontention can occur.

Unusual Componentsin This Design

Murata ceramic resonators are usedinstead of-quartz crystals. Althoughnot quite as stable as the crystals, theyare perfectly adequate. The typicalfrequency tolerance is ±0.5 percentmaximum. They are easier to mountthan crystals and are also cheaper.Note that the RS-232C data-transferrate can be up to 3 percent slowerdue to the use of a standard3.58-MHz resonator rather than the3.686-MHz resonator originally spec-ified for the 2681 DUART

Rogers Q-PAC bypass capacitors areused in several critical areas of theboard. They provide near-perfect by-passing of high-frequency transientsand help reduce noise that otherwisemight reduce reliability.

Optional 32082Memory-Management Unit

The DSI-32 can accommodate theNS32082 MMU. This, in conjunctionwith the interrupt-driven 16-bit timerand the two serial ports, gives it thecapability of running UNIX (when itbecomes available). The MMU alsoadds some debugging capability tothe current monitor, such as abreakpoint-on-address reference.

A Brief Lookat Software

In addition to a number of public-domain compilers and interpreters,

three high-performance, UNIX-com-patible, optimizing compilers for theDSI-32 are currently available fromDefinicon. The Green Hills Software C,FORTRAN, and Pascal implement thefull Berkeley 4.2 extensions in addi-tion to the commonly accepted lan-guage definitions. These compilersproduce NS32032 source code, whichis assembled with the Computer Sys-tems Design/Definicon assembler,linker, and loader. In addition, a 32-bitFORTH interpreter, a Tiny BASIC, anda dBASE II compiler were scheduledfor release last month.

The disk operating system is MS-/PC-DOS. No special partitions or file con-versions are required. The 32032 datafiles can be identical to their MS-/PC-DOS counterparts, and 32032 execut-able code files exist on disk as stan-dard MS-/PC-DOS files. Software de-velopment is done entirely within theMS-/PC-DOS command shell, with noneed for special editors or other filemanagers.

A resident (RAM-based) monitorallows easy debugging. Its commandsyntax is similar to DEBUG and DDT(dynamic debugging tool). It allowssingle-step execution, running withmultiple breakpoints, and, with theoptional MMU, breakpoint-on-addressreference. Also, the monitor includesstandard memory and register displayand substitute features. A powerfuldisassembler with full floating-pointsupport is part of the monitor.

Next Month

We have taken a glimpse inside thehardware of the DSI-32, and we hopethat this gives you some idea of thiscoprocessor board's speed and flex-ibility. Although we have discussedsoftware only briefly, next month wewill look in greater detail at the lan-guages and programming tools avail-able. ■

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe authors are indebted to Martin A.Lewis of Cambrian Consultants Inc. ofCalabasas. California, for his help andguidance during the project and toapplications engineer Les Wilson ofNational Semiconductor for his untiringassistance.

136 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

"Thanks for,the memory.

INTRODUCING THE COMMODORE 128.Tr

It's here. And it's going to make a lot ofCommodore 64'" owners very happy.A personal computer with a 128Kmemory and 80-column capaPilitythat's still compatible with all theperipherals and over 3,000 programsdesigned for the Commodore 64.

In fact, the new 128 is almost likegetting three computers in one. That'sbecause it can run as a 64, a 128 andin a CP/M® mode. Or it can even beexpanded to a full 512K memory.And that's about as "personalized"as a personal computer can get.It's intelligence that can match your

own versatility. And then, even take itto a higher level.

There's more than a bigger memory.

There are a lot of extra featureswe didn't forget. Like a handy numerickeypad for data-entry efficiencyand accuracy.

An expanded keyboard that putsmore commands at your fingertips foreasier programming. So you can bea whiz at using more varied graphicsand text. Or a musical genius playingfull three-part melody in any tempoyou set. And there's even a "help" key

that comes to your rescue, listingprogramming errors on-screen withthe error in reverse field.

There's also a new faster diskdrive. With a separate "Burst" modethat can transfer up to 3,000 char-acters per second. Just in case you'rea speed demon.

"Thanks for the memory! "You'rewelcome. And for the expandability.And compatibility. And versatility. Andfor making it all very affordable. Afterall, one of the other things that shouldgo into a more intelligent computeris a price that makes sense.

COMMODORE 128? PERSONAL COMPUTER

®CP/M is a registered trademark of Digital Research, Inc.

A Higher Intelligence

© Commodore 1985

SvgjSisisSSSSffi^^JSi

138 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

ILLUSTRATED BY IAMIE HOGAN

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

Context-Free Parsing

of Arithmetic

Expressions

by Jonathan Amsterdam

Parse integer arithmeticexpressions into executable form

Lm-

think I was in the fifth

j grade when I first heard

J about My Dear Aunt Sally.

I dLJBlhr teacher had no

|sooner written "3 + 4 x5" on the blackboard thanimpetuous young foolthat I was, shouted out "3 5!" After pointingout that the correct answer was 23, theteacher introduced me to my new-found rel-ative—My Dear Aunt Sally: multiplication,division, addition, subtraction. That's theorder in which we calculate arithmetic ex-pressions. Once we learn it, it's an easy ruleto master.

But computers are not so clever. They findthese so-called operator precedence rulesa bit of a nuisance. Some programmers, likethe folks at Hewlett-Packard and FORTH in-ventor Charles Moore, have taken an easyway out by using Polish-postfix (or reverse-Polish) notation, in which 3 + 4*5becomes 3 4 5*+.

This notation is easy for computers tounderstand and, FORTH addicts will swear,for people too. But those of us who preferto keep our eyes uncrossed would like someway to teach the machine our way of doingbusiness.

What we want, more precisely, is a wayto parse ordinary integer arithmeticexpressions—that is, to translate the stringof symbols that make up such an expres-

sion into something with more structure,something that captures the fact that 4 *5 is a meaningful component of 3 + 4 * 5,while 3 + 4 is not. We can break the prob-lem into two parts: writing a set of rules thatcorrectly describes the structure of the ex-pressions, and implementing those rules ina computer program. The result will be aparsing algorithm that, when combinedwith a simple evaluation function, gives afour-function integer calculator of the"algebraic," or more commonly, Texas In-struments variety. I'll discuss more generalapplications of parsing at the end of thisarticle.

Context-Free Grammars

First, though. I need to describe the struc-ture of arithmetic expressions. Here I'll usean idea originally developed by linguists. Atone time, they thought that the syntax ofEnglish and other natural languages couldbe described by a series of rules like thefollowing:

S -> NP VPNP -> ADI NVP - > V ADV

{continued)\onathan Amsterdam is a graduate student at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology Artificial in-telligence Laboratory. He can be reached at 1643Cambridge St. #34, Cambridge. MA 02138.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 139

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

These rules say that a sentence con-sists of a noun part and a verb part,a noun part consists of an adjectivefollowed by a noun, and a verb partconsists of a verb followed by anadverb. We can use these rules togenerate a subset of English by start-ing with the "S" rule and replacingsymbols on the right-hand side withthe corresponding rule. The rules I'vegiven don't allow much freedom. Youcan replace the NP of the first rulewith ADJ N and the VP with V ADV,giving you sentences of the formadjective-noun-verb-adverb: sen-tences like "Loose lips sink fast" (butnot "Loose lips sink ships"). If you usemore rules, you can capture more ofEnglish, but Noam Chomsky (con-sidered the founder of transforma-tional or generative grammar) showedin the late 1950s that these context-freegrammars—so called because thesymbols on the left-hand sides of theright arrows don't have to appear inany special context in order to be sub-stituted into right-hand sides—aren'tpowerful enough to describe anynatural languages.

They're just the ticket, though, forcomputer languages. Most of the syn-tax of modern programming lan-guages is describable by context-freegrammars, including that small part ofsyntax we're interested in here. Intable 1, I present the context-freegrammar for arithmetic expressions inBackus-Naur form.

I've switched syntax from thelinguists' to the computer scientists'.The ::= is just like the right arrow, andthe | means "or." These rules say thatan expression is a term, a term plusan expression, or a term minus an ex-pression; a term is a factor, a factortimes a term, or a factor divided bya term; and a factor is either anumber, a minus sign followed by afactor, or an expression enclosed inparentheses. These rules capture thecorrect precedence rules for the fourcommon arithmetic operations, aswell as unary minus and parentheses(both of which have higher prece-dence than any other operator).

If you look carefully at the rules, youmay find yourself getting dizzy. It

a expr1

1 1 1

term + expr

b expr1

1 1 1

term + expr

factor13

c expr

1

1 1 1

term + expr

r 1 1

factor term

1 i 1

3 1 1 1

factor * term1 14 factor

15

Figure 1: The steps in creating the parsetree for 3 + 4 * 5.

+

1

1

1

3

*I

r

"1

4

5

Figure 2: Am abbreviated parse tree of3 + 4*5.

seems that each rule is defined interms of itself and another rule.Where does it all end? It ends in thecharacters that make up the four oper-ations and parentheses and in thenumbers. Let's use the rules to parse

3 + 4*5. The description of whatwe're doing is called a "parse tree."

Parsing an Expression

To begin with, the whole thing is anexpression (we always start parsingwith expr). Now, there are three kindsof expressions: one is just a term,another is two things separated by aplus sign, and the third is two thingsseparated by a minus sign. With 3 +

4 * 5, we obviously have two thingsthat are separated by a plus sign. Sofar, the parse tree looks like figure la.Let's concentrate next on the firstcomponent, which is the number 3.We know it's a term, but which of thethree term rules apply? Again, theonly choice is the first one, which saysa term is a factor. And now we havereached dry land because a factor is,among other things, a number. Ourparse tree now looks like figure lb.

Now we can concentrate on theother half of our expression, 4*5.Here, the only appropriate expressionrule is the first one, since there are noplus or minus signs in our subexpres-sion. And the only fitting term rule isthe second one, because of the multi-plication sign. The complete parsetree is shown in figure lc.

Do you see how the parse tree cap-tures the precedence rules? Noticethat the 4 * 5 is together on a singlesubtree, joined to the 3 by the plussign. If you eliminate all the occur-rences of expr, term, and factor,which were useful in the parsing pro-cess but now serve no purpose, youhave the much simpler tree shown infigure 2.

It is just these latter trees that myparsing program will construct. Onceyou've got the tree, it's easy toactually calculate the expression: luststart at the root (top) of the tree,evaluate (recursively) the left and rightsubtrees, and then perform the opera-tion at the root on the two results.

From Grammar to Parser

But how do you go from the threegrammar rules I described earlier toa working program? The choice ofwhich rule to apply at any step seemsto require looking ahead. When con-

i YTE - AUGUST 15

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

fronted with 3 + 4 * 5, I chose thesecond expr rule because of the plussign. This required only slight look-ahead, but consider the expression 3* 4 * 5 * 6 + 7. This is also correctlydescribed by the second expr rule,but now the look-ahead is consider-ably larger, and I could make it aslarge as 1 want by putting more multi-plications before the addition. Now,an arithmetic expression 20 pageslong may be absurd, but a program20 pages long is not, so if you wantto be able to generalize this techniqueto parsing programs, you have to con-fine the look-ahead. And even if youdecide to take the easy way out byreading the whole input in at onceand looking ahead, it would be ineffi-cient to rescan the entire string overand over again.

In fact, there is a better way—thegrammar rules require no more than onecharacter look-ahead. How is this possible,after what I just said about choosingthe right rule? If you examine the rulesagain, you'll notice that an expressionalways starts with a term. Sometimes theterm is followed by a plus sign, some-times a minus sign, sometimes noth-ing—but you can worry about that afterparsing the term. Then you can peekat the next character to see if it's whatyou want, and if it's not, you can putit back. The "put-back" operation iseasy to implement because you'llnever have to put back more than onecharacter. If you look at the rules forterm and factor, you'll see that there,too, the correct rule can be chosen onthe basis of only one character.

The construction of the actual pro-gram will be quite straightforward ifyou implement the parser by associat-ing a procedure with each group ofrules-one for the expr rules, one forthe term, and one for the factor. Theprocedures just mirror the rules. Eachprocedure is responsible for parsingits own category of subexpression,consuming just enough of the inputto do so, and returning the properparse tree. For example, the expr pro-cedure first calls the term procedureto take care of the parsing of the term;then it looks ahead to see if the next

[continued)

Table 1: The grammar of arithmetic in Backus-Naur form.

expr ::= term | term + expr | term - exprterm ::= factor | factor * term | factor / termfactor ::= number | -factor | (expr)

Listing 1: A program to parse and evaluate ordinary integer arithmeticexpressions.

(* This is a Texas Instruments-style calculator. It parses arithmeticexpressions using the usual precedence rules.Written by Jonathan Amsterdam, December 1984.

PROGRAM TICalc;

CONSTendOfFile >emptyendOfLine;

0; (* special character signifying end of file *)

127; (* character used to indicate that savedChar is empty*

13; (* special character signifying end of line *)

TYPEnodetype = (binop, unop, number);node = "noderec;noderec = RECORD

CASE tag:nodetype OFbinop: (operator: CHAR;

leftOperand, rightOperand:node);unop: (uOperatonCHAR;

operand:node);number:(num:INTEGER);END;

VARsavedChar: CHAR;digits: SET OF CHAR;

(* input functions *)

FUNCTION getChanCHAR;

(* Useful low-level character input. Returns special characters at

end of file and end of line. *)VAR c:CHAR;BEGINIF savedCHAR < > chr(empty) THEN BEGINgetCHAR : = savedChar:savedChar := chr(empty);END ELSE IF EOF THEN

getChar : = chr(endOfFile)ELSE IF EOLN THEN BEGINgetChar : = chr(endOfLine);readln;END ELSE BEGINread(c);getChar : = c;END;END;

[continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 141

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PROGRAMMING PROJECT

PROCEDURE ungetChar(c:CHAR);

(* Allows one character at a time to be pushed back on the input. *)BEGINIF savedChar = chr(empty) THEN

savedChar : = cELSE

writeln(ungetChar' can't unget more than one character at a time');END:

FUNCTION nextChar:CHAR;(* Skips over blanks. *)VAR c:CHAR;BEGIN

REPEAT

c : = getChar

UNTIL CO'

nextChar := c;END;

FUNCTION charTolnt(c:CHAR):INTEGER;(* Converts a numeric character to an integer. *)BEGINIF NOT (c IN digits) THEN BEGINwritelnfcharToInt: ', c, 'is not a digit');charToInt : = 0;END ELSE

charToInt := ord(c) - ord('O');END;

FUNCTION getNum(c:CHAR):INTEGER;

(" Reads a number from the input. The first digit of the number has

already been read and is passed as an argument. *VAR n:INTEGER;BEGIN

n := 0;

REPEATn : = 10*n + charTolnt(c);C := getChar;

UNTIL NOT (c IN digits);

ungetChar(c);

getNum : = n;END;

(* node creation functions *)

(* The following three functions create nodes for the parse tree. The firsttwo each return NIL if their node arguments are NIL. *)

FUNCTION binopNode(opor;CHAR; lopand, ropand:node):node;VAR n: node;BEGINIF (lopand = NIL) OR (ropand = NIL) THEN

binopNode : = NILELSE BEGINNew(n, binop);WITH n" DO BEGINtag : = binop;operator : = opor;leftOperand : = lopand;rightOperand ; = ropand;END;

binopNode : = n;END;END;

142 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION unopNode(opor:CHAR; opand:node):node;VAR n:node;BEGINIF opand = NIL THEN

unopNode := NILELSE BEGINnew(n, unop);WITH rTDO BEGINtag : = unop;uOperator : = opor;operand : = opand;end;

unopNode : = n;END;END;

FUNCTION numberNode(i:INTEGER):node;

VAR n:node;

BEGIN

new(n, number);

WITH n* DO BEGINtag : = number;num : = i;

END;

numberNode : = n;END;

(* tree-printing procedures *)

PROCEDURE ptree(n:node; depth:INTEGER);BEGINWITH n" DOCASE tag OFbinop: BEGIN

ptree(leftOperand, depth+ 2);writelnf ':depth,operator);ptree(nghtOperand, depth+ 2);END;unop: Begin

writelnf ':depth,uoperator);ptree(operand, depth+ 2);END;number: writelnf ':depth,num);END;END;

PROCEDURE PrintTree(n:node);BEGIN

ptree(n, 0);END;

(* parser ")

(* Each of the three parsing functions returns NIL if an error occurs in the parse.

(continued)

One of the variants isfor binary operations,another for unaryoperations, and a thirdfor numbers.

nonblank character is a plus or minusand, if so, calls itself—recursively—toparse the rest of the expression. Final-ly, it combines the parse tree pro-duced by term and the one producedby the recursive call on itself into alarger tree with the operator—plus orminus—at its root and returns thistree. The implementations of termand factor are similar.

Implementation

At this point, the actual programmingis trivial; its outcome can be found inlisting 1 and may be downloadedfrom BYTEnet Listings. (The phonenumber is (617) 861-9774.) 1 wrote itin UCSD Pascal on an Apple II, but Ididn't use any features peculiar tothat implementation, so it should beportable. The nodes of the parse treeare represented by variant records.One of the variants is for binaryoperations like addition and multipli-cation, another for unary operationslike negation, and a third for numbers(I used integers to keep it simple).Because I have to put back a char-acter on the input sometimes, I builtan input procedure on top of Pascal's;this is a good idea anyway, becausePascal has such hideous I/O (input/output). My routine, called getChar,always returns a character, even atend of line or end of file; two specialcharacters are chosen for these cases.The getChar routine interacts withungetChar through the variablesavedChar to allow one character tobe put back on the input. The next-Char function ignores blanks, whichis usually the right thing to do. ThegetNum function translates a string of

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 143

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OVERLAYS

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■ First and Second in AUG '83 BYTEbenchmarks

SYMBOLIC DEBUGGER

$50

Examine & change variables by

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Flip between debug and display

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Set multiple breakpoints by function

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DOS LINK SUPPORT

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PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION term:node; FORWARD;FUNCTION factornode; FORWARD;

FUNCTION expnnode;

(* An expression is either a term, or a term +,VAR c:CHAR;

n:node;BEGINn : = term;expr : = n;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGINc : = nextChar;

IF (c = ' + ') OR (c = '-')THENexpr := binopNode(o, n, expr)ELSE IF c <> chr(endOfLine) THENungetChar(c);END;END;

FUNCTION term(*:node*);

(* A term is either a factor, or a factor *,/ a term. *)

VAR c:CHAR;

n:node;BEGINn : = factor;term : = n;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGINC := nextChar;IF (c = '*')0R (c = 7') THEN

term := binopNode(c, n, term)ELSE

ungetChar(c);END;END;

an expression. *)

FUNCTION factor(*:node*);(* A factor is either a number

expression. *)VAR c:CHAR;BEGINc : = nextChar;IF c IN digits THEN

factor : = numberNode(getNum(c))ELSE IF c = '-' THEN

factor : = unopNode(c, factor)ELSE IF c = '(' THEN BEGINfactor : = expr;IF nextChar < > ')' THENwriteln('close parenthesis expectedEND ELSE BEGINwriteln('illegal expression');factor := NIL;END;END;

or a - followed by a factor, or a parenthesized

144 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

PROGRAMMING PROJECT

FUNCTION eval(n:node):REAL;

(* Evaluates a parse tree. Assumes that the only binary operations are +,and / and that the only unary operation is -. *)VAR op1, op2:REAL;BEGINWITH n" DOCASE tag OFbinop:BEGINop1 : = eval(leftOperand);op2 : = eval(rightOperand);CASE operator OF' + ': eval : = op1 + op2;'-': eval : = op1 - op2;'*': eval : = op1 * op2;

'/': evalEND;END;unop: eval : =number: eval :END;

op1 / op2;

■eval(operand);num;

END;

PROCEDURE run;VAR n:node;c:CHAR;BEGINREPEATwrite('> ');n ; = expr;

IF n <> NIL THEN BEGINwriteln;printTree(n);writeln;

writeln(eval(n):0:2);END;UNTIL FALSE;END;

BEGIN (*** MAIN PROGRAM ***)

writeln('TI-style calculator');

writeln('Enter an arithmetic expression and hit <RETURN>.');

writeln('l will print a parse tree and evaluate the expression.');

digits ;= [*0\ .'9'];

run;END.

digits into an integer; I couldn't usePascal's read procedure because Idon't know I have a number until I'veread the first digit.

The three parsing functions, expr.term, and factor, each return theparse tree they construct or NIL if anerror occurred during the parse. If theparse is successful, the completedparse tree is fed to the evaluation

function eval, and the answer ap-pears, lust for fun, I wrote a simpleprocedure (printTree in listing l) toprint out the parse tree. The treecomes out sideways, but what do youexpect for 10 lines of code?

Where to Go from Here

As I said at the beginning of this arti-cle, this little calculator's just the tip

of the iceberg. You might begin withsome simple modifications, like dis-posing of the storage used by theparse tree when it is no longerneeded, improving the error checkingin both the parsing and evaluationphases, and making it simpler to exitthe program. The calculator couldeasily be extended to handle floating-point numbers and other operations(such as exponentiation and squareroot).

It would be somewhat more chal-lenging to make the operators leftassociative. That is, now the expres-sion "3 + 4 + 5" is parsed as if itwere "3 + (4 + 5)." but it really oughtto be parsed as "(3 + 4) + 5." Sim-ply rewriting the grammar rules won'twork; you have to modify the parserdirectly.

The calculator could be made muchmore powerful by adding a "mem-ory" in the form of 26 one-lettervariables, a through z, and a newgrammar rule:

assignment ::= letter := expr

(Note that the ::= is part of thedescription of the rule, while the : =is actually part of the rule's right-handside.) The meaning of this rule is"assign the value of the expressionto the variable." To make this work,variables have to be able to appearin expressions, so a rule should beadded that says that a single lettercan be a factor.

Is it starting to look like a program-ming language? Here are two moreuseful rules:

if_stmt :: =else stmt

while__stmtstmt

if booLexpr then stmt::= while booLexpr do

I leave the rules for Boolean expres-sions and statements to you. Onceyou've built up the parse tree for aprogram in this simple programminglanguage, you have two choices: Youcan interpret the parse tree right thenand there, as I did above, or you cancompile it by outputting instructions (inmachine language or in another high-level language) for carrying out thestatements of the program. ■

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 145

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QUARK, Word Juggler S Lexicheck (lle/llc) J 189 $ 129

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$ 95 $ 65

$ 250 $ 195

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Quadboard 64K, 10 umk, s/p/cc/g $239

Quadboard, no RAM, expand to 384K $ 295Quadboard 256K, to 384K, S/P/CC $ 675Quadboard, 384K (full), S/P/CC/G $ 795Quadboard II, no RAM, to 256K $ 295Quadboard II, 64K, to 256K, 2S/CC $ 395Quadboard II. 256K, 2S/CC $ 595

Quad 512 + 64K w/serial port $ 325

Quadcolor I, board, 4 colors $ 295

Upgrade Quadcolor I to II kit $ 275

Quadvue, board, Mono, S/P/CC $ 345Quad 3278 $1195

Quadnet VI $1995

Quadnet IX $2295

Quadlink $ 495

Quadsprint $ 645

225

269

295

215

265

395

245

195

i $ 199

> $ 269

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BYTE

DeclarativeLanguages

Prolog Goes to Work

by Clara Y. Cuadrado and

John L. Cuadmdo 151

Logic Programming

by Robert Kowalski 161

Declarative Languages: An Overview

by Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler 181

Program Transformation

by \ohn Darlington 201

Functional Programming Using FP

by Peter G. Harrison and

Hessam Khoshnevisan 219

A Hope Tutorial

by Roger Bailey 235

THE THEME OF THIS ISSUE is a programming paradigm called declarativeprogramming, which offers a new look at computing. The major goals ofdeclarative programming are to provide structurally transparent languages,so programs can be verified and optimized mechanistically, and to facilitatethe implementation of multiple-instruction, multiple-data parallelism in thecoming generation of parallel-processing computers. The way that declarativelanguages attempt to achieve these goals is by separating the task that theprogram is to perform from the way that the computer is to do it. That is,unlike imperative programming languages, declarative languages do notspecify the flow of control but only the flow of data in a program.

Declarative languages did not grab the attention of most programmers untilthe Japanese chose to use Prolog as the programming language for their FifthGeneration Computer Systems (FGCS) project. While that project appears nowto be mired in bureaucratic difficulties, the interest it sparked in Prolog liveson. We begin the theme with an article on Prolog by Clara and John Cuadrado.They present a brief introduction to the language, take a look at what theFGCS project hoped to achieve, and provide an overview of the hardware andsoftware available that is taking Prolog beyond the development stage intothe realm of finished and viable commercial products.

Next, Robert Kowalski discusses why logic programming is such an attrac-tive development tool in the first place. As you may know, Dr. Kowalski wasone of the originators of Prolog and has been a major force in the refinementof logic programming to its current high state of sophistication.

The rest of the issue concentrates on declarative-language developmentsthat are not yet polished commercial products. To begin, Chris Sadler andI briefly outline the declarative-language enterprise and present sample pro-grams in each of the better-known declarative languages.

Next, John Darlington explains program transformation, a method of op-timization that seeks to ultimately provide a purely computer-generated op-timization. As Dr. Darlington details in his article, that ideal is not yet at hand.However, substantial progress in that direction has already been made.

lohn Backus introduced the syntax of FP in his famous 1977 Turing Awardlecture. Peter Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan detail the current state ofdevelopment of FP in their article. They include a number of programmingexamples that communicate the flavor of this much-discussed but seldom-seen language.

Finally, Roger Bailey provides an in-depth tutorial on the Hope language.Of course, the only way to evaluate a language is by using it. To allow youto get your hands on Hope, Imperial College's Victor Wu has written a Hopeinterpreter that runs on MS-DOS machines and can be downloaded fromBYTEnet Listings at (617) 861-9774. BYTEnet Listings also contains a public-domain version of Prolog, made available by Automata Design Associates,

—Susan Eisenbach

AUGUST 1985

;YTE 149

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'

DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

PROLOG GOESTO WORK

by Clara Y. Cuadrado and John L. Cuadrado

What Prolog is, who's using it,and why

LOGIC PROGRAMMING, simply put,is using symbolic logic as a program-ming language.

Logic-programming languages areby nature declarative. They are fun-damentally different from the moretraditional, imperative (or procedural)programming style. When we pro-gram in imperative languages (e.g.,FORTRAN. Pascal, Ada), we aremachine-oriented: We "prescribe" themanner in which we want the com-puter to go about solving the prob-lem, i.e., we explicitly specify thedetailed flow of control necessary tocarry out a given computation. Inusing logic programming to solveproblems, we describe or "declare"the logical structure of the problems.[Editor's note: Robert Kowalski discusses someprocedural aspects of Prolog in "Logic Pro-gramming" on page 161.| A typical logic-programming statement may be

smart(X) if reads(X, byte)

for "You are smart if you read BYTE."To further illustrate the differencebetween a declarative programminglanguage such as Prolog and impera-tive languages, we have constructeda simple maze for a treasure hunt

(figure 1). The objective is to getthrough the maze, find the treasure,avoid the various dangers, and comeout the other end. Let's approach thisproblem logically.

First, we express the connectivity ofthe maze by simple facts like

adjacent (cave entrance.trolls).

adjacent (fountain,mermaid).

Next we define a predicate, path(Here,There,Dangers,Trail), which isused to accumulate nodes (the loca-tions of interest) in a path going fromHere to There and make the resultavailable in Trail. The idea is verystraightforward: We can get from Hereto There if we can get from Here tosome Intermediate location and thenfrom the Intermediate location toThere.

In order to avoid going around incircles, we also specify that, wheneverwe choose a new Intermediate loca-tion, it should not be one that we havealready visited.

Dangerous locations, such as thosewhere bandits or trolls might be lurk-ing, are easily avoided: Whenever wechoose a new Intermediate location,we check to see that it is not one of

those that have been designated asdangerous.

Listing 1 is a short Prolog programimplementing these ideas. With theaid of the short comments provided(enclosed by /* */), anyone can easilyfollow the logic without knowing theprogramming language itself. Noticethat we simply specify what thepredicate path is supposed to ac-complish, and not how it should do it.The Prolog interpreter does it auto-matically through its unification andbacktracking mechanisms. |Editor'snote: Robert Kowalski's text box "The Originsof Logic Programming" on page 192 discussesthe concept of backtracking further]

Now, to achieve the same objectiveusing an imperative language, wewould have to specify an explicit flowof control for the path procedure, in-cluding the explicit control of the

(continued)Clara Y. Cuadrado and ]ohn L. Cuadrado(Octy Inc., 10920 Oxford Court, FairfaxStation. VA 22039) both earned Ph.Dsfromthe University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. They taught at the Universityof Maryland and Dartmouth College, respec-tively, and now run their own companydeveloping AI systems.

AUGUST 1985

VTE 151

PRACTICAL PROLOG

depth-first traversal of the graph asrepresented by the maze.

Logic Programming and theSoftware Crisis

The distinction between the implicit,interpreter-supplied flow of controldemonstrated in our simple Prologprogram and the explicit, user-specified flow of control of imperativelanguages is not merely an aestheticone. D. A. Turner, for instance, sug-gests that the fundamental cause of

the software crisis is the imperativeand machine-oriented nature of theprogramming languages being used(see reference 1).

At the risk of being digressive, wethink it important to say a word or twohere about the software crisis and itspossible alleviation through declara-tive programming, if only to arguethat declarative programming is notonly good for the soul but may alsobe good for the pocketbook.

Figure 2, showing the software and

Listing I: A Prolog program to traverse the maze in figure 1.

/* Prolog representatin of the treasure maze */

adjacent(cave entrance,trolls).

adjacent(fountain, limbo).adjacent(fountain, bandits).adjacent(bandits,treasure).adjacent(food,treasure).ad|acent(mermaid,exit).

adjacent(cave entrance,fountain).

adjacent(fountain.food).adjacent(fountain, mermaid).adjacent(bandits.exit).adjacent(trolls,treasure).adjacent(treasure.exit).

/* the places to stay away from "/

avoid([trolls,bandits]).

/*

The following is a predicate to display a path through the

maze avoiding the Dangers and passing through the treasure room.

To invoke it use:

traverse(cave entrance, exit).

*/

traverse(Here,There) : -

avoid(Dangers), /* grab the list of places where not to go

path(Here,There, Dangers,[Here]).

/* see text for explanation of the path predicate below */

path(Here,Here,Dangers,Trail) :-

member(treasure,Trail), /* make sure we go by the treasure room */reverse write(Trail), /* print the trail starting with Here */

path(From,To,Dangers,Trail) :-

( /* choose an Intermediate location */

adjacent(From, I ntermediate)

adjacent(l ntermediate, From)

),

not member(lntermediate,Dangers), /* is it a dangerous place? */

not member(lntermediate,Trail), /* have we been there before? */

path(lntermediate,To,Dangers,[lntermediate|Trail]). /* extend path */

/* next, print a list in reverse order */

reverse write([]).

reverse write([Head|Tail]) :-

reverse write(Tail),

nl,

write(Head).

member(X,[X|_]).member(X,[_|Y]) :-member(X.Y).

hardware costs as a proportion oftotal computer costs, has beenflashed through projectors in con-ferences so many times that it is afamiliar sight to many, but the pointit makes remains too powerful to ig-nore. It indicates that something is ter-ribly wrong with our conventional wayof producing and maintaining soft-ware.

The lack of referential transparencyis demonstrated by the assignmentstatement: A variable can be given dif-ferent values at various locations inthe program, thus overwriting the oldvalues. As a result, the meaning of avariable becomes position-depen-dent, making program verificationand program transformations very dif-ficult. [Editor's note: John Darlingtondiscusses these issues in greater detail in "Pro-gram Transformation" on page 201.| Manyof the transformations that are easilyapplicable to declarative languagesare simply not available for imperativelanguages (reference 2).

The verbosity of an imperative lan-guage like FORTRAN (the moremodern ones like Pascal and Ada tendto be even worse) comes as a resultof the need to specify each controlpath through the program in explicitdetail. Then, after large programshave been written, it is very difficultto figure out what they do, partlybecause of the sheer volume of thecode, partly because the problem-solving logic cannot be made trans-parent in this manner.

Studies have shown that theamount of code a programmer pro-duces tends to be essentially constantregardless of the specific program-ming language used. It is obvious thatthe fewer lines of clearer code we useto accomplish a task, the better. Anda logic-programming language seemsto be the perfect candidate for gettingmore work out of fewer lines of code.We would like to offer a bit of per-sonal experience to document thispoint.

A few years ago, while working onvarious data-flow models for high-performance signal-processing sys-tems (reference 3), we found it nec-essary at one point to write a

152 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

PRACTICAL PROLOG

Figure 1: The maze traversed by the Prolog program in listing

simulator for one of the data-flowmodels. One weekend we wrote aspecification for the simulator. Weused Ada as the program-descriptionlanguage (PDL), and the whole thingcame to around five pages of code.A colleague spent the next few weeksturning the PDL into a running Adaprogram, using Telesoft Ada on theVAX. The final program was around50 pages long and ran reasonablywell.

Some months later, we spent an-other weekend on a similar task, butthis time we used Prolog as thespecification language. We had notlooked at the Ada specification forquite some time so everything wasdone from scratch. That is, it was nota matter of simply rewriting the Adaspecification in Prolog. The new speci-fication in Prolog was also around fivepages long. The difference was thatthis time the specification was the im-plementation. It ran the first time wetried it, and, much to our surprise, itactually ran faster than the Ada ver-sion, It should be pointed out here

that this was not intended to be a con-trolled experiment, and the speed fac-tor is probably not very meaningful,given the state of Ada code genera-tors back in 1983. On the other hand,the Prolog interpreter we were usingat that time was the University of NewHampshire's interpreter, developed byJim Weiner. We have a feeling that,even if we could use a very advancedAda code generator, we would prob-ably still come out ahead using Quin-tus Prolog on the VAX today. Wehaven't tried it.

the fgcs projectand Logic Programming

Now that we are on the topic of prac-ticality, we should mention theJapanese connection. Only a fewyears ago, not too many people knewabout logic programming. Then theJapanese announced that they hadchosen logic programming and Pro-log for their ambitious, long-term, na-tionwide effort known as the FifthGeneration Computer Systems (FGCS)Project.

COST

HARDWARE

SOFTWARE

1970

TIME

Figure 2: A qualitative graph ofsoftware and hardware cost trends.

Among the expressed objectives ofthe FGCS project is the developmentof fast, intelligent computer systemswith the following capabilities:human-like decision making andlearning, natural language and voiceI/O (input/output), automatic programgeneration, and distributed process-ing.

The project has since been dubbedthe "computer science Pearl Harbor,"but at the time the greatest surpriseto many was the Japanese commit-ment to Prolog and logic program-ming. Since then, many people havestudied logic programming in earnest.Some of us have even turned evangel-ical about it.

We will not debate whether, asKowalski maintains, the Japanese aremore objective and insightful andtherefore were able to see before therest of the world that logic program-ming was "the right way to go" (refer-ence 4). There are less controversialways to enter the subject. Figure 3,borrowed from Moto-Oka (reference5), represents a conceptual diagramof a fifth-generation computer systemfrom the programming standpoint.

In the FGCS project, logic program-ming is envisioned as the link be-tween the fields of software engineer-ing, database systems, computer arch-itecture, and knowledge engineering.It is to be used for problem specifica-tion and transformation, unifyingfunctional programming and rela-tional databases, developing single-assignment languages, and construct-

[continued)

AUGUST 1985

IYTE 153

PRACTICAL PROLOG

Some new Prologimplementations providea much-neededmodule facility.

ing rule-based expert systems andnatural-language processors.

The FGCS project has had a tremen-dous effect in spurring new researchand development in computerscience in the United States, not onlyin academia and in government butin commercial establishments as well.An indication of the impact that logicprogramming is making on the U.S.computer industry is that a LISPstronghold like Symbolics Inc. is nowoffering a Prolog compiler for its 3600series of LISP machines. In the follow-ing sections, we will discuss some re-cent developments in logic program-ming that are particularly encour-

aging, including the increasing avail-ability of Prolog interpreters and com-pilers, the development of metalevelfacilities, and high-performance Pro-log machine development.

Brave New World

One of the things that held back thespread of Prolog in the United Stateswas the lack of good implementationsfor many of the commercially avail-able machines. Recently, however, thesituation has changed radically. Thereare now excellent implementations,both interpreters and compilers, thatare available. It is now possible to ob-tain very respectable Prolog systemsthat will run on anything from per-sonal computers to workstations tosuperminis to mainframes. The por-tability problems appear to be solv-ing themselves, with the EdinburghDEC-10 syntax rapidly becoming a defacto standard. On the PC side, severalcompanies, including Logicware andExpert Systems International, are of-fering integrated Prolog development

environments. The code developedunder these PC-hosted systems isdirectly transportable to these com-panies' Prolog systems running onsuperminis like the VAX.

One problem with Prolog has beenthe fact that, when developing an ap-plication, we are forced to write thewhole thing as one giant, flat pro-gram. Some of the new implementa-tions are now providing a modulefacility that greatly enhances thesoftware-engineering appeal of thelanguage.

From the point of view of many ap-plications programmers, what is reallyneeded is a facility like the "demo"predicate proposed by Bowen andKowalski (reference 6). Their basicidea is to be able to have any numberof "theories" active at any one time.When attempting to prove a goal, wespecify not only the goal to be provedbut also the theory under which thegoal is to be proved. This facilityallows us to maintain incomplete and

{continued)

HUMAN

APPLICATIONS SYSTEMS

MODELINGSOFTWARE

SYSTEM

MACHINEHARDWARE SYSTEM

Figure 3: A conceptual diagram of a fifth-generation computer system. Reprinted with permission from Fifth GenerationComputer Systems, T. Moto-Oka, ed. (New York: Elsevier, 1982, page 29).

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PRACTICAL PROLOG

even inconsistent theories about anobject of interest. It provides us witha very attractive mechanism for theimplementation of nonmonotonic fea-tures.

Recently, Ken Bowen has made sub-stantial progress in implementingthese ideas (reference 7). While add-ing new facilities to standard Prolog,

he has painstakingly avoided strayingoutside the realm of logic. This is animportant consideration: It is relative-ly straightforward to "enhance" a Pro-log system by introducing extra-logical features such as state-dependent features and user-con-trolled agendas. The problem is thatby providing these things we destroy

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the well-understood logical founda-tions upon which logic programmingis based. As such, the features thatmake logic programming attractive inthe first place quickly become inap-plicable.

Over the past few years a group ofresearchers in the Computer ScienceDivision of the University of Califor-nia at Berkeley, headed by Al Despainand Yale Patt, have been investigatingthe design and implementation ofvery high performance architecturesto support a mixture of numerical andsymbolic computations. After lookingat various declarative languages suchas John Backus's FP, they decided thatlogic programming offered the bestavenue to pursue their goals.

Armed with an extraordinary knowl-edge of computer architecture, theylaunched their Prolog Machine (PLM)project, using the work of Tick andWarren (reference 8) as a startingpoint. A Prolog compiler targeted tothe PLM instruction set was written.This compiler, with numerous recentimprovements, performs some of themost ambitious data-flow analysesever attempted for Prolog programs.

The PLM hardware is currently im-plemented as three wire-wrappedboards and runs as an attached pro-cessor on the NCR/32. At the time ofthis writing, most of the hardware hasbeen debugged and all the microcodehas been checked out. The timingspredicted by the simulator appear tobe very realistic, and the system run-ning on the NCR bus is capable ofsupporting 305,000 LIPS (logic in-ferences per second). With a differenthigh-performance bus designed bythe Berkeley group, the system willsupport 42 5,000 LIPS (reference 9).These numbers are almost an orderof magnitude better than anythingavailable until very recently.

While we are on performance, wehave been told that the SymbolicsProlog will be able to achieve around100,000 LIPS (reference 10) when allthe microcode support is in place andthe system has been carefully opti-mized. We are currently using a beta-test version of it and like the fact that

[continued)

156 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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PRACTICAL PROLOG

the entire Symbolics machine devel-opment environment is available. Forpeople who are already familiar withthe Symbolics machine, it probablyoffers the best commercially availablefacilities for developing Prolog ap-plications at the present time.

The world of logic programming israpidly expanding. There are currentlyongoing projects, ranging from expertsystems to image processing, that willproduce very large systems writtenentirely in Prolog. Logic programminghas won lots of supporters in thiscountry in a short period, and thefuture looks bright. ■

REFERENCES

1. Turner, D. A. "Recursion Equations asa Programming Language." Functional Pro-gramming and its Applications. |. Darlington.P. Henderson, and D. A. Turner, eds. Cam-bridge: Cambridge University Press. 1982.pages 1-22.

2. Darlington. John. "Functional Program-ming." Distributed Computing, F. B. Chambers,D. A. Duce, G. P. Jones, eds. London:Academic Press, 1984, pages 57-77.

3. Cuadrado. J. L, and G. R. Linsenmayer."Efficient High Speed Implementation ofDirected Graph Signal Processing in aDistributed Processing System." Proceedingsof the IEEE CompCon '83, pages 460-463.

4. Kowalski. Robert. "Robert Kowalski onLogic Programming." Future Generations Com-puter Systems. July 1984, pages 79-83.

5. Moto-Oka, T, ed. Fifth Generation ComputerSystems. New York: Elsevier. I982. page 29.

6. Bowen, Ken, and Robert Kowalski."Amalgamating Language and Metalan-guage in Logic Programming." logic Pro-gramming. K. L. Clark and S. A. Tarnlund,eds. London: Academic Press. 1982, pages153-172.

7. Bowen, Ken. Private communication,lanuary 1985.

8. Tick. Evan, and David Warren. Toward aPipelined Processor. Tech. Report. SRI AlCenter, August 1983.

9. Despain, Al. Private communication.April 1985.

10. Cassels. Bob. Private communication,lanuary 1985.

Editor's note: A screen-oriented implementa-tion of Edinburgh-syntax Prolog has beenplaced in the public domain by AutomataDesign Associates and is available for down-loading from BYTEnet Listings at (617)861-9774.

158 BYTE- AUGUST

Inquiry 245

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Inquiry 56

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE

159

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Inquiry 228

DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

LOGIC

PROGRAMMING

by Robert Kowalski

Prolog can be used as either a declarativeor a procedural programming language

LOGIC PROGRAMMING is basedupon attempts begun in the early1950s to mechanize the proof ofmathematical theorems by means ofcomputer. Those attempts were onlypartially successful. However, theearly 1970s brought the discoverythat computation is a special case ofmechanical, logical deduction. Thekey to this discovery was the develop-ment of mechanical theorem proversthat use logic to prove theorems bymeans of backward reasoning.

Simple backward reasoning was notpowerful enough to prove significanttheorems of mathematics. However,applied to sentences of the form"conclusion if conditions," it behaveslike procedure invocation. Such back-ward reasoning is the basis of bothlogic programming and the computerlanguage Prolog.

Backward reasoning has two mainuses. First, a problem solver can auto-matically add it to knowledge ex-pressed in logic to obtain machine-executable procedures. This allows usto use logic as a purely declarative lan-guage in which we express knowledgewithout worrying about how to use it.In addition, we can explicitly usebackward reasoning to control the

reduction of problems to subprob-lems. This allows us to use logic as apurely procedural programminglanguage.

Logic as aDeclarative Language

The following is probably the mostfamiliar of all examples of logical rea-soning. It shows how backward rea-soning turns declarative statementsinto procedures.

All humans are mortal.Socrates is human.

We can express the two Englishsentences more formally, each with asingle conclusion and several—or pos-sibly no—conditions. The firstsentence, for example, has one con-clusion, x is mortal, and one condi-tion, x is human, where the variablex stands for any individual. The sec-ond sentence has the same structure:It, too, has a conclusion, Socrates ishuman, and a trivial, vacuous condi-tion. Together, these sentences havethe same conclusion-conditions form:

x is mortal

if x is human.Socrates is human

if nothing.

You can express a surprising amountof knowledge in this simple form. Wecall sentences expressed in theconclusion-conditions form "Hornclauses" in honor of logician AlfredHorn, who studied their logicalproperties.

Backward reasoning turns knowl-edge expressed as Horn clauses intoprocedures. The very first sentenceabove, in particular, becomes a pro-cedure that, given x such as Socrates,reduces the problem of showing thatx is mortal to the subproblem ofshowing x is human.

In general, backward reasoningworks backward from the conclusionof a sentence having the form "con-clusion if conditions" and reducesproblems that match the conclusionto subproblems corresponding to theconditions.

Even the sentence "Socrates ishuman" can be used as a procedure,to show "Socrates is human" by doingnothing. It solves problems directly,reducing them to no further subprob-

(continued]Robert Kowalski is professor of computationallogic and head of the logic programming groupat Imperial College, 180 Queen's Gate, Yon-don SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE

161

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

lems. Taken together, we have the twoprocedures

To show x is mortal,

show x is human.To show Socrates is human,

do nothing.

But the same declarative knowledgecan give us other procedures. If, in-stead of showing that Socrates ishuman, we want to find an individualwho is mortal, then, using the firstsentence, we get a procedure thatfinds mortals by finding humans.Using the second sentence, we get aprocedure that finds humans by let-ting the individual be Socrates. Takentogether, we have the procedures

To find x which is mortal,

find x which is human.To find x which is human,

let x be Socrates.

We obtain the new procedures from

the same knowledge by the samegeneral method of backward reason-ing. Moreover, backward reasoningitself is sufficiently mechanical that wecan implement it on a computer.

Logic as aProcedural Language

A programmer can also use backwardreasoning deliberately to control thereduction of problems to subprob-lems. Suppose, for example, I want tofind something to sell to a customer,[ohn. I can try to solve the problemby reducing it to subproblems. Thefirst thing I might do is try to find outwhat John does for a living. Then Imight try to find something that Johncan use for his occupation. To findsomething to sell to John, first I'd findout what John does (e.g., gives lec-tures, watches films, writes programs),then find something that John coulduse for his work (e.g., an overhead

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projector for giving lectures, a tele-vision for watching films, Prolog forwriting programs). Having solved thetwo subproblems, I have found some-thing I can now try to sell to John,namely an overhead projector, a tele-vision, or Prolog.

We can analyze the procedure asbackward reasoning applied to knowl-edge expressed in conclusion-condi-tions form:

x is sellable to yif y has occupation zand x can be used for z.

Prolog, for example, will use thisknowledge as a procedure to solvesubproblems in the order in which theconditions are written, first findingcustomers' occupations, then findinggoods that can be used for such oc-cupations. Prolog programmers,therefore, can control the order inwhich the computer solves subprob-lems by controlling the order in whichthey write those subproblems.

Thus, not only can we use logicpurely declaratively, but we can useit purely procedurally. In betweenthese two extremes is a spectrum ofuses. In many expert systems, for ex-ample, the programmer determinesthe general problem-reduction struc-tures, but the "inference engine"makes its own lower-level problem-solving decisions. Our rule for sellinggoods to customers, for example, canbe regarded as the beginning of asalesman's simple expert system.

For the sake of efficiency, Prologuses a simple problem-solvingstrategy. It solves subproblems in theorder in which the programmer haswritten them and also tries differentways of solving a subproblem in theorder in which the programmer haswritten the conclusion-conditionsrules. As a consequence, we can im-plement Prolog comparatively effi-ciently and control its behavior easi-ly. The disadvantage is that if you useProlog purely declaratively, the ar-bitrary order in which you write con-ditions and rules may not be ap-propriate for all problems.

Consider, for example, using the

{continued)

162 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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MICROLOGIC provides you with asimilar interactive drawing and analysisenvironment for digital work. Usingstandard PC hardware, you can createlogic diagrams of up to 9 pages with eachcontaining up to 200 gates. The systemautomatically creates the netlist requiredfor a timing simulation and will handlenetworks of up to 1800 gates. It providesyou with libraries for 36 user-definedbasic gate types, 36 data channels of 256bits each, 10 user-defined clock wave-forms, and up to 50 macros in each net-work. MICROLOGIC produceshigh-resolution timing diagrams showingselected waveforms and associateddelays, glitches, and spikes—just like thereal thing.

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Inquiry 306

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

salesman's rule to find customers forProlog. If you use Prolog itself to solvethe problem, it tackles subproblemsin the order in which you have writ-ten them, first finding pairs of poten-tial customers and their occupations,then showing that Prolog can be usedfor such occupations. This is not anappropriate order in which to tacklethe subproblems. In general, althoughthe same procedures may be appro-priate for solving a wide range ofproblems, for the sake of efficiency,the strategy used to solve subprob-lems may need to be sensitive to theform of the problem to be solved.

In this particular case, a problemsolver should first find out what ac-tivities Prolog can be used for andthen find out who engages in thoseactivities. Once users know they canuse Prolog for implementing specifi-cations, prototypes, expert systems,and databases, they can find some-one who is engaged in those activi-ties (e.g., software engineers imple-ment specifications and prototypes,engineers of all kinds implement ex-pert systems, data-processing profes-sionals implement databases). There-fore, software engineers, engineers ofall kinds, and data-processing staffsare potential customers for Prolog.

This example shows that you cansolve subproblems in any sequence.Indeed, for the sake of efficiency, youmay need different sequences for dif-ferent problems. Database-query lan-guages, for example, use query op-timizers to determine the order inwhich to solve subproblems.

Much current research in logic pro-gramming is devoted to developingmore intelligent problem solvers andto exploiting the possibilities oftackling subproblems in parallel. If thelapanese Fifth Generation Project suc-ceeds in its aims, computers of thefuture will consist of communities ofproblem solvers working in parallel onsubproblems generated by proce-dures expressed in logical form.

Backward vs. ForwardReasoning

Backward reasoning, which links logicwith computation, is not taught in

(x) is a noun phrase

if x is a name.John is a name.Mary is a name.(x y) is a noun phrase

if x is an article

and y is a noun,a is an article.the is an article.girl is a noun,boy is a noun.(x) is a verb phrase

if x is an intransitive verb,(x\y) is a verb phrase

if x is a transitive verb

and y is a noun phrase.dreams is an intransitive verb.likes is a transitive verb.

Figure 1: Examples of rules defining theconcepts of noun phrase and verb phrase.

conventional logic books. Conven-tional logic teaches us to reason for-ward, in the same manner that mathe-matics teaches us to demonstrateproofs: We start with axioms, defini-tions, and previously provedtheorems, and, as if by magic, in thelast step we derive the theorem to beproved. Rather than give a mathe-matical example, we can illustrate thedifference between forward and back-ward reasoning with an example fromnatural-language parsing. The rule

x is a sentenceif x is list y followed by list zand u is a noun phraseand z is a verb phrase

describes one way that a list of wordsx' can be interpreted as a sentence.Thus, the list of words (the boy likesthe girl) is a sentence, because (theboy) is a noun phrase and (likes thegirl) is a verb phrase. We can use therule to reason forward as well as back-ward.

Suppose we are given a list of wordsand we want to show that we can in-terpret the list as a sentence. If we usethe rule to reason forward, then wefind a noun phrase and a verb phrase,put them together, and conclude thatwe have a sentence, whether or notthat sentence is the list of words withwhich we began.

In order to use the rule that definesthe concept of sentence (whether for-ward or backward), we need otherrules to define the concepts of nounphrase and verb phrase. (For the sakeof simplicity, let's ignore the definitionof what it means for a list x to be alist y followed by a list z.) (See figure1.) Here we have used a variant of themicro-PROLOG SIMPLE notation,which was developed at Imperial Col-lege in London, England, for teachinglogic as a computer language forchildren. Variables such as x. y. andz in different rules are actually dif-ferent, even though they may look thesame. We use parentheses for listnotation:

( ) stands for the empty list(x) stands for the list with one

element x(x y) stands for the list with two

elements, x followed by y[x\y] stands for the list with first

element x followed by list y

Given an appropriate definition of therelationship "x is list y followed by listz," Prolog can use the rules to test listsof words for grammatical correctness.For example.

(a boy dreams) is a sentence?

Yes(a boy dreams a girl) is a sentence?

No

It can even use the same rules togenerate sentences:

x isx =x =

x =x =etc.

a sentence?(Mary dreams)(Mary likes Mary)(Mary likes |ohn)(Mary likes the girl;

Thus, for example, to show that (a boydreams) is a sentence, Prolog firstsplits the list into consecutive sublists,tries to show that the first sublist is anoun phrase, and then tries to showthat the second sublist is a verbphrase. If at any stage it fails to solvea subproblem, it backtracks and triesa different way of solving the most re-cent, previously considered subprob-lem. In this case, it first splits the ini-

(conlinued)

164 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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tial list into the trivial list () followedby (a boy dreams). After failing toshow that ( ) is a noun phrase, it back-tracks and splits the initial list into thelist (a) followed by (boy dreams). Afterfailing to show that (a) is a nounphrase, because (a) is not a name, Pro-log backtracks and splits the initial listinto the list (a boy) followed by(dreams). It then shows that (a boy) isa noun phrase by showing "a" is anarticle and "boy" is a noun. It thenshows that (dreams) is a verb phraseby showing that "dreams" is an intran-sitive verb. In this way it succeeds insolving the initial problem by back-ward reasoning.

It would be harder to describe howto use forward reasoning to search fora solution to the same problem. Butit is comparatively easy to show howto use it to give a proof:

"a" is an article and "boy" is a noun.Therefore, (a boy) is a noun phrase,"dreams" is an intransitive verb.Therefore, (dreams) is a verb phrase.Therefore, (a boy dreams) is asentence.

This example shows how effectiveProlog's simple problem-solvingstrategy can be. This is not always thecase, however, because usually theorder in which subproblems aretackled should be sensitive to theform of the problem being solved.Moreover, Prolog's autonomousmode of solving subproblems is notalways very effective.

Interactive Problem Solving

In many cases a collaborative, ma-chine-machine or man-machine prob-lem-solving effort is more appropri-ate. For this reason, Peter Hammondand Marek Sergot at Imperial Collegehave implemented an extension ofProlog in Prolog itself that asks theuser for help. This extension, APES(Augmented Prolog for Expert Sys-tems), has been used for many appli-cations not normally associated withexpert systems.

For example, given the problem"(Mary likes Bob) is a sentence?" andour toy English grammar, Prolog, rea-soning backward, eventually reduces

the problem to the subproblem "Bobis a name?" which it cannot solve. Atthis point, Prolog fails to solve thesubproblem and eventually ter-minates in failure. Logically, however,there is no reason not to obtain theknowledge needed to solve the prob-lem from the user. The user can solvethe problem with "Yes" and the com-puter can store the knowledge for itsown use on future occasions. In thisway the computer learns from theuser. It becomes more knowledge-able, if not more intelligent.

Parallel Problem Solving

This is an example of man-machinecollaboration. Subproblems aresolved sometimes by man, sometimesby machine. In general, it is more ef-ficient to collaborate with others,whether they are people or machines,than it is to solve problems on ourown.

The classical eight-queens problemillustrates the benefits of such col-laboration. The problem is to placeeight queens on a chessboard in sucha way that no queen can take another.

Every well-educated computerscientist knows that you shouldn'twrite a computer program to solve aproblem before you have a clear ideawhat the problem is. You write a prob-lem definition—the program specifica-tion—before you write a solution—theprogram. Moreover, even computerscientists who do not support the useof logic as a programming languageappreciate the value of logic as aprogram-specification language. Inthe case of the eight-queens problem,we can use the conclusion-conditionsform of logic to express the upper-most level of the program specifica-tion:

x solves the eight-queens problemif x is an assignment of queensand x is safe.

Given appropriate definitions of the"assignment" and "safe" relations, aproblem solver can turn the programspecification into a procedure by ap-plying backward reasoning. However,Prolog's strategy of solving subprob-

[contlnued]

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Inquiry I32

AUGUST I985 'BYTE 167

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

lems sequentially in the order inwhich they are written is extremely in-efficient. Prolog will alternativelygenerate complete assignments of alleight queens to the chessboard andtest whether one queen can captureanother. If it needs to find all solu-tions, then it has to consider all 88complete assignments. Even thoughthis is extremely inefficient, it may stillbe useful for testing the specification.Prolog attempts to solve problemssequentially, one at a time in theorder in which the user has writtenthem. But other problem-solvingstrategies can also be employed. Inthe case of the eight-queens problem,we can employ two collaboratingproblem solvers working in parallel.One problem solver can generate as-signments and the other can testthem for safety. The tester can testpartial assignments before they arecompleted. If a partial assignment (of

the first two queens, for example) isunsafe, it can reject that partial assign-ment and thereby reject the entirefamily of all its extensions. Thegenerator can then backtrack andchange the position of the queen thatcaused the partial assignment tobecome unsafe. Executing the speci-fication in this way, we obtain theclassical algorithmic solution.

The algorithm is equivalent to theprogram you find laboriously en-coded in conventional programminglanguages and even more laborious-ly proved correct. By analyzing thealgorithm as a particular, collaborativeproblem-solving strategy applied tothe program specification, we obtainan immediate, obvious proof of "pro-gram" correctness. The algorithm iscorrect because it is the programspecification executed in a correct-ness-preserving way.

The natural-language understanding

problem also exemplifies the advan-tages of parallel execution. Consider,for example, the top-level rule

Sentence x has meaning yif x has syntactic structure zand z has meaning y.

This models the classical decomposi-tion of the natural-language under-standing problem to the separate sub-problems of determining syntax anddetermining semantics. Prolog (andclassical approaches to languageunderstanding) would solve the sub-problems separately, first generatingsyntactic, then semantic structures.But the two problems can also besolved collaboratively in parallel. Oneproblem solver can generate syntac-tic structures, and the other can testthem for semantic content. The testercan test partial syntactic structuresand reject them if they are meaning-

{continued)

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Inquiry 193

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Inquiry 252

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less before the syntax generatorwastes further effort on them. For ex-ample, the attempt to understand thecandidate sentence (furious greenideas sleep while others work) can beabandoned as soon as the syntacticanalyzer has generated the nounphrase (furious green ideas) and thesemantic analyzer has rejected it asmeaningless. The argument for under-standing natural language by execut-ing syntax generators and semanticanalyzers cooperatively as producers/consumers was a major componentof Terry Winograd's celebrated Ph.D.thesis, Understanding Natural Language(London: Academic Press, 1972).

Several logic-programming lan-guages have the problem-solvingfacilities needed to run the eight-queens problem and the natural-lan-guage understanding problem in col-laborative, producer/consumer mode.IC-Prolog, developed by Keith Clarkand Frank McCabe at Imperial Col-lege, was the first of these languages.A more recent system, MU-Prolog,has been developed by Lee Naish atMelbourne University in Melbourne,Australia. IC-Prolog has also given riseto the more efficient programming-language executors Parlog. developedby Keith Clark and Steve Gregory atImperial College, and Concurrent Pro-log, developed by Ehud Shapiro atthe Weizmann Institute. These lan-guages are less powerful problemsolvers than IC-Prolog but are moreefficient for executing the kind of con-current processes needed for operat-ing-system applications.

New computer architectures are be-ing developed specifically to exploitthe possibility of parallel execution.The Japanese Fifth Generation Proj-ect, in particular, has as its main ob-jective the development of highlyparallel computers that understandlogic as their native language. TheALICE parallel-machine project, ledby John Darlington at Imperial Col-lege, is pursuing similar objectives.

Executable SpecificationsAre Not Enough

The eight-queens and natural-lan-guage understanding problems illus-

trate some of the potential improve-ments we can obtain by using se-quential instead of parallel execution.We should not be misled, however,into concluding that we can alwaysobtain efficient algorithms by cleverand more parallel ways of executingprogram specifications. The sortingproblem is a counterexample. Aproblem solver can execute the top-level specification

x is a sorted version of sequence yif x is a permutation of wand x is ordered

in many different ways, but thereseems to be no general executionstrategy that converts the specifica-tion into an efficient algorithm. Thisis not to say, however, that we can-not express appropriate sorting algo-rithms in conclusion-conditions form.Moreover, proving the correctness ofsuch algorithms is much simpler thanproving the correctness of conven-tional programs, because logic pro-grams and logic specifications are ex-pressed in the same formalism.

Thus, we must be prepared to uselogic to express efficient algorithmsas well as program specifications. Buteven when it is necessary for a pro-grammer to express such algorithms,the benefits of more intelligent paral-lel execution can still be worthwhile.

The British Nationality Act

So far we have concentrated on thedifferent problem-solving strategiesthat are possible with backward rea-soning. But better problem-solvingstrategies are of use only if we can ex-press knowledge in a form to whichwe can apply such strategies. Workat Imperial College on the formaliza-tion of the British Nationality Act of1981 illustrates some of the powerand limitations of the conclusion-conditions form that is required forbackward reasoning.

The first subsection (1.1) of the actstates: "A person born in the UnitedKingdom after commencement (ofthe act) shall be a British citizen if atthe time of birth his father or motheris (a) a British citizen or (b) settled inthe United Kingdom." The English is

170 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

not as clear as it may seem. First ofall, it doesn't tell us when the in-dividual becomes a citizen. Second,it doesn't tell us—what we discoverlater—that it matters whether you'rea citizen by this rule or by another.For example, a child born outside theUnited Kingdom after commence-ment of the act is a British citizen bydescent if at the time of birth his fatheror mother is a British citizen otherwisethan by descent. The conclusion is

not simply that you are a citizen, butrather that you are a citizen by 1.1 .aor 2.1.b or some other rule.

After several approximations, weeventually discovered that the logic ofthis subsection of the law is this:

x acquires British citizenship by(1.1.a) on date yif x is born in the U.K.and x is born on date yand y is after commencement

and z is parent of xand i is a British citizen by w ondate y.

This may seem rather tedious, but itneeds to be if we are to be absolute-ly clear what the law really means.Also, it is necessary to formalize ex-plicitly assumptions that are normal-ly taken for granted. For example:

x is a British citizen by w on date y

{continued)

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Inquiry 368

AUGUST 1985

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

if x acquires British citizenship byw on date z

and z is on or before y

and x has not lost British citizen-ship between date z anddate u.

My colleagues at Imperial Collegeunder the direction of Marek. Sergothave succeeded in translating a majorportion of the act into a form execut-able by Prolog. They were able to im-plement a small but significant por-tion of the act within the confines ofa small microcomputer. Using Aug-mented Prolog they developed a sys-tem that could be used interactivelyto determine British citizenship in alarge number of frequently occurringcases. It is remarkable that despiteProlog's simple problem-solvingstrategy and except for a few loopsremoved manually by program-trans-formation techniques, the rules ex-tracted declaratively from the actbehave reasonably efficiently as alogic program.

Our interest in the British Nationali-ty Act, however, was not to developa running system but to study theproblems of knowledge representa-tion. The British Nationality Act in-cludes constructs that are difficult totranslate into conclusion-conditionsform. Consider, for example, thefollowing statement:

A person is a citizenif . ..

and his mother is a citizenor would have been a citizen

if she were male.

What we need to handle such state-ments is an ability not only to expressknowledge about the world but alsoto express knowledge about knowledgeabout the world. In this example weneed to be able to refer to our knowl-edge about the world, imagine analternate set of beliefs, and deriveconsequences from those alternativebeliefs. This ability is called metalevelreasoning.

We can also use metalevel reason-ing to analyze the meaning of sub-section (2) of the British NationalityAct: "A newborn infant who, aftercommencement, is found abandonedin the United Kingdom shall, unlessthe contrary is shown, be deemed forthe purposes of subsection (1), (a) tohave been born in the United King-dom after commencement and (b) tohave been born to a parent who atthe time of birth was a British citizen,or settled in the United Kingdom."Here, although there are other com-plications, the really problematicphrase is "unless the contrary isshown." The words "unless" and "con-trary" both involve negation. Ordinari-ly, two negations cancel one anotherout. This is not so in this case becausethe word "unless" has a metalevelconnotation: "unless P" means "if Pcannot be proved." It refers implicitlyto the current state of knowledge andcan lead to conclusions that need tobe withdrawn if new knowledgebecomes available.

The metalevel reasoning associatedwith the word "unless" is called nega-tion by failure and was first proposedby Carl Hewitt as a feature of the pro-gramming language Planner. Severalresearchers have investigated its rela-tionship with classical logic within alogic-programming framework. KeithClark, in particular, has shown, undercertain fairly natural conditions, thatnegation by failure is compatible withclassical negation. Negation by failurehas a very simple (if sometimes incor-rect) implementation in Prolog, usingits extralogical features.

Prolog also provides more general(extralogical) facilities for metalevelreasoning. Although these facilitiesare very powerful and very useful,they are not always consistent withclassical logic. There is still a greatdeal of work necessary to incorporatecorrect and powerful metalevel rea-soning within practical logic-program-ming systems. Such systems would goa long way toward meeting both thecritics of logic programming and thecritics of logic.

The Need for Belief Revision

Many psychologists believe thathuman beings are not logical. Certainschools of artificial intelligence alsoargue that logic is inadequate for rep-resenting knowledge and belief. Theyargue that logic is rigid and inflexibleand that it requires human beings tobe consistent and their knowledge to

be complete.

(continued)

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AUGUST 1985

I Y T E 173

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

In my opinion, the critics are mis-taken. The practical application oflogic requires a framework withinwhich new knowledge can be assimi-lated and beliefs can change. Such aframework for knowledge assimilation iscompletely compatible with logic andhas many potential applications bothinside and outside computing.

The maintenance of information incomputer databases is perhaps themost obvious application. We canregard a relational database, for ex-ample, as a special case of a logic pro-gram, where all rules have conclu-sions without any conditions. We cantreat the need to change informationin a database as a special case of

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assimilating new information. More-over, analyzing the deductive relation-ship between the new informationand the current state of the databasecan assist the process of knowledgeassimilation.

Suppose, for example, that we havea database storing relationships be-tween parents and their children,together with "integrity constraints"that include the statement that no onehas more than one father. Supposethe current state of the database con-tains a statement that Harry is fatherof John. Suppose an update adds newinformation that Fred is father of John.A conventional database systemwould reject the update, laying theblame for inconsistency with therecord of the second father, Fred. Amore logical analysis of the derivationof contradiction, however, would rec-ognize that it is just as likely that therecord of the first father, Harry, is in-correct. Indeed, it is even possiblethat the blame lies with the integrityconstraint. Some people might havemore than one father—a natural fatherand a legal father, for example. Thuslogic, far from forcing us to be rigidand unchanging in our beliefs, helpsus to be more flexible and to identifydifferent ways we can change ourbeliefs.

Logic programming blurs the con-ventional distinction between data-bases and programs. It encourages in-cremental development of programsin a manner that is similar to databaseupdates. Consider, for example, howwe might extend our salesman's sim-ple expert system. We might updateour rules to include additional waysof selling goods to potentialcustomers. Bob, for example, who isa compulsive buyer, will buy anythingthat is cheap. We can add an extrarule to deal with cases like Bob's:

x is sellable to yif x is cheapand y is a compulsive buyer.

Assimilation of the extra rule changesthe knowledge base by extending theclass of problems that can be solved.On the other hand, the application of

(continued)

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LOGIC PROGRAMMING

CtHNMLlAW

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our original rule might result in incon-sistency. Suppose, for example, thatwe try to convince John that becausehe likes watching films and becausea cinema is good for watching films,he ought to buy a cinema. We can in-terpret John's failure to be convincedas giving rise to the new knowledgethat a cinema is not sellable to John.When assimilated into the knowledgebase, this gives rise to inconsistencythat should encourage us to recon-sider our rules and in this case mightsuggest that we modify the originalrule by adding an extra condition:x is sellable to y

if x can be used for z

and y has occupation z

and y can afford x.

The addition of the extra conditionavoids the inconsistency while itpreserves previously derived usefulconsequences of the original rule.

You can also apply knowledgeassimilation to story understanding. Givenour current understanding of a storyso far, a new sentence gives rise tonew knowledge to be assimilated. Asentence can be ambiguous, however.Different interpretations of the samesentence may differ with respect totheir deductive relationships to thecurrent knowledge base. An incorrectinterpretation, in particular, may giverise to an inconsistency, which canturn our attention to other interpreta-tions of the input sentences. We mighteven be motivated to consider other,more logically relevant interpreta-tions, if the current interpretationbears no logical relationship to thecurrent knowledge base. The Lin-guistics Department at University Col-lege in London is investigating asimilar, deductively oriented theory ofnatural-language understandingbased on Dierdre Wilson and DanSperber's Relevance Theory.

We might even argue that the devel-opment of scientific theories can beregarded as an example of knowledgeassimilation. New hypotheses andreports of observations need to beassimilated into the current state ofthe theory. Does the new hypothesisimply that previous hypotheses were

LOGIC PROGRAMMING

special cases? Is the report of anobservation already implied by theexisting theory? Or is it inconsistent?If it is inconsistent, does the fault liewith the theory or with the report?The philosopher of science ImreLakatos has argued that, if the theoryis immature and undeveloped, then itis more reasonable to suspect thetheory than the report. If the theoryis mature, then it is more reasonableto suspect the report. In either case,logic can help us to identify differentways of restoring consistency.

Such a theory of knowledge assimi-lation and belief revision is necessaryfor the practical application of logicprogramming. Even Prolog providescrude but powerful primitives for ma-nipulating sentences and combiningordinary deduction with metalevelreasoning. These primitives can beand have been used for implementingsimple but effective knowledge-assimilation systems.

Conclusion

Logic programming combines the useof logic that is congenial to humanthinking and logic that is sufficientlygoal-oriented to be implemented bycomputer. It provides a general frame-work within which many widely differ-ing languages can be developed. Itgives scope to the development ofboth declarative and procedural com-puter languages as well as to sequen-tial and parallel implementations. Pro-log is the first and most importantlogic-programming language, and itprovides a tantalizing preview of themore powerful logic-programminglanguages of the future. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark, K. L, and S. A. Tarnlund, eds. logic

Programming. London: Academic Press,

1982.Ennals, J. R. Beginning Micro-PROLOC. 2nd

edition. Chichester, England: Ellis

Horwood Ltd.. 1984.Hewitt, Carl. "The Challenge of Open

Systems." BYTE, April 1985, pages

223-242.Hogger. C. J. introduction to logic Programming.

London: Academic Press, 1984.Kowalski, R. A. logic for Problem Solving. New

York: North-Holland/Elsevier, 1979.

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AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 179

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

DECLARATIVE

LANGUAGES:

AN OVERVIEW

by Susan Eisenbach and Chris Sadler

Why do we need another typeof programming language?

SOME PROGRAMMING languagesare designed to get the optimum per-formance out of the systems they runon regardless of the amount of timeit takes to produce the program.Others are designed to enhance pro-grammer productivity, usually at theexpense of efficient use of machinetime. Some are special-purpose lan-guages designed to be applicableonly to a restricted range of problems;others attempt a jack-of-all-trades ap-proach by offering features that canbe applied to a variety of problems.Because of the expanding scopeand complexity of problems tackledby computers, programming lan-guages tend to exhibit something akinto evolutionary behavior: Some be-come extinct, some adapt and sur-vive, and some new ones emerge.Underpinning this creation and adap-tation of programming languageshave been refinements in our under-standing of problem solving and pro-gramming and changes in our con-ception of language and machine in-telligence. These theoretical con-siderations have had the effect offounding families of languages. Thus,

most languages can trace their par-entage back to one or more originalideas. (See the "Development of Func-tional Languages" text box on page182.) This article is about one suchfamily, known as the declarative lan-guages. Highly regarded in academiccircles, declarative languages areproblem-oriented but currently inef-ficient computationally. The imminentfifth-generation hardware makes itlook as though the declarative familymay soon be entering its own era.

Hardware Problems

Virtually all currently available com-puters are architecturally equivalentto the first machines built in the1940s. One central processor is con-nected to a relatively large passivememory by a bus that is one wordwide. Eventually, after much tuning ofthe software and several hardware up-grades, most systems become proces-sor-bound: the central processing unitisn't fast enough to cope with thetasks it is supposed to perform. Atthis stage a new computer is normal-ly obtained, with the same basic ar-chitecture but faster components.

Every breakthrough in hardware tech-nology leads to improvements inspeed, which raise the expectationsof users that can be met only byanother technological breakthrough.Things have reached the stage wherenot many turns are left through thiscycle before we hit some natural bar-rier (eg., the speed of light) that closesoff the line of development.

One way out of this cul-de-sac liesin an examination of the justificationbehind the conventional machinearchitecture. The ratio between pro-cessor cost and memory cost used tobe high since processors were expen-sive, requiring many boards of com-ponents. Today, this is no longer thecase. Both processors and memoryare made from the same technolo-gies—LSI (large-scale integration) andVLSI (very large scale integration).

[continued)Susan Eisenbach is in the Department ofComputing, Imperial College. 180 Queen'sGate. London SW7 2BZ, England. ChrisSadler is in the Department of Mathematics.Statistics, and Computing. Polytechnic ofNorth London. Holloway Rd., London N7,England.

AUGUST 1985

181

OVERVIEW

Only the smallest microcomputer sys-tems don't have additional special-purpose processors to deal with stor-age, I/O (input/output) peripherals,floating-point operations, and so on.But there is still only a single centralprocessing unit. For applications thatrequire higher throughput, it makessense to try to build machines out ofnetworks of general-purpose pro-cessors, each of which can take a

share of the processing load.

Many current users who requiresubstantial processing power haveprograms that contain large arrays ofdata. This is especially true in theareas of meteorology, oil exploration,and defense problems. Therefore, onekind of parallel machine consists of anarray of processors that simultaneous-ly obey the same instructions. A highthroughput can be achieved if the

user's problem can be written to in-clude arrays whose elements all needthe same operations performed onthem. Another more flexible systemconsists of a pipeline of processors,each of which performs a portion ofthe calculation on each piece of databefore passing its results on to thenext processor down the line. Unfor-tunately, it is difficult to exploit this

(continued)

The Development

of Functional Languages

FOUNDATIONAL

extensively by the British arti-

MACHINES

STUDIES

ficial-intelligence community.

1965

Landin unveils the SECD

1924

Schonfinkel introduces combi-

1970

Reynolds creates the language

machine, an abstract machine

nations to remove the need for

GEDANKEN, which is based on

for describing the execution of

variables in logical formulae.

the lambda-calculus and in-

functional languages.

1930

Curry develops the theory of

troduces the functional ap-

1971

Wadsworth introduces the no-

pure combinatory logic.

proach to data structures.

tions of call by need and graph

1932

Church introduces the lambda-

1974

Burstall and Darlington develop

reduction using the lambda-

calculus.

NPL, a first-order functional

calculus.

1936

Kleene introduces recursion

language that uses Kleene

1976

Henderson and Morris invent

equations.

recursion equations and incor-

lazy evaluation. This was also

1937

TUring shows the equivalence of

porates relative set abstraction.

independently invented by

the lambda-calculus and Turing

It was used in their program-

Friedman and Wise.

machines as formal models of

transformation work.

Berkling introduces a string-

computation.

1976

TUrner introduces SASL, a pure-

reduction architecture for ex-

1969

Scott introduces the first

ly functional language used ex-

ecuting lambda-calculus pro-

mathematical model of the

tensively in teaching.

grams.

lambda-calculus for use in

1977

Hankin and Sharp introduce

1979

Turner shows how combinators

Scott-Strachey denotational

CAJOLE, a purely functional

can be used as the machine

semantics.

language designed for use inthe programming of data-flow

code of a graph-reduction ma-chine for executing functional

FUNCTIONAL

systems.

programs.

LANGUAGES

Backus gives the ACM Turing

Keller and coworkers introduce

I960

McCarthy presents LISP, a lan-

Award lecture and presents FP,

AMPS, a loosely coupled multi-

guage similar to the lambda-

a functional language incor-

processor system for the execu-

calculus designed for use in

porating powerful program-

tion of flow-graph LISP.

symbolic computation.

forming operators.

1981

LISP machines become com-

1966

Landin introduces ISWIM, an

1978

Burstall and coworkers intro-

mercially available.

expression-based language in-

duce Hope, a strong poly-

Darlington and coworkers pre-

cluding a purely functional sub-

morphically typed functional

sent ALICE, a parallel graph-

system.

language with data-abstraction

reduction machine.

1968

Evans introduces PAL, an

facilities.

Mago introduces a string-

expression-based language in-

Milner and coworkers introduce

reduction machine for the

corporating lambda-notation

ML, the language used to con-

parallel execution of FP

and designed for use in teach-

struct proofs in LCF.

programs.

ing programming linguistics.

1980

Turner introduces KRC, a func-

1983

Hughes introduces super-

Burstall and Popplestone in-

tional language with Zermelo-

combinators, a method of

troduce POP-2, an imperative

Fraenkel set abstraction.

graph reduction that retains

language that includes a func-

Henderson presents LISPKIT

many of the advantages of

tional subset based on the

LISP.

combinators but operates at a

lambda-calculus. POP-2 is used

1984

TUrner introduces MIRANDA.

higher level.

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lock-step parallelism since not allproblems are easily cast into a suit-able form.

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Just as the procedural languages weuse mirror conventional architecture(that is, they are sequential in nature),in order to take full advantage ofparallel-processing systems, we needa type of language in which it is natu-ral to describe complex problems insuch a way that they can be automat-ically solved concurrently. One canthen gain arbitrary increases in speedsimply by adding more processors.

Software Problems

Much research has gone into improv-ing programmer productivity, espe-cially when it was found that the costof employing teams of programmersbegan to outweigh the cost of pur-chasing and maintaining the com-puters they were using. Two startlingfindings have made quite a differencein the way things have developed onthe software front in the last decade.The first of these is the fact that,whatever programming language isused, any given programmer pro-duces roughly the same number oflines of code—written, tested, de-bugged, and documented. (The aver-age output for a professional pro-grammer is around 1500 lines peryear—although individual productionvaries widely.) The implication of thisfinding is that the more powerful thelanguage (that is, the more computingthat can be encompassed in eachconstruct, rather than simply thenumber of different constructs avail-able to the programmer), the moreproductive the programmer becomes.Thus, over the years we have seen atrend toward higher-level program-ming languages.

A second trend follows from ananalysis of those elements within pro-grams that appear to be particularlyprone to error and the elimination ofthem in new language definitions. Thishas the effect of limiting the controlthat can be exercised over the ma-chine at the programmer's whim. Thefirst step in this direction occurredwith the move from assembly lan-guages to the original high-level lan-guages. Instead of laying the entireavailable memory open to the pro-

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OVERVIEW

grammer to access and interpret inany way desired, these high-level lan-guages constrained the programmerto naming storage locations (variables)and to declaring the type of data thatwould be stored there. This step si-multaneously restricts the freedom ofthe programmer to maneuver aroundthe data and imposes a layer of orga-nization (structure) on the data (andhence the program).The next element to come under

the scrutiny of the language designerswas the GOTO statement, whichseemed to crop up time and again inthe more horrendous programmingerrors. The elimination of GOTO state-ments gave rise to structured pro-gramming, in which programs arebuilt up by means of a set of well-defined constructs designed to ensurea rational and predictable flow of con-trol. Another feature on the blacklistwas global data, with its insidious side

effects. A new style of programmingwas developed—modular program-ming, which restricts programmers toworking on small, manageable sub-problems and passing all data ex-plicitly between modules. When aproblem arises, the offending modulecan be identified and the effects ofthe error rapidly traced.

Both structured and modular pro-gramming philosophies lend them-

(continued)

Declarative LanguagesGlossary

Applicative Language: Synonym for"functional language." Often usedloosely for any declarative language.

Combinatorics: A system for reducingthe operational notation of a functionallanguage to a sequence of modifica-tions to the input data structure. Allcombinators can be defined from twobasic combinators—S, which distri-butes a term throughout an expres-sion, and K, which cancels a term froman expression.

Data-Flow Analysis: The order of ex-ecution in a data-flow language isdetermined solely by dependenciesbetween different data. Data-flowanalysis is the analysis needed todetermine those dependencies. For ex-ample, given

1. X = A + B

2. B = 2 + 2

3. A = 3 + 4

a data-flow analysis would find that "A+ B" in line 1 requires that lines 2 and3 be evaluated before line I. Sincethere are no data dependencies be-tween lines 2 and 3. they may be ex-ecuted in parallel.

Declarative Language: A general termfor relational languages and functionallanguages, as opposed to imperativelanguages. Imperative languagesspecify procedures for solving prob-lems, while in declarative languagesyou specify what kind of solution youare seeking. For example, to find thecube of 7 in an imperative language,you might initialize CUBE to 1, andthen let CUBE equal CUBE times 7

(repeat 3 times). In a declarative lan-guage, you would define-what cubemeans and then ask what the cube of7 is.

Functional Language: A functionallanguage consists of. reasonablyenough, functions and arguments tothose functions that uniquely identifythe program output. For example,plus(4,5) returns 9 and only 9. Hopeand FP are examples of functionallanguages.

Lazy Evaluation: If an expression isevaluated only when some other ex-pression needs its output, the mode ofevaluation is called "lazy." If expres-sions are evaluated as soon as pos-sible, without regard to whether any-thing else needs the results, the evalua-tion strategy is termed "eager."

Negation by Failure: An extralogicalfeature of Prolog in which failure ofunification is treated as establishing thenegation of a relation. For example, ifRonald Reagan is not in our databaseand we asked who the President of theUnited States is, Prolog would answerthat there is no such person.

Referential Transparency A programis referentially transparent if it prohibitsassigning different values to the samenamed variable during the same run.Functional languages achieve this byusing only named constants whosevalues are passed as data at run time.Relational languages (q.v.) permit theuse of variables but require the pro-gram to be. in effect, rerun for each dif-ferent value returned.

Relational Language: Relational lan-guages specify output in terms ofsome property and an argument. Forexample, if Tom has two brothers. Dickand Harry, a relational language willrespond to the query "Who is brother(Tom)?" with either Dick or Harry.Notice that, unlike functional lan-guages, relational languages do not re-quire a unique output for each pred-icate/argument pair. Prolog is the best-known relational language.

Side Effects: Statements that modifywhat was previously in a computerrather than simply adding more towhat is already there are said to haveside effects. For example, "X = X+1"produces side effects. In particular, astatement such as "IF X = 2 THEN Y=0ELSE Y= 1" will evaluate differently atdifferent stages in a program's execu-tion. Side effects make parallel process-ing difficult.

Transformation: The systematic de-velopment of efficient programs fromhigh-level specifications by meaning-preserving program manipulations.

Unification: The generalization of pat-tern matching that is the Prolog equiv-alent of instantiation in logic. For ex-ample, to find the smallest evennumber larger than 7 that is a perfectsquare, Prolog would search its "data-base" of numbers, trying to satisfy thenecessary relations between the de-sired number and 2, 7, and an unspeci-fied integer that is its square root. Oncoming to 16, the necessary set of rela-tions would be "unified."

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OVERVIEW

selves to an improved correspon-dence between the specification of aproblem (a concise but exhaustivestatement of what the program will beexpected to do under all circum-stances) and the program's finalrealization (the code running on agiven hardware configuration). Never-theless, this correspondence is usual-ly not rigorous in the sense that noone tends to take the trouble to gothrough the program actually provingthat each module does its job correct-ly and then passes its results to theright receiving modules in the correctform, even though painstaking math-ematical techniques generally exist todo this.

The second startling finding tocome out of the research into pro-grammer productivity is that, in theaverage commercial programming en-vironment, as much as 50 percent ofa programmer's effort goes into pro-

gram maintenance, that is, updatingthe program's performance to meetcircumstances not envisaged whenthe program was originally specifiedor hunting for deep-seated bugs.Since deep-seated bugs are simplyplaces where the program, as written,diverges from its original specifica-tion, a major improvement in effi-ciency can be gained from improvingthe precision of program specifica-tions so that the program can be tiedmore tightly to its specification. If nospecification was produced initially,the maintenance programmer musttry to deduce what was intended byexamining code that is known to beincorrect.

Making a specification more precisemeans searching for ways to makeunambiguous statements about whatthe program should achieve. Becausethe most unambiguous language isthat of mathematics, the trend has

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been toward more mathematical andprovable methods of description. Bythe same token, tying program codeto specifications implies not only atrend toward still higher level lan-guages but also toward the use ofmathematical methods of proof ap-plied to actual fragments of code. Thisserves to demonstrate both that thecode will have a predictable outcomeunder all circumstances, rather thanthose circumstances selected experi-mentally during testing, and that theoutcomes match those called for inthe specification.

One noteworthy barrier that pre-vents the programmer from using rea-sonably straightforward mathematicsfor exploring possible solutions to aproblem or for testing existing codeis the familiar assignment operation.Programmers use the word variable torefer to a named storage location thatcan be modified by means of assign-ment statements. Therefore, in orderto know what such a variable standsfor, it is necessary to know the precisepoint in the program's execution atwhich the inquiry is being made—andeach variable has a computationalhistory that charts its changing valuesthroughout the program's execution.By contrast, a declarative-languageterm has a definite value. If that valuehas not yet been computed, it is sim-ply unknown—it is not some othervalue. This property is known as ref-erential transparency.

In order to make a piece of codeamenable to mathematical analysis, itis necessary to free terms from theburden of their computational histo-ries—which means restricting the ex-tent to which programmers may as-sign values to a term. Languages withreferential transparency are known asdeclarative languages because,without assignments, programmerscan declare only what effects shouldproduce what outcomes rather thanprescribe the manner and especiallythe sequence in which processingshould occur (these languages arecalled imperative). Consequently,apart from stabilizing variables so thatfinite mathematical techniques can be

(continued)

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OVERVIEW

applied to code fragments, referentialtransparency serves to remove theflow mechanisms (specifically, se-quencing and loops) from explicitmention in the code. This in turnallows for the possibility of parallelprocessing; since any function in aprogram can be executed wheneverall its inputs exist, rather than whenthe programmer decides that the pro-cessor is available for this purpose,there is no reason why a program can-not be spread over a collection of pro-cessors so that each function can getits own processor or share one witha small subset of the whole program.

Referential transparency has otherimplications for the declarative lan-guages. Since the unknown terms inany expression are simply uneval-uated function calls that becomeknown as the function code is exe-cuted, one effect is to blur the dis-tinction between functions (code) andterms (data). This leads to the idea ofhigher-order functions, which are im-plemented in most declarative lan-guages. These functions are capableof accepting as arguments, and alsoof returning, other first- and higher-order functions so that the program-mer can structure and manipulatefunctions and data with equal facility.

Static data structures such as arraysnecessarily have computational histo-ries. They must therefore be replacedin declarative languages by dynamicdata structures where memory for anitem is allocated only when that itemcomes into existence. Some impera-tive languages such as Pascal and Cimplement these structures ratherprimitively by means of pointers that re-quire the programmer to referencememory locations explicitly. In de-clarative languages, dynamic struc-tures are treated in more abstractterms (for example, as lists). Lists serveto bring code and data together evenmore closely since they incorporateimplicit operations (or functions) forincluding components in the structure(constructors) and for extracting com-ponents from the structure (selectors).What follows is a brief description ofa representative sample of declarativelanguages, showing some of the dif-

ferences in approach, mathematicalparadigms, and syntax.

Pure LISP

LISP stands for "list processing." It isby far the oldest of the declarative lan-guages, having been designed byJohn McCarthy at the MassachusettsInstitute of Technology in 1960. Nu-merous imperative features are incor-porated into different versions of thelanguage so that most LISP programsare not actually declarative, but alarge enough subset (Pure LISP) al-lows declarative programming to bedone. (Peter Henderson of StirlingUniversity in Scotland has a systemcalled Lispkit, which is fully declara-tive.) LISP has more different dialectsthan any other declarative language.Since it is the most mature of the de-clarative languages, a large range ofsoftware tools and custom-designedhardware is available. MIT's MacLISPwill be used in our programmingexample.

Data structures in a LISP programare constructed from atoms; an atomis either a numeral or a literal string.Although some LISPs have other datastructures, the only standard datastructure is the list. Lists need not con-tain homogeneous elements becauseLISP is an untyped language. Typesare actually determined at run time.For example,

( A 1 (ABC 123) )

is a list containing three elements. Ac-cess methods built into the languageinclude selector functions (car andcdr), constructor functions (list andcons), and a predicate (null) to test foran empty list.

Not only is a LISP data structure alist, but programs are lists as well.Therefore, a list can be executed andwill return a value, or it can be usedas an argument for another program.Higher-order functions are imple-mented through a device called thelambda expression, which enables aLISP programmer to define and ma-nipulate functions as data objects. Thebasic unit of a LISP program is the ex-pression (compared to the statement

(continued)

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OVERVIEW

The Originsof Logic Programming

Logic programming owes its originsto the development of logic ingenera] and to advances in mathe-matical logic in particular.

In the early 1950s, computationallyinclined logicians began to investigatetechniques for automating the proofsof mathematical theorems. They re-duced the problem to the subprob-lems of expressing the axioms ofmathematics in symbolic logic and ofmechanizing the process of logicaldeduction.

Two developments in mechanicaltheorem proving took place in themid-1960s that are significant for thedevelopment of logic programming.Alan Robinson developed the resolu-tion rule of inference, and DonaldLoveland developed the model-elimi-nation proof procedure. These twotheorem-proving methods, expressedin completely different notations, ap-peared for many years to be entirelyunrelated. In 1970-1971 DonaldKuehner and I showed that modelelimination and a form of resolution(called linear resolution) could be viewedas variants of one another. We devel-oped a synthesis of the two methods,which we called SL-resolution. Inde-pendently at about the same time,Donald Loveland and Raymond Reiterdeveloped similar theorem-provingmethods.

In 1972, after a period of collabora-tion between Alain Colmerauer inMarseille and me in Edinburgh, Col-merauer, with Phillippe Roussel, de-signed and implemented Prolog as adevelopment of SL-resolution, By thesummer of 1972 in Marseille a sig-nificant French-language question-answering system had already been im-plemented in Prolog. Collaborationbetween Edinburgh and Marseille con-tinued with the support of researchgrants until about 1975.

A number of research developmentsoutside mechanical theorem proving

by Robert Kowalski

Prolog attempts to

solve subproblems in

the order in which

they are written.

involved the exploration of relatedideas. The most important of these wasthe work of Cordell Green, Carl Hewitt,and Pat Hayes.

In the late 1960s, Cordell Green atStanford showed how to formulate pro-grams in symbolic logic and simulatetheir execution with resolution theo-rem proving methods. This work wasfrustrated by the redundancy and in-efficiency inherent in the resolutiontheorem provers of that time.

Partly inspired by Cordell Green'sproblems, Carl Hewitt at MIT devel-oped a procedural theorem-provinglanguage, Planner. The new languagehad a great influence on the field ofartificial intelligence and was inter-preted as advocating a proceduralrather than a declarative approach toknowledge representation. It was alsoassociated with an advocacy of do-main-specific problem-solving meth-ods in contrast to the uniform, general-purpose problem-solving methods ofresolution.

Pat Hayes in Edinburgh attempted toreconcile Cordell Green's advocacy oflogic with Carl Hewitt's advocacy ofprocedural knowledge representation.Hayes argued in quite general termsthat computation is controlled deduc-tion and that control itself should beexpressed in formal logic.

In addition to these developments.Colmerauer was influenced by hisprevious work in formal languagetheory and natural-language process-ing. During his work on French-English

mechanical translation at the Univer-sity of Montreal in the late 1960s, hedeveloped a form of grammar, the Q-system, which foreshadowed the treat-ment of grammars in Prolog.

The Fallible Greek

In his influential Ph.D. thesis on natural-language understanding, Terry Wino-grad advocated the use of Carl Hewitt'sPlanner. He illustrated programming inPlanner with his example of the Fall-ible Greek. We can use the same ex-ample to illustrate programming in Pro-log. Suppose we make the following as-sumptions, in the following order:

TUring is human

FG1

Socrates is human

FG2

Socrates is Greek

FG3

x is fallible if x is human

FG4

Suppose we have to solve the prob-lem of finding a fallible Greek and sup-pose the subproblems are written inthe following order:

y is fallible and y is Greek? Ql

Prolog (like Planner) attempts to solvesubproblems in the order in which theyare written. In this case it matches thefirst subproblem to the conclusion ofthe rule FG4 and replaces the subprob-lem by the condition of FG4, obtain-ing the new subproblems

y is human and y is Greek? Q2

Again, working on the first subprob-lem, Prolog tries the first statementwhose conclusion matches (like Plan-ner). In this case it matches the sub-problem to the conclusion of FG1.There are no conditions in FG1, so itsolves the subproblem without intro-ducing any new ones, leaving the re-maining subproblem with y = luring:

Turing is Greek?

Q3

192 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

OVERVIEW

But this subproblem is unsoivablebecause it matches the conclusion ofno statement. Therefore, Prolog (likePlanner) backtracks to the last statewhere it could have tried to solve asubproblem differently. In this case itbacktracks to the state Q2, where ittries to use the next statement, FG2,whose conclusion matches the sub-problem. .Like FG1 before it, FG2 hasno conditions, leaving the remainingsubproblem. this time with the sub-stitution y = Socrates:

Socrales is Greek?

Q4

Prolog now solves the single remain-ing subproblem in the only possibleway by matching it with the conclusionof FG3. Since FG3 has no conditions,there are no new subproblems. Sincethere are no old subproblems either,Prolog (like Planner) is finished, havingsuccessfully solved the original prob-lem. Moreover, the substitution

y = Socrates

can be readily extracted from the"proof."

Notice that a more intelligent prob-lem solver, having reached state Q2,might recognize that the database con-tains more ways of finding humansthan it contains ways of finding Greeks.It would make sense, therefore, totackle the subproblem that can besolved in fewer ways first:

y is human and y is Greek? Q2'

The second subproblem can besolved in only one way. using FG3,which leaves the subproblem

Socrales is human?

Q3'

But this can be solved only by usingFG2. which completes the solution ofthe original problem without anysearch.

Such intelligent selection of subprob-lems is a feature of most database-query optimizers. It is necessary formore intelligent problem solving, butit involves overheads that may be pro-hibitive for routine program execution.

in most imperative languages), andevery LISP construct computes avalue. Recursion is the only controlmechanism.

As an example of a LISP program,the function shown in listing 1 willcalculate the length of a list, 1. Thisprogram works on a list in which eachelement can be of any type. In Englishit says: Length is a function that takesa list as its only argument. If the listis empty, the number 0 is returned;otherwise (represented by the t), thelength of the list is one more than thelength of the list without the firstelement.

Prolog

Prolog stands for "programming inlogic." (See the "Origins of Logic Pro-gramming" text box at left.) Since1972, several implementations (Mar-seilles, Edinburgh. Imperial College,and Waterloo, among others) have ap-peared, each with a different syntax.Preprocessors written in Prolog areavailable to make programs morereadable. In this article, the syntax usedis Imperial College's micro-PROLOGwith the Simple preprocessor.

Unlike other languages in which pro-grams are formed out of collectionsof functions, a Prolog program con-sists of a sequence of relations (asser-tions) and rules about a subject.These form a database of informationthat can be queried or added to. Ex-amples of assertions are

is-functional( Hope )is—logic( Prolog )

An example of a rule is

x is-declarative if (either x is-functional or x is-logic)

Notice the rule has a variable, x. Pro-log variables have scope only in thestatement where they are defined.The left-hand side of a rule is termeda goal and the right-hand side the sub-goals. To reach a goal, the subgoalsmust be reached. When the subgoalscannot be reached, Prolog backtracksand searches for another statementthat matches an earlier subgoal. Thistype of logic is called Horn clauselogic.

Listing

program.

An example of a LISP

( defun length (I)

( cond (( null I) 0 )

(t (add! ( length ( cdr I));

Listing 2: Am example of a Prologprogram.

( ) has-length 0(x|X) has-length z if

X has-length y and SUM (y 1 z)

A Prolog query can be used eitherto discover a fact or to check whetherit is true, a feature called invertibility.For example, from the relationTIMES((x y z))

all (x: TIMES( 4 3 x ))

can be used for multiplication, while

all (x: TIMES( 4x12))

can be used for division. Note thatProlog acts as though arithmeticaloperations were database queries.

Prolog supports the list structure.Finally, to enable programs to be writ-ten in small, self-contained, testablechunks, Prolog has modules with im-port and export lists containingnames of relations.

As an example of a Prolog program,the relations shown in listing 2 willcalculate recursively the length of alist i'n which each element can be ofany type.

The LISP program uses the condi-tional cond to distinguish betweenalternative forms of the list (i.e., anempty list or a nonempty list). In thisexample, rather than referring to thelist symbolically by name, the twocases are represented explicitly by thepatterns ( ) (the empty list) and (ele-ment | sublist). Instead of using a con-ditional, the program is expected tomake the appropriate selection bymatching the actual list against thepossible patterns. In general, con-structor and selector functions (in thiscase, ( ) and | ) are used to form a set

[continued]

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OVERVIEW

FP stands for

functional programmingand was designed byJohn Backus of IBMand described in hisTuring Awardlecture in 1977.

of patterns that distinguish betweendifferent cases pertinent to a par-ticular problem. In English it says: Theempty list has a length of zero, andthe list that starts with the element xfollowed by the list X has the lengthz if the list X has the length y and z= y + 1.

FP

FP stands for "functional program-ming." The language was designed byJohn Backus of IBM and described inhis Hiring Award lecture in 1977. Atfirst glance. FP shows the influence ofAPL in its syntax (APL without anyvariables).

Backus's claim is that programmerstend to manipulate data rather thanfunctions, starting with input data andputting this through a series of func-tions until the required output data isreached. In the FP style of program-ming, primitive functions are com-bined in such a way as to produce afinal function, the program. This isthen applied to the input data to pro-duce the output—hence, no variablesare required.

FP programs map single objectsonto each other; a single object iseither an atom (integers or finitestrings of uppercase letters) or a se-quence of atoms. FP's atoms and se-quences are comparable to LISP'satoms and lists. Primitive functionsprovided by FP include arithmetic andsequence operations, a set of predi-cates, and APLs iota operator for pro-ducing the first n integers.

194 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

OVERVIEW

The following are ways of combin-ing functions (the combining forms):

1. Composition— written as / ° g. Giventwo functions called / and g, f o g isthe function obtained by first apply-ing g to the argument of the functionand taking the result of this functionas the argument of /.

2. Construction—written as [f,, f2, . . .,f ]. Creating a sequence of nelements whose ith element is ob-tained by applying f( to the input.

3. Conditional—written as p -» f;g. if thepredicate p is true, apply f to the argu-ment; if p is false, apply g.

4. Apply to all—written as af. Create asequence of the same length as theinput sequence by applying / to eachelement of the input data.

5. Insert—written as //. Apply / to thesequence formed by the first elementof the input data followed by //applied to the rest of the inputsequence. This function is illustratedin the sample program, where /=+.A+ is inserted after the first elementand between all subsequent entries.

The FP style of programming is notexplicitly recursive like the other de-clarative languages because recursionis implicit within the combining forms.As an example of an FP program,the following returns the length of alist:

def length = /+ o aT

This program works on a sequence inwhich each element can be of anytype. Notice the absence of variables.In English it says: Treat each elementof the sequence as a 1 and add themup.

Hope

Hope (named after Hope Park Square,home of the University of Edinburgh'sDepartment of Computer Science)was designed by Dave MacQueen ofBell Labs and Rod Burstall and DonSannella of the University of Edin-burgh. It is one of several recursion-equation languages, in which each func-tion is represented by a set of equa-tions that together will provide a

[continued]

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OVERVIEW

result for the whole range of functionarguments. A program is simply ahierarchy of these functions, togetherwith a single invocation of the highest-level function.

Hope lets the programmer definespecific or polymorphic data types thatare checked by the compiler. Poly-morphic types allow for the creationof functions that can be applied tomore than one type of data (for in-stance, a routine that can sortnumbers, characters, strings, orrecords). The data types num(positive integer), truval (Boolean),char, list, and set are predefined andcan be used to build up more sophis-ticated data structures by means oftype variables and data statements.

Constructor functions, defined whenthe data structure is defined, areassociated with each structure in thenormal way, but selection is done bypattern matching (as in Prolog). In theprogramming example in listing 3,items are selected from a list by rep-resenting the list as the patternFirst::Rest0fl_ist, where First is an itemand :: is the constructor that joins theitem to RestOfList. which is anotherlist.

To solve a problem using Hope, theprogrammer designs data structuresthat match the problem, produceshigher-order functions (like FP's com-bining forms) to traverse these datastructures, and then invokes thehigher-order functions with argumentsthat represent instances for whichspecific results are required.

Finally, Hope has a modular struc-ture. Thus, a programmer can imple-ment an abstract data type (e.g., aqueue) with a type declaration and acollection of functions to operate onthat type. The implementation ofthese functions and the representa-tion of the type itself can be hidden

Listing 3:

An example

of a Hope

program.

dec length

list( alpha )

-» num

Iength(

nil) <= 0

— Iength(

First :: RestOfList) <=

1 + length( RestOfList);

196 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

OVERVIEW

from the user, who relies solely on thespecified properties of the abstracttype.

Listing 3, an example of a Hope pro-gram, computes the length of a list.This program works on a list whoseelements are all of the same unspeci-fied type. In English it says: Length isa function that takes a list of type(alpha) and returns a number. If thelist is empty, the number returned is0; otherwise, the length of the list isone more than the length of the listwithout the first element.

Conclusion

The key to the solution of some of ourhardware and software problemsseems to lie in incorporating referen-tial transparency of variables into thedesign of declarative programminglanguages. This course of action ap-pears to improve the coupling be-tween compilable source code andthe abstractions of a specification lan-guage, to make the code amenable todirect mathematical verification, toopen up a way to perform true paral-lel processing, to bring code and dataconceptually closer together, and topermit the implementation of poly-morphic abstract data types. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Backus, 1. "Can Programming be Liberatedfrom the von Neumann Style? A Func-tional Style and Its Algebra of Programs."Communications of the ACM. volume 21,number 8, page 613.

Burstall, R. M., D. B. MacQueen, and D. T.Sannella. "Hope: An Experimental Ap-plicative Language." University of Edin-burgh Internal Report. 1980.

Clark. K„ and F. G. McCabe. micro-PROUDG:Programming in logic. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1984.

Darlington, ].. P. Henderson, and D. Turner,eds. Functional Programming and Its Applica-tions. A« Advanced Course. Cambridge,England: Cambridge University Press,1982.

BYTE. August 1979. LISP is the issuetheme.

Proceedings of the ACM Conference on FunctionalProgramming languages and Computer Archi-tecture. Boston. MA: 1981.

Yourdon, E. Techniques of Program Structure andDesign. Englewood Cliffs. N|: Prentice-Hall. 1975.

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

PROGRAMTRANSFORMATION

by John Darlington

A program-development methodology explained

IS PROGRAMMING a craftor a science? Most profes-sional (and amateur) pro-grammers would like toclaim that what they do isscientific, but comparedwith the standards attainedin other, more mature engi-neering disciplines such asaeronautical or civil engi-neering, programming hasa long way to go. If onewere asked to build abridge, 1 doubt that it wouldbe acceptable to con-struct an initial version,try it out, and, when itfell down, correct themistakes made in thedesign, and then re-peat the process untilthe bridge stayed up. Thisis, however, the paradigmthat most practicing pro-grammers follow as theydebug their programstoward a working state. Atpresent, programming suf-fers from a lack of notationsfor building models or ini-

ILLUSTRATED BY MACIEK ALBRECHT

tial specifications of sys-tems and of any criteria forjudging the correctness ofsolutions to such specifica-tions.

As the cost of hardwaredecreases, the proportionof the cost of any total sys-tem that is attributable tosoftware becomes larger. Ifit is difficult enough todevelop complex softwarein the first place, the prob-lems get even worse if onewishes to maintain or en-hance an existing complexsoftware system.

Advances have been

{continued)]ohn Darlington is a professor ofprogramming methodology at theDepartment of Computing, Im-perial College (180 QueensGate, London SW7 2BZ,England). Dr. Darlington is thehead of a research group at Im-perial College that concentrateson program transformation, func-tional languages, and parallelarchitectures.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 20!

TRANSFORMATION

made toward solving thisproblem. The invention ofthe first high-level lan-guages, such as FORTRAN,represented a significantadvance over the use ofmachine code and im-proved programmer pro-ductivity tenfold. It is a pitythat not many other quan-tum leaps have been madeon the software side.Modern high-level lan-guages do not differ radi-cally from FORTRAN. Struc-tured programming, thewhite hope of the sixtiesand seventies, has demon-strably failed to provide thefinal solution.

All these developments,from new languages tofancy editors and other util-ities, seem to be of a kindthat, although they will un-doubtedly increase pro-grammers' output (oftennot always of correct code),are incapable of enablingprogramming to make thetransition from an inexactto an exact science. Ourgoal should be the preci-sion of mathematics. Noone feels the need todebug a mathematicaltheorem or relies on lawsthat are probably correct

apart from a few residual bugs. Programs are superficial-ly similar to mathematical notations, so why can't we sharetheir degree of certainty?

The proponents of declarative languages claim that itis possible to make programming an exact mathematicalscience with all the accompanying economic benefits butthat a necessary condition for this to happen is abandon-ment of the conventional languages and the adoption ofdeclarative ones.

There is a fundamental distinction between the declara-tive languages and conventional (or even unconventional)procedural ones such as Pascal or LISP. Declarative lan-guages are referentially transparent, while procedural onesare not. Referential transparency is a property of languagesystems. A system is referentially transparent if the mean-ing of a whole can be derived solely from the meaningof its parts. All mathematical notions are referentially trans-parent. Thus the meaning (value) of a mathematical ex-pression such as (3 + 2) * (2 + 1) can be derived from the

A Referentially

Opaque Pascal

Program

The following program fragment illustrates how thebehavior of a Pascal program can be history-sensitive.

var switch:boolean;begin

switch: = false;

integer;

function f(n:integer)

begin

switch; = true;

f:=2*n

end;

function g(n:integer):integer;

begin

if switch then g: = 3*n else g: = 4*n

end;

writeln(g(2) + f(1));writeln(f(1) + g(2));

end;

The presence of the global variable switch makes themeaning of g dependent on the history of the computa-tion performed prior to its evaluation. Therefore. g(2) +f(1) evaluates to 10. but f(1) + g(2) evaluates to 8. Thus,commutativity. one of the simplest manipulation laws(namely, X+Y = Y + X) does not apply to Pascal programs.|Editor's note: This is a standard computer science usage of the termreferential opacity. \t should not be confused with the mathematicalnotion of the same name]

meaning of its components.Thus 3 + 2 has value 5 and2 + l has value 3. Knowingthese, we can derive themeaning of the whole ex-pression, 15.

A consequence of thisproperty is that there is asimple substitutive equalityrelation between expres-sions in any referentiallytransparent system. Expres-sions that have the samemeaning can be freely sub-stituted for one another inany context without chang-ing the meaning of thewhole. Thus, since 3 + 2and 4 + 1 have the samemeaning (5), 4 + 1 can besubstituted for 3 + 2 in(3 + 2) * (2 + 1), giving(4 + 1) * (2 + 1). It is thepossession of this propertythat makes mathematics anexact deductive science.

Laws can be developedthat allow the formal (syn-tactic) manipulation of ex-pressions and are guaran-teed to preserve the mean-ing of the expressions be-ing manipulated. The dis-tributive law of arithmetic,(x + y) * z = (x * z) +(y * z), is an example ofsuch a law. Using this, wecan convert (4 + 1) * (2 + 1)to 4 * (2 + 1) + 1 * (2 + 1) and know that the meaningis not changed. Referential opacity means that a system'sbehavior may be time-dependent: i.e., the meaning of afragment may depend on the history of what happenedprior to the evaluation of that fragment. No simple,meaning-preserving, deductive rules can be developed forthat system.

Conventional programming languages are not referen-tially transparent. The presence of assignment statementsand variables that are shared between procedures meansthat the meaning of any conventional program is poten-tially time-dependent and there is no simple substitutionproperty. See the text box titled "A Referentially OpaquePascal Program" above.

Declarative languages are, by definition, referentiallytransparent. The meaning of any fragment of a declarativelanguage program depends only on the meaning of itscomponents and not at all on the history of any computa-

{continued)

202 BYTE • AUGUST

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1 Y T E 203

TRANSFORMATION

tion performed prior to theevaluation of that fragment.From this simple distinctionmany benefits flow.

The absence of any time-dependent behavior im-plies that declarative pro-grams are easier to writeand understand. Manyburdens concerned withorganizing or comprehend-ing the sequencing of

events are removed from the programmer. Declarativelanguages are therefore intrinsically more powerfuldescriptive notations.

The absence of time-dependent behavior also meansthat subexpressions can be evaluated in any order andtherefore in parallel, leading to a whole range of new,highly parallel machines designed specifically fordeclarative languages.

From the software-development viewpoint, the criticaladvantage referential transparency brings to the declara-tive languages is the ease with which formal manipula-tion systems can be developed for declarative programs.

The existence of such manipulation systems makes theprocess of program development by program transforma-tion feasible in the declarative languages. The ideas behindprogram transformation stem from a diagnosis that manyof the difficulties met in developing programs arise fromtrying to satisfy two often conflicting goals simultaneously.A program must be correct; that is, it must meet its speci-fication and be free of bugs. A program must also be effi-cient: It must compute the required results in a reason-able time and make minimal use of resources. The firstgoal is best met by making a program as clear and ob-vious as possible. Meeting the second often involvessacrificing clarity for the sake of an intricate, but efficient,evaluation strategy. Given this diagnosis of the disease,the cure prescribed by transformation is fairly obvious.It is to develop your program in two separate stages, con-centrating on satisfying one goal at each stage. Thus, youfirst write an initial version or specification of your pro-gram, concentrating on making it as clear and obviouslycorrect as possible. Only when you are satisfied that youhave a correct and complete initial version do you turnyour attention to satisfying the requirement of efficientexecution. This is achieved by successively manipulatingor transforming the program into more and more efficientversions. It is crucial that the manipulations performeddo not change the meaning of the program. Thus, to besuccessful, transformation depends on the existence ofa set of manipulation rules capable of improving perfor-mance but guaranteed to preserve the meaning of a pro-gram. It is the availability of such manipulation rules thatmakes transformation feasible in declarative languagesand very difficult in procedural ones.

Note that the initial specification is itself a program. As

Listing 1: An i

nefficienl Hope program for

calculating

the

average of a

list of numbers.

dec

average,sum

,count:list(num)-> num;

——

average(l) <

= sum(l) div count(l);

(A)

___

sum(nil) <=

0;

(B)

—

sum(n::l) <=

n + sum(l);

(C)

—

count(nil) <=

= 0;

(D|

count(n::l) <

= 1 + count(l);

(El

we will see later, if onereally puts one's mind to it,one can write such wonder-fully inefficient programsthat it is straining the mean-ing somewhat to call themexecutable! But that is thewhole point. By maximizingthe clarity and obviousnessof the initial version, one ismaking it much more likelyto be correct. It does, how-ever, mean that the transformations have to be prettypowerful and capable of achieving improvements in per-formance way beyond that achievable by conventional op-timizing compilers. Characteristically, one is looking forimprovements in the order of the program's efficiency. Forexample, we want to transform algorithms that computein exponential time to linear or logarithmic ones. As wewill see below, such improvements are possible.

The design of optimizing compilers for conventional lan-guages, such as FORTRAN or Pascal, has developed toa fine art. Some of the optimizations these compilers per-form, such as strength reduction or code lifting, can beexpressed as source-to-source manipulations and aretherefore strictly program transformations. However, thesort of transformations we are seeking can be charac-terized as ones that can cause changes of nature, not justchanges of degree. Only in rare, pathological cases areoptimizing compilers capable of producing as output aprogram recognizably different from their input. We needto be able to do this routinely.

The second consequence of having specifications thatare executable as programs is that they can be exercisedand tested against the informal requirements or modifiedto meet changing requirements. Thus, a process of rapidprototyping is possible.

A Simple Transformation

Let us now look at a transformation. The example I havechosen to start with is fairly trivial and will not require largeimprovements in efficiency. Nevertheless, it will serve tointroduce the transformations used and illustrate that sim-ple manipulations can produce significantly alteredprograms.

Say we have been asked to find the average of a list ofnumbers. The textbook definition of average is the sumof all the numbers divided by how many of them thereare. If we take this as the basis for our obviously correctinitial program, in Hope we get something of the formshown in listing 1.

This program is clearly correct, but on a sequentialmachine involves the slight inefficiency that the list istraversed twice. Any self-respecting Pascal programmerwould collect both the sum and the count on one passover the list.

(continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

Let us derive such a program in Hope by systematic ma-nipulation of the original one. We will present the transfor-mations in an informal manner Each step will take a setof equations, i.e., a program, and produce new equations.Informally, we hope that it will be obvious that all the newequations are consequences of the existing equations andthus cannot change the meaning of the program as awhole. Formally, all our transformations will use rules fromthe unfold/fold transformation system (see the text boxbelow).

The first step in our transformation is to introduce adefinition for a new function, av.

dec av:list(num)-> num x num;— av(l) <= (sum(l), count(l));

(1)

For correctness, the only thing we have to concern our-selves with is that introducing this new definition cannotchange the meaning of our program. As av is not men-tioned at all in the previous equations, this is clearly true.Why we introduced this particular definition is another

The Unfold/Fold

Transformation

System

The unfold/fold system consists of six rules that allownew equations to be introduced that are conse-quences of existing equations.

1. Definition. Introduce a new recursion equation whoseleft-hand expression is not an instance of the left-hand ex-pression of any previous equation.

2. Instantiation. Introduce a substitution instance of anexisting equation.

3. Unfolding. If E<=E' and F<=F' are equations andthere is some occurrence in F' of an instance of E. replaceit by the corresponding instance of E' obtaining F". thenadd the equation F<=F".

4. Folding. If E<= E' and F<= F' are equations and thereis some occurrence in F' of an instance of E', replace itby the corresponding instance of E obtaining F", then addthe equation F<=F".

5. Abstraction. We may introduce a where clause by deriv-ing from a previous equation E<=E' a new equation:

E<=E' [u1/F1 un/Fn]

where (u1,. . . ,un) == (F1,. . . ,Fn)

(E[E1/E2] means E with all occurrences of subexpressionsE2 replaced by E1.)

6. Laws. We may transform an equation by using on itsright-hand expression any laws we have about theprimitives (associativity, commutativity, etc.) obtaining anew equation.

question. The situation is analogous to the use of con-structions in geometry. Introducing the right constructionassists proofs to be carried out and can never enable any-thing false to be proved. Where the idea for the right con-struction comes from in the first place is more mysterious.

The formal reading of an equation such as av(l) < =

(sum(l), count(l)); is that the expression on the left-handside, av(l), is equal to the expression on the right-handside, (sum(l), count(l)), for all values of I. If the equationis true for all I it is true for some particular instance ofI. Thus we can instantiate this equation by setting I to nil,getting the equation

av(nil) <= (sum(nil), count(nil));

(2)

Statement (2) is obviously a consequence of statement(1) and so cannot alter meaning. But statements (B) and(D) in listing 1 give values for sum(nil) and count(nil), allow-ing us to deduce

— av(nil) <= (0, 0);

(3)

which, as well as being true about av, begins to look likepart of a program for av.

Returning to statement (1) and this time instantiating Ito x::l we get

(4)

— av(x::l) <= (sum(x::l), count(x::l));Statements (C) and (E) allow us to deduce

— av(x::l) <= (x + sum(l), 1 +count(l)); (5)

But we can rearrange this using the Hope where construct

to

— av(x::l) <= (x + u, 1 +v)

where (u,v) == (sum(l), count(l)); (6)

Now we see that (sum(l), count(l)) appears as the right-hand side. But this is the right-hand side of (A). What'smore, it is equal to the left-hand side of (A), av(l). Becauseof referential transparency, the <= can be read as =.Thus, we can replace (sum(l), count(l)) by av(l), getting

— av(x::l) <= (x + u, 1 +v)

where (u, v) == av(l); (7)

Statements (3) and (7) now constitute an efficient programfor av but do not at the moment help us with average.Returning to (A), we get

— average(l) <= u div v

where(u.v) == (sum(l), count(l));

and thus

— average(l) <= u div v

where (u, v) == av(l);

Collecting the useful equations together, we get a new pro-gram for average (see listing 2).

This final program, we would claim, is not so obviouslycorrect as our initial version but is more efficient in thatonly one pass is performed over the list. The crucial point

206 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

TRANSFORMATION

is that there is no need to conduct a separate proof toshow that the final program is equivalent to the initial one.It is correct by construction. Neither do we have to con-duct proofs to show the intermediate steps are legitimate.The correct application of the rules can be checked syn-tactically (and therefore mechanically).

The above example illustrated the transformation tech-niques but only achieved a moderate increase in perfor-mance. To give credence to our claim that transformationcan achieve substantial performance increases, let usquickly look at a classic transformation, the conversionof the exponential definition of the Fibonacci function toa linear version, i.e., converting a definition that takes 2"steps to compute fib(n) to one that takes n steps (see listing3). Here the improvement in performance is much greater,but the similarity between this and the previous transfor-mation is appealing. Our pulling the correct definitionsout of a hat may be slightly off-putting, but their originis not quite as mysterious as it seems. They can be sys-tematically derived by investigating the pattern of com-putation of the specification program and identifyingrepeated, and therefore unnecessary, computations.

Practicality and Usefulnessof Transformation

if we are proposing, as we are, that transformation canplace software development and programming onto a newplateau of scientific rigor, we must evaluate its potentialvery severely. To be ultimately useful, any transformationmethodology must satisfy three criteria. First, it must becorrect, that is, meaning-preserving. Second, it must beadequate or complete, so that all desired program devel-opments can be achieved using the methodology. Finally,it must be expressive enough that, not only can all devel-opments be expressed, but they can be expressed in anintelligible and communicable manner. Let us see howfunctional languages and the unfold/fold methodology be-ing proposed here meet these criteria.

Correctness

It is, of course, crucial that any system used for transfor-mation preserve meaning. This property has been shownto hold for the unfold/fold system. There is one thing towatch out for in doing transformations, however. It is pos-sible, using the unfold/fold system, to produce a programthat will fail to terminate, using input values for which theoriginal specification program will terminate. Happily,there are simple guidelines that ensure that the systemcan be used without fear of introducing nontermination.See the text box "Correctness and Completeness of theUnfold/Fold System" on page 210.

Completeness

The other question that needs to be asked of any transfor-mation system is: How adequate or complete is it? Canany transformation that you would like to achieve be ex-pressed using only rules from the system? The answer for

Listing 2: A more

efficient Hope

program for

calculating

numerical averages, generated by transformation

of listing \.

dec average:list(num)

-> num;

dec av:list(num)-> num x num;

— average(l) <= u

div v

where (u, v)

= = av(l);

— av(nil) <= (0, 0)

— av(x::l) <= (x + l

, 1+u)

where (u, v)

= = av(l);

Listing 3: A transformation of an

exponential-time

Fibonacci function

program to a linear-time program

Initial Program

dec fib:num

-> num;

— fib(0) <=

= 1;

— fib(1) <=

■ 1;

— fib(succ(succ(n))) <= fib(n+1) + fib(n);

Transformation

dec g:num -

■> num x num;

— g(n) <=

(fib(n + 1), fib(n));

Definition

— g(0) <=

(fib(1), fib(0));

Instantiation

<= (1. 1);

Unfold

— g(succ(n)) <= (fib(n + 2), fib(n + 1)); Instantiation

<= (fib(n+1) +

fib(n), fib(n + 1));

Unfold

<= (u + v, u)

where (u, v

= = (fib(n+1),

fib(n));

Abstract

<= (u + v, u)

where (u, v)

- = g(n)

Fold

— fib(succ(succ(n)))

<= U +V

where (u, v

= = (fib(n + 1),

fib(n));

Abstract

<= u + v

where (u,v)

= = g(n);

Fold

Final Program

dec fib:num

-> num;

dec g:num -

> num x num

— fib(0) <--

= 1;

— fib(1) <=

1;

— fib(succ(succ(n))) <= u +

V

where (u,v) = = g(n);

— g(o) <=

(1. 1):

— g(succ(n)) <= (u + v, u)

where (u, \

) = = g(n);

the unfold/fold system is theoretically no but practicallyyes. There are some pathological examples of pairs of(functional) programs that are demonstrably equivalent

(continued)

AUGUST I985

I Y T E 207

TRANSFORMATION

but which cannot be trans-formed one to the otherwithout stepping outsidethe strict confines of thesystem. A simple exampleof this is contained in the"Correctness and Com-pleteness" text box. How-ever, much work based onthe unfold/fold system hasdemonstrated its practicali-ty and wide range of appli-cability.

The repertoire of thetypes of transformationaloperations that can be ex-pressed by utilizing theunfold/fold system is quiteimpressive. It includes the following:

Loop Combinations: The essence of the average exam-ple is that there are two computationally independentloops that needed to be combined for efficiency. Manytransformations are instances of this type of transforma-tion.

Recursion Removal: Using transformation it is possibleto convert fully recursive definitions such as listing 4a tolinear forms such as listing 4b. The important point aboutthe latter definition is that it can be executed without usinga run-time stack and can be simply converted to a pro-gram using only a while loop in a language such as Pascal.The early work on transformation viewed the functionalprogram as an initial specification and aimed at a programin an imperative language as the final output. With thedevelopment of efficient implementations for functionallanguages and the imminent arrival of specially designedparallel machines, this aspect of the transformation workhas tended to become less important.Abstract Data Types: One of the more impressive appli-cations of the basic transformation methodology has beenthe work on the systematic derivation of implementationsfor abstract data types. In order to support abstract datatypes such as trees or priority queues in an imperativelanguage such as Pascal, one has to write a lot of codeproviding implementations for the access functions of theabstract type in terms of the primitives of the concretetypes provided in the language. This often results in aninefficient final program that is cumbersome and difficultto maintain or move to other implementation bases. Workbased on functional languages and transformation hasshown how efficient implementations can be automaticallysynthesized from a specification of the abstract and con-crete types and a single mapping function formalizing howthe concrete type is to be used to represent the abstractone.

Program Synthesis: As we shall see below, in a functionallanguage we are able to write specifications that define

Listing 4a: A recursive

definition of factorial

in

Hope.

dec factmum -> num;

— fact(O) <= 1;

— fact(succ(n)) <= (n-i

1) •

fact(n);

Listing 4b: A linear definition

of factorial

in Hope.

dec fact:num -> num;

dec factit:num x num ->

num;

— fact(n) <= factit(n, 1);

— factit(0, ace) <= ace;

— factit(succ(n), ace) < =

factit(n, (n + 1) •

ace);

forms of expression that

a program more by proper-ties it must satisfy ratherthan by a computationalrecipe, however inefficient,for its evaluation. Suchspecifications can also beconverted to efficient pro-grams, but we should per-haps talk more of programsynthesis rather than pro-gram transformation. Thecrucial point is that bothspecification and programare still expressed using thesame notation. There is nodiscontinuity betweenforms of expression thatare specifications andare programs.

Transformation for Parallel Evaluation: Early workon transformation concentrated on producing programsthat would run efficiently on conventional sequentialmachines. For a parallel machine, different program formsare needed for efficient execution. Happily, exactly thesame transformation methodology enables us to producethese forms as enables us to produce efficient sequen-tial ones.

Among the significant transformational developmentsstudied by transformation workers are sorting algorithms,compilers, parsing algorithms, text formatters, editors,operating systems, and numerical algorithm libraries. Par-ticular academic interest has been shown in analyzing therelationships between different algorithms for a particulartask, such as sorting, by systematically synthesizing all thealgorithms in the class from a common very high levelspecification. Studies of algorithms for sorting, parsing,and searching have exposed pleasing symmetries and rela-tionships between algorithms previously considered un-related.

It would be misleading to give the impression that workhas reached the stage whereby any program development,however large or complex, can be easily expressed usingtransformation, and even more misleading to imply thatthe whole process is about to be mechanized and pro-grammers are about to become redundant. What wewould claim is that transformation offers the possibilitythat programming can progress from an art to a scienceand that even this possibility is precluded if one continueswith the conventional languages. Furthermore, sufficientprogress is being made on extending the practicality oftransformation techniques, particularly in the area of par-tial mechanization, that we can feel optimistic about theprospects of achieving a mechanical realization of pro-gram optimization and proof in the future.

[continued)

208 BYTE • AUGUST I985

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STORAGE

TRANSFORMATION

N

EXPRESSIBILITY

The final parameter govern-ing transformation's ulti-mate usefulness is: How ex-pressive can we be usingtransformation? There is nopoint having a wonderfullyformal system if any signifi-cant transformational de-velopment needs pagesand pages of intricatemathematics to express.This is not the level at whichany programmer, even ofthe next generation, wouldfeel happy. Furthermore, itis not the level at which pro-fessional mathematicianswork. The success of math-ematics lies in the fact thatit is able to combine arigorous formal base withthe development of power-ful high-level concepts andmethods of discovering andcommunicating mathemat-ical proofs. We must do thesame for transformationalprogramming.

The concept of ex-pressibility and intelligibili-ty is intimately tied up withthe prospects for mechani-zation, which we see as theultimate payoff for programtransformation. Do not bealarmed. We are not pre-dicting the demise of theprogrammer or promisingfully automatic program-ming systems. Rather, weare intimating that sometime in the not-too-distantfuture the power and ac-curacy that computers have brought to bear on produc-tivity in other disciplines may be applied to programmingitself. We exaggerate slightly. Computers, through themedium of, for example, compilers, editors, debuggers,and program-analysis routines, materially assist the pro-gramming process at the present. However, the core in-tellectual activity of programming, the design of the pro-gram or algorithm, is not mechanically assisted at all.Transformation attacks exactly this central activity and, be-ing formal and syntactically expressed, is suitable formechanization.

Several different approaches to mechanization are be-ing explored. The high road consists of viewing the prob-

Correctnessand Completeness

of THE

Unfold/Fold System

ontermination can be introduced. Consider the verysimple Hope program

dec f:num -> num;

— f(n) <= 3;

If we fold this with itself we get

— f(n) <= f(n);

which is undoubtedly true about f but not a very usefulmethod of computing values for f!

Generally, there is a danger of producing a nonterminat-ing program from one that terminates if the transforma-tion used contains more fold steps than unfold steps. Thus,to be safe we need to keep a count of the different stepsused during a transformation. Alternatively, we can checkthat the final program still terminates. This is not possibleto do for the general case, but practically it is often verysimple.

Some transformations are not possible. Consider thefunctions f1 and f2:

dec f1:num -> num'

— fl(O) <= 0;

— f1(succ(n)) <= 1 +f1(n);

dec f2: num -> num;

— f2(n) <= n;

f1 and f2 are obviously equivalent and f2 can be trans-formed to f1, but f1 cannot be transformed to f2, whichis the direction we would like to go. The problem is thatf2 has no recursion at all on the right-hand side and socannot be produced using a fold step. To derive f2, wewould have to guess its definition and then proveequivalence. Happily, realistically sized programs neverhave this problem.

lem as a problem in arti-ficial intelligence and at-tempting to construct afully automatic system thataccepts a high-level specifi-cation as input and, withoutfurther user intervention,produces an efficient pro-gram. Many people, myselfincluded, have had muchfun constructing such sys-tems. Much has beenlearned about the prob-lems of search and thepower of heuristics, butsuch systems will onlybecome remotely prac-ticable when solutions arefound to many fundamentalproblems in artificialintelligence.

At the other end of thescale, it is relatively simpleto construct transformationcheckers. Such systems relytotally on the user to selectwhat transformation toapply next, but they dorelieve users of manyclerical burdens and ensurethat the transformations arecorrectly applied. The prob-lem is that, for anymoderate-size transforma-tional development, thenumber of steps needed, ifall the steps are at the levelof the fundamental rules ofthe system, becomes inor-dinate and difficult tocomprehend.

The most promisingmedium-term prospect liesin the development of so-called metalanguage systems. These represent the mid-dle way. The intelligence to guide transformationaldevelopments is still expected to come from users, butthey are given structured high-level ways of conveying theirintentions to a system that is responsible for seeing thatthese are correctly carried out. The basic idea of suchsystems is that a separate language, the metalanguage,is used to describe transformations that are to be per-formed on programs written in the object language. Thus,if the metalanguage is a full language possessing function-definition capability, transformations can be expressed ina structured way with the lowest-level operators of the

[continued]

210 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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Inquiry 336

TRANSFORMATION

metalanguage corresponding to the guaranteed meaning-preserving operations and the higher-level, more mean-ingful operations being constructed out of these.

In our work at Imperial College, we have developed asystem for transforming Hope programs that also usesHope as the metalanguage. Thus, the six rules of theunfold/fold system become Hope (metalanguage) func-tions that operate on Hope (object) programs representedas Hope data structures. Out of these primitive operations,more powerful transformation operators can be built usingthe normal function-definition capability. The trick is toensure that these defined operators inherit the correct-ness-preserving nature of the basic operations. In Hope,this is achieved using the module and typing mechanisms.The Hope data type used to represent Hope object pro-grams, together with the basic operators, are formed intoa module from which only the correctness-preservingoperators are exported. These operators are the only wayprograms can be altered. Thus, the system designer oruser is free to define any new operation in terms of theones provided, secure in the knowledge that there is noway he or she can conspire to produce an incorrectprogram.

A range of meaningful second-level operations can be

identified, corresponding to transformation operationssuch as combine loops, remove recursion, and implementone data type in another. Each tactic involves a limitedsearch to try to express the requested transformation interms of the lower-level primitives. Each tactic either suc-ceeds, returning the altered program, or fails, indicatingeither that the requested transformation is impossible orthat the tactic failed to find it. There is no way an incor-rect program can be produced.

Thus, a transformation plan emerges as a structuredHope metalanguage program that is understandable, com-municable, and machine-checkable. The Hope metalan-guage program in a real sense provides a formal andprecise notation in which to express the design of a pro-gram. This, we feel, has important consequences not onlyfor initial program development, but also for programmodification and maintenance.

If, after a program has been successfully developed, thespecification from which it was derived is retained alongwith the metalanguage program, then any subsequentmodifications or enhancements can be performed on thespecification. Because of the nature of specifications, this

(continued)

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TRANSFORMATION

should result in fewer errors being introduced than is nor-mally the case when complex executable code is modified.The old metalanguage program can then be applied tothe new specification. It is to be hoped that, as the meta-language program encapsulates the higher-level ideasbehind the design of the program, it will still be applicableto the modified specification. If it is, then no further workhas to be done. If not, the worst that can happen is thatthe system fails to produce an acceptably efficient pro-gram from the specification. This is an indication that themodifications made are substantial enough to require arethink on our design ideas, and these can be expressedas modifications to the metalanguage program necessaryto achieve a successful transformation.

Specification Techniques

The essence of a specification is to say what is to be com-puted, not how it is to be computed. The area of specifica-tion techniques deserves an article to itself. Here, I willconfine myself to giving a few simple examples to illustratethe directions in which the work is leading.

In a functional language, the forms that one can writeare restricted to facilitate the construction of efficient in-terpreters. One route to languages of greater expressivepower for use in specification is to remove some of theserestrictions. For example, what we can write on the left-hand sides of equations in Hope is severely limited. If weremove some of these restrictions, we can write equationsthat define functions implicitly rather than explicitly.

For example, given that integer multiplication is definedas the Hope function mult, one could simply define thedivision function, div, thus:

mult(div(n, m), m) = n

Such a specification can be transformed to a directly ex-ecutable version using the standard manipulation rules.It is interesting to note that such specifications can alsobe executed but require more sophisticated, and less ef-ficient, interpretation regimes than are currently used forfunctional languages.

Another line of development for specification is spe-cialized, often tabular, specification languages for specificdomains. One route to such languages is to regard themas syntactic extensions to an underlying functional lan-guage and use transformation techniques to convert themto efficiently executable programs.

Other Languages, Other Tools

Transformation is a general technique and has been ap-plied to many styles of language other than the functionalones. Transformation techniques and systems based onconventional procedural languages have been extensive-ly studied. It will come as no surprise to the reader to learnthat we have doubts about the ultimate success of theseenterprises.In contrast, transformation techniques have been very

(continued)

214 BYTE ■ AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 98

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AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 215

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successfully applied to the other main class of declarativelanguages, the logic programming ones. The unfold/foldmethodology can be directly translated into logic pro-gramming terms and all the same derivations performedon logic programs as can be performed on functionalones. Furthermore, one can use the full descriptive capa-bility of unrestricted first-order predicate calculus for aspecification language and transform these specificationsinto efficient Horn clause logic programs.

The mathematical well-foundedness of the declarativelanguages allows the construction of other useful toolsbesides transformation systems. For example, one cananalyze functional and logic programs to assess their ef-ficiency, check their consistency, and also derive conse-quences from programs. For example, we may be able toinfer that the result of a computation can never be greaterthan some bound.

Our vision for a programming environment of the futureis one founded on machine-assisted transformation as themain program-development activity, but supported by acollection of intelligent programming tools that offermaterial assistance to the programmer because theyunderstand the developing program at a level muchdeeper than the textual level at which most present-dayprogram-support tools operate.

Future Prospects

Transformation is a promise for the future, not a present-day practical reality. However, the current problems andcosts associated with the development and maintenanceof large-scale, complex software systems seems to pointto a need for some radical solution that is not accessiblevia present-day languages and methodologies.

The next few years promise to be fascinating ones forworkers in declarative languages. The coming together ofparallel machines, mature declarative languages, andtransformation-based programming environments meansthat all the mutually supporting components are in placefor a searching appraisal of the ultimate practicality of thisapproach. Much needs to be done to deliver on all thepromises, but we are confident that the well-foundednessof the approach will ultimately prevail. ■

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clark. K. L„ and S. Sickel. "Predicate Logic: A Calculus for Deriv-ing Programs." Proceedings of the 5th International \oint Conference onArtificial Intelligence, vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: 1977.

Darlington, ]. "The Structured Description of Algorithm Deriva-tions." Algorithmic languages. I. W. de Bakker and 1. van Vliet. eds.New York: Elsevier, 1982.

Darlington. J., and R. M. Burstall. "Some Transformations for De-veloping Recursive Programs." journal of the ACM 24:1, 1977,page 44.

Partsch, H.. and R. Steinbruggen. "A Survey of Program Transfor-mation Systems." ACM Computing Surveys 15:3, September 1983.

Pepper. P., ed. Program Transformation and Programming Environments.Report on a workshop directed by F L. Bauer and H. Remus.Springer-Verlag, 1984.

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

FUNCTIONAL

PROGRAMMINGUSING FP

by Peter G. Harrison and Hessam Khoshnevisan

How to program without objects

IN 1977, JOHN BACKUS introduced a functional style ofprogramming in which variable-free programs are builtfrom a set of primitive programs by a small set of com-bining forms (functionals that are also often referred toas program-forming operations or PFOs) and by recursivedefinitions. This style is embodied in the language FP,which facilitates the manipulation of the functions them-selves rather than repeatedly creating new objects fromold ones in an auxiliary domain. FP thus relates to a higherlevel of analysis than do the more common, object-oriented functional languages. In fact, FP has its own func-tional algebra that prescribes rules for manipulation offunctions and so simplifies reasoning about programs. FPsystems have the following properties:

• Programs have extremely simple semantics.

• There often exist nonrecursive expressions for manyfunctions that are normally recursively defined (similar tousing a loop in Pascal).

• Programs exhibit a clear hierarchical structure.

• The principal combining forms are the operations of thepowerful algebra of FP programs. This algebra can be usedto solve equations for recursively defined programs andto transform programs into versions that run more effi-ciently or consume less space.

• Transformation of recursive to nonrecursive functionsand to loops can often be achieved automatically in FP.

The main obstacle to the advancement of functional pro-gramming languages has been their poor run-time per-

formance on conventional computers. This is primarily dueto the large number of (mainly stack-based) manipulationsrequired to preserve referential transparency in the lan-guages. Von Neumann computers execute instructions se-quentially and so are tailored toward supporting sequen-tial languages with destructive assignment. One way toimprove performance is to offer a radically different com-puter architecture, specifically tailored toward supportingfunctional languages (see references 1 and 2). But thereis also a need to provide efficient implementations ofthese languages on conventional machines. These are like-ly to remain widespread for the foreseeable future, in par-ticular in the personal computer market, whatever the im-pact of any new architectures. A route to improved per-formance is to transform recursively defined solutions intoiterative ones. FP programs lend themselves to this typeof transformation very well since they do not refer to theauxiliary domain of objects, which often obscures the pro-cess of program transformation. Transformations of thissort may also prove beneficial to parallel implementationsby increasing the size of the basic unit of work performedby each processor. This naturally reduces communicationoverhead, which often limits the performance of parallelmachines.

(continued)Dr. Peter G. Harrison is a lecturer in the Department of Computing.Imperial College. Hessam Khoshnevisan received his bachelor's degreein computing science from \mperial College, where he now works asa research assistant on the ALICE project. They can be reached at\mperial College, 180 Queen's Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985

, YTE 219

PROGRAMMING IN FP

The FP algebra provides a formal basis for programtransformation and so facilitates its automation. {Editor'snote: The idea of program transformation is discussed in "ProgramTransformation" bu ]ohn Darlington on page 201.] Conventionaltransformation techniques prescribe algorithms for trans-forming functions when applied to certain arguments. Thetransformation strategy in FP is based upon theorems thatstate identities between functional expressions. A transfor-mation is then simply an instance of the application ofa theorem.

FP Systems

An FP system consists of the following:

• A set of primitive functions (for example, the arithmeticoperators +, -, *, etc.).

• A set of PFOs. These are programming constructsanalogous to while loops, conditionals, and so on, foundin conventional languages like Pascal, and they may beused to create more complex functions from simpler ones.

• A domain of objects that might be, for example, integers,characters, sequences, etc.

User-defined functions are defined in terms of these FPsystem components.

PFOs are the programming constructs of FP (like while,if. . .then . . .else, etc., of Pascal) and differ from the pro-gramming constructs of other languages (including otherfunctional languages) in that they are predefined opera-tions on functions as opposed to objects. We are allfamiliar with the conditional statements, such as if P thenQ else R in Pascal. The conditional operation of FP (f -»g ; h) is similar except that the predicate and the true andfalse branches of the conditional are expressions involv-ing only functions, namely f, g, and h. These expressionscan be primitive functions, user-defined functions, or ex-pressions built using the PFOs. In short, all PFOs take anumber of functions as arguments and return a single FPfunction. All FP functions take a single object as input andproduce a single object as their result; i.e., they are of typeObject -> Object. All FP systems are equipped with anoperation called application, which, given a function andan object, produces the result of applying the functionto the object. The notation f:x is used to represent theapplication of function f to the object x.

To define an FP system, we must specify the set ofprimitive functions, the set of PFOs, and the set of ob-jects. Listed in the text box "FP Syntax" on page 228 aresome examples of primitives and PFOs that might be pres-ent in an FP system. The meaning of each is given by speci-fying the result of its application to various kinds of ob-jects. If PFOs are applied to any other kind of object, notmentioned in their meaning, the result of the applicationwill be X. This is read as "bottom" and denotes theundefined object or error. So, for example, an attempt toadd the integer 1 to the character a will yield 1 sincea is not the correct type for the + primitive.

The set of objects is determined by the set of atomschosen. For example, if we choose to consider the set ofintegers, the set of nonempty strings, and the atoms T andF denoting true and false, then T, 66, -88, 0, c, Hello,F, and GHj are all valid atoms.

Considering now the set of objects that we can writedown, we know that

• Every atom is an object.

• All sequences of objects, denoted by <Xl x2, . . . xm>m > 0 (where each x; is an object other than x 1 <, i<, m), are objects.

• X is an object.

• Thus, «66.7> ALA <GAB FO W» is an object.

User-Defined Functions

The set of primitives and PFOs determines the set of func-tions that can be defined. The user can define functionsusing the def statement in FP. For example.

def MyFun = AFun -» BFun; CFun

defines a function in terms of an FP PFO—in this case, theconditional. Note that AFun, BFun, and CFun must all befunctions (which can themselves be built by the use ofPFOs).

Each PFO takes a number of functions as parameters.The number of parameters is determined by the particularPFO. The "conditional" PFO takes three parameters,whereas the "construction" PFO can accept any numberof function parameters. Recursive function definitions areallowed, so in the above example any of the expressionsAFun, BFun, or CFun can refer to MyFun.

Note that the syntax for function application and com-position in basic FP can be rather clumsy; for example,add: <2,3 > as opposed to 2 + 3 or al:<2, <3,4,5 > >as opposed to 2::<3,4,5>. However, it is easy to incor-porate infix notation into many variable-free functionalexpressions. For example (using infixes ::, +), f::g rep-resents al°[f, g] and f + g represents +°[f, g]. But notethat if f = [h, g], + of js clearer than (1of) + (2°f) or(1+2)°f.

Programming in FP

A user-defined function is defined by one and only onedefinition. The name given to the function must be uniqueand must not coincide with the names associated with theprimitive functions and PFOs. Remember that no part ofa definition is a result itself; instead, each part is a func-tion that must be applied to an argument to obtain aresult.

Here are four simple examples of recursive user-definedfunctions:

def last = null°tl

def len = null -*

def cat = null°1

def fact = eqO ->

-+ 1; lastotl

0 ; +o[1, lenotl]

-* 2 ; al°[1°1, cato[t|ol,2]

T ; *o[id, fact°sub1]

[continued]

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

The first returns the last element of a sequence, the sec-ond returns the length of a sequence, the third catenatestwo sequences, and the last defines the factorial function.

Observe that the examples of function definitions givenabove, although written in FP, are written in a recursivestyle that is familiar from conventional functional lan-guages such as Hope, LISP, and KRC. For instance, thedefinition of last says that if the tail of the sequence isempty then select the first element of object; otherwise,look for the last element of the tail of the object usinga recursive call to last. In the FP style, it is often possibleto replace an explicitly recursive definition by an equiva-lent nonrecursive functional expression.

The function last could, in most systems, be expressedpurely in terms of primitives; for example, def last = 1r.Similarly a more natural FP definition for factorial is deff = (/ *)oiota or, alternatively, def f = (\ *)°iota. This"inserts" a * between each element of the sequence<1,2 n>.

A function to catenate (append in Hope) two sequencesis def cat = (/ al)°ar. This nonrecursive definition suc-cessively appends an item from the end of the first se-quence onto the beginning of the second. Note that / catwill then be a function that catenates any number ofsequences.

The function len, for length, would be a primitive in mostsystems, but if not, the more natural FP definition could be

def len = null -+ 0 ; + o(aT)

This definition says that len:x is 0 if x is empty; otherwise,change each element of x into 1, and then add up theIs. The items are literally counted!

Observe that the more natural FP solutions are non-recursive (effectively the recursion has been pushed intothe PFOs used). Although these nonrecursive definitionsmay look strange initially, they express an equally obvioussolution. By becoming familiar with the high-level PFOsand their concise syntax, you can give concise, expressive,and flexible definitions that are often nonrecursive, usingjust a few symbols. (It has been suggested that program-mer productivity is inversely proportional to the numberof characters required in a program.)

Here, then, are some more complex examples that makeuse of the PFOs:

Vector Product: We can define the function Vector-Product to be def VP = (/ + )°(o!*)°trans. Applicationof VP to a pair of equal-length vectors first creates thesequence of matched pairs of components (result of trans),then multiplies each pair, and finally sums these results.For nonequal-length vectors, the result of trans is J. andso therefore is the result of VP. We can explain each stepin evaluating VectorProduct applied to the pair of vectors< < 1,2,3> , <6,5,4> > as shown in table I.

Matrix Multiply: We can define the function MatrixMuIti-ply to yield the product of any pair <y,z> of conformablematrices, where each matrix is represented as the se-quence of its rows:

y = < yi, . ...y->where y, = <y,,, . .

., y,„> for i = 1,.

.,m

z = < z„ . . ., z„>where z, = <z,,, . .

., z,-p > for i = 1,.

. .,n

The function is then defined as

def MM = (aaVP)°(a;distl)odistro [1, trans<>2]

Binary Tree Insert: Suppose that a binary tree isrepresented by a sequence of three elements, where thefirst element is the left binary tree, the second is the dataat the node (which we will assume is a number), and thethird is the right binary tree. A function InsertlnSorted-BinaryTree (IISBT), which inserts a number into a tree insuch a way that all elements in the left subtree are lessthan the smallest number in the whole of the right sub-tree, might look like this:

def IISBT = nullol -*[[], 2, []];le©[2°1, 2] -* [ 1o1, 2o1, NSBTo[3°1, 2] ];[ IISBT°[1o1, 2], 2»1, 3o1 ];

Part Product: A function ParProds, when given a se-quence of integers <x,,. . . ,xm>, produces a sequenceof integers <y»,. . . ,ym> such that, for 1 <, i < m,

y,- = x, * ... * x,

Thus ParProdsoiota : 5 = < 1,2,6,24,120 >

i.e.. the sequence of factorials of the numbers l through5. We may start from the observation that

{continued)

Table 1: A step-by-step explanation of the operation of VP.

VP : < < 1,2,3 > , <

6,5,4 > >

By def of VP

= > (/+ )o(a*)otrans:<<1,2,3>,<6,5,4>>

Effect of Composition

= > A:(a*:(trans:<<1,2,3>,<6,5,4>>)

Applying Transpose

= > A(a*:<<1.6>,<2,5>,<3,4>>)

Effect of ApplyToAII

= > /+:<*:<1,6>,«:<2,5>,«:<3,4>>

Applying •

= > /+:<6,10,12>

Effect of Insert

= > +:<6, +:<10,12>>

Applying +

= > +:<6,22>

Applying + Again

= > 28

222 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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iYTE 223

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

From a set of axioms thatare not self-contradictory,an algebra may be defined.

ParProds : <x,,. . . ,xm>

= PARar : < ParProds: < x,,. . .x„,>, y>

where PARar = ar°[1, *°[1rol, 2]]

Unfortunately, we cannot simply right-insert the PARarfunction because it requires that the sequence to whichit is applied has a sequence for its first element. We firsthave to make this element into a sequence. The functionParProds therefore becomes

def ParProds = null -» 0;

(\PARar)°al°[ [1], tl]def PARar = ar»[l, *o[ iro-|, 2]]

We may now use this nonrecursive function in the defini-tion of other useful functions. For example, it is a relativelysimple matter to extend these concepts for the evalua-tion of polynomials.

The FP Algebra of Programs

lust as a set of functions mapping a domain of objectsinto itself may define an algebra on that domain, so toomay a set of functionals define an algebra on a domainof functions. The reader will probably be quite familiarwith the concept of the field of real numbers (objects)under the composition rules of addition and multiplica-tion (functions) that possess the necessary properties suchas associativity; he or she is surely familiar with the well-known algebra that follows. In the same way, a set ofaxioms that are not self-contradictory may be defined ona set of functions under composition rules given by a setof functionals. From these axioms, it may be possible toestablish, as theorems, further properties about the setsof functions and functionals; i.e., an algebra may be de-fined. Through the algebra, relationships between func-tions may be established as identities, independent of thedomain of objects to which they are applied. The two sidesof such an identity yield an equation at the object levelfor every argument to which they are each applied. Thusthe functional algebra provides a more general, higherlevel of reasoning in which quite powerful arguments canbe expressed and results deduced. Note that any set ofaxioms could be chosen provided they are consistent, butin order that the resulting algebra be useful, the axiomsshould not contradict known properties of conventionalfunctional languages when the functions of each side ofan identity are applied to objects. Thus, for example, wewould not choose for an axiom the statement

fo[g,h] = [fog, foh]

(continued)

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

Backus's set of axioms

for FP is consistent but hasnot been shown to be complete.

for all functions f, g, h, since for object x, it is not truein general that

f:<g:x, h:x> = <f:(g:x), f:(h:x)>

However, we can and do choose

[g,h]of = [gof, h°f]

Backus has presented consistent axioms of the FP func-tional algebra (reference 3), although the set has not beenshown to be exhaustive. When applied to an arbitrary ob-ject, each is duly seen to yield an equality that is knownto hold. As a simple example of the use of the FP algebrain formal reasoning, we first prove the equivalence be-tween the recursive and nonrecursive definitions of fac-torial considered above.We know that, by definition,

iota = eqO -> null; aro[iota°sub1,id]

and FP laws state that for all functions f, g, h,

(\f)°ar°[g,h] = f°[(\ f)°g,h]

(this is easily checked from the definition of \), and forBoolean-valued function p,

f°(p -» g; h) = p -* f°g; f°h

(easily checked from the definition of -*). Thus,

(\ *)°iota = eqO= eqO

(\ *)°null; (\ *)oaro[iotaosub1,id]j ■ *o[(\ *)ojota°sub1,id]

and writing I for (\ *)°iota gives

i =

= eqO

1

!°sub1,id]

The power of the algebra has been further developedand exploited by Williams (reference 4) and Backus (ref-erence 5), who introduced the linear class of functionalforms. A functional form is a functional expression thatcontains function variables, and a linear form possessescertain properties relating to function expansion, dis-cussed below. A function f is defined to be (functionallylinear if it has the "else part" given by a linear form inf, i.e., f = p -» q; Hf for some fixed functions p and qand linear form H. Linear functions such as f satisfy theLinear Expansion Theorem (LET), which states, loosely,that for object x, if f:x is defined, f:x = (H'q):x for someinteger i, given by another form Hi (the "predicatetransformer") known in terms of H. Specifically, i is theleast integer such that (H-i'p):x = T. This solution is clearlyiterative at the function level of description—if a function

{continued)

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

FP Syntax

Examples of primitives that might be present in an FPsystem include the following:

Add, Subtract, Multiply, Equals, etc. ( + , -, «, eq, etc.)When x is of form <y,z> and y,z are numbers,then + :x yields the sum of y and z

otherwise + :x = 1(The others are defined similarly.)

Greater Than, Less Than, Less Than or Equal,etc. (gt, It, le, etc.)

When x= <y,z> and y,z are numbersthen (if y>z then gt:x = T else gt:x = F)

(The others are defined similarly.)

And, Or, Not (and,.or, not)

When x= < T, T> then and:x = T

When x=< F, T> or x = < T, F> or x = < F, F>

then and:x = F

(The others are defined similarly.)

Null (null)

When x= < > then null:x = TWhen x = ± then null:x = 1otherwise null:x = F

Append Left (al)

When x= <y,< > > then al:x = <y>

When x= <y, <Zi,. . . ,z,„> > then al:x = <y,Zi z,„>

Append Right (ar)

When x= < < >,y> then al:x = <y>

When x= <<z-i,. . . ,z,„>,.y> then ar:x = <z-i,. . . ,z,„,y>

Selectors (1, 2, 3, . . .)

When x= <Zi,. . .,z,„> then if m >i then i:x = z; else 1

Right Selectors (1r, 2r, 3r, . . .)

As above, selects first, second, etc., from the right

of the sequence.

Identity (id:x)x

Transpose (trans)

When x= <<>,...,<>> then trans:x = < >

When x = <Xi xm> where x, = <x,-i x,»>

fori <i <m then trans:x = <z1,...,zt>where z,- = <x1y,, . ,,xmi> for 1 <j <kotherwise trans:x = 1

Distribute Left (distl)

When x=<y,<>> then distfx =<> When x=<y,

<Zl. . .,z,„>>

then distl:x = < <y,Z!> <y,z,„>>

Distribute Right (distr)

When x = < < > ,y > then distr:x = < >

When x=< <zi,...,zm>,y>

then < <Zi,y> <z,„,y> >

lota (iota)

if x = 0 iota:x = < > if x is a positive integer iota:x =

<1,2,. . ,,x>

otherwise iota:x = J_

Others

Some other possible primitives are head (hd). tail (tl), righttail (trl), rotate left (rotl), rotate right (rotr), subract one (subl).is equal to zero (eqO). and so on. Note that all these are justas easily written in FP using top primitives and the PFOsbelow. For example,

def eqO = eq°[id, 0]def subl = -o[id, T]

Listed below are some examples of the type of PFOs thatcould be chosen for an FP system.

Composition(fog):x = f:( g: x )

Construction[fi,f2 f,

x = < ti :x, f2:x,

Condition

(p -» f; g) : x = if (p:x) is T then f.xelse if (p:x) is F then g:xelse i

Insert Left/fix-

Insert Right\f:x =

if x = <y> then yelse if x = <y1( . . ., y,„> and m >2then f:<y-i, / f:<y2,. . . ,y,„> >otherwise ±

if x = <y> then y

else if x = < yi y,„ > and m > 2

then f:< \f:<yi y,„., >, y,„>

otherwise J.

Apply To All

a\ : x = if x = < > then < >

if x = <yi, . . ., y,„> then <f:yi,

Constant

f: x = if x = X then 1

otherwise f(Here f is an object parameter.)

t:y,„>

To date, FP has been available only to researchers. Inter-pretive FP systems for relatively large computers have beenimplemented at such institutions as INRIA: the University ofParis; the University of California at Berkeley; and WestfieldCollege and Imperial College, London. However, we at Im-perial College hope to make an FP compiler for VAX and forconventional microcomputers such as the IBM PC availableto the general public by the end of this year.

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

Linear functions are

typically translatable

into iterative form.

could be "accumulated" by successively passing rounda loop, its result after i cycles could simply be applied tothe object x. Translation into a loop at the object levelappears possible. The importance of expansion theoremsin general is that they give nonrecursive solutions to therecursion equations defining certain functions. Further useof the FP algebra may also derive nonrecursive solutionsas pure FP expressions from linear expansions (reference 4).

We have demonstrated that the linear functions con-stitute a well-behaved class. We will conclude the discus-sion of linearity by identifying some linear forms and in-dicating how they may be detected automatically. It canbe shown that the primitive forms of composition, condi-tion, and construction are linear and that the linear classis closed under functional composition. The closed prop-erty means that if a linear form is applied to a functionargument, which is itself the result of applying anotherlinear form to a function variable, the resulting, compositeform is linear in the function variable. Thus the compilercan detect in many cases whether a defined function islinear and, if so, determine its predicate transformer, re-ferred to above. For example, any form that is built upfrom the PFOs composition, construction, and conditionand has only one occurrence of its function variable argu-ment must be linear. More important, linear functions aretypically translatable into iterative form, and the subjectof current research at Imperial College is to automaticallygenerate an iterative implementation (a loop) for a linearfunction, in particular any defined by a multiple composi-tion of primitive linear forms.

Clearly then, the class of linear forms is an importantone, and recent results (reference 6), again relying on thefunctional algebra, facilitate automatic transformation ofa significant class of nonlinear functions into linear form,from which an iterative implementation follows (it ishoped). Mutually recursive definitions also may be simi-larly transformed under appropriate conditions, furtherextending the class of optimizable functions. Probably theprime example of these results is the transformation ofthe Fibonacci function into f = 1°g where

g = |ei -+ [T, T]; [ +,1]ogoSub1

By application of the linear expansion theorem for thelinear form H given by Hg = [ +,1]°g°sub1, with r-^a =a°sub1 for function a,

g:x = [ + ,1]-':<1, 1> == [ + ,1]'-3 :<3,2>= . . .

[ + ,1]'"2 :<2,1>

[continued]

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PROGRAMMING IN FP

This reflects the usual way of implementing the Fibonacciiteration using two accumulators. [Editor's note: Compare thiswith the Wope transformation of the same function in John Darlington'sarticle on page 201.| Further optimization is often possiblefor a set of mutually recursively defined functions (see ref-erence 6). When such functions are combined with thelinearization techniques used in the previous example,some powerful optimization becomes possible. Dijkstra'sFUSC function satisfies the appropriate conditions andcan be converted into iterative form. Denoting "divide bytwo" by d, s = subl and p = addl, FUSC is defined by

fuse = Ie1 -* id; even -* fusc°d; +°[fuscod°p,fusc°d°s]

The theorem gives fuse = 1°g where

g

Ie1 -» [id,s];Ie2 -* (even ■even -> [L0g,

• [L0g,s]; [M0g,s]);lig]; [Mog.Ug]

where L0g = 1°g°d, Lig = 2°g°d°p,M0g = +°g°d°p, M-ig = +°g°d

Thus the last branch of the definition for g (>2) becomes

even -> [1, + ]°g°d; [ + ,2]°g°d°p

This reflects precisely the iteration of Dijkstra, and sincethe function is readily recognizable as linear in this form,the corresponding loop in an imperative programming lan-guage could be generated by the compiler. ■

REFERENCES

1. Darlington, I., and M. Reeve. "ALICE: A Multiprocessor Reduc-tion Machine for the Parallel Evaluation of ApplicativeLanguages." Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Functional languagesand Computer Architecture. Boston, MA: 1981.

2. Keller. R. M, G. Lindstrom, and S. Patil. "An Architecture fora Loosely Coupled Parallel Processor." Technical ReportUUCS-78-105, Department of Computer Science, University ofUtah, 1978.

3. Backus, ]. "Can Programming Be Liberated from the vonNeumann Style? A Functional Style and Its Algebra of Programs."Communications of the ACM, volume 21, number 8, 1978, page 613.

4. Williams, J. "On the Development of the Algebra of FunctionalPrograms." 1982 ACM Transactions on Programming languages andSystems, volume 4, October 1982, page 733.

5. Backus, J. "The Algebra of Functional Programs: Fuctional LevelReasoning, Linear Equations, and Extended Definitions." Lec-ture Notes on Computer Science #107. Formalization of Program-ming Concepts. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1981.

6. Harrison, P. G. "Optimisation of FP Programs By Linearisa-tion." Imperial College Research Report Number Doc 85/2.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Darlington, I., and R. M. Burstall. "Some Transformations forDeveloping Recursive Programs." \ournal of the ACM 24:1, 1977,page 44.

Dijkstra, E. W. "Lecture Notes on Program Development." Pro-ceedings of International Summer School on Program Construction.Marktoberdorf. West Germany: 1978.

232

. YT E • AUGUST 198 5

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DECLARATIVE LANGUAGES

A HOPETUTORIAL

by Roger Bailey

Using one of the new generationof functional languages

Editor's note: \n this article we have boldfaced the output of the Hopeinterpreter to distinguish it from the input. The Hope interpreter isavailable for downloading from BYTEnet Listings at (617) 861-9774.This version runs under PC-DOS 2.0; you will need the filesHOPE.EXE and SYS.HOP. Related articles are the BYTE U.K.column on page 341 of this issue and BYTE U.K. on page 385 ofthe May issue.

IN A LANGUAGE LIKE PASCAL, a function is a piece of"canned" program for doing standard operations like find-ing square roots. When we want the square root of apositive number stored in a variable x, we write sqrt(x)at the point in the program where we want the value, suchas writeln(1.0 + sqrt(x)). This is called an application ofthe function. The value represented by x is called theargument or actual parameter. In this context the functionsqrt computes the square root of x, l .0 is added to it, andthe result is then printed.

We can also define our own functions specifying howthe result is computed using ordinary Pascal statements.Here's a function that returns the greater of its twoargument values:

function max(x,y:INTEGER):INTEGER;begin

if x>y

then max : = x

else max : = yend;

The identifiers x and y are called formal parameters.They're used inside the definition to name the two valuesthat will be supplied as arguments when the function is

applied. Here's how we might use max to filter outnegative values: writeln(max(z,0));.

A more interesting case is when the actual parameteris a function application itself or involves one. We can usemax to find the largest of three numbers by writingmax(a,max(b,c)).

Combining functions like this is called composition. Theexpression is evaluated "inside out" because the outerapplication of max can't be evaluated until the value ofits second argument is known. The inner application ofmax is therefore evaluated first using the values of b andc; the result is used as the actual parameter in the outerapplication.

Another way to combine functions is to define morepowerful ones by using simpler ones as building blocks.If we often need to find the largest of three numbers, wemight define

function MaxOf3(x,y,z:INTEGER):INTEGER;begin

MaxOf3 : = max(x,max(y,z))end;

and apply it by writing MaxOf3(a,b,c).

Programming with Functions

Pascal is called an imperative language because programswritten in it are recipes for doing something. If our pro-grams consist only of functions, we can concentrate onthe results and ignore how they're computed. Forget that

(continued)Roger Bailey can be reached at the Department of Computing, im-perial College, 180 Queens Gate, London SW7 2BZ, England.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 235

A HOPE TUTORIAL

sqrt is a piece of code and think of sqrt(x) as a way ofwriting a value in your program, and you'll get the idea.You can think of Max0f3 in the same way if you ignorethe way it works inside. By defining a toolkit of useful func-tions and combining them, we can build powerful pro-grams that are short and easy to understand.

In Pascal, functions can return only simple data objectssuch as numbers or characters, but real programs use bigdata structures and can't easily be written using these func-tions. In Hope, functions can return any type of value, in-cluding data structures equivalent to Pascal's arrays,records, and much more. Programming in Hope has theflavor of simply writing down the answer by writing an ex-pression that defines it. This expression will contain oneor more function applications to define smaller parts ofthe answer. These won't usually be built in like sqrt, sowe'll have to define them ourselves, but we'll still think ofthem as definitions of data objects, not as algorithms forcomputing them.

A Simple Hope Example—Conditionals

Let's see how we can define max in Hope. Like Pascal,Hope is a strongly typed language; we must tell the com-piler about the types of objects in our programs so it cancheck that they're used consistently. The function defini-tion comes in two parts—the declaration followed by oneor more recursion equations. First we declare the argu-ment and result types:

dec max : num # num -> num;

dec is a reserved word (must be in lowercase) signalingthe start of the declaration of the function max, whichtakes two numbers as arguments and returns a singlenumber as its result. Read the symbol: as "takes a." Namesconsist of uppercase, and lowercase letters (which aredistinct) and digits and must start with a letter. The cur-rent fashion is to use lowercase. You can separate sym-bols with any number of blanks and new lines for clarity.A space or new line is needed only when adjacent sym-bols might be confused as one symbol without it.

The next part of the declaration gives the types of thearguments. Integers are of the predefined type num (inlowercase). Read # as "and a"; alternatively, you can usethe reserved word X. Read -> as "yields." The semicolonmarks the end of the declaration, max needs only onerecursion equation to define it.

— max(xy) <= if x>y then x else y;

Read the symbol as "the value of." The expression

max(x.y) is called the left-hand side of the equation. Itdefines x and y as formal parameters or local names fortrie values that will be supplied when the function isapplied. Parameter names are local to the equation, sox and y won't be confused with any other x or y in theprogram. The symbol <= is read as "is defined as."The rest of the equation (called the right-hand side)

defines the result. It's a conditional expression. The sym-bols if, then, and else are reserved words. If the value ofthe subexpression x > y is true, the value of the wholeconditional expression is the value of x; otherwise, it's thevalue of y. The two alternative values can be defined byany Hope expression.

While Pascal's conditional statement causes one of twoactions to be performed, Hope's conditional expressionspecifies one of two values. Hope doesn't specify theorder in which the two expressions are evaluated. On acomputer that uses parallel processing, such as the Im-perial College ALICE machine, it's even possible toevaluate all three expressions in parallel and throw awayone of the results when the value of the condition isknown.

Using Functions Weve Defined

A Hope program consists of a single expression contain-ing one or more function applications. When the expres-sion is evaluated, the result and its type are printed onthe screen. Here's a simple program that uses max:

max(10,20) +23 : num

max(1,max(2,3));

The rules for evaluating the expression are the same asthose in Pascal. Function arguments are evaluated first,the functions are applied, and finally other operations areperformed in the usual order of priority.

We can also use existing functions to define new ones.Here's the Hope version of MaxOf3:

dec MaxOf3 : num # num # num -> num;— MaxOf3(x,y,z) <= max(x,max(y,z));

A More Interesting Example

Just as Pascal's conditional statement is replaced by Hope'sconditional value, so the repetitive statement is replacedby the repetitive value. Here's a Pascal function thatmultiplies two numbers using repeated addition:

function mult(x,y:INTEGER):INTEGER;var prod:INTEGER;beginprod : = 0;while y>0 dobeginprod : = prod + x;y := y-1end;mult : = prodend;

It's hard to be sure this function does enough additions(it took me three tries to get it right), and this seems tobe a general problem with loops in programs. A commonway of checking imperative programs is to simulate theirexecution. If we do this for input values of 2 and 3, we'll

(continued]

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

find that prod starts with the value 0 and gets values of2,4, and 6 on successive loop iterations, which suggeststhat the definition is correct.

Hope doesn't have any loop structures, so we must writeall the additions that the Pascal program performed in asingle expression. It's much easier to see that this has theright number of additions:

dec mult : num # num -> num ;

— mult(x,y) <=0 + x + x+ ...

or would be if we knew how many times to write + x. Thehand simulation suggests we need to write it y times,which is tricky when we don't know the value of y. Whatwe do know is that for a given value of y, the expressionsmult(x.y) and mult(x,y-1) + x would have the samenumber of + x terms if written out in full. The second onealways has two terms, whatever the value of y, so we'lluse it as the definition of mult:

— mult(x.y) <= mult(x,y-1) + x;

On the face of it we've written something ridiculous,because it means we must apply mult to find the valueof mult. Remember, however, that this is really shorthandfor 0 followed by y occurrences of + x. When y is zero,the result of mult is also zero because there are no + xterms. In this case, mult isn't defined in terms of itself, soif we add a special test for it, the definition terminates.A usable definition of mult is

— mult(x,y) < = if y = 0 then 0 else mult(x,y-1) + x;

Functions that are defined using themselves like this arecalled recursive. Every Pascal program using a loop canbe expressed as a recursive function in Hope. All recur-sive definitions need one case (called the base case) wherethe function isn't defined in terms of itself, just as Pascalloops need a terminating condition.

Another Way of Using Functions

Hope enables us to use a function with two argumentsas an infix operator. We must assign it a priority and useit as an infix operator everywhere, including the equationsthat define it. The definition of mult used as an infixoperator looks like this:

infix mult : 8;

dec mult : num # num -> num;

— x mult y < = if y = 0 then 0 else x mult(y- 1) + x;

A bigger number in the infix declaration means a higherpriority. Since a priority of 8 is higher than that of the sub-traction operator, mult's second argument, y- 1, in therecursion equation must be in parentheses. Most ofHope's standard functions are supplied as infix operators.

Other Kinds of Data

Hope provides two other primitive data types. A truvalis equivalent to Pascal's Boolean data type and has values

(continued]

238 BYTE- AUGUST

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

true or false. We've already seen an example of an ex-pression that defines a truval: x > y. > is a standard func-tion whose type is num # num -> truval. We can usetruvals in conditional expressions and combine them withthe standard functions and, or, and not.

Single characters are of type char, with values 'a', 'b',and so on. Characters are most useful as components ofdata structures such as character strings.

Data Structures

Practical programs need data structures, and Hope hastwo standard kinds already built in. The simplest kind,called a tuple, corresponds to a Pascal record. We can binda fixed number of objects of any type together into a tuple.For example: (2,3) and ('a',true) are tuples of the type num# num and char # truval, respectively.

We use tuples when we want a function to define morethan one value. Here's one that takes the time of day de-fined in terms of seconds since midnight and converts itto hours, minutes, and seconds:

dec time24 : num -> num # num # num;

— time24(s) <= (s div 3600,

s mod 3600 div 60,s mod 3600 mod 60);

div is the built-in integer division function, and mod givesthe remainder after integer division. If we type an applica-tion of time24 at the terminal, the resulting tuple and itstype will be printed on the screen in the usual way.

time24(45756);

(12,42,36) : (num # num # num)

The second standard data type, called a list, correspondsroughly to a one-dimensional array in Pascal. It can con-tain any number of objects (including none at all), but theymust all be the same type. For example, [1,2,3] is an ex-pression of type list(num).

There are two standard functions for defining lists. Theinfix operator:: (pronounced "cons") defines a list in termsof a single object and a list containing the same type ofobject:

10 :: [20,30,40] defines the list [10,20,30,40]

Don't think of :: as adding 10 to the front of [20,30,40].It really defines a new list, [10,20,30,40], in terms of twoother objects without changing their meaning, rather inthe same way that 1 + 3 defines a new value of 4 withoutchanging the meaning of 1 or 3.

The other standard list function is nil, which defines alist with no elements in it. We can represent every list byan expression consisting of applications of:: and nil. Whenwe write an expression like

['cVaVt']

Hope considers it to be just a shorthand way of writing

(continued)

240 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

'c' :: ('a' :: (T

nil

Another shorthand way of writing lists of characters is toenclose the character string in double quotes: "cat". Whenthe result of a Hope program is a list of numbers, it'sprinted out in the concise bracketed notation; if it's a listof characters, it's printed in quotes.

Every data type in Hope is defined by a set of primitivefunctions like :: and nil. They're called constructor func-tions and aren't defined by recursion equations. When wedefined a tuple, we were actually using a standard con-structor called , (pronounced "comma"). Later on we'll seehow constructors are defined for other types of data.

Functions That Define Lists

If we wanted to write a Pascal program to print the firstn natural numbers in descending order, we'd probablywrite a loop that printed one value out on each iteration.For example,

for i: = n downto 1 do write(i);

In Hope we write 'one expression that defines all thevalues at once, rather like we did for mult:

dec nats : num -> list(num);

— nats(n) <= if n = 0 then nil else n::nats(n-1);

nil is useful for writing the base case of a recursive func-tion that defines a list. If we try the function at the ter-minal by typing

nats(10);

[10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1] : list(num)

the numbers are in descending order because that's theway we arranged them in the list, not because they weredefined in that order. The values in the expression defin-ing the list are treated as though they were all generatedat the same time. On the ALICE machine they actually aregenerated at the same time. To get the results of a Hopeprogram in the right order, we must put them in the rightplace in the final data structure.

If we want the list of the natural numbers n through lin ascending order, we need to use another built-in opera-tion, <> (pronounced "append"), that concatenates twolists.

— nats(n) <= if n = 0 then nil else nats(n- 1) <> [n];

We put n in brackets to make it into a (single-item) listbecause <> expects both its arguments to be lists. Wecould also have written (n::nil) instead of [n].

Data Structures as Parameters

Suppose we have a list of integers and we want to writea function to add up all its elements. The declaration willlook like this:

dec sumlist : list(num) - > num;

We need to refer to the individual elements of the actual

parameter in the equations defining sumlist. We do thisusing an equation whose left-hand side looks like this:

— sumlist(x :: y) ...

This is an expression involving list constructors and cor-responds to an actual parameter that is a list, x and y areformal parameters, but they name individual parts of theactual parameter value. In an application of sumlist like

sumlist([1,2,3])

the actual parameter will be "dismantled" so that x namesthe value 1 and y names the value [2, 3]. The completeequation will be

— sumlist(x :: y) <= x + sumlist(y);

Notice there's no base case test. As we might expect, it'sthe empty list, but we can't test for it directly in the equa-tion because there's no formal parameter that refers tothe whole list. In fact, if we write the application

sumlist(nil)

we'll get an error message because we can't dismantle nilto find the values of x and y. We must cover this caseseparately using a second recursion equation:

— sumlist(nil) <= 0;

The two equations can be given in either order. Whensumlist is applied, the actual parameter is examined tosee which constructor function was used to define it. Ifthe actual parameter is a nonempty list, the first equationis used, because nonempty lists are defined using the ::constructor. The first number in the list gets named x andthe remaining list y. If the actual parameter is the emptylist, the second equation is used because empty lists aredefined using the constructor nil.

Pattern Matching

An expression composed of constructors appearing onthe left-hand side of a recursion equation is called a pat-tern. Selecting the right recursion equation and disman-tling the actual parameter to name its parts is called pat-tern matching. When you write a function, you must givea recursion equation for each possible constructor defin-ing the argument type.

Sometimes we don't need to dismantle the actual param-eter, and we can use a formal parameter in the patternthat matches the whole object, irrespective of what con-structors were used to define it. As an example, let's seehow we could define our own version of the append func-tion to concatenate two lists. Let's call it cat.

infix cat : 4;

dec cat : list(num) # list(num) -> list(num);

— (h :: t) cat r <= h :: (t cat r);

— nil cat r <= r;

The first list parameter is matched by the pattern (h::t)

{continued)

242 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 243

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

so that its first item (the "head") and the remaining list(the "tail") can be referred to separately on the right-handside. The second recursion equation covers the case whenthe first list is empty. The second list parameter is matchedby the pattern r whether it's empty or not.

In addition to writing enough recursion equations tosatisfy all the parameter constructors, we must also becareful not to write sets of equations in which more thanone pattern might match the actual parameters, becausethat would be ambiguous.

We can write patterns to match arguments that aretuples in the same way. When we wrote mult(x,y) you prob-ably thought the parentheses and the comma had some-thing to do with the function application. In fact, we wereconstructing a tuple, and the parentheses were neededonly because the tuple constructor (,) has a low priority.Hope treats all functions as having only one argument.This can be a tuple when you want the effect of severalarguments. Without the parentheses

mult x, y

would be interpreted as

( mult ( x ), y )

A recursion equation with the left-hand side

mult ( x, y ) <= ...

is just a pattern match on a tuple. The first item in thetuple gets named x and the second one y.

We can even use pattern matching on num parameters.These are defined by two constructors called succ and0. succ defines a number in terms of the next lower one.0 has no arguments and defines the value zero. Surely0 is a value, not a function? Well, we're already used tothinking of function applications as another way of writingvalues, so it's quite consistent to think of 0 as a functionapplication. Here's a version of mult that uses patternmatching to identify the base case:

infix mult : 8;

dec mult : num # num -> num;

— x mult 0 <= 0;

x mult succ(y) <= (x mult y) + x;

We can read succ(y) as "the successor of some numberthat we'll call y." Instead of naming the actual parametery as we did in the original version of mult, we're namingits predecessor.

Simplifying Expressions

In Pascal programs we can simplify complex expressionsby removing common subexpressions and evaluatingthem separately. Instead of writeln((x + y)*(x + y));, wewould probably write z := x + y; writeln(z*z);, which isclearer and more efficient. Hope programs consist onlyof expressions, and it's even more important to simplifythem. We do this by using a qualified expression:

(continued)

244 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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No matter how expert you are,Mark 4 is just your speed. It operateson command, or with a menu, orany combination of the two.

Inquiry 213

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 245

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

let z == x + y in z*z;

This looks like an assignment, but it isn't. == is read as"is defined as," and z is local to the expression followingthe in. If we write something like

let z == Z+ 1 in z*z;

we're actually introducing a new variable, z, to use in thesubexpression z*z. It hides the original one in the sub-expression z+ 1.

There's a second form of qualified expression for peo-ple who like to use variables first and define their mean-ings later. It looks like this:

z*z where z == x + y;

The result of the qualified expression is the same whetherwe define it using let or where, x + y is evaluated first, andits value is used in the main expression.

The qualifying expression will often be a function ap-plication that defines a data structure. If we want to namepart of the structure, we can use a pattern on the left-handside of the == symbol.

dec time12 : num -> num # num;— time12(s) < = (if h > 12 then h -12 else h,m) where(h,m,s) == time24(s);

We'll use this construction most often when we writerecursive functions that define tuples. Suppose, for exam-ple, that we want to form a string of words from a sentence.For simplicity, a word is taken to be any sequence of char-acters, and words are separated in the sentence by anynumber of blanks. The sentence and a single word willbe list ( char) objects and the final sequence of wordsa list(list(char)).

It's fairly straightforward to obtain the first word. Here'sa function that does it:

dec firsttry : list(char) ■— firsttry(nil) < = firsttry(c :: s) < =

-> list(char);nil;

if c = "then nilelse c :: firsttry(s);

One of the nice features of Hope is that we can type inand print out any kind of value, so it's easy to check outthe individual functions of our program separately. If wetest firsttry we'll see

firsttry ( "You may hunt it with forks and Hope" ) ;"You" : list ( char)

But there's a problem here, because we're going to needthe rest of the sentence if we're to find the remainingwords. We must arrange for the function to return the re-maining list as well as the first word. This is where tuplescome in:

dec firstword : list(char) -> list(char) # list(char);— firstword(nil) <= (nil, nil);

(continued)

246 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

— firstword(c :: s) <= if c =

then (nil.s)

else ((c :: w, r) where(w,r) == firstword(s));

The qualified expression is in parentheses so it only ap-plies to the expression after else; otherwise we wouldevaluate firstword recursively as long as the sentence isnonempty, even if it starts with a blank. This version ofthe function produces

firstword("Hope springs eternal . . .");

("Hope","springs eternal ..."): (list(char) # list(char))

We can use this to define a function to split the sentenceinto a list of its individual words:

dec wordlist : list(char) -> list(list(char));

— wordlist(nil) <= nil; wordlist(c :: s) <= ifc="

then wordlist(s)else (w :: wordlist(r) where(w,r) == firstword (c :: s));

which we can test by typing an application at the terminal:

wordlist(" While there's life there's Hope ");["While","there's","life","there's","Hope"] :list(list(char))

So far we've concentrated on features of Hope that havesomething in common with traditional languages such asPascal, but without many of their limitations, such as fixed-size data structures. We've also been introduced to thefunctional style of programming in which programs areno longer recipes for action but definitions of data objects.

Now we'll introduce features of Hope that lift it onto amuch higher level of expressive power and enable us towrite programs that not only are extremely powerful andconcise but that can be checked for correctness at com-pile time and mechanically transformed into more efficientversions.

More Powerful Functions

The Hope compiler can spot many common kinds oferrors by checking the types of all objects in expressions.This is harder than checking at run time, but it is moreefficient and saves the embarrassment of discovering anerror at run time in a rarely executed branch of the airtraffic control system we just wrote.

However, strict type checking can be a nuisance if wewant to perform some operation that doesn't depend onthe type of the data. Try writing a Pascal procedure toreverse an array of either 10 integers or 10 characters, andyou'll see what I mean.

Hope avoids this kind of restriction by. allowing a func-tion to operate on more than one type of object. We'vealready used the standard constructors :: and nil to definea list(num), a list(char), and a list(lisf(char)). The standardequality function = compares any two objects of the same

type. Functions with this property are called polymorphic.Pascal's built-in functions abs and sqr and operators like> and = are polymorphic in a primitive kind of way.We can define our own polymorphic functions in Hope.The function cat we defined earlier concatenates lists ofnumbers, but we can use it for lists containing any typeof object. We do this by first declaring a kind of "univer-sal type" called a type variable. We use this in the declara-tion of cat where it stands for any actual type.

typevar alpha;

infix cat : 8;

dec cat : list (alpha) # list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

This says cat has two parameters that are lists and definesa list, but it doesn't say what kind of object is in the list.However, alpha always stands for the same type through-out a given declaration, so all the lists must contain thesame type of object. The expressions [1,2,3] cat [4,5,6]and "123" cat "456" are valid, while the expression [1, 2,3] cat "456" is not. The interpretation of a type variableis local to a declaration so it can have different interpreta-tions in other declarations without confusion. [Editor's note:\n the version of Hope available on BYTEnet, the type variables alphaand beta are predefined.]

Of course, it only makes sense for a function to be poly-morphic as long as the equations defining it don't makeany assumptions about types. In the case of cat, it's de-fined using only :: and nil, which are polymorphic them-selves. However, a function like sumlist uses + and canonly be used with lists of numbers as parameters.

Defining Your Own Data Types

Tuples and lists are quite powerful, but for more sophisti-cated applications we'll need to define our own types.User-defined types make programs clearer and help thetype checker to help the programmer. We introduce a newdata type in a data declaration.

data vague == yes ++ no ++ maybe;

data is a reserved word and vague is the name of the newtype. == is pronounced "is defined as" and ++ is pro-nounced "or." yes, no and maybe are the names for theconstructor functions of the new type. We can now writefunction definitions that use these constructors in patternmatches:

dec evade ; vague -> vague ;

— evade ( yes ) <= maybe ;

— evade ( maybe ) <= no ;

The constructors can be parameterized with any typeof object, including the type that's being defined. We candefine types like lists, whose objects are of unlimited sizeusing this kind of recursive definition. Here's a user-definedbinary tree that can contain numbers as its leaves:

data tree == empty ++ tip(num) +■

node(tree # tree);

[continued)

248 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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As the designation "630/8" implies, the new BDS laserprinteris Diablo 630-compatible and operates at 8 pages per minute. At$3495, this is exactly what you need for a clean landing in youroffice and word-processing environment. No software con-versions. No retraining all the secretaries. No more cumbersomesound-proofing enclosures or long walks to the printing room(the BDS laserprinter is quiet enough to sit next to you in a publiclibrary). And no surprises. Like paying $4750 by the time you addall the options you really need for your office.

Now, however, the distance between BDS and the other laser/daisy competition really starts opening up.

You'll start out using your standard word-processing software.Even before you teach people how to imbed typefont-changingcodes into their text, they'll be able to customize documents viathe intelligent control panel.

For example, they may want to change magnification factors.Like blowing up text size for speeches and overheads, reducingfor text compaction, or printing sideways for spreadsheets. Andthe BDS laserprinter will remember these new settings even aftera power failure (we don't even need batteries, because we usenon-volatile memory)!

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Competitive distance becomes parsecs with the BDS openarchitecture. One of the optional font cartridges allows custom oruser-defined typefonts to be downloaded from the host computer.Which ought to create a brisk third-party business for suppliers ofcorporate logos, bar codes and special-purpose character sets.

the final leap into hyperspace, and ahead of the competition, isachieved with dual-porting. Two computers can connect to thelaserprinter, via one parallel and one serial interface. Yep. $3495.

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

There are three constructors: empty has no parametersand defines a tree with nothing in it, tip defines a tree interms of a single number, and node defines a tree in termsof two other trees. Figure 1 shows a typical tree.

Here's an example of a function that manipulates trees.It returns the sum of all the numbers in the tree:

dec sumtree : tree -> num;

— sumtree (empty) <= 0;

— sumtree (tip(n)) <= n;

— sumtree (node(l.r)) <= sumtree(l) + sumtree(r);

(continued]

Figure I: A typical binary tree.

Listing la: The polymorphic function flatten can operateon trees of any type object.

dec flatten : tree(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— flatten(empty) <=nil; flatten(tip(x)) <= x :: nil;

— flatten(node(x,y)) <= flatten(x) <> flatten(y);

Listing lb: These examples demonstrate the functionflatten on various types of trees.

flatten(node(tip(1),node(tip(2),tip(3))));[ 1, 2, 3 ] : list

flatten(node(tip("one"),

node(tip("two"),

tip("three"))));["one","two","three"] : list(list(char))

flatten(node(tip(tip('a')),

node(tip(empty),

tip(node(tip('c'),

empty)))));[ tip('a'),empty,node(tipfc'), empty) ] : list(tree(char))

250 BYTE • AUGUST

Inquiry 351

This will rene

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

Unfortunately, there's no shorthand for writing tree con-stants like there is for list constants, so we've got to writethem out the long way using constructors. If we want touse sumtree to add up all the numbers in the exampletree, we must type in the expression

sumtree(node(node(tip(1),

node(tip(2),tip(3))),node(node(empty,tip(4)),tip(5))));

This isn't really a drawback because programs that ma-nipulate complex data structures like trees will generallydefine them using other functions. However, it's very usefulto be able to type any kind of constant data structure atthe terminal when we're checking out an individual func-tion like sumtree. If we want to test a Pascal programpiecemeal, we'll usually have to write elaborate testharnesses or stubs to generate test data.

Making Data More Abstract

The identifier list isn't really a Hope data type. It's calleda type constructor and must be parameterized with anactual type before it represents one. We did this every timewe declared a list(num) or a list(char). The parameter canbe a user-defined type, as with a list(tree), or even a typevariable, as in list(alpha), which defines a polymorphic datatype. Constructing new data types like this is a compile-time operation, not to be confused with constructing newdata values, which is a run-time operation.

You can define your own polymorphic data types. Here'sa version of the binary tree we defined earlier that canhave any type of value in its leaves:

data tree(alpha) = =

empty + +tip(alpha) + +node(tree(alpha) # tree(alpha));

Once again, alpha is taken to be the same type throughoutone instance of a tree. If it's a number, then all referencesto tree(alpha) are taken as references to tree(num).

We can define polymorphic functions that operate ontrees of any type of object because our tree constructorsare now polymorphic. Listing 1 shows a function to "flat-ten" a binary tree into a list of the same type of object.

Even More Concise Programs

The importance of polymorphic types and functions is thatthey let us write shorter, clearer programs. It's rather likethe way Pascal subroutines let us use the same code tooperate on different data values, but much more power-ful. We can write one Hope function to reverse a list ofnumbers or characters, while we'd need to write two iden-tical Pascal subroutines to reverse an array of integers andan array of characters.We can use polymorphic functions whenever we're con-

(continued)

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Inquiry 322

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 253

A HOPE TUTORIAL

terned only with the "shape" of a data structure and notwith the objects in it. Sometimes, however, we'll also wantjo apply some function to the primitive data items in thestructure. Here's a function that defines a list(num) whoseelements are the squares of another list(num) using a func-tion called square:

dec square : num -> num;f-— square(n) <= n*n;

dec squarelist : list(num) -> list(num);

J— squarelist(nil) <= nil;

I— squarelist(n :: I) <= square(n) :: squarelist(l);

Every time we write a function to process every elementDf a list, we'll write something almost identical to square-ist. Here's a function to define a list of factorials:

tec fact : num ->— fact(O) < =

-— fact(succ(n)) < =

num;

= 1;

= succ(n)

fact(n);

dec factlist : list(num) -> list(num);

f-— factlist(nil) <= nil;

I— factlist(n :: I) <= fact(n) :: factlist(l);

actlist has exactly the same "shape" as squarelist; it justapplies fact instead of square and then applies itself recur-sively. Values that differ between applications are usuallysupplied as actual parameters. Hope treats functions asiata objects, so we can do this in a perfectly natural way.\ function that can take another function as an actualDarameter is called a higher-order function. When weieclare it we must give the type of formal parameter stand-ng for the function in the usual way. The declaration ofact tells us it's num -> num. Read this as "a functionnapping numbers to numbers."

Now let's see how we can use this idea to write factlistind squarelist as a single higher-order function. The newunction needs two parameters—the original list and theunction that is applied inside it. Its declaration will be

jec alllist : list(num) # (num -> num) -> list(num);

The "shape" of alllist is the same as factlist and squarelist.Jut the function we apply to each element of the list willje the formal parameter.

— alllist(nil, f) < - nil;— alllist(n :: I, f)<« f(n)

Me use alllist like this:

lllist( [2,4,6], square );4,16,36 ] : list ( num )

alllist(l,f);

illlist( [ 2,4,62,24,720 ] :

, fact);list ( num )

I Notice that there is no argument list after the functionssquare or fact in the application of alllist, so this construc-ion will not be confused with functional composition.act(3) represents a function application, but fact by itself

represents the unevaluated function.

Higher-order functions can also be polymorphic. We canuse this idea to write a more powerful version of alllistthat will apply an arbitrary function to every element ofa list of objects of arbitrary type. This version of thefunction is usually known as map:

typevar alpha, beta ;

dec map : list(alpha) # (alpha -> beta) -> list(beta);

— map(nil, f) <= nil;

— map(n :: I, f)<= f(n) :: map(l.f);

The definition now uses two type variables, alpha andbeta. Each one represents the same actual type through-out one instance of map, but the two types can bedifferent. This means we can use any function that mapsalphas to betas to generate a list of betas from any listof alphas.

The actual types aren't restricted to scalars, which makesmap rather more powerful than we might realize at firstsight. Suppose we've got a suitably polymorphic functionthat finds the length of a list:

typevar gamma;

dec len : list(gamma) -> num;

— len(nil) <= 0;

— Ien(n :: I) <- 1 + len(l);

len( [2,4,6,8] ) + len("cat");7 : num

We can use map to apply len to every element of a listof words defined by wordlist:

map(wordlist("The form remains, the function never

dies"), len);[ 3,4,8,3,8,5,4 ] : list ( num ) ;

In this example alpha is taken to be of type list(char) andbeta to be a number, so the type of the function mustbe (list(char)->num). len fits the bill if gamma is takento be of type char.

Common Patterns of Recursion

map is powerful because it sums up a pattern of recursionthat turns up frequently in Hope programs. We can seeanother common pattern in the function len used above.Here's another example of the same pattern:

dec sum : list(num) -> num;

— sum(nil) <« 0;

sum(n :: I) <- n + sum(l);

The underlying pattern consists of processing eachelement in the list and accumulating a single value thatforms the result. In sum, each element contributes itsvalue to the final result. In len, the contribution is alwaysI irrespective of the type or value of the element, but thepattern is identical. Functions that display this pattern areof type (list(alpha) -> beta).

(continued)

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

In the function definition, the equation for a nonemptylist parameter specifies an operation whose result is abeta. This is + in the case of len and sum. One argumentof the operation will be a list element, and the other willbe defined by a recursive call, so the type of the operationneeds to be

( alpha # beta -> beta )

This operation differs between applications, so it mustbe a parameter. Finally, we need a parameter of type betato specify the base case result. The final version of thefunction is usually known as reduce, and its definitionlooks like this:

dec reduce : list(alpha) #

(alpha # beta -> beta) #beta-> beta;

— reduce(nil,f,b) <= b;

— reduce(n :: l,f,b) <= f(n,reduce(l,f,b));

To use reduce as a replacement for sum we'll need tosupply the standard function + as an actual parameter.The word nonop must precede the function + in theparameter list, so the compiler won't try to use it as aninfix operator here.

reduce([1,2,3],nonop +, 0);6 : num

If we use reduce as a replacement for len, we're not in-terested in the first argument of the reduction operationbecause we always add 1 whatever the list element is.Here's a function that ignores its first argument:

dec addone : alpha # num -> num;

— addone( , n ) <= n + 1;

We use to represent any argument we don't want to

refer to.

reduce("a map they could all understand", addone, 0);31 : num

Like map, reduce is much more powerful than it first ap-pears because the reduction function needn't define ascalar. Here's a candidate that inserts an object into anordered list of the same kind of object:

dec insert : alpha # list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— insert(i.nil) <= i :: nil;

— insert(i, h :: t) <= if i < h

then i :: (h :: t)else h :: insert(i.t);

Actually, this isn't strictly polymorphic, as its declarationsuggests, because it uses the built-in function <, whichis only defined over numbers and characters, but it showsthe kind of thing we can do. If we use it to reduce a listof characters.

reduce ( "All sorts and conditions of men", insert, nil) ;" Aacddefiillmnnnnoooorssstt" : list ( char)

we'll see that it actually sorts them. The sorting method(insertion sort) isn't very efficient, but the example showssomething of the power of higher-order functions and ofreduce in particular. It's even possible to use reduce toget the effect of map, but that's left as an exercise for thereader, as they say.

Of course, map and reduce work only on list(alpha), andwe'll need to provide different versions for our own struc-tured data types. This is the preferred style of Hope pro-gramming because it makes programs largely independentof the "shape" of the data structures they use. Here's analternative kind of binary tree and a reduce function forit. The tree holds data at its nodes rather than its tips.

data tree(alpha) == empty + +

node(tree(alpha) # alpha #tree(alpha));dec redtree : tree(alpha) #

(alpha # beta -> beta) #beta -> beta;

— redtree (empty, f, b) <= b;

— redtree (node(l, v, r), f, b)< =

redtree(l, f, f (v, redtree(r,f,b)));

Here's the Hope version of tree-sort using the new kindof tree and the two kinds of reduce to construct and flat-ten them. First, a suitable tree-insertion function:

dec instree : alpha # tree (alpha) -> tree(alpha);

— instree (i.empty) <= node(empty.i.empty);

— instree (i,node(l,v,r)) < =

if i<v

then node(instree(i,l),v,r)else node(l,v,instree(i,r));

The tree-sort function is now almost trivial to write:

dec sort : list(alpha) -> list(alpha);

— sort(l) <= redtree(reduce(l,instree,empty),nonop ::,nil);

sort("Mad dogs and Englishmen");

" EMaadddegghilmnnnoss" : list ( char)

Anonymous Functions

When we used map and reduce, we had to define extrafunctions like fact and square to pass in as parameters.This is a nuisance if we don't need them anywhere elsein the program and especially if they're trivial, like sumor addone. For on-the-spot use in cases like this, we canuse an anonymous function called a lambda-expression.Here's a lambda-expression corresponding to sum:

lambda(x.y) => x + y

The symbol lambda serves to introduce the function andx and y are its formal parameters. The expression x + y

(continued)

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A HOPE TUTORIAL

Hope functions possess "full rights"and can be passed as actualparameters like any data object.

is the function body. The definition is just a recursion equa-tion with => instead of <=. Here's another lambda-expression used as the actual parameter of reduce:

reduce( [ "toe","tac","tic" ], lambda(a,b) =>

b <> a, nil);"tictactoe" : list(char)

There can be more than one recursion equation in thefunction definition. They're separated from each other bythe symbol |, and pattern matching is used to select theappropriate one. Here's an example that uses patternmatching in a lambda-expression to avoid division by zerowhen the function it defines is executed:

map([1,0,2,0,3],lambda(0) => 0 |

(succ(n)) => 100 div succ(n));[ 100,0,50,0,33 ] : list ( num )

Functions That Create Functions

As we've seen. Hope functions possess "full rights" andcan be passed as actual parameters like any data object.It should be no surprise that we're allowed to return a func-tion as the result of another function. The result can bea named function or an anonymous function defined bya lambda-expression. Here's a simple example:

dec makestep : num -> (num -> num);

— makestep(i) <= lambda x => i + x;

makestep ( 3 ) ;

lambda x => 3 + x : num -> num

As we can see from trying makestep, its result is ananonymous function that adds a fixed quantity to its singleargument. The size of the increment was specified as anactual parameter to makestep when the new function wascreated and has become "bound in" to its definition. Ifwe try the new function, we'll see that it really does add3 to its actual parameter.

makestep (3) (10);13 : num

There are actually two applications here. First we applymakestep to 3, then the resulting anonymous function isapplied to 10. Finally, here's a function that has functionsas both actual parameter and result:

dec twice : (alpha -> alpha) -> (alpha -> alpha);

— twice(f) <= lambda x => f(f(x));

Here we're creating a new function that has a single argu-ment and some other function f bound into its definition.The new function has the same type as f. We can see its

effect using a simple function like square:

twice(square);

lambda x => square(square(x)) : num -> num

twice (square) (3);81 : num

The new function applies the bound-in function to its argu-ment twice. We can even bind in twice itself, generatinga new function that behaves like twice except that the func-tion eventually bound in will be applied four times.

twice(twice);

lambda x => twice(twice(x)) :

(alpha -> alpha) -> (alpha -> alpha)

twice(twice) (square) (3);43046721 : num

Conclusion

You've seen how a Hope program is just a series of func-tions that are regarded as definitions of parts of a datastructure—the "results" of the program—and how thepowerful idea of higher-order functions allows us to cap-ture many common program patterns in a single function.

Some of these ideas will already be familiar to users ofLISP, but they appear in a purer form in Hope becausethere are no mechanisms for updating data structures likeLISP'S SETQ and RPLACA or for specifying the order ofevaluation like GO and PROG. Unlike LISP programs, Hopeprograms are free from side effects and possess themathematical property of referential transparency.

You've seen features that are primitive or lacking in LISPand in most imperative languages. The data declarationlets you define complex data types without worryingabout how they're represented, and pattern matching letsyou decompose them, so you can use abstract data typesdirectly without writing access procedures and withoutthe hassle of inventing lots of new names. The typingmechanism lets the compiler check that you're using dataobjects in a correct and consistent way, while the idea ofpolymorphic types stops the checking from being toorestrictive and lets you define common data shapes witha single function.

Higher-order functions and polymorphic types let uswrite very concise programs. Programmers are more pro-ductive and their programs are easier to understand andto reason about. Referential transparency further improvesour ability to reason about programs and makes it pos-sible to transform them mechanically into programs thatare provably correct but more efficient in their use ofspace or time. You can find out more about this by reading)ohn Darlington's "Program Transformation" on page 201.Finally, referential transparency frees the meaning of Hopeprograms from any dependence on the order they're eval-uated in, making them ideal for parallel evaluation onsuitable machines. You'll be seeing more of Hope and lan-guages like it in the future. ■

258 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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260 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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Inquiry 152

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 261

BYTE

Reviews

Reviewers Notebook

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The Tandy 1000

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IBM Pascal 2.00

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Review Feedback 283

OUR REVIEW OF THE TANDY 1000 focuses on a system that is earning agood reputation for its combination of features and for its relatively low price.In fact, Rich Malloy. our senior technical editor in New York, called to revisethe pricing, which had dropped since he had written the review. Now the basicsingle-floppy system sells for just less than $1000 instead of almost $1200,as originally reported. Prices for systems with either two floppy-disk drivesor the 15-megabyte hard-disk drive were correspondingly reduced. While someof its interface characteristics seem to have been consciously modeled afterthe IBM PCjr (light pen, graphics, and sound), other features (position ofprimary and secondary drives) remain staunchly Tandy.

Mr. Malloy reports he is generally impressed with the Tandy 1000, especiallywith its keyboard design. Its layout and feel (and the inclusion of indicatorlights) are identical, he says, to the Tandy 2000 and carry on a laudable tradi-tion. A fly in the ointment is the location of the function keys, which tendto crowd the regular numeric keys. Other aspects of the machine show gener-ally logical design and an emphasis on making things easier for, and moreaccessible to. the user.

Patrick J. Finan notes that while IBM's first Pascal compiler conformed closelyto the way the language was first specified, users wanted features that simplyweren't there. Such things as good documentation, increased memory access,path names on files, and support of a math coprocessor were on the wishlist. With version 2.00 a lot of features have been added, but some are stillmissing. Furthermore, those that have been added are sometimes not imme-diately apparent if you're used to version 1.00.

One of the obvious improvements is the fact that the documentation is nowabout twice as big as before. Mr. Finan reports that much of the informationin the first of the two new volumes is the same as in the original edition; however,better organization and the inclusion of numerous examples make it far easierto find your way around. Mr. Finan takes a detailed look at each aspect of IBMPascal 2.00. making this review as good a guide as you're likely to find.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 263

Sometimes the best way to get ahead is to go sideways.

?>•

rr'j— i-z :? g '.? ;t if; ;2 :: = ;u ::: ;r; ::; ;s ::: :s ~ .-3

The problem with spreadsheets is theyget printed the wrong way.

You still have a lot of stapling, gluing,or taping to look forward to before yourprintout is readable.

To really get ahead, go Sideways."

Sideways is the clever software program that printsyour spreadsheets—you guessed it—sideways. So yourspreadsheet columns need never fall off the edge ofyour printer paper again.

With Sideways on your side, no spreadsheet you inventwith Lotus 1 -2-3,® Symphony,™ VisiCalc® Multiplan,® orSuperCalc'" is too wide! And it's just as powerful anally when you're creating far-into-the-future schedulesand pert charts. So for a presentable printout, get ridof that glue stick and scotch tape—put your best footforward and go Sideways.

You can go Sideways today with an IBM® PC or anApple® II, and over a dozen different printers, includingEpsonf Okidata, IBM® Applef C. Itoh and Mannes-mann Tally. Ask for Sideways at your local Computer-Land® Entre, or other computer store. Or mail a $60check to Funk Software, P.O. Box 1290, Cambridge,MA 02238. Or call 617-497-6339. MC/Visa accepted.

SDEW/WS

SIDEWAYS PRINTS SPREADSHEETS SIDEWAYS.

264 BYTE • AUGUST

Inquiry 126

REVIEWER'S NOTEBOOK

Three new systems we receivedthis month have provoked specialinterest. Each represents a differentroad for the user—different from eachother and different from what mostusers are already familiar with.

First to arrive was the Epson QX-16.The Epson gives you the choice ofMS-DOS, CP/M-80, or an upgradedValdocs operating system. It has auser-programmable keyboard; twoquad-density, 720K-byte floppy-diskdrives (that can also be configured as380K- or 360K-byte drives); 512Kbytes of RAM; and both Z80A and8088 microprocessors. The QX-16 cantake three option cards. A greenmonochrome, bit-mapped, 640- by400-pixel monitor is standard, as areboth serial and parallel interfaces.

First glances indicate this is a nicemachine, especially if you're nowbound to one type of operating sys-tem and software and would like toget the benefit of other programswithout abandoning your presentlibrary. Getting a full review throughthe mill is definitely on the boards.

We've encountered several of thenew 80286 machines over the pastmonths, mostly at shows and in thehands of software developers. TheKaypro 286i is one of the first produc-tion-run hardware units we've seen,however, that is available to users.Even so, there are lags. Ours, for ex-ample, came with a notice that its ownDOS 3.0 was still under developmentand that the user should pop in acopy of IBM's PC-DOS 3.0. In a pinch,and with some tweaking, you caneven get MS-DOS 2.0 to run. This,however, seems a little like running aFerrari on economy unleaded.

Kaypro's 286i is a no-bones-about-it IBM PC AT look-alike, right down tothe little luggage keys that lock theredesigned keyboard (which should,finally, bring some relief to touch-

typists). It also costs less than the IBMPC AT and, so far, seems to have fewwidely reported problems living up toits advanced billing.

The Ericsson Ergo-Screen Portablegave us one pleasant surprise and anumber of pleasant nonsurprises inour cursory prereview look. Primarily,the unit we got has the full-blown512K bytes of main memory insteadof the 2 56K bytes mentioned as stan-dard equipment in the company'sadvertisements. It partially compen-sates for the lack of a second diskdrive by letting you configure a RAMdisk and run your programs fromdrive C 1 happen to be relatively com-fortable with RAM disks in spite of oc-casional minor disasters. Most peopleI know are not. Whether or not youfeel this is a computer you can use willdepend a lot, 1 suspect, on how youfeel about RAM disks.

The gas-plasma screen is certainlymore readable than an LCD screen inmost lighting conditions. If you reallywant the screen to stand out, however,you lower the blinds and turn off theoverheads. When you cut down theambient light, the screen backgroundtends to fade into the general gloam-ing; it's easy to imagine (and see) thegas-plasma characters as simply float-ing before your eyes. I don't knowhow I'd care for this effect on a long-term basis, but it has seemed natural,even enjoyable, for the short time I'velooked at it.

As with the Ericsson desktop, thePortable's keyboard seems a little lightto me and I tend to bounce it aroundwhile typing. Unlike the desktop,which is so quiet as to be almosteerie, the Portable establishes a prettyfirm background hum (and still seemsto get warm). One thing: I have tokeep myself from thinking of it as alaptop in spite of its size and shape.Not only do you plug it in to use it,

but it weighs about 16 pounds. It isa portable desktop system and, seenfrom that vantage, is an interesting ex-ample of what can be done to alterthe standard physical profile of func-tional, yet mobile, computingresources.

Quite a nice utility for the Mac-intosh is the TurboCharger fromNevins Microsystems Inc. This is a disk-caching program. The companyclaims it can increase performance by500 percent simply because readinga sector from RAM is 500 percentfaster than reading it from a disk. Thesimple brochure that serves asdocumentation states that normalperformance increases of around 200to 300 percent are more typical. Thiskind of speed increase for the Mac-intosh is not to be taken lightly. Andindications so far seem to be that itdoes what it claims with no nasty sur-prises. I use it with a modified Finderand can get in and out of most pro-grams even faster than what Nevinsclaims for an average time. On top ofthat, you can increase performance alittle more by buffering your writes inRAM as well as caching program sec-tors. In this case you get full RAM-diskcapability and only save to disk whenyou eject the disk. Nevins warnsagainst this practice, and I'm not surethe company's wrong to do so. I'veused the "buffer writes" function a lit-tle; while it increases speed some-what, it's not much of an increase overwhat caching will do by itself. If you'reat all unsure of your software, you'llprobably want to maximize thebenefits and minimize the risk. Notthat caching is completely safe, either.1 accidentally kicked the plug out ofthe wall socket just after I printed thiscolumn and lost the whole thing.

—Glenn Hartwig, Technical Editor, Reviews

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 265

SYSTEM REVIEW

A low-cost

PC-compatible

computer

by Rich Malloy

The Tandy 1000

Rich Malloy is the New York editor

for BYTE magazine. He can be

reached al BYTE. McGraw-Hill.

43rd floor. 122] Avenue of the

Americas. Hew York, NY 10020.

When I first heard about theTandy 1000, I was quite im-pressed. It seemed to havealmost everything I would want in an IBMPersonal Computer clone. Plus, it had someof the better features of the PCjr.

For those who haven't seen this machineyet, the Tandy 1000's features include one360K-byte disk drive (expandable to two,plus one 15-megabyte hard-disk drive),128K bytes of memory (expandable to640K bytes), a parallel printer port, inter-faces for composite monochrome and RGB(red-green-blue) monitors and a light pen,graphics and sound similar to those of thePCjr, joystick ports, three IBM-compatibleexpansion slots, a general-purpose collec-tion of software (DeskMate), and a fairlygood price ($999). Even a full BYTE con-figuration (two floppy drives, 256K bytes ofmemory, monochrome monitor, and serialport) has a reasonable cost ($1746), con-sidering that you get some free softwarebundled with it.

Description

Since BYTE has published a product de-scription of the Tandy 1000 (see "The Tandy1000" by G. Michael Vose, December 1984,page 98), I will skip most of the details. Suf-fice it to say that the system Tandy sent me(two drives, 2 56K bytes of memory. RGBmonitor) fits nicely on my desk and has at-tracted quite a bit of attention (see photo1). The system's fan is quieter than that inmy IBM PC. and I doubt it will be a distur-bance in the office or the home. I have leftit on for long periods without noticing it.

The disk drives follow the Tandy traditionof putting the primary A drive below the op-tional B drive. And while the disk drivelatches do not have that feel of quality Ihave noticed on other machines, the diskdrives themselves are fairly quiet and seemto work well.

The machine's general design is logical.The on/off switch is on the far end of theright side of the machine (just like IBM), but

many other items are on the front wherethey are accessible. These include the key-board and joystick connectors and a red re-set button. You access the expansion-boardslots through the front as well.

Keyboard

Tandy seems to kno^v how to design key-boards. Apparently recognizing a goodthing when they see it, Tandy's designers re-issued the Tandy 2000 keyboard with hardlya key label changed. The Tandy 1000 key-board (see photo 2) has the same layout,the same superior feel, and the samewelcome relief from the standard clonekeyboards that keep appearing on themarket. Some of its better features are aseparate inverted-T cursor-key layout, a leftShift key and carriage return in the placeswhere you would expect them, indicatorlights for the Caps and Num Lock keys, 12function keys arranged horizontally, and aHold key. In short, it is one of the better key-boards on the market.

The only aspect of it 1 don't like is thatthe function keys are too close to the nu-meric keys. For example, 1 sometimes hit the5 key when I mean to hit F5. Also, if youare accustomed to IBM's vertical functionkeys, the horizontal arrangement can beconfusing. And since some of the keys havedifferent key codes than those on the IBMPC. you might find that in a small numberof programs these keys do not work as theyshould. For example, the XyWrite II Plusword processor does not recognize theTandy's cursor keys. It looks to the numerickeypad, as on the IBM PC. Fortunately, Xy-Write II Plus lets you reconfigure the key-board as you wish.

Display

Two displays are available for the Tandy1000: a green monochrome display ($150)and an RGB display ($550). I didn't get achance to look at the monochrome display,but the RGB display looks good (see photos3 and 4). It is IBM PC-compatible and pro-

266 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

duces a fairly sharp picture with goodcolors. In fact, it has better resolution andcolor than the $429 IBM display oftenbundled with the PCjr.

One problem with this display is that thepicture is sometimes a bit jumpy, as if itwere hypersensitive to power-line noise.Also, the monochrome text characters arenot as sharp as those of the IBM PC mono-chrome adapter, the Compaq, or the AT&T6300. However, the monochrome displayhas the capacity to display graphics, and itcan even display colors as shades of gray.

Interfaces

The Tandy 1000 comes with a number ofinterfaces as standard equipment. These in-clude a parallel printer connector, two joy-stick connectors, and a light-pen connector.Surprisingly, a serial RS-232C connector ismissing; this seems to be another traditionin the TRS-80 Model III/4 family.

I did not try the joystick or light-pen ports,but the printer port seemed to work fairlywell. Those readers with a Model III or 4will be glad to find that the 1000 uses thesame 34-pin card-edge connector to Cen-tronics-connector printer cable ($40). I triedthis port with a Star Micronics Gemini-lOXprinter, and it worked fine.

Expansion

When it comes to expansion, the goodnews is that the 1000 has three expansionslots that Tandy claims are IBM PC-compat-ible. But they are only about 11 Vx incheslong, instead of the usual 13 inches. This isa consequence of the 1000's small foot-print. Since all the IBM boards I had werebig, multifunction 13-inchers, I had no wayof testing how compatible these slots are.

The size of these slots might be a majorfault of this system. If your intended use ofthe Tandy system depends on an unusualexpansion board, you should make surethat board will be short enough to fit intothe 1000.

Most of the more routine boards are

already available from Tandy (e.g., extramemory, serial port, modem). But note thatif you fill up the 1000 with a full comple-ment of memory (640K bytes on twoboards) and a serial port, all your slots willbe in use.

One of the advantages of the IBM PC isthe large number of expansion cards avail-able for it. If only a small number of thesecards are short enough for the Tandy 1000,Tandy owners might miss out on one of themain advantages of an IBM PC-type system.

I did get a chance to use two boards pro-duced by Tandy. One was a memory boardthat boosted the Tandy's memory up to256K bytes. It also included direct memoryaccess (DMA) capability, which speeds up

[continued)

Photo 1: The Tandy 1000 with RGB display and two floppy-disk drives.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 267

REVIEW: TANDY 1000

the system and helps explain the highprice ($300) of this board.

The other board 1 tested wasTandy's 300-bits-per-second modemboard. I admit to a bias against inter-nal modems. An external modem cantell you instantly when you dial awrong number or the line has beendisconnected. That said, I was alsodisappointed to find that this modemis not Hayes-compatible (it is, ofcourse, Radio Shack-compatible), andnone of my software would work withit. The 1000's DeskMate did work buthad several problems. My advice is toavoid this board. Get the serial boardand a good external modem.

Software

The Tandy 1000 comes standard withMS-DOS version 2.11, Microsoft's GW-

BASIC, and DeskMate, a simple, inte-grated software package. This is apretty good bundle of software, butI had a minor problem with all threepackages.

First, the operating system seems towork pretty well. It has all the basicfeatures and, if you want, you caneven run IBM PC-DOS 3.0 on theTandy. The problem is that the docu-mentation overall is very skimpy,worse even than Microsoft's ownmanual for its operating system. Infact, there was nothing at all in theway of a separate DOS manual. I hopethat better documentation will soonbe available.

The version of BASIC 1 received wasquite good but incomplete. For exam-ple, it enables you to access theTandy's 16-color graphics, but it would

Table 1: A comparison t

)/ the word-processor portion of DeskMate with

WordStar 3.3 running or

the Tandy 1000. Except for scrolling, DeskMate

performs fairly well. Tests

were done using a standard 4000-word (22K bytes)

document.

DeskMate WordStar

Document load

6.0 5.4

Document save

8.7 27.2

Search for last word

5.1 11.7

Scroll

78 38

Photo 2: The keyboard of the Tandy2000's keyboard.

1000. Note that it is very similar to the Tandy

not access the modem port too well.Here again, the manual was a bitskimpy. This is unfortunate, since manypeople might be using BASIC for thefirst time on this machine. Tandy hasinformed me that by the time this ar-ticle appears, a new complete versionof BASIC will be available.

DeskMate

DeskMate is a fairly good softwarepackage that has several interestingfeatures. It has a word processor, adatabase manager, a spreadsheet, acalendar/alarm, an auto-dialer, a com-munications program, and a bulletin-board program. Unfortunately, thequality of the individual parts mightleave some serious users a little disap-pointed. Most of the parts can be de-scribed as fairly good, and some arevery friendly. But a few, such as theauto-dialer, are downright ornery. Ihave yet to get that part of the pro-gram to work.

Also, it seems to me that a littleextra programming work could haveturned DeskMate into a much betterprogram. For example, the Text wordprocessor has most of the featuresyou would expect to find in a wordprocessor and, in fact, is very similarto the text processor on the portableModel 100. To top it off, it is prettyfast (see table 1). But it does not con-tain a Move command. You have tocopy a block of text and then go backand delete the original block.

I have another example. The spread-sheet documentation gives you a for-mula for amortization payments. Thisis a laudable idea, but if you try to cal-culate your monthly payments for a30-year mortgage, you are in for a sur-prise. The spreadsheet cannot raise anumber to a power greater than 20,and this means that you cannotcalculate the payments for any loanlonger than 20 months. There is nological reason why this limitationshould exist.

I like a lot of DeskMate's features.1 particularly appreciate the menu sys-tem that lets you access any docu-ment or spreadsheet very easily. Butmy feeling is that if you intend to do

[continued]

268 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

AT A GLANCE

Name

Tandy 1000

Manufacturer

Tandy/Radio Shack1500 One Tandy CenterFort Worth, TX 76102(817) 390-3011

Size

(without display)

16.5 by 13.4 by 5.9 inches

Components

Processor: 16-/8-bit 8088,4.77 MHz

Memory: 128K to 640K bytesof memory

Mass storage: One or two360K-byte 5'/4-inch floppy-diskdrives, MS-DOS formatMonochrome display: Greenphosphor, composite video,80-character by 25-line text,IBM PC-compatible char-acters; graphics are 640 by200 pixels with four levels ofgray

Color display: IBM PC-compatible RGB; graphics are640 by 200 pixels with fourcolors, or 320 by 200 with 16colors

Keyboard: 90 keys, includingfour cursor keys, 12 program-mable function keysInterfaces: Parallel printer port

Software

MS-DOS 2.11, GW-BASIC,DeskMate integrated software

Options

Monochrome display ($150),RGB display ($550), serialport ($99), 256K bytes ofmemory total ($300), seconddisk drive ($300), internal300-bps modem ($180),15-megabyte hard disk($2345)

Documentation

DeskMate tutorial (140 pages),DeskMate reference (82pages), BASIC reference (74pages)

Price

With 128K bytes of memoryand one drive: $999With 256K bytes of memory,two drives, and monochromedisplay: $1746

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MEMORY SIZE (K BYTES)0 200 400 600

DISK STORAGE0 400

K BYTES)800 1200

1600

I

1

1

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BUNDLED SOFTWARE PACKAGES0 2 4 6

10

PRICE ($1000)0 2 4

TANDY 1000

r^

APPLE HE

The Memory Size graph shows the standardand optional memory available for the threecomputers under comparison. The Disk Stor-age graph shows the highest capacity of oneand two floppy-disk drives for each system. TheBundled Software Packages graph shows thenumber of software packages included with

each system. The Price graph shows the listprice of each system with two high-capacityfloppy-disk drives, a monochrome monitor, aprinter port and a serial port, 256K bytes ofmemory (64K bytes for 8-bit systems), and thestandard operating system and BASIC inter-preter for each system.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 269

-lllllll :~ jRblvf

M■ —> tsti sss* B

The rear panel of the Tandy 1000. Note the three expansionslots on the right, one of which is occupied by an internalmodem.

DISK ACCESS IN BASIC (SEC)250

200

36

SYSTEM UTILITIES (SEC)50

40K FORMAT/DISKCOPY

40K FILE COPY1 TANDY 1000

Inside the Tandy 1000. Note the short expansion-card slots.

BASIC PERFORMANCE (SEC250

200

SIEVESPREADSHEET (SEC

CALCULATIONS

The graph for Disk Access in BASIC shows how long it takes to writeand to read a 64K-byte sequential text file to a blank floppy disk.(For the program listings, see June 1984 BYTE, page 327, and Oc-tober 1984, page 33.) In the BASIC Performance graph, the Sieveresults show how long it takes to run one iteration of the Sieve ofEratosthenes prime-number benchmark. In the same graph, theCalculations column shows how long it takes to do 10,000 multiplica-tion and 10,000 division operations using single-precision numbers.

The System Utilities graph shows how long it takes to format andcopy a disk (adjusted for 40K bytes of disk data) and to transfer a40K-byte file using the system utilities. The Spreadsheet graph showshow long the computers take to load and recalculate a 25- by 25-cellMicrosoft Multiplan spreadsheet where each cell equals 1.001 timesthe cell to its left. The tests for the Tandy 1000 used MS-DOS 2.11and GW-BASIC. The tests for the Apple He were done with ProDOS.The IBM PC was tested with PC-DOS 2.0 and BASICA.

270 BYTE • AUGUST I985

REVIEW: TANDY 1000

serious work, you will probably haveto purchase one of the good single-purpose software packages, such aspfs:Write. Multiplan, PC-Talk, or dBASEII. Use DeskMate for simple applica-tions and experimentation.

Performance

As you might know, the IBM PCjr wasnot only a bit incompatible with theIBM PC, it was also a bit slower (see"The IBM PCjr" by Rowland Archer|r., August 1984 BYTE, page 2 54). Myquestion was: Would the Tandy be asslow as the PCjr or as slow as the PC?I tested the 2 56K-byte version of theTandy 1000 with its BASIC interpreterand with Multiplan. I also removedthe optional memory board and triedsome of the tests again to see if theDMA capability on that board mademuch of a difference. Finally, I putDeskMate through some standardtests to see how capable it was. Theresults were interesting.

In the BASIC tests, the Tandy 1000was as fast as the IBM PC for DiskWrite and the Sieve. But it was signifi-cantly slower in the Disk Read andFloating-Point Calculations tests, al-though not as slow as the PCjr. In theSystem Utilities and Spreadsheettests, the Tandy was again appreciablyslower. However, in one test, the 40KFile Copy, the Tandy 1000 was evenslower than the PCjr.

When I took out the extra memoryboard with DMA, I expected some dif-ference in disk access times, but theBASIC tests showed practically no dif-ference. The Spreadsheet tests wereappreciably slower: The SpreadsheetLoad was 38 percent slower, and eventhe Recalculate was about 9 percentslower. For some reason, the FileCopy was a little faster than it waswith the DMA.

I tried to do some tests using thespreadsheet in DeskMate, but thisprogram is not designed for speed. Ittook DeskMate 75 seconds to recal-culate BYTE's standard 62 5-cellspreadsheet, about seven times aslong as it takes Multiplan. The wordprocessor was a different story. Desk-Mate performed quite admirably withBYTE's standard 4000-word docu-

ment (see table 1). Except for scroll-ing, DeskMate was as fast or fasterthan WordStar 3.3 running on thesame machine.Overall, the Tandy 1000 fares well

against the IBM PC. Tandy designershave claimed that, in many tests, the1000 is actually faster than the IBM,but I saw no evidence of this. How-

[conlinued]

OI-MSIC 2,82

iSJfrWNjM Hicrosoft 1983,1984

Ifflffl! 1888 GHBASIC 2.82

lands Version 88.85.88

(C) Copyright Hicrosoft 1983,1984

Licensed to lands Corporation

6B37S Bytes free

Ok

WHt'kitextshot.basOk

I!H^?i«*15ii?iSS.Jis*!<! of the Im*l *>M le« Ttrseml Gmputer.

&t&?i9**y9S!Jiah| of the land!) Model 1888 Personal Cmwuter.

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Photo 3: Text on the Tandy 1000's RGB display.

Photo 4: An example of color graphics on the Tandy 1000's RGB display.Note that in medium-resolution mode (320 by 200 pixels) the monitor candisplay a total of 16 colors, four times the number available on the IBM PC.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 271

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REVIEW: TANDY 1000

ever, the 1000 does match the PC onsome tests and is not too far behindon the others.

Manuals

I received three manuals with the sys-tem: a DeskMate tutorial that includesinformation on setting up the com-puter hardware, a DeskMate referencemanual, and a BASIC referencemanual. As I mentioned earlier, a DOSmanual was nowhere to be seen andsorely missed. Tandy did a nice jobwith the DeskMate manuals, althoughsome parts of the program are not ex-plained very well. And, of course, alittle bit of Radio Shack bias is evi-dent. For example, it would be niceif the writers had included some in-formation about how to set up Desk-Mate for a non-Radio Shack modem.The BASIC reference manual hasalmost everything you really need, butnot a sentence more. And some infor-mation is missing. For example, itdoesn't mention that the INKEY$command will interpret the cursorkeys as 2-byte codes rather than thesingle-byte codes used for almostevery other key

Summary

The Tandy 1000 seems to be a good,reasonably priced IBM PC clone thathas most of the best features of theIBM PC and PCjr. It is compatible withall the IBM software that I have tried.Also, it has three IBM PC-compatibleexpansion slots, but these slots aretoo short for most IBM expansionboards. The keyboard is good. Andthis system seems to have the samesuperior color graphics and soundcapabilities as the PCjr. Its only defi-ciencies are the above-mentionedshort expansion slots, the lack of ahigh-quality monochrome text font,and an incomplete (as yet) BASICinterpreter.

Of course, the attractiveness of themachine depends to a great extent onits competition. At current prices it isa very good alternative to the IBM PC.I would recommend the Tandy 1000for all applications that do not de-pend on special expansion boards ora highly compatible BASIC. ■

272 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 302

-----

L_ . _ »

C '~ ——

,

2400 bps modems:Do you Really needanother speed?

• Is the shift from 300 to 1200 bps going to repeat itselfat 2400 bps? The answer is both yes and no. Therecertainly are applications for 2400 bps asynch dial-upmodems, but we shouldn't expect 1200 bps to dieovernight.

• 2400 bps modems can improve throughput, therebygetting tasks done quicker and more economically.However, 1200 bps has become the virtual standard forprofessional dial-up communications, and most usersare satisfied with it. So why consider a 2400 bps modemat all?

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SOFTWARE REVIEW

IBM Pascal 2.00

This version

has many

improvements,

including

better

documentation

and 8087

coprocessor

support

by Patrick J. Finan

Patrick |. Finan (10519 Wyscarver

Rd.. Cincinnati. OH 45241) is a

senior systems analyst with a large

manufacturing company in

Cincinnati. He has a B.S. in

electrical engineering from the

University of Dayton and an

M.B.A. in finance from Xavier

University.

Pascal has always been a popularlanguage for developing large,complex applications. Its highlystructured nature and strong data-typingcapabilities have made it a successful teach-ing tool and application-development lan-guage. While version 1.00 of the IBM PCPascal Compiler conformed closely to theoriginal Pascal description, most userswanted improvements—better documenta-tion, access to all memory on a machine,the ability to use path names on files, andsupport of the 8087 math coprocessor. Ver-sion 2.00 of the IBM Pascal Compiler offersseveral new features that greatly extend theproduct's capabilities. However, not all thechanges will be transparent for those mov-ing from version 1.00 to 2.00.

Documentation

The first change that an IBM Pascal user willnotice in version 2.00 is that the amount ofdocumentation has doubled. The twomanuals are well organized and easier tounderstand than the original manual.

The first book consists of 11 chapters andfive appendixes that cover fundamentals. Itexplains how to use the compiler anddescribes the major parts of a Pascalprogram—types, constants, variables, ex-pressions and statements, and proceduresand functions. A full chapter treats programstructure, units, and modules, and a com-plete discussion explains how to callassembly-language and FORTRAN routines.This book covers most of the same topicsas the original manual, although it has beenrewritten to include better explanations andmany more examples.

The second book is a language referenceguide containing detailed explanations andexamples of all the available commands,keywords, procedures, functions, and com-piler-directive metacommands.

The Compiler

IBM provides a SETUP program that youmust run to build your PAS1, PAS2, and

library work disks. In building the librarydisks, you must choose one of three dif-ferent math modules and one of two DOSinterface modules. Selection of the mathmodule is based on whether or not youhave an 8087 math coprocessor chip in-stalled. In addition, each library has a dif-ferent effect on the speed, precision, andsize of your executable (.EXE) files.

To use the first module, 8087ONLY, youmust have an 8087 math coprocessor in-stalled in the PC. Of the three mathmodules, 8087ONLY generates the leastcode, runs the fastest, and produces thehighest-precision results.

The REGMATH module will not use the8087 math coprocessor, even if one is in-stalled and enabled. It generates results ofnormal precision and is optimized forspeed.

The EMULATOR module uses the 8087math coprocessor if it is present andemulates the device if it is not. If the 8087is installed, programs run as fast and withas much precision as the 8087ONLYmodule. If the 8087 is not installed, the pro-gram runs much slower but with the sameprecision as with 8087ONLY In either case,the run-time modules created are largerthan those produced by 8087ONLY andREGMATH.

Thus, if you have an 8087 installed, createthe library disk with the 8087ONLY module.Otherwise, you need to consider the levelof precision required by the application.Normal-precision applications would prob-ably use the REGMATH module, while ex-tended-precision applications would useEMULATOR.

The compiler comes with a source pro-gram called DEMO.PAS that serves as apractice file for users. The manual lists thespeed and file-size comparisons forDEMO.PAS using each library module (seetable 1).

The DOS interface library modules deter-mine which version of the operating system

(continued)

<— Inquiry 298

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 275

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

AT A GLANCE

Name

IBM PC Pascal Compiler 2.00

Type

Two-pass compiler

Manufacturer

IBM National Distribution Division1000 Westchester Ave.White Plains, NY 10604(800) 426-2468

Format

Three 5%-inch master disks, notcopy-protected

Computer

IBM PC with 160K bytes of memory andtwo floppy-disk drives or one floppy driveand a hard-disk drive; printerrecommended

Documentation

Two manuals

Price

$350; upgrade $100

Audience

Systems and application softwaredevelopers

your programs will run under. TheDOS11 library module lets programsrun under DOS 1.10, 2.00, and 2.10.Path names, however, are not sup-ported, since paths were not availablein versions before DOS 2.00.

If you select the DOS20 module,your programs can use path names infile specifications at run time but willonly run under DOS 2.00 or later. Thislibrary module is also required if youwant to create code overlays using theLOADER function.

Even though you can create appli-cations that run under DOS 1.10, 2.00,or 2.10, version 2.00 of the compileronly runs under DOS 2.00 or 2.10. Youcannot compile programs with ver-sion 2.00 of the compiler using DOS1.10.

Reals and Integers

Version 2.00 offers two real-numberdata types—REAL is set equal toREAL4 or REAL8 by the $REAL = n(where n equals 4 or 8) compilermetacommand. REAL4 is a 32-bitrepresentation (1 sign bit, an 8-bitexponent, and a 2 3-bit mantissa)ranging from 8.43E-37 to 3.37E+38.REAL8 is a 64-bit representation(1 sign bit, an 11-bit exponent, anda 52-bit mantissa) ranging from4.19E-307 to 1.67E + 308.

Unfortunately, IBM has changed theinternal storage format of realnumbers in version 2.00. This meansthat you have to convert existingbinary data files containing realnumbers to the new format beforethey can be used by programscreated with the new compiler. The

manual states that you "must convertthese data files" before they can beused but does not offer a utility oreven an explanation of how to do theconversion.

New arithmetic and transcendentalfunctions are included in the Pascallibrary to support these higher-preci-sion quantities. Unfortunately. IBMhas also renamed many of the version1.00 transcendental functions, whichmeans you must modify the programsthat use them when you upgradefrom version 1.00 to 2.00. For exam-ple, in version 1.00 the log base 10function was called LNDRQQ, while inversion 2.00 there are two: LDDRQQfor REAL8 numbers and LDSRQQ forREAL4 real numbers.

Version 2.00 has a new data typecalled INTEGER4, which is a 32-bit in-teger ranging from -2,147,483,647 to+ 2,147,483,647. You can use theoperators AND, OR, XOR, and NOTon 1NTEGER4 variables.

Date and Time

Version 2.00 offers four new pro-cedures and function calls that usethe system clock. GETDAT and GET-TIM return the date and time com-ponents as integer values. SETDATand SETTIM let you set the systemdate and time from Pascal by speci-fying the integer components.

When prompted for library namesby the linker, you must specify thelibrary IBMPAS.L1B. These routineseliminate the processing required toextract one component of the date ortime from the traditional string for-

(continued)

Table 1: A comparison of speed and file size for DEMO using each of thelibrary modules: 8087ONLY, REGMATH, and EMULATOR.

Math Module

Execution Time

File Size

8087ONLY

9.26 seconds

25,138 bytes

REGMATH

26.25 seconds

28,918 bytes

EMULATOR(without 8087)

36.18 seconds

31,842 bytes

EMULATOR(with 8087)

9.26 seconds

31,842 bytes

276 B YTE • AUGUST 1Q85

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Inquiry 179

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 277

II

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

mats. The procedures DATE and TIMEare still available for situations wherethe string representations are moreuseful.

System Interfaces

Several new system-related functionsand capabilities should make pro-gramming easier and eliminate theneed for many assembly-languagesubroutines. The DOSXQQ functionlets you call DOS functions directlyfrom Pascal (via interrupt 21 hexadec-imal). This function was available inversion 1.00 but was totally undocu-mented and almost impossible to use.The function parameters pass valuesto the AX and DX registers. You canuse the external variable CRCXQQ tospecify the desired value of the CXregister. After you invoke theDOSXQQ function, it returns the ALregister as its return value and loadsthe value of the CX and DX registersinto the external variables CRCXQQand CRDXQQ. The declarations of theexternal variables and the functionsyntax are as follows:

VAR [EXTERN] CRCXQQ,CRDXQQ:

WORD;FUNCTION DOSXQQ(AX,DX:

W0RD):BYTE; EXTERN;

The major limitation of the DOSXQQfunction is that it only uses the AX,CX, and DX registers, while most DOSfunction calls use additional registers.A more general way to access DOSfunction calls is with the procedureINTRP, which lets you execute anysoftware interrupt directly. The formatof the call is

INTRP (intnum, inregs, outregs);

The software interrupt number to beperformed is intnum, while inregs andoutregs are special variables of thetype REGLIST that contain the reg-ister and flag values before and afteryou invoke the interrupt. The datadefinition for REGLIST is included ina special file called IBMINTRPINT thatmust be included in your source file.Listing 1 shows how to declare anduse the INTRP function. Again, youmust specify the 1BMPAS.LIB librarywhen the linker prompts you for

Listing 1: Program segment showing how to declare and use the INTRPfunction. This function lets uou access DOS function calls.

('SINCLUDE: 'IBMINTRP.INT'*)

PROGRAM INTRPDEMO (INPUT.OUTPUT);USES IBMINTRP;

VAR

INREGS,OUTREGS:REGLIST;ROW.COLBYTE;

BEGIN {INTRPDEMO}

INREGS.AX := 16#0300;INREGS.BX := 16#0000;

{REQUEST CURSOR POSITION}{DEFAULT PAGE}

INTRP(16#10,INREGS,OUTREGS);

{INVOKE VIDEO INTERRUPT X'10}

ROW := HIBYTE(OUTREGS.DX);COL := LOBYTE(OUTREGS.DX);

{CURSOR ROW NUMBER }{CURSOR COLUMN NUMBER}

END. {INTRPDEMO}

Listing 2: This program is an example of how to use the LOADER function tobring in code overlays.

PROGRAM MAIN(INPUT,OUTPUT);

VAR

SELECTION:CHAR;RETVALWORD;

FUNCTION LOADER (CONSTS MODULE NAME:STRING) : WORD; EXTERN;

PROCEDURE ADD; EXTERN;PROCEDURE CHANGE; EXTERN;PROCEDURE DELETE; EXTERN;PROCEDURE LIST; EXTERN;

BEGIN

SELECTION :- ' ';

WHILE SELECTION <> 'E' DO

BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'Enter the desired function - (A)dd');

WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (C)hange');

WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (D)elete');

writeln(Output; (L)ist');

WRITELN(OUTPUT,' (E)nd');

READLN(INPUT.SELECTION);CASE SELECTION OF'A': BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD1.0VL');IF RETVAL = 0THEN ADD

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD1'.RETVAL,0);END; {CASE OF A}

278 B YTE • AUGUST I?

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

'C: BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD2.0VL');IF RETVAL = 0THEN CHANGE

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD2',RETVAL,0);END; {CASE OF C}'D': BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD3.0VL');IF RETVAL = 0THEN DELETE

ELSE ABORT('UNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MODS',RETVAL.O);END; {CASE OF D}V: BEGIN

RETVAL := LOADER ('MOD4.0VL');IF RETVAL = 0THEN LIST

ELSE ABORTfUNSUCCESSFUL LOAD OF MOD4',RETVAL,0);END; {CASE OF L}'E': WRITELN(OUTPUT,'End of Program');OTHERWISE;END; {CASE OF SELECTION}END; {WHILE}END. {MAIN}

MODULE MOD1;

PROCEDURE ADD;BEGINWRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the ADD function');END;

END. {MOD1}

MODULE MOD2;

PROCEDURE CHANGE;BEGINWRITELN(OUTPUT,This is the CHANGE function');END;

END. {MOD2}

MODULE MOD3;

PROCEDURE DELETE;BEGIN

WRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the DELETE function');END;

END. {MOD3}

MODULE MOD4;

PROCEDURE LIST;BEGINWRITELN(OUTPUT,'This is the LIST function');END;

END. {MOD4}

A useful function,LOADER lets youbreak up largeprograms into a mainroutine and one ormore code overlays.

library names.

While INTRP appears to be a moreuniversal approach, you should re-member that it must load and storeall the registers. Time-critical applica-tions should use DOSXQQ if they re-quire only the AX, CX, and DX reg-isters. Otherwise, you might still needan assembly-language routine.

The routines INP and OUTP let youread and write information directly toa specific hardware port address. Thismight be used to read the game pad-dles or set the mode on the monitorcards. You must include the file IBM-PORT1NT at the top of the program,and a USES IBMPORT must follow theprogram declaration. You must alsospecify the library IBMPAS.LIB to thelinker.

A new data attribute called ORIGINlets you locate a variable at a specificmemory address. This makes the jobof looking at system data areas easier.They are defined by specifying boththe segment base and offset of thevariable. For example, you could usethe following definition for a wordvariable that contains the bit mask ofthe keyboard status:

VAR KEYSTATUS [ORIGIN16#0040:16#0017] : WORD;

Program Overlays

Another new and useful function,LOADER, lets you break up large pro-grams into a main routine and one ormore code overlays. As the main pro-gram executes, it can bring in oneoverlay at a time. You must explicitlyload the overlay before any of the

[continued]

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 279

Inquiry 360 for End-Users.Inquiry 361 for DEALERS ONLY.

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280 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PAS1 MAIN. PAS,,;PAS2

PAS1 M0D1.PAS,,;PAS2

PAS1 M0D2.PAS,,;PAS2

PAS1 M0D3.PAS,,;PAS2

PAS1 MOD4.PAS,,;PAS2

MKOVL M0D1

MKOVL MOD2

MKOVL M0D3

MKOVL M0D4

LINK PLOADER + MAIN + M0D1 + MOD2 + M0D3 + M0D4, MAIN,

Figure I: How to compile and link the overlay program of listing 2.MKOVL.COM marks the specified object file as an overlay. PLOADER.OBJperforms the loader function and is included as the first object in the link process.

LIB PASCAL.LIB + NEWPROC;LIB PASCAL.LIB - OLDPROC;LIB PASCAL.LIB - OLDPROC;

{adds NEWPROC.OBJ to library}{erases OLDPROC from library}{removes OLDPROC from the library and{places it in a file named OLDPROCOBJ}

Figure 2: How the library manager modifies PASCAL.LIB.

procedures and functions defined inthat overlay can be called. An overlayroutine can call procedures and func-tions defined in the main routine, butit cannot call routines that are part ofanother overlay. The main program re-quests the code overlay by issuing thecommand

RETVAL : = LOADER('drive: \ path \ filename.OVL');

If the load is successful, RETVAL iszero and the overlay's procedures andfunctions are available until the nextoverlay is performed. Otherwise RET-VAL contains the error code. Listing2 shows an example of a programusing overlays. [Editor's note: Listing 2 isavailable as OVERLAYS.PAS for download-ing via BYTEnet Listings. The telephonenumber is (617) 861-9774.|

Two special files on the PAS1 diskhandle overlays. MKOVL.COM marks

the specified object file as an overlay.PLOADER.OBJ performs the loaderfunction and is included in the LINKcommand as the first object file of thelist. Figure 1 shows how you use thesetwo files. After you compile all fivesource-code files individually usingPAS1 and PAS2, you run MKOVL.COMon the four overlay files and link themtogether. The final result is a file calledMAIN.EXE; the four overlay moduleshave the file extension "OVL".

Dynamic Memory Allocation

One of the most useful features ofPascal is the ability to dynamicallyallocate variables in an area called theheap. Version 1.00 of the IBM PascalCompiler used ALLHQQ, NEW, andDISPOSE to manage the heap. Thisarea (64K bytes maximum) is sharedbetween constant, stack, and heapdata. Version 2.00 has a new functioncalled FREECT that returns the space

Inquiry 125

REVIEW: IBM PASCAL 2.00

Listing 3: A program segment that shows how to build a name and address liston the long heap.

PROGRAM HEAPTEST (INPUT.OUTPUT);TYPE

LONG PTR = ADS OF MAIL LIST;MAIL LIST = RECORD

STRING (20);

STRING (25);

STRING (15);

STRING (2);

STRING (9);

LONG PTR;

NAMEADDRESSCITYSTATEZIPNEXTEND;

VAR

NEWPTR ; LONG PTR;FUNCTION GETMQQ (BLKSIZE:WORD):LONG PTR; EXTERN;PROCEDURE DISMQQ (ADDRESS:LONG PTR); EXTERN;BEGIN {HEAPTEST}

NEWPTR := GETMQQ(SIZEOF(NEWPTR-)); {allocates heap variable}

DISMQQ(NEWPTR); {frees heap variable}

END. {HEAPTEST}

remaining in this area (called the shortheap in version 2.00).

In addition to the short heap, ver-sion 2.00 has another area called thelong heap that starts in memoryabove the short-heap data area andextends up to the total memory onthe machine (minus the space used byDOS). The routines GETMQQ andDISMQQ allocate and free memoryblocks from the long heap. The onlydifference between these routinesand the short-heap routines is that thepointer variable used is a 32-bit value(segmenLoffset) rather than a 16-bitvalue. You define the 32-bit pointer byusing the built-in segmented datatype. For example, listing 3 shows howto build a name and address list onthe long heap.

Library Manager

Another useful improvement over ver-sion l.OO is the addition of a library

manager. The operations you can per-form include adding, erasing, and re-placing of modules in a library. Figure2 demonstrates how you mightmodify PASCAL.LIB.

In addition to changing existinglibraries, you can create new ones. Tocreate a new library called MYLIB, youcould issue the command

LIB MYLIB + PROC1 + PROC2 +PROC3 + . . . + PROCn;

Conclusion

The benefits of the new compiler faroutweigh its few problems. The listprice for version 2.00 of the IBM PCPascal Compiler is $3 50. Currentowners can upgrade to version 2.00for $100 by sending a copy of thereceipt for version 1.00 and an up-grade order form to IBM. Upgradeorder forms are available at moststores that carry IBM equipment. ■

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AUGUST I985 'BYTE 281

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282 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

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REVIEW FEEDBACK

Deskpro Graphics

In general I agree with Jerry Grady's reviewof the Compaq Deskpro (May. page 260).I have had a Model 2 for many monthsand find it reliable, compatible, and fast.But I believe you've overlooked a signifi-cant area of incompatibility.

The Deskpro has improved video func-tions and incorporates both monochromeand color graphics ability, but it will notaccept common IBM graphics boards likethe Hercules graphics card. This is a disap-pointing limitation if you want to take fulladvantage of the graphics ability of pro-grams like Microsoft Word or Lotus 1-2-3.

I have called Compaq, Hercules, andAST Research, and none can offer anyhelp or hope. Had I realized that I wouldnot have access to improved graphic res-olution on the Deskpro, I might havechosen a more compatible machine.

Bryan MumfordSummerland, CA

Insight

Bruce D'Ambrosio's software review ofLevel 5 Research's Insight expert-systemshell (April, page 345) misses the point onthe utility of expert systems as assistantsin general and the ability of the Insightshell to serve this purpose in particular.

Artificial-intelligence expert systemsmight have been born in educational in-stitutions, but they are now being devel-oped by many engineers in governmentand industry. Engineers are the ones whoare putting the theory into practice. Fur-ther, we are finding important applicationsfor this type of software that do not re-quire the large efforts, funds, and researchtypical of the systems coming from theacademic community.

Insight is a most useful and reasonablypriced tool for small-domain knowledgebases. Almost all the limitations Mr. D'Am-brosio describes have work-arounds thatyou learn from experience with the soft-ware. This is no different from any othercommercial software. The fact that Insight(like several other expert-system shells)does not support closed-form mathemat-ics is being adressed in an enhancementnow undergoing beta testing. However, ex-pert systems used as assistants for ad-

visory or diagnostic purposes in manycases do not require closed-form mathe-matics.

Phil ChapmanLa Crescenta, CA

I reviewed Insight, not in comparison tomainframe or LISP machine-based re-search systems, but according to myestimate of what should be possible ona personal computer. I believe that theability to include variables in rules andto use simple arithmetic are essential inany general-purpose knowledge-basedsystem shell.

Of course, you can often work aroundlimitations, and they might not evencause problems in any one application.However, the development teams for Tl'sPersonal Consultant. Teknowledge's M.I,and Artelligence's OPS5 + feel that bothvariables and arithmetic are importantenough to include in their systems. Whilethese packages all cost substantiallymore than Insight, Topsi, a $75 variantof OPS5+ from Dynamic Master Sys-tems, also provides both facilities.

I am glad to hear that arithmetic com-putation capability is being incorporatedinto a future release of Insight. Also, Iconsider variables somewhat analogousto arrays in a procedural programminglanguage. I imagine that you don't use ar-rays in every program you write; you maynot even use them often. But once youlearn about them, would you buy a com-piler that didn't support some kind of ar-ray construct?

I am glad to hear that you are success-fully using Insight. Insight is not a badsystem; I just don't think it is repre-sentative of all that could be done on aPC.

—Bruce DAmbrosio

Hardware Benchmarks

You need to rethink your policy regardingcomparison charts in hardware reviews.You constantly compare micros to the IBMPC and Apple He, regardless of how ap-propriate that is. For example, in theMarch issue (page 247) you compare the$8990. 10-MHz. 8086 Altos 586 to the$3200, 4.77-MHz, 8088 IBM PC and the

$2100, 1-MHz. 6502 Apple lie. Reallyshouldn't you compare it to the IBM PCAT and the Stride? Then you have the$1240. 1.79-MHz. 6502C Atari 800XL upagainst the PC and Me (page 267).Shouldn't that be the Apple lie, not He?And wouldn't the Commodore 64 bemore realistic than the IBM? You shouldbe making comparisons to a givenmachine's real competition.

It looks as if you use charts with the IBMPC and Apple He because it is convenientto do so, not because any thought goesinto selecting the comparisons. So nexttime, compare apples to apples, orangesto oranges, and Osbornes to Kaypros.Rick DownerSeattle, WA

The purpose of our benchmarks and "Ata Glance' boxes is to offer comparisonsbetween the system under evaluationand other systems with widely knowncapabilities. By consistently using prod-ucts with known performance character-istics, we intend to provide benchmarksthat most readers can interpret in termsof their own experiences with familiarmachines and software.

Comparing a new product only againsta look-alike or work-alike product hasdrawbacks. That type of comparison putsthe reader in a technological game ofmusical chairs: The music stops everytime any company updates or announcesa new product. Relatively few peoplehave resources great enough to permitthem experience with a wide selectionof expensive equipment.

We are not in the business of predeter-mining which machines are each other'sappropriate competitors.

—Glenn HartwigTechnical Editor, Reviews

THE HP 110

In reference to Manly W. Mumford's letterin Review Feedback (March, page 303)regarding Ezra Shapiro's review of the HP110 (June 1984, page 111), I'd like to saythat I have been very pleased with the HP110's capabilities, apart from the need forgood lighting conditions. In fact, a whole

(continued)

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Inquiry 5

Inquiry 6

REVIEW FEEDBACK

range of screen-control functions are builtinto the computer, irrespective of pro-gramming language, and you invoke themwith escape sequences. The owner'smanual appendix D-6 to D-9 lists these se-quences, but note that the "toggle caps"sequence should read

ESC&k{0,1}P

To use these within, say, Microsoft BASIC,simply program a statement to print therelevant escape sequence. I usually createuser-defined functions at the start of myprograms to simplify often used se-quences. For Mr. Mumford's benefit, thesequence for screen clear is ESC [2J. Youcan program this as PRINT CHR$(27)+ "[2J" where CHR$(27) is the ASCII codefor the escape key.

One disappointment is the omission ofgraphics-control sequences. These areavailable either using GW-BASIC or fromthe HP HO programmer's toolkit. Thebasic graphics sequences (circle, line, etc.)could have been included. After all. theHP 150 has these as standard.

D. HarperStockton-on-Tees. Cleveland County,

England

MultiMate

The repagination problem in MultiMate towhich CI Puotinen (November 1984, page287) and several letter writers thereafteralluded has been fixed. It's a pity to seethis fine program criticized because of onebug in an early version. I used MultiMate3.22 for multipaged articles for monthswithout difficulty repaginating. Occa-sionally I had to remove a misplaced for-mat line. I have never lost text, either. Thecurrent version (3.30) is even better, sinceit lets you keep the format lines attachedto either text or pages.

The slight backup inconvenience towhich Maureen Fleming referred (April,page 348) is also altered in version 3.30.The user can now back up the documentautomatically if he or she wishes to do so.This was a fix for a nonexistent problem,since all you had to do was copy the docu-ment to another disk. You could do thiseasily either from DOS or from withinMultiMate itself.

Robert JacobsEllensburg. WA

MT 160 PRINTER

I recently read Mark J. Welch's review ofthe Mannesmann Tally MT 160 printer(February, page 325) and felt I must com-ment. I am a data communications tech-nician for the Washington State Patrol-

administered ACCESS (A Central Com-puterized Enforcement Support Sys-tem).

All our remote terminals (over 250 ofthem) use MT 160s exclusively, and 1would be happy to replace them withsomething better (and cheaper). Afterdirecting about 10 operators throughoutthe state in reprogramming the printers'parameters after an electrical storm, Iwould rather have DIP-switched parametersetting. Irregular line voltage and otherpower-line disturbances play havoc withthis otherwise convenient arrangement.Having to run through the complete menuevery time this happens is tedious.

On the other hand, the printer is physi-cally well built and prints without muchcomplaint at the workload. The three inour communications center operate with-out serious problems 24 hours a day. OurState Patrol avoids the problem of hard-to-get and expensive ribbons with reink-ing equipment. I have no data on how longan individual ribbon lasts, but I have notseen a new one come through here for along time, and we use more ribbons thananyone else in the state.

Michael L. ClarkOlympia, WA

ITT XTRA

Having purchased an ITT XTRA last year,I have a few comments to add to John D.Unger's review (April, page 338). I'm nota professional programmer and have hadno prior experience with micros, but I'vehad little difficulty in upgrading our XTRAwith IBM-specific hardware. Unlike the PC,the XTRA does not require 2 56K bytes onthe motherboard before you add extramemory.

I popped for IBM PC-DOS 3.0 and aban-doned ITT DOS (2.11). I've not found anyincompatibilities in the IBM PC versionsof software we use. The only software in-compatibility discovered so far is ITTBASIC'S local field statement elucidated inMelvin Duke's letter to BYTE (March, page434).

Prospective owners should purchaseITT's technical reference manual for thediagnostics and in the event that themachine must be repaired by techniciansunfamiliar with it. Taking into account thesuperior keyboard, smaller footprint,larger tilt-swivel monitor, and other engi-neering features. I wouldn't trade ourXTRA for a fully loaded PC XT.

George Bridgforth

Dallas, TX

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 285

REVIEW FEEDBACK

I read lohn D. Lingers article on the ITTXTRA with disbelief. In July of 1984 I pur-chased an ITT. initially for word process-ing with the intention of using it for otherapplications later.

My original choice of software wasMicrosoft Word without the mouse. How-ever, when I used Word, the computerslowed to a snail's pace. The monitorwould show only a fraction of the charac-ters input from the keyboard. The sales-person couldn't explain the problem butreplaced the package with Satellite Soft-ware's WordPerfect.

Initially WordPerfect's performance wassatisfactory on short documents. However,when the length of the documents and theamount of formatting increased, thesystem froze with a "RAM parity checkerror" displayed. The salesperson spentseveral days calling ITT and Satellite Soft-ware. Both companies assured him thatthere was no problem with using theIBM version of WordPerfect on the ITTXTRA.

At this point, my $3300 package ofequipment would not work. Technicians

checked the processor and found noproblems. The salesperson was in theuncomfortable position of having sold amachine that was allegedly IBM-com-patible but would not run two popularword-processing packages. In order tokeep me happy, the dealer bought backmy XTRA at full credit toward a computerof my choice. I selected an AT&T and havehad no problems.

Terry L. BrinkPittsburgh. PA

JUKI 6100

The Juki 6100 printer reviewed by G.Michael Vose in BYTE (August 1984. page305) has a number of problems thatseverely limit its usefulness. Letter spac-ing is irregular, the ribbon doesn't advanceproperly, and with the add-on tractor unitit's impossible to print lines parallel to oneanother. Juki's service department has notreturned my dealer's repeated calls.

The irregular letter-spacing problemseems insoluble—it has to do with themechanism for shifting the print headacross the page.

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The Juki 6100 has two ribbon problems.First, a toothed wheel on the take-up sideis supposed to engage the ribbon anddraw it onto the take-up spool. At the startof a new ribbon, the toothed wheel fre-quently exerts insufficient pressure, andthe ribbon doesn't move. However, if youturn the take-up spool manually for a pageor so, the ribbon eventually advances onits own. The second problem is that theribbon-advance mechanism is incapableof using all the ribbon. It always jams,leaving twenty or thirty feet of ribbonunused.

The last problem is with the add-on trac-tor unit. I had to wait two months to getit. When it arrived, it was incapable ofprinting lines horizontally. One line slantedin one direction, and the next line slantedin the opposite direction. After a shorttime, I managed to identify the problem:The paper-advance mechanism consists ofa pair of gear wheels and a ribbed plasticband. Unfortunately, this ribbed band isonly Vi inch wide. However carefully it isadjusted, it's incapable of advancing thepaper without stretching. The result is thatthe lines slant.

David LewistonKihei, HI

MT Spirit 80

J have to agree with Shel Kagan's com-ments in Review Feedback (April, page348) regarding the Mannesmann TallySpirit 80 review (November 1984. page33 5). I'd also like to point out that theSpirit 80 takes only ribbon cartridges thatyou can't reink and that are expensive, arehard to find, and provide good impres-sions for about three weeks of moderateuse.

Mannesmann Tally estimates print headlife at 30 million characters—not long com-pared to most print heads. And this onedoes not seem to stand up well in graphicsmode. I have had two heads fail within 15months while printing graphics (new headscost $65 each).

The printer now needs repair at an esti-mated cost of $150.

Spend another $150 on this printer?Thanks, but I'll get an Epson.

Rick GoulianNew York, NY

REVIEW FEEDBACK is a column of readers' let-ters. We welcome responses that support or challengeBYTE reviews. Send letters to Review Feedback.BYTE Publications. POB 372, Hancock. NH03449. Name and address must be on all letters.

286 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 86

Inquiry 372 —►

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System Management

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ONLY AT&T SYSTEM 85 ANDAT&T SYSTEM 75 FULLYINTEGRATE SO MANY VITALMANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS.

Decisions, decisions, decisions.It wasn-'t too long ago that if youwanted the most sophisticated officecommunications equipment in theworld, you'd get a telephone.

Now it's a whole new ball game.You've got to have more than a tele-phone. You've got to have an entirecommunications and informationsystem. You've got to choose fromamong a number of vendors andjustify a substantial capital invest-ment. You've got only one chance tomake the right decision. And you'vegot to be right.

Relax. The decision is easy.System 85 and System 75 fromAT&T Information Systems offeryou more power, flexibility and con-trol than any other system in theworld. Because they can grow andchange as technology advances, youcan be sure your investment is pro-tected. And because they're fromAT&T, you know they meet thehighest standards of manufacturingquality and reliability.

Here are just a few ways theycan help your office operate moreefficiently and effectively.

Voice Management Our experiencein voice communications speaks for

itself. There are over 150 callingfeatures to choose from, so you cancustom-tailor a system that meetsthe particular needs of your business.

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Networking Different businessesneed different networks. Our Distrib-uted Communications System andElectronic Tandem Network let youlink all your locations, either acrossthe street or across the country.

System Management Adaptabilityis the key here. You'll have a hands-on ability to monitor and change theentire system day by day, torespond to your changing needs.

Office Management This stream-lines your everyday office proce-dures into one easy-to-use system.By integrating Electronic Docu-ment Communication, MessageCenter, and Directory, you can cre-ate, store and send informationeasily and more productively.

Unified Messaging This complete,easy-to-use service is the answerto unanswered calls. It completelyintegrates all your messaging ser-

vices, including Message CenterCoverage, Leave Word Calling, andAUDIX, our powerful voice mailservice.

100 YEARS OF EXPERIENCE

There's another aspect of our systemwhich you can look at as somethingof an insurance policy. It's calledInformation Systems Architecture.It is this framework that ensures thatanything new we develop for yoursystem will fit right in. System 85and System 75 are designed accord-ing to its guidelines, as our futureproducts will be. That's protection.

We've been the undisputed leaderin communications for over 100 years,and we plan to keep it that way.Today, more than 4000 systems de-signers and others formerly at AT&TBell Laboratories are workingexclusively to develop new businessproducts at Information SystemsLaboratories. And they're supportedby the largest sales and servicestaff in the industry to help youalong every step of the way.

There are two ways you candistinguish yourself in the businessworld—either get a little gray at thetemples worrying about it, or chooseAT&T Information Systems.

To find out more about System 85and System 75, call your AT&T Informa-tion Systems Account Executive or1-800-247-1212.

AT&T

The right choice.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 289

BYTE

Kernel

Computing at Chaos Manor:

The West Coast Computer Faire

by lerry Pournelle 293

BYTE Japan: COMDEX in Japan

by William M. Raike 331

BYTE U. K.: Declarative Update

by Dick Pountain 341

According to Webster:Greetings and Agitations

by Brace Webster 355

BYTE West Coast:

New Microprocessor Chips

by Phillip Robinson 369

Circuit Cellar Feedback

conducted by Steve Garcia 376

BYTELINES

conducted by Sol Libes 378

DUE TO A HEAVY schedule. Jerry Pournelle went to this year's West CoastComputer Faire only because of a commitment to give a talk. However, he'shappy that he decided to make the trip. He discovered that the magic is stillthere, met old friends, and saw many new products.

Bill Raike attended the first-ever COMDEX in Japan this spring and foundseveral interesting products on display. He describes the "anonymous" Fujitsulap-size portable, several laser printers, the latest addition to the NEC PC-9801computer family, and a Brother portable word processor that he "discovered"at the show.

In keeping with this month's declarative languages theme, Dick Pountainlooks at two books on the subject—one on functional and the other on logicprogramming. He also introduces us to two new language systems. One,developed at Imperial College, is a new interpreter for the Hope languagethat runs on the IBM PC. The other is MacProlog, which has many improve-ments on the older micro-PROLOG and is an implementation for the 512K-byte Macintosh.

Our new man in the Kernel, Bruce Webster, continues with his inspectionof new computer products. As was the case with his debut column—and willprobably be true in the future—this month's column deals largely with Mac-intosh items. Particular attention is given to three development systems forthe Mac.

And. on the West Coast, Phillip Robinson looks at Intel's iAPX 386, the 80C86,and Atron's AT Probe—a "hardware-assisted software debugger" for the 86family.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 291

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292 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 253

Union Problems

PC-Write

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NaturalLink

by Jerry Pournelle

COMPUTING

AT CHAOS MANOR

The West CoastComputer Faire

\erry Pournelle holds a doctorate in

psychology and is a science-fiction

writer who also earns a comfortable

living writing about computers

present and future.

The floors aren't in, there are paintersand carpenters everywhere, andwe're working off folding banquettables for fear that they'll drip paint on thefurniture. The storeroom is filled with equip-ment and boxes full of incoming software.Chaos Manor lives up to its reputation.Withal, we're upstairs at last, and it'swonderful.

West Coast Computer Faire

On the last weekend of March, I drove upto San Francisco for the Tenth West CoastComputer Faire. My taxes were due, and !was behind in deadlines; if 1 hadn't agreedto be a speaker, I probably wouldn't havegone this year.

This year the Faire was in the MosconeCenter rather than Brooks Hall. Moscone ismuch larger than Brooks, so everything wason one floor. Even so, there was emptyspace. Of course, it wasn't as large as the1983 Faire-the one that had Priority Oneand MicroPro out in the garbage area, andexhibits in the chair-storage room, other-wise known as the Black Hole of Calcutta—but it was about as big as last year. Moreimportant: the magic was still there. TheFaire mixes hackers, publishers, vendors,dealers, and end users, and it is the onlyshow where we all get together. I'm glad Iwent, and I liked it a lot—but I wonder if theFaire will survive.

The problem wasn't the new Prentice-Hallmanagement. There were more than 100first-rate speakers and panelists. More im-portant, David Sudkin and his troopsworked hard to give the smaller exhibitors—who are the real lifeblood of the Faire—abreak. There were 60 minibooths. thosepostage-stamp-size affairs where many ofthe miracles we all take for granted nowwere introduced. When the smaller ex-hibitors had problems, David Sudkin paidattention. Alas, the problems were beyondhis control.

San Francisco is a much unionized city.Moscone Center is a city-owned facility, and

the city politicos have signed contracts giv-ing control of Moscone to the shopstewards, who miss no opportunity togouge exhibitors no matter what their sizeor wealth. For example, all exhibit spacemust be carpeted. They'll rent you carpetat their prices. If you try to save money bybringing your own, you then have to pay forhaving it spread out for you—even if you layit down yourself. Exhibitors weren't allowedto assemble booths or carry equipment.

This sort of thing was bad enough atBrooks Hall, but Jim Warren was able to ca-jole and wheedle. There's a different crowdat Moscone Center, one unwilling to listento reason. As an example: Barry Workmanbrought up a copy machine and unloadedit himself. Every few minutes some guystuck his head into the Workman booth andpointed to the copy machine. "You'll pay forthat," he muttered. Other exhibitors who at-tempted to do any of their own work hadsimilar harassments.

It seems counterproductive to me. Thesmall companies simply can't afford to payhundreds of dollars for work they can dothemselves. They don't make that muchfrom the Faire in the first place. Many largercompanies, who don't sell anything at theFaire but used to come to show the flag,have decided they've had enough and won'tgo to the Faire or indeed to any other showin San Francisco. Surely San Francisco didn'tinvest all that money in the Moscone Centerjust to drive conventions to San Jose?

Chocolate Bribery ...

One reason I enjoy the Faire is the chanceto meet old friends like Walt Bilofsky. It's abit odd. Walt's Software Toolworks is actual-ly located no more than a mile from ChaosManor, but the only time we see each otheris at a Faire 400 miles north.

As usual, Walt had a bewildering line ofCP/M, Zenith, and IBM PCompatible soft-ware: chess players, text editors, C com-pilers, an operating-system enhancement

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 293

Why I recommendLogitech's Modula-2

Logitech Modula-2™ combinesmany of the best features ofboth C and Pascal. My prod-uct Time Line™ contains overa million bytes of sourcecode. It is fast and indisput-ably powerful. I estimate thatit would have taken 20 to 50percent more time to developin C, and would not be asreliable. I anticipate half themaintenance costs usingLogitech Modula-2. Six yearsago I was recommending Cfor serious programming.Today, I recommend LogitechModula-2.

Andrew Layman. San Hrunti

Time Line, j project managentc

Further comments:

Access to the machine: LogitechModuIa-2 givesyou direct access to the hardware.Speed: Logitech Modula-2 compiles to nativemachine code.

Strong Typing: Catches many programmingerrors that would slip past a C compiler.Modularity: It is very easy to insulate one partof a program from changes in another.Debugging: Logitech provides you with a run-t ime and a post-mortem debugger. Both aresymbolic, and show source code, call chains,variables, modules, and raw memory.Overlays: Your main program can bringoverlays into memory. You do not even haveto decide in advance which overlays or theirorder.

Version Control: The compiler, linker andloader all check that version of modules, pro-grams and overlays are consistent.Good Library: Includes modules for file I/O,string handling, real number math,operating system access, screen andkeyboard, and you can substitute your own.

Modula-2 from Logitech is the proven, profes-sionally supported native code compiler and crosscompiler for VAX™ and PC systems. For moreinformation, call Christopher Cale at Logitech,805 Veterans Blvd., Redwood City, CA 94063,(415)365-9852. lnEurope,caU(4l)(21)774545.

ffl LOGITECH

Logitech Modula-2—Logitech, rnc; Time Line-Breakthrough Software Corporation- VAX—DigitalEquipment Corporation-

CHAOS MANOR

called C/NIX that's said to give CP/Msystems a UNIX-like capability, andtoo much other stuff to mention. Healso sells The Original Chocolate Byte,which is a thick chunk of excellentchocolate shaped like a 5!4-inch flop-py; it comes in a reusable plastic diskbox and makes a pretty good gift, ex-cept that if you're a chocolate addictlike me, it won't last long enough tobe given away.

The Software Toolworks catalog isfull of good stuff at reasonableprices—none of it copy-protected—with a sensible copyright. "Copyingthis software or document for otherthan original purchaser's use is pro-hibited." If you don't have Walt'scatalog, do yourself a favor and getone.

More Old Friends

Bob Wallace was at the Faire. Bob pio-neered the concept of shareware withhis PC-Write text editor. It's a goodeditor, worth more than the 85 buckshe wants you to pay for it—especiallynow that he's added mail merge andsome other features. Under the share-ware concept, you don't have to pay$85, though; you get PC-Write fromQuicksoft for 10 bucks, or you get acopy from a friend for free. If you likeit, you send $75 to Quicksoft andbecome a registered user, which en-titles you to a printed manual,telephone support, and update infor-mation. It also entitles you to a com-mission if you give a copy to anyonewho subsequently sends in theregistration fee.

The shareware concept seerhs to beworking: Bob and his friends aren'tgetting rich, but they're paying therent and making enough to keep im-proving PC-Write. I wish them well.

Another friend I seldom see exceptat the West Coast Computer Faire isBruce Tonkin, who writes the mostamazing programs in compiledBASIC His MyWord! is a really neattext editor and word processor withfeatures like list sorting and calculat-ing that you won't find in some of thereally expensive programs. He's con-stantly adding to MyWordl's capabili-ties, and it will run on quite a few

machines, including just about all thePCompatibles. He does other stuff,too, all at superlow prices.

Bruce shared exhibit space withBarry Workman, who bundles someof Tonkin's best programs into a setcalled The Software Essentials. In fact,Workman's booth did yeoman ser-vice: in addition to their own stuff (in-cluding WRITE, the CP/M text editorI'm using to write this), they had dem-onstrations of Disk Maker I from NewGeneration Systems, a system that willtransform disks from just about anyformat to any other (we have one andwe love it). Mycroft Laboratories,whose MITE communications pro-grams have kept me in touch with theworld these past several years, alsogave demonstrations. While you'rewriting for catalogs, get Workman's.

Disk Maker I works so well that Iseldom get a chance to review anyother product. However, the chaps atBerkeley Software have added an-other dozen or so formats to whattheir XenoCopy software can handle,and while I haven't used it myself,people I trust swear by their stuff. Ifyou have data-transformation prob-lems—and who doesn't?—you mightwant to write for Berkeley's datasheets.

A Quick Run-through

The problem with writing about theFaire is that there's too much to cover.I used to do a separate article aboutthe Faire and still felt there wasn'tenough room. That leaves me twochoices: I can try to cover a few thingswell, or 1 can follow my instincts andsay fewer words about more stuff. I'veopted for the latter. Do understandthe ground rules for show reports: 1can describe what I've seen, but Imake no guarantees. 1 think I canusually tell if I'm being fed a line, andI certainly won't favorably mentionanything I have some reason tobelieve is flawed; but my opinions re-main tentative about anything thathasn't been put through the wringerhere at Chaos Manor. With that warn-ing, we can get on with it.One thing I have no trouble recom-

(conlinued)

294 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

for Clipperhas arrived.

Clipper introduces you to tlie time of your life.

Time is your moslvaluable commodity.Because how youspend your lime, is howyou live your life.

Al Nantucket, webelieve you should livelite to the fullest.

Clipper, the first truecompiler for dBASEIII,™ is a timely exam-ple. Now, dBASE com-piled by Clipper runs 2to 20 times faster thandBASE with its stan-dard interpreter.A dBASE interpreterpainstakingly checksand executes yoursource code one line al

a time, every lime yourun a program. WithClipper, once you'vedebugged your sourcecode, it's compiled intomore efficient machinecode. Your program

redundant translation.Clipper compiles allyour existing and futuredBASE III programs.

Developing a com-piler for dBASE III wasjust a matter of lime.Call your dealer or ourloll free 800 numberand ask for Clipper.

Then go make themost of your lite lime.

Nanluckt't

20456 Pacific Co;

H

Mallbu, Ca, 90265 (800) 556-1234 ext, 7?h in California (800) 411284!) exl //',:

Inquiry 381 for End-Users. Inquiry 382 lor DEALERS ONLY.

CHAOS MANOR

mending is Rachel Holmen's Truly Por-table (POB 2916, Oakland, CA 94609),which is an excellent 16-page newslet-ter about lapboard computers. Itcomes out 10 times a year, and a sub-scription is $16. Anyone interested inlapboard machines—and especiallyanyone contemplating buying one-will find Truly Portable worth the invest-

ment; it has product information,reviews, programs, letters from users,and lots more.

1 can also recommend Carl Landau'sComputer language magazine (131 Town-send St., San Francisco, CA 94107) foranyone interested in what's going onin the language world. This hasbecome an important magazine for

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hackers, and anyone seriously think-ing about professional work in com-puter programming—or who wants toknow what hackers are reading—willfind it valuable. I'm not sure precise-ly how it happened, but Computer lan-guage was partly designed on mykitchen table; my son Alex is a friendof the founders. Neither of us has anyspecial relationship (or financial in-terest) with the magazine; I just findit interesting to read.

An award for sheer persistenceshould go to Ken Snapp of Beta ToolsSystems. He has been sending me hisBASIC Development System for sixmonths; I must have received a dozencopies. This time he handed me onein person.

The BASIC Development System isa set of tools to use when writing pro-grams in BASIC for PCompatibles.(Due to the way IBM implementedBASICA, there are separate versionsof the BASIC Development System forPCs and PCompatibles. Note also thatyou must have your own copy ofBASICA or GW-BASIC.)

This looks like something I'll use; themanual seems clear enough, and thefeatures—cross-referencing, trace,dynamic dumps of variable values,selective renumbering, and compres-sion/expansion—certainly ought tomake it easier to write BASIC pro-grams. Indeed, l have a good bit ofBASIC programming to do (I have towork on Mrs. Pournelle's reading pro-gram); alas, what with the reconstruc-tion of Chaos Manor, I haven't writtena line of BASIC (or any other kind ofcode) for months, which is why I'vedone no more with the BASIC Devel-opment System than look at themanual. I'd be astonished if it didn'twork as claimed, though: why in theworld would anyone so persistentlywork at getting me to try somethingthat wasn't pretty well debugged?Anyway, I'll know soon enough: Mrs.Pournelle is increasingly impatient tohave her program finished.

Poor Man s TopView

lason Loveman, who left DigitalResearch to found a company called

[continued]

296 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry 71

THE SIMPLE APPROACHIS THE SYMBOL APPROACH

10S=0 1

I REAL X( 100)

J

20 FOR 1=1 TO 100

READ*N,(X(I);i=l,N)

[

30 INPUT X

S=0

40 IF X = 0 GOTO 70

DO 10 1=1,N

(VXhpX^I

50 S=S+X

10 S=S+X(I)

60 NEXT I 1

1 PRINT *,S/N

1

70 PRINT S/(I-1) J

1 END

L

BASIC

A program to calculate averages...

FORTRAN

just shrunk from seven lines...

POCKET APL

to one.

INTRODUCING POCKET APC

Pocket APL, a new PLUS*WARE™ product,symbolizes a whole new way to solve problems.Faster than Fortran. Simpler than Basic. And at acost much less than Cobol and many other pro-gramming languages. Its use of symbols makes itconcise and efficient— powerful and productive.

WORKING IN SHORTHAND =WORKING FASTER, SMARTER.

Pocket APL allows you to shrinkthe length of your programs. Becausejust a few symbols say what takes linesand lines to say in other programminglanguages. So Pocket APL cuts thedrudgery and need for tedious sub-routines and long lists of commands.

GET FLEXIBILITY >WITH CANNED SOFTWARE.

Pocket APL is a complete APLimplementation with enhancementslike online HELP, windowing, reportformatting, dual file system, anddebugging aids. It's also a powerfulonline calculator. So you don't have

to switch back and forth between programs or fromyour hand-held calculator to the computer.

And the symbols? Simple. You'll learn them fast.They'll become as second nature to you as +, -,X, and h-. Once you start using them, you'll beprogramming four to 10 times faster than withconventional languages. And as your needs grow,you can easily upgrade to STSC's APL*PLUS®/PCSystem for even more features—likecommunications and graphics.

POCKET APL COSTSMUCH < YOU'D EXPECT.

Pocket APL makes programmingeasy. And priced at just $95, it's easyon the budget, too. It works with IBMPC's and compatibles and requiresonly 128 K. So if problem-solving istaking up too much of your time, theanswer is symbol. Pocket APL.

To order, or for more information,call 800-592-0050. In Maryland, call(301) 984-5123.

Or write STSC, Inc., 2115 EastJefferson St., Rockville, MD 20852.All major credit cards accepted.

Problem-solving at the speed of thought.

£!¥>C'^R Pocket APL uses a soft character set for computers with IBM-compatible graphics board or color monitor; keywords for computers with monochrome. Optional^^ | ^)^ character generating ROM can be ordered for IBM PC monochromes or Hercules monochrome boards.

a comei Company PLUS* WARE and Pocket APL are trademarks of STSC, Inc. APL* PLUS is a service mark and trademark of STSC, Inc., registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark

Office and in other countries.

Inquiry 31)

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 297

With Network Revelation, you're not alone.

Span the void that separatesyou from other PC's. Be as one with auniverse of data. Be a true networkwith Network Revelation?

Network Revelation is more thana relational database managementsystem. It's a complete applicationsenvironment for most microcomputernetworks. That's not dreaming aboutthe future. It's low-key raving abouta capability of the present.

With Network Revelation, youcan send and receive data on local areanetworks and remote file servers. Rev'sdata dictionaries let you add or restruc-

Cosmos, Inc., 19530 Pacific Highway S.

298 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

ture fields at will, saving ages ofprogramming time. And our menu-driven applications generator andprocedural language are eons aheadof other databases.

The possibilities are infinite.Distributed processing systems linkingworlds. Accounting, inventory andorder entry systems connected forinstant access to data by a galaxy ofusers. And your data is secure withcomplete file or record locking.

REVELATION co-exists withMS-DOS™ So you can transport Lotus1-2-3™ Multiplan® or other data from

COSMOS

PC to PC—using popular routes likeNovell, Ethernet or 3 Com™ You caneven evolve files from primitive,single-user databases into a powerfulRev application.

Encounter the future of distributeddata processing today. Revelation costsjust $950.00? Network Revelationstarts at only $1495.00* for a completefour-user system. So call us and we'llarrange for an unforgettable demon-stration with a Cosmos rep in your area.

MS™ and Multiplan" of Microsoft Corporation.l-2-3m of Lotus Development Corporation. 3 Com1"of 3 Com Corporation.

"Suggested U. S. list price.

Seattle, WA 98188, 206-824-9942

Inquiry 85

CHAOS MANOR

Awesome Technology (yeah, I know),brought around a PC-DOS programcalled Multiple Choice, also billed asPoor Man's TopView. This programmakes three computers out of yourPC or PCompatible. That is, you runthe program. It puts 4K bytes of codeup in high memory. Now you enterControl 1, Control 2, or Control 3, andyou're in job I, 2, or 3. It works in-visibly, and we've run it with the IBMPC with the Orchid PCturbo 186board, as well as with the Zenith Z-l 50and Z-160 PClones. It's compatiblewith SideKick. I've got it here at ChaosManor (I'm running it now on theZ-160), and it works fine. For $64 youcan have WordStar, DOS, and Lotus1-2-3 running all at the same time(with SideKick in the backgroundalready yet). Who needs Symphony?Recommended.

Yet Another EMACS

Another minibooth featured EM-it,an EMACS imitator. EMACS is themacro editor written at MIT byRichard M. Stallman (otherwiseknown as RMS). EMACS was one ofthe very first full-screen editors inexistence. I recall several long-distance debates (I have an accounton one of MIT's large computers) withRMS over the virtues of EMACS ver-sus Electric Pencil, which was theeditor I was using at the time. Thedebates were futile, of course: Penciland WRITE (derived from Pencil) weremuch better editors for creativewriting, but EMACS was far and awaybetter for programming, and indeedit became a bit of a legend amonghackers.

Stallman, who believes softwareought to be available to everyone, putEMACS in the public domain insteadof getting rich from it. The chaps atSayansi have implemented it forPCompatibles and sell their versionfor $49.95, a reasonable price. Need-less to say, it's not copy-protected. It'salso not full EMACS. One of the mainfeatures of EMACS is its extensibility:you can add nearly any feature youmight want from right inside theeditor. EM-it can't do that, but it does

[continued]

M2SDS

TURBO PASCAL"

Now that there's the Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS), Turbo Pascal isall washed up. But you're not. Because Modula-2 is like Pascal. So you can launch intogreater programming efficiency head-first. It's an easy-to-learn language. In an easy-to-use system. At a price that's easy to swallow. Just $80.88. Join the new wave ofprogramming efficiency. Order today.

1-800-922-9049 (hi Texas, call 7131523-8422.)

Checks, MasterCard. VISA. American Express accepted. Shipping & han-dling not included. In lexas add sales tax. Internal 1 orders add $30.TUrbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International,

INTERFACETECHNOLOGIES

3336 RichmondAi v.. Suite 200Houston. Texas 77098

IBM AT THE OFFICEAPPLE AT HOME

NO PROBLEM!

A"Wirelessfiletransfer" packageforthe IBM PC®to Apple IIand back. APPLE TURNOVER™ is a firmware board whichfits into any slot in the IBM PC and some compatibles. NOmodems, NO serial links, NO hassles, NO problems. APPLETURNOVER™ will format Apple CP/M® and Apple DOS 3.3disks. Leave your IBM and Apple computers where they are.Simply bring your Apple disk to work and transfer your file toa PC-DOS disk. Allows for modifications to text and datafiles. It's a simple, in ex pensive, high performance alternativeto complicated serial links and modems.

"NEW!" APPLE TURNOVER™ version 2.0 will read, writeand format PRO-DOS and Apple P-System Too.

3f system sj

See your dealer or callfor information:

(213) 938-0857

Innovation in microcomputer products 6022 W. Pico Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90035

Inquiry 329 for End-Users. Inquiry 330 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 299

You would think when IBM needsEPROM Programmers they would choosethe best and the most expensive.

They don't. They only choose the best.

GTEK.

MODEL 7956 (w/RS-232 option) 51099

MODEL 7956 (stand alone) 5 979

GTEK's outstanding Gang Programmer withintelligent algorithm can copy 8 EPROMS at atime! Use the 7956 in a production environ-ment when you need to program a large num-ber of chips. Programs all popular chips throughthe 27512 EPROMS; supports CMOS EPROMSthrough the 27C256; supports EEPROMSthrough the X2864A; supports Intel's 2764A &27128A chips. The 7956 will also programsingle chip processors.

MODEL 7228 5 599

GTEK's 7228 has all the features of the7128, plus Intelligent Programming Algorithms!

It supports the newest devices available through512K bits. The 7228 programs 6 times as fastas standard algorithms. It programs the 2764 inone minute! Supports CMOS EPROMS throughthe 27C256; supports EEPROMS through theX2864A; supports Intel's 2764A & 27128A chips.Supports Tektronics, Intel, Motorola and otherformats.

MODEL 7324 S1499 MODEL 7128 S 429

The 7324 has a built-in compiler. It programs The 7128 has the highest performance-to-all MMI, National and Tl 20 & 24 pin PALS. It cost-ratio of any unit. It supports the newesthas non-volatile memory and operates stand- devices available through 256Kbits.alone or via RS-232.MODEL 7322 51249

Same as Model 7324 but operates only via RS-232.MODEL7316 5 749

This PAL PROGRAMMER programs Series 20 PALs. It has a built-in PALASM compiler.MODEL 7283 51199

This BI-POLAR PROM PROGRAMMER programs all popular BI-POLAR PROMS. It operatesstand-alone (for production) or RS-232 (for development).MODEL 705 5 299

68705V3, R3, P3 PROGRAMMER.

EPROM, PROM & PAL

PROGRAMMERS

— These features are standard from GTEK —

Compatible with all RS-232 serial interface ports • Auto select baud rate • With or withouthand-shaking • Bidirectional Xon/Xoff • CTS/DTR supported • Read pin compatible ROMS • Nopersonality modules • Intel, Motorola, MCS86 Hex formats • Split facility for 16 bit data paths •Read program, formatted list commands • Interrupt driven —program and verify real time whilesending data • Program single byte block or whole EPROM • Intelligent diagnostics discern badand/or unerased EPROM • Verify erasure and compare commands • Busy light • Complete withTextool zero insertion force socket and integral 120 VAC power (240 VAC/SOHz available) •

UTILITY PACKAGES

GTEK's PGX Utility Packages will allow you to specify a range of addresses to send to theprogrammer, verify erasure and/or set the EPROM type. The PGX Utility Package includesGHEX, a utility used to generate an Intel HEX file.

PALX Utility Package—for use with GTEK's Pal Programmers—allows transfer of PALASM"source file or ASCII HEX object code file.

Both utility packages are available for CPM," MS-DOS," PC-DOS," ISIS" and TRSDOS"operating systems. Call for pricing.

CROSS ASSEMBLERS

These assemblers are available to handle the 8748, 8751, Z8, 6502, 68X and other microprocessors.They are available for CPM and MS-DOS computers. When ordering, please specify processorand computer types.

ACCESSORIES

Model 7128-L1.L2, L2A

(OEM Quantity) $259.

Model 7128-24 $329.

Cross Assemblers CPM-80 $200.

MSDOS; CPM 86 . . . $250.

PGX Utilities Call for pricing

PALX Call for pricing

Erasers DE4 $80; PE14T $129

C25 $349; C50 $599

U/V Eraser DE-4 $ 80.

RS-232 Cables $ 30.

8751 Adapter $174.

8755 Adapter $135.

48 Family Adapter $ 98.

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From GTEK, theleader in development hardwareand softwarecomes theCPM user'sdream.

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If you are a CPM user who wanted toconvert to these operating systems but didn'tbecause you had to abandon or rewrite yourCPM programs, now you can make yourmove without losing or rewriting a singleprogram!

The dream from GTEK is a package thatmakes your PC-DOS (IBM PC, XT, AT) orMS-DOS (IBM clones like COMPAQ, LeadingEdge, Televideo) machines think they're beingrun by an 8080 or Z80 microprocessorwith CPM!

The GTEK pack-age contains aCPEmulator™ andCPM ConversionUtility that allowsyou to read andwrite popular CPMdisk formats suchas Kaypro andOsborne.

How easy is it to use? Two steps. (1) Usethe Conversion Utility to copy the CPMprogram to an MS-DOS or PC-DOS diskette.(2) Use the Bind Utility to attach theCPEmulator to your program. And that's it.It's ready to run.

You won't see any difference when yourun the CPM program! Now all the work youdid in CPM is still valuable when you changeto your PC-DOS or MS-DOS machine.

And here's the happy ending to the dream.The CPEmulator is just $199.

Call GTEK's CPM Hotline...1-601-467-9019

If you've been usingCPM on any of thesemachines you can nowmove to PC-DOS orMS-DOS operatingsystems.

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TEK

Development Hardware/SoftwareP.O. Box 289, Waveland, MS 39576601/467-8048; telex 315-814 (GTEK UD), INC.

GTEK, PALASM, CPM, MS-DOS, PC-DOS, ISIS, TRSDOS, & CPEmulator are registered trademarks.

300 B YTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry I35

CHAOS MANOR

have some impressive macro capabil-ities. I saw it run on a PCompatible,and it looked very EMACS-like to me.

FORMIT from Emerald City Soft-ware is a text-formatting program thatworks something like WRITE does.That is: WordStar, and many other texteditors, print on a "what you see iswhat you get" basis. This is fine forletters but not so hot for complexdocuments—and a decided nuisancefor very simple things like manu-scripts. WRITE has a number of "dot"commands (the command is given bystarting a new line with a period,something you never do in ordinaryEnglish) that tell the program what Iwant done with the line. For example,,ce3 means center the next threelines, .pw65 means make the lines 65characters wide (on average if we'redoing right justification), etc.

FORMIT works the same way. It hasa rich command structure and workswith Epson dot-matrix printers. Theauthors claim they're continually add-ing other printers it will work with andthat they're at work on "full, font-levelsupport for all smart printers."

FORMIT is freeware; that is, you canhave a copy free (it's available onbulletin boards, or by sending a for-matted disk with return postage to theauthors, or from anyone who has acopy), but you're expected to pay $15if you use it. Fair warning: FORMIT isintended for users willing to pay at-tention and do a bit of experimenting.The manual (which is on disk—youprint it out yourself) is completeenough, but the nature of the pro-gram requires you to do a bit of think-ing. FORMIT requires an IBM PC ora generic MS-DOS machine with atleast 128K bytes. Recommended forthose who don't have a text format-ter; it's sure easier to use this than togo through a document makingchanges.

Checks and Balances

My friend and colleague DavidGerrold was at the Faire, but I didn'tsee much of him. He did hand me acopy of a program called Checks andBalances, which was written by a

(continued)

M2SDS

TURBO PASCAL"

Now that there's the Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS), Turbo Pascalhas been grounded. Because Modula-2 is the language that lets programming efficiencysoar to new heights. You know Pascal. So you can take off and use Modula-2 rightaway. It's an easy-to-learn language. In an easy-to-use system. Priced at a low $80.88.Send your programming efficiency flying. Order today. iMXCDCArC1-800-922-9049 Qn Texas, call 713/523-8422.) jjj^rjni fV"1CC

Clxcks. MasterCard, VISA, American Express accepted. Shipping & ban- 1 t L. 11 IN U LUU J LJdling not included. In Texas add sales lax. Internal 7 orders add $30. 3336 Richmond Ave., Suite 200

71/rbo Pascal is a trademark of Borland International Houston, Texas 77098

Computers For The Blind

Talking computers give blind and visually impairedpeople access to electronic information. The questionis how and how much?

The answers can be found in "The Second Beginner'sGuide to Personal Computers for the Blind and Visu-ally Impaired" published by the National Braille Press.This comprehensive book contains a Buyer's Guideto talking microcomputers and large print displayprocessors. More importantly it includes reviews,written by blind users, of software that works withspeech.

Send orders to:

National Braille Press Inc., 88 St. Stephen StreetBoston, MA 02115, (617) 266-6160

NBP is a nonprofit braille printing and publishing house.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 301

H

^^H

• t •

Store this inyour memory:buy two packsof Xerox FlDiskettesand get onepack free.

It's true. When you buy two packs of our new 3Wmicro diskettes or selected 5W diskettes, you'll receivean additional pack absolutely free* It's our way of intro-ducing you to our superior new floppies.

Try them out on your IBM-PC, PC-AT, Macintosh,Compaq, AT&T, ITT, Olivetti, HP or on our own PC'sand word processors. You'll see how superior they are,both in quality and performance. And they're packed in adurable library case as well.

To get your free diskettes (or for more information)simply call 1-800-822-2200 Dept. 20 and order any of theitems specified below:□ 11R66003: 5W double-sided/double density disk-ettes (10 per pack) for your IBM-PC or IBM-compatible PCD8R2467: 51/4" high densitydiskettes (10 per pack) for yourIBM-ATQ 8R2466: 3 Vi" single-sided micro diskettes

(5 per pack) for your Apple MacintoshThis offer ends December 31,1985 and is limited tofive free packs per customer.

So remember, call 1-800-822-2200 Dept. 20 and orderyour free diskettes today. That's a pretty memorable offer!

TeamXerox

*Your free pack will be of comparable or lesser value than the two you purchase.XEROX® is a trademark of XEROX CORPORATION.

302 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

XEROX

I SHi

For more information from Xerox, Circle 344 on the Reader Service card.

CHAOS MANOR

friend of his. As the name implies, itgives checkbook balances; but it doesa lot more than that. Indeed, it seemsto be a pretty fair accounting pro-gram. It has room for 64 categoriesof income or expense entries: thingslike "Income from books" or "Utili-ties." Each of these would then be aledger page. Alas, I have more than225 pages in my chart of accounts, soI'm not too likely to have a use for it;but someone with simpler re-quirements would probably like it. Iguarantee this program is easier to set-up than my accounting program is.

Real Bargains

A few readers have sent letterswondering why 1 mention Workmanand Associates as often as I do. It'ssimple enough, and it has nothing todo with friendship. They put out realbargains. As an example: Disk One inthe new PC version of the SoftwareAnthology Series. This disk is crammedwith routines to defeat copy protec-tion, recover lost data, set up specialbatch files, and generally make lifesimpler for PC-DOS and MS-DOSusers. Some of the software is free-ware for which Workman has boughtan unlimited-distribution license.Some is public-domain stuff gatheredfrom bulletin boards and usersgroups. It would take a while toassemble this much software, and ifyou were doing it yourself, you'd stillhave to figure out what works andwhat doesn't. As with Workman'sCP/M Software Anthology disks, thereare several programs each worthmore than he charges for the disk; 1know, because I use the stuff all thetime.

Wonderful World of Color

There was a time when the WestCoast Computer Faire was the placeto announce new hardware. I recallstartling new stuff introduced at theFaire by CompuPro (now Viasyn),Sage (now Stride), Osborne (nowrecovering from Chapter 11), Fortune32 (now—oh, well), and others. Therewasn't anything like that this year (orif so 1 missed it). There was, however,

(continued)

M2SDS

TURBO PASCAL

Programming efficiency? The Modula-2 Software Development System (M2SDS) leavesTurbo Pascal in the dust. Even the learning curve won't slow you down. Because thelanguage is like Pascal. Only better. M2SDS has a price that's tough to beat, too. Just$80.88. Pick up your programming speed. Order today. „ . , . u.

1-800-922-9049 fin Tkxas. mil 7W523-8422.) INTERFACE

Checks. MasterCard. VISA, American Express accepted. Shipping& ban- I tLnlNIULUUI t J

dliiifi not included In 'll-.xas add sales tax Internal I orders add $30. 3336 Richmond Are.. Sidle 200TUrbo I'aseal is a trademark of Borland International. Houston. Texas 7709H

"World's largest chain of independently owned and operated hotels, motor inns, and resorts"

©1985 Best Western international

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 303

THE GRIZZLY™MAKES BLACKOUTS BEARABLE

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No one can hold a candle to The GRIZZLY.

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When your power goes down,the advanced VRS technology ofThe GRIZZLY'" provides an instantswitchover to battery backup,while it warns you with an audiblealarm, giving you ample time tocalmly shut down your computer

system to avoid damage or criticaldata loss. Even momentary voltagefluctuations, which constantlyoccur, are tamed by The GRIZZLY.The Pulse Width Modulated, regu-lated output is your assurance thatyou receive constant, stable, cleanpower.

The GRIZZLY VRS, available in200W, 300W, 500W, 1000W and2000W models. Each tested forcomplete reliability and designedfor ease of use. Just plug it into

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IG IN WUIh

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CHAOS MANOR

a lot of stuff that was new to me.

The most impressive was a com-bination: the Sigma Designs Color-400 PC graphics board and the SR-12color monitor by Princeton Graphics.The SR-12 has 640- by 400-pixel res-olution that's steady as a rock; andthe Color-400 board drops invisiblyinto the PC to give monochromequality to color software. I stood thereand stared: text is as crisp and steadyas if painted on the screen, goodenough to write with hour after hour.

I've arranged to get both the SR-12and the Color-400. The SR-12 getshooked up to a video switch so wecan compare the Color-400 to ournew CompuPro PC Video board thatgoes in our big CompuPro S-10080286/Z80 system. Princeton also hasthe MAX-12, a crisp amber-screenmonitor that knows whether it's beingfed input from a PC monochrome orPC color board and adjusts accord-ingly and other impressive monitorsI hadn't seen before. I'm told by peo-ple I respect a lot that PrincetonGraphics has long had the reputationfor being among the very best in itsfield, and they're astonished I didn'tknow that; which just goes to show... or something. I can plead thatbecause I wear bifocals 1 tend toprefer 15-inch monitors, but in fact it'splain that neither 1 nor anyone elsecan keep up with this wonderfulkaleidoscope we call the micro revolu-tion.

Borland s Superkey

The saga of Philippe Kahn's BorlandInternational is a graphic illustrationof the plus side of the history of themicro revolution. Two years agoBorland wasn't at the Faire at all. Lastyear they hurriedly put together anexhibit. This year they had as large apresence as anyone except IBM andAT&T.

Borland introduced SuperKey theirnew keyboard macro package thatdoes just about everything my formerfavorite, Magic Keyboard, did, plus abit more. I'll miss Magic Keyboard'stoggle to PC graphics characters, butSuperKey is more versatile—and ofcourse it's guaranteed to work with

«— Inquiry 110

the indispensable SideKick. I don'trun many PC programs that won'twork with SideKick.

Borland now has Turbo Pascal 3.0,a distinct improvement on the alreadyimpressive version 2.1 particularly likeBorland's new licensing agreement:treat the software like a book, whichis to say, make all the copies you wantbut don't have more than one copyin use at any given time. This seemsquite fair to me.

The Turbo manual isn't quite goodenough to learn Pascal with no otheraid, but it's close. There are lots of ex-amples, and the whole thing is writ-ten in good English. Turbo Pascal hasgot to be the best value in languageson the market today—and Borland In-ternational, by delivering excellentproducts at reasonable costs, isleading the software industry whereit has to go.

I've said this before. In my judg-ment, the $500 program is a dinosaur.One reason for this is Borland: TurboPascal is more than just a good pro-gram at a low cost. It's also a low-cost,well-conceived programming lan-guage making it possible for lots ofpeople to produce good programs.

LAPLACE

One example: LaPlace, by P. L. Hagel-stein, is a program written in TurboPascal. It's hardly a slick item: it tookme five minutes of hard work to findthe name and address of the pub-lisher! It's nowhere given on the in-struction sheets and given in only oneplace in the program display.

LaPlace is a program for calculatingand displaying potential fields. Toquote its manual: "LaPlace solves theLaplace, Poisson, and inhomogene-ous Poisson equations in 2-D throughnumerical finite element methods.The matrix equations resulting fromthe finite element analysis are solvedusing the fast incomplete Choleskyconjugate gradient technique, whichallows problems with 1000 nodes tobe solved in less than 10 minutes."

That's specialized stuff. I doubt anycommercial software house would de-velop something like that—but it's the

[continued]

SAVEMONEY

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Articles of Incorporation, Shareholder & DirectorMeeting Minutes, Corporate By-Laws, By-LawAmendments, Shareholder & Director Resolutions,Merger Resolutions, Compensation Resolutions, Divi-dend Resolutions, Loan Resolutions, Fringe BenefitResolutions, Employee Benefit Resolutions and 86

PERSONNEL

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 305

TM

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Now you can create and edit studio-quality pictures on your IBM* PC orcompatible computer with theIMiGIT PLUS™ color system.Anything a video camera can see —people, products, scenery andartwork — can be computerized in256 colors using the IMiGIT PLUScolor system. Pictures are capturedand displayed in their original "truecolor" so you do not have to spendhours recoloring to attain a "real-lifelook". Images can be enhanced withtext, line art and other graphics forbusiness presentations, art studio,education, engineering, architectureand television applications.

Professional Quality —Special Effects

Pictures are captured at a resolutionof 512 x 512 x 256 colors selectablefrom a 16 million color pallette.Captured images can be modifiedwith editing tools such as: multi-fontannotation, line and freehanddrawing, filled and unfilled boxes and

circles, texturing, color fill, curvefitting and rubberstamping. A cut andpaste feature allows "cut art",previously saved to disk as picturesections, to be recalled andoverlayed on the display. This editingsophistication lets you createcomplex graphics as well asdramatic and illusionary specialeffects.

Designed for the User

The IMiGIT PLUS color system is •easy-to-use and versatile.Completely icon-driven, you canquickly learn to master the powerfulediting tools. Also, you can select thevarious editing commands using thekeyboard, popular mouse devices ordigitizing tablets. Captured colorpictures can be displayed for editing,saved and retrieved from disk,printed, and recorded on 35mmslides for professional presentations.

CHORUS

IMiGIT PLUS is available as ahardware/software combination, anadd-on system, and as a completeIBM AT graphic workstation. Thesoftware and PC-EYE color captureboard are priced at $1,295. TheIMiGIT PLUS system includes a colorcamera, RGB monitor, graphicsadapter, software/hardware packagewith expansion chassis priced at$9,500. The workstation is priced at$18,000 and includes an IBM AT with20MB disk, IMiGIT PLUS software,PC-EYE™ capture board,Colorverter™, graphics display card,digitizing tablet, color camera/accessories, and a high resolutionRGB analog monitor.

For more information on IMiGITPLUS or our other imaging productsfor applications in data basemanagement, communications andimage capture, please write or call1-800-OCHORUS or 603-424-2900.

Inquiry 53

TM: IMiGIT PLUS, Colorverter and PC-EYE are trade-marks of Chorus Data Systems, Inc.*: IBM is a trademark of International BusinessMachines

Chorus Data Systems, Inc., 6 Continental Blvd., P.O. Box 370, Merrimack, New Hampshire 03054

CHAOS MANOR

kind of thing that if you need it, youneed it bad. 1 intend to use LaPlaceto play about with gravitational fieldsmade complicated by the presence ofsmall black holes. 1 expect a moreconventional use would be in fluiddynamics or electrostatics.

Obviously I'm not competent to saywhether or not LaPlace gives the rightanswers. The diagrams and displayslook right, and there's a very extensivemanual: the computer parts are inbaby talk. The rest is written for peo-ple who understand inhomogeneousPoisson equations.

Matrices

Another specialized program, PC-MATLAB from The Math Works, doesjust about anything you might wantdone with matrices: addition, multipli-cation, inversion, eigenvalues, and thelike, and by making use of the 8087coprocessor available in most PCom-patibles, does it fast. I'm going to haveto come up with a different "bench-mark of sorts": the one I devised acouple of years ago is performed byPC-MATLAB so fast that I can't time it.

Matrix operations are important toanyone trying to do multiple regres-sion analysis, stationary time series,factor analysis, operations research,and just about any other kind of sta-tistical prediction. Over the past fewyears a program called MATLAB hasbecome a sort of standard for doingmatrix operations on mainframe com-puters. Now it's available for a PC (butonly one with an 8087 math chip).

PC-MATLAB comes with a rathercomplete manual. It's plenty easy toinstall and use, provided that youunderstand something about matrixoperations to begin with. Matrices areinput rather simply. A = [1 2 3: 4.1 5.66.7: 7 8 9| enters the 3 by 3 matrix

3

6.7

9

and, mercifully, the entries are putinto a file that can be edited with anormal full-screen text editor, so thatif you have a data-entry mistake, youdon't have to input the whole matrixagain.

I've found matrix math both inter-esting and useful since my days at theUniversity of Washington, when PaulHorst taught us to apply matrixalgebra to such problems as gradeprediction. Matrices are very power-ful tools: the only problem is the hor-rendous amount of arithmetical cal-culations required. One of the nice

things about small computers is thatthey make it simple. Anyone wantingto understand the world would bebetter off for mucking about with thisprogram: and of course every mathteacher, at any level, ought to have it.Alas, there are two problems. First.PC-MATLAB is copy-protected. It's not

[continued)

With the Digi-Data 2000 PC W tape system you can movedata between your IBM PC, XT, or AT and a mainframe orminicomputer. IBM/ANSI compatible 9-track 1600 bpi V2"tape is the only truly standardized and interchangeablemedium between the PC and mainframes or minis.

The 2000 PC includes tape drive, PC controller board,cables, and complete ready-to-run DOS software utilities forjust $3,995. The utilities provide file interchange in ASCII,EBCDIC, or binary—as well as high speed disk backup andrestore functions. --- DO_DATA

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Inquiry 97

AUGUST 1985

307

CHAOS MANOR

an obnoxious form of protection, and1 suspect that fully half the peoplewho'd be interested in the programknow enough about small computersto remove the copy-protectionscheme in five minutes. Still, it's there.More seriously, they want $695 forit. That's a lot of money. PC-MATLABis probably worth that to the relatively

small number of people who want touse it professionally; but at that priceit's not going to put matrix tools in thehands of social scientists and otherswho need to know about these things.

Software Tools

All—well, nearly all—programmerskeep hoping for the magic "software

earn theC Language

Interactively

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Introducing C is a powerful C language training system that com-bines a thorough, self-paced manual with a unique C INTERPRETERto provide a fast efficient method of learning C.

A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH

Introducing C covers all the essential elements of C. The Interpreterutilizes standard K&R syntax and operators - full structures andunions, arrays, pointer and data types. It provides the standard I/Olibrary and an extended graphics library.

The package has many user oriented features including a screentext editor and extensive error diagnostics (includes dynamic tracecapabilities).

INTRODUCE YOURSELF, TODAY

Introducing C is available for immediate delivery. System re-quirements are IBM PC, XT or AT with one disk drive and 192K bytesof memory. Price: $125.00. Not copy protected.

TO ORDER CALL 800-922-0169

m COMPUTER

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) Shrewsbury Ave., Tinton Falls, NJ 07724 • (201) 542-5920

bus": a set of programs and librariesthat lets you patch together a bunchof concepts to get the job done with-out extensive writing, editing, anddebugging. It's one of the mainreasons for the popularity of UNIXamong hackers.

Back in the early days of microsthere weren't many good books oncomputing, but one stood out so farabove the crowd that there almostwasn't a second. That was Brian W.Kernighan and P. J. Plauger's SoftwareTools (still in print and very much worthreading). This was a book about pro-gramming philosophy; but it gavemany examples as part of the discus-sion. These software tools becamelegendary. Walt Bilofsky named hissoftware house Software Toolworks intheir honor. My mad friend MacLeandaily lamented that we didn't havethem, and all of us wanted them. Alas,they were written for big machinesand in a language called RATFOR.RATFOR = RATional FORTRAN; it wasa preprocessor that allowed FOR-TRAN programmers a chance at writ-ing structured code. A public-domainZ80 RATFOR precompiler was obtain-able, but FORTRAN for our early 8-bitmachines left a lot to be desired.

Then, at a West Coast Faire, I foundan outfit called Unicorn Systems thatpublished the software tools for smallmicrocomputers. Eagerly I broughtthem home, only to find that most ofthem were already pretty outdated,and they didn't work too well underCP/M anyway; too slow. Unicorn alsowanted too much money, althoughgiven what you got—15 disks ofsource code—it's hard to see whatthey could have done to keep theprice much lower. Everything workedjust fine, but the availability of thesoftware tools for micros had far lessimpact than I'd have thought.

Unicorn has since become CarouselTools. They've put the Legendary Soft-ware Tools into MS-DOS 2.0, which ismuch better suited to their structurethan CP/M ever was. The tools useUNIX-like pipes, which is to say thatthe output of one program canbecome the input for another; it's

(continued)

308 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 70

XEROX

Three morefirsts fromthe peoplewhoinventedthe wheel.

From day one, Xerox and Diablohave been known as the two best namesin daisywheel printers. And now thereare three more in the Xerox line tochoose from.

The Xerox AdvantageD-25 Diablo printer turnsout letter quality documentsquickly and quietly. And it does all thatfor the price of a dot matrix printer.

At 80 c.p.s., the D-801F is the fastestdaisywheel printer ever made byXerox. It has a built-in double bin

TeamXerox

Mum **

sheet feeder. As well as the capacity tohandle up to 16 computers at once.

Then there's the D-36. It's so reliable,it averages 4,000 hours of printing

between maintenance calls.

And each of these newprinters is compatible withmost computers on themarket, including the IBM-PC.

So if you're looking for the latest indaisywheel printing technology, call1-800-833-2323, ext. 25, your localXerox office, an authorized Diabloor Xerox dealer or send your businesscard to Xerox Corporation, Dept.

25192, RO. Box 24; Rochester,NY 14692.

Sssss-

1

Inquiry 343

CHAOS MANOR

possible to do an enormous jobemploying half a dozen different pro-grams applied one after the otherwith a single command. MS-DOS 2.0knows how to do that with the tools.Anyone trying to learn how to hackshould become familiar with theKemighan and Plauger book andwould likely benefit from having the

Legendary Software Tools to playwith. I haven't used the new set, butknowing the people at Carousel, I'dbe astonished if there were significantundocumented bugs.

Beyond Compare

Larry Niven and I write books to-gether. We both use computers to

The

Line Tamer™UPS speaksfor itself.

Its on-board micro andRS-232 port let it talkwith your computer forpower system monitorins andcontrol. And its energy-efficient design slashes youroperating cost.

A,

l conventional UPS calls for thebattery and inverter to run constantly,wasting up to 40% of the power used.The Line Tamer Uninterruptible PowerSystem for microcomputers is up to80% efficient because it bypassesthe battery and inverter duringnormal operation. Its unique designwill save you money without sacrific-ing the performance of an on-line UPS.

The built-in Line Tamer PowerConditioner cleans and regulatesAC power, removing spikes,transients, noise, overvoltages andundervoltages. When a blackoutoccurs, or line frequency variesbeyond specified tolerances, thebattery and inverter activate inphase, with no break in the sine waveoutput to your equipment.

The on-board microprocessor andRS-232 port let the Line Tamer UPS alertyou automatically in the event of apower emergency, so you can beginan orderly shutdown. Among theuser-defined warning and alarmparameters are High or Low BatteryVoltage, Over or Undervoltage, Over-temperature and Battery Capacity.

It also keeps you informed of SystemStatus, including Number of PowerOutages, Number of Minutes onInverter, Number of Hours on System,Number of Overloads, and BatteryTime Remaining.

The Line Tamer UPS also features fivefront panel LED's for System Ready,Inverter On, Charger On, AC Presentand Alarm. An audible alarm backsup the LED and automatic interrupts.

The complete specifications for theLine Tamer UPS for microcomputersspeak well, too. For your copy, call orwrite Shape Magnetronics today.

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write. Generally we don't work on thesame part of a book at the same timeunless we're working together. Some-times it happens, though, in whichcase we have two versions of thesame text—and neither is "latest."

When that happens we haul outCOMPEN, a file comparator that looksat CP/M text files and displays theirdifferences. COMPEN (from ComparePencil files, showing just howvenerable that program is) is availablein the Workman CP/M Software An-thology Series.

Beyond Compare from GeneralTransformation Company is a pro-gram for the IBM PC that does a greatdeal more than COMPEN does forCP/M files. If you use a PC or 100 per-cent PCompatible and have 2 56Kbytes or more of RAM, 1 recommendBeyond Compare; it's worth the cost.

FOR THE RECORD

Epson America had a big display ex-tolling the virtues of Valdocs 2.0, aprogram announced last fall and avail-able Real Soon Now, for sure. I under-stand that Rising Star Industries, theoutfit that's supposed to produceValdocs 2.0, recently laid off anumber of its programmers. As Iheard the rumor, the people laid offwere those who had finished theirpart of the project. This gives interest-ing incentives to those who haven't.

The last time I mentioned RisingStar's problems getting Valdocs 2.0completed, Roger Amidon, chief pro-grammer for Rising Star, called me. Hewanted to know if I'd do a fair evalua-tion of Valdocs 2.0 when I got it. Ipromised I would, but I'm not holdingmy breath until I have to pay thatdebt. I've also got a self-promotionalnewsletter from Rising Star promisingValdraw and Valpaint, which requireValdocs 2.0, "Ready for shipment May15, 1985." 1 wonder if I can get oddson that bet?

I'd have lost. We received Valdocs2.0 in mid-May. It seems to work;more next time.

AT&T BADGE WATCH

AT&T's people had a big booth at theFaire. They had one at the Winter

310 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 288

CHAOS MANOR

COMDEX in Anaheim, too. You'llrecall a year ago in Las Vegas 1 couldtell the rank of the AT&T employee bythe badge: plastic or paper for lowranks, then moving up through shortsilver, wide silver, narrow gold, to thesenior officer present who had a widegold badge. Apparently someoneread my column; at Winter COMDEXall of the AT&T people had narrowgold badges. I fear I made a coupleof untoward remarks that may havebeen overheard.

At the Faire they all had identicalwhite plastic badges. However, theyalso wore carnations: white for PRpeople, colored for technical person-nel. They'd solved The Great BadgeProblem!

On the other hand, there was noone there who'd admit ever havingheard of me or BYTE, and I didn't careto explain myself, so I didn't see any-thing. I suspect that if they'd spend

more time having their media spe-cialists learn something about com-puter publications, and less worryingabout the size and color of theirbadges, they'd sell more computers;but perhaps they know something 1don't.

HyperDrive and Corvus

lust before the Faire my Macintoshreturned from General Computer withthe HyperDrive installed. HyperDriveis an internal hard disk plus conver-sion to the 512 K-byte Fat Mac. It tookGeneral about 12 days (including ship-ment to and from the east coast) todo mine. 1 love it. It works splendidly,it seems quite rugged, and it's fast. I'llhave a lot more to say about Hyper-Drive in upcoming issues.

My son Alex works with Barry Work-man and managed to wheedle meinto lending him the HyperDrive Macto use at the Faire as the demonstra-

tion machine for Workman's Macin-tosh software. They took it up in atruck; when it returned, it made aslight rattling noise.

I had visions of warped bearings inthe hard disk. The noise was intoler-able. With trepidation 1 got out the #5Torx driver and opened up the Mac-something I don't recommend thatreaders do, since there's about 28,000volts stored in condensers, and the in-sides of a Mac can be dangerous formonths. Anyway, once inside, the prob-lem became obvious. As part of theHyperDrive conversion, General putsin a small fan at the top of the Mac.The fan is put in with double-sidedsticky tape, and it had slipped justenough that the fan blade hit the tape.A tiny nudge—which could have beendone from outside, had I but known—took care of the problem.

As I said, the HyperDrive seems

(continued)

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 311

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Broderbund Choplrfler 19.00*

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CBS Mastering the GRE 53.50*

CBS Murder by the Dozen 20.97*

CBS Goren Bridge Made Easy 45.00"

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1st Byte Smooth Talker-Mac Only 70.00'

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Cutthroats, Witness or Zork I

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Broderbund Sank Sfreel Writer 40.00*

Central Point Copy II Plus or Copy It Mac 20.00"

Funk Software S .■■ .-..i. 35.00'

Funsoft Macasm 60.00'

HabaHaOade* 40.00'

Haba Quartet Jazz Features Available Now' 101.95'

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► Human Edge Mind Prober 25.50"►Human Edge Sates Edge 110.00'

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Software Publishing PFS File Write or Graph

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Telos Fitevision tor Mac

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Apple MAC 400KB External Drive 349.95*

Haba MAC 800KB Double sided Drive 315.00*

Twice (fie Capacity-Reads Standard Disks'

Micro Sci A2 143KB Drive 165.00"

Jusl like Apple's Own

Micro Sci floppy Controller 55.00"

PCNetwork I40K External Drive 115.00'

tor Apple lie

Rana Elite II63K Drive 225.00*

Rana Elite II326K Drive 320.00'

Rana Elite III 652K Drive 398.99'

Tecmar 5MB flemovaole Drive tor MAC 1,350.00'

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Tecmar 5MB MAC Drive Upgrade 1.295.00'

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Pteniice Pop Com MAC Pack 322.00* r?50l

1200 Baud Modem. Cable. Stratghtalk

ALS Z-Engme SI 29.00* (2 501

AST Multi 1/0-2 serial/Clock 155.00' (2 50)

Microsoft Premium Sottcard lie 243.67* (2 50)

Microtek Dumpling GX 55.00' 12 50)

Orange Micro Grappter * 96.90' 12 50)

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PC Network Z80 Card 35.00- (2 50)

Quadram APIC'G Graphics Interface 62.00' (2 50)

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Microsoft Word-Latest Version 2 0

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Microsoft Mouse

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Koala Speed KeySysrem 101.50'

PC Network Replacement 130 Watt 90 00"

IBM-PC Power Supply-Gives your PC the same

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CHAOS MANOR

rugged enough. It's quiet again, andit sure is faster than a normal Mac.David Ramsey of Corvus Systemsheard that Alex was bringing mymachine up and arranged to bringone of the new Corvus hard-diskdrives for the Macintosh over to theWorkman booth. They plugged it in.Worked fine. Workman now had the

most complete Macintosh in theshow: two floppy-disk drives, 512Kbytes of memory, and two hard-diskdrives. Needless to say, in that con-figuration the Macintosh is speedy.

I'm told that my second Macintoshjust arrived. It's being converted to aMegaMac (full megabyte of memory),after which it gets the Corvus hard

Yodre inGoodCompany

When Y)u Program

inBetterBASIC

All of these companies rely on BetterBASICto write their software programs. They havefound that BetterBASIC combines the featuresthey need from BASIC, Pascal, C and Forth inone familiar environment. Some of these fea-tures include the following.640K Now you can use the full memoryof your PC to develop large programs.STRUCTURED Create well organizedprograms using procedures and functionsthat are easily identified and understood andcompletely reusable in future programs.MODULAR Use procedures and functionsgrouped together to form "library modules."INTERACTIVE BetterBASIC acts like aninterpreter, responding to the users' commandsin an immediate mode. However, eachstatement is actually compiled as it is entered.EXTENSIBLE Create your ownBetterBASIC modules which containBetterBASIC extensions(ideal for OEMs).COMPILED Each lineof the program iscompiled as it is entered

into the computer's memory rather thaninterpreted at runtime. The optional RuntimeSystem generates EXE. files.BetterBASIC Runs on IBM PC, IBMPC/XT and compatibles.CALL 1-800-225-5800 (In Canada:416-469-5244) Order BetterBASIC now. orwrite Summit Software Technology, Inc. ™,P.O. Box 99, Babson Park, Wellesley, MA 02157.Prices are listed below.

BetterBASIC: $199 Runtime Svstem: $2508087 Math Module: $99

Order the BetterBASIC sample disk which

includes a demo, a tutorial, compatibility

issues and more. Only $10.

MasterCard. VISA. P.O. Checks, Money Order. C.O.D.

accepted.

BetterBASIC is a registered trademark of SummitSoftware Technology. Inc.

IBM PC and IBM PC/XT are registered trademarksof International BusinessMachines Corp. Tandy is a regis-tered trademark of Tandy Corp.Illustrated above are registeredtrademarks of the following com-panies: Mobil Oil Corp.: AT&T:General Electric Co.: Westing-house Klectric Corp.. TRW, Inc.

ALSO AVAILABLE FOR THE TANDY 2000, 1200 AND 1000

disk. I'll then compare MegaMac plusCorvus with the HyperDrive. ReportReal Soon Now.

Games and Syntax

One chap who came looking for meat the Workman booth was BobWoodhead, coauthor of the popularWizardry 1 game. He had the latestversion for the Macintosh, and itdidn't take long to get me playing it.If you have a 512K-byte Mac, thewhole game (more or less) fits intoand fills memory; this speeds thingsup considerably. You can play Wizard-ry 1 on the 128K-byte Mac, but beprepared to wait for disk accesses.

Wizardry I is complex. At bottom it'ssupposed to be like the dungeon-esque game TSR bombasticallythreatens to sue you for mentioning,in that you take a party of adventurersinto a maze-like dungeon, where youencounter all sorts of monsters. Youcan fight or run, and if you fight, yourmagic-using characters can cast spells.

It's all very interesting, and when Igot Wizardry I home, 1 spent toomuch time playing about with it. I'mnot sure what the game's fascinationis. 1 hate mapping mazes, and there'smore of that than anything else withWizardry I.

Mostly, though, it got me to think-ing about games and programs.

Adventure/exploration games comein a lot of flavors, but tonight I'm in-terested in two basic classifications:menu-driven, like Wizardry 1, andcommand-driven, like the originalAdventure game of Crowther andWoods.

Menu games can be fascinating.Wizardry I has lots of graphics andconsiderable ingenuity. At bottom,though, what you can do is known inadvance to both you and the com-puter. You give a command, and themachine does it. The program needsno ingenuity, since if you give a com-mand that's not on the menu, neitheryou nor the machine has a problem.In Wizardry I the machine eitherbeeps or responds with "What?" Inboth cases, you simply enter a newcommand.

(continued)

314 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 312

SNEAK PREVIEW

of a powerful

NEW SOFTWARE METAPHOR

WANTED: People with Imagination, an IBM PC, and $59.95.

by Paul Heckel

President, QuickView Systems and author, Elements of Friendly Software Design

Rarely does a software productintroduce a new conceptualmetaphor. VisiCalc introduced theelectronic spreadsheet; Thinktank, theelectronic outliner; and now Zoomracks,the electronic rack. Let me tell youwhat electronic racks are, why I thinkthey are important, and how you canget to try them risk-free at a savingsnow and maybe help shape their finalform to your liking.

New Metaphor:

Originally designed to keep track oflists, names and addresses, appoint-ments, notes, and other information onportable computers, electronic racksprovide a simple, consistent and richorganizational metaphor for data base,text, and other applications.

Zoomracks starts with somethingfamiliar: racks—like those filled with

ZOOMRACKS SPECIFICATIONS:

■ Copy and move fields, cards, and textinto different fields, cards and racks.

■ Define and change card templates.

■ ASCII MS/DOS file format forconversion to other data formats.

■ Utilities to convert DBASE 11 files.

■ Macros.

■ Simple Wordstar-like editor.

■ Easy to learn and easy to use for bothoccasional and frequent users.

■ Display sizes: 6 x 25 to 25 x 80.

■ 8 racks on screen, in memory; 30fields/card; 80 characters/line; 250lines/field, 20,000 cards/rack.

■ Runs on 256K IBM PC.

time cards next to time clocks in fac-tories. You can see the first line of eachcard, and take out a card to look at it indetail. You expect the cards in a rack tobe in order, several racks to be next toeach other; and to be able to movecards from one rack to another.

You might put names and addressesin one, appointments in a second,notes in a third, sales orders in afourth, memos in a fifth, and archivedappointments or notes (moved or cop-ied from the second or third rack) in asixth rack. To do something withZoomracks, first ask yourself: "Howcould I do it with cards in racks?"

Windows illuminate like aflashlight in a dark room

Racks are displayed with SmartZooms. While windows sacrifice thebig picture to let you see the detail,Smart Zooms squeeze out the detail toalways show you a recognizable bigpicture—whether a long shot of sev-eral racks, a closeup of one rack, oran extreme closeup of a single card.

One time offer forByte Readers

If you like to stretch new productsand influence their final form, wewant your feedback. That is why weare introducing Zoomracks in thisissue of Byte. We are making a onetime offer of a Sneak Preview Editionof Zoomracks at an affordable price soyou can try it and give us your feed-

The Wide key (function fl) toggles between displaying the working racks (left two screens) and thecurrent rack full (right two screens). Smart Zooms compress out detail to keep the big picture.

Fl,r» Fl«4

MfflOHY (-. SALES POINTS

i .5.1 r J.A. fcytk Q Z»r iwi ta crd rck

ickcrs Pr.k Sty Dp 7. Rck flip urk Ir *ny

I M? 77 :t Gnp pnt spr .nij dp

lis I Fsk Um'l Crll < lick Vlllll Interfc

fti.l Cnj«l «B« 5 Hill All tlacrn

"J Tkl C2 I. Ftp El.: HI. ip

Ill

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M.:.-7R4|jQi3<irv J.A. ^'ithlQ Vmv uss ta vtA1 stt RtSUoJwri Pol Sla Dj. 2 Rr.k flip »rV fp

lfc». Hit ta Rgr rrffl

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11

Before developing Zoomracks, PaulHeckel studied what made VisiCalcand other software powerful, useful,easy to use, and successful. He crys-tallized his thoughts in a book. Thisis what people are saying about thisbook, The Elements of Friendly Soft-ware Design:

It is the first computing book I've everread nonstop from cover to cover . . .one of the few books I've read on anytopic that actually delivers what itpromises . . ,—Dave Bunnell, PC World Publisher

Entertaining and instructional . . . willaffect the way I program from now on.—David Clark, Byte Magazine

Informative, useful and entertaining.Will help improve your communica-tions skills in any medium . . .—Robert Burton, President, Rolodex

The Elements of Friendly Software Design isavailable at your local bookstore for $8.95or by calling 800-443-0100 EXT 341. Youcan also order by writing QUICKVIEWSYSTEMS, 146 Main St., Suite 404, LosAltos, CA 94022. Add an additional $2.50for postage and handling. Payment mustaccompany order.

The Yank key (function f2) toggles between displaying the first lines of cards in racks (top two screens),and the current card (bottom two screens). In these pictures Zoomracks is using a 10 by 60 screen.

back in time to make a differencebefore we officially introduce Zoom-racks in November.

What you get for $59.95

■ The Sneak Preview edition ofZoomracks;

■ A free upgrade to the first runedition of Zoomracks;

■ An acknowledgement in the usermanual if you are the first to suggestan improvement we use;

■ A six-month unconditionalmoneyback guarantee.

To order theSneak Preview Edition

$59.95 copy protected$79.95 copy unprotected

CALL

800-443-0100 EXT 341

OR WRITEQUICKVIEW SYSTEMS

146 Main Street, Suite 404Los Altos, CA 94022

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 315

THE CMO ADVANTAGE HOME COMPUTERS

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APPLE

APPLE lie CALL

APPLE lie CALL

MaclNTOSH CALL

lie LCD Display CALL

Macintosh Software

Lotus Jazz CALL

Microsoft Excel CALL

Microsoft Business Pak $375.00

Living Vldeotext

ThinkTank 512 $159.00

Manhatten Ready. Set, Go $79.99

Crelghton Development

Mac Spell $69.99

Monogram Dollars & Sense....$99.99Peachtree Back to Basics - GL$ 109 00PFS File & Report (New Version)$129.00Silicon Beach Airborn $25.99

A ATARI

130XE (120K) CALL

S20ST (512K) CALL

800XL 64K CALL

850 Interface $119.00

1010 Recorder $49.99

1020 Color Printer $79.99

1025 Dot Matrix Printer $199.99

1027 Letter Quality Printer $269.99

1030 Direct Connect Modem $59.99

1050 Disk Drive $179.99

Touch Tablet $64.99

7097 Atari Logo $69.99

4018 Pilot (Home) $57.99

5049 VisiCalc $49.99

4011 Star Raiders $12.99

4022 PacMan $16.99

8036 Atari Writer $79.99

BOARDS FOR ATARI

Axlon 32K $39.99

Axlon 48K (400) $69.99

Axlon 128K $269.99

Microbits 64K (600) $109.00

Bit 3 Full View 80 $229.00

f t commodore

C128 Computer SNEW

C1571 (Disk Drive lor C128) SNEW

C1902 (RGB 13" Monitor for C128)....SNEW

C1670 (Modem lor C128) SNEW

SX-64 Portable CALL

Commodore Plus 4 $199.00

CBM 64 $149.00

C1541 Disk Drive $199.00

C1530 Dataselte $39.99

M-801 Dot Matrix Printer $189.00

M-802 Dot Matrix/Serial $219.00

MCS 803 Dot Matrix $179.00

C1802 Color Monitor $199.00

C1660 Auto Modem $59.99

DPS 1101 Daisy Printer $339.00

Professional Software

Fleet System II w/SpelU $49.99

Trivia Fever $29.99

Word Pro 4 Plus/5 Plus each...$239.00

Info Pro $179.00

Administrator $399.00

Power $69.99

ffi!

File (64) $59.99

Report (64) $49.99

Precision Software

Superbase 64 $54.99

flATTERIGSl

inCUJDED

Paperclip w/Spell Pack $79.99

The Consultant DBMS $69.99

Bus Card II $139.00

80 Col Display $139.00

KS

HEWLETTPACKARD

41CV $189.99

41CX $249.99

HP 71B $419.99

HP 11C $62.99

HP 12C/15C/16C $89.99

HP 75D $999.99

HPIL Module $98.99

HPIL Cassette or Prinler $359.99

Card Reader $143.99

Extended Function Module $63.99

Time Module $63.99

We stock the full line ofHP calculator products

NEC

PC-8401 CALL

PC-8201 Portable Computer...$289.00

PC-8231 Disk Drive $599.00

PC-8221A Thermal Printers $149.00

PC-8281A Data Recorder $99.99

PC-8201-06 8K RAM Chips $105.00

SHARP

•1350 $159.99

-1261 $159.99

-1260 $109.99

-1500A $165.99

-1250A $88.99

-125 Printer/Cassette $128.99

■150 Color Printer Cassette.$171.99-161 16K RAM $134.!

MODEMS

DRIVES

HARDALLOV

PC Stor CALL

lDtA.sioci.uts

5 meg Removable/Internal $1399.00

10 meg Fixed/Internal $1249.00

15 meg 5 Removable/10 Fixed$2149.0025 meg 5 Removable/20 Fixed$2499.00

[•MEGA'

10 Meg Bernoulli Box $2099.00

20 meg Bernoulli Box $2599.00

5 meg "MacNoulli" $1599.00

Will COMMITTER TO MtMOW

12. 25, 35, 50, 80 meg (PC) from $1499 00

FLOPPY

INDUS

Apple GT $209.00

Atari GT $239.00

C-64 GT $259.00

EE3

A 1.5 Apple $199.00

A2 Apple $199.00

SD1 C-64 Single $219.00

SD2 C-64 Dual $469.00

landan

320K 5'/4" (PC) $119.00

TEAC

320K 5V4 $119.00

ACCESSORIES

key tronic

KB5150/KB5151/KB5151Jr CALL

KB5152B/KB5153/KB5149Jr CALL

MEMORY CHIPS

4164 RAM Chips (ea.)$1.99

Emsam

PronounceSpeech Input System $499.00

Anchor

Volksmodem $59.99

Volksmodem XII $189,99

Mark XII (1200 Baud) $259.00

Signalman Express $299.00

Lightning 2400 Baud $399.00

5) Haves

Smartmodem 300 $145.00

Smartmodem 1200 $389.00

Smartmodem 1200B $359.00

Smartmodem 2400 $699.00

Micromodem lie $249.00

Smart Com II $89.99

Chronograph $199.00

Transet 1000 CALL

AEX

Reach 1200 Baud Hall Card..

$399.00

mw> miCROBITS

MPP-1000E AD/AA (Atari) $79.99

MPP-1064 AD/AA (C-64) $69.99

Novation Igg

Smart Cat Plus $319.00

J-Cat $99.99

Novation 2400 CALL

Apple Cat II $229.00

212 Apple Cat II $379.00

Apple Cat 212 Upgrade $229.00

Macmodem $319.00

QUADRAM^

Quadmodem II McJ/

300/1200 $339.00

300/1200/2400 $499.00

TELE LEARNINGC64 300 Baud (Closeout) $39.00

ZT-1 'Z^. $339.00

ZT-10 $309.00

ZT-11 $369.00

Z-22 Video Data Terminal $529.00

DISKETTES

maxEll

3V4" SS/DD $39.99

3V2" DS/DD $54.99

514" MD-1 w/Hardcase $17.99

5'A" MD-2 w/Hardcase $23.99

514" MD-2-HD tor AT $44.99

vk Verbatim.

5V4" SS/DD $21.99

5V«" DS/DD $29.99

Disk Analyzer $24.99

Elephant 514" SS/SD $13.99

Elephant 514" SS/DD $15.99

Elephant 514" DS/DD $16.99

Elephant EMSP 5V«" $24.99

5V4" DS/DD $26.99

DISK HOLDERS

INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS

Flip-in-File 10 $3.99

Flip-in-File 50 $17.99

Flip-in-File 50 w/lock $24.99

Flip-in-File (400/800 ROM) $11.99

AMARAY

50 Disk Tub 5'A" $9.99

30 Disk Tub 3%" $8.99

§MIT!I-{>I« I kHC

Wood Disk Holder CALL

GRAPHICS

£?Moala

IBM $89.99

Apple/Franklin $79.99

■Polaroid

Palette $1299.00

PRINTERS

PC COMPATIBLES

AmEEK

300 Green $129.00

300 Amber $139.00

310 Amber IBM-Plug $169.00

Color 300 Composite $239.00

Color 500 Composite/RGB $389.00

Color 600 Hi-Res (640x240) $399.00

Color 700 Hi-Res (720x240) $499.00

Color 710 Long Phosphor $579.00

(Baa)

12" Amber/Green Composite $99.99

12" Amber/Green TTL (ea.) $119.00

NEC

JB 1260 Green $59.99

JB 1201/1205 (ea.) $99.99

JB 1270 Green $139.00

JB 1275 Amber $149.00

JB 1280 G TTL/1285 A TTL $149.00

JC 1460 Color S269.00

JC 1410 RGB $669.00

PRINCETON

MAX-12E Amber $189.00

HX-9 9" RGB $469.00

HX-9E Enhanced $519.00

HX-12 12" RGB $469.00

HX-12E Enhanced $559.00

SR-12 Hi-Res $599.00

SR-12 P Enhanced $649.00

115 12" Green Mono $119.00

116 12" Amber Mono $119.00

121 Green TTL $139.00

122 Amber TTL $149.00

400 Med-Res RGB $299.00

420 Hi-Res RGB (IBM) $429.00

440 Ultra Hi-Res RGB $559.00

QUADRAM^

B400 Quadchrome I $479.00

8410 Ouachrome II $429.00

8420 Amberchrome $179.00

8500 Quad Screen $1499.00

Jgft/BK

ZVM 122/123 $79.99

ZVM 124 IBM Amber $149.00

ZVM 130 Color $269.00

ZVM 131 Color $249.00

ZVM 133 RGB $429.00

ZVM 135 RGB/Color $459.00

ZVM 136 RGB/Color $599.00

1220, 1230, 1240 CALL

MMpftACTKAL

Graphcard.. ~ $79.99

Seriall Card $99.99

Microbutler II + $169.00

Microbuffer 32K $189.00

QUADPAM^I

Microfazer tram $139.00

Etazer (Epson) from $79.99

§gOrange micro

Grappler CD (C64) $99.99

Grappler + (Apple) $89.99

Grappler 16K+ (Apple) $159.00

DIGITAL DEVICES

Ape Face (Atari) $49.99

U-Print A (Atari) $54.99

U-A16/Butler (Atari) $74.99

U-Ca!l Interface (Atari) $39.99

U-Print C (C64) $49.99

P-16 Print Buffer $74.99

iwp miCROBITS

MB1150 Parallel (Atari) $79.99

MPP-1150 Parallel (Atari) $69.99

MP-1150XL (Atari 1200XL) $69.99

MicroSlufler 64K Print Buffer...$109.00

INTERFACES

AT-100 Atari Interface Printer...$139.00

AT-550 Atari Dual Mode $249.00

GP-100 Parallel Interface $189.00

GP-700 Color Printer $449.00

GP-550 Parallel Printer $239.00

Penman 3-pen $289.00

^CITIZEN

MSP-10 (80 col.) $349.00

MSP-15 (132 col.) $499.00

MSP-20 (80 col.) $489.00

MSP-25 (132 col.) $679.00

CITOH

Prowriter 7500 $219.00

Prowriter 851 OP $299.00

Prowriter 8510 NLQ $329.00

Prowriter 1550P $469.00

F10-40P Starwriter $869.00

F10-55 Printmaster $1049.00

ComWriterll Letter Quality $399.00

corona

Lazer LP-300 $2799.00

DIABLO

D25 Daisywheel $599.00

630-109 Daisywheel S1749.00

D801F Daisywheel CALL

d*isywriter

2000 $749.00

EPSON

RX-80, FX-80+, LX-80, JX-80 CALL

FX-100 + , RX-100, LQ1500 CALL

Homewriter 10 CALL

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6000 Letter Quality CALL

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8027 Transportable $299.00

2000 Series $699.00

3000 Series $1099.00

8000 Series $1499.00

ELF 360 $449.00

OKILWA

84. 182. 192. 193. 2410 CALL

Okimale 10 (Specify C64/Atari)$199.00Okirnate 20 (IBM) CALL

OLYMPIA

Needlepoint Dot Matrix $299.00

Compact RO $339.00

Compact 2 $369.00

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KX1090 $199.00

KX1091 $279.00

KX1092 $409.00

KX1093 $599.00

QUADBAM[|||

Quadjet $399.00

Quadlaser CALL

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500 Letter Quality S279.00

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770 Letter Quality $759.00

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Electronic Desk $199.00

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dBase II $299.00

dBase III $389.00

BBORlPflDINIERNATIONAI

Turbo Pascal 3.0 $49.99

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t A l> I I I (I KIIMI ARTS'

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Communication Edge $99.99

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Crosstalk $89.99

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Mum Mate... rrrr" „. $249.00

nun

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Access (NEW) $79.99

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AP/AR/GL/INV/OE (ea).$295.00

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Super Project $195.00

sn

Open Access $379.00

SSI Software

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Trigger $289.00

Sell. Sell. Sell

Training $299.00

Application $179.00

PC-151-21 Single Desktop CALL

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171 (Portable) ^. CALL

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148 (DeskTop) ^f CALL

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MBC 775 Portable $1599.00

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Preview Mono $299.00

PC Net Cards $379.00

5251/11 On-line $799.00

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3780 Emulation Card $639.00

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IRMA 3270....Tr.*^.*-1 $879.00

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Color Card (Graphics Edge) $299.00

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HERCULES

Graphics $299.00

Color $159.00

IDEA.«odiucs

IDEAmax - ZPR, 64K, C, S. P.$229.00

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MYLEX

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Modular Graphics Card $274.00

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Five Pack C. S $159.00

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Bob Board $389.00

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Color Plus $369.00

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Expanded Quadboard $219.00

Quad 512 + $229.00

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OuadSprint $499.00

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QuadJr. Expansion Chassis $469.00

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w/2 Dr, Wordstar Pro Pk, 2050 . . S2299

w/plotter. digitizers AutoCAD . . . SCall

SEEOUA Chameleon/Plus SCall

WANG

PCW/256K. 2 Dr SCall

Office Assistant w/printer SCall

ZENITH

ZF-151 -52w/Zenith Monitor. . . . SCallZF-I5I-21 w/10 MB Hard Disk. . . SCallZF-161-52 (Portable, 2 Dr) $1675

BLUE LYNX 3278 SCall

DCAIrma/lrmaline/lrmaKey SCall

IDEAcomm 3278 SCall

ANCHOR Mark XII $239

HAYES

Smartmodem 1200/2400 S385/SCall

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C100/X100 S249/S265

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■ ■

AST RESEARCH INC.

ADVANTAGEI(forAT) SCall

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jrCOMBO (exp. to 512K) SCall

HERCULES Graphics Card S299

Color Card (RGB/Comp/Par) . . . S155

INTEL 8087/80287 SCall

ORCHID PCTurbo 186 W/128K $655

PARADISE SYSTEMS Multi-Display S280

Modular Graphics Card $269

Module A/B S75/S179

PROMETHEUS Promodem Ext '$315

OUADRAM

EXPANDED OUADBOARD W/64K . S239

QUAD 512+ W/384K S309

SIGMA DESIGNS Color 400

/Mouse $499/5575

STB SYSTEMS Graphix Plus II.... $259

Super Rio W/64K $279

TALL TREE JRAM-2 SCall

TANDON TM-100-2 (DSDD) $129

TEAC FD-55B (Thinline DSDD) $109

TECMAR Graphics Master $485

Captain w/OK SI 79

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AMPEX 20 MB w/25 MB Tape SCall

CORVUS

11.1 MB Omnidrive Starter Kit $1649

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Trimline Combo (TLC) SCall

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IOMEGA Bernoulli 20 MB $2499

MICROSCIENCE/SEAGATE SCall

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NEC P2/P3 Pinwriters. . . . S525/S735OKIDATA

192 S359 ML84P SCall

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PANASONIC KX-P1091 $249

STAR MICRONICS

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TOSHIBA

P1340 $559 P351 SCall

LETTER QUALITY

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HEWLETT-PACKARD Laser Jet SCallDIABLO 630 ECS/IBM $1779

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NEC

ELF 360 . . S415 2050. . . . S6693550. . . . S1069 8850. . . . $1499HUME Sprint 1140/1155/1190 .... SCallSILVER REED EXP 500/550... $250/8419STAR MICRONICS Power Type $415

PLOTTERS & DIGITIZERS

POLAROID PALETTE $1099

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PC-695 $555 DMP-41/42.. $2369

DMP-29 $1799 DMP-51/52 .. $3559

DT-11 Digitizer $679

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MONITORS & TERMINALS

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WVSE

WY-50 $459 WY-350 SCall

ZENITH

ZVM-123A. . S79 ZVM-124. . . SCall

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I, ...Til

ALS Smarterm II (80 Col. Card) . . SI29AST RESEARCH INC. Mulli I/O. . . SCallDIGITAL RESEARCH CP/M Gold Card $269FOURTH DIMENSION 16K RAM Card. $55

80 Column Card (lie) $55

HAYES

Micromodem lie w/Smartcom I. . $149

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MICROTEK Dumpling GX $69

NOVATION Apple Cat II $209

212 Apple Cat II (1200) $389

ORANGE MICRO Grappler + .... $79

Buffered Grappler + $145

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MACINTOSH DRIVEI CALL FOR SS

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64K SET $14 256K SET SCall

call lor quantity pricingDOUBLE-SIDED DISKETTES

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PRINT BUFFERS

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64K .... $185 12BK. . . . $239Serial/Serial, Ser/Par. Par/Ser

8K $139 64K .... $159

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SURGE PROTECTORS

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EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS

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■©-

CHAOS MANOR

Command-driven adventure gamesare much different. You don't knowwhat you'll be allowed to do. Themachine knows what you're per-mitted, but it doesn't know preciselyhow you'll give the command. Sophis-ticated games, like the excellent In-focom series, have highly complexprogram structures, including a com-mand parser that looks at what youordered and tries to make sense of it.Often it succeeds.

In command-driven games youmust experiment. Sometimes youhave to do a lot. Badly designedgames of this sort are terriblyfrustrating: you sit there and try whatlook like perfectly reasonable actions,only to be given some stupid genericmessage like, "I don't understandthat." In the ideal case, though, thegame designer will have thought ofeverything you might want to try andhas built in some kind of response ap-propriate to what you tried. "Dig." "Isee no shovel here."

Even the well-designed games canbe frustrating, since you're trying tosolve a puzzle, and you can't be surethat the designer even considered theingenious idea you've just come upwith for getting past the forest ofskeletons or whatever blocks yourpath. Moreover, because you have tofigure out what you're allowed to do,it takes longer to learn how to playcommand-driven games.

By contrast, you can play menugames almost instantly. All you haveto do is read through the rule bookor examine the help file or whatever.Thus I find that menu-driven gamescatch my attention quicker than thecommand type.

However, I also find that I tire ofthem sooner. In Wizardry I, for exam-ple, once I learned the menu of com-mands, it was easy to move about inthe dungeon. (Not too easy: I man-aged to lose no fewer than 11 first-ratecharacters before I caught on to whatI was doing wrong and tried a new ap-proach.) At first that was fun. Then, as1 learned the shape of the maze andthe nature of the puzzles, I longed forthe ability to do multiple moves. In-

[continued)

318 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 130

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Brother

HFUOw/Tractors S239

HB-15XL S339

HR-25 SS99

HR-35 S809

Twinwriter5 S819

Canon

LBP-8A1 Call

C-ltoh

A-10-30 S469

F-IO Parallel or Serial $869

55 CPS Serial or Parallel S1035

8510 Parallel (Prowriter) S295

8510 SP S385

8510 SCP $465

8510BPI S315

Citizen

MSP-10 S279

MSP-15 S414

MSP-20 S414

MSP-25 S539

Comrex

CR-2E S364

CR-4 Call

420 S1529

DaisyLaser

PR101 Call

Datasouth

DS180 S1079

DS220 S1299

DS-PP#1 S449

DS-PPS2 S629

Diablo

D-25 S549

630API S1484

630 ECS SI 659

630 ECS/IBM S1659

Other Primer Models Call

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Inforunner

Ritemanw/Tractor S244

Rileman 15 $499

Rileman Blue w/Tractor $299

Juki

5500 Call

6000 S199

6100 S385

6300 $699

NEC

2010. 2015. 2030.2050 S629

3510.3515.3530.3550 S1009

8810. 6815. 8830.8850 $1399

P2. P3 Call

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Panasonic

1091 S239

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1093 $429

KXP3151 $459

Siemens

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Silver Reed

EXP400 Parallel S229

EXP500 Parallel or Serial S279

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850S860Series Call

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MONITORS

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Princeton Graphic hx 12 S445SanyocRT-36 S149

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121 Green S125

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420 RGB - $399

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Zenith

ZVM-122 Amber S95

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ZVM-124 S119

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ZVM-133 Color/RGB S410

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ZVM-136 $575

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MUllCmd

Anchor Automation

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Mark XII

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126K Dynamic Memory

256K Dynamic Memory

Captain 128K

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S269S239S129S379S319S609S129S279CallCallS195

S249S145S295S259SI 59S219S89S3 25

S449S225S299S289S389

COMPUTERS

NEC

PC-8201 Computer S315

PC-8401A Call

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SanyO MBC-775 Portable S1859

S149S189

S125S135

Save 25%Save 25%Save 25%Save 25%Save 25%

Televideo pm 4t ssos9

pm 16T Call

Wyse

Wyse pc Dual Call

Wyse pc 10 Meg Call

Zenith

Z-150 Single Drive .

Z-150 Dual Drive

2-150 W/10 Megabyte2-160 Single Drive . .2-160 Dual Drive

VIDEO TERMINALS

AltOS Smart II S769

Qume

OVT Green 101 S289

QVT Amber 101 S314

Televideo

921 S445

922 S599

955 S459

Wyse so S429

75 S565

Wyse 85 Call

Zenith 2-22 S469

Z-29 S599

Z-49 Call

DISKETTES

Maxell Ml) -I (Qly 100) ....MD-2(Qty 100)

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Keytronicssisi si 79

5151 Jr., S179

PLOTTERS

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Elite II S339

Elite III S405

Elite 10H/Apple S1080

Controller (W/Drive Only) S69

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IBM PC/XT COMPATIBLEXT-16 SELF-ASSEMBLY KIT

Build Your Own IBM PC/XT FullyCompatible Computer At Super Low Cost

• Including: 256K XT-16 CPU Mother Board, ColorGraphic Card, Floppy Controller, One DS/DD SlimDrive. Flip-Top Case, 135W Power Supply, Keyboard,10-minute Step-by-StepAssembly Instruction, andUser's System Manual.

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KEYBOARD

LED for Cap Lock& Numb. Lock.1 Big Return Key.IBM PC/XTCompatible Keyboard. S89.00

XT-16 CPU MOTHER BOARD

• IBM PC/XT Fully Compatible

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Assembled & Tested Board (OK) S 285.00

PCP-128 EPROM PROGRAMMER

• Read and Program 2"'l6.2732, 2732A, 2764,2764A, 27/28. and 2816

• Super Fast Speed. 1 K/secl

S179.00

• Disk I/O Card S169.00

handle 2 Dr., Parallel, Serial (2nd Serialoptional). Clock. Game Port

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• IBM At Compatible Keyboard, Power Supply,Case & Add-on Card Please Call

C.J. COMPUTERS CORP.

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CHAOS MANOR

NaturalLink convertsa command-drivenprogram into amenu-driven program.

focom's designers have built in thecapability for inputting whole stringsof commands: Go east. Take sword.Kill troll with sword. Attack. Run away.Go south. The whole command stringis considered one move at a time; if,for example, you killed the troll withthe first stroke, the program wouldignore the other commands to attackand ask for new instructions.

I wish I could do that in WizardryI. For that matter, 1 wish I could usethe Adventure trick of dropping ob-jects to mark various passages androoms: most of the Wizardry Idungeon is a maze of twisty littlepassages, all alike, and mapping themis tedious at best.

The conclusion from this is obvious:when you're first starting, it's best tohave a menu: but after you've beenat it for a while, you'll prefer com-mands.

Games may be thought frivolous,but the fact is that a good game com-mand parser, like Infocom's, is a fair-ly hefty achievement, with profoundimplications for the whole field of ar-tificial intelligence. After all, whatwe're really seeking is a way to let uscontrol computers without having touse special commands. In the idealcase, we'd simply tell the machinewhat we wanted and watch it do it.Some of the Infocom games getpretty close to that ideal—but ofcourse they're working in a restricteduniverse.

A computer program is a restricteduniverse.

TI's Natural Language

Something of the above seems to bethe philosophy of Texas Instruments'new natural-language front ends. Youcan get a natural-language shell forDOS, Lotus 1-2-3, WordStar, Word

Plus, the excellent BPS BusinessGraphics, EasyWriter, PeachText 5000,Knowledgeman, SuperCalc, Multi-Mate, and probably more that I didn'thear about. In addition, there's a sortof generic NaturalLink toolkit that canbe used to generate NaturalLinkshells for other command-drivenprograms.

NaturalLink in essence converts acommand-driven program into amenu-driven program. With Natural-Link you begin to build "sentences"whose grammar and syntax are set bythe application program the shell isbuilt around. As you add words to thesentence, your choices become morerestricted. Using WordStar as an ex-ample, begin with "1 want to"; this isappropriate to any legal command inthe program. Now add "edit," and thelegal choices become only two: adocument and a data (or nondocu-ment) file.

As soon as your choices are nar-rowed down to one and only one, theNaturalLink program fills it in for you.It still doesn't execute the command.You get a chance to change thingsfirst.

The NaturalLink programs weredelivered to me by Tom Siep of TI'scorporate Human Factors facility (andI sure wish some of the other hard-ware outfits would start a human-factors center). TI's human-factorspeople classify users as beginners, ex-perts, and occasional. The NaturalLinkprograms are designed for the firstand last of those categories. Expertsdon't need them.

The NaturalLink shells have quickways to get outside them and into theregular program the shell surrounds:into regular WordStar, or SuperCalc,or whatever. When you do that, theNaturalLink shell vanishes. It can bebrought back easily.

Tom Siep was accompanied byPeggy Hart of TI's Austin researchfacility. They were visiting in SouthernCalifornia ostensibly for the WinterCOMDEX in Anaheim; that show wasso small that I drove down for onlyone day and saw little to keep methere any longer. After COMDEX,

[continued]

"Without question [NFL Challenge]is the finest computer game I've eveseen—but then I like toothJohn C. Dvorak San Francisco _

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Inquiry 345

CHAOS MANOR

they came up to Chaos Manor.

It's always interesting to see peoplehere for the first time. 1 think no onereally believes that my descriptionsare accurate until they get here.Anyway. Tom and Peggy brought abox full of software, including theNaturalLink shells, and a Tl Portable.

The Portable is a luggable version ofthe Tl Professional. Big Tex, our TIProfessional, is full of boards, in-cluding speech synthesis. The Por-table is comfortably less filled up,although, give it time . . .

The Portable has color. The TI Pro-fessional is one of the few machines

with color good enough to do wordprocessing on; the Portable lives upto that reputation. It also has a jackon the back so that you can pipe outthe video display and put it on a largemonitor.

Peggy Hart is involved in the designof the NaturalLink software. She isn't

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322

I YT E • AUGUST IQSS

Inquiry 199

CHAOS MANOR

a computer-science type—whichhelps. Her husband is a professor ofrhetoric at the University of Texas atAustin, which probably helps too.

Tl is hoping that the NaturalLink sys-tems will be a key factor in selling thenotion that people, especially busi-nesses, ought to use TI PClones. They

just may succeed. I find the Natural-Link shells just the thing for programsI use only every now and then.

There's only one problem, which Ibrought up with TI executives duringmy trip to Austin. Tl intended tolicense use of the NaturalLink tools to

[continued]

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PC-Write $10 for disk and

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CHAOS MANOR

Savvy seems to bethe most interestingof the databasesystems that I'velooked at so far.

software houses. They'd charge stiffup-front fees and even stiffer royalties.

"Who can afford to use them?" Iasked.

They stammered a bit.

"Didn't you learn from the TI-99disaster?" I asked. "Freezing out smalldevelopers is a sure way to doom."

"We know that. We're encouragingsmall developers."

"By charging anyone who wants toexperiment with NaturalLink $1500just to try it?"

"Well—that was expensive stuff todevelop. How can we recover ourcosts? Because if we can't, then we'venot got a lot of incentive to continue.Corporate will shut down the researcheffort."

1 thought about that for a while andcame up with what I think is an in-genious idea. "Look, you don't want20 companies to pay you $5000 forNaturalLink. That hundred grandwould be nice, but it's not a patch onwhat it cost to develop the program."

No one wanted to touch that one.

"What you really want is five bucks

each from half a million copies."

"Sure-"

"But since no one can pick whichsoftware developer will come up withsomething that sells a million copies,what you need is to get the Natural-Link toolkit into the hands of as manydevelopers as possible," I continued."So. Give it away. If you have to chargeanything at all, set the charge at yourproduction cost. Don't charge royal-ties on products developed, either.Not at first. What you have them dois sign an agreement that they'll payroyalties on all the copies they sellafter the first hundred are sold. Thatway you'll collect from the successful,and you won't discourage start-upsfrom using NaturalLink."

The Tl people thought about thatone. Last 1 heard they were going totry to get the corporation to adopt thepolicy.

I hope they do. NaturalLink is a, er,natural for occasional users like me.1 can start work using the NaturalLinkshell and switch over to commandstructure when I've refreshed mymemory about the program.

More on NaturalLink and the TI Por-table (well, Luggable) another time.I'm impressed with both.

Winding Down

I'm running out of space, and there'sstill more to cover. There's a new ver-sion of Savvy, the odd database lan-guage that not only uses natural-lan-guage concepts but lets you spell thecommands wrong. I find Savvy about

the easiest-to-use PC database ofthem all. However, I have a letter froma reader who doesn't like the fact thatSavvy isn't just a database but awhole database programming lan-guage that you have to learn to getits real benefits. It's all true: to me,having a database language is afeature, not a bug.

Savvy bills itself as "The Artificial In-telligence Database" and pretty welllives up to the reputation. It's notcopy-protected. The license agree-ment is silly but not as stupid as most.There's a nice tutorial, and the manualhas examples. Before he left us to goback to graduate school, Peter Flynn(who cannot spell) studied a number ofthe databases here at Chaos Manorand decided that Savvy was the onehe wanted to implement on PCs andcompatibles. I've a bit less experiencewith Savvy's rivals, but I'm coming tothe same conclusion: Savvy seemscomplete enough, is easy to getstarted with, and seems the most in-teresting of the database systems I'velooked at so far.

There's also MaxThink. This is an"idea processor" that purports tosolve most problems writers face.There's even a section on overcomingwriter's block. The authors of Max-Think claim it's much more usefulthan ThinkTank, which was the first ofthe idea-processor programs (or atleast the first I was ever aware of). Ifind ThinkTank indispensable. 1 thinkI'm going to like MaxThink. Alas, it has

{continued)

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Inquiry 236

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Inquiry 142 AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 325

CHAOS MANOR

many features, and the documentsare formidably thick (and come in anawkward—for me—three-panel loose-leaf notebook). When I read randompassages, I find intriguing thoughtsand concepts, but I've so far beenunable to get involved in the tutorial.It's probably a combination of slothand the fact that I'm used to Think-

Tank. Unlike ThinkTank, MaxThink isnot copy-protected. It seems to haveadvanced text-entry/editing features.There's much to like about it. RealSoon Now . . .

The game of the month has to beWizardry I for the Macintosh; I've sureinvested enough time in it. The boyshave divided their time between In-

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focom's Hitchhiker's Guide to theGalaxy and Cygnus's Star Fleet I. Iguarantee you won't enjoy Hitchhikerif you haven't read the book. For thatmatter, I wouldn't buy the game with-out the clues; even if you've memo-rized the book, those puzzles are hard.

There are three books of the month.Modula-2, A Software Development Ap-proach by Gary Ford and RichardWiener (Wiley, 1985) is an excellentdiscussion of why you want to writeprograms in Modula-2 and a good in-termediate text on the language.Beginners will find it tough sloggingbut well worth the effort it takes. SurelyYou're joking, Mr. Feunman by RichardFeynman (Norton, 1985) is a series ofautobiographical anecdotes by theCaltech Nobel laureate who also isknown as a wonderful teacher, and ithas to be the most interesting bookI've read in at least a year, just as ThePentagon and the Art of War by EdwardLuttwak (Simon and Schuster, 1984) isthe most important book I've read insome time.

Meanwhile, Tony Pietsch has Con-current DOS and my CompuPro PCVideo board ready to install in our bigCompuPro S-100 80286/Z80 system.We've held off until we can get themachine upstairs; I've found that com-puters don't like to be moved, and 1want to see it working "as was" in itsnew location before opening it up. Wealso have a pile of machines that havecome in during construction and thushaven't even been uncrated. There'san HP with a ton of software; an EagleTurbo PC; AT&T's 3B2 UNIX V box;the Stride 400; and the thoroughlyupdated Lilith. My new quarters havebeen designed to let me set up amess of machines and work on them,and I'm already running out of benchspace. It's a great life if you don'tweaken . . . ■

Jerry Pournelle welcomes readers' commentsand opinions. Send a self-addressed, stampedenvelope to jerry Pournelle. do BYTE Publica-tions, POB 372, Hancock, NH 03449.Please put your address on the letter as wellas on the envelope. Due to the high volumeof letters, jerry cannot guarantee a personalreply.

326 BYTE- AUGUST

Inquiry 37

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inquiry 143

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Inquiry 138

.y

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330 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS

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by William M. Raike

William M. Raike. who has a Ph.D.in applied mathematics from North-western University, has taught opera-tions research and computer sciencein Austin. Texas, and Monterey.California. He holds a patent on avoice scrambler and was formerly anofficer of Cryplext Corporation inthe United Stales, in 1980. hewent to \apan looking for 64K-MRAMs. He has been there ever sinceas a technical translator and asoftware developer. He can becontacted do BYTE. POB 372.Hancock. NH 03449.

COMDEX in }avan

As I'm writing this it's cherryblossom time in Tokyo; spring hasfinally sprung, and just abouteveryone is trying to arrange a little freetime for o-hanami (flower viewing), walkingor picnicking under the canopies ofblossoms often found near local temples orshrines, as well as in the major parks. Myfavorite spot is Todoroki Fudoson, on thesouthwest outskirts of Tokyo; I was able toenjoy it for an afternoon just after the closeof the first-ever COMDEX in Japan.

The COMDEX show was held at a strangetime of year, only two months before theannual Microcomputer Show. It was alsoheavily oriented toward products for export,rather than for the Japanese market. Theshow attracted only about 40,000 people(including lots of non-Japanese) over threedays, in a city of about 12 million. I thinkmany companies were waiting for theMicrocomputer Show to introduce theirnew goodies.

However, there were some interestingproducts on display. The long-rumoredFujitsu lap-size portable made its appear-ance, along with the NEC Starlet, thePC-8401A, which I previewed in January inthis column. Ampere Corporation's APL-based lap-size machine (see What's New,October 1984 BYTE, page 42), now chris-tened the WS-1, was finally on display,despite being some months behind sched-ule. Brother Industries showed its new por-table word processor/typewriter and thecompanion floppy-disk unit. And laserprinters were there in force, some of themdownright cheap.

Badge News

Usually, the procedure for registering andentering a computer show here is simpleand brief: You fill out a card, pay yourmoney, get a badge, and go in. Not so forthis show. After filling out a full-page ques-tionnaire (with no desks on which to write)and standing in line for 30 minutes, Ihanded in my form to someone who

entered the information into a computerterminal while I waited. Then an on-linebadge-making machine coughed up myplastic badge (with my name misspelled).The theory was that if you wanted an ex-hibitor to mail you additional information,the exhibitor would run the plastic badgethrough a credit-card imprinter, and that in-formation would later be sent to the ad-dress already stored in the computer. Atother computer shows, the usual procedureis simply to drop one of your business cardsin a box at the exhibitor's booth; the ex-hibitor can mail off the additional infor-mation later and doesn't have to do any-thing about it in the midst of a crowdedbooth. In this case the badges were tooflimsy, so the imprinters chewed them up;naturally, the exhibitors hated the wholeprocess because it was such a hassle. Somesensible people just ignored the badges al-together and collected business cards. Thisis a perfect example of an ill-thought-outcomputer application that never shouldhave seen the light of day. And I still haven'treceived any of the literature I requested.

Anonymous FujitsuLap-Size Portable

I may end up being the last one on myblock to buy a lap-size portable computer.So far, I just haven't seen anything irresist-ible. Even so, I've been looking forward formonths to the long-rumored Fujitsu por-table, and I finally got a look at one at COM-DEX. It's still so new that it doesn't have amodel name or number: it was scheduledto be available in Japan in July of this year,with a target price equivalent to about$1350.

The Fujitsu portable is based on theMBL8086L microprocessor, a CMOS (com-plementary metal-oxide semiconductor)version of the 8086. Standard RAM(random-access read/write memory) is 128Kbytes. You can expand the memory up to448K bytes, and you can configure part of

[continued]

AUGUST

BYTE 331

Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants

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LP300 Laser Printer 2699

200361 Toner Cartridge 89

DIGITALDEVICES

EPSON

FX 80 , 249

LX 80

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LQ 1500 P 1089

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Hi 80 color plotter • 399

JUKI

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Sheet Feeder 209

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MODEMS

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DISK DRIVES

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332 B YTE « AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 186

BYTE JAPAN

RAM as a RAM disk. It acts like an ex-tremely fast floppy-disk drive for fastfile operations. You get 512K bytes ofstandard ROM (read-only memory):2 56K bytes include the kanji ROM anda 19.000-word lapanese-language dic-tionary; the other 2 56K bytes are ina ROM cartridge that includes theoperating system (Japanese-languageCP/M-86) and languages or other soft-ware. At this point, Fujitsu offers car-tridges that support Japanese-lan-guage extensions of BASIC andCOBOL Level II (yes, COBOL): thecompany won't say what applicationssoftware will be available, but at theshow I played with both WordStar anda lapanese word-processing program.

The computer includes an RS-232Cserial interface, so some kind of tele-communications software support iscertain to be present. Unfortunately,unlike some other lap-size machines,it has no built-in modem (Fujitsu doessupply a separate acoustic coupler).This will be a serious disadvantage ifFujitsu decides to market the machinein the U.S., but it is not a problem herein japan, which lags far behind theU.S. in the area of computer commu-nications. People still use acousticcouplers over here, although the re-cent breakup of the Japanese tele-phone company, paralleling that ofAT&T, will probably mean that afford-able direct-connect modems will startappearing on the market here soon.

For external data storage, the Fujitsuincludes a microcassette recorder, al-though an external 3'/2-inch micro-floppy-disk drive will be available asan option. The disk interface is stan-dard, along with the RS-232C inter-face, a bar-code-reader interface, anda standard parallel printer interface.

The Fujitsu has a very clear, easilyreadable liquid-crystal display (LCD);I had no trouble reading it even in thebright fluorescent glare of the exhibithall. The 640- by 200-dot screen of-fers four display modes: an 80-char-acter by 2 5-line mode for normalalphanumeric use; an 80-character by20-line mode that allows on-screenunderlining and better line separa-tion; an 80- character by 11-line modethat gives double-height characters;

and a 40- character by 11-line kanjidisplay mode that displays kanjicharacters in a clear 16- by 15-dotfont. The display adjusts to any con-venient viewing angle and folds downto cover the keyboard when it's notin use.

Internal nickel-cadmium batteriessupply the power, and an additionalmemory backup battery protectsmain memory for at least one month.An AC adapter is available, and Fujit-su says it will run off a car battery(called a kaabatteri by Fujitsu).

Laser Printers

Laser printers have yet to make theirimpact in lapan, if you'll forgive a badpun. Mostly, they're still expensive,bulky, desk-size contraptions. But thequality they offer is startling: You getmagazine-quality printing at speedsof around 10 pages per minute. TEC(Tokyo Electric Company), whose

Laser printers have yetto make their impactin }apan, if you'llforgive a bad pun.

daisy-wheel printers are marketed inthe U.S. under the C. Itoh name,showed a tabletop laser printer at theshow. The new BP-10 laser printer isn'tavailable to consumers yet, but OEM(original equipment manufacturer)samples are going for only about$1200 apiece. The BP-10 is quiet,weighs only about 60 pounds, andcomes with both 8-bit parallel andRS-232C interfaces. It prints 10 letter-size pages per minute at a dot den-

[continued]

USRobotics' swift new Courier 2400™ modem cuts data transmissiontime in half, decreasing phone costs and increasing productivity. Theauto-dial, auto-answer Courier adjusts itself from 2400 to 1200or 300 bps. And if you prefer an internal slot modem for IBM-PCs orcompatible computers, the Microlink 2400,M gives you the same great

features at the same great price."^ Courier and Microlink 2400 modems.

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Phone:(312)733-0497

Outside Illinois: 1-800-Dial-USR

Inquiry 324

AUGUST

BYTE 333

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334 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 243

BYTE JAPAN

sity of 300 dots per inch. I want one.Another printer that impressed mewas Fujitsu's latest dot-matrix printer,the DPL 24. It's a 24-pin printer withthe best letter-quality printing I'veseen from a dot-matrix printer. It isreasonably fast at 80 characters persecond (cps), and it also has a 160-cps correspondence-quality modeand a 240-cps draft-quality mode. TheDPL 24 has other nice features too,like selectable fonts using optionalcartridges and the ability to downloadspecial fonts. It comes in two models:The Model D is Diablo 630 API-com-patible, while the Model I was de-signed for use with the IBM PersonalComputer (PC). Unfortunately, Fujitsuinformed me that the DPL 24 was anexport model and that there was noway 1 could buy one in Japan.

New from NEC

A recent addition to NEC's PC-9801computer family is the PC-9801M3.The PC-9801 machines hold the domi-nant position in the microcomputermarket in Japan, analogous to the IBMPC in the U.S. market. The latestmodel, the M3, is similar in mostrespects to its predecessor, the F3.The machine is based on the 8086-2processor running at 8 MHz andcomes with 2 56K bytes of standardRAM, expandable to 640K bytes. Ithas extensive Japanese-languagecapabilities, supported at theoperating-system level by eitherCP/M-86 or MS-DOS or PC-UX, NEC'sversion of UNIX System III. (PC-UX isa $1200 option, though.) The machineis similar in most respects to the APCIII sold in the U.S., but the main unitof the PC-9801 M3 includes both a1-megabyte 5!4-inch floppy-disk driveand a 20-megabyte hard-disk drive.(The PC-9801 M2 I wrote about in theMay BYTE Japan, page 3 5 5, has two1-megabyte floppy disks.)

The price for all this is not unreason-able; the M3 costs about $3285, butthe usual 20 percent discounts avail-able in the Akihabara electronicsdistrict in Tokyo would bring thatdown to only about $2630.

Incidentally, NEC finally managed toput together a comparison sheet

listing the differences between theU.S.'s APC III and Japan's PC-9801M2and M3 computers. The major dif-ferences are that the lapanese com-puters have standard kanji-supportROM and a standard 1-megabytefloppy-disk interface, along with 2 56Kbytes of RAM—versus 128K bytes inthe APC III. The M3 also comes witha standard 20-megabyte hard disk.(The PC-9801 M3 also contains an in-terface for 514-inch, 320K-byte floppy-disk drives, which can be connectedexternally.)

The basic character sets of the twocountries' machines also differ slight-ly. The APC III is IBM-compatible butthe PC-9801 M2 and M3 use the IIS(Japan Industrial Standard) characterset. The graphics video RAM con-figuration is also somewhat different.And there is an extra 8K bytes of textvideo RAM for kanji support in theJapanese machines. Finally, with the

A recent additionto NEC's PC-9801computer familyis the PC-9801 M3

lapanese machines you can select theprocessor speed: It can be either 8 or5 MHz, while the APC III runs at afixed 8-MHz rate.

Other than that, the differences in-volve the availability of optionalboards and peripherals. For thelapanese machines, you can buy acassette-tape interface, a music board,a 68000 central processor board andits companion RAM board, and aGPIB (general-purpose interface bus)

{continued)

WlUW,

USRobotics' new high-speed Courier 2400™ modem responds to the in-dustry standard AT command set—so it works with any of today's pop-ular telecom software, including our own Telpac™. Courier reports thelength of each call, lets you automatically re-peat a command, and provides an on-screensummary of its settings. Courier even adjuststo phone line conditions to assure nearly per-fect performance on every call. This smartermodem is clearly a wise choice.

Rnlnitics

8100 McCormick Blvd., Skokie, IL 60076

Phone:(312)733-0497

Outside Illinois: 1-800-Dial-USR

Inquiry 325

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 335

Collector tdition

The Byte covers shown below are available as beautiful Collector Edition Prints.Each full color print is 11 in. x 14 in., including a 11/2 in. border, and is part of anedition strictly limited to 500 prints. Each print is faithfully reproduced from theoriginal painting on museum quality acid-free paper, and is personally inspected,signed and numbered by the artist, Robert Tinney. A Certificate of Authenticityaccompanies each print attesting to its quality and limited number.

Collector Edition Prints are carefully packaged flat to avoid bending, and areshipped UPS. The price of each print is $30, plus $3 per shipment for postage andhandling ($8 overseas). If four or more prints are ordered, the price of each printis only $25.

To order your own favorite Byte cover as a beautiful Collector Edition Print, usethe convenient coupon below. Visa or MasterCard orders may call 1-504-272-7266.

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336 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

BYTE JAPAN

board. Eight types of display units areavailable, along with a variety of kanjiprinters. Strangely, the printer inter-face is a conventional Centronics-compatible 8-bit parallel interface inboth U.S. and Japanese machines, butthe connector is different: The APC IIIuses a 36-pin connector, while theJapanese machines use a 14-pin con-nector on the back of the computer.The connectors on the printers them-selves are standard 36-pin connectors.NEC is the only Japanese manufac-turer I know that uses a different typeof connector.

Brother Does It Again

Back in the October 1984 BYTE JapanI wrote about my Brother EP-44 por-table electronic typewriter with itsbuilt-in RS-2 3 2C interface. NowBrother has come out with its newWP-600 portable word processor, andit's even better. The printing elementis the same as in the EP-44; it's a24-pin head that produces crisp near-letter-quality printing either on ther-mal paper or on ordinary paper usingthe built-in ribbon cartridge. 1 thinkthe keyboard is much better, though—the key tops are sculptured, and thekey travel and light touch make it easyto type quickly and accurately.

A 24-character LCD shows what youtype; as you type, new characters ap-pear on the right and the displayedcharacters are all shifted to the left,so that as a character is shifted off theleft end, it is printed on the page. Youcan overwrite or correct any charac-ters in the display. Alternatively, youcan type directly into the memory andprint out your document later. Com-mon word-processing functions likeunderlining, insertion and deletion,centering, flush-right margins, globalsearch and replace, and decimal tab-bing are done with a control key,called a code key, which is just to theleft of the space bar. Keys that per-form the different control functionsare clearly marked in blue on the keytops. The WP-600 also has a secondshift key that allows each of the keysto be used for additional characterslike European language symbols, theGreek alphabet, and special symbols.

The WP-600 has I4.3K bytes of usermemory, organized into nine fileareas. You can refer to files by nameor number, and a file can be of anysize up to the limits of availablememory. Files can be combined,copied, or printed.

The built-in RS-232C interface canoperate at rates from 75 to 1200 bitsper second; you set the desired rate,parity, etc., using the display. Whenthe front-panel switch is set to Ter-minal, the WP-600 becomes a full-duplex terminal or a serial printer, ac-cessible through the RS-232C connec-tor on the side of the unit. With lessmemory, my EP-44 works the sameway; I use it as a second printer.

An outstanding feature of theWP-600 is that there's a portablebattery-powered 3'/2-inch floppy-diskunit available for it. You can transferfiles between memory and the disk bysimple keyboard commands. The

FB-100 disk unit is a little over 2 incheshigh, 5 inches wide, 6/2 inches deepand weighs less than 2 pounds. Each3!/2-inch floppy disk holds 100K bytes.Here in Japan, the list price of theWP-600 is equivalent to only about$385, and the FB-100 floppy-diskdrive sells for a surprisingly cheap$195 or so; they're likely to be avail-able soon at discounted prices herein Tokyo. Brother assures me thatboth the WP-600 and the FB-100 willbe available in the U.S. by the timeyou read this; I don't know the U.S.price for the WP-600, but the diskdrive should have a U.S. list price ofabout $2 50.

Next Month

The September BYTE will be the 10thanniversary issue of the magazine. Inmy column I'll be telling you thehistory of Japanese microcom-puters. ■

unww

USRobotics' new super-speed Courier 2400™ modem is designed to

make things simple for you. The entire AT command set and S-register

functions are displayed on "help screens" and summarized for you on

0 the underside of the unit. Courier shows you the length of each call,

and the status of a call in progress. And .

perhaps the friendliest thing of all is the —rr. ...-VT$699 price tag. How friendly can you get!

courier saoo

Robotics

8100 McCormick Blvd., Skokie, IL 60076

Phone:(312)733-0497

Outside Illinois: 1-800-Dial-USR

Inquiry 326

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 337

& TougherQ' QuieterQ" Smarter0" ThriftierQ'EasierIS? Quicker^f Finer0* CleanerM Sharper[vf Sturdier\3f Abler[vf PrettierQ^SlimmerQ' Trimmer^Friendlier

338 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

a

^H Jm~jr"

1

, 1

■ ~ "

B"fl

and smaller.

The new Okidata Microline 192 does everything thebigger, bulkier printers do. And more. But in a muchsmaller space.

It's easier to operate, too. With push-button menuselect programming, so you never have to touch aDIP switch to set fonts, line widths, underlinesand such.

It's compatible with your computer. Just plug it inand put it to work, without changing control codes.And, it's compatible with you. Long-life cartridgeribbons pop in and out without so much as smudginga finger.

Super-quiet operation and super-fast bidirectionalthroughput make the new Microline 192 one handyprinter to own. All this, plus our full one-year warranty(try to find that on most printers), makes it the only oneyou should own.

The new Okidata 192 and the wide-column 193.Simply stated . . . better.

For more information, call toll free 1-800-OKIDATA.

OKIDATA

^k. an OKI AMERICA companyMt Laurel, NJ 08054

We put business on paper.

Inquiry 232

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE 339

COMPUTERS

IBM ENHANCED AT .... 5355IBM ENTRY LEVEL AT .. 3647IBM PC, 1 DSDD DR,

256K 1559

IBM PC, 2 DSDD DR,

256K 1669

IBM PC, NO DRIVES,

64K 1304

IBM PC, 2 HALF/HYTES,

256K 1669

IBM XT, 1 DSDD

DR/10MB, 256K 3355

IBM XT, 1DSDD DR/TANDON

HD, 256K 2108

COMPAQ, 2 DSDD,

256K 2153

MONITORS

AMDEK300G

AMDEK300A 133

AMDEK310A 145

AMDEK600RGB

COLOR 420

AMDEK 710 SUPER

HI RES COLOR 557

IBM COLOR 636

IBM MONOCHROME .... 253PRINCETON MAX-12 .... 160PRINCETON HX-12 RGB

COLOR 479

PRINCETON SR-12/SCAN

DOUBLER 890

QUADRAM

AMBERCHROME 171

QUADRAM

QUADCHROMEII 438

MISCELLANEOUS

MEMORY, 64K CHIPS .... 10MEMORY, 256K CHIPS ... 54

PRINTER CABLE 25

MICROFAZER BUFFER,8K 131

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HERCULES COLOR 149

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340 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry 73

BYTE U.K.

•"•••2 •••*"

9 * •• • • •

Two new

language

systems and

two new

books

by Dick Pountain

Declarative Update

Dick Pountain is a technical author

and software consultant living in

London. England. He can be

contacted do BYTE, POB 372,

Hancock. NH 03449.

Since the theme this month is declar-ative programming languages, I'mdevoting my column to a miscellanyof items that help personal computer usersget in on the declarative act. To be morespecific, I'll take a brief look at two newbooks on logic and functional programmingand at two new language systems for theIBM Personal Computer (PC) and theMacintosh.

A Glimmer of Hope

1 have recently begun to learn the Hope lan-guage (see "A Hope Tutorial" by RogerBailey, page 23 5) using an interpreter thatruns on the IBM PC. This interpreter, devel-oped at Imperial College, is available fordownloading from BYTEnet Listings, (617)861-9774.

The original Hope system runs at Edin-burgh University as a compiler on a DEC-10mainframe computer. A group at ImperialCollege subsequently produced an inter-preter for a large subset of Hope for theVAX under VMS.

The computer department at ImperialCollege has been quicker off the mark thanmost in embracing the personal computerage. Research assistant Victor Wu has writ-ten a version of the Imperial College inter-preter in Pascal for the IBM PC. AlthoughHope is still very much an experimentallanguage, this interpreter is robust enoughand easy enough to use that it can serveas an excellent learning tool; a degree incomputer science is not required to get itrunning.

This new version of Hope runs under PC-DOS 2.0 and comes as two 8088 segments(i.e., 128K bytes), which leaves very littleworkspace to play with; an enhanced ver-sion will be able to use bigger memories.

The interpreter is booted by simply typ-ing HOPE from the PC-DOS prompt, andit takes about 30 seconds to come up(mostly in-memory pointer juggling timerather than disk-access time). You are thenpresented with the Hope prompt >: and

are ready to enter programs.

Using the Hope interpreter will be afamiliar experience to anyone who has useda LISP interpreter on a personal computer;it works in a similar way.

Those readers who have only used BASICinterpreters will find it less familiar. SinceHope is a functional language, the activityof programming consists of declaring func-tions, whose definitions are then stored inmemory; there can thus be a number of dif-ferent "programs" in memory at the sametime, whereas BASIC normally permits onlyone.

This raises a rather delicate point ofsemantics. In Hope, strictly speaking, a"program" is the application of a functionto its actual arguments. As in LISP orFORTH, a series of definitions is entered,culminating in the definition of the functionthat does the job. To run a program, youtype the name of this last-defined functionwith appropriate arguments. Nevertheless,to keep us on familiar territory, 1 shall talkabout the definitions themselves as "pro-grams" as they more or less correspond tothe source code of a conventional program.

The Hope interpreter provides somefacilities for inspecting and editing functiondefinitions that have already been entered,though they could not be described as add-ing up to a full editor. I found that these aresufficient for entering small programs andlearning your way around the system. Forlarger programs a separate editor makessense.

I was pleased to find that the Notepad inBorland's SideKick program works extreme-ly well in this role and gives you an editorthat is available at a keypress from insidethe interpreter (more on this later).

A Hope program consists of a declarationcontaining the name and type of a function,followed by a series of recursion equationsthat describe the value of the function forall possible patterns of its arguments. Therequired pattern matcher is built into the

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 341

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interpreter. For example, a program tocount the number of elements in a listlooks like this:

typevar : alpha ;

dec listcount : list(alpha) - > num ;

— listcount(nil) < = 0 ;

listcount(x :: y) < =

1 + listcount(y) ;

This program counts lists of objectsof type alpha, where alpha can beany type that Hope supports. The Im-perial College implementation sup-ports types num (which are positiveintegers only), char (characters), andtruval (Boolean truth values), togetherwith lists and sets of those types. Sowe could run the program either as

>: listcount([3,4,5,6]) ;>: 4 : num

or

>: listcountfzeitgeist") ;>: 9 : char

or even

>: listcount([true,false,true,true,

false]) ;>: 5 : truval

Note that the terminating semicolonis essential for all inputs to Hope, thatlist arguments need their squarebrackets, and that a literal string like"Zeitgeist" is treated by Hope as analternative way of writing a list ofchar. The declaration of typevaralpha is actually redundant becausealpha and beta are predeclared in thesystem and ready for use.

If you enter listcount ; alone with-out arguments, Hope returns its type,list(alpha) - > num. It's generallytrue that all defined objects will returneither their type or status (in the caseof switches like trace and time) if theyare entered without arguments.

The program can be entered mere-ly by typing each line at the prompt,followed by a carriage return. Hopeallows you to format the code withspaces and tabs for indentation andit "remembers" such formatting.

There is no block structure (as isfound in Pascal or C) and no markerfor the end of a program. New recur-sion equations can be entered at any

time (like adding lines to a BASIC pro-gram), and they are appended to theend of the program, the equations be-ing stored in the order in which theywere typed.

Type and syntax checking are per-formed immediately upon programentry. A recursion equation that con-tains either a type or syntax error willnot be accepted and must be retypedcorrectly.

The error messages are in plainEnglish; for example:

>:

listcount(x) < = 0

%HOPE Types incompatible

list(alpha)

num

The two offending types are printedout below the message (%HOPE indi-cates a message from the Hope inter-preter).

The philosophy of Hope is that asmany errors as possible can becaught upon entry; run-time error re-porting is much less powerful, al-though it can tell you that no match-ing equation was found for a par-ticular argument, thus inviting you toadd a suitable one.

Some run-time errors, especiallythose involving memory manage-ment, may trigger more cryptic errorreports from the underlying Pascalrun-time system.

A program can be inspected by typ-ing the command display ;, which liststhe source for all the user-definedfunctions on the screen, or by displaylistcount;, for instance, which just listslistcount.

The listing might not be in the orderin which you entered the program, asoperators, typevars, and data declara-tions are listed first before all functiondeclarations. It's also possible that inthe listed version, Hope may havealtered the parentheses, adding someextra levels on occasion.

The modify command allows alimited editing of programs. If modifylistcount ; is typed, Hope offers thedeclaration line first, thus permittingits type specification to be altered(you can't actually delete the declara-

[conlinuei)

342 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

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AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 343

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tion, so once declared, a function isthere to stay). We could, for instance,change listcount to list(num) - >num.

Then the equations are presentedone after another, and a menu offersthe choice of deleting or replacingeach equation, or inserting a new onebefore or after it.

It is not possible to edit the text ofan individual equation, which must beretyped in full if necessary—hence thevalue of a separate editor.

Hope programs can be traced ortimed by commands called, oddlyenough, trace and time. Tracing canbe applied to a list of named func-tions (e.g., trace listcount ;) or it canbe applied to everything (trace all ;).It must be switched on with trace on ;.Timing is switched on in the same wayand returns the execution time in10-millisecond units, rather too coarsegrained to time very simple evalua-tions, which always return 0.

The save command saves the con-tents of the workspace to disk undera filename, which is given the defaultextension of .HOP automatically.Such files can be read back in usingthe load command. The files containplain ASCII (American Standard Codefor Information Interchange) and areaccessible to any standard softwaretools.

One feature of these commandsthat may cause surprise at first is thatin a file written by save, functiondeclarations are separated from theirequations and saved at the beginningof the file. This is to ensure that whena file is read back in, all functions willhave been legally declared beforethey are used in other functionbodies. Unlike LISP, Hope does nottolerate the use of a function's namebefore it has been declared.

Input/output (I/O) is often rudimen-tary in functional languages, but Hopesupplies an interface to PC-DOS ontwo levels. Character I/O is providedby the built-in functions putch andgetch, while file I/O can be performedby treating named PC-DOS devices as"lazy lists" (that is, lists whoseelements are only produced ondemand).

I've found SideKick to work well asan editor for Hope, apart from the an-noying fact that when an edited fileis loaded, the new equations don'toverwrite the previous versions butare appended at the end of theprogram.

The definition of Hope forbids"overlapping left-hand sides," that is,more than one equation with thesame left-hand side. The interpreterused at Imperial College currently ig-nores them (a limitation that is clear-ly documented) and executes the firstversion, which in my case is the un-edited version.

This makes deletion of the old ver-sions necessary before or after load-ing the new versions, although in prac-tice I find it easier to restart Hopefrom DOS and then load (I'm using aRAM disk, which makes this a fastoperation).

A more satisfactory behavior in aninteractive interpreter, short of an in-tegral full-screen editor, would be fornew equations to overwrite "over-lapped" old ones just as is done byBASIC lines with the same linenumber. Alternatively, if this is unac-ceptable, a global delete command toremove whole definitions is needed.Using one of these solutions, thesystem could provide interaction asfast and convenient as the best ofBASIC or FORTH systems.

The full solution is the implementa-tion of modules, which Victor Wu isincorporating into the next version.Sealed program modules will be ableto be saved, loaded, and killed, thustidying up the ergonomics at thesame time as providing a powerfulmechanism for hiding private pro-gram and data definitions.

Don't expect miracles on the perfor-mance front. Functional languages aregenerally slow and memory-consum-ing on conventional hardware, andHope is no exception. I tried runningthe Sieve of Eratosthenes benchmarkand discovered that, even using "lazyevaluation" for the number list (Iconsrather than ::), only primes up to 174could be computed in the availableworkspace. If you use an "eager" list,

(continued)

J44 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

It'll be a warm day in Praguebefore most Americans learn to spellcorrectly. And no wonder. "I before Eunless it's preceded by C, or soundslike A" . . . It's enough to driveanyone to defect.

But now, in a burst of Americaningenuity, CYMA/McGraw-Hillintroduces Final Draft, the wordprocessor that makes spelling as easyas ABC.

Well, actually, spelling correctlyis as easy as S. You see, after you'vecompleted your document, you needonly press S, and Final Draft willcheck your spelling with its 80,000-word dictionary. Typos need never

again become an internationalincident.

But although the spelling checkis certainly worth its weight inkorunas, Final Draft also offersfeatures like automatic red-lining andstrike-out, table of contents andindex, floating footnotes, thesaurusand merge-print, features you won'tfind in comparably-priced systems.Nor in systems twice our price.

Now you're probably wonderingif power is synonymous withdifficulty. Check your thesaurus andrelax. Final Draft has only 35commands. Not 305, like most of ourcomplicated competitors. And our

commands are alphabetically-assigned so that you can learn themquickly and remember then easily.You can learn Final Draft the firstday and master it the second. Nowthat's American ingenuity.

So whether you're a championspeller, or just a college graduate,Final Draft will cover you. Fromaardvark to zymurgy. Andeverywhere in between. LikeCzechoslovakia.

Inquiry 355 for End-Users.Inquiry 356 for DEALERS ONLY.

The word processorfrom CYMA/McGraw-Hill.Call 800-292-CYMA.

SPELLING CZECH

STRIDE

^^m t c r a

One Board.One Family

At the heart of every Stride 400Series microcomputer, from thefloppy-based 420 to the 448M byte460, is an identical CPU board.This guarantees compatibilitythroughout the entire product familyAnd it means, our CPU board wasdesigned with standard features thatare either options or simply unavail-able on other microcomputers:

□ 68000 microprocessor (10 MHzwith no wait states)

□ VMEbus

□ 256K. bytes RAM

□ 5'A" 640Kbyte floppy

□ Battery-backed real time clock

□ 4K CMOS RAM

□ Four RS-232C serial ports (Stridemultiuser BIOS)

D Centronics bi-directional parallelport

□ Omninet Local Area Network(Liaison LAN software)

With this basic design, Stride isable to explore the full range of68000applications from an advancedmultiuser, multi tasking BIOS tobuilt-in local area networking. Noother microcomputer offers theflexibility to run over a dozen dif-ferent operating systems and morethan 30 languages/compilers.

The basic design is backed by arich option list:

□ 12 MHz 68000 processor

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□ Floating point processor(NSI6081)

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Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or the

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call or write us today. We'll also send

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Corporate Offices:

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Regional Offices:

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Dallas: (214) 392-7070

BYTE U.K.

only 76 can be handled.

The point of including this informa-tion is to dissuade anyone who mightthink they're going to use this freeHope to write a real-time airline book-ing system. Instead, regard it as asampler with which to investigate thevery real advantages of the functionalprogramming style; then you'll beready for the next generation ofparallel hardware that will make suchlanguages a practical proposition.

In summary, this system is pleasantto use and remarkably complete,given that this is a "laboratory" lan-guage hitherto confined to main-frames and superminicomputers. Theonly features omitted, apart frommodules, are "overloaded" operators(e.g., using the same operator + foradding numbers and concatenatingstrings), prefix and "distfix" operators,and certain of the more advanced setand mapping functions.

Victor Wu told me that these will beincluded in the next version, whichwill be able to use more than 128Kbytes of memory. A Macintosh ver-sion (Fat Mac only) with a full window-ing editor is in preparation and dueto be released sometime this year.

Declarative Books

Until very recently there has been anoticeable dearth of readable bookson the subject of declarative program-ming. A few years ago the only suchbook available to the nonacademicreader was LISP by Patrick HenryWinston and Berthold K. Horn(Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981).The reason is simply that most of thework on such languages occurs in uni-versities, which tend to disseminateinformation through papers ratherthan books.

Two books published recently inLondon, one on functional and theother on logic programming, are verywelcome additions to the under-stocked library. Both books arepitched at undergraduate computerscience level but are written clearlyenough to be accessible to any expe-rienced programmer. A proviso is thatboth books contain a formal mathe-

(continued)

Inquiry 308

When designing and building

the Stride 400 microcomputers,

why did you select the MC68000 Motorola

processor over the newer Intel iAPX 286?

ITfiis is one o\a series of design philosophydiscussions with Rod Coleman. President ofStride Micro [formerly Sage Computer).\

RC: With the introduction of theIBM AT. many people have beenspending a lot of time comparingthe 286 with the 68000. We also

"... the 68000 is at leastone generation ahead ofthe 286 in terms ofmicroprocessor design!'

surveyed the marketplace closelywhen we decided to build asecond generation of our suc-cessful Sage computer, butcame to a quick conclusion: the68000 is at least one generationahead of the 286 in terms of micro-processor design. Admittedly,the Intel microprocessor was anewer chip, and it had animpressive pedigree from thepopularity of the 8088. But. inmy view, the 286 was so steepedin it's own history that the archi-tecture suffered critically. Inreality, today's 286 is little morethan an 8086 with a memorymanagement unit tacked on.

Q: What's wrong with that?

RC: Well, it certainly maintainscompatibility with the Intel chipfamily, but it's not the way todesign a state-of-the-art micro-processor. 1 like to use theexample of a remodeled house.As your needs grow, you canbuild a new front porch, attacha garage, remodel the kitchen,and add a few bedrooms. But theend result never ends up asefficient as a larger house builtfrom scratch. The halls areoften too narrow and full ofannoying twists and turns. Thefolks at Motorola apparentlyfelt the same way. because theystarted with a clean sheet ofpaper when they designed their32-bit architecture with no con-cessions to an 8-bit past

Q: Can you give us an example?

RC: lust look at the registersand addressing modes. They aremuch larger and far more flex-ible in the 68000 than in the 286.The 8086 design was based onthe 8080. which was an extensionof the world's first 8-bit pro-cessor, the 8008. Strange as itmay seem, the brand-new 286has. as a subset, the registersfrom a processor designed backin 1972. Intel's motive was com-patibility with current software:Motorola simply wanted tobuild the best possible chip. Bycreating a totally new designwith the 68000. they were alsoable to apply several new con-cepts undeveloped in 72. The68000 was designed from theground up to execute high-levellanguages, as opposed to the8008s roots as a simple industrialcontroller. Motorola provides16 general purpose 32-bit regis-ters to give greater flexibilityand a clean orthogonal design.Thus, it efficiently and directly

addresses 16 megabytes with nopreferred boundaries. The 286.by contrast, has only special pur-pose registers which can addressjust 64 kilobytes. It must use asegment register to exceed thoseboundaries, just as the earlier8088 did.

Sooner or later, evenIBM will be forced tobuild a PC using a pro-cessor with a largeregular addressingarchitecture!'

Q: Are there other criticaldifferences?

RC: Yes.There's also the questionof access. For a given generationof silicon design and feature size,any two contemporary pro-cessors should be able to doabout the same number ofinstructions per second. Unfor-tunately, the 286 has a bottleneckwhere it forces single pins intodouble duty. It shares the use ofits address and data bus whichmeans that, for a given bus

bandwidth, its transfer rate willalways by less than a non-multiplexed processor. The 68000escapes the problem by dedi-cating a single pin for eachfunction.

Q: What does it really meanto those on the software applica-tion level?

RC: As micros move into thelate 80s. software will have tolead the way by becoming morefunctional and less complicatedto use. Ironically, software that'seasier to use actually has to belarger and more complex inter-nally. It simply cannot be writtenwhen stifled by artificial hard-ware constraints like 64K byteboundaries. It's like buildinga new car with a one quart gastank. Sooner or later, even IBMwill be forced to build a PC usinga processor with a large regularaddressing architecture. But don'thold your breath, we got tiredofwaitingbackin 1981. Apparentlyso did several thousand others:

they have beenbuying ourmachines for fouryears.

I

kM I C R O

Formerly Sage Computer

For more information on Stride or

the location of the nearest Stride

Dealer call or write us today. We'll

also send you a free copy of our

32 page product catalog.

Corporate Offices:

4905 Energy Way

Reno. NV 89502

(702)322-6868

Regional Offices:

Boston: 16171229-6868

Dallas: 1214) 392-7070

Inquiry 309

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 347

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348 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

PROMAL 1.1 Features

COMPILED LANGUAGE

• Structured language with indentation assyntax elementFast, 1-pass recursive compilerSimplified syntax requirementsNo line numbers, no terminatorsLong variable names {31 characters)Global, Local & Argument variablesByte, Word, Integer & Real data typesDecimal or Hexadecimal number typesFunctions with passed argumentsPredefined DATA of any typeProcedures with passed argumentsBuilt-in I/O libraryArrays, strings, pointersControl Statements: IF, IF-ELSE, WHILE,FOR, CHOOSE, REPEAT-UNTIL, BREAK,NEXT, INCLUDE, ESCAPE, REFUGEBit-operators, shifts, castsCompiler I/O from/to disk or memoryVariables at defined locationSimple Machine Language interfaceRecursion fully supportedCompilation errors trapped for Editor

EXECUTIVE

Command oriented, with line editing

Memory resident at all times

Allows multiple user programs inmemory at once

Function key definitions

Program abort and pause

22 Resident system commands, 8 user-defined resident commands, no limit ondisk commands

Prior command recall facility

I/O Re-direction to disk or printer or fromdisk or keyboard

File system management commands

Memory map, set and display commands

Batch job file support

EDITOR

Full-screen, cursor driven

Function key controlled

Line insert, delete, search

String search and replace

Block copy, move, delete & write to/read

from fileAuto indent, undent supportEdit-after-error facility

LIBRARY

45 Machine-language commands,

memory resident at all timesCall by name with argumentsString handling (9 routines)Re-directable standard input and output

files (STDIN, STDOUT)Formatted I/O (including Reals)Decimal & Hexadecimal I/OBlock fill, Block moveBlock read, Block writeCursor control & line editingData type conversionRandom number functionReal function support (in PROMAL): ABS,

ATAN, COS, EXP, LOG, LOG10, POWER,

SIN.SQRT.TAN

BYTE U.K.

matical chapter, but this could beskipped over without too much lossof sense.

Principles of Functional Programming byHugh Glaser, Chris Hankin, and DavidTill is published by Prentice-Hall Inter-national (1984). The authors are lec-turers at London University.

The book starts on a commendablydown-to-earth note, by looking at ex-amples of top-down program designin plain English. In the subsequentchapter, the authors show how a sim-ple and elegant functional languagecalled SUGAR emerges quite natural-ly from these program specifications.The remainder of the first part of thebook then discusses the syntax ofSUGAR, profusely illustrated with ex-ample programs and exercises for thereader. One of the examples concernsfunctional turtle graphics, which is awelcome departure from the mathe-matically biased problems thatauthors in this field have a tendencyto rely on.

The second part of the book beginswith a chapter on Alonzo Church'slambda-calculus, which is the mathemat-ical underpinning of functional lan-guages. Nonmathematical readersmay prefer to skip this, but I found itquite fascinating, if only to find outwhere that cryptic word LAMBDA inLISP came from. More important, itclarifies the reasons why functionalprograms are susceptible to mathe-matical analysis and transformation,while procedural programs are not, ingeneral.

A subsequent chapter explains thedevelopment of an interpreter forSUGAR written in SUGAR, and thisleads into a discussion of three dif-ferent models for machines (virtual orreal) that have been devised to ex-ecute functional languages. These ar-chitectures (SECD. SK Reduction, andData Flow) are described by algo-rithms written in a mixture of pseudo-Pascal and plain English (far more ap-proachable for "outsiders"), which aresufficiently detailed to serve as aguide for serious readers who wish toexperiment with real programs. Thesection ends with a chapter on formalsemantics, which will make little sense

Inquiry 370

to computer novices.

The third part of the book consistsof a survey of some existing functionallanguages. The largest chapter isdevoted to FL1SP, which is a functionalsubset of LISP, and smaller sectionsto KRC, Hope, and John Backus's FPsystems. Useful appendixes includerules for translating SUGAR programsinto FLISP and the listing for an FPsystem written in FLISP.

While the book is not a tutorial inany particular functional language, itprovides an informed overview and arationale that could be of use not onlyto potential implementors but toanyone who plans to learn functionalprogramming. The functional style ofprogramming is very different fromthe procedural style most of us havegrown up with; for myself at least,understanding the reasons behind itmakes the transition a lot easier.

The second book, Mroduction to logicProgramming by Christopher Hogger(Academic Press, 1984), is moretheoretical and, to the nonacademicreader, more difficult than the first,although it covers analogous ground.It is not specifically about Prolog,though it concedes that Prolog is theone widely used logic-programminglanguage.

Like Principles of Functional Program-ming, it starts from first principles, withan explanation of logical predicates,interpretations, and implications.Some of this treatment is quite for-mal, but the author suggests partsthat may be skipped on first reading.The discussion of inference leads todiscussions of resolution and unification,the techniques that permit computersto solve logic problems.

Attention is then directed to logicprograms on computers, with a dis-cussion of the standard strategy of alogic interpreter, the structure of logicprograms, and data structures. Ilearned a lot from this section, par-ticularly about control flow in logicprograms, which is almost a taboosubject in Prolog tutorials; it came assomething of a surprise to read aboutsequencing, branching, and iteration,as well as recursion. The difficult sub-

[cont'mued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 349

BYTE U.K.

jects of nondeterminism and negationare covered in some depth.

Two chapters cover the verificationof correctness of logic programs andthe synthesis of programs from speci-fications—the area in which thestrongest claims are made for thesuperiority of logic programming overthe conventional kind.

A chapter on implementation is wellillustrated with structure diagrams andalgorithms in pseudo-Pascal. Specialattention is paid to the pursuit of ef-ficiency and to techniques for con-serving memory or processor time(almost always a trade-off).

The book ends with a chapter called"Broader Contribution to Computing,"which discusses the influence of logicprogramming on computing theory,and the various implementations ofProlog worldwide, including theJapanese Fifth Generation Project.

My conclusions about the first book

hold true for this one, too; knowingthe background can only help inlearning the languages. 1 found Intro-duction to logic Programming a more dif-ficult book, but that's because I findlogic harder than programming. Thespecialist will appreciate that this isthe first book that covers all aspectsof the field, and apparently it is cur-rently the only book that covers theimplementation of Prolog.

I highly recommend both books toanyone who wants to find out what ishappening in the evolution of pro-gramming and who isn't afraid ofsome rigorous thought.

MacProlog

In the December 1984 BYTE U.K. ("Pro-log on Microcomputers," page 3 55) 1described micro-PROLOG for CP/M-80machines. Frank McCabe, one of itsauthors, recently loaned me a beta-testcopy of MacProlog, his implementa-

tion for the 512K-byte Macintosh.

MacProlog has many improvementsover the older micro-PROLOG, not theleast of which is that it compilesrather than interprets; this, combinedwith the Mac's 68000, makes it veryfast indeed for an artificial-intelligencelanguage. McCabe has taken the trou-ble to fully integrate Prolog with theMacintosh user interface, whichmakes it much easier and nicer to use,too.

It's based on sigma-PROLOG, aUNIX version of micro-PROLOG, andone of the great improvements insigma-Prolog is that you can use longvariable names instead of x. y, and z.What's more, the system remembersvariable names so that they are notall changed when you list a programas they were in micro-PROLOG. Thenaming convention is that all variablesmust begin with an underscore.

(continued)

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Inquiry 146

FIVE REASONSTO BUYAT&T PERSONAL COMPUTERIN 1985:

There are lots of reasons to buythe AT&T PC for your business thisyear. It offers more computer forthe money. It's faster than the IBMPC, and has superior graphics. TheAT&T PC is a hardworking, high-performance computer designedto meet all your immediate needs.

And it has something more. Acommitment to your future.

That commitment can be seenin our new enhancements. Theyinclude the CommunicationsManager with simultaneous voiceand data transmission, the 8087co-processor which speeds mathe-matics computing up to 100 times,and a display enhancement boardfor even better color graphics.

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BYTE U.K.

Compared to

micro-PROLOG,MacProlog syntaxesare better controlledand less potentiallyconfusing thanks tothe Mac interface.

This enhancement is apparently theproduct of much blood, sweat, andtears at Logic Programming Associ-ates. I hadn't realized until I read Hog-ger's book (discussed previously) thatthe capricious treatment of variablenames stems from the nature of thelogical inference process itself andwas no mere whim of the implemen-tors; the cure was not trivial.

On booting up the Mac and open-ing the sigma-PROLOG icon, the topmenu bar offers the choices File, Edit,Search, Program, Windows, andQueries. The only window open onthe screen is called Default OutputWindow.

Programs are written using a newwindow for each separate relationdefined. To write a program you pulldown the Program menu and selectNew, which opens a new window. Therelation definition is typed into this

window, and it is then named byselecting Relation Info from the menu.

Of course, the full editing power ofthe Mac interface, including Cut andPaste, is available during this input,which is a huge improvement over theline-oriented editor of micro-PROLOG.The standard Mac Edit menu has anadded option that checks for unbal-anced parentheses in a selected text.

When finished, the new code can besyntax-checked and compiled byselecting Check Program from theProgram menu. Compilation also oc-curs automatically when a query ismade to a relation that has beenedited; it's very quick.

When a relation window is named,MacProlog puts this name onto theWindows menu. The current windowcan then be hidden to avoid thescreen becoming too full of windows,and it can be reopened by selectingfrom the Windows menu.

In practice, you will more likely wantto use Search to find a particular rela-tion name, whereupon its window isautomatically opened and made cur-rent. Search can also do global searchand replace on any name.

There is no command line input toMacProlog at all; all interaction is per-formed through menus and tem-plates. To actually run programs, youpull down the Queries menu, andchoose either Which or Command.

Choosing Which produces atemplate box for you to enter a queryinto, and this query becomes thedefault until altered so you can

evaluate it repeatedly with a singlebutton press. Trace and All Answersoptions can be set by buttons in thetemplate box. Command produces asimilar box for entering systemcommands.

All the answers to a query appearin the Default Output Window, fol-lowed by the time taken for the eval-uation.

Errors are reported in a Macintoshdialog box, which offers the optionsto Continue, Fail, or Succeed thequery, and presents a Prolog descrip-tion of the problem.

MacProlog, like micro-PROLOG.comes with a choice of different syn-taxes. Although there are actuallymore of them (no less than seven),they are much better controlled andless potentially confusing thanks tothe Mac interface. Instead of loadingmodules (and forgetting which one isloaded), a Syntax option is selectedfrom the Program menu.

This presents a control panel,similar to those used for printing andselecting type fonts. You can see at aglance which syntax is selected, andyou can change it by clicking on abutton.

The syntaxes available are Micro (forcompatibility with micro-PROLOG),Edinburgh, MITSI (a new simplifiedEnglish-like form for novice program-mers), Prefix, Core, and Lambda,which was not implemented in thebeta-test version.

Core syntax is what the compiler

[continued)

BYSO™ LISP withVISUAL SYNTAX™

Levien Instrument Co. has done it. We'vecreated VISUAL SYNTAX, a program as easy touse as MacPaint, but as powerful as a whole pro-gramming language. It allows you to program withpictures. As you can see from the picture of the

Fibonacci function above, it offers a clear picture intoyour programs.

You have all the power of a full LISP interpreterin a package as fun to use as MacPaint. You cando a lot more with it than MacPaint, though.

The power under Visual Syntax is BYSO LISP.It comes with a full screen editor, so you can writein conventional LISP notation if you like.

BYSO LISP has one of the most complete libraryof functions of any LISP. There are list manipulationfunctions for LISP 1.5. MACLISP and COMMONLISP. It has library management and very advanc-ed datatypes (multidimensional arrays andDEFSTRUCTs). BYSO LISPalso has lexical binding.

Included in the 119 page manual are applica-tion notes that describe graphics, sound, BIOS func-tions, MSDOS functions, and interface to assemblylanguage programs.

BYSO is very fast and reliable. It has been outsince Aug. 1984 and there are no known bugsl Itwill run circles around a VAX.

BYSO LISP was written completely in assemblylanguage and has a very efficient memory alloca-tion. It leaves ample room for your programs, withno disk swapping.

BYSO LISP is for the IBM PC and most com-patibles (mm 128K). VISUAL SYNTAX is included.Single machine licenses are S150. 119 page manualincluded. Multiple license, academic, and industrialrates on request. O.E.M. rates on request.

Order from LEVIEN INSTRUMENT CO.,Sittlington Hill, POB 31, McDowell. VA 244 58. Forimmediate delivery call |703) 396-3345. VISA. MC.or C.O.D. accepted. S5 shipping — S15 foreign.

BYSO and VISUAL SYNTAX are trademarks ol R.L. Levien. IBM PC,VAX, and MacPrlnt are registered trademarks ol IBM Corp., DigitalEqulpl. Corp., and APPLE Computer Inc.. respectively.

352 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 177

DECLARE YOUR

DATA.INDEPENDENCE

THE NEW STANDARD OFMODERN OFFICE DATA STORAGE.

Free yourself software and data bases on individual

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shared and finite hard disk storage. Yourdynamic and expanding business dataneeds demand a more versatile way todeal with critical information.

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infinitely, by adding more cartridges, notmore disk drives. You enjoy the conven-ience of taking or mailing cartridgesanywhere-and the security of puttingthem under lock and key.

The Bernoulli Box works with the IBMPC, XT, AT, most compatibles, and theMacintosh." For your nearest dealer, call1-800-556-1234 ext 215. In California, call1-800-441-2345 ext 215.

L-MZGA

IOMEGA Corporation1821 West 4000 SouthRoy, Utah 84067

Inquiry 158

m i

BYTE U.K.

uses (only needed by serious hackers)while Prefix is the preferred syntax forexperienced users; it looks like this:

can buy( person thing)

if in stock( thing)

& LESS(price(_thing)funds( person))

A final option in the Syntax panelis Interpret; this enables interpretationinstead of compilation, which permitsgreater flexibility in tracing and

debugging at the expense of speed.

The built-in predicates of MacPro-log have been expanded to include awhole set for controlling Mac menusand dialogue boxes. It's possible forthe user to create pull-down menusand attach Prolog programs to themto create Macintosh-style applica-tions.

The test version of MacProlog has24-bit integer arithmetic only, but laterversions may have floating-point and

transcendental functions as UNIXsigma-PROLOG does. Modules arenot implemented in the test version.In summary, MacProlog looks like anicely integrated product that goes along way toward the sort of friendlyprogramming environment availableon $30,000 LISP machines. The U.S.distributor is Programming Logic Sys-tems, 31 Crescent Dr., Milford, CT06460, (203) 877-7988, but 1 have nodate for its release. ■

A PROTOTYPE FOR YOUR PROTOTYPES

METHODS BY DIGITALK. A SMALLTALK PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT FORTHE IBM PC. AN OBJECT-ORIENTED SPEED DEMON. AN EXCITING WAY TO PROGRAM.

Think about your problem. Browse the MethodsSmalltalk source code. Select some buildingblocks like pop-up menus, windows, text-editorsand dictionaries. Put them together. Try it.Oops, Methods tells you something is missing.No problem. Continue thinking, changing andtrying. Now you're prototyping! Try out newideas. Redefine your problem. And you don'thave to throw this prototype away. Refine ituntil you like the finished product.

Methods by Digitalk. A new way to developsoftware for the PC. Use it for windowing,simulation and artificial intelligence applications.Use it by prototyping.

Methods is Smalltalk-80~ language compatible.It includes its own Smalltalk source code. Youcan extend it in Smalltalk and assemblylanguage.

Methods operates on IBM PCs with 512K bytesRAM using MS-DOS or PC-DOS. Color andmonochrome monitors are supported. No mouseis required. A Smalltalk language manual andan environment guide are included.

Smal1talk-80~ is a trademark of Xerox Corporation. IBM is a registered trademark ofInternational Business Machines Corporation. MS is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

Available from Digitalk for $250. Outside U.S. add $15.00 forshipping and handling. California residents add 6% sales tax.Visa and MasterCard accepted. Educational and DealerDiscounts Available.

DIGITALK, INC.

5200 West Century BoulevardLos Angeles, California 90045(213)645-1082

354 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 99

ACCORDINGTO WEBSTER

Greetings and Agitations

Methods

Turbo Pascal 3.0

Copy II Mac

MacTools

MacASM

MacModula-2

Megamax C

QC-20

by Bruce Webster

Bruce Webster is a consulting editor

jor BYTE and a charter member oj

the PMS Commandos. He can be

contacted do BYTE. 42 5 Battery

St., San Francisco. CA 94111.

ike last month, this month's columnwill talk mostly about MacintoshJHoM stuff, although it does start out witha few non-Mac products. These columns willprobably continue to contain about 60 to70 percent Mac-related items since most ofthe hardware and software that comes inis for the Mac. Also, there is substantialcoverage of CP/M, MS-DOS, and IBM stuffelsewhere in BYTE.

Methods

In the May issue of BYTE, Tom Yonkmanand I wrote a product preview of Methods,a version of Smalltalk for the IBM PC fromDigitalk Inc. ("Methods: A Preliminary Look,"page 152). Methods is now being shipped.It comes with two manuals: Smalltalk lan-guage Guide (51 pages) and Environment Guide(67 pages). The first manual is unfinished(four chapters are simply "to be completed"pages), and the documentation itself is terseand jargon-laden.

If you're already familiar with Smalltalk,you probably won't have much of a prob-lem with Methods. If you're not familiar withSmalltalk, then be warned: This package isnot an easy one to sit down and use on yourown. You should buy it only if you are veryinterested in Smalltalk and are willing to putin a lot of time unlearning conventional soft-ware development and switching over to theMethods/Smalltalk environment.

Turbo Pascal 3.0

About two years ago, Philippe Kahn of Bor-land International started something of asoftware revolution by releasing Turbo Pas-cal for $49.95. Very few people believed theclaims in the ads: I sure didn't. The productseemed too good to be true, especially inlight of the JRT Pascal fiasco. I was writinga Pascal column for Softalk for the IBM PC atthe time, so I asked for a review copy, fullyintending to rip it to shreds. Instead, I wrotesuch a glowing review that excerpts werelater quoted in Turbo Pascal ads. TurboPascal became a software hit, selling some

2 50,000 copies in two years, an amazingfigure for a computer language.

Borland has continued to improve theproduct over that time, releasing version 2.0last year. Now version 3.0 has come out,with a number of fixes, a large list of im-provements, and a 376-page manual (about100 pages longer than the 2.0 manual). Italso comes with a slightly higher price tagof $69.95. Turbo Pascal is best known forits small size, incredible compile speeds,and fast execution times. Version 3.0 is stillsmall (less than 40K bytes for the compilerand editor) and is actually faster in compileand execution times. On top of that, the MS-DOS version has a large assembly-languagegraphics library (including, but not limitedto, a turtle graphics implementation). TheMS-DOS version also provides better sup-port for DOS (disk operating system) 2.0and 3.0 file I/O (input/output) and directorycalls. A BCD (binary-coded decimal) versionis available, designed primarily for financialapplications where you need large precision(18 digits) and minimal round-off error. And,of course, an 8087 version of 3.0 is out aswell.

Turbo Pascal is not a perfect implemen-tation. Program code is limited to 64K bytesresident at any one time. You can use over-lays and chaining to get around that, but itcan still make for awkward development.Libraries are not as convenient to use as inUCSD Pascal: ditto for assembly-languageroutines. But it is fast, small, and cheap: ithas a tremendous number of built-in rou-tines to do low-level system work: and it'sfun to play around with. The language andthe documentation have improved with age.Even at the increased price, it's probablystill the best software deal on the market.

A Brief Aside

In the interests of integrity, I would like topoint out that I have had one financial deal-ing with Borland International. Last October,just as I was quitting my job, Philippe Kahn

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 355

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

called me with a problem. Borlandhad contracted with an author towrite a book on Turbo Pascal. Forvarious reasons, that author couldn'tcomplete it; Philippe, familiar with myPascal column in Softalk for the IBM PC,asked if I could help finish the book.

I accepted the job (for a flat fee) andin two weeks wrote parts II and III ofTurbo Tutor, basing it largely on mySoftalk columns. Since I receive noroyalties from sales of Turbo Tutor, mywallet doesn't really care if you buyit or not (though my ego has someconcern). And, of course, the sameapplies to Turbo Pascal itself.

Copy II Mac/MacTools

Since most of the Macintosh applica-tion software is copy-protected, it wasinevitable that a Mac bit-copying pro-gram would soon appear. It did—Copy II Mac from Central Point Soft-ware—and it's good. I tried it out onalmost every piece of copy-protectedsoftware I had, and all the copiesseemed to work just fine. What'smore, the package includes MacTooIs,a file-manipulation and file-editingroutine that lets you set attribute bits(invisible, locked, protected) for files,as well as view and edit them in hexa-decimal/ASCII (American StandardCode for Information Interchange) for-mat. And, yes, you can copy the Copy

II Mac master disk using itself.While I am strongly against software

piracy—I don't give out software, nordo I receive it—I do feel the need toback up my master di'sks, especially

for application packages. Copy pro-tection on games doesn't bother meat all, but it can be a real pain onbusiness or productivity software. Thefirm I used to work for had two busi-ness-type software packages on themarket; neither was copy-protected,and both had instructions asking theuser to immediately make backupcopies and then store the masterssomewhere safe (and leave themthere).

If you're using copy-protected soft-ware on the Mac, you should haveCopy II Mac to back up and preserveyour masters. But please don't use itto steal.

Mac Development Software

Here's a quick look at three more de-velopment systems for the Mac andsome benchmarks for the differentlanguages. The three packages we'relooking at are MacASM (from Main-stay). MacModula-2 (from ModulaCorporation), and Megamax C (fromMegamax Inc.). The benchmarks in-clude these languages as well asseveral others we've talked about.

MacASM is a Mac assembly-lan-guage development system with adecidedly non-Mac interface. In fact,the user interface resembles nothingso much as your typical BASIC en-vironment. Your statements have linenumbers; you use commands likeLIST, RENUMBER, DELETE, LOAD,SAVE, DIR, ASM, and RUN; and youedit by listing part of the program tothe screen, then moving the cursor up

and changing it. Despite that (ormaybe even because of it), MacASMis fast and easy to use. You can editprograms using MacWrite or, betteryet, Bill Duvall's program editor (foundin several other development pack-ages), but it means that you have topop out of the MacASM environmenteach time you want to go back to theeditor. Your best bet is to do the bulkof your program entry using a regulareditor, then use the MacASM environ-ment to debug your code.

The MacASM documentation is an80-page manual explaining the systemcommands and assembly-languagedirectives. You will need one or twobooks on 68000 assembly language,as well as Inside Macintosh, to do anyserious development.

Because of the quick, familiar natureof its user interface, MacASM is agreat tool for learning 68000 assem-bly language. What's more, you cancreate stand-alone applications (com-plete with resource files). Accordingto Mainstay, more than 1000 develop-ers are using MacASM to do just that.And, nicest of all, there are no licens-ing fees. If you do get MacASM,though, be sure to save your sourcecode out often; whenever you startmessing with assembly language,especially on the Mac, you stand agood chance of repeatedly crashingthe system.

MacModula-2 is, of course, aModula-2 compiler from the samepeople who build the Lilith (a

(continued)

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356 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry I92

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LDP is offering a compatibility upgrade package to convertyour current SI00 BUS system quickly and easily to IBM-PCcompatibility. This upgrade includes the high performanceTHUNDER 186 and COLOR MAGIC, IBM-PC compatiblecolor graphics board. You get 10 Mhz 8086 performance,256K bytes of no wait state RAM, two serial ports and aparallel printer port. No other S100 bus boards arerequired. Included with this set is the advancedCONCURRENT DOS operating system bringing PC-DOScompatibility and multitask-ing to the system. This boardout performs the IBM-PC by athree to one margin. GainIBM-PC compatibility withoutsacrificing SI00 bus compati-bility.

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■THUNDER 186 single board computer pro-vides a high performance 16 bit computer all onone board. It is an ideal companion to theCOLOR MAGIC to provide a low cost, high per-formance IBM-PC compatible system. The8Mhz 80186 offers lOMhz 8086 performance.THUNDER 186 provides all the componentsnecessary to form a complete system includ-ing: 256K bytes of no wait-state RAM, 2 serialports, a parallel printer port, high performancefloppy disk controller controls both 5Vi" and 8"drives simultaneously, full IEEE 696 (S100) bus

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ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

Modula-2-specific computer). Mac-Modula-2 compiles down to m-code.a p-code that then runs on an inter-preter. It runs under a standard Macenvironment, with Bill Duvall's editor,a linker, a resource maker, and a largenumber of library modules. Most ofthese tools have a transfer menu thatlets you go from one to another with-out having to go back into (and thenout of) the Finder. Ironically, the onetransfer that is missing is the one thatwould be most useful: from the editorto the compiler.

The compiler goes through fourpasses and is slow. Since you mustlink as well, the time from the start ofcompilation to able-to-execute candrag on quite a bit. For the Sieve ofEratosthenes program (which is notvery big), the total elapsed time fromthe start of compilation to the end oflinking was nearly 90 seconds. Largeprograms would be even worse, soyour best bet is to really use thebenefits of Modula-2 and break yourprograms up into small chunks, whichyou can compile, debug, and thenleave alone.

The MacModula-2 documentation isan excellent, large (8!4 by 11 inches)5 50-page softbound manual, but itdoes not include a Modula-2 refer-ence guide. If you're familiar withPascal, you may be able to get by withjust- Niklaus Wirth's thin text. Program-ming in Modula-2 (2nd ed„ New York:Springer-Verlag, 1983): if you're not,you'll probably need to find a moreextensive book. And, of course, you'llneed Inside Macintosh.

Like MacASM and 68000 assemblylanguage, MacModula-2 is probablyan ideal environment for learningModula-2 (short of owning a Lilith).Unlike MacASM, I'm not sure yet howwell MacModula-2 works as a devel-opment system. Modula-2 itself isgreat for software development, butthe long compilation and link timescould lead to frustrated programmerswasting time staring at Mac screens.Since MacModula-2 uses an m-codeinterpreter, you can't produce truestand-alone applications: instead, youwould have to distribute the m-codeinterpreter along with the object-code

file. One piece of good news, though,is that Modula Corporation hasdropped all licensing fees for Mac-Modula-2.

Megamax C is one of several C com-pilers out for the Mac. It has basical-ly the same editor and resourcemaker as MacModula-2, MacAdvan-tage, and a few other developmentpackages. It also has a linker, alibrarian, a code improver, a batchprocessor, a disassembler, andseveral libraries.

The compiler is fast. The first time1 compiled the Sieve program, it wasdone so quickly that I thought I haddone something wrong. And sinceyou can transfer over to the linker orto any other program, you can avoidhaving to drop back into the Finderin between steps. You can also trans-fer out of the linker to your finishedcode or to anything else. Megamax Cproduces fast stand-alone code: itsfeatures include floating-point sup-port, in-line assembly language, anda low price ($295).

I can't really compare Megamax tothe other C compilers until 1 see them.What I heard of Megamax, though,was enough to convince me to go outand buy a copy, rather than wait fora review copy to show up. Themanual, about 200 pages in a three-ring binder, is adequate: if you don'tknow C, you'll need an introductorytext (C Primer Plus by Mitchell Waite,Steven Prata, and Donald Martin [In-dianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams,1984] seems to be a good one) and(all together now) Inside Macintosh.

Some Benchmarks

Mark Twain once said that there arethree kinds of lies: lies, damned lies,and statistics. Benchmarks can fit intothat list without much difficulty.Nevertheless, having all this develop-ment software, I decided to run theSieve of Eratosthenes benchmark, justto get some rough comparisons. Table1 shows the results.

All these benchmarks were run ona 512K-byte Mac with a Bernoulli Box,with one exception: The p-Systembenchmarks were done on a 128K-

(continued)

358 BYTE • AUGUST

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For those among you who lookto achieve, perhaps it's time totake a good hard look at Hayes.There's a future in it.

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Inquiry 369

^

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

byte Mac with two disk drives. In ad-dition, I made the C, Modula-2,FORTH, and MacAdvantage:UCSDPascal programs time themselvesusing the TickCount routine in theToolbox. This didn't affect the execu-tion times, but it did increase the com-pile and link times. Incidentally, thelast column in table 1 is the executionspeed in the previous column dividedby the fastest time (2.9 seconds forMacASM, using a long-word fill). Theresult shows how many times slowerthat version was than the fastest one.Comments? Megamax C is comfort-ably close to MacASM, especiallysince you can use the disassemblerand in-line assembly language tospeed up key sections. 1 suspect thatthe other C compilers are in the sameballpark. MacFORTH isn't that farbehind, either. The p-code systems(MacModula-2, Mac p-System, Mac-Advantage) are in the same ballpark,

roughly 10 to 2 5 times slower than theC compiler. The exception is thenative-code-generated version underthe p-System, which competes wellwith the C compilers. MacPascal andMS-BASIC, which are here just forcompleteness, are 400 to 500 timesslower than MacASM code.

For some non-Mac comparison,table 2 shows execution times (bothregular and normalized for table 1) ofthe same program running underTurbo Pascal on a 2 56K-byte Compaqwith two floppies. The compile times(which were in the standard TurboRAM-to-RAM mode) were all about0.8 second. (No, that's not a typo: Itwas four-fifths of a second.) Inciden-tally, the Turbo defaults are no userinterrupt and no range checking, sothe 14.5-second time is what youwould normally get. You would haveto deliberately set the {$U + } and{$R+} options to get the slowest

speed; looking at the table, you cansee why.

For Mac Developers

I have found (along with a lot of otherpeople) what is probably the bestmagazine for Macintosh software de-velopers. It's a homebrew journalcalled Mafllttor (formerly MadTecfi). It'snot fancy or slick, but each issue(monthly, about 44 to 48 pages) is fullof explanations of the Mac's intrica-cies. The format is a series of columnsdealing with the different languages:FORTH, C, Pascal, Modula-2, BASIC68000 assembly language, and more.Worth its weight in 3'/2-inch floppies.Back issues are available.

Update: SofTechMicrosystems

Warren Williamson, who does thecopy editing on my column, must be

[continued)

ZENET NETWORK though twist pat

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360 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 305

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language with a full screen editor,cassette I/O driver primitives, EPROMprogrammer primitives, and other util-ity words. It also contains up to 4Kbytes of RAM or EPROM, an RS-232serial port with selectable baud rates,and two parallel ports. Additional Z8peripheral boards include memory ex-pansion, a smart terminal board, serialand parallel I/O, real time clock an A/Dconverter, and an EPROM programmer.It's perfect for data reduction andhigh speed control applications.

BCC21 w/utilities . . . $225.00

$3: "Let me have an entiredevelopment system onone board."

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THE BCC52SYSTEM/CONTROLLER

The BCC52 is a new stand alone singleboard microcomputer which is buscompatible with the Micromint BCC11/BCC21 Z8 System/Controllers and ex-pansion boards. The BCC52 featuresthe Intel 8052AH-BASIC micropro-cessor which includes a ROM resident8K byte floating point BASIC inter-

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BCC52 . . . $239.00

77A'. "Give me lots of economicalcomputing power."

Solution:

THE BCC11 BASICSYSTEM/CONTROLLER

The Z8 BASIC System/Controller isnearly identical to the FORTHSystem/Controller but contains a tinyBASIC interpreter, up to 6K bytes ofRAM and EPROM, an RS-232 serialport with switch selectable baud rates,and two parallel ports. Add a powersupply and terminal to start program-ming in BASIC or machine language.Programs can be transferred to 2732EPROMS with the optional EPROMprogrammer for auto-start applications.It can also use any of the expansionboards mentioned under the Z8FORTH System/Controller.

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ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

getting upset with me. You see, this isthe second month in a row where I'vehad to make major changes to theauthor's proof due to developmentsin the real world.

Last month, I had to change a cou-ple of paragraphs where 1 took Sof-Tech to task over licensing fees forMacAdvantage:UCSD Pascal. You see.SofTech had dropped all licensingfees and (according to what they toldme) had cut the price as well, from$295 to $119. This was all to go intoeffect July 1, which is when my firstcolumn was going to show up.

A few weeks after having made thatchange, word came that SofTech Inc.was going to sell off SofTech Micro-systems. I talked with officials at Sof-Tech Microsystems, who assured methat all the product changes they hadtold me about were going to go intoeffect anyway. . .except for the dropin price for MacAdvantage. In short,I don't know what SofTech is going tocharge for MacAdvantage. So my firstpiece of news is that you'll have tocontact SofTech yourself to find outexactly what the status is for MacAd-vantage, as well as the products I'mgoing to mention in the next fewparagraphs.

Second, SofTech is reorganizing theIBM PC p-System into three separatepackages: the basic MS-DOS-hostedp-System, with editor, UCSD Pascalcompiler, and filer; an assembler/native-code-generator package; andutilities package (disassembler,debugger, etc.). Furthermore, eachpackage will sell for only $49.95(shades of Borland!). Since this is theMS-DOS-hosted version of the p-Sys-tem, your files are on DOS-formatteddisks, and your programs can readand write DOS files. Since the p-Sys-tem offers more sophisticated mem-ory management and library facilitiesthan Turbo Pascal, and since p-codeis very compact, this might be an at-tractive alternative for those of youwriting large Pascal programs on theIBM PC Again, there has been achange in licensing policy: Any pro-gram that is released as public-domain software or shareware ("Sendme $xx if you like it") requires no

licensing fee. Any commercial prod-uct—something that is sold throughmail order or dealers and that has asuggested list price—still has to paythe standard fee.

And Now for SomethingCompletely Different

This same SofTech, a company knownmostly for a runner-up developmentsystem, is releasing a product thatmay have reverberations throughoutthe industry much on the same orderas Turbo Pascal and SideKick. A fewyears ago, two programmers devel-oped and shipped an integrated soft-ware package for the Apple calledThe Incredible Jack. Their success gotthem some venture capital, and theywrote an improved version for theIBM PC, called Jack2. Then the rum-blings about Ovation, Symphony, andFramework started, and the venture

capitalists got cold feet. SofTech nowowns the product; its people have im-proved it even more and plan to startshipping it on the 1st of July under thename TeamMate. That would be ho-hum news at best, except for one im-portant change: A package that usedto cost $500 will go out on the marketfor $69.95. Yes, you saw that right.Sales of Symphony and Frameworkhave been sluggish; what will happenwhen TeamMate hits the shelves?

Update: Mac Mass Storage

1 talked last month about the QuarkQC-10 hard disk for the Apple II.Apple III, and Macintosh. Since then.Quark has announced the QC-20,which is a 20-megabyte version of theQC-10. Quark has also released theApple Pascal (version 1.2) supportsoftware, but since I no longer have

(continued)

Table 1: Macintosh Sieve benchmarks.

Language

Compilation

Linking

Execution

Normalized

MacASM

1.1

—

3.1

1.1

long-word fill

1.1

—

2.9

1.0

Megamax C

3.2

27.8

6.5

2.2

and improver

+ 6.8

—

6.2

2.1

register vars

3.1

26.8

4.4

1.5

and improver

+ 6.4

—

4.2

1.4

MacFORTH (1.1)

1.3

—

25.3

8.7

using FILL

1.3

—

20.0

6.9

MacModula-2

46.4

22.8

84.8

29.2

range check off

44.6

22.5

71.6

24.7

Mac p-System

16.9

—

92.6

31.9

no rcheck, FillChar

18.8

—

59.6

20.6

native code gen

18.6

19.3

6.5

2.2

MacAdvantage

22.6

—

104.1

35.9

range check off

22.4

—

88.6

30.6

and FillChar

22.7

—

69.1

23.8

MacPascal (Beta)

—

—

1235.0

425.9

MS-BASIC (2.0)

1294.0

446.2

Table 2: Sieve execution benchmarks

on the IBM PC-compatible Compaq.

The

program is identical to the one used to

generate

the benchmarks in

table 1.

Execution

Normalized

Turbo Pascal (3.0)

173.8

59.9

user interrupts turned off {$U-}

25.9

8.9

and range checking turned off {$R-

\

14.5

5.0

and using FillChar

11.6

4.0

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 363

ACCORDING TO WEBSTER

Items Discussed

Copy II Mac/MacTools $39.95

Central Point Software Inc.9700 Southwest Capitol Hwy., #100Portland, OR 97219(503) 244-5782

Mac Bernoulli Box $1895

Mac Bernoulli Slave Drive . . .$1195Iomega Corporation1821 West 4000 SouthRoy. UT 84067(801) 776-7730

MacAdvantageUCSD Pascal . . . $???UCSD p-System for IBM PC . . $49.95

TeamMate $69.95

SofTech Microsystems16875 West Bernardo Dr.San Diego, CA 92127(619) 451-1230

MacASM

Mainstay

28611-B Canwood St.Agoura Hills, CA 91301(818) 991-6540

MacModula-2

Modula Corporation1673 West 820 NorthProvo, UT 84601(801) 375-7400

$125

$150

Megamax C

Megamax Inc.POB 851521

Richardson. TX 75085-1521(214) 987-4931

$295

Methods $2 50

Digitalk Inc.

5200 West Century Blvd.Los Angeles, CA 90045(213) 645-1082

QC-10 $1995

QC-20 $2595

Quark Inc.

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(800) 543-7711

Turbo Pascal 3.0

Borland International4113 Scotts Valley Dr.Scotts Valley, CA 95066(408) 438-8400

$69.95

a QC-10 to test it on, 1 can't tell youhow well it works.

1 also talked about the Iomega Ber-noulli Box (which, thankfully, I stillhave). I have used the partitioningsoftware, which let me divide each5-megabyte disk into five 1-megabyte"disks." A simple mount program thenlets me decide which "disks" are

mounted or dismounted. It isn't asflexible or convenient as the QuarkVolume Manager, but it's a lot betterthan having to work with a single5-megabyte disk. Iomega also an-nounced a slave drive for the MacBernoulli Box. It costs $1195, plugsinto the back of the Box, and givesyou another 5-megabyte drive. Great

for backups; if 1 can get one on review.I'll let you know how it is.

Coming Events

Next month, I hope to take a goodlook at SofTech's integrated package,more Mac C compilers, and otherodds and ends. Until then, hang loose,and I'll see you on the bit stream. ■

Quality PC Products from MULTITECH

• CPU board with 256K memory and upto 640K on board, serial, parallelports, socket for 8087, 6 slots. RunMS DOS CPM/86. Complete

documentation $350

Power supply $125

Case for the CPU board $70

Floppy controller $60

Keyboard $80

• Fully assembled IBM compatiblePC with 256K, 1 serial, 1 parallel,color card, keyboard & 2(1/2)

HT drives $1150

OEM and dealer discount available.

CALL TOLL FREE TO ORDER (800) 538-1542

In California call (408) 730-1795 Technical Support Service (408) 773-8400

195 West El Camino RealSunnyvale, California 94087

U.S. SERVEX

Multifunction board (64K-384K). .$1601 parallel, 2 serial, clock/calendar,ramdisk, print spooler, & memory

expansion (0-384K) $80

Serial card (2 ports) $60

Color/graphic card $120

Mono display adaptor with 1

printer port $120

Mono/graphic card with 1 printerport (Hercules compatible,

flicker free) $170

8087 math coprocessor $95

Color monitor

(640x500 interlaced) $375

Microscience Hard disk

20 MB with controller $750

* One-year warranty for all add-on cards!

364 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 222

MODEMCARD

FOR IBM®-1200 BPS

HAYES® COMPATIBLE MODEMINCOMPATIBLE PRICE'

FEATURES

INFO-MATE1200 TPC

HAYESSMART-MODEM1200B

PRICE

HAYES "AT" COMMAND

COMPATIBLE

Communications softwareincluded

1200/300/110 bits per secondBell 212A and 103 compatibleAuto-dial, Auto-answerAuto-speed, Auto-parityBuilt-in speakerVolume control

$489YES

YES

YESYESYESYESYESYES

$198YES

YES

YESYESYESYESYESYES

MINIMUM COMPUTER REQUIREMENTS

• IBM/PC/XT/AT or compatible

• PC DOS or MS DOS (2.0 or higher)

• 128KRAM

• 1 2-sided disk drive

• 80-column screen display(monochrome or color)

IBM is a registered trademark o' International Business Machines CorpHayes is a registered trademark ot Haves Microcomputer Products. Inc

LIMITED QUANTITIES AVAILABLE

Concerningthe nature orspeed and its

rightful place

within the

Macintosh.

The Macintosh™ gave the worldthe notion of "radical ease of use" Butin order to do so; it had to do a greatdeal of extra work. A process that alsoconsumes a great deal of time.

Then along came the externalhard disk drive. Which made theMacintosh work faster, but still notfast enough for most business people.

So we thought of our ownsolution. HyperDrive!"

HyperDrive. It's the fastest,because it;s where it belongs.

HyperDrive is the only harddisk made to go inside the Macintosh.Which obviouslymeans one more portfree for other things;like Apple Talk™But more important,HyperDrive worksup to 15 times fasterthan a floppy. And

HyperDrive is preciselywhere r\r\ns

every disk drive should be. 50 tO 100%

faster than external drives.Because it hooks right onto theMacintosh circuit board.

HyperDrive. It;s engineeredto give the Macintosh a placein the business world.

Unlike other hard disks;HyperDrive will run any soft-ware that a regular Macintoshruns. Including Apple's0 ownFinder™ What's more; Hyper-Drive's own software will

If it runs on a Macintosh,

it'll run on aHyperDrive Macintosh.

rMApple Talk, Apple, Finder and LaserWriter arc registeredtrademarks or Apple Computer, Inc. ™Lotus and Jazz areregistered trademarks of the Lotus Development Corporation.Tf"TMyperDrive is a registered trademark or the GeneralComputer Company. ™Macintosh is a trademark licensed toApple Computer, Inc.

allow you to back up and restore what-ever's on the hard disk to and fromfloppies. At a rate of one floppy inunder 50 seconds.

And for really going to workwith items like Apple's LaserWriter™or Lotus™ Jazz™ you'll find you needHyperDrive. Because HyperDrive willactually make them work to theirmaximum., something no other diskdrive can do.

HyperDrive. It will actually keepyou busy.

WithHyperDrive;a Lake Tahoe

i \ .*

^^

4i

mi ..-re .-i

•--^JMj

SIP] :iF 1

fJS^ .-

~~^7t,

f%»

Will Donahue slip in the ratingsnow that there's HyperDrive?

~1

resort man-ager doubled

his business in

four months.

Simply by

being able to produce twice as many

reports and mailings.

Unfortunately you can'tplease everyone.

One software developerused to watch the Phil Donahueshow while waiting for hisMacintosh to compile. But oncehe started using HyperDrive; hedidn't have that free time. Andas he said; "I don't know what'sgoing on in the world anymore.;

Find out how to keep your-self busy. Call us at 1-800422-0101In Massachusetts (617) 492-5500.

j}

HyperDrive

General Computer Company215 First St., Cambridge, MA 02142

Inquiry 128

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 367

New from McGraw-Hill.

IX-VIEW86

Lets you observe theinternal operationsof DOS applicationsoftware.

Application Program

t

UnmodifiedDOS Application

4-

Maybe you've never put it into words.But you know the feeling.

It's the frustration that gets you everytime you analyze, debug, test, port, orconvert DOS application software.

To do the job right, you need somethingno one has invented.

You've got to see what's going on insidethe software, how it's acting and reacting.

You need somethingthat gives you x-rayvision.

Now you've got it

X-VIEW 86™, new fromMcGraw-Hill, lets youobserve the internaloperations of DOSapplication software.

Developed, tested,and refined in the highlyrespected technical labsof Future Computing, it helps you generate athorough, reliable technical analysis. Farbetter than what you could produce onyour own.

This powerful new tool — we callit a software analyzer — is anaffordable $59.95.

Future Computing Incorporated 19 a unit of McGraw-Hill InformationSystems Company.

r

i—

X-VIEW 86

i 1"

X-VIEW 86T" runs on any member of theIBM PC family — or any operationallycompatible machine — with any memoryconfiguration. You use it with PC-DOSDebug 2.0 or 2.1.

Single-stroke commands allow you tointerrupt the application program:a on any processor I/O accessd on any processor interrupt instructiona when its execution reaches a specified

addressa when it uses a specified memory

location

In addition, you can:□ automatically collect and analyze

technical information on an application

programa start program execution at a specified

addressd display the results of the analysis on

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X-VIEW 86™. A new kind of software. Fordevelopers and engineers with vision.

it

8

Inquiry 127

IBM Is a registered trademark and PC-DOS Is a trademark of InternationalBusiness Machines Corporation,

L

To order X-VIEW 86-

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J

BYTE WEST COAST

The iAPX 386,

the 80C86,

and the AT Probe

by Phillip Robinson

BYTE West Coast is prepared

monthly by BYTE's editors and staff

in San Francisco and Palo Alto.

Correspondence should be addressed

to BYTE West Coast. BYTE

Magazine, 42 5 Battery St.. San

Francisco, CA 94111.

New Microprocessor Chips

This month I'll look at an excellentexample of the activity in the chiptrade: the iAPX 86 family from Intel.First, there's the 80386. This 32-bit micro-processor has two important ancestors: thewhich is in the IBM Personal Com-puter (PC) and PC XT, and the 80286, whichis in the IBM PC AT (see the review of theIBM PC AT by Alan Finger, May BYTE, page270).

Then there is the 80C86. The CMOS (com-plementary metal-oxide semiconductor)process used to make the 80C86 uses farless power than the process used to makethe standard 8086: the CMOS technologyimproves both the portability and reliabili-ty of systems.

I'll also look at Atron's AT Probe, a "hard-ware-assisted software debugger" for the 86family. This device lets software engineersbe software engineers, rather than candi-dates for burnout, by helping to trace,isolate, and record software bugs.

THE IAPX 386

The 80386-the first 32-bit member of theiAPX 86 family—is almost here, after yearsof speculation. Although most of the bigsemiconductor makers are interested in the32-bit microprocessors, the recent battlehas been largely fought between Intel's8086 family and Motorola's 68000 family.

Intel's first run in the 32-bit arena was the432, a chip that just recently was given theax. Intel refers to this experimental chip asa learning experience: the 432 didn't turnup on the shelf in any computer store. It wasoptimized to run Ada, and Intel trumpetedit as a chip of the future. Today it's just aphilosophical conversation piece.

But now there is a real 32-bit micropro-cessor. Many people assume that the 80386is the front runner for a 32-bit IBM PC forthe following reasons: IBM was first tocarpet the world with 8088 boxes, it is nowselling as many 286 machines as it canmake, and it has acquired a big chunk ofIntel.

If IBM doesn't get to the 386 first, you canbet that plenty of other companies will.Those designers who have been pitting8086 and 80186 boards against IBM's 8088are ready to grab the first working 80386to gain an advantage in the marketplace.

Here are some details I garnered from theadvance information sheet on the 80386(dated October 1984; order number231247-001).

The iAPX 386 (the official name for the80386) is made using CHMOS III tech-nology. CHMOS is Intel's latest version ofthe CMOS process. The 386 is pipelined,has a high-bandwidth 32-bit bus, and sup-ports full 32-bit addressing (4 gigabytes ofphysical space, 4 gigabytes per segment,and 64 terabytes of virtual address spaceper task).

The 386 also has memory managementand protection (compatible with the 286),virtual-memory support, caches, and pag-ing (optional) all on chip. It can handle 8-,16- and 32-bit data, has a multiple-copro-cessor interface, and supports integratedmultitasking.

The 386 is object-code software-compatiblewith the 86, 88, 186, 188, and 286. The 386instruction set is a superset of the 286 set.All instructions are extended to support the32-bit addresses and operands. As is typicalin new-generation microprocessors, new in-structions have also been added. Thatmeans 8088 programs (such as those forthe IBM PC) should run without recompila-tion on an 80386 box.

The 16-bit general-purpose registersfound on the 286 are extended to 32 bitson the 386. In addition, Intel has added twosegment registers for simultaneous manip-ulation of multiple data structures.

Address generation is the same as on theother 86 family chips: An optional base isadded to an optional index and an optionaldisplacement.

The on-chip memory management of the386 will save designers from having to use a

(continued)

AUGUST 1985

i Y T E 369

BYTE WEST COAST

Intel is also

showing off its

new versions of

the SQ88, 8086,and peripherals.

memory-management chip. The hard-ware protection of memory areas,with its four privilege levels, is thesame as on the 286. Separate pro-gram tasks can be isolated from oneanother.

The 386 is available with either a 12-or 16-MHz clock; Intel figures that the386 offers two to three times the per-formance of the 286. Also, Intel ispromising an 80387 numeric copro-

cessor that will be compatible withthe 8087 and 80287 but will operateat four times the 287's speed.

So, when can you get one? Samplechips should be available in the fourthquarter of 1985. Production is sched-uled for mid-1986. If you're interested,get the literature; there should bemore available by the time you readthis. Unfortunately, unless you're aprized Intel customer, paper is allyou'll probably be able to get for awhile yet.

Low Power and Long Life:The 80C86

Intel is also showing off its new CMOSversions of the 8088, 8086, and pe-ripherals. The 80C88 and the 80C86(with speeds up to 8 MHz) are accom-panied by an 82C84A clock, 82C88bus controller, 82C59A interrupt con-troller, 82C54 timer/counter, 82C55Aperipheral interface, 82C08 dynamic

RAM (random-access read/writememory) controller, the 2 7C64EPROM (erasable programmableread-only memory), and CMOS mem-ories.

Harris has been offering the 80C88for a while and is now also offeringan 80C86. Harris also has a family ofchips including the 82C52 serial-controller interface, 82C54 program-mable interval timer, 82C55A pro-grammable peripheral interface,82C59A priority-interrupt controller,and 82C37A DMA (direct memory ac-cess) controller. To add to the stew,Harris has CMOS gate arrays, bus-support circuits, RAMs, and PROMs.

Why is everyone so excited aboutCMOS? As a September 1983 BYTEarticle ("Inside CMOS Technology" byMartin B. Pawloski, Tony Moroyan,and Joe Altnether, page 94) pointedout, the enormous drop in power re-

(conlinued)

Howa software engineer

got to captain thelunar landing module.

The Computer Museum is everythingyou'd expect, and a lot of things youwouldn't.

Of course, the museum contains acoHection of the most significant accom-plishments in the history of informationprocessing. But it's not just a great placet© see things, it's also a great place todo things.

There are over twenty interactive ex-hibits at The Computer Museum. You candesign a car, create your own fractal land-scape, or even captain the lunar landing

module on the Apollo flight simulator.

So, the next time you're in Boston, stopby The Computer Museum. You'll discoverit's more than a lot of machines, it's also alot of fun.

For more information, or to become aMuseum Member, write The ComputerMuseum, or call (617) 423-6758.

The Computer Museum

There's something in it for everyone.

300 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210

370 BYTE- AUGUST 1985

MICROWAY'S 8087 RUNS 1-2-3!

MicroWay is the world's leading retail-er of 8087s and high performance PCupgrades We stock a complete selec-tion of 8087s that run at 5 and 8mhz. Allof our coprocessors are shipped with adiagnostic disk and the best warrantyin the business - 180 days! We alsooffer daughterboards for socketlesscomputers such as the NEC PC andPCjr, and a board which increases theclock speed of the 80287 in the PC AT.Our new NUMBER SMASHER™ in-cludes 512K ram. It will run the IBM PCat clock speeds up to 9.5mhz andachieves a throughput of .1 megaflops

87FFT Written in assembly language, per-forms Forward and Inverse FFTs on real and com-plex arrays which occupy up to 512K bytes ofRAM. Also does convolutions, auto correlations,hamming complex vector multiplication, and com-plex to radial conversions. Callable from C,MS Fortran, 87MACRO, TURBO PASCAL and87BASIC/INLINE $200

87FFT-2 performs two-dimensional FFTsIdeal for image processing Requires 87FFT...$75

MATRIXPAK™ manages a MEGABYTE!Written in assembly language, our runtime pac-kage accurately manipulates large matrices atvery fast speeds Includes matrix inversion andthe solution of simultaneous linear equationsCallable from MS Fortran 3.2, 87MACRO, and87BASIC/INLINE each $150

GRAPHICS PACKAGES

Grafmatic for MS Fortran or Pascal $125

Plotmatic for Grafmatic $125

MultiHalo (one language) $189

DFixer™

A disk utility which thoroughly checks PC or AThard disks for bad sectors and updates the MSDOS file allocation table accordingly $149

87DEBUG " - a professional debugger with8087 support, a sophisticated screen-orientedmacro command processor, and trace featureswhich include the ability to skip tracing throughbranches to calls and software and hardwareinterrupts Breakpoints can be set in code or onguarded addresses in RAM $150

HARDSCOPE™ includes a version of87 DEBUG which interfaces a Breaker Box whichmakes it possible to reset your PC and break pro-gram execution independent of DOS $249

AST Advantage™ $439

JRAM-2™ (0K) $169

J RAM™ AT (0K) $229

MicroWay

P.O. Box 79Kingston, Mass02364 USA(617) 746-7341

with87BASIC/INLINE, Intel Fortran, orMicrosoft Fortran. Software reviewersconsistently cite MicroWay softwareas the best in the industry! Our cus-tomers frequently write to thank us forrecommending the correct softwareand hardware to meet their specificneeds They also thank us for our sameday shipping! In addition to our ownproducts which support the 8087 and80287, we stock the largest supply ofspecialized software available any-where. For information call us at

617-746-7341

FASTBREAK™

MicroWay's daughterboard turns onyour 8087 during 1-2-3™ executionand extends DOS functionality. Recal-culations run up to 36 times faster. In-cludes an 8087 chip. When used withthe NUMBER SMASHER™ it can pro-vide a total increase in 1-2-3™ ex-ecution speed of up to 79 to 1.CONFIGURATIONS:

FASTBREAK™ 5mhz $339

FASTBREAK™ 8mhz $479

FASTBREAK™ without 8087 $249

FASTBREAK™ 80287 Turbo 6mhz... $524

MicroWay

8087Support

For the IBM PC, PC XT, PC AT and Compatibles.

87 BASIC/I N LI N E™ converts the output ofthe IBM Basic Compiler into optimized 8087inline code which executes up to seven times fas-ter than 87BASIC Supports separately compiledinline subroutines which are located in their ownsegments and can contain up to 64K bytes ofcode. This allows programs greater than 128K!Requires the IBM Basic Compiler and MacroAssembler. Includes 87BASIC $200

87BASIC™ includes patches to the IBM BasicCompiler and both runtime libraries for USERTRANSPARENT 8087 support Provides superfast performance for all numeric operations in-cluding trigonometries, transcendentals, addition,subtraction, multiplication, and division $150

87MACRO™ - our complete 8087 softwaredevelopment package. It contains a"Pre-process-or," source code for a set of 8087 macros, and anobject library of numeric functions including tran-scendentals, trigonometries, hyperbolics, encod-ing, decoding and conversions For the IBMMacro Assembler, Version 1.0 or 2.0 $150

OBJ-"ASM™ - a multipass object moduletranslator and disassembler. Produces assemblylanguage listings which include public symbols,external symbols and labels commented withcross references Ideal for understanding andpatching object modules and libraries for whichsource is not available $200

RTOS - REALTIME OPERATING SYSTEM

RTOS is a multi-user, multi-tasking real time oper-ating system. It includes a configured version oflnteFsiRMX-86,LINK-86,LOC-86,LIB-86,OH-86,and MicroWay's 87DEBUG. Runs on the IBM-PC,XT, PC-AT and COMPAQ $400

INTEL COMPILERS1

FORTRAN-86

PASCAL-86

PL/M-86

87C (LATTICE/MICROWAY)

ASM-86

$750$750$5O0$750$200

'Requires RTOS or iRMX-86. All Intel compiler names andiRMX-86 TM Intel Corp.

The World Leaderin 8087 Support!

8087 5mhz $109

Including DIAGNOSTICS and one-year warrantyFor IBM PC and compatibles

8087-6 4mhz $99

Obsolete sub spec; overheats not recommended.

8087-2 8mhz $175

For Wang, AT&T, DeskPro, NEC, Leading Edge

80187-2 8mhz $299

For the Tandy 2000

80287-3 5mhz $199

For the IBM PC AT

80287 Turbo™ $375

Increases 80287 clock speed to 6 mhz

64KRAMSet $8

256KRAMSet $49

256K CMOS RAM Set $49128K RAM Set pc at $150NUMBER SMASHER™ 1590

9.54mhz 8087 coprocessor board with 512K

FORTRAN, C and BASIC

Microsoft Fortran Version 3.3 $229

IBM Professional Fortran 545

Ryan-McFarland Fortran 399

FORLIB+ or STRINGS and THINGS 65

Lattice C 299

Microsoft C Version 3.0 299

C86 299

FLOAT87 150

IBM Basic Compiler 270

87BASIC/INLINE 200

Summit BetterBASIC" 175

Summit 8087 Module 87

MACRO ASSEMBLERS

IBM Assembler with Librarian 155

Microsoft Assembler Version 3.0 125

PASCAL and APL

Microsoft Pascal Version 3.2 199

Borland Turtoo with 8087 Support 85

STSC APL*PLUS/PC 450

Pocket APL 85

COSMOS Revelation 750

SPSS/PC 595

FASTBREAK and NUMBER SMASHER are trademarks ofMicroWay, Inc Lotus and 1 -2-3 are trademarks of Lotus Devel-opment Corp.

Inquiry 216

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 371

BYTE WEST COAST

quirements from old-fashionedNMOS (negative-channel metal-oxidesemiconductor) to CMOS has manyadvantages. Not only do you have tosupply only one-tenth as much powerto CMOS as to NMOS chips, but thechips run much cooler. That tempera-ture change means a much higherreliability, longer chip life, and no

need for fans and other cooling ap-paratus (in many situations). CMOSeven yields greater noise protection.The Intel and the Harris chips havethe same power ratings. The 80C86'spower use is rated at 10 milliamps permegahertz (mA/MHz). In fact, theCMOS 80C86 can run right down tozero speed. In that standby state,

E-Z-DOS-IT

gives youconcurrent processing

in only 8K of RAM.

m

FramevvofkSymphony

Unique, E-Z-DOS-IT™ ConcurrentProcessing Software lets your PC wearseveral different hats at the same time—and it operates in only 8K of RAM.With E-Z-DOS-IT your IBM PC,PC/XT or PC/AT can run your choiceof background tasks while you continueto work at the screen. No waiting,because your single- tasking PC nowbehaves like two or more PCs. AndE-Z-DOS-IT is compatible with themost popular software and hardwareon the market today.

To find out more about E-Z-DOS-IT,or to order directly, call toll-free:

800/228-9602

In California, call 800/423-5592Ask for operator #10.

KHAMMER

Redefining Your PC Productivity.

Hammer Computer Systems, Inc.900 Larkspur Landing Circle, Suite 250| Larkspur, CA 94939.415/461-7633

E-Z-DOS-f

irk of Ha i

r Computer Sysn

5.1™

The following registered trademarks are acknowledged: IBM PC.PCVXT.and PC/AT - International Business Machines: Lotus 1-2-J andSymphony - Lotus Development Corp: dBase 11 and Framework -AshtonTate; Wordstar - Micro Pro International; PFS.File - SoftwarePublishing, Multi-Plan - Microsoft Corp,!Crosstalk - Microituf, Inc.

without losing any data, the 80C86uses less than 500 microamps. AnNMOS circuit uses the same amountof power whether it is running slowlyor quickly; an NMOS 8088/8086 typi-cally uses 300 mA of supply current.

Intel and Harris hope the advan-tages of CMOS will move thembeyond the portable-system environ-ment into desktop machines and tele-communications.

Intel's 80C88 was actually designedby Harris. Development kits areavailable now, and Intel promisesquantity shipments in the fourthquarter of 1985. Harris's 80C88 hasbeen used in the field, and its 80C86is available now. Harris uses a2-micron process; Intel works with a1.5-micron process.

Intel representatives see CMOS ris-ing from 10 or 15 percent of themarket today to 50 percent by 1988.In 10 years, they think HMOS (the Intelversion of NMOS) will be gone.

Iron Helps Make the 80286Work: The AT Probe

Debugging software frequently takesmore time than writing it. And there'sgood reason to believe that the newgeneration of chips, including the80286, will make debugging tougherthan ever before. Atron, a small firmin Saratoga, California, is making agood living battling that debuggingproblem.

Founded in 1983 by former Intelemployees, Atron makes a variety ofsoftware and hardware debuggingaids. It has become very successfulbecause of its PC Probe, a debuggerthat consists of both an add-on cardfor the IBM PC and some software. Aribbon cable from the card plugs intothe 8088 socket; the hardware multi-plies the power of the softwaredebugger.

Now Atron is peddling the ATProbe. Like the PC Probe, it consistsof both an add-on card and software.However, Atron couldn't just plug acable from the card into the 80286socket of the PC AT. The 80286 in thePC AT uses a nonstandard package (apin-grid array), and a corner of it is

(continued)

372 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 366

The Source Is Friendly.

Many online information servicesclaim to be "user friendly." But only onereally lives up to that promise.

The Source.

You see, The Source is specificallydesigned to save you time online. Withnew, shorter menus. Simpler commands.And a user's manual so well-written andeasy to understand, it's setting anindustry standard.

The Source is also the onlyservice that gives you freeintroductory lessons. Soyou get up-to-speed on our |dime, not yours. if

You get to the infer- f TneSouiremation you need in record f

The Source is a service mark of Source Tele-computing Corp., a subsidiary of The Readers Dij;estAssn.. Inc. © 1985 Source Telecomputing Corp.

time, without frustration. Everythingfrom the hour's headlines to travelreservations. From special interest groupsto online stock trading. So you don'twaste your valuable time. Or money.

Call 1-800-336-3366, send the coupon,or visit your nearest computer dealer.

And make friends with America'sfriendliest online information network.

INFORMATION NETWORK

SM

The most powerful resource any personal computer can have.

I'd like to make friends with The Source.Please send more information to:

Name

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Zip

Mail to: Source Telecomputing Corporation,1616 Anderson Road, McLean, VA 22102

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 373

Inquiry 367

PROGRAMMER'S UTILITIESespecially for Turbo Pascal onIBM PC/XT/AT and compatibles

MORE POWERFUL THAN UNIX UTILITIES!!!

These Ready-to-Use programs fully support Turbo Pascal

versions 2.0 and 3.0, and PCDOS 2.X and 3.0. Here's what

you get:

Pretty Printer

Standardize capitalization, indentation, and spacing ofsource code. Don't waste your own time! Several adjustableparameters to suit your tastes (works with any standardPascal source).

Program Structure Analyzer

Find subtle problems the compiler doesn't: uninitialized andunused variables, modified value parameters, "sneaky"variable modification, redefined standard identiliers. Alsogenerates a complete variable cross reference and an execu-tion hierarchy diagram. Interactive or write to file (workswith any standard Pascal source).

Execution Timer

Obtain a summary of time spent in each procedure andfunction of your program, accurate to within 200 micro-seconds. Also counts number of calls to each subprogram.Fully automatic.

Execution Profiler

Obtain a graphic profile of where your program spends itstime. Interactive, easy-to-use. Identify weak code at the in-struction level. (Profiler and Timer for Turbo Pascal Sourcecode only.)

Command Repeater

Customize any operation by reading and parsing the stan-dard input. Send up to 255 keystrokes to any executed pro-gram. Automatically generate DOS batch files.

Pattern Replacer

Find and REPLACE versatile regular expression patterns inany text file. Supports generalized wildcards, nesting, alter-nation, tagged words and more. Over a dozen programmer'sapplications included.

Difference Finder

Find differences between two text files, and optionally createan EDLIN script which rebuilds one from the other.Disregard white space, case, arbitrary characters and Pascalcomments if desired.

Super Directory

Replace PCDOS DIR command with extended patternmatching, sort capability, hidden file display, date filtering,and more.

File Finder

Locate files anywhere in the subdirectory tree and accessthem with a single keystroke. Display the subdirectory treegraphically.

AVAILABLE IN SOURCEAND EXECUTABLE FORMAT

Executable: $55 COMPLETE including tax and shipping.Compiled and ready to run, includes 140-page printed usermanual, reference card and one 5'/4" DSDD disk. Ideal forprogrammers not using Turbo. NOT copy protected.

Source: $95 COMPLETE including tax and shipping.Includes all of the above, and two additional DSDD disks.Disks include complete Turbo Pascal source code, detailedprogrammer's manual (on disk) and several bonus utilities.Requires Turbo Pascal 2.0 or 3.0.

Requirements: PCDOS 2.X or 3.0. 192K RAM - programsrun in less RAM with reduced capacity. Two drives or harddisk recommended.

TO ORDER:

VISA/MasterCard orders, call 7 days toll-free 1-800-538-8157x830. In California, call 1-800-672-3470 x830 any day.Or mail check/money order to:

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BYTE WEST COAST

tucked underneath one of the sys-tem's disk drives. However, becausethe PC AT's socket for the 80287 isaccessible and is connected in parallelto the 80286, Atron decided to useit for the interface.

The $2 500 Atron system competeswith debugging and development sys-tems costing between $30,000 and$50,000 from companies such as Inteland Hewlett-Packard. Intel's systemdepends on a special bond-out ver-sion of the 286 chip that brings inter-nal signals to the outside for analysis.Atron handles the signal analysis ina different way. The AT Probe savesall the signals from the last 2048 in-structions in its bank-switched 1-mega-byte on-board memory. When the286 hits a trap, the system returns tothe user and—on the way—analyzesthe signals.

The AT Probe can reverse-match itsrecorded real-time signal trace data tohigh-level-language source code (C,for example). This lets you use the ATProbe menus to step through a high-level-language program and yet watchthe machine-level effects. This singlestepping shows upcoming code,emulates instructions, lists variablesand contents, and even describesjump decisions. The AT Probe will

The AT Probe

can reverse-match

its recorded

real-time signal

trace data to

high-level-language

source code.

also give complete 287 floating-pointsupport.

The AT Probe intercepts processorsignals and can trap or trace anythingthat happens with those signals. Iteven has performance- and timing-analysis software with which you cancreate histograms showing where aprogram spends its time.

Atron feels that many aspects of to-day's popular programs—dynamicmemory allocation, complex inter-rupts, operating-system-protectedmodes—require hardware to seizeand manipulate data that could evadeyesterday's software debuggers. ■

CompaniesMentioned

80C86 and 80C88 chips:

Harris Semiconductor

Digital Products DivisionPOB 883 MS 53-03 5Melbourne, FL 32902-0883(305) 724-7000

Intel Corporation

2625 Walsh Ave.Santa Clara, CA 95051(408) 496-4580

iAPX 386 chip:

Intel Corporation3065 Bowers Ave.Santa Clara, CA 95051(408) 987-8080

PC Probe and AT Probe:

Atron

20665 Fourth St.Saratoga, CA 95070(408) 741-5900

374 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

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CIRCUIT CELLAR FEEDBACK

Conducted by Steve Garcia

Voice-Storage Package

Dear Steve,

In any of your Circuit Cellar articles, haveyou used a voice-storage package oper-ating from an analog microphone? I aminterested in such a package capable ofstoring and playing back up to 15 secondsof speech. Playback will be repeated untilthe power is interrupted to load a newmessage.

Charles R. BanksAlexandria, VA

Two of my Circuit Cellar projects will dowhat you want. "Talk to Me!: Add a Voiceto Your Computer for $35" (June 1978,page 1421 described a pulse-code-modu-lation technique. This technique is thesimplest but the least memory-efficient.It can be used with many digital-to-analog converters.

"Use ADPCM for Highly IntelligibleSpeech Synthesis" (June 1983, page 35)describes an adaptive differential pulse-code-modulation method. This method,which is more complicated, uses a specialchip from Oki Semiconductor for theADPCM synthesis but uses less memoryto store the speech. It takes advantageof the fact that speech contains portionsof silence and few rapid changes in signalamplitude.

With PCM, you can get reasonablespeech by sampling at 4000 8-bit sam-ples per second, with storage at the rateof 4000 bytes per second. With ADPCM,sampling at the same rate of 4000 bytesper second yields 3 bits per sample, soit uses storage at the rate of 1500 bytesper second. If you needed 15 seconds ofspeech, these techniques would require60,000 and 22,500 bytes of memory,respectively.

The sampling rate of either method canbe changed to decrease storage require-ments but at the expense of fidelity.—Steve

Clock Interface

Dear Steve.

I am writing in regard to your responseto Lance Walley about the interface of theMM58174A clock chip with the Apple II(January, page 413).

There is an additional subtle problem

regarding repeat-interrupt generationusing the MM58174A (in an Apple or else-where). In order for a series of interruptsto occur, the interrupt must first be prop-erly initialized by reading the interrupt/status register three times (1 can countonly two reads being necessary from theexplanations of what's supposed to behappening, but the data sheet says three).Then the interrupt handler must read theinterrupt register of the clock chip, address15 base 10 or 1111 base 2. three timesafter each interrupt has occurred. The in-terrupt output is active low; it stays lowuntil the interrupt register is read.

Thus, in order for a chain of interruptsto occur, CS (pin I, active low) must below; DB3 must be high, plus DB2, DB1, orDBO must be high; pin 2 (READ, activelow) must be high; the interrupt-registeraddress must be selected (all four addresslines = 1); and pin 3 (WRITE, active low)must be strobed low. With WRITE high.READ must then be strobed low threetimes to clear and initialize the interrupts.

After each interrupt occurs, the inter-rupt-register address must be read threetimes in order to clear it and restart the in-ternal interrupt timer. If the interrupthandler fails to clear the interrupt, theresult would be the same as described byMr. Walley; a single pulse. A single read ofthe register would fail to restart the inter-nal counter, and no subsequent interruptswould occur. Similarly, a single initial pulsewould also occur if the interrupts wereenabled without being cleared.

This all gets somewhat confusing fast.Anyone attempting to interface this chipwith anything should get the full NationalSemiconductor data sheets and studythem carefully; they aren't paragons ofclarity. They can be found in NationalSemiconductor's 1984 CMOS Data Book.

That book also contains information on

the MM58274 chip, which has a larger

number of interrupt intervals available but

is otherwise similar to the MM58174A.

Frank Kuechmann

Vancouver, WA

Building or Buying

Dear Steve,

Your column has helped inspire me; I'mnow pretty sure that I want to build my

own computer. I got some basic skills asan electronics technician in the military,but I have been dealing with the softwareend of things lately.

Would a project of building a computeraround the Motorola 68000 be too steepa hill to climb right off the bat? I haven'tworked out a complete cost analysis, butI am assuming that building your owncomputer is cheaper than buying one. AmI right?

Mark JohnsonSeattle, WA

I would not suggest building your owncomputer unless you are interested inusing the experience for learning. Whileit is usually cheaper to build your own,it is hard to beat the likes of a VIC-20 orIBM PC for convenience. All the hardwareand software needed is in one smallpackage, and many software programsare available. The cost savings is notlarge, especially when you consider yourtime, and it would be hard to build aVIC-20 for less than $80. Troubleshoot-ing the finished computer often requiressome expensive test equipment, whichshould be included in the bottom-lineprice comparison.

If you want to build one for the expe-rience, use a design based on one of theearlier 8-bit chips (Z80, 6502, or 6800).The newer 16-bit chips certainly havemore power, partly due to the many high-level support chips designed to work withthem. A design to incorporate thesechips and the software necessary toutilize them are best left to professionals.—Steve ■

Over the years 1 have presented many dif-ferent projects in BYTE. 1 know many of youhave built them and are making use of themin many ways.

1 am interested in hearing from any of youtelling me what you've done with these proj-ects or how you may have been influenced bythe basic ideas. Write me at Circuit Cellar Feed-back. POB 582, Glastonbury, CT 06033.and fill me in on your applications. All lettersand photographs become the properly of SteveCiarcia and cannot be returned.

376 BYTE- AUGUST

COPYRIGHT© 1985 STEVEN A. CIARCIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

-NOSEDDATABASE *99.

If You Liked DBase III,You'll Flip Over TAS™

Hard-nosed business owners havebeen asking for the power of DBaseIII™ and RBase 5000™ but withoutthe high price. That's why BusinessTools, Inc. created TAS™

Compare TAS with DBase III andRBase 5000. You'll see why we thinkTAS is a better "Hard-Nosed" valuethan DBase or RBase. TAS includesa data dictionary. TAS includes a trueprocedural language. TAS includes arun-time compiler. PlusTAS supports multi-userrecord and file locking.

TAS lets you to developyourown professional menu-driven business applica-tions. And not just simpleones either. TAS applicationscan hold up to 17 millionrecords. And because TAScompiles them, they run fast.

(relational database). Now he'staken the next big step by creatingTAS, the affordable software for yourbusiness. And it's backed with Phil'sreputation and personal service.

TAS™Runs OnThese CPUs

TAS is available for the IBMPC/XT/AT,™ Compaq™ AT&T 6300™Tandy 1000, 1200, 2000™ and mostMS-DOS™ CP/M™ and MP/M™systems.

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If anyone's "Hard-Nosed" aboutabout good software, it'sPhil. In 1982,he created The Sensible Solution™

Files Open

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But why stop with just a database?For just $249, you get TAS RelationalDatabase/Language plus GeneralLedger, Accounts Receivable andAccounts Payable. And for $399 youget all the above plus Inventory,Sales Order Entry, Purchase OrderEntry, and Payroll.

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Copyright 1985, Business Tools. Inc.

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The following are registered trademarks of these com-panies. TAS. Accounting Solution. Business Toois Inc.RBase5000, Microrim Inc; DBase III, AshtonTate Inc; CP/Mand MP/M Digital Research Inc, IBM PC/XT/AT, Inter-national Business Machines Corp. Compaq CompaqComputer Corp; AT&T 6300. AT&T Information Systems Inc,Tandy 1000,1200,2000. TandyCorp, MS-DOS MicrosoftCorp: The Sensible Solution trademark rights arecla>medby O'Hanlon Computer Systems Inc

Inquiry 44

AUGUST 1985

i Y T E 377

BYTELINES

Conducted by Sol Libes

Mitsubishi lapan has disclosed that it isin the very early stages of developingmanufacturing technology needed for pro-duction of 4-megabyte IC memorydevices. Production is expected in aboutthree to four years. . . . Lotus is reportedlyintroducing a word processor with an inte-grated desktop manager that will marrypackages recently obtained from an out-side source and an acquisition.... Thereare rumors that Microsoft will soonrelease a BASIC compiler for the Macin-tosh .... NEC is expected to introduce anaggressively priced laser printer to take upthe slack in sales of its once popular Spin-writer printer. And they are not alone, asCanon, Epson, and Ricoh are also ex-pected to enter the market with their ownproducts. . . . Look for several compan-ies, including AT&T, to introduce concur-rent PC compatibility to their UNIX-basedsystems at the upcoming November COM-DEX show. . . . Now that we have printand file servers on our networkingsystems, expect the next server to be amodem server. . . . and MicroPro shouldsoon announce a UNIX version of thelong-time favorite WordStar word pro-cessor. . . . Quantity prices for 64K-bitRAM chips are reportedly 70 cents eachand retail street prices are under 80 centseach.

IBM Watching

In my July column (page 393) I predictedthat IBM would release the PC II thismonth. It now appears that IBM haspushed back its introduction to the fourthquarter with deliveries to begin in early1986 so as not to impact current PC sales.Usually. IBM introduces a new product lineevery three years and makes the previousline obsolete. In the case of the PC, IBMhas supported the design for over fouryears.

The delayed introduction will no doubtgive competitors, such as Apple and IBMclone makers, some much-needed breath-ing room to fill out and establish theirproduct lines. When introduced, the PC IIis expected to sell at a price somewherebetween the current XT and AT.

IBM has also been showing prototypeversions of a laptop computer to selecteddealers to get their reactions. These units

use 2 5-line liquid-crystal displays. IBM isrumored to have ceased production of itsPortable PC in May. The product neverreally was a success because most buyers(an estimated 9 to 1) turned to the Com-paq when they needed a transportable.Estimates indicate that IBM sold only50,000 units.

It is interesting to note that several IBMPC-compatibles already have a list priceunder $1000 (e.g., Tandy. Apricot, andSanyo). No doubt IBM considered thischange in the marketplace when it decid-ed to cease manufacturing the PCjr. Thereis strong speculation that IBM will soonhave another go at the consumer market-place. However, it must first clear out itshuge PCjr inventory. A recent list-price cutfrom $999 to $72 5 for the PCjr and a cutfrom $429 to $399 for the color monitoris expected to stimulate sales. However,this is still a long way from the $900package price offered last Christmas,which moved a lot of PCjrs and severelycut into sales of the Apple, Commodore,and Atari systems. It is estimated that IBMhas sold 240,000 PCjrs (Apple sold over1.1 million units last year alone).

IBM appears to have caught up with itsproduction backlog of AT systems, just asAT clone makers are beginning to shiptheir first units. This will no doubt causesome street price cutting. And IBM isrumored to be working on an AT redesignto reduce manufacturing labor cost by asmuch as 50 percent; this new version isexpected to be out in mid-1986.

Apple

Apple cut more than 1600 employeesfrom its payroll this year, with more cutsexpected. At the beginning of the year ithad about 6000 employees. Apple alsodisclosed substantia] cuts in advertising,marketing, and new-product developmentexpenditures. For example, Apple with-drew from this year's National ComputerConference after having huge exhibits forseveral years in a row.

Sales of the Apple II (Apple's traditionalbread-and-butter product) are reportedly"sluggish," as are sales of other consumersystems (Commodore recently suffered itsfirst loss ever). In the meantime, sales ofthe Macintosh are reportedly picking up

as more application software becomesavailable. Sales of the LaserWriter andAppleTalk network are also giving Appleits much-needed penetration in the officemarketplace. When coupled with some ofthe newly introduced page makeup andfont-generating software, the Mac is prov-ing quite a success to publishers, newslet-ter producers, advertising agencies, andcommercial art services.

Apple is expected to enhance the Macwith a new keyboard that includes anumeric keypad and trackball cursor con-trol. It has also announced a 20-megabytehard disk that should start shipping nextmonth. A 40- to 80-megabyte file serverfor the AppleTalk network is expectedtoward year's end with speculation that itmight contain a parallel port or slots forplug-in boards. Also likely is a new MacROM with file-handling software bettersuited to supporting a hard disk.

Sales of the Macintosh are estimated at30.000 to 35.000 per month, far below the80,000 per month capacity of Apple'shighly automated production facilities. TheMac is now Apple's chief revenue pro-ducer, having passed the Apple II in dollarvolume.

There are reports that Apple has alreadybuilt prototype Macs with 640- by 480-pixel color and 1000- by 800-pixel black-and-white displays. And rumor has it thatApple is experimenting with compact diskand voice input.

In the meantime, Apple lie owners whohave given up on Apple introducing the16-bit 65816 processor option shouldcheck out Micro Magic (Millersville, MD).It is reported to be nearly ready to shipa 65816 add-on board with proprietaryoperating system capable of addressingup to 16 megabytes of RAM. ■

BYTELINES, news and speculation about personalcomputing, is conducted by Sol Libes. the authorof numerous book and articles on computers. Heis the founder of the Amateur Computer Croupof New )erseu and a coorganher of the TrentonComputer Festival He edits and publishes Micro/Systems Journal, a bimonthly publication forsystem programmers and integrators. He can be con-tacted do BYTE, POB 372, Hancock. NH03449.

378 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

NASA has one shot tojupiter They'll go with dBASEIII.

NASA has only one shot atJupiter with Project Galileo, sothere's no room for error. Thepurpose of the project is noth-ing less than to find out theorigin of the solar system andseek the answer to the natureand origin of life itself.

Galileo's success is all inthe timing, and that's wheredBASE III™ from AshtonTate™takes control. dBASE III tracksthe details of the sequenceof launch events.

dBASE III was easy to bringon board. It's powerful (onebillion records) and has a built

in programming language thathas been taught to speak"Galileo." dBASE III deals withthe complex test details forGalileo as easily as it will dealwith the complex details of yourbusiness for you.

When you've only gotone shot at getting somethingright, you need the mostpowerful and popular datamanagement system on Earth... or Jupiter.

For a dealer near you, call(800) 437-4329, ext. 232. InColorado call (303) 799-4900,ext. 232.

Karen Boyle,

Data Programming Coordinator,

Project Galileo

A

dBASEIII. The data management standard.

ASHTON TATE

SOFTWARE

Inquiry 24

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 379

WHAT'S NEW

NEW SYSTEMS

The AmstradCPC6128 PC

Amstrad's CPC6128 is a128K-byte microcom-puter based on Zilog's4-MHz Z80A micropro-cessor. It has 48K bytes ofread-only memory for BASICand the operating system.An AY-3-8912 sound-gen-erator chip provides three-voice, eight-octave capability.

The system's standardequipment includes theCP/M and AMSDOS operat-ing systems, the BASIC andLogo languages, a built-in3-inch disk drive, a color ormonochrome monitor, andsoftware. Its 76-keyQWERTY-style keyboard hasa separate numeric keypadand enlarged enter, shift,caps lock, tab, delete, clear,control, and escape keys.Built-in ports let you addperipherals such as aprinter, speech synthesizer,modem, second disk drive,stereo amplifier, joystick,and tape saver. The systemcomes with three blank3-inch floppy disks.

The CPC6128 comes intwo configurations. The firsthas a 640- by 200-pixel RGBmonitor, one 3-inch floppy-disk drive, and a word pro-cessor; it has a suggestedretail price of $799. Theother model has the samesingle disk drive, a greenmonochrome monitor, andWordStar: it costs $699. Themanufacturer offers morethan 100 applications pack-ages available in the 3-inch-disk format. ContactAmstrad Computers (USA),Indescomp International Inc.,Merchandise Mart, Chicago,IL 60654, (312) 295-7100.Inquiry 615.

Amstrad's CPC6128 personal computer.

MicroVAX II

Digital Equipment Cor-poration's MicroVAX IIsystem is based on the"VAX-on-a-chip" 32-bitMicroVAX 78032. Accordingto the manufacturer, thiscustom ZMOS VLSI pro-cessor has benchmarkedperformance averaging 90percent of the VAX-11/780CPU, depending on applica-tion. In most environments,the MicroVAX 78132, whichis a matching floating-pointchip, provides 85 percent ofthe VAX-ll/780's floating-point performance with afloating-point accelerator.

The MicroVAX II is avail-able in two systems, each ofwhich comes in two con-figurations. All packaged sys-tems have the console inter-face and floating-point co-processor as standard fea-tures.

The first MicroVAX II con-figuration is a single-user,entry-level Ethernet node. Ithas 2 megabytes of mainmemory, a 31-megabyteRD52 Winchester hard-disksubsystem, a 400K-byteRX50 dual floppy-disk sub-system, and a DEQNAEthernet adapter housed in

the BA23 pedestal enclo-sure. The second configura-tion is a four-user, entry-level, stand-alone system. Italso features 2 megabytesof main memory plus a 71-megabyte RD53 hard-diskdrive, a 95-megabyte TK50streaming-tape cartridgedrive, a DZQ11 four-lineasynchronous multiplexer,and the BA23 pedestal en-closure.

The eight-user departmentsystem features 3 megabytesof main memory, the RD53disk, the RX50 dual floppy-disk drive, the TK50 tapedrive, a DHVli eight-lineasynchronous multiplexer,and a BA123 expansioncabinet.

The 16-user. high-end sys-tem has 5 megabytes ofmain memory, three RD53drives, a TK50 tape drive,two DHV11 eight-line asyn-chronous multiplexers, andthe BA123 expansioncabinet.

Also, a field upgrade kit isavailable for the MicroVAX I,For $9700, the kit includes aMicroVAX II CPU with 1megabyte of on-board mem-ory, software, a cabling kit, a

disk controller, diagnostics,documentation, installation,and warranty.

DEC offers a choice ofsoftware environments forMicroVAX II. You can selectMicroVMS, a general-purpose operating system;ULTRIX-32m UNIX software;or VAXELN for dedicatedreal-time applications. DECplans to also offer ALL-1N-1,its integrated office and in-formation system for largeorganizations, and A-to-Z, itsintegrated business systemsoftware for smaller organi-zations, on the MicroVAX II.

Prices for the MicroVAX IIsystems range from $18,840to $43,780, depending onconfiguration. Contact DigitalEquipment Corp., Maynard,MA 01754-2198.Inquiry 616.

Leading EdgeModel D PC

The Model D PC fromLeading Edge is an IBMPC-compatible system basedon the 8088 processor. Itsstandard configuration has2 56K bytes of memory ex-pandable to 640K bytes onthe motherboard, dual5!4-inch double-sideddouble-density disk drives,four IBM-compatible I/Oslots, parallel and serialports, a battery-backedclock/calendar, Herculesgraphics emulation, andmonochrome and RGBmonitor output.

The Model D's 83-key key-board has a numeric keypadand 10 function keys. The12-inch monochrome moni-tor comes in green oramber and has an 80-col-umn by 2 5-line display. An8087 numeric coprocessor isavailable as an option.

Leading Edge providesGW-BASIC and MS-DOS withthe system. Documentationincludes a technical refer-

380 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

NEW SYSTEMS

ence manual and an opera-tors guide.

The price for the ModelD's basic configuration is$1495. Optional configura-tions can feature a 14-inchRGB monitor and a com-bination of a single 514-inchfloppy-disk drive and a10-megabyte fixed-disk drive.Contact Leading Edge Prod-ucts Inc., Systems and Soft-ware Division. 22 5 TurnpikeSt.. Canton. MA 02021, (800)343-6833; in Massachusetts,(617] 828-8150.Inquiry 617.

TeleVideo's AT

The TeleVideo AT is anIBM PC AT-compatiblethat uses Intel's 8-MHz80286 microprocessor. Itcomes in two configurations.The entry-level Model 1 unitincludes the system modulewith 256K bytes of RAM, akeyboard, a 1.2-megabytefloppy-disk drive, anRS-232C serial port, aparallel printer port, aclock/calendar with batterybackup, and eight I/O expan-sion slots. The Model II has

The TeleVideo AT workstation.

the same features as theModel I. but it has 512Kbytes of RAM and a for-matted 20-megabyte Win-chester disk drive.

nonglare screen. A singlegraphics controller supportsalphanumeric text andgraphics. Text resolutionconsists of a 7- by 9-dot

The 14-inch monitor has a character formed in an 8- by

16-dot cell. The TeleVideoAT supports standard AT-compatible graphics applica-tions written for 640- by200-pixel resolution as wellas those written for en-hanced 640- by 400-pixelbit-mapped graphics. Thekeyboard features a numerickeypad, function keys, andLED-type indicators.

The TeleVideo AT's diskcontroller has double buffer-ing that eliminates sector in-terlacing to speed up largedisk-file transfers. Transfer-ring a track of data takesonly one disk revolution.

MS-DOS 3.1. GW-BAS1C3.1, and the VDISK virtual-disk utility program areavailable for the TeleVideoAT. Other options are a 20-megabyte tape device, a360K-byte floppy-disk drive,an 80287 coprocessor, andTeleVideo's Personal Mininetwork interface boards.

List price for the TeleVideoAT is $3395 for the Model Iand $4795 for the Model II.Contact TeleVideo SystemsInc.. 550 East Brokaw Rd..POB 6602. San lose, CA95150-6602. (408) 971-02 55.Inquiry 618.

PERIPHERALS

Chip Interfaces80286 Processorwith 8088 System

Edsun Labs hasdeveloped a CMOS chipthat helps interface an80286 processor to an 8088system or an IBM PersonalComputer bus. Called theEL286-88 Processor Con-verter, it is a custom VLSIchip that converts 80286signals and sequences intoequivalent signals for the8088. The company says

that to the 80286, theEL286-88 appears as a16-bit memory or peripheraldevice operating at the80286 clock rate; to the8-bit circuitry, the EL286-88chip appears as an 8-bit8088 operating at its ownclock rate. The two clockscan operate simultaneously.When the 80286 requestsa 16-bit data transfer froman 8-bit peripheral, theEL286-88 hardwaretransparently converts therequest into multiple 8-bittransfers. The gate arrayuses about 4000 gates andcombines 2- and 3-micronfeatures. The 68-pin

leadless-chip-carrier packageEdsun uses is the same asthat of the 80286. Edsunclaims this chip will replaceabout $60 worth of TTL(transistor-transistor logic)bus-interface chips thatwould normally occupy 6square inches of an IBM PCboard.

The EL286-88 willreportedly cost from $61 (Ito 99 pieces) to $39 (5000to 9000). Contact EdsunLabs, 7 Sears Rd., Wayland,MA 01778. (617) 358-5667.Inquiry 619.

RAM Extensionfor Macintosh

The DASCH (Disk Ac-celeration/Storage Con-trol Hardware) memorysystem stores informationelectronically on a RAM ar-ray rather than mechanicallyon tape or disk. Themanufacturer, WesternAutomation Laboratories,says this method acceleratesthe rate of data access, withfiles like MacPaint being ac-cessed instantaneously.

DASCH plugs into eitherof the Macintosh's serial

(continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 381

WHAT'S NEW

PERIPHERALS

ports. The device can sharethe printer port with an Im-agewriter printer, withDASCH intercepting memorycommands while enablingprinter commands to passthrough. DASC.H can alsoattach to the modem portof the Macintosh, allowingdevice capability for systemsnetworked by AppleTalk andsystems with a nonstandardprinter. As many as eightDASCH units can be daisy-chained.

Three memory sizes areavailable: 500K bytes for$495, 1000K bytes for $975,and 2000K. bytes for $1785.All units can be factoryupgraded to the maximum.Contact Western AutomationLaboratories Inc., 1700North 55th St., Boulder, CO80302, (800) 227-4637; inColorado, (303) 449-6400.Inquiry 620.

Hard-Disk/TapeSubsystemfor IBM PCs

Alloy Computer Productsoffers the microSTORmemory subsystem, whichintegrates a hard disk andtape backup for the IBM PC,PC AT, PC XT, and com-patibles. The 5^-inch Win-chester disk drive has a for-matted capacity of 20megabytes, while the file-oriented, streaming-tape unithas a formatted capacity of23 megabytes permicrocartridge.

The microSTOR is an ex-ternal unit measuring 16 by8 by 5 inches, and it re-quires just one controllercard for use of both harddisk and tape drive. Pack-aged with the subsystem,the microTIP software per-mits complete file-orientedbackup and restoration ofdata. The hard disk uses11-bit error-correcting code.

The microSTOR retails for$2995. Contact Alloy Com-puter Products Inc., 100Pennsylvania Ave..Framingham, MA 01701,(617) 875-6100.Inquiry 621.

700-cpsSerial Printer

Output Technology's OT-700 printer produces700 characters per secondin single-pass and 3 50 cpsin dual-pass printing. Thedevice incorporates threeprint heads to achieve theserates. The OT-700 offersboth serial and parallelports coupled with a4000-character data buffer.

Dot-addressable graphicsprinting is available in twooperating modes: 50 by 69dots per inch for high-speedoutput and 100 by 69 dpifor higher resolution. Menu-driven commands let youconfigure the machine.

For software compatibility,the OT-700 responds to amodified set of Epson com-mand codes. The printercosts $1795. Contact OutputTechnology Corp., East 9922Montgomery, Bay #33,Spokane, WA 99206. (509)926-3855.Inquiry 622.

Compact LaserPrinter

Konica's LP-3010 laserprinter produces 10pages per minute with aresolution of 300 by 300dots per inch. Among itsfeatures are a rotation func-tion, character elongationand condensation,superscript and subscript,reverse characters, andunderline.

Interfaces include video,optional print controller(equipped with a form char-acter), and RS-232C andCentronics parallel ports.

The compact printerweighs 30 kilograms andmeasures 415 by 530 by220 millimeters. Without theprint controller, the LP-3010costs $2 500. ContactKonica/TMC Co., POB 423,Wayne, PA 19087, (215)964-8862,Inquiry 623.

Low-Cost Seven-PortMultiplexer

Complexx Systems' TX7point-to-point statisticalmultiplexer compresses datafrom up to seven devicesonto one phone line, re-placing multiple phone linesand modems. All sevendevices may communicatesimultaneously at speeds upto 9600 bps.

The TX7 automatically cor-rects any errors caused bynoise in the transmissionline. Using its 32K bytes ofinternal buffer, the multiplex-er also allows devicesoperating at differentspeeds and setupparameters to communicate.RAM-stored menus enableeach user port to be in-dividually programmed.

The TX7 costs $1495. Con-tact Complexx Systems Inc.,4930 Research Dr.. Hunts-ville. AL 3 5805, (205)830-4310.Inquiry 624.

Graphics Displayfor DEC, HazeltineTerminals

Series 1 500 GraphicsDisplay Terminals pro-vide a Tektronix 4010/4014graphics display for suchterminals as the DEC VT-102and the Hazeltine 1500.

The series offers a 1024-by 800-pixel display (with a1024 by 1024 physicalmemory area). The 14-inchscreen features amber orgreen display with 24 rowsby 80 or 132 columns. Youmay select four scrollingspeeds. Other features in-clude data-transmission rateof 38,400 bits per second.32 programmable functionkeys, built-in printer port,and tilt-and-swivel motion.

The Model 1575 lists for$2395 and is compatiblewith the VT-102: the Model1550 lists for $2295 and iscompatible with ADM, TVI,ADDS, and Hazeltine ter-minals. Contact ClevelandCodonics Inc., 18001Englewood Dr., Cleveland,OH 44130, (216) 243-1198.Inquiry 625.

MonochromeMonitors for IBM PCs

NEC's two monochromemonitors, the greenIB-1280DA and the amberIB-I285DA, are TTL plug-compatible with the IBM PCand PC work-alikes. Bothmonitors are priced at $199.

The 12-inch screensfeature an active displayarea of 210 millimeters wideby 150 millimeters high.Video bandwidth is 20 MHz,providing a resolution of720 dots horizontal by 350lines vertical.

Both monitors require thePC to have a monochromedisplay/printer adapter card.The connecting cable is builtinto the monitors. ContactNEC Home Electronics Inc.,Suite 10, 700 Nicholas Blvd..Elk Grove Village, IL 60007,(312) 228-5900.Inquiry 626.

382 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

WHAT'S NEW

ADD-INS

Kache Boardfor the Apple

Ohio Kache Systems'Kache Board is an SCSIhard-disk interface with acache host adapter. It canreside in slots 4 through 7of the Apple 11+ or lie andholds up to one-quartermegabyte of hard-disk data.This buffer memory reducesthe apparent hard-disk ac-cess time.

The Kache Board has aZ80 microprocessor thatmanages the cache buffers'operation without drawingon the Apple's 6502 mainprocessor. The data mostfrequently accessed is main-tained in these buffers, whilethe contents of infrequentlyaccessed buffers are rotatedto hold new data. Themanufacturer uses SMD(surface-mounted devices)technology to combine thenecessary circuitry on asingle board.

The Kache Board sells forS695. Contact Ohio KacheSystems Corp.. 75 TahlequahTrail. Springboro, OH 45066,(800) 338-0050; in Ohio.(513) 746-9160.Inquiry 627.

MAS 2122 Two-ChipModem

The MAS 2122 modemfrom Micronas is an in-tegrated two-chip productthat operates in two modes.In basic mode, it functionsas a stand-alone modemwith the standard CCITT in-terface circuits. In extendedmode, its two chips operateunder the control of amicroprocessor. The circuitryallows for serial or parallelI/O interface.

This product providesCCITT V.22 A. B, and V.21and Bell 212A. 103, and 113modem capability. It alsogives you dual-tone multifre-

Oh\o Kache Systems' Kache Board.

quency generation, call-progress tone detection, in-ternal UART and timing se-quences for automatic hand-shaking. With these features,the MAS 2122 can dial,monitor calls, create asyn-chronous data, and provideworldwide modem capa-bility.

The MAS 2122s designconsists of two ICs: the MAS7246 and the MAS 7247.The MAS 7246 includes allthe circuitry required for amicroprocessor or RS-232Cinterface, a UART, 300- and1200-bps modulators anddemodulators, a scramblerand descrambler, and com-plete timing and logic forgenerating and answeringthe modem handshake. Italso has six internal controland status registers that pro-vide access to signals onboth ICs in the micropro-cessor configuration.

The MAS 7247 containsthe filters, line equalizers,transmitter amplifier, DTMFpilot tone generator, call-progress tone detector,digital AGC carrier detector,and system clock. If you

need a different equalizationnetwork, the MAS 7247allows for adding an alter-native network.

The two-chip, 1000-pieceprice for the MAS 2122 is$65 to $75 depending onthe interface. ContactMicronas Inc.. P.O. Box 42,SF-00441 Helsinki, Finland;tel: 562 3300; Telex:8100691.Inquiry 628.

UNIX/MMU for Stride400 Series

Stride Micro offers UNIXSystem V and a mem-ory-management unit (MMU)for its 400 Series of micro-computers. UNIX System Vfor the Stride runs with nowait states at 10 MHz onthe 68000 while using activememory management. It ap-plies up to 2 megabytes ofRAM on the main CPUboard. An optional 10megabytes of RAM adds asingle wait state. The MMUoption plugs into the 68000microprocessor socket.UNIX is shipped on a4 5-megabyte ^-inch stream-ing-tape cartridge. The UNIXpackage includes four com-pilers (C. FORTRAN 77,

SNO, and BS) and all thestandard development tools.An EMACS editor is avail-able separately. The systemsupports all the Stride hard-ware options, such as tapebackup, floating pointarithmetic, and local-areanetworking.

Suggested retail price forUNIX is $1175; you can alsoorder it on disk for an addi-tional charge. The MMUhardware option is $500.Contact Stride Micro, 4905Energy Way, Reno, NV89502, (702) 322-6868.Inquiry 629.

Micro Speech Lab

Software Research'sMicro Speech Lab con-sists of a printed circuitboard, software, a micro-phone, a headphone set.and a users manual. To usethis speech- and signal-analysis system, you needan IBM PC or compatiblewith a minimum of 192Kbytes of RAM, PC-DOS, andan IBM color/graphics card.

The package has fivemajor modules: signal input,waveform display, audio out-put, analysis, and filemanagement. You use func-tion keys to manipulate theprogram.

Micro Speech Lab's sug-gested retail price is $1350($1800 Canadian). ContactSoftware Research Corp.,3939 Quadra St.. Victoria.British Columbia V8X 1J5.Canada, (604) 727-3744.Inquiry 630.

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 383

WHAT'S NEW

SOFTWARE • APPLE

BASIC-to-PascalTranslator

Woodchuck Industrieshas developed a lan-guage translator that con-verts Applesoft BASIC pro-grams to Apple Pascal. P-tralreads the BASIC source pro-gram from disk andgenerates the equivalentPascal source code. Thedisk-based package iscapable of translating com-mercial applications and hasno restrictions on the size ofprograms it will convert.P-tral breaks the BASICprogram into its parts andanalyzes actions, formulas,and instruction sequencesbefore translation rules buildup Pascal code. Syntax er-rors are pinpointed duringconversion; you can eithercontinue or abort. You canmake corrections to theBASIC program using aPascal editor and don't haveto return to the BASICsystem.

Requirements are anApple II + , lie, or lie with atleast 64K bytes of memory,two drives, an 80-columncard. Apple DOS 3.3. andApple Pascal 1.1 or 1.2.P-tral sells for $12 5: anupgrade is slated for the falland will reportedly sell for$250 (or for $2 5 to ownersof version 1). Contact Wood-chuck Industries Inc., 340West 17th St. #2B. NewYork, NY 10011, (212)924-0576.Inquiry 631.

Circuit-DesignPackage Runson the Mac

You can design and testcomputer circuitry onthe Macintosh with a pro-gram called LogiMac. Theinteractive software presentsa "live'' circuit on the

A display from Alphabyte's MacStronomy program.

screen; the circuit respondsimmediately to connection,input, and device-parameterchanges. You have completecontrol over device delay,clock speed, timing displayresolution, and otherparameters.

LogiMac lets you catchdesign errors before theyare wired into the real hard-ware by simulating circuitoperation. Circuit output canbe displayed on simulateddevices or in the form of atiming diagram that graphssignal changes over time.The diagram is updated con-tinuously to reflect designand input alterations. Theprogram uses five signalstates to correctly simulatecircuits with design errorssuch as unconnected inputsor conflicting outputs.

Maximum drawing size is38 by 38 feet; it is limitedonly by available memory.Circuit or timing diagramsmay be passed to MacPaintin one-page segments forprinting, enhancement, or in-corporation in otherdocuments.

LogiMac is priced at$59.95 for single use; an in-stitutional license allows up

to 20 copies and costs$200. For more information,contact Capilano ComputingSystems Ltd.. POB 86971,North Vancouver, British Co-lumbia V7L 4P6. Canada,(604) 669-6343.Inquiry 632.

Bulletin Boardfor Apple lis

The Universal BulletinBoard runs on Apple Msand features up to 10message bases, uploadingand downloading, on-linegames, variable systemaccess, electronic mail, atext editor, and reportcapabilities. The package isdesigned to operate as aremote-access messagesystem suitable for businessand personal use. Apassword function allowseither public or private ac-cess at the discretion of thesysop.

The bulletin-board soft-ware sells for $149.95.Developed by UniversalComputers (Highland Park,Illinois), the program isdistributed by the Associa-tion of IndependentMicrodealers, 3010 NorthSterling Ave.. Peoria. IL61604, (309) 685-4843.Inquiry 633.

Map the Starswith Mac

An astronomy programfor the Macintosh,MacStronomy maps thestars, moon, and planets intheir proper locations forany given date and time.You can select the region ofthe sky you want mappedby setting the location onthe earth from which the"observation" is to be made,the date and time, the direc-tion of the observation, andthe field of view diameter.

You can set the directionin one of two ways: azimuthand elevation relative to thepoint from which you'reobserving or right ascensionand declination relative tothe stars. Thus you can useMacStronomy to determinein what direction to look forobjects in the sky at aspecific time or location orto determine what objectswill be visible. MacStronomycan also display the locationof Halley's comet for anytime you choose; an alter-nate map shows the comet'sorientation around the sun.

Using the mouse, you canpoint to any celestial objecton the sky map. The pro-gram will display the coor-dinates of the star or planet,its name, and a briefdescription. The astronomi-cal information providedwith the program is alsosupplied in text form:MacStronomy has a trans-lator to convert the text intoan internal form used by theprogram, which lets you editthe database to add stars,planets, and galaxies.

MacStronomy lists for $90.Contact Alphabyte Software,POB 649. Lafayette. CO80026. (303) 665-3444.Inquiry 634.

384 BYTE- AUGUST 19S5

WHAT'S NEW

SOFTWARE

B M P C

TopView Tools

Lattice has released a setof tools for developerswho write applications thatemploy IBM's TopView win-dow environment. The Top-View Toolbasket is a libraryof more than 70 C functionsyou can use to control win-dow, cursor, and pointeroperations. Other functionshandle debugging and cut-and-paste operations. TheToolbasket also containssample source programsyou can use as models.

Developed for Lattice byStrawberry Software. Top-View Toolbasket runs on theIBM PC. PC XT PC AT andcompatibles with at least256K bytes of RAM (512Kbytes is recommended). Theprice is $2 50; source codecosts $2 50 more. For addi-tional information, contactLattice Inc.. POB 3072, GlenEllyn, IL 60138. (312)858-7950.Inquiry 635.

Mapping Package

GMX-3300 is a mappingpackage designed toassist geologists andengineers in exploration,resource analysis, mine plan-ning, and civil-engineeringapplications. Based onMagnum's GeoMetriX formainframes, the programfeatures grid value interpola-tion and manipulation, areaand volume calculation,boundary definition, andline and point data input.

You can use the programto generate trend surfaces(polynomial and trigonomet-ric) for analysis of datatendencies. Contour,resource, and slope maps(with boundary clipping) canbe produced on thegraphics screen or with apen plotter. Interfaces are

available for Summagraphicsdigitizers as well as Amdekand Houston Instrumentplotters; other interfaces areavailable upon request.

GMX-3300 runs on theIBM PC and compatiblesusing MS-DOS, PC-DOS. orUNIX. It also requires ahigh-resolution graphicsboard. 512K-byte memory,and 10-megabyte hard disk.Software alone costs $3300,or you can buy it bundledwith a NEC APC III. digitizertablet, and six-pen plotterfor $9990. Contact MagnumComputer Systems Inc.. POB620038. Littleton, CO 80162,(303) 973-4407.Inquiry 636.

Signal Processingon the PC

ILS-PC 2 is an integratedprogram for data displayand manipulation, digitalfiltering, and advancedsignal processing on the PC,PC XT, and PC AT. You canuse the package for com-puting and storing fastFourier transforms andHilbert transforms, esti-mating spectral densitiesand transfer functions, per-forming auto- or cross-correlation on time-seriesdata, and convolving timeseries and filter impulseresponses.

ILS-PC 1. which you needto run the signal-processingpackage, is a set of analysisprograms for data acquisi-tion and manipulation,waveform display andediting, spectral display,statistical computation, anddigital filtering.

Both ILS programs require2 56K bytes of memory anda graphics board on a PCrunning DOS 2.1. In order toget the programs running at

minicomputer speeds, thevendor states that you'llneed a math coprocessor.The license fee for ILS-PC 1is $995; for ILS-PC 2, it's$1495. Contact SignalTechnology Inc.. 5951 EncinaRd„ Goleta, CA 93117. (805)683-3771.Inquiry 637.

A Bridge

to Macintosh Office

Tangent Technologies'IBMacBridge enablesIBM PCs and compatibles totap into the Apple Macin-tosh Office. The IBMac-Bridge card slips into a PCexpansion slot and lets youdirectly access Apple prod-ucts, including the Laser-Writer, through the AppleTalknetwork. The package in-cludes software that con-verts text created with PCword processors (WordStar,for example) into PostScriptfiles.

In addition to printing textand graphics on the Laser-Writer, you can use a PC totransfer files with Macs, actas a file server for theMacintosh Office, accessother servers on AppleTalk,and serve as a gateway toother networks.

IBMacBridge has a sug-gested retail price of $595.For more information, con-tact Tangent Technologies.Suite 100, 5720 PeachtreeParkway. Norcross, GA30092. (404) 662-0366.Inquiry 638.

Pascal for 8086Family

Professional Pascal is aresident and cross com-piler that runs under MS-DOS on all the processorsin Intel's 8086 family. It can

generate code for any of theprocessors, including the in-structions special to the80186 and 80286. A VAXresident compiler is alsoavailable.

The Professional Pascalcompiler produces the op-timized code. Among theoptimizations are commonsubexpression elimination,retention and reuse ofregister contents, short-circuit evaluation of Booleanexpressions, and constantfolding. The compiler sup-ports five memory models:small, compact, medium big,large, and ROMable. Usingthe Microtec Linker or otherIntel-compatible linker, youcan specify areas of RAM orROM for any code section.

Microtec's package sup-ports more than 200 distincterror and warning diagnos-tics. Run-time libraryroutines and utilities includestring and heap operations,a portable I/O library, accessto the command line andenvironment variable, andsystem interfaces. Extensionsprovide machine-dependentoperators, varying-lengthstrings (up to 64K bytes),three precisions of integerand floating arithmetic, andIEEE floating-point math.

A single license with one-year warranty costs $895.Professional Pascal requires225K bytes of main memoryfor operation and at least1.2 megabytes of hard-diskmemory for installation. Formore information, contactMicrotec Research Inc.. POB603 37, Sunnyvale, CA94088, (408) 733-2919.Inquiry 639.

{continued)

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 385

WHAT'S NEW

SOFTWARE • OTHER COMPUTERS

ProgrammingEnvironmentwith AI Module

Superforth 64 + AI, anintegrated package forthe Commodore 64, is aprogramming environmentthat includes an artificial-intelligence module and ad-vanced math capabilities.The package is designed tohelp you develop expertsystems.

At Superforth's core is aprogramming language thatlets you define your ownEnglish-like "word" func-tions. These words arestacked to create rules; aninterpreter then applies therules to make decisions.Antecedent and consequentreasoning are possible.

The program incorporatesthe utilities needed to writeapplications, including fullcontrol of color graphics;sound, music, and spriteeditors; trace and decom-piler facilities; and virtualmemory. Superforth 64 + AIsells for $99. For more infor-mation, contact ParsecResearch, Drawer 1766. Fre-mont, CA 94538, (415)651-3160.Inquiry 640.

Four for ColorComputer

Computerware has re-leased four programsfor the TRS-80 ColorComputer.

The OS-9 Macro Condi-tional Assembler, or Mac,produces OS-9 modules andsupports standard 6809assembler mnemonics anddirectives. It can handle con-ditional assembly, repeat se-quences, and inclusion ofsource library files. All Macsource files are compatible

with those produced by theMicroware assembler. Macrequires OS-9 and 64K bytesof memory. It costs $49.95.

The OS-9 Text Formatterinterfaces with any editorthat produces standardASCI! text files. It's alsoNROFF-compatible. Amongits features are centering,page numbering, anddynamic dates. The format-ter requires 64K bytes ofRAM and OS-9 and costs$34.95.

For development underOS-9, Computerware offersCBUG, a screen-orienteddebugger with a disas-sembler, single-stepcapabilities, memory win-dow, and access to the OS-9shell. It also has a built-inhexadecimal calculator.CBUG, which sells for$39.95, requires 64K bytesof RAM and OS-9.

Color Connection III is acommunications packagethat works with Hayes andRadio Shack modems. It in-corporates CompuServe'sProtocol B, XMODEM proto-cols that download directlyto and from disk, and anautomatic XON/XOFF proto-col that downloads directlyto disk. The price is $49.95.At least 32K bytes of RAMis necessary.

When you order any ofthese packages, add $2 tothe cost for shipping. Con-tact Computerware, POB668, Encinitas, CA 92024,(619) 436-3512.Inquiry 641.

Atari EEPROM/EPROM Programmer

Designed to convert anAtari into a develop-ment tool, the Probumercan be used to programEPROM types 2716 through27128 (plus the 2532) and avariety of 2K-byte through8K-byte EEPROMS. The car-tridge plugs into the slot ofthe Atari 400/800 andXL/XE series.

Among the functions theProbumer provides arecopy, erase check, verify,and burn in. Binary files canbe stored or loaded to diskor cassette. You can call amonitor for memory displayand changes, block moves,and printer dumps. The unitcan also run chips from itssocket. Because Probumeroffers electronic configura-tion for each EPROM type,you don't need adapters orswitches.

Probumer costs $149. Con-tact Thompson ElectronicsLtd., Suite 502, 7 lackesAve.. Toronto, Ontario M4T1E3. Canada, (416) 960-1089.Inquiry 642.

Widen Your Screen

You can enlarge the40-column LCD screensof the Tandy Model 100 andthe NEC PC-8201 with T-View80. The software transformsa 40-column screen into amovable 60-column windowon an 80-column display.

WHERE DO NEW PRODUCT ITEMS COME FROM?The new products listed in this section of BYTE are chosen from the thousandsof press releases, letters, and telephone calls we receive each month frommanufacturers, distributors, designers, and readers. The basic criteria for selectionfor publication are: la) does a product match our readers interests? and (b)is it new or is it simply a ^introduction of an old item? Because of the volumeof submissions we must sort through every month, the items we publish arebased on vendors' statements and are not individually verified. \f you wantyour product to be considered for publication {at no charge), send full infor-mation about it, including its price and an address and telephone numberwhere a reader can get further information, to New Products Editor. BYTE,425 Battery St., San Francisco, CA 94111.

T-View 80 can use themachines' text-processorand telecommunicationsprograms. You can adjustword wrapping to any widthup to 80 columns. Thepackage has a suggestedretail price of $39.95 andcomes with a utility thatkeeps track of file sizes andmanages memory. It'savailable at Radio Shackstores or from TravelingSoftware Inc., 11050 FifthAve. NE, Seattle. WA 9812 5.(206) 367-8090.Inquiry 643.

ImprovisingCommodore

Cantus. a music programfor the Commodore 64,improvises its own tunesbased on your input. Insteadof typing notes, you enterchoices for tempo, harmony,rhythm, counterpoint, voicerange, and tone color. Can-tus uses these selections tocreate, in real time, its three-voice improvisations.

Each set of choicesbecomes a patch. The soft-ware comes with more than65 patches representing avariety of musical styles. Youcan modify and store anypatch while Cantus is perfor-ming. A graphic displayshows the notes as theyplay.

Cantus was created byMichael Riesman. a com-poser and performer whohas worked as musical direc-tor of the Philip GlassEnsemble.

No musical knowledge isrequired to operate the pro-gram, but you do need aCommodore and $54 (plus$2 shipping). Contact Algo-Rhythm Software. 176Mineola Blvd., Mineola, NY11501, (800) 645-4441; inNew York, (516) 294-7590.Inquiry 644.

386 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

What the world really needs

is a 99 cent

Double Sided, Double Density Diskette

with a LIFETIME WARRANTY!

And DISK WORLD! has it.

Introducing Super Star Diskettes:

the high quality diskette with

the lowest price

and the best LIFETIME WARRANTY!

In the course of selling more than a million diskettesevery month, we've learned something: higher prices don'tnecessarily mean higher quality.

In lact. we've found that a good diskette manufacturersimply manufactures a good diskette...no matter whatthey charge for it. (By way of example, consider that noneof the brands that we carry has a return rate of greater than1/1.000th of 1 percent!)

In other words, when people buy a more expensivediskette, they aren't necessarily buying higher quality.

The extra money might be going toward flashier adver-tising, snazzier packaging or simply higher profits.

But the extra money in a higher price isn't buying betterquality.

All of the good manufacturers put out a good diskette.

Period.

How to cut diskette prices.. .without cutting quality.

Now this discovery posed a dilemma: how to cut theprice of diskettes without lowering the quality.

There are about 85 companies claiming to be "diskette"manufacturers.

Trouble is, most of them aren't manufacturers.

Rather they are fabricators or marketers, taking othercompany's components, possibly doing one or more stepsof the processing themselves and pasting their labels onthe finished product.

The new Eastman Kodak diskettes, for example, are oneof these. So are IBM 5'A" diskettes. Same for DYSAN,Polaroid and many, many other familiar diskette brandnames. Each of these diskettes is manufactured in wholeor in part by another company!

So, we decided to act just like the big guys. That's howwe would cut diskette prices...without lowering thequality.

We would go out and find smaller companies to manu-facture a diskette to our specifications...specificationswhich are higher than most...and simply create our own"name brand" diskette.

Name brand diskettes that offered high quality at lowprices.

DISKETTE STORAGECASES

DISK CADDIES

The original flip-up holder for10 5Vt" diskettes. Beige or Greyonly.

S1.65 ea. + .20 Shpng.

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE

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MCI MAIL: 24 hours a day.

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Super Star diskettes are sold in multiples of 50 only. Diskettes areshipped with white Tyvec sleeves, reinforced hubs, user ID labelsand write-protect tabs.

Boy, did we get lucky. Our Super Star

Diskettes are the same ones you've been

using for years.. .without knowing it.

In our search for the low priced, high quality diskette ofour dreams, we found something even more interesting.

We found that there are several manufacturers whodon't give a hoot about the consumer market for theirdiskettes. They don't spend millions of dollars in advertis-ing trying to get you, the computer user, to use theirdiskettes.

Instead, they concentrate their efforts on turning out thehighest quality diskettes they can...because they sellthem to the software publishers, computer manufacturersand other folks who (in turn) put their name on them...andsell them for much higher prices to you!

After all, when a software publisher or computer manu-facturer or diskette marketer puts their name on a diskette,they want it to work time after time, everytime. (Especiallysoftware publishers who have the nasty habit of copy-protecting their originals!)

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INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140FOR FASTEST SERVICE. USE NO-COST MCI MAIL:Our address is DISKWORLD. It's a FREE MCI MAILletter. No charge to you. (Situation permitting, we'llship these orders in 24 hours or less.)

SHIPPING: 5'/<" & 3W DISKETTES-Add $3.00 per each100 or (ewer diskettes OTHER ITEMS: Add shipping chargesas shown in addition to other shipping charges. PAYMENT:VISA. MASTERCARD and Prepaid orders accepted. COD OR-DERS: Add additional S3.00 special handling charge. AP0,FP0, AK, HI & PR ORDERS: Include shipping charges asshown and additional 5% ol total order amount to cover PALand insurance. We ship only to United Slates addresses, exceptfor those listed above TAXES: Illinois residents, add 8%sales tax.

MINIMUM ORDER: $35.00 or 20 diskettes.

Super Star Diskettes. You already know

how good they are. Now you can buy

them...cheap.

Well, that's the story.

Super Star diskettes don't roll off the boat from Pago-Pago or emerge from a basement plant just east ofNowhere.

Super Star diskettes have been around for years...andyou've used them for years as copy-protected softwareoriginals, unprotected originals. Sometimes, dependingon which computer you own, the system master may havebeen on a Super Star diskette. And maybe more than once,you've bought a box or two or more of Super Star disketteswithout knowing it. They just had some "big" company'sname on them.

Super Star Diskettes are good. So good that a lot ofmajor software publishers, computer manufacturers andother diskette marketers buy them in the tens or hundredsof thousands.

We buy them in the millions.

And than we sell them to you.

Cheap.

When every little bit counts,it's Super Star Diskettes.

You've used them a hundred times...under differentnames.

Now. you can buy the real McCoy, the same diskette thatmajor software publishers, computer manufacturers anddiskette marketers buy...and call their own.

We simply charge less.

Super Special!

Order 50 Super Star Diskettesand-we'll be happy to sell you anAmaray Media-Mate 50 for only$8.75, shipping included...a lotless than the suggested retail priceof $15.95.

P*

Regular DISK WORLD! price: $9.69 ea.+ $2.00 Shpng.

The Super StarLIFETIME WARRANTY!

Super Star Diskettes are unconditionally warrantedagainst defects in original material and workmanshipso long as owned by the original purchaser. Returnsare simple: just send the defective diskettes with proofof purchase, postage-paid by you with a short expla-nation of the problem, and we'll send you the replace-ments. (Incidentally, coffee stained diskettes anddiskettes with staples driven through them don'tqualify as "defective".)

WE WILL MEET OR BEAT ANY NATIONALLY

ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES

SUBJECT TO THE SAME TERMS AND CONDITIONS.

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

629 Green Bay RoadWilmette, Illinois 60091

Inquiry 103

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 387

Inquiry 87

^m^ j^HH m OAfOTCHH The latest CCT imP|ementation of the new

^M*^™^^T MM oYulClYI 9eneration Intel 16-Bit Processor technology.

I mmM% Jf Lw/lJ^ This means extreme speed, unequaled power,

■ ■■ ■ I'hb O C D I E C and the ultimate in reliability, and ot course, the

%0 mM0 ■ ■ vCniLw innovators at CCT behind it.

This series in the CCT line exploits the speed and power of the Intel 80286 and Zilog Z-80H (8MHz), on the 286Z CPUboard. This combination, along with CompuPro DMA controllers and I/O boards, yields a dramatic improvement in systemthroughput speeds, from basic CP/M operation, up to large powerful multi-user/multi-tasking machines. The CCT-4represents the most advanced hardware presently available in a microcomputer to run the thousands of CP/M typesoftware programs on the market, and with CONCURRENT DOS 8-16 and the CompuPro PC Graphics board (whenavailable), all software written for the IBM PC machines. This series is for the serious business/scientific user.

CCT-4A State-of-the-art power in it's basic form. Consists of CCT-286Z CPU board and CCT-M256 (256K), along with Com-puPro: Enclosure 2 Desk (21 slot MF), Disk 1A, System Support 1, Interfacer 4, the CCT-2.4 floppy drive system, andCP/M 80 and CP/M 86, and with SF-200 surge suppressor system $5,495.00

CCT-4B Single-user/hard disk power. As the 4A, except priced without the CCT-2.4, to add in your choice of CCT hard/floppy

combination drive subsystem, at the published pricing $4,375.00

(Example: CCT-4B Mainframe with CCT-10/1 = $6,548.00) Plus cost of selected drive subsystem

CCT-4C Multi-user/hard disk power. As the 4B, with the CCT-M512 (512K static RAM board) instead of M256; Interfacer 3 in-stead of Interfacer 4; SF-400 instead of SF-200, plus Concur. DOS 8-16 O.S. (6 user system) $6,075.00

(Example: CCT-4C Mainframe with CCT-40/1 = $9,248.00) Plus cost of selected drive subsystem

\^W Limited Time Offer - FREE Supercalc 86 with any CCT-4

^$%W^ The above systems include all necessary cabling, assembly, testing, minimum 20 hour burn-in,^ ™ and the CCT unconditional 12 month direct warranty.

CCT-M512 CCT introduces it's 512K static RAM board. IEEE Standard 12MHz. 512K in one slot! Introductory Price: $1,799CCT-M256 256K version of M512 upgradeable to full 512K. Perfect 256K RAM board for any CompuPro system $949

CUSTOM COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY / BOX 4160 / SED0NA, ARIZONA 86340

TOLL FREE ORDERING: 800-222-8686 / For technical support / service: 602-282-6299

BITE

"back issues for sale

1981

1982

1983

I 984

1985

Jan.

$3.25

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Feb.

$3.25

$3.70

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

March

$3.70

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

April

$3.25

$3.70

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

May

$3.70

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

June

$3.70

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

July

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

$4.25

Aug.

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Sept.

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Oct.

$3.25

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Nov.

$3.25

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Dec.

$3.25

$3.70

$4.25

$4.25

Special BYTE Guide to IBM PC's -- $4.75

Circle and send requests with payments to:BYTE Back IssuesP.O. Box 328Hancock, NH 03449

Prices include postage in the US. Please add $ .50 percopy for Canada and Mexico; and $2.00 per copy toforeign countries (surface delivery).

□ Check enclosed

Payments from foreign countries must be made inUS funds payable at a US bank.

□ VISA

Card # _Exp.

□ MasterCard

Signature

Please allow 4 weeks for domestic delivery and 12weeks for foreign delivery.

NAME

ADDRESSCITY

STATE

ZIP

388 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

TOLL-FREE

ORDERING:

800-222-8686

FOR TECHNICAL SUPPORT/

SERVICE / IN ARIZONA:

602-282-6299

CCT

CUSTOM COMPUTERTECHNOLOGY

1 CCT PLAZA — P.O. BOX 4160 — SEPONA, ARIZONA 86340

Purchase your Hardware and Software directly from an OEM / Systems Integrator. Take advantage of our buying power! We stock afull line of Board Level Components, Software and Peripherals. Call for your needs. We'll give you the Lowest Prices, and the TechnicalSupport and Know-How we are quickly becoming well-known for. Satisfied Customers Nationwide. The Nation's Custom Systems Housefor Business, Education and Science. Call for a system quote. CCT implements tomorrow's technology today!

FOREMOST QUALITY • ADVANCED SUPPORT • REASONABLE COST •

CCT

©

CompuPro

80286 NOW!□ CCT-286Z is our model designationfor the MI-286 dual processor boardfrom Macrotech. It features thesuperhigh speed combination of Z-80H and80286, with provision for the 80287math chip. Directly replaces 8085/88and 8086 CPUs running CP/M, MP/MConcurrent DOS, and MS-DOS, atthroughput increases of 3X to 5X!SPECIAL PRICE-S89580287 Option - Installed - $250

SEE THE CCT-4 SERIES

USING THIS BOARD

DETAILED ON THE FACING PAGE

NEW-TRUE

IBM PC INTERFACE

ULTRA HI-RES GRAPHICS!

CCT S-100/PC is a break-through for theScience/Business user Mini-enclosure ac-cepts PC & compatable boards and direct-ly connects to your S-100 system, runningPC-DOS or Concurrent DOS. Hercules™Graphics System—Coming this May!!! THE BEST OF BOTH WORLDS!!

LIBERTY TERMINALS

• Superior Reliability •110-14" GREEN-80/132 Column .... $499

110-14" AMBER $519

200-14" GREEN-80/132 Super Deluxe $569200-14" AMBER $589

OKIDATA PRINTERS - Top Quality82-80 Col.. CALL 83 -132 Col.. CALL92-80 Col.. CALL 93-132 Col. .CALL84 -132 Col/200cps-Top of the line.. CALLFor Serial Interfaces—Add CALL

TOSHIBA P351 - 288 CPS/24 PIN - $1499

DIABLO — Letter Quality SeriesModel 620 $969 Model 630 . $1799

WE HAVE ALL SOFTWARE-CALL

$ ACROSS THE BOARD PRICE REDUCTIONS $

INDUSTRIAL GRADESUPERIOR QUALITY

CCT DISK DRIVE SYSTEMS

S-1O0 HARD DISK SUBSYSTEMS

ROLLS ROYCES OFTHE INDUSTRY

Professionally engineered ST-506 type systems for the business market S-100 Computer user. In-cludes industry top quality drives, CompuPro Disk 3 DMA controller, all cabling, A&T, formatted,burned-in. Provisionsfor up to two hard disks in each system. We include operating system update.CP/M 80, CP/M 86, CP/M 8-16, MP/M 8-16, CP/M 68K. (/1 Systems are CCT innovated hard/floppycombinations, with Mitsubishi DSDD 8" drive.) 12 month warranty.

CCT-10(11 + MEG) $1499

CCT-20 (22 + MEG) $2019

CCT-40 (36 + MEG) $2499

CCT-60 (58 + MEG) (New) $3699

CCT-90 (87 + MEG) (New) $4909

CCT-125(123 + MEG) (New) $6099

CCT-10/1 $2049

CCT-20/1 $2569

CCT-40/1 $3049

CCT-60/1 $4249

CCT-90/1 $5459

CCT-125/1 $6649

10 MEG REMOVABLE CARTRIDGE DRIVE SYSTEM

for hard disk back-up — DMA using Disk 3 controller.Super fast/Ultra reliable — Available April

FLOPPY SYSTEMSCCT-2.4 • Dual 8" DSDD CCT-5 • 51/4" DSDD

Mitusbishi 2.4 Megabyte in Extra Heavy horizontal enclosure, IBM Compatible Tandon 320K. Extra Heavy Cabinetremoveable filter air system, all cabling, A&T, Burned in. The accommodates two drives, hard orfloppy. All cabling, A&T,

fastest system available: $1229 Bumed-in. Perfect for our PC-DOS Package .... $399

CCT-8/5 • FULL IBM C0MPATABILITY

One Mitsubishi 8" DSDD (1.2 Meg)/One 5-Vt" DSDD (360K) IBM Drive

Both 3ms step rate — For Concurrent DOS and PC DOS $1029

NEW

• SUPER PRICES • COMPUPRO COMPONENTS* IN STOCK *

CPU-Z-$229 • Disk 1A-$399 • Disk 1A w/CP/M - $499 • CPU 8086/10 - $359 • SPU-Z-?

CPU 8085/88-$229 • CPU 286-$849 • CPU 68K - 10Mhz - $359

PC Graphics-$399 • Disk 3-$459 • RAM 22 (256K) - $1179 • RAM 23/64K - $279/128K - $469

NEW -* M-Drive/H - 512K - $469 / 2 Meg - $1989

Enclosure 2 Desk-$699/Rack-$749 • Interfacer 3 - $409 • Interfaced-$289 • System Support 1 - $299

Concurrent DOS 8-16 (CCTCMX)-$309 • CP/M 80 (CCTHMX) - $125 • CP/M 86 (CCTTMX) - $175

CP/M 8-16 (CCTTMX) - $199 • CP/M 68K (CCTCX) - $279 • Operating System Updates/Remakes - $30

16 Bit Upgrade Kit: CP/M 86, RAM 23, System Support 1, Cable $729 D CP/M 8-16 - Kit ■ $753

CCT-1

• Enclosure 2-Desk-21 Slot Mainframe <CPU 8085/88 - 6Mhz 8085/8Mhz 8088 •

• Disk 1A - DMA Floppy Disk Controller«

• RAM 23 - 64K Static RAM - 12Mhz • . ah Cabling, Complete CCT Assembly,

• Interfacer 4 - 3 Serial/2 Parallel I/O • Testing, and Minimum 20 Hour Bum-in •

RUNS ALL STANDARD 8" CP/M SOFTWARE - INCLUDES OUR EXCLUSIVE 12 MONTH DIRECT WARRANTY

ENTRY LEVEL S-100 BUSINESS SYSTEM

• CCT-2.4-Dual 8" MitsubishiDSDD Drive System - 2.4 Megabytes •

• CP/M 80 - 2.2 HMX - CCT Modified •

SPECIAL PRICE

$3,375

Prices & availability subject to change. All products new, and carry full manufacturer's warranties. Call for catalog. Free technical help to anyone. All products we sell are CCT individually testedand set up for your system - Plug-In & Go! Arizona residents add sales tax. CCT® Trademark — Custom Computer Technology; MS-DOS® Trademark — Microsoft; IBM® Trademark —International Business Machines; CompuPro® Trademark — W.J. Godbout; CP/M® MP/M® Trademarks — Digital Research; HERCULES™ Trademark — Hercules ComputerTechnology

Inquiry 88

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 389

Inquiry 313

SUNTRONICS CQ.,iNC.

12603 Crenshaw Blvd., Hawthorne, CA 90250

1 -800-421 -5775 (Order Only)(213)644-1140 (CA Order & Inlo J

STORE HOURSMon -Fn 9am to 6 p m

Sal 10 a m lo 5p m

TERMS: VISA MASTERCARD COD tCasn o< CeniNedCheck Requ.ied) Chech lAllow 2-3 Weeks lor OeatingiShipping & H C S3 00 'or 3 LDs plus 50c <oi eaci add I LbCalrl residents add CaW Sales TaxSlO 00 Minimum OrderIBM and Apple arereqisieied trade marks ol IBM& Apple

SUN-XT COMPUTER SYSTEM J

SUN-XT CPU BOARD

1 8088 MPU

I 8 EXPANSION SLOTS

I FULLY IBM COMPATIBLE

DIMENSION SAME AS IBM PC/XT

NO RAM

135 WATT POWER SUPPLY $ 97.00

150 WATT POWER SUPPLY $119.00

FULL-FUNCTION KEYBOARD S 79.00

MULTI I/O CARD(FDCCLOCKCALENDAR.SERIALPARALLEL).. . $199.00

HARD DISK CONTROLLER W/CABLE

(10MB & 20MB) $219.00

PARALLEL PRINTER PORT $ 39.00

. ASYNC US 232 CARD $59.00

■ IBM-XT COMPATIBLE $995.00 | „ flppARAT EPROM BLABTER(2B pin 24 p,n) $129.00

TEAC 55B DISK DRIVE (to. $ 99.00

IBM UP GRADE KIT(4164 150NS) $9.50/Kit

IBM UP GRADE KIT(41256 150NS) $49.00/Kit

MICROLOG Z80B CO-PROCESSOR(MULTI-FUNCTION) NO RAM $450.00

2 DSDD DISK DRIVES

256 K RAM

MONOCHROME GRAPHICS CARD

135 W POWER SUPPLY

MONOCHROME MONITOR (TIL)

PARALLEL PRINTER PORT

$195.00

MONOCHROMEGRAPHICS CARD

HIOH-RES MONOCHROME CHARACTER

720(H) I 348(V)

80 i 25 TEXT MODE

RUN LOTUS 1-2-3 ETC.

WITH PARALLEL PRINTER PORT

$149.00

FLOPPY DISKCONTROLLER

STANDARD DOUBLE BIDE/DOUBLE DENSITYRUN 8 INTERNAL S 8 EXTERNALWITH CABLE

$59.00

MULTI-FUNCTIONBOARD

EXPANDABLE TO 384KSERIAL/PARALLEL PORTCLOCK CALENDARw/BATTERY BACK UPGAME PORTSPOOL S RAM DISKNO RAM

$159.00 il

COLOR GRAPHICS CARD

■ ROB G COMPOSITE VIDEO

■ 840 i 800 HI-RES

■ 380 x 800 LO-RE8

■ 80 a 85 TEXT MODE

■ WITH LIOHT PEN INTERFACE

IBM STYLE CABINET

8 BLOT BACK PANEL

COMES WITH MOUNTING BRACKET

S HARDWARE

FITS IBM POWER SUPPLY

$105.00 |

~\III

I

$59.00 |

DEALER & OEM INQUIRIES INVITED!!!

APPLE COMPATIBLE & GENERAL PRODUCTS

SUN Z80 CARD (w/o software apple ii & n+ only) $ 39.00

SUN 80 COLUMN CARD (apple ii & II+ only) $ 99.00

POWER SUPPLY (5AMP) $ 52.00

COOLING FAN $ 36.00

FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER $ 33.00

16K RAM CARD $ 39.00

PARALLEL PRINTER CARD W/CABLE $ 39.00

APPLE COMPATIBLE DISK DRIVE $139.00

APPARATEPROM BLASTER $119.00

SAM SUNG TTL MONITOR (amber or green)

FOR IBM $105.00

12" SAM WOO MONITOR (high-res composite) $ 85.00

14" SUPER COLOR MONITOR (RGB 654 < 490) $395.00

To Explore,Etyoy, andProtect

You and I share a great love of thisearth.

The ocean's pounding surf, Springcovering the earth with that season'snewness, a bird's song reachingout... and we are moved.

We enjoy the earth's beauty, itsgrandeur. The endless sweep of colors,and sounds, and everywhere, theexcitement of life.

And we of the Sierra Club jointogether to protect the earth.

We invite you to join with us. Toexplore, to enjoy. To protect thiswondrous earth. For all ofus. . . forever.

For membership information, writeSierra Club, 530 Bush Street, SanFrancisco, CA 94108, (415) 981-8634.

Bruce Bombaum

SierraClub

390 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

<tompu$ave

Call Toll Free: 1 -800-624-8949

ARIZONA RESIDENTS CALL (602) 967-3532

tMfi

wB

PRINTERS

C. ITOH

8510

294

435

466

CALL

CALL

385CALL

10671505CALL

CALL

186

262

348

CALL

234

278

CALL

CALL

5481172CALL

;rs,

SILL

1550

A10-30...

All Olher Models

EPSON

All Models

JUKI

6100

All Other Models

NEC

3550

8850

All Other Models

OKIDATA

All Models

PANASONIC

1090

1091

1092

All Olher Models

SILVER-REED

EXP 400

EXP 500

All Other Models

STAR MICRONICS

All Models

TOSHIBA

P1340

P351

All Other Models

TRACTORS, SHEET FEEDIAND PRINTER SUPPLIEAVAILABLE FOR MOST IPRINTERS

ANCHOR

Volsmodem/External

...48

Volksmodem 12/External.

.184

NOVATION

Novation Cat/External....

..142

Apple Cat I I/External

192

Smartcat/External

.384

Smartcat +/Macintosh...

.307

Smartcat +/PC Internal..

309

Smartcat +/ PC External.

.318

All Other Models

CALL

OUBIE

PC212AS/IBM Internal...

.252

212A/IBM External

272

SUPER SPECIAL

HAYES SMARTMODEM 1200

Auto Dial "^Fj%V/j^p> • Auto Answer• 1200 Baud f" • External

HAYES SMARTMODEM 120OB/IBM-INTERNAL $334For All Other Models And Modem Software...Call

BOARDS

AST

Six Pac Plus 255

Mega Plus II 255

All Other Types CALL

HERCULES

Color Card 144

All Other Types CALL

MICROTEK

All Types CALL

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + 71

Buffered Grappler + 137

All Other Types CALL

PARADISE

Mufti Display Card 285

Modular Graphics Card 258

All Other Types CALL

QUADRAM

Quadboard W/64K 260

Quad 512+ W/64K 225

All Other Types CALL

STB

All Types CALL

TERMINALS

ACCESSORIES

CHIPS

4164 Ram Chips 64K

.17

8087 Coprocessor Chip...

.139

DISKETTES

Maxell MD1 (Qty 50)

...74

Maxell MD2 (Qty 50)

...94

Verbatim SS/DD (Qty 50). .

.80

Verbatim DS/DD (Qty 50)..

.109

Bulk, IBM-AT, Macintosh.

CALL

CALL

• External Printer Buffers

• Power Surge Protectors

• Houston And Other Plotters

• Kurta And Other Digitizers

• 2 And 4 Position Switch Boxes

• Key Tronic And Other Keyboards

• All Types of Standard Cables

• Disk Drive Cleaning Kits

• Printer And Other Stands

■

COMPUTERS

ALTOS

586-20 Multiuser 5332

All Other Models CALL

APPLE

lie W/64K/1 Drive 858

lie Professional 1430

lie And Macintosh CALL

IBM

PC W/256K/2 Drives 1772

XT And AT CALL

ZENITH

All Models CALL

DISK DRIVES

FLOPPY AND HARD DRIVES

FOR ALL APPLE,

IBM AND

COMPATIBLES

• Alpha Omega

• IOMEGA

• Apple

• Micro Sci

• Cogita

• Rodine

• Gamma

• Seagate

• Hitachi

• Tandon

• IBM

• Teac

• Mitsubishi

• Matsushita

LOW PRICES

CALL

MONITORS

AMDEK

310A-Amber

142

Color 300

208

Color 500

303

All Other Models...

CALL

PRINCETON

MAX 12-Amber...

169

HX 12-Color

469

All Other Models..

CALL

QUADRAM

Amberchrome-Ambe

r 158

All Other Models...

CALL

TAXAN

420-Color

395

440-Color

545

All Other Models...

CALL

ZENITH

ZVM 122-Amber. ..

85

ZVM 123-Green. ..

85

All Other Models...

CALL

PURCHASE ORDERS

& BID REQUESTS

WELCOME

Inquiry 63

ORDER LINE HOURS: MONDAY- FRIDAY

8AM-6PM/SATURDAY 9AM-2PM

Send Orders & Payments to: CompuSave. 3010 S. 48th St., Suite 8, Phoenix. AZ 85040For Customer Service & Other Information Call Mon-Fri: (602) 967-3533

Prices reflect a cash discount of 3% to 5%. Prices and availability are subject to change without

notice. Merchandise is shipped in factory cartons with manufacturer's warranty. Minimum shipping

charge is S4.00. Pay by wire, cashier's check, money order, or charge. Business or personal checks

delay shipment 2 weeks. CompuSave is a Division ol Adlanko Corporation. |85-7)

WE ACCEPT MAJORCHARGE CARDS

"°J^T

"KING OF THE ELECTRONICS JUNGLE''

LEO ELECTRONICS, INC.

P.O. Box 11307

Torrance, CA 90510-1307

Tel 213.'212-6133 800/421-9565

TLX. 29t 985 LEO UH

FAX: 213/212-6106

MEMORY EXPANSION CHIPS

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

PRICE EACH SET OF 8

SET OF 9

4164 150ns

t 64K

1 10 S 8 BO

$9 90

4164 -200ns

1 20 S 9 60

S1080

4128150ns

IBM/AT)

6 75

S60 75

41256150ns

|256K

4 65 S37 20

S4185

HM6116P-3

2 50 S20 00

-

EPROMS

PRICE

WE NOW CARRY:

2716

$ 2.80

Disk drives, Power si

pplies.

2732

$ 3.50

384K Mullilunciion boards,

2764

$ 3 30

Color/graphic boards

and

27128

$4 50

("•am for RRnri-

Wo accepl elide)

(lunliliifd KfdlS and iristiliiliiins US fundi, only Call lor CODCaliluciin rosiclunls ndd 61 % lax Shipping is UPS Add $? <KJtor ground and 55 (HI lor air AM ma|ui mamifactururs All iI Pnctni] suh|i>cl In

RS-422

Communications Board

For IBM-PC/AT/XT and

compatibles

Dual RS-422 serial interfaceProgrammable to 56k baudDifferential drivers to 4000 ft.

$345.00QUA TECH, INC.

478 E. Exchange St. Akron OH 44304(216)434-3154 TLX: 5101012726

0

AMBER CRTs

D Eliminates strobe.

D Ideal for word processing

flicker, and eye fatigue

and programming, yet

□ Made with Lead/Stron-

fast enough for games

tium impregnated glass

and graphics

that stops X-ray

D Warranted for one lull

emission

year against manufactur-

D Available in slow decay

ing defects or tube

green or medium decay

"European Amber" (the

□ Comes with a 30-day

standard in Europe)

money back guarantee

D High-contrast double

□ Easily installed (comes

dark face glass thai also

with premounted

cuts U.V. radiation

hardware)

D Tube lace is etched to

stop glare

Now, you can easily up-

Call now lo order your Salt-

grade your monitor to ex-

View'" CRT from Lang-

ceed European standards lor

ley-St. Glair — $99.95

persistence and color with

Plus $7 for packing and

the installation ol a Lang-

UPS Shipping (S17 lor Over-

ley-St. Clair Soft-View'"

seas, Parcel Post or UPS

CRT! Available for the TRS-

Blue Label). Add sales tax

80,",TeleVideo,"'Kaypro,"'

where applicable. Visa/Mas-

Heath,'" DEC.'" Zenith,'"

terCard orders welcomed.

IBM PC.'" Apple III™ and a

wide variety of other

monitors. #

IU UtlUCII. • instrumontalion Syslems. Inc.

CALL 800

132 W. 24lhSi.

221-7070

New York. NY 10011

In New York call 212 989-6876

Inquiry 175

Inquiry 255

An RS-232 Break-Out-Boxat a Fraction of the Cost.

Mode) 232MAB

RS-232 Multi-Adapter Board: 9 LED's for signalmonitoring. 24 switches to open any line (except line1). 20 jumper wires allow re-wiring to any con-figuration. 1 male and 1 female connector. Orderdirect! Only $59.95. All cash orders postpaid. (ILres. add 6% sales tax). We Accept NIC, Visa. Freeillustrated catalog of RS-232 interface and testingequipment. Phone: 815-434-0846. Make checkspayable to:

B&R electrnnicsi■B0 MANUFACTURING COMPANY

P.O. Box 1008B, OTTAWA, IL 61350

Crescent Com, Inc.

CONTACT US TODAY!RemarkablyLOW Prices-Very Competitive

IBM PC, XT, AT and peripheralsALL APPLES including"Fat" MAC and peripheralsCOMPAQ ComputersMost Popular Software

Call TOLL-FREE

1-800-325-1287

California Only

1-800-492-3003

Telex 855771

Crescent Com, Inc.

3517 Ryder Street

Santa Clara, CA 95051

408-738-2480

KEYBOARD PROTECTOR

Remains in place during keyboard use. Preventsdamage from liquid spills, dust, ashes, etc. Fitslike a second skin, excellent feel. Available for:IBM-PC, AT. Apple (all). Compaq. Model 100.NEC 8201, C64, Zenith 150, DEC, Kaypro andmany others. Send S29.95. check. M.O., Visa& MC include exp. date. Specify computer type.Dealer inquiries invited. Free brochure avail.

Merritt Computer Products, Inc.

2925 LBJ Fwy. "180 / Dallas. Texas 75234

(214) 942-1142

Inquiry 30

Inquiry 197

384K RAM/CLOCK

FOR IBM PC & XT

With Lifetime Warranty*

Increases your system memory andprovides a clock/calendar function.

The 384K RAM/CLOCK can increase your memory by64K, 128K. 192K, 256K, 320K or 384K depending on thenumber of banks of RAM chips installed on the card •RAM expansion is user upgradable • Parity checkingstandard on RAM • Electronic Disk • Spooler • Batterybackup Clock/Calendar • Software driver for Clock/Calendar Function • Switch Selectable starting address •Expands memory to 640K DOS limit.

With 64K RAM $169

ApparotJnc.

ADO ON AND ON AND ON AND ON AND ON

4401 So. Tiimanc Parkway / Denver, CO 80237 1303/741-1778

ORDERING AMI DEALER INFORMATION

800/525-7674

Stores in Denver & Chicago / *0n all cards sold after June 1. 1984

-|—-y wabasH r ■ \

DataTech

DISKETTESValue Priced Diskettes!

Lifetime Warranty' Hub Rings' t00"i- Error-Free5V," Diskettes-Boxed 10/Box

SS SD S .97 Each

SS DD $1.07 Each

DSDD SI.17 Each

HD for PC/AT S2.40 Each

3V>" Diskettes

SS $2.25 Each

DS S2.95 Each

SUPER-SAVINGS ON POLY-PACK DISKETTESWith Envelopes. WP Tabs User ID Labels

SS SD S.69 Each

SS DD S.79 Each

DS DD $.89 Each

Minimum order — 50 Diskettes Quantity

Discounts Available Ml Residents, add 4% Sales

Tax Shipping & Handling S4 00 100 Diskettes

COD. add S3 00 Cert Check Money Order

TO ORDER: Call or Write...

I Precision Data Products

P.O. Box 8367C\\\ Grand Rapids, Ml 49508'-, II (6161 452 3457

Michigan 1 800 632 2468Outside Mich. 1-800 258002

VISA

C.O.D.

Ma«t»rCo(d

64K&256KDRAMS

PIGGY BACKS

80287-3

8087-3

8087-2

8ITTN6R

eiecTRONics

899 SOUTH COAST HIGHWAY

SUITE THREELAGUNA BEACH, CA 92651

(714) 497-6200

Inquiry 21

Inquiry 248

Inquiry 36

IBM PC SPECIALS!

IBM PC, 256K, One Half Height320K Disk Drive DS/DD, PersystColor Card With Printer Port,Taxan Green Monitor, DOS 2.1,PLUS a 10MB Hard Disk SubSystem All For:

$2599.

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half HeightDrives DS/DD, Persyst Color CardWith Printer Port, Taxan GreenMonitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt PowerSupply, 10MB Hard Disk SubSystem, PLUS 10MB Tape BackUp System All For.

$3499.

Jt»

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half HeightDrives DS/DD, Persyst Color CardWith Printer Port, Taxan GreenMonitor, DOS 2.1, 130 Watt PowerSupply PLUS a 10MB Hard DiskSub System All For:

$2899.

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half HeightDrives DS/DD, Persyst Color CardWith Printer Port, Taxan GreenMonitor, DOS 2.1,130 Watt PowerSupply, 20MB Hard Disk SubSystem All For:

$3299.

IBM PC, 256K, Two Half HeightDrives DS/DD, Persyst Color CardWith Printer Port, Taxan GreenMonitor, DOS 2.1, 130 Watt PowerSupply, 20MB Hard Disk SubSystem, PLUS 10MB Tape BackUp System All For:

$3899.

MONITORS

AMnFK 300 Rrpen

$135 00

AMDFK300 Amher

AMDEK 310 Amber W/TTL Plug

$149.00$165 00

PORHX-12

$465 00

PGSMAX-12

$185.00

PORSR-12

$625 00

TAXAN #115 Green CompositTAXAN #116 Amber Composit

$125.00$135 00

TAXAN #121 Green W/TTL PlugTAXAN #122 Amber W/TTL PlugTAXAN #425 COLOR MONITORTAXAN #440 COLOR MONITORIBM MONOCHROME DISPLAY

$149.00

$159.00

$449.00

$569.00

$260 00

irm r.m or ni.RPi ay

$590 00

PRINTERS

OKIRATA 1R2

$235 00

OKinATA 192

$3R5 00

OKinATA 193

$599 00

OKIRATA R.3A

$555 00

OKinATA 92P

$3R5 00

OKIDATA93P

$599 00

OKinATA R4P

$725 00

OKIDATA2350P

$1925.00

OKIRATA 2410P

$1R99 00

NFC 3550

$1550 00

NFC PINWRITFRROr.nl

$699 00

NFC PINWRITFR 130 Pnl

$R99 00

EPSON LX80

$249.00

FPRON FX RO

$399 00

FPRON FX 100

$525 00

FPRON RX 100

$399 00

FPRON. IX Rfl

$525 00

FPRON I n 1500

$925 00

COMREX CR 420

$1895.00

TOSHIBA 351

$1275 00

STAR MICRONICS SG 10

$259 00

STAR MIORONIOR SG 15

$395 00

OITI7FN PRINTFR MRP-10

$375 00

CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-15

$585.00

CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-20

$545 00

CITIZEN PRINTER MSP-25

$740.00

.ll IKI I OR100

$425 00

JUKI LQ 6300

$745.00

BROTHER HR-25

$665.00

BROTHER HR-35

$R95 00

nvNAxnx 15X1

$3R9 00

MODEMS

HAYES SMART MODEM 1200_HAYES SMART MODEM 300_HAYES 1200B PLUG IN CARD .HAYES 2400 BAUD MODEM_

POP COM 1200 EXTERNAI

AST REACH MODEM

QIC MODEM INTERNAI

. $459.00

. $209.00

. $399.00

$714.00

$375.00

$389.00

. $275.00

DRIVES

TANDON TM-100-2 DS/DD _TOSHIBA SLIMLINE DS/DD .TEAC SLIMLINE DS/DD

$155.00. $139.00. $139.00

HARD DISKS

10MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL.

EXTERNAL.20MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL.

EXTERNAL _40MB SUB SYSTEM INTERNAL.

EXTERNAL .

_ $750.00_ $925.00_ $975.00.$1150.00$1295 00$1475.00

HARD DISKS & TAPE BACK-UP UNITS(EXTERNAL)

10MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP.20MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP.40MB HARD DISK

W/10MB TAPE BACK UP .

$1250.00$1475.00

.$1795.00

MULTIFUNCTION BOARDS

ART I/O MINI CARD, 1-RFR

AST SIX PACK 64K, 1-SER., 1-PAR

ART PRFVIFW

$150.00

. _ $265.00

$309 00

AST ADVANTAGE CARD12RK FOR AT

$495 00

ALR CHALLENGER CARD12RK FOR AT

$395 00

PERSYST COLORPRINTFR AnAPTFR

$179 00

PERSYST MONOCHROMEPRINTFR AnAPTFR

$199 00

PERSYST BOB CARD

$395.00

HERCULES COLORPRINTFR ADAPTFR

$179 00

HERCULES GRAPHICPRINTFR ADAPTFR

$325 00

RTR ORAPHIC PI MR II

$325 00

IBM COLOR GRAPHIC ADAPTER $225.00

IBM MONO PRINTER ADAPTER $230.00

GENOA SPECTRUM GRAPHIC CARD $349.00OROHin Tl IRRO-1RR 1 PRK $975 00

ORCHID DAUGHTERTl IRRO-1RR 12RK

$219 00

GENERAL

MAXFI I DISKETTES MDP

$35.00/box

MAXFI. I MD2-HDM FOR AT

$65.00/box

CONTROL DATA DISKETTES _ $30.00/boxKEYTRONIC KEYBOARD KB 5151 $189.00

Many other products available, Please call for Low, Low Prices!

(714) 838-7530

2640 Walnut Avenue, Unit K, Tustin, California 92680

Prices & availability subject to change without notice - IBM is a registered trademark of IBM Corporation

Inquiry 377 for End-Users. Inquiry 378 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985

I Y T E 393

VT100$150

* plus yourPC, jr, XT, AT or compatible

ZSTEMpc-VT100 Smart Terminal Emulator132-col. by windowing - no addit. hardware

Double High Double Wide Characters

Full VT100 line graphics. Smooth scrolling

2-way file transfers incl. XMODEM and KERMIT

Full keyboard softkeys/MACROS

Speeds to 38.4KB. High Throughput

Color/graphics, monochrome & EGA support

International Font Support

Single Key DOS Access

ZSTEMpc-VT100 $150. ZSTEMpc-D200 $125.

30 day money back guarantee. MC/VISA.

KEA SYSTEMS LTD.

#412-2150 W. BroadwayVancouver, B.C. CANADA V6K 4L9Support (604)732-7411TELEX 04-352848 VCR '

Orders Toll Free (800) 663-8702

Zsttm

by

ICfiA

flS*

rntf lop niNTH

VIVITARTRANSTAR 120RETAILS FOR $599.™

CPM PORTABLE

yiga—v^f^.

TELEVIDEOTPC-1

FEATURES:

• 64K Ram (Expandable to 128K)

• Dual 5'A" Floppy Disk Drive(368.6K per drive)

• 9" Amber Graphic Monitor

• Low Profile Keyboard with10 function keys

•TeleWrite, TeleCalc,TeleChart CP/M

List:$1,995.°° SALS t850.00*

* INCLUDES FREE LOP PRINTER

EX5Q&. 800-62^2001

•—/N—"—*— 716-32S-5S30

OFFICE EQUIPMENT BROKERS ^^^_

9-TRACK MAG. TAPE SUBSYSTEMFOR THE IBM PC/XT/AT

»4757

For iniormalion interchange, backup and archival slorage,IBEX offers a 9-track, IBM formal-compatible '/.-" magnetictape subsystem for the IBM PC. leaturmg:

■ 42 M-Byles on a singlereel.

i IBM formal 1600 cpi.■ Software lor PC-DOS.MS-DOS.

DODO

IBEX COMPUTER CORP.

M741 Manila StChalsworttl CA9I3U(BIB) 709-S100TVJX 910-a93-»71

Inquiry 347

Inquiry 117

Inquiry 148

USR Courier 300/1200/2400

USR Password 300/1200

USR IBM 300/1200 IBM int

Anchor Express 300/1200

Anchor Volksmodem 12 300/1200 ...

Anchor Mark XII 300/1200

Anchor Mark X 300

Hayes 1200 The standard

Hayes 1200B IBM int

Multitech MT 212AH2 300/1200

Multitech MT 224AH 300/1200/2400 ..Cermetek Security w/callback securityCermetek 1200PC IBM int

$469$229$299$279$179$220$ 99$399$379$349$559$599$349

DATA BROKERS THE MODEM EXPERTS

3535 Roundbottom Rd. Cinti., OH 45244

ffls

Is programmingthe latest gameI Trivial Pursuits?

TSF's Source Locator helps you stayproductive by identifying your listings andcomprehensively indexing your programs.

Source code listings: file identification• your headings & footings •

• page/line formatting •

Cross-reference listings: your comments• usage • scope •

• Asm, Basic, C, Pascal •

System cross-reference combining anynumber of files and languages.

The Source Locator

Introductory Price $29.95

Fa the IBM PC, XT, AT. and ccmpcrfibles DOS 20-Price includes shipping Not copy protected.

TSF Dept. A-2

649 Mission St., San Francisco, CA

94105

(415)957-0111

Visa and MasterCard phone ordersaccepted. California residents add sales tax.Dealer and Site License inquiries invited.

Finally!

"No-Stretch" ViewingANGLED PRINTER STAND

Deluxe Model

Standard & Deluxe Models available

Deluxe fits over Disk Drive

80/132 column available

Priced from $21.95

COMPUTER MEDIA MARKETING

Dept. B-8 P.O. Box 614

Katy, Texas 77492

713/392-2385Dealer Inquiries Welcome

Inquiry 93

Inquiry 323

Inquiry 74

INTRODUCING

MULTIPLE CHOICE,

THE ONE KEYSTROKE SOLUTION

TO SWITCHING

APPLICATION PROGRAMS

on your IBM PC XT ATor compatible.

SPECIAL

INTRODUCTORY

OFFER-

$64

I I

AWESOME

teci irvjc:>t.oGY irvjo

177 Websler Slreel, Suite A-416Monlerey, CA 93940, For info, call (408) 646-1384

Order TOLL FREE (V1SA/MC)

Outside CA (800) 548-2255 Ext. 803

In CA (800) 624-2644 Ext. 803

•GihxI until Septembet I. 19H5

ir.tnr^

mericanSemiconductor

Computers, Components, Hardware and Software

4<1 C£ HIT I MOT

^ ' ** ■ OKI I NAT

128K F0BAT41256

NAT I HIT

CDC DSDD DRIVES 89

80287 forat 175

8087 Math Coprocessor .... 99.

AT TURBO KITS CALL

10 mb 1/2 Winchester . . . 399.

AT-SO mb Hi Spaad 475.

EPSON fx-100 499.

COLOR CARDS 149.

HAYES 12O0B 395.

AT 360K 1/2 Height 109.

800-237-5758

SALES EXT. 502

Vendor Lin«

813-948-3183 Add 3H

?zm

Software forEngineers

Electronic Circuit Analysis

• Nonlinear transient, DC, AC analysis

• Worst Case, Monte-Carlo

• Frequency, time dependent parts $450.

Logic Simulation System

• Full delay analysis

(min, max, typical, load dependent)

• Ability to save simulation results $395.

Both have:

• Built in editor, fully interactive

• Macros (unlimited)

• Large circuits

For MS-DOS, 192k minimum

Tatum Labs33 Main StreetNewtown, CT 06470(203) 426-2184

Inquiry 19

Inquiry 316

• I

BACK TO SCSPECIAL SALE

PRINTERS

OKIDATA

ML182P120ops $ 225

ML182 IBM Graphics Comp 225

ML182S10"Carriage 265

ML192P,160cps 359

ML192IBMGraphicsComp 359

ML192S,160cps 435

ML193P,160cps 525

ML193IBMGraphicsComp 525

ML193S,160cps 599

ML84P,200cps 669

ML84IBM 669

ML84S,200cps 769

Okimate20 135

STAR MICRONICS

SG-10,120cps,2Kbuffer $ 229

SG-15,120cps,2Kbuffer 389

SD-10,160 cps, 10" carriage 355

SD-15,160cps,Corr.Qual 479

SB-10 Draft & NLQ 24 wire printhead 799EPSON

LX80,100cps, 10"carriage Call

FX80 + , 160cps, 10"carriage Us

RX100,100 cps, 15" carriage First

FX100 + ,160cps,15"carriage For

LQ1500DrattNLQ Lowest

SQ2000, All New Prices

'We Are An Authorized DealerCOPAL

SC-1200,120cpsFT&Graphics $ 215

SC-1200L,120cpsw/NLQ 245

SC-1500,180 cps FT & Graphics 295

SC-1500L/I, 180 cps NLQ w/IBM Char.

Set 335

SC-5500L/l,15"NLQIBMChar.Set . 475

Very Quiet — 1 Yr. WarrantyDYNAX

DX15XL,20cps ByBrother $ 369

JUKI

6100. L.Q. 18 cps w/proportional spc.$ 379

6300LQ.40cps 689

TOSHIBA

P1340P $ 575

P1340S 575

P351P, Faster than 1351 1229

P351 P/S, Fasterand More Versatile 1275

PANASONIC

1091 w/Tractor, 120cps, 1yr.war. ..$ 255

1092,10" carriage, 180 cps 439

1093,15" carriage, 160cps 669

HARD DISK DRIVES

RODIME

10 Meg w/Cont., 1 yr. warr $ 595

SEAGATE

10Megw/Cont.,1yr.warr $650

ALPHA OMEGA

10Megw/ControllerCard $ 665

20Megw/ControllerCard 1099

30Megw/ControllerCard 1395

DISK DRIVES

TANOON

TM10T>2forlBMPC $ 99

QUMEV2Ht.ds/dd360K,100%IBMComp.. .$ 85

TEAC

55B Double Sided 360K $ 99

Quad Density 159

Drives For Apple & FranklinMICRO-SCI

A-2 ... $ 16

A.5Cforlicw/cabie!..... 179

A.5Vj height for HE 18

Controller Add 55

PRINTERACCESSORIES

ORANGE MICRO

Grappler + $ 85

Buffered Grappler + , 16K exp. 64K . 155

TOSHIBA

BI-DirectionalTrac. 1351/351.. .$ 149/155

Font Disk for Down loading P1351 .. 50

MICROTEK

DumplingGX(sameasGrappler+) $ 69

Dumpling GXw/16K buffer 135

Dumpling GX w/32K buffer 147

Additional Buffering 16K 12

FOURTH DIMENSION

Par. Card& Cable for Apple $ 47

OKIDATA

PlugandPlayforlBM $ 49

Tractorfor82A&92 49

JUKI

Bi-Direc.Tractorfor6100/6300 .$ 125/135

Serial Interface 65

CABLES

IBM PC to Parallel Printer $ 18

Serial Cable 18

Centronics M/M or M/F 18

DISPLAY MONITORS

OUADRAM

Amber chrome IBM compatible .. . .$ 165AMDEK

V300G $ 125

V300A 135

V310AforlBMPC 159

Color 500 Color Composite 339

Color 600 RGB Hi-Res 429

Color 710 Super Hi-Res 545

TAXAN

IBM Green Monochrome#121 $ 129

IBMAmberMonochrome#122 139

RGBIBMw/GrCompTextMode#425 429

RGB Super Hi-Res. #415 393

RGB Super Hi-Res. #440 Best Buy .. 499

RGB/Comp. Med. Res. #210 259

PRINCETON GRAPHICS

HX-12forusewlthlBMPC $ 445

Max12EAmberforlBM 179

SR12SuperHi-Res 565

Scan Doubler 185

OUIMAX

PX-IV, RGB Hi-Res W/Gr. Text Mode .$415DM-14MonochromeAmber 155

■:m?4M.^!r.T.'K^p^Tru«

COMPAQ DESK TOP

ASTGPAK +

• One Drive

• W/384K

• 256K of Memory w/Par. Port

S299

• 10 Meg Hard Disk

• Taxan Green or Amber

ANCHOR

S2450

AUTOMATION

Mark Xll/Volksmodem XII

IBM PC XT

S215/S179

• 256K of Memory

• One IBM Floppy

64K OF MEMORY

• 10 Meg. Hard Disk

S9.95

• Color Card

• Taxan #425 RGB Hi-Res &

TANDON

Comp. Gr.

• TM 100-2

S3190

S99

"THE COMPANY THAT DELIVERS"

IBM PC

IBM

IBMDOS3.1 $

Tech Ref. for Dos 2.1 or 3.0

PARADISE

ModularGraphlcsCard $

ModuleA

Module B

5-Pak

64K MEMORY UPGRADE

64K (9 chips) 200ns & 150ns S

PERSYST BOARD

Bob Hi-Res Display Adaptor $

OUADRAM

QuadColoM Board $

Exp. Quadboard W/64K & Game PortQuadlink3000 Run Apple sft on IBM

ACCESSORIES

6969

26979

120165

175

239329

VUTEK (2 yr. war.)

Vutek - CPS Board, RGB & Composite

w/Par. & Ser. Ports, 2 Yr. War $ 239

Color Card (Here, comp.) w/Para. ... 159Monographic Card (Here, comp.).. . 269AST RESEARCH

SlxPak + W764K $ 239

Game Port 49

KEYTRONICS

KB5151 $ 179

MICROTEK

Monochrome Text Par. & Ser $ 185

Color Graphics Card 165

TECHMAR

PCMate64Kexp.to256KMem.exp.$ 99PC Mate Mem. Brd. W/256K Installed 175

APPLE & FRANKLIN ACCESSORIES

ADVANCED LOGIC SYSTEMS

ZEngine2.2 $ 119

APPLE

SuperSerialCard $ 135

ASTAR

RF Modulator $ 17

MICRO-SCI

64K.80Col.Card $ 85

ACCESSORIES

Kensington System Saver $

FanforApplell&IIEw/surge

MICROTEK

Serial Interface $

MICROMAX

Viewmax 128K extended 80 col. card

for Apple IIEW/64K $ 124

80 col, card for Apple II & II + 139

37

75

^

PERSONAL SYSTEMS

APPLE

Professional Sys. incl: Apple HE w/128K &80 col., tilt mon., duo disk w/con't kit . $1345

Apple He Lightweight Portable Call

IBM

IBM PC Bare w/cont. & keyboard .. .$1345

IBM PC64K.1 Drive 1475

IBM PC,2Drlvesw/256K 1599

IBMXT,10Meg.,360KDr.w/256.. .. 2795

IBMXTBarew/256K&IBMFIoppy.. 2095

Call About All "AT" Systems!

SANYO

MBC550-2w/1320KDrive&sftwr. ..$ 750MBC 555-2 w/2 320K Drives &

more software 990

Portable Call

Serial Port for Sanyo 79

COMPAQ

256K, w/2-320K Drives $1985

DeskTop Model 1 1725

DeskTopModel2 2150

DeskTopModel3 3795

DeskTopModel4 4495

WYSE

1100-1 incl. 256K w/two 360K Drives, 1 par

& 2 ser. ports $1399

1100-2 incl. 10 meg, 1 floppy, 256K, 1 par. &

2 ser. ports 2599

'Wyse Monitors & Exp. Chasis Available

SOFTWARE

LOTUS DEVELOPMENT CORP.

Lotus1-2-3 $ 295

Symphony 437

ASHTON TATE

DBasell $ 329

DBase III 419

PRINTER SWITCH BOX

EXPONENT

Centronics Two Switch $ 84

Centronics FourSwitch 110

Serial Two Switch 75

Serfal Four Switch 99

MODEMS

ANCHOR

MarkXIl $ 215

VolksmodemXIl 179

Anchor Express Call

HAYES MICRO

300 Baud Smart Modem $ 189

1200 Baud Smart Modem 389

1200BforlBMPCw/SMII 379

2400 Baud Modem 645

Micro Modem ME 259

Chronograph 189

300ForApplellcw/Sftwr Call

DISKETTES

PC DISKETTES

Sgl./Dbl.(Boxof10) $ 16

Dbl./Dbl.(Boxof10) 18

COMPUTER CONNECTION

Dbl./Dbl.(Boxof10) $ 16

Sgl./Dbl.w/DiskContainer(10) 20

Dbl./Dbl. w/DiskContainer 20

Bulk50&Up — Dbl./Dbl 1.35ea.

We Stock What We Sell!!

IF YOU SEE IT ADVERTISED FOR LESS, CALLCOMPUTER CONNECTION FIRST FOR LOWEST QUOTE!

MAIL ORDER:

17121 S. Central Avenue, UnitLCarson. California 90746

NO SURCHARGE FOR CREDIT CARDS

We accept VISA, MasterCard, CODfw/deposit], Certified Checks orWire Transfers. Minimum ShippingCharge $4.00. Some items subjectto back order. California Res. add6Vi% Salas Tax. All returns aresubject toa 15% restocking chargeand must be authorized by storemanager within 10 days. Pricessubject to chanqe without notice.This Ad supersedes all others.

ORDER LINE[800] 732-0304

(Outside California]

[213] 635-2BOS

[Inside California]

Mon.-Fri. 7 a.m. to 6 p.m.Saturday 11 a.m. to 3 p.m.

CUSTOMER SERVICE:[213] 635-5065Mon.-Fri. 9 a.m. to 3 p.m.

Inquiry 67

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 395

DISK WORLD! is proud to introducethe lowest-priced, LIFETIME-WARRANTY

diskettes GVGr!And they're BRAND NAME PRODUCT to boot!

5.25" SSDD-f.79 ea. 5.25" DSDD-K89 ea.

5.25 DSDDHD-f«2.35ea.3.50" SSDD-4$2.25 ea. 3.50" DSDD-t$2.85 ea.

Based on multiples of 100 each.

Boxed in 10's with heavy-duty cardboard sleeves, user ID labels,

reinforced hubs (where appropriate) and write-protect tabs.

Introducing Wabash Pinnacle Series Diskettes.

Two years ago, if you'd told me I'd be writing this ad, I wouldhave laughed.

At that time, Wabash diskettes were synonymous with"s—t".

Just saying that quality control was poor would becharitable.

So much was wrong that DISK WORLD wouldn't sell them.That was yesterday.

Kearney-National Inc., a $202-million division of a muchlarger company, came into Wabash.

Out went the old management, the old methods, the oldproduction techniques... and in went a lot of new people, ideas,production lines and some really imaginative thinking.

The end result.

Today, I'm proud to offer you the Wabash Pinnacle Series ofdiskettes at the prices shown.This isn't evolution in diskette manufacturing: it's revolution.

Here's what you get.

Wabash Pinnacle diskettes are...certified 100% Error Free...are coverd by a LIFETIME WARRANTY...meet or exceed all industry specifications (by quitesome distance)

...and are simply the best value in diskettes availabletoday.

The torture test.Considering Wabash's earlier dubious reputation, I wasn'texactly a true believer when their Director of Marketing cameinto my office with samples.

So I took a box at random, selected a disk, bent the thingevery which way and slipped it into my IBM-PC.It formatted. It booted. It stored and retrieved data.

That wasn't enough.I gave samples of the diskettes to Curt Rostenbach and, inturn, to Tom Streit, both hackers of long experience and mem-bers of the Waukegan (Illinois) Apple Users Group.Tom really went at it.

He took a quartz-halogen lamp, aimed it at the diskette untilit started to smoke (and melt)...and then formatted, bootedthe diskette and stored and retrieved data!

The same terribly (and intentionally) mutilated diskette ranon an ITT, Corona and IBM.Curt was nicer.

He simply bent the diskette every which way...and it stillformatted, booted and ran on his Apple.

The best buy I've ever seen.DISK WORLD!, Inc. sells more flexible magnetic media bymail-order than anyone else in the world.

I, as President of the corporation, won't tolerate a productwith a failure rate of more than 1 /1000th of 1 percent.

I also don't like companies who try to milk a "quality" or"premium" image for a higher price like Dysan and Verbatimdid.. .until they failed.

As President of DISK WORLD!, Inc., my motto is simple: "thebest diskette for the least amount of money."

Wabash is it.

Right now, there is no better value than the Wabash PinnacleSeries of diskettes.

Granted, you have to buy a hundred at a time, but so what?Split the order with friends, relatives, co-workers or even yourworst enemies.

The key thing is to get the most diskette for the money.

And this is it.

(Incidentally, as a corporation, we put our money where our

mouth is. Our first order for Wabash Pinnacle Diskettes was1.5-million units.)

That's an awful lot of faith and confidence.

But, then again, I have the diskette that Tom Streit literallymelted.. .and kept on running.

The truth about $1.00 or less diskettes.

More and more ads are popping up offering diskettes for$1.00 or less.

By the same token, more and more people who were sellingused cars a few months ago are now selling diskettes by mail.We did a little survey of current ads for diskettes advertisedfor a dollar or less and did some analysis of the market andhere's what we found as il applies to 5.25" DSDD diskettes"supposedly" selling for a dollar or less.

ACTUALADVERTISEDVENDOR: LOW PRICE:

Unitech .89 ea.

Datatech .99 ea.

Computer Club .95 ea.

.99 ea.

Communications& ElectronicsPrecision DataDiskette Connec.CompSoftServ.

PRICE ACTUALPER 100: MFGR.:

.92 ea. Unspecified.Unspecified.Unspecified.Unspecified.

.99 ea.

.98 ea.

1.02 ea.

.49 ea. .80 ea. Unspecified.

.89 ea. .93 ea. Unspecified.

.93 ea. .93 ea. Unspecilied.

.77 ea. .77 ea. Unspecified.

+ shpg.

Computer/Computer .99 ea. .99 ea. Unspecified.

DISK WORLD .89 ea. .92 ea. Wabash

DatatechThe real truth about $1.00 or less diskettes.It costs all diskette manufacturers about the same to pro-duce a diskette. Some may charge more because they want toproject a "premium quality" image, ala the late, lamentedDysan who bought their basic media from 3M.

Some charge less because they sell a sub-standard prod-uct. . .and we're not foolish enough lo name names here.But here's the truth about the $1.00 or less diskette market.It falls into four categories:

1. The DISK WORLD'S of the universe who simply are so bigthat they can buy first quality product in massive quantities andchoose to pass on the savings to you. (Precision Data andDiskette Connection on BRAND NAME products also fall intothis category.)

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

2. The people who buy "cosmos".. .stuff from major manu-facturers that usually hits quality control standards, bul iscosmetically blemished and thus can't be packaged and soldunder the manufacturer's own name.

3. "Duplicator Quality". Uncertified media, usually belowmanufacturer's own standards and frequently below ANSI andIBM standards. Sold on an "as is" basis with the understand-ing that the manufacturer's name will never be divulged. Usual-ly about a 20% reject rate...as compared to DISK WORLD'Sstandard of less than 1 /1000th of 1 % reject/return rate. Next logarbage, this is the source of most diskettes advertised at adollar or less.

They may work...and then again they may not. (Frankly, theodds at Ihe Blackjack table in Las Vegas are more in your lavor)

4. Garbage. Stuff that shouldn't be sold at all. But somemanufacturers are hurting for cash, so they sell it anyway(After all, they want to meet their payroll. Look what happenswhen you don't: you become a Dysan or Verbatim. Lots olhistory, but no money.) More and more garbage is beingdumped into the market as manufacturers become pressed lorcash and are motivated into selling anything and everythingthey can manufacture. (Read the article in FORBES aboutVerbatim and its "Bonus" brand.)

Finally, the Taiwanese counterfeiters are moving into Ihe acl.Perfect duplicates of the packaging of major manufacturerswith one exception: the quality isn't there.

The Critical Factor.

Only DISK WORLD!, Inc. offers fully brand-identiliecl,LIFETIME-WARRANTY product lor less than a dollar

Every one else offering 5.25" product for less than a buckdoesn't tell you who makes it.

We do.

And that ought to tell you a lot right there.

Ordering & ShippingInstructions

SHIPPING: Wabash Pinnacle Diskettes are sold in mul-tiples of 100 only. Shipping charges are $3.00 per 100.regardless of type or size.

PAYMENT: VISA. MASTERCARD and PREPAID ordersaccepted. Corporations rated 3A2 or better and govern-ment and quasi-government open accounts are acceptedon a NET 15 basis.

C.O.D. orders are subject to a $5.00 special handlingcharge. (Sorry lor the increase, but too many people havebeen refusing C.O.D. orders or using bad checks. It's aclassic example of a few "bad eggs" making life moreexpensive lor everyone else.)

APO, FP0, AK, HI & PR ORDERS: Include shipping asshown and an additional 5% of the total amounl ol theorder to cover PAL and insurance.

No other non-continental U.S. orders are accepted

TAXES: Illinois residents only, add 7%.

All orders subject to acceptance.

Not responsible for typographical errors.

ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140)

INQUIRIES & INFORMATION

1-312-256-7140

FOR FASTEST SERVICE,

USE MCI MAIL:

Just address "DISKWORLD"

(24-hour shipping on any item in stock

V. if you order via MCI MAIL.) J

396 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

629 Green Bay RoadWilmette, Illinois 60091

Inquiry 363

PRIORITY m ELECTRONICS

ONE

8" Double Sided/Double Density

BRAND NEW! 90 DAY WARRANTY!

$199 each $189 $179

BTQMETRAK842 Each 2 - 5 Each 6 or More

(Shipping weight 18 lbs.)BT0«I£TMKM2W Manual, not included with drive 81S

SURGE SUPPRESSORS

Don't let power spikes pull youdown! Protect your equipmentfrom All angles

AC Power lineWith 6 outlets

BTWBRDG115SSriWt.2lbs. -*j^

$29.95

150VA&300VALine Conditioners

Better Than A Surge Suppressorl

Provides both surge and noise supresslonalong with brownout protection as well)

150VA OOOVA

Great for Your PC! Great for Your XT!

$79 $99

BTSHP150

Sh.Wt.15lbs.

BTSHP300

Sh.Wt.30lbs.

20Mbyte Add-On Hord

Disk For Your IDM PC™

ond Compatibles

Comes Complete With Half HighDisk Drive, Controller, ond Cobles

INTERNAL EXTERNAL

$799 $999

BTPRIPCSUB20I BTPBIPCSUB20X

Include $5.00 (Internal), $9.00 (External) lor Shipping

Disk Drive Cabinets

Part Number

Description

Price

BTJMRIC5

5%" Sgl Floppy 5lbs.

$ 59.

BTJMR2C5

5Vt" Dbl Floppy 9lbs.

$ 89.

BTJMR2C5C

JMR2C5 with data cable

$ 99.

BTJMR2SV5

Dual 5'/4" '/2Hi Flpy 7lbs.

$ 85.

BTJMR2C8

Dual 8" Floppy 35lbs.

$229.

BTJMRDTC8

Dual 8" '/2Hi Floppy 12lbs $179.

BTJMRHDCS1

Sgl 5%" Hard Disk 16lbs.

$199.

BTJMRHDCS1HH Sgl 5Va" V4 Hi Hard 16lbs.

$199.

BTJMRHDCS2

Dual 5'/4" Hrd Dsk 20lbs.

$299.

POWER PLAY

Dual 5'A"

'/>-hlgh disk

enclosure s,

power supplyfor hard disksor floppy driveswith surge supressorand 6 switched AC outlets

■OQQoogg

308/

FTJMR1 (10 lbs.)

1 SEOranqe micro

■■ Inc.

Memory Expansion:5B°;«er>Chip Sets64K 256K

Set of 9 = 64K Set of 9 = 25BK

$9.95 $59.

BTSPDBIBMMEM9 BTPDB256MEM9Set ol 38 = 256K Set ol 36 = 1 Meg

$35, $219.

BTSPDBIBMMEM36 BTPDB256MEM36

CALL FOR QUANTITY PRICING

Mr. Chips

256K MultifunctionPC Add-On Card

• Chips supplied to populate to 256K

• 1 Pa,,allel 1 sefial BT0RMMC256interface

• Clock calendar ,f**fc Jt ^P% JP%

• Dual game port ^^ J WjiJ

• Real world interface ^^ _ ^^

• BSR AC line controller CSCfl

• RAM disk & print (Sh. wt. 2 lbs. each)spooler software

Intellicom

In-Line PrintBuffer &InterfaceAdaptors iw-pm. k

Adaptor Included!

Serial to Parallel to Parallel toParallel Parallel Serial

64K 256K 64K

$229 $229 $229

BTINTBSP64 BTINTBPP25B BTINTBPS64

(Shipping weight 1 lb. each)

5-YEARWARRANTY!

5'A" Double Sided DoubleDensity Diskettes

99$ 90$ 80$

Each In Packs

015099C x 50 =$49.50/pack

BT5DS50 2 lbs.

Each In Boxes

0125090C X 250 =$225.00/box

Each In Cartons

Ol 100080C X 1000 =$800.00/carton

BT5DS250 S lbs BT5DSIO0D 30 lbs

■— PRIORITY rWi ELECTRONICS

mmm 9161 Deering Ave, Chatsworth, CA 91311-^687ORDER TOLL FREE CoOO") 420-5922, Local: C818} 709-5111

MINIMUM PREPAID ORDER $25.00. Terms U.S. VISA. MC. BAC. Check, Money Order, U.S. Funds ONLY. CA resldentsadd 6%. 6'/2%, or 7%SalesTax. depending onyour local rates Include MINIMUM SHIPPING &HANDLINGof $3.00 (orthe first 31bs..p1us40C (oreach addi-tional pound (20C if within Calif.) Pius 25C per $100.00 value of your order for Insurance. Orders over 70 lbs. sent freight collect. Justin case. Indued your phone number Prices subject to change without notice. We will do our best to maintain prices throughAugust 19B5. Credit card orders will be charged appropriate freight. We are not responsible for typographical errors.

Inquiry 25!

ORDER TOLL FREE (800)423-5922

DON'T CALLPROGRAMMER

Your Secretary Do It!EASY TO USE

Allows you to maintain complete control ofbuilding and styling your own databasewithout complicated programming.

t-nrn nCll/in rilCI/ Circle Reader Service Number

rncc utmu uioi\ 0,caiiuSat isisi 986-3233

I IIUIITCn DAPIf APE Tfy out ,imited Package lorLIIVIIICU THUnHUC S1 5.00 lapplied to purchase)

DATAMASTER introductory special

When you order, ask about Through Sept 85.»4*T([~00

our money back guaranteel Regular price $495.' * *•

Use your Master Card or VISA and call today!

IN CALIF OUTSIDE CALIF

800-423-0320 800 482-DATA

C.D.A. INTERNATIONAL SOFTWARE CORP.®

(818) 986-3233 Telex: 215666

88

mi mflRYmflC induces iNC.

800-231-3680

Radio Shack TRS-80's'Epson Printers

People you Trust to give you the very best!

• LowestDiscountPrices

• ReliableService

• QualityProducts

"World's largest independent authorized Tandy dealer."

22511 Katy Fwy., Katy (Houston) Texas 77450(713)392-0747 Telex 774132

PROMPT DELIVERY!!!!

fS SAME DAY SHIPPING (USUALLY)

NO EXTRACOST ONF-EX SAT

DELIVERY

MaslerCard/VISA or UPS CASH COD n

Factory New, Prime Parts juPoo

MICROPROCESSORS UNLIMITED

24,000 S. Peoria Ave., /Of A) 267-4961BEGGS. OK. 74421 V^'O/^O' *t»D I

Prices shown above are for July 2,1985

Pteaao caJ kn current proas. Pnces subject lo change Please raped higher at twver pncos onsome paits duo to suppty & domand and out chanong costs Shsjpng & nsurancs aura Cashdiscount phcos shown Onters received by 6 PM CST can usually Do doir-erod to you by the noilmorning, via Ftdml Expran Standard Air fl SB.OO, or Prtortly On* ft 115.001

Inquiry 52

Inquiry 191

Inquiry 210

The Statistician

CPM IBM-PCTRS-DOS XENIX

Multiple Regression

Stepwise

Ridge

All Subsets

Backward EliminationTime Series AnalysisDescriptive StatisticsTransformations

* Survey Research

* Nonparametrics

* X-Y Plots

* ANOVA

* Random Samples

* Data Base

' Search & sort

* Hypothesis tests

Please call TOLL FREE1-800-334-0854 (Ext. 814)

Q

for more information

or write:

Quant Systems

Box 628

Charleston, SC 29402

VISA-M/C Accepted

3M DiskettesLifetime Warranty

TIRED OF WAITINGFOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYEDDISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS

#1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE

1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disksin stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARDAll orders shipped within 24 hrs.

NORTH HILLS CORP.INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN. 55110

MN. call collect—612-770-0485

SAVE TIME AND MONEY WITHLOW COST PI-SWITCH BOXES.

-¥•,

S-S

I j .■ y I Starting at $59.95 I--,,

•Quickly shares your computer amongmultiple terminals, printers, moderns, etc.with just a flick of the wrist.

• Compact black & beige aluminumenclosure features a high quality rotaryswitch with rear mounted connectors.

•Serial RS-232 Models have fern. 25-Pin Conn.(Lines 1-7 & 20)

PI-02-S switches 2 to 1 S59.95

PI-03-S switches 3 to 1 79.95

PI-05-S switches 5 to 1 109.95

•Parallel models have fern. 36-Pin cent. conn.

PI-02-P switches 2 to 1 94.95

PI-04-P switches 4 to 1 154.95

•Dealers, schools & custom inquiries welcome.

•One Year Warrantee. COD. VISA, MIC.

'Shipping UPS $2.00/ea. AIR $4.00/ea.7301 NW 41 St.MIAMI, FL 33166(305) 5926092

Sub

Inquiry 260

Inquiry 283

Modular approach to data acquisition and control.

A 40 conductor ribbon cable bus is generated by a card in the hostcomputer. Up to 8 low cost modules can be located anywhere on acable up to 100 tt. long. Our LAB 40 generator cards forthe IBM PCor Apple II are pricedat $175.

' Signal AcquisitlonandControlModule, model'LAB40-1'.Features: B bit resolution. 4 channels, differential Inputs, samplingrate up to650KHz, software programmable gains and offset, digitaloutput port, low price of SI 75. Twelve bit module available soon.

' Full featured 'digital oscilloscope' software.Documented and user modtfy-able. PC version $175. Apple IIversion $100. Complete data acquisition packages {hardwareand software) start at $450.Development tool.

Unique lo LAB 40 is its ability to interlacedirectly to microprocessorcompatible integrated circuits and hybrids. We encourage users todevelop projects and products. LAB 40 is also an Ideal educationaltool

Demonstration Disk . . . only $4.Please call or write for free brochure.

Computer Continuum

75 Southgate Ave., Suite 6 ■ Daly City, CA 94015 (415) 755-1978

SureWs insured?

SAFEWARE® Insurance provides fullreplacement of hardware, media and

purchased software. As little as $39/vr. covers:• Fire • Theft • Power Surges

• Earthquake • Water Damage • Auto Accident

For information or immediate coverage call:

1-800-848-3469

In Ohio call 1-614-262-0559

SAFEWARE, The Insurance Agency Inc.

NOW C HERE!

CROSS SOFTWAREfor the NS32000

Also Available Jot IBM PCINCLUDES:

* Cross Assembler ** Cross Linker *

* Debugger *

* N.S. ISE Support *

* Librarian *

+ Pascal Cross Compiler *

* C Cross Compiler *

U.S. prices start at S500

SOLUTIONWARE

12S3 ML View-Alviso Rd.

Suite B

Sunnyvale, Calif. 94089

40S/745-7818 • TLX 4994284

Inquiry 284

Inquiry 303

m

icro"productsinternational

ii71 4/898-0840

SUMMER SPECIALS

jcpc: New Hayes SmartModem Compatible! xpg

Finally a price bruklhrough on a Hayes compatible, external 300/1200 • Runs the popularbaud modem. This tow price is without HB Hayes communications software

driver software, but if you need it add $25.00. J|^B^^^^^^_ ^0 • FCC apprvd direct RJ-11 connectionCall (or a 26 page catalog of our special deals ^^^/k BT • Phone Cable & power supplyLook in this spot every month for Hot. New items ^gj^^B ^^^ one |0W pncesure to catch your interest. ^M^^^» MOD-8100-00 $1 99.00

&$&<&$£?$ J?IBM PC-XT SELECTRIC KEYBOARDS

ft ^\ . a^*T^A AJ/Qw volume purchase ot these excellent Selectric type keyboards will bring"5i . c^* S5* >?* <® -, J$* r\0^fea'ures you nave been wanting down to a price you can't resist. So many feati^rT_A jf\ ° Jcir-vou'll love it!! • Single Kev reset

.&F V* i& x*o . — _x> ^oryfeature

you nave been wanting d

love it!! • Single Key reset

Separate numeric keypad

Separate "Arrow" keypad

Dimple marked "5", F, & J keys

KEY-1051 -00 Selectric $129.00

KEY-1050-00 Standard 89.00

the

many features

'

&

TUBED MOTHERBOARD

Micro Products announces a powerful new IBM XT type motherboard. 4 layers for superior reliability& speed. Turbo mode allows 75% higher thru-put by increasing sys-tem clock to 7 MHz under soltware control. Designed to use new256K RAM chips or 64K chips. 640K memory expansion does notrequire useof valuable card slots. Many outstanding features com-bined with our new 7 PAK Multifunction board make previouslyexpensive options standard features at a LOW LOW Cost.BOA-6078-00 Supplied with OK $349.00

V

ADD-ON POWER SUPPLIES

Two new, thoroughlytested IBM PC/XT powersupplies for your systemupgrade. Best price inByte with ONE YEARwarranty!!

POW-1040-00 135 watt $ 99.00'

POW-1044-00 150 watt $115.00

:%

. *-*>%>

SUPER 12 PAK MULTI-FUNCTION

This one is really loaded! Features: One Parallel Port, One RS232-CSerial Port, One Game Port, Real-Time Clock / Calendar with Bat-tery Back-up, Expandable to 384Kof Parity-checked Memory, Sup-plied OK Memory, all cables, PrintSpoolerand RAM Disk Software.

BOA-6335-00 $129.95

Additional (9) 64K Memory ChipsKIT-8000-00 $ 10.00

\>

Do it Yourself!

<'V.

hree ways to begin - an Empty cabinet • a "Basic"a Full system - all that you assemble yourself!CABINET ONLY

Slot CAB-3068-00 $75.00

"BASIC"abinet, Keyboard, Power Supply, Motherbrd w/OK;YS-8000-00 $525.00

This is OUR Junior!

ise this "Driveless" workstation for low-cost Networking.Matures: • 4-slol IBM™ compatible Motherboard' 128K Standard Memory • 8088,8087 Math Co-pro-*ssor • Optional Floppy Drive with Controllers.

YS-8100-00 $475.00

ull System w/Keyboard, Mono Monitor, Video Displayard, 256K1 RAM Drive SYS-S7PS-00 $895.00

$1395°° WOW!

Complete ==^^= lA111A1J.

System! --- ^s- LUnB%J

NEW 17,000 in Service! ^Ssl?'Features!

MRAM DiskWGame PortM640K cpctylPrintSpoolerJTurbo mode!

Add-On H.D. & Tape

00

sdm\

■ ''■■

>1995

20 Meg Color

Complete System!

$255000

40 Meg w/Tape

Complete System!

$303500Software

• XWORD

• XBASIC

• XBASE

• XCALC

• XCOMCheck These Standard Features:

• Full-Size, Feather-Touch, Capacitance Keyboard, 10 Function Keys, Calculator-Type Numeric Keypad •

• Parallel & Serial I/O • Real Time Clock • Game Port • 2-Slimline 5V.' DS/DD 48 TPI360K Drives •

•8 IBM expansion slots 'RAMDisk ■PrintSpooler MDMASSTimerchannels •

• Full 640K capacity on-board • 8088 16-bil CPU • Monochrome Video Card •

• Up to 32K ol EPR0M (full 8K supplied) • Supports PC-DOS ■ MS-DOS ■ CP/M-86 •

■ Power Supply Hard-Disk-Ready, no need to add-on additional power •

• High resolution 12" Monitor, Green Screen, 22 MHz bandwidth •

10 Meg $109520 Meg $129526 Meg $1395

10 or 20 Megabyte on thetop, your choice of HardDisk on the bottom. Superappearance! Requiresone slot In your PC forSASI Interface and an ex-tension connector on thefloppy card. Everythingelse is supplied by us.40 Meg $1695105 Meg $4195140 Meg $4695

4.77MHzto 7MHz!WSer,Parmciock

Add-On Hard Disk

Two ways to go. The Internal system is cheaper becauseit does not need a P/S 8. Chassis. The same P/S & Chassiscan be used for a 10 Meg Tape Back-up on your XT1

10 Mtgobyh>525lntf'695ext

20 Megabyte'650 lnt/'795 ext

26 Megabyte»795lnt/'895ext

40 Megabyte'1195ini7'1295ext

105 Megabyte•3795lnt/,3995«xt

140 Megabyte•4395 IM/M695 ext

Add'On 20 Meg Tape

SUB-8300-00 .

If your IBM-AT needsa iit-tle help in the Back-upcategory, you won't beable to beat this price!Cables, software andeverything! $595.00

Not enough room here - Call for Catalog

PROM LASER

This is the One! Our PROM Burner allows reading, storing-to-disk, recalling, andburning. Hi-speed alogrithmes burns 2764in 45 seconds! Also handles 2716,2732,27128, 27256. Features: Zero insertionforce sockets; On-boa/d Voltage Generator;No Interference with normal computeroperations.BOA-8640-00 $199.00

MISCELLANEOUS SSS SAVERS

7 PAK Multifunction Floppy, RTC, 2 Serial, 1 Parallel, Game, RAM Disk

BOA-6250-00 $189.00

64K Mumory Chips (9) NEC for IBM KIT-8000-00 $ 10.00

2S6K DRAM Memory Chips (9) • 256K KIT-9000-00 $ 45.00

Add-On Memory, (up fo 512K) supplied OK BOA-6350-00 $ 99.00

Floppy Controller, Controls up to four drives, 5V*" 48/96 TPI

BOA-6100-00 $ 95.00

Monochrome Graphics Card. (Hercuies lype) (1-2-3 compatible) 720h x 348v

BOA-6150-00 $175.00

Color Graphics Card. 320 x 200 Res. Color, 640 x 200 Monochrome

BOA-6200-00 $ 145.00

Clock Calendar Board, fits in "short slot" w/battery Back-up

BOA-6375-00 $ 55.00

Hard Disk Controller, standard ST-506 interface for DOS 2.1 & 3.1

BOA-8060-00 $155.00

30011200 Baud Modem Internal wIPC Talk III Communications Software

BOA-8725-00 $210.00

Monochrome Monitor, 22MHz bandwidth, composite input or TTLMON-1725-00Green/Comp 99.00 MON-1700-00 Amber/Comp 104.00MON-1775-00Green/TTL.. 104.00 MON-1750-00AmberfTTL .. 109.00

We want your DRIVE business!

I I I I I

Shugart360KTEAC360K NEC tOmeg Tulln26meg Memteknigg'85°° '95°° '345°° '695°° '495™

INTERNATIONAL ORDERS

Micro Products is ready to serve your needs in several countries. Each Office hasSales Literature, Local Pricing, Inventory andTechnical Service available to sup-port your needs. There are no problems with U.S. Export Forms.

USA OFFICE

15392 Assembly Lane, Unit AHuntington Beach, CA 92649Tel: 714/8980840Tlx: 887841 XORDATA HTBHAMSTERDAM OFFICEBuilding 70,4lh Floor11172H Schiphol-EastAmsterdam, The NetherlandsTel: (020) 45 26 50-Tlx: 18306AUSTRALIAN OFFICE8 Irwin Street, BellevueW.Australia 6056Tel: 274-3701

MARACAIBO OFFICE

Av. 3F Esq. Calle 81Centra Com. Maelga - Local If5Maracaibo, Venezuela 4001-ATel: 061-913328 ■ Tlx: 62344 PEMINBOMBAY OFFICE311 Sindhl LaneNanubhaiDesai Rd.Bombay 400-004 IndiaTel: 357172-Tlx:011-2868CANADA OFFICE264 Principale, St. Blaise,Quebec, Canada JOJ1W0Tel: 541/291-3118

Now PC-XT in a Kit!Completely XT Compatible

$1095°°

Why didn't anybody think of it before? if

you have a phillips screwdriver and 1 - 2 hoursavailable, SAVE yourself a bundle of MONEY! No-where will you beat this deal on a complete 8 slotready-to-assemble and run XT compatible.

• Cabinet • 2-360K Shugart Drives

• 135 watt Power Supply • Floppy Controller 8,

• Keyboard Cable

• 8 Slot Motherboard • Mono Video Card•256KRAM • TTL Amber Monitor

Inquiry 203

Micro Products

15392 Assembly Lane

Huntington Beach, CA 92649 • 714/898-0840

Is::: ibm pc/vtioo

| EM100 for IBM PC, XT, AT, JR.

• VTI02 emulation

• File Transfer

• 132 Column modes

• Color Support

EM 100-4010

• Tektronix 4010 emulation

• VT102 emulation

• Picture files

• High resolution hardcopy

• Supports IBM, IBM Enhanced,

• Hercules and Tecmargraphics cards.

Multicopy discounts

Diversified ComputerSystems, Inc.

100 Arapahoe. Boulder. CO 80302(303) 447-9251

Trademarks 11100 - Digital Equipment; IBM PC. XT IBM Corp.Herculn - Hercules Computer Technology

NEW LOCKIT II

Password Protected SubdirectoriesHides files-makes files Read-OnlyRuns on any PC or compatiblewith Hard Disk under DOS 2.0 orHigher—Easy to use - only $79.95

LOCKIT I

• Password Enabled Boot-up

• For IBM PC or PC/XT

• Optional Hard-Disk-Only Boot.

• Invulnerable! $129.95

PC RESET/QUICKON

Reset without turning off powerEliminate turn-on & Reboot waitSaves time, frustration & damage toPC & PC/XT $89.95

Specify PC or XT, MC/VISASecurity i6Hagg Place

Microsystems suite 102B

Consultants s.i., ny 10304

(718) 667-1019

OK-WRITER

LETTER QUALITY

Enhancement for

Okidata ML82A/83A

Dot Matrix Printers

• Easy to install

• Plug-in module

• Letter Quality: 30cps^Bn. * Draft Quality 120cps

• 10, 12, 17 cpi

• Full dot addressable graphics

• Front panel access to all features

• Proportional spacing, bold, doublewidth, underlining, self-test, etc.

• Serial and parallel interfaces retained

• HELP mode; Diagnostic HEX dump

• And many other features

o

RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES. INC

17971-E Skypark Circle, Irvine, CA 92714

(714) 261-0228 Telex 386078UK Distributor: X-DATA (0753) 72331

Inquiry 373

Inquiry 286

Inquiry 273

Serial 4 ■■""" ■ ^ Parallel

Convert What You HaveTo What You Want!

* RS232 Serial ' Centronics Parallel

* 8 Baud Bates ' Handshake Signals

* Latched Outputs * Compact 3,7. x 4J4 x 154

No longer will your peripheral choices be limited by the typeof port you have available! Our new High Performance 700Series Converters provide the missing link. Based on thelatest in CMOS technology, these units feature full baudrate selection to 19.2K, with handshake signals to maximizetransfer efficiency. Detailed documentation allowssimplified Installation. Order the Model 770 (Ser/Par) orModel 775 (Par/Ser) Today!

iinartrnnits

only

89J

95

2734-C Johnson Dr.

Post Office Box 3717

Ventura. California 93006

ConnDctor Option SID 00CA Hosldonis 6% laxUPS Shlpplnn. W.OO

CALL (805) 658-7466 or 658-7467€3 For FAST Delivery I

The world's fastest, most powerful8080 relocating macro assembler™ONLY

Inquiry 112

".. In two words, I'd say speed & flexibility",Edward Joyce, Nov. 84. Microcomputing

This is what they said aboutZ80ASM, our Z80 assembler. Nowthe same features and performanceare available in our Intel Mnemonicproduct. SLRMAC is compatiblewith M80 in .8080 mode with manyextensions. Too many features to list.To order or find out more about ourcomplete family of developmenttools, call or write:

-S" L R Systems

1622 N Main St.. Butler. PA 16001(800) 833-3061 • (412) 282-0864Telex 559215 SLR SYS

Inquiry 29I

RAMMemory Expansion Kit

4264/4164 CompatibleFits Major PC Brands

FACTORY DIRECTHIGHEST QUALITY!

MICRON DRAMs

LIST

OUR PRICE!

9 64K DRAMs9 128K DRAMs9 256K DRAMs

S 25.S359.S369.

S 20.S125.S149.

150 ns Access Time

MICRON

■ technology, inc.

Marketing Department2805 E. Columbia Rd.Boise, Idaho 83706

(208)386-3900 TWX 901-970-5973IMMEDIATE SHIPPING!

VISA, MasterCard, Certified Check,COD & Money Orders

Inquiry 207

1st PLACE

COMPUTER SYSTEMS

13422 N. CAVECREEK RD.

PHOENIX, AZ. 85022

0

>z<

CALL FREE 1

-800-841 2748

Hi - I'm Joan,We are still

I><m</>

I

ill

doing business

-o

Q

LU

o

z

as usual, samelow prices, fastand courteous

30

o

2m

Q

service. We've

Im

<

gone small for

-11

the summer to keep our priceslow. Call me for current pricing.

I

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I'll be waiting for your call.

z

-J<

Thanks again and God Bless-Joan

mp

WYSE - JUKI -CITOH

.,_

maxell disks

LIFETIME WARRANTY

TIRED OF WAITINGFOR SERVICE AND PRICE?

9 out of 10 SURVEYEDDISK BUYERS PREFERRED

NORTH HILLS

#1 IN SERVICE AND PRICE

1-800-328-3472

Formatted and hard sectored disksin stock-Dealer inquiries invited.

COD, VISA, MASTERCARDAll orders shipped within 24 hrs.

NORTH HILLS CORP.INTERNATIONAL

3564 Rolling View Dr.

White Bear Lake, MN. 55110

MN. call collect—612-770-0485

^

"\ferbatim

Data Life Diskettes

Lifetime Warranty

Catalog # Box of 105'/4" SSDD 18158 $15.50

5V<" DSDD 18188 S19.95

5V«" DSQD 18239 $28.50

minimum quantity 100

Disk Drives

5V." Vp heightsTEAC 55B S119

Panasonic/Shugart S109

3%° SS Shugart SA 300 $110

limited quantity

l^imtrOn KT-7® Terminal

Compatible to Televideo- 925 S545Also carry complete line of computer products

MICROSCRIBE. INC.

3350 Scotl Blvd.. Bldg 15 Santa Clara. CA 95054Call M-F8:00- 5:00(4081 748-1333

Inquiry 349

Inquiry 211

FORTRON CORPORATION

3797 YALE WAY, FREMONT, CA 94538

FOR YOUR IBM PC. XT, AT OR COMPATIBLES-Dealer & OEM Are Invited-

INFORMATION S. CALIF. RES. [415] 490-8171

ORDER TOLL FREE:[800] 821-9771

POWER SUPPLIES

For PC/AT

219.00

#FC 5192,200 WATTS [max.]

+ 5V/19.8A, +12V/7.3A

-5V/1A, -12V/1A

110/230 VAC Switchable

Come with 4 Drives Connector

(Up Pending

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

Fully Tested in U.S.A.

#FC-130 40

130 Watt power supply forPC/XT

13goo

-^>--i.

Fully Tested in U.S.A.Good for Faraday, DTCMegaboard, and other PC/XTcompatiblesBack side on-off switchUse cabinet FC 630110/230 VAC convertible(OT) Pending

140 W.(MAX)POWER SWITCHER

#FC 135-40 Fully Tested

in U.S.A.

15goo

KEYBOARD

#FC 527

Direct replacement toIBM PC power supplyHigh air flow, low noise fan(Ul) PendingOutstanding quality,1 yr. warranty

#FC 630 AT

COMPUTER CHASSIS

159.oo

IBM® PC/AT identical dimensionHeavy duty metal frame & frontplastic panel

Completed hardware and accessoriesUse our power supply FC-5192 andkeyboard FC 527

#FC-G30 A-2

99.00

IBM® PC/XT identical dimension

Righthand side on-off switch

position

Hardwares included

7 & 8 slot rear panels. Good for

0.75" or 1" apart slot connectors

Use FC 135 40 power supply

IBM PC, XT ADD-ON CARDS

IBM® PC AT key layoutEnlarge return & shift keyCapacitance low profile key switch

PC/AT 169.00

#FC 427

• IBM® PC/XT compatible

• Light on num. & caps lock keys

PCXT 109.00

#FC-630

gg.oo

Rear side on-off switch positionGood for Faraday, DTC megaboardand other compatibles6 or 8 slot on rear panelUse FC-130-40 power supply

FC 230 FloppyDisk Controller

• Drives 4x5'/4" FDD

• IBM fullycompatible

• w/cable

69.Q0

DTC 5150 BX Hard

Disk

Controller

• Up to 2 HardDisk Drives

• Fully BufferedI/O Bus

• Built-in ECC

219.o°

Monochrome/Graphic withPrinter Port, CT-6040

• 80 X 25 Text mode

• 720x348 Graphic mode

• Can run Lotus 1-2-3

• 64K Graphic Display memory

• Monitor & printer interface

179.oo

MONITOR

Monochrome

109.oo

12", TTL Level1000/800 Lines2000 (Characters)

Bmia

FC530MonochromeControllerw/Printer port

•8x25 Screen

• 9 x 14 Character Box

• 7 X 9 Character

• TTL level of output

129.oo

FC 940 RS232C/

REAL TIME

CLOCK

• To 9600 Baud

• Battery Back-up

89.00 69.0°

Clock Only

MORE.

384K Multifunction Card 149.00

RS232/Printer Card 89.°°

Color Graphic Card with

Printer Port 159.°°

512K Memory Exp. Card 119.°°

tf»K)

Get a Full FunctionPRINTER at 99.00

(Listed 199.00)

Comes • 25-36 pin cable adapter

with:

• 4 Batteries

• 1 roll paper

• ll'/4"X4!/2"Xl3/4*

* 2.2 pounds weight

• Dot Matrix Thermal Printer

• 80 Standard Character/Line

• 40 cps (DC 6V) 50 cps (AC)

• Battery Back-up

• 55 db noise

• Centronic Type Parallel Interface

Limited Stock On Hand!

DRIVES

Hard Disc Drive Cable (34 pin-34 pin) 19.9S

Floppy Drive Cable 11.95

9 Pin D Type to 25 Pin D Type for PCAT 29.00

Printer Cable 25 Pin D Type to Centronics 19.00

RS232 to RS232 Cable 19.00

AC Input/Output Power Cord 3.00

5%" FLOPPY

Teac/Panasonic

DS/DD

95 00

"(Drive Only)

EL1M1—

Teac. Vz Height519.00

(w/CableController)

—EEE3—

Teac. Vi Height669.00

(w/CableController)

64K RAM (150 ns) 800/9 pes.

Piggy back 128K RAM

for PC/AT S3M/9 pes.

256K RAM (150 ns) .... 4400/9 pes.

8237A-5 3M/ea.

8284A lM/ea.

2764 3M/ea.

TERMS:

Minimum handling or shipping $6.00

1. Please call for actual charges.

2. CA Res. add 6.5% tax

3. A RMA NO. is required for returnmerchandise, unauthorized returngoods will be refused.

4. Restocking charge 15%

5. Prices subject to change without notice

6. Not responsible for typos

Inquiry 122 for End-Users. Inquiry 123 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 401

$91.00

Single Board Computer

6600 MPU, serial I/O. parallel I/O, RAM,' EPROM, 44-pin 4.5" * 6.5" PCBEXPANSION MODULES: RAM, EPROM, CMOSRAM/battery, analog I/O, serial I/O,parallel I/O, counter/timer, IEEE-488,EPROM programmer, floppy disks,cassette, breadboard, keyboard/display.Wlntek Corp.

Uri«'i' v ir 118°1 soum s,,eetI I Hi I Kl. IW lafayeflo, IN 479041 317-742-9428

Inquiry 340

DATA SWITCHES

SHARE computers, printers,any parallel or serial deviceIf ._f, ELIMINATE cable swappingINEXPENSIVEwaytonetworkCOMPATIBLE withall computers.

Businesses, Schools. HomesWE ALSO OFFER:Data Butlers, Line Drivers,Modems, Protocol Converters,Parallel - Serial Converters.Cables, Computers, Printers.Disk Drives, and more.AUTOMATIC - CARETAKER is ideal tor a business orschool to share a printer or modem among many computers.Operation is lully automalic with no software required.Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395MANUAL - HARDSWITCH is operated with the flip of aswilch. 2:2 and 2:4 models allow simultaneous commun-ication

Serial 1:2-$59 1:4-$ 99 2:2 -$109 2:4-$169

Parallel 1:2-$99 1:4-$159 2:2 - $189 2:4 - $279LED and spike protection on serial models add $20.CODE ACTIVATED - PORTER connects one computer tomultiple peripherals. A software code selects the peripheral.Parallel or Serial 4 channels - $295 8 channels - $395Buffer option 64K - $100 256K - $250REMOTE - TELEPATH connects multiple computers tomultiple peripherals. A selector at each computer or terminalchooses up to 4 peripherals and displays busy status.4:4-$495 4:8-$795 selector - $39.==^^=^^^^= (five a JP*m to ifoux computet •=

ROSE ELECTRONICS (713) 240-7673P.O. BOX 742571 MC & VISA Accepted

HOUSTON, TX 77274 Dealer Inquiries Invited

CALL US FOR ALL YOUR INTERFACE NEEDS

FORTHON THE STD-BUS

The ForttiCard provides the ability to develop Forth codeusing a single board, including on-card E/EEPROM program-ming. Operating ds d stand alone computer or as an STD bus

CPU. this card is perfect (or projecfs fhal require a simplededicdted SBC, while allowing for memory and I/O expansionForth programs can be enlered directly via CRT or downloaded from your PC's serial port, blown into optional non-volalileRAM or EEPROM, dnd auto-execuled on power-up.

The evaluotion unit is available for as little as $299. OIM Ver-sions of the card may be purchased lor $179 each (Qty. 10)

The ForthBox is a complete STD bus oriented system in-cluding the ForthCord, Disk Controller. Disk Drive{s). STD cardcage. Cabinet and Power Supply

CALL TODAY FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION

Fn!iiY(§©l}.i f^(o]iu)Ofp[iuT]@riiffi ^u^u^ftoffii

9560 Black Mountain Road. San Diego. CA 92126FOR IMMEDIATE ACTION CALL

619-566-1892

Inquiry 280

Inquiry 144

DATA ACQUISITION TO GO

INTERFACE FOR ANY COMPUTER

Connects via RS-232. Built-in BASIC.Stand alone capability. Expandable.Battery Option. Basic system: 16 ch.12 bit A/D, 2 ch. D/A, 32 bit Digital I/O.Expansion boards available. DirectBus units for many computers.

SPECIALISTS IN PORTABLE APPLICATIONS

(201) 299-1615

P.O. Box 246, Morris Plains, NJ 07950

ELEXOR

H.OW COST UNIVKRSALE < E ) F-ROM PROGRAMMER

I SUPPOHTS: (EPHOMS) ^f>|(i TUTltl 64, 2716 THRU 512,27C16 THRU 128, tiUTM THRU 66 IKF.l'HOMS) 52813THRU 33, 2H16A THRtl 64A (MICROS) H741 THRU 49HNO PERSONALITY MODULES, ONBOARD IXWEII SUPPLY

: RS232C INTERFACE, XON-XOFP, RTS, CTS, DTRACCEPTS KEYBOARD ENTRY WITH LINE EDITINGACCEPTS ASCII, INTEL, AND MOTOROLA EOHMATS

■ USER FRIENDLY MONITOR FOR 1/0 DEBUGGINGEAST PROGRAMMING SUPPORTED: 2764 UNDER 3 MIN.LOW/HIGH BYTE PROGRAMMING FOR 16 BIT DATA PATHBYTK, BLOCK, OR CHIP ERASE (EEPHOMS ONLY)

i LIST IN INTEL OH MOTOROLA HEX FORMAT

i VERIFY PROGRAM AND VliHIFY BLANK COMMANDS

* 1409-01: 4K FIRMWARE, PCB, XFORMER, DOC

* 1409-02: 1409-01 * FULL SET OF PARTS

* 1409-03: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT

* 1409-11: 8K FIRMWARE, PCB. XFORMER, DOC

* 1409-12: 1409-11 + FULL SET OF PARTS

* 1409-13: ASSEMBLED AND TESTED UNIT

* COMMUNICATION DRIVERS FOR MOST PC'S

B&O MICROSYSTEMS

6322 MOJAVE DR, SAN JOSE, CA 95120Tel.(408)997-76B5, TWX 4995363

$90.00$200.00$300.00$125.00$250.00$350.00

$35.00

NEC PRINTERS

2050 $ 625

3550 $ 990

8850 $1400

2010/15/30 $ 625

3510/15/30 $ 990

8810/15/30 $1400

Elf 360 $ 399

Pinwriter P-2 $ 490

(w/lnterface & Tractor)

Pinwriter P-3 $ 690

(w/lnterface & Tractor)Terms: PREPAID - FREE FREIGHT!!

QUALITY PRINTERS8415 Cement City Rd.Brooklyn, Michigan 49230Phone: 517-592-3749

Inquiry III

Inquiry 259

Get the Proportional PrintingProgram which Really Works!

Get type-set quality true proportionalspaced printing from unmodified Word-Star and NewWord document files.PropStar prints on most daisy-wheelprinters with ps type-wheels includingDiablo, Qume, NEC, Brother, Juki, S-R,C.Itoh and many others.

PropStar is a stand-alone program, nota patch to your w.p. program, it main-tains correct letter spacing, nevercrowds capitals (even on short lines),gives higher quality print than modi-fied WordStar. PropStar supports mostof the common WordStar and NewWordprint enhancements. No installationpatching required. For CP/M-80 sys-tems on 8" and 5-1/4" media, also forMS-DOS systems on 5-1/4" PC media.Only $ 49.95, Visa & M/C o.k. Specifycomputer and printer. Dealers wanted.

CIVIL

COMPUTING

CORPORATION

1 Research Drive. Suite Irmore. California 94^10

14151 45ri-80Hd

r PC/XT USERS!

#

COGTREE Utilities by

Cogitate

SI 29.95

M

LYNC by Norton-Lamber. . .

. S 199.95

1

DATAFLEX by Data Access.

.. Varies

M

RM/COBOL by Ryan/

McFarland

. . Varies

M

Universe by Omnitrend. . .

S 98.50

M

Blue Macl by Cogitate. . . .

S 599.00

§

CadPower + by Trilex

S995.00

f

Softext Teaching Aids

S 95.00

M

PrintSet by Cogitate

S 79.95

J

CogiTAPE by Cogitate

. .CALLII

J

Anti-Static Products

. . Varies

f Uninterruptible Power

Backups

. . Varies

J

ante

CALLII

"A Higher Form of Software"

24000 Telegraph Road

Southfleld, Ml 48034

|313) 352-2345/Telex 386581

VISA/MASTERCARD ACCEPTED

Dealer Inquiries Welcomed

Queio" hn(.)(J( J Development

UUTU Tools

6B000/68010 Assembler Package

Assembler, linker, object librarian and extensive indexedtypeset manuals.

Conforms to Motorola structured assembler, publicationM68KMASM[4]. Macros, cross reference and superb loadmap, 3T character symbols.

Optimized for CP/M-80, -86, -6BK, MS-DOS, PC-DOS . . $595Portable Source written in"C" $1495

Complete 68000 Development Packagefor MS-DOS

Lattice 68000 "C" Compiler and

Quelo 68000 Assembler Package $1095

68200 Assembler Package

Assembler and linker for Mostek MK68200.

Optimized for CP/M-80, MS-DOS, PC-DOS $ 595

For more Information contact Quelo Inc.

2464 33rd W. Suite #173Patrick Adams Seattle, WA 98199

Phone (206) 285-2528COD, Visa, MasterCard telex II (TWX) 9103338171

CP/M, TM DRI. MS-DOS TM Microsoft. PC-DOS TM IBM.

Inquiry S4

Inquiry 57

Inquiry 271

COMPUTER

PRODUCTS,

Inc.

ORDER TOLL FREE

ronm

5!

38-8

"J

1800

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

fftnm

8'

18-9

.008

7IT^B||[MasterCardjJ

STATIC RAMS

01

256 i 4

450n

1.80

02

IK i 1

45011

.71

OZL-4

mil

450u

.01

021-2

IOC 11

25011

1.21

11

250 I 4

450ll

2.21

12

256 I 4

450ll

2.21

14

IK I 4

450m

.01

14-25

IK i 4

250m

1 II

I4L-4

IK I 4

450ll

1.2C

I4L-3

IK i 4

300m

l.3(

141-1

IK i 4

200ii

l.4(

47

Mil

55li

3.05

01

250 i 4

450n CMOS

3.91

114044-4

Ull

45011

2.05

IS4044-3

4K 11

300m

3.46

IS4044-2

Mil

200m

3.05

Mill

Mil

25011

0.05

M2016-20

Mil

200m

2.41

MZ0I6-15

Mil

150m

2.01

M2016-10

Mil

IOOii

4.41

III 10-4

Mil

200m CM08

2.41

HUM

Mil

150m CMOS

2.01

ISI1B-2

Mil

120m CMOS

S.4<

IB1IBIP-4

Mil

200m CHOI

2.01

miiiM

Mil

150m CMOS

3.41

ISIIOLP-2

Mil

120m CMOS

0.41

1132

Mil

300m

20.05

U204F-1S

Mil

150m CMOS

7.0S

II2641P-IS

OKlO

150m CHOI

0.05

IMB4LM!

Mil

I20n CMOS

10.05

DYNAMIC RAMS

MM?

Mil

250ll

145

Mil

Mil

300il

1.05

IS200

Mil

300ll

1.05

,4100

Mil

200m

.41

10200

Mil

260u

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11-20

lOKll

200ll

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16-15

lOKll

150m

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10-12

HKi 1

I20ll

141

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150m Oi

3.05

04-20

■Mil

25011 5i

I.St

14-20

04Kl 1

200il 6l

1.75

14-16

IMil

150m Si

?flf

100-20

250 i 1

200m

7.05

260-16

200 I 1

IOOii

0.05

EPROMS

12

250 i 0

1 ll

3.00

10

IKiO

460ll

2.4S

50

Mil

450ll

S.91

10

Mil

450m 0>

205

IB-I

Mil

360ii 6l*

3.05

82610

Mil

450m 5i

3.05

12710

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460ll

0.05

82032

Mil

45011 5.

3 06

32

Mil

450u Si

3 06

KM

Mil

460ii III

3.05

12 A-35

Mil

350m III

3.05

12 A

Mil

25011 2ll

506

12 4-2

Mil

200ll III

0.05

14

Mil

450m 5i

4 25

14-25

Mil

25011 5l

4.06

14-20

Mil

200ll Ol

705

12504

Mil

45011 5l

005

101704

OK IB

45Du 5i

17.95

101711

OKiO

350ll 5i

10.05

120-40

IOKiO

250m 6i

0.05

121-30

(Mil

300m Si

0.90

120-20

UK I S

250ll Ol

10.00

151-25

IMil

25011 14,

24.05

1 Inquiry 106 ■

74LS00

74LS00

n

7418125

.41

7418*00

.61

74LS01

74

7418126

.41

7418266

.54

74LS02

.24

74L8I32

.61

74L8273

1.45

74L803

24

74L8133

.51

74L8276

3.30

74LS04

23

74L8I36

.31

74L8279

.48

74LS05

74

74UI37

.11

74LS2I0

1.05

74LS0!

,27

74L8138

.54

74LS2I3

.00

74LS09

,2>

74LSI39

.54

74LS290

.88

T4LS10

,24

74L8145

1.16

74U213

88

74L8I1

,34

74LS147

2.45

74U205

.98

74LSI2

34

74L8I48

1.30

74L8298

88

74L3I3

.44

74LII51

.54

74L8299

1.70

74LS14

.51

74LSI53

.54

74LS323

3.45

74L8I5

.34

7418164

1.15

74L8324

1.70

741820

.24

74L8I55

.68

74L8352

Ii5

74L821

21

74L8156

.68

74LI363

US

74LS72

.24

74L8157

.04

7418363

1.30

74LS26

.21

74L8158

.51

7418364

1.10

741S27

.21

74L8160

.01

7418365

.41

74L828

.34

74LSI6I

.04

7418366

.41

74LS30

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74UII2

.01

74L8367

.44

74LS32

.21

74L8I63

.04

74L8368

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74LS33

.54

7418164

.00

7418373

1.35

74LS37

.34

74LS165

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74U374

1.35

741838

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7418166

i.to

74L8377

1.35

74LS4D

.24

74LSI68

1.70

74U37I

1.13

74L842

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74L8169

1.70

7418378

1.30

741S47

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7418170

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74LI3I5

US

741848

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7418173

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74L8386

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74LS49

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74L8I74

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74L8390

1.15

74LS51

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74L8I75

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74L8393

LIS

741S64

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741S18I

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74U3I5

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74LS55

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74LS1II

1.00

74LS399

1.45

74LS63

1.20

74LSI90

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74LI424

2.00

74LS73

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74L8I91

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74L8447

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741874

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74L8I92

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7418490

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74LS75

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74L8I93

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7418624

3.0S

74LS70

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7418194

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74L8640

2.15

741878

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74L8195

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74L8645

2.15

74LS83

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74L8I96

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74U000

LOS

74LSS5

.11

74L8197

.70

74LS00I

1.05

74LS88

.31

74LS22I

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74L8670

1.45

74LS90

.54

74LS240

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74LS674

9.00

74LS91

.18

74L824I

.91

74LI002

3.15

74LS92

.54

7418242

.98

74U003

3.16

74LS93

.54

74LS243

.11

7418664

3.15

74LS95

.74

74LS244

125

74L3005

3.15

74L896

.11

74LS245

1.45

74L8688

2.35

74L8107

.31

7418247

.74

7418689

3.15

7418109

.31

74LS248

.98

74L8763

23.95

74LSII2

.31

74L8249

.98

6IL896

1.45

74LSII3

.31

74L825I

.58

01 KM

1.45

74LSI14

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7418253

.51

81LS97

1.45

74LS122

.44

74L8257

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01 Ull

1.46

74L8I23

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7418258

.51

25L8252I

2.75

74LSI24 2.86

7418259

2.70

25L82509

4.20

We will try to BEATAll Competitor's Prices

CALL for Quote!

DISC CONTROLLERS

109117711701170317051797214327012793

. 0.9014.0022.0022.0022.0022.000.0030.00

2706 30.90

2707 30.00

1043 33.00

1272 19.00

M0I070 22.00

MI0I77 22.00

MC3470 4.00

30.90 UP0765.

19.00

CRT CONTROLLERS

0145 11.90 CRT5027 10.00

0047 10.90 CRT5037 20.90

00047 23.00 DP0360 30.90

00045 10.90 HD40506 11.00

7220 30.90 MC1372 0.00

0275 20.90 TM89910A

38.90

UV ERASERS

QUV-T8/1 $49.95

ECONOMY Model

• Erases 15 EPROMS In 20 minutes

• Plastic Enclosure

6502

6500

6500 6500 A

4.90 0502A 5.00

0504 6.90 05201. 6.00

0505 0.00 G522A 0.00

050765206522653265456551

1.90 0532* 10.00

4.30 6545A 12.00

4.00 0551* 10.00

9.009.00

6500 B

g.90 65020 7.90

6800

1 MHz

0000 .

6O02 .

0003 .

0000 .

6809E.

0000 .

eoio .

6020 .

0021 .

6126 .

0040 .

0043 .

0044 .

0045 .0047 .0050 .0062 .0(60 .0062 .0175 .0180 .0183 .

2.907.9017.9012.900.000.002.004.302.0013.0011.0033.0024.0011.0010.002.005.007.0010.000.001.0021.00

68 BOO

2 MHz

60000 .

00002 .

60009 .00000E

00010 .

00021 .

00040 .

00045 .

60050 .

. 9.90

. 11.00

. 11.00

. 11.00

. 5.00

. 6.90

. 10.00

. 10.90

. 5.90

68000

68000-9 34.00

0004700400

00062600010070400700

23.0010.0014.000.0017.0510.05

8000

0031 14.00

0035 6.00

0030 5.00

INS-0000 10.00

INS-0073 20.00

0080* 3.00

0006 4.00

00B6A-2 11.10

0010 24.00

0067-3 |5 IU .. 124.050017-2 I8MH.1 ..199.95

0010 10.00

0O00 60.00

0253 0.00

0253-5 7.00

0255 4.46

0256-5 4.00

0267 7.00

0257-5 0.00

0250 5.00

0259-5 0.00

0271 00.00

0272 10.00

0274 20.00

0275 20.00

0270 0.00

0270-5 7.00

8100

0131 2.00

0155 0.00

1165-2 7.10

0150 0.00

0105 20.00

0115-2 30.00

0202.0203.0204.0200.0217.0200.0209.0202.

0.450.454.000.460.4512.0044.0012.00

8200

8300

8202020302050212021402100224022012211237

23.9030.902.001.753.761.752.201.763.4612.00

030303040307030003100311

2.00LOO2.002.003.003.00

0237-5 14.00

02300243 .0250 .0261 .0261*

4.464.450.003.904.45

8700

0741 20.00

0740 10.00

0740 20.00

0755 23.00

80000

00100-0 00.00

00100 00.00

Z-80

ZBO-CPU

Z10-CTC

ZI0-D*RT

Z10-DM*

Z10-PIO

ZBO-SIO/0

ZOO-IIO/I

Z80-8IO/2

ZO0-SI0/0

Z-80 A

Z10*-CPU ..Z00»-CTC ..ZS0A-DMT .

Z-80

1.05 Z00*-DM« 0.05

1.05 Z80A-PI0 2.45

0.05 ZOOt-SIO/O 0.06

7.05 Z00A-SI0/1 0.95

1.95 ZOOi-SIO/2 0.05

0.06 Z8OA-SI0/9 0.05

8.96 Z-80 B

0.05 ZO00-CP0 7.06

Z108-CTC 0.06

Z100-PI0 0.06

2 45 Z001-D*RT 10.05

2 40 Z100 010/0 .... 20.05

7.05 ZOO 010/2 20.05

MEMORYEXPANSION KIT

4164 200ns9 for $15.75

APPLE ACCESSORIES

Parallel Printer Card 49.95

80-Col. card for Apple II+... 149.95

SO-Col. card for Apple Mo... 129.95

Dokiy 80-Column for III 69.95

Serial Gird (communication)... 69.95

Clock Calendar card 79.95

Cooling Fan 38.95

Power Supply 69.95

Joystick 29.95

Joystick Adapter Apple lie 14.95

RF Modulator 13.95

Disk Drive Foil Height 169.95

Disk Drlve'/z Height 169.95

Controller Card 49.95

Apple Paddles 5.95

16K Card 39.95

16K Bare Board 13.95

Extend-A-Slot 34.95

Paddle Adapple 29.95

Koala Touch Pad 99.00

Magic Touch Pad w/Joystlck... 79.95

Keytronlc Keyboard 219.00

Apple Keyboard (Taiwan). . 149.95

INNOVATORS IN MICRO-COMPUTER TECHNOLOCV

VIEWMAX-80 149.95

The right 80-column card for yourApple II+

• Soft video switch

e Built-in inverse video

e Shift key support

e 2 year parts & labor warranty

TERMS: Minimum order $10.00For shipping and handling include$2.50 for UPS ground or $3.50 for

air pound, add $1.00. Californiaresidents must include 6% salestax; LA, S.F., S. Cruz & S. Mateocounties include 6.5% sales taxand Santa Clara include 7% salestax. All items subject to availabilityand prices are subject to change.Typographical errors are not ourresponsibility.

No additional charge for Master-card or Visa. We reserve the rightto substitute manufacturers andto limit quantities.

CALL for VOLUME Quotes

NEW HOURS: M - F 7:30 am - 5:00 pm

VISIT OUR RETAIL STORE

2100 De La Cruz Blvd.

Santa Clara, CA 95050

(408) 988-0697

ALL MERCHANDISE IS100% GUARANTEED

Telex: 75644(

SPECIAL DISKETTE OFFER

verbatim Datalife Disks have 6 data-shielding improvements for greaterdisk durability and longer data life.PLUS! If you call, write, or utilizereader service in response to thisad—we'll send you our full-rangecatalog of computer supplies withSpecial Offers good for further sav-ings on verbatim diskettes andmany other quality products.

Call or writs for our discount catalog.

LYBEN COMPUTER SYSTEMS

1250-E Rankin Dr., Troy, Ml 48083Phone: (313) 589-3440

DATALIFE • THE NAME IS THE PROMISETHE WARRANTY IS THE PROOF

Save on

top quality

3M Diskettes

5%" ™

$177

5Va"

51

$2

39

SOLD IN BOXES OF TEN ONLY

Vi?" 3M diskettes are also available

tremendous selection of softwarebooks, accessories and supplies

UP TO 50% OFF!

Software for IBM PC

dBase Ml 349 Mullimale . .269

Framework 349 Symphony 429

Home Acct. Plus 85 Wordstar 2000 .299

w/Ullrafile . 169 Wordstar Pro Pac .259

OVE SOFTWARE AVAILABLE IN OTHEH FORMATS. CAL1minimi shipping iimJ hmdllng 12.00. Cilllomin

ABC data products

P. O. BOX 16720, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92116

619-283-5488 Q 800-854-1555

8051/52 DEVELOPMENT BOARD

8051-Based Single-Board Computer with

Monitor/Debugger

■4 28-pin byte-wide

sockets; monitor will

program EEPROMS.

■Perfect for System

Development and

Educational Applications

5335

Binary Technology

LJ

MEHIDEN. NH 03770 • 603/469-3232

Inquiry 185

Inquiry 7

Inquiry 35

IBM Enhancements

Monochrome/Graphic/Printer Card $169.00

(runs Lotus 1-2-3, 64K, 720x348)

384K Multifunction Card $139.00

(Parallel/Serial/Game/Clock/Calendar/384K)

Floppy Disk Controller Card (w/cable)$69.00

3B4K RAM Card (w/64K) $99.00

Switching Power Supplies

192.5 w for IBM AT.

Call

130 w for PC/XT. . . . J/fmk, ~

$109.00\-^* . _L/V

Internal replacement, vjr-" «* ■ <Si

4 drive connectors, Id ^'--~ A?

ETRI, fan ■ I ••JL^ .'"

12V/4.5A 5V/15A ^LiUl^^r

110V/220V

Case for AT. . . .Call

Case for PC/XT (Fliptop or Slide) $64.00

Game Card (2 Joystick Ports) $39.00

5151 Compatible Keyboard $139.00

Distributors/Dealers/OEM Inquiries InvitedCall 408-249-4512 Telex 172412

Supreme Company

1101 S. Winchester Blvd., F166San Jose, CA 95128

IlL

FOR THE BEST OF US .

THE CYPHER

fiL

A COMPLETE 68000 & Z80ASINGLE BOARD COMPUTER SYSTEMWITH ULTRA-HIGH-RES GRAPHICS!!

lilt

Cirri [mo JICrMID

co* run in

lEniDllt

in'i'rffuTii. 901

PfJrfH |_

' 'lOWEA PRICES! I MEGABYTE CYPHER AT SI .1 99.95 ASSEMBLED AND TESTED WITH

MOTEL COMPUTERS L

174 BETTY ANN DRIVE

TORONTO. ONTARIO, I

(416) S2

IlL

Z-Shell

Unix-like commandsAmazing ease of use!

Ever forget what you are doing?Z-Shell edits and re-runs previ-ous DOS commands. Z-Shell'saliases make:

asm p1; link pi;erase pl.sym

Just "assemble" — no clumsybatch files. Run many com-mands on one line! Will runwith SideKick; works on clones.Detailed 40-page manual. Only$79.50!

Workman & Associates

11 2 Marion Avenue, Pasadena. CA 911 06

(818) 796-4401

Please request our new catalog.

Inquiry 314

Inquiry 219

Inquiry 341

DOS UTILITIES

Attrib* - set/reset file attributesCrypt - file encryptionDSort - sort directory filesFind" - find strings in filesLog - log computer usage for IRSMove* - rename across directoriesTree - disk/file usage statistics* supports DOS wildcards

SEE - Full screen editor:

supports optional microsoft mouse;block pick, put, cut, paste; search1000 wps; single & global replace;multiple windows & files; center,justify; spell check, correct 300 wpsfrom supplied + user dictionary;32000 lines/file, 32000 chars/line;Instruction course included.

$49 for all 8 programs

$79 unprotectedVisa'MC - CA add 6% sales tax

California Scientific Software

25642 Hazelnut, El Toro, CA 92630(714) 581-7654

PC EXPANSIONS

AST SixPakPlus (64k) $259

SixPakPlus (384 k) $309

MegaPlus (64k) $269

Advantage (128k) $419

Advantage (1.5M) $679

I/O Plus $129

PCnel - starter kit $809

Quadboard (64 k) $245

Quadboard (384 k) $319

Quadmeg-AT(1 28k) $319

Quadmeg-AT(2M) $669

Ouadport-AT. $105

HERCULES graphics board $319

Color Card with PP $159

HAYES Modems: 2400 Scall

Smartmodem 1 200 $409

Smartmodem 1 200B $379

Set of 9 chips (64k) $10

256k chips (each) $5

8087 chip $119

Maynard Disk Controller $100

Sandstar Series Scall

Internal Hard Disks from $679

MaynStreamtapebackupfrom... $979

Qume 142A $129

Teac FD55B $129

Tandon TM100-2 $129

CDC 9409 $129Verbatim Datalile disks (10) $25

VLM Computer Electronics

10 Park Place • Mornstown. NJ 07960(2011 267-3268 Visa, MC, Check or COD.

PRINTER BUFFER

A 64K PRINTER BUFFER

AND IBM PRINTER PORT

ALL ON ONE CARD

• FULLY COMPATIBLE IBMPRINTER PORT

• FITS THE LONG OR SHORTSLOT IN A PC OR XT

• LPT2 OR LPT3 SELECTABLE

• 1 YEAR LIMITED WARRANTY

ft

ONLY *229.°° EACH

Dltron

CORPORATION

4026 W. ST JOHNGLEN DALE. AZ 85308(602) 938-3165

COD, MASTERCARD ANDVISA ACCEPTED

IBM PC. XT a Trademark of IBM Corp

Inquiry 49

Inquiry 374

100% GUARANTEED ICs - MONEY BACK!

1-800-245-2235

SPECIALS

SPECIAL

64K DRAM

.45

FULLY FUNCTIONAL

WITH SLIGHTLY

SHORTER LEADS

200ns or FASTER

MICROPROCESSORS

2901

2903

68000-8

68008-8

Z8001

80186-3

8031

8035

ADC/DAC

3.00

8039

2.00

5.00

8080A

.75

18.00

8085

2.00

18.00

8086

4.00

7.50

8086-2

5.00

15.00

8088

7.50

5.00

8X300

6.00

2.00

8741A

10.00

That's rlghtl . . . 100% money-back guaranteed ICs at prices neverbefore possible! Krueger Technology's unique patented IC removal pro-cess Is the key to our ability to sell so low. The fact Is, It costs less toretrieve and refurbish an IC from an obsolete PC board than manufac-ture a new one. Since we maintain an Inventory In excess of six millionICs and process over 100,000 ICs per day (over thirty million In the pastten years) we can supply you with most. If not all of your IC needs.

Until this year our vast Inventory of ICs was available to onlymanufacturers and distributors. The phenomenal growth of thecatalog market has allowed us to open our Inventory to you. You cannow buy direct and cut out all middlemen.

Call today and discover what seven of the ten largest computermanufacturers already know . . . The Krueger Alternative". Don'tforget, you get an additional 30% discount on orders over S500I

DYNAMIC RAMS

4164-120ns4164-150ns4l64-200ns4164-250ns4416-150ns4116150ns4116-200ns4116-250ns

1.75.95.85.65

1.5075.35.25

STATIC RAMS

6264150ns 6.00

6116150ns 1.25

6116-200ns .90

6116-250ns .65

1420-55ns 2.00

2147,2148,2149 2.00

2114-300ns .50

2114-FASTER .80

1 ADC08XX 3.501 0AC08XX 1.50

DAC80 SM

i

CONTROLLERS/UARTS

1691 5.25 2661 4.001771 6.50 5027 3.001791 10.00 5037 5.001793 5.00 7201 4.501795 10.00 765 4.001797 10.00 COM8116 5.002651 4.00 3250 4.00

SOUND CHIPS

76477 2.00AY3-8910 2.00AY3-8912 2.00

82XX PERIPHERALS j

8202 14.00 8259 2.008212. 1.00 8272 4.008216 1.00 8273 10.008224 3.00 8274 9.008228 300 8275 9.00

8237 3.00 8276 15.00

8238 2.50 8279 3.508243 1.50 8281 7.508251 2.00 8283 5.50

8253 2.00 8284 2.00

8254 4.00 8288 4.00

8255 2.00 8291 20.008257 2.00 8292 21.00

TMS 9900 SERIES \\

9901 1.509918 20.009927 5.009980 10.00ALL OTHER 99XX SERIES 3.00

1-800-245-2235

EPROMS

27128-250ns 5.00

27128-350ns 4.00

27128450ns 3.002764, 2732, 2716

250ns

3.50

300ns

3.00

350ns

2.75

450ns

2.25

650ns

1.75

1702

1.50

2708

2.00

68766

6.00

68708

4.00

CMOS version at doublethe above prices

25 Series EPROMS arethe same price as 27Series EPROMS

Z80 SERIES

2.5 MHZCPU, CTC, PIODMA, DART, SIO

4.0 MHZ (A)CPU, CTC, PIODMA, DART, SIO

1.003.00

2.004.50

ANY 10K LOGICANYECLRAMANY 100K LOGIC

1.003.005.00

6.0 MHZ (B)

CPU, CTC. PIO

3.

DMA, DART, SIO

9.

MISCELLANEOUS

0026

1.50

1488

.50

1489

.50

3232

1.00

3242

4.00

3470

1.50

3486

1.00

3487

1.50

CA3XXX

1.00

MC4024

2.00

MC4044

2.00

555

.35

75XXX

.50

8131

2.25

8136

4.00

8303

3.00

8304

1.75

88XX

.50

8TXX

.50

9602

.75

96LS02

1.50

2114-300ns .50

FDC1793 5.00

74LS322 .50

6116120ns 1.75

8080A .75

Z80ASI0/0 3.75

74 SERIES

74XX .25

741XX .35

742XX .50

743XX .50

74LSXX .25

74LS1XX .35

74LS2XX .50

74LS3XX .50

74SXX .35

74S1XX .45

74S2XX .60

74S3XX .60

74ALSXX .3$

74ALS1XX .45

74ALS2XX .60

74ALS3XX .60

74FXX .35

74F1XX .45

74F2XX .60

74F3XX .60

CMOS

ANY 4000 SERIESANY 4500 SERIES

.25.50

6500/6800 SERIES

ANY65XX

ANY65XXA

ANY65XXB

ANY68XX

ANY68AXX

ANY68BXX

6810

2.002.503.002.002.503.00.75

OUR POLICY

Delivery: Orders normally shipped within2busincssd3ys.A<MS3forUPSground-5<ft under. Add S4 for UPS blue (air). 2# sunder; tor each additional air pound addSI. Arizona residents add 6% sales tax.Payment Vsa, MC cashiers check, cer-tified check, money order, personal checkaccepted. (Allow 10 days for personalchecks to dear.) No surcharge on creditcard orders. COOs welcome with cash, cer-tified check; cashiers check or money order.Add S3 COD handling charge.

Pricing; Prices subject to change withoutnotice. All Items limited to stock on hand.We reserve the rioht to limit quantities.

KRUEGER Technology, Inc.

2219 South 48th Street • Tempe, AZ 85282

800-245-2235

In Arizona 602-438-1570

HOURS: 7a.m.-5:30p.m.

(MOUNTAIN TIME)

Monday Thru Friday

Inquiry 375 for End-Users. Inquiry 376 for DEALERS ONLY.

AUGUST 1985 - BYTE 405

Incredible value!

NashuaDiskettes

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

97c

ea.

5Vi" SSDDQty. 50 sVa" DSDD

$1

ID

07

Qty. 50

ea.

These are poly-bagged diskettes packaged with Tyvek sleeves,reinforced hubs, user identification labels and write-protect tabs.

NASHUA Corporation is a half-billion dollar corporation and arecognized leader in magnetic media.

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiples ol 50 only!

for orders only: information &

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-FridayWE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICEON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette, Illinois 60091

DISKWORLD!

NASHUAAuthorized Distributor MAGNETICMEDIA

ATHANA

DISKETTESThe great unknown!

Q70- ssoo $401

%J I Q,"5° SWDSOD- |Q,V50

You've used these diskettes hundreds oftimes...as copy-protected originals on some ofthe most popular software packages. They'repacked in poly-bags of 25 with Tyvek sleeves,reinforced hubs, user identification labels andwrile-protecttabs.

LIFETIME WARRANTYl

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! Sold in multiplesof 50 only.for orders only: information &

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-FridayWE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICEON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!DISK WORLD!, Inc.629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette. Illinois 60091

DISKWORLD!

Authorized Distributor MAGNETICMEDIA

DISKETTESTORAGE CASES

AMARAY MEDIA-MATE 50: A REVOLUTION^s* IN DISKETTE STORAGE

^H Every once in a while, someone lakes the

V**v(e#v simple and makes n elegant1 This unit holds

■k 50 5'A" diskettes, has grooves lor easy

^^ r slacking, inside nipples to keep diskettes

Irom slipping and severa1 other features. We

like it! CO RO. ' S20°

Qj.U3 ea Shpng

DISKETTE 70 STORAGE: STILL A GREAT BUY.

S^^gt Uust free storage lor 70 5V diskettes

^BPl Six dividers included. An excellent value.*C * VDISKCADDIES$11-68 '^^^A The original flip-up holder for 10 5W"^^diskettes. Beige or grey only.fl'1 RK• 20« Shpng

for orders only: information &

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois. 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-FridayWE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICEON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!DISK WORLD!, Inc.629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette, Illinois 60091

DISKWORLD!

BASF

QUALIMETRICDISKETTES!

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

\J) ~ ' |"f SSDDI Qty. 20

SI

DSDD

31

Qty. 20

5'/<" SSDD-96TPI - $1.46 ea 5'/<" DSDD-96TPI - $1.75 ea.PACKED IN CARDBOARD CASES!BASF QUALIMETRIC DISKETTES have a LIFETIME WAR-RANTY with Tyvek sleeves, reinforced hubs, user identificationlabels and write-protect tabs.

SOFT SECTOR ONLY! MINIMUM ORDER: 20 DISKETTESBASF 3.5"MICRO-FLOPPIES BASF 5WHIGH DENSITY

5SSDD-135TPI_S2.34eaFOR ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140)

FOR IBM PC-AT

DSDD-HD -. S3.14 ea.

INFORMATION &

INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time, Monday-Friday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!

niC|( Authorized Reseller

"lwl> Information Processing ™ RA^F

WORLD!"-

DISK WORLD!

Ordering & ShippingInstructions

Shipping: 5'/<" & 3.5" DISKETTES—Add $3.00 per each 100 orfewer diskettes. Other Hems: Add shipping charges as shown inaddition to other shipping charges. Payment: VISA and MASTER-CARD accepted. COD Orders: Add additional $3.00 Special Han-dling charge. APO. FPO, AK, HI & PR Orders: Include shippingcharges as shown and additional 5% of total order amount tocover PAL and insurance. Taxes: Illinois residents only, add 7%sales tax.

Prices subject to change without notice.This ad supercedes all other ads

Not responsible for typographical errors.

MINIMUM TOTAL ORDER: $35.00

FOR ORDERS ONLY:

1-800-621-6827

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140)

INFORMATION &INQUIRIES:

1-312-256-7140

HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time

Monday-Friday

WE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY AOVERTISED PRICE

ON THE SAME PRODUCTS ANO QUANTITIES!

DISK WORLD!, Inc.

629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette. Illinois 60091

DISKWORLD!

PRINTERRIBBONS:

at

extraordinaryprices!

Brand new ribbons, manufactured to Original EguipmentManufacturer's specifications, in housings. (Not re-inked orspools only.)

LIFETIME WARRANTYl

Epson MX-70/80 .. $3.58 ea. + 250 Shpng.

Epson MX-100 $4.95 ea. + 25<t Shpng.

Okidata Micro83.. $1.48 ea. + 254 Shpng.Okidata Micro84.. S3.66 ea. + 25c Shpng.for orders only: information &

1-800-621-6827 inquiries:

(In Illinois: 1-312-256-7140) 1-312-256-7140HOURS: 8AM-5PM Central Time. Monday-FridayWE WILL BEAT ANY NATIONALLY ADVERTISED PRICEON THE SAME PRODUCTS AND QUANTITIES!DISK WORLD!, Inc.629 Green Bay Road • Wilmette, Illinois 60091

The value leader In UlOft

Computer supplies I ..irsn. n,And accessories. I WORLD!

Now, the lowestprices ever on

3M Scotch

7 DISKETTES

LIFETIME WARRANTY!

The best deal

on 3M diskettes

you've ever seen!

i

IB

FLIP N' FILE 15

with every order

for 5.25" SSDD and DSDD.

$1.42 ea. - 5.25" SSDD with FREE Flip n' File 155.25" DSDD with FREE Flip n' File 15 - $1.74 ea.

100% LIFETIME WARRANTY

This is a Super Special promotion. Itwas supposed to end around the end ofMay.

But we decided to buy more than1,000,000 3M diskettes packed in theFREE Flip n' File 15's...and give youthe benefits of this terrific value.

One word of warning: this offer islimited only to supplies on hand. Oncethese supplies are used up, the pricesstay the same...but there's no freeFlip n' File.

The last time we ran an offer likethis, everything was sold out in aboutsix weeks.

So don't wait. Order now.

Other 3M diskettes:

(Flip n' File offer does not apply.)

5.25" SSDD-96TPI $2.06 ea.

5.25" DSDD-96TPI $2.57 ea.

5.25" DSDD-HD for

IBM PC/AT $3.93 ea.

3.50" SSDD-135TPI for

Apple Mac $2.86 ea.

DATA CARTRIDGES

100% certified 3M data cartridges.

DC-1000 $13.90 ea.

DC-300XLP $19.83 ea.

DC-600A $22.13 ea.

Sold in cases of 10 only.Add $5.00 shipping per 10.

DISK Authorized CHUributor

■»■»»" Infornistkm Procssslng

WORLD! ^

406 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 104

Computer Systems

Please call w/ your System Requirements so that we mayquote the configuration that best fits your needs.CROMEMCO 10MHz 68000 UNIX-5 SystemsCS-100H50X20E 2Mb ECC RAM 50Mb H.D. $13,849INTERCONTINENTAL MICRO SYSTEMS 12 User Hi-Speed 16 Bit System. Includes 1Mb Automatic CacheBuffer, Dual 8" Floppies, 25Mb Fixed and 25MbRemovable Hard Disk (Complete Back-Up in 5-Min.)256K Ram Per User, Turbodos 1.41, NewWord WordProcessor, w/ Spell Check & Merge Print S750/Mo.MORROW MD3. MDT70 & HR15-XL Printer $1,595

MORROW MD11, MDT70 & HR15-XL Printer $2,295MORROW PIVO T I Sll 11.5 Lb Portable w/4 HR BatteryIBM Compatability. Expansion Capability. S/W & MoreCall For Our Dual Drive Lumicon Screen Special]MOTOROLA 16 User MEGAFRAME with ParallelProcessing, UNIX System 5 & VAX 750 Power CALLST-100 PC/X7" COMPAT. w/Dual 5'/." DRVS.. PARA. &SERIAL PORTS. 6 SLOTS. MONO, or RGB Video CTRL,256K RAM MS-DOS 2.1 $1,095 w/ 10Mb H.D. $1,595VIASYN 8T6/286 w/ 40Mb & Tape $8,095

VIASYN 816/C-H40 w/ 5'/." X 8" FLPY'S $6,795

VIASYN 816/10-H40 w/ Two 654" FLPY'S $5,395

CALL FOR OTHER SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONSZENITH I50-PC COMPATIBLE SEE PAGE 50

S-100 Bus Boards

// you purchased before calling us. you probably paidtoo much! We stock ACKERMAN DIGITAL, ADVANCEDDIGITAL, CCS, VIASYN, CROMEMCO, HUDSON,ELECTROLOGICS, INTERCONT. MICRO, KONAN,MULLEN, PICKLES & TROUT, SYNTECH DATA,TARBELL, TECMAR, TRANSENO, VECTOR ELEC.A few Of This Month's SPECIALS Are:COMPUPRO/VIASYN RAM 22, 256K STATIC $779COMPUPR 0/VIASYN RAM 23, 128K STATIC $415DUAL NEW BOARD SPECIALS CALL

MACROTECH 256-Sr/512-Sr STATIC $695/$1,29SMACROTECH ADIT-4 Intelligent I/O $699

MACROTECH M/-286 80286/Z80H DUAL PROC. $6T9MACROTECH MSR-II 1Mb DYNAMIC RAM $980

SYNTECH DATA SYS — 40% OFF PRESENT STOCKVECTOR RAM 17 64K Static $319

VECTOR INTERFACER I Dual Serial $209

VECTOR INTERFACER II3 Para. 1 Serial $229

Mainframe & Drive Enclosures

INTEGRAND 1100 7 Slots and 2 X 8" Drives $475

JMR 1HS 5%" H.D. Cabinet $189

MPS 5500 5V." H.D. & FLPY OR TAPE $209

MICROWARE 5H007 Dual Hor. !4 Ht. 5'/." FLPY $75PARA DYNAMICS 3820S PRONTO $1,150

Floppy Disk Drives

MITSUBISHI 2894 STD./2896 'A HT. 8" $395/$369

MITSUBISHI 4853 HALF HT. 5'/." 96TPI DSDD $139TANDON 100-2A IBM-PC Compatible $109

TEAC FD55B & MITSUBISHI 4851 554" I4HT. $95

Hard Disk Subsystems

PC-INSIDER/PC-OUTSIDER H.D. SERIES FOR IBM 10to 116Mb Formatted w/ Controller & All Cables.Hardware & P/S or PC Style Cabinet from $559

WANTEK 60Mb V, HT. Streaming Tape tor PC $1,200CALL For DLR &/or QTY. PRICES on HARD DISKS:

MITSUBISHI Mqp^or RpDIMEMICROPOLIS OUnrrTUm Amcodyne

S-100 BUS SUBSYSTEMS Supporting Turbodos.Concur. Dos, CP/M 80 & 816 Operating SystemsCALLTAPE BACK-UP 10Mb 5'/." Si HT $539

PC-Multifunction Boards

We Have a Good Selection of Multifunction and MemoryBoards for PC. XT, AT, JR. AT & T, and PC PortablesSTB BIG BYTE 384K $210

STB GRANDE BYTE/PC-AT 2.5Mb $789

STB RIO GRANDE/PC-AT 1.5Mb, 2 S, P. & G $659STB RIO PLUS ll/PC & XT 384K $299

TECMAR CAPTAIN 3B4K w/Treasure Chest $220

TECMAR JR. CAPTAIN 128K w/Treasure Chest $289TECMAR EXPANSION CHASSIS With 8 Slots $675TECMAR MAESTRO 2.5Mb $695

TECMAR WA VE 256K Fits XT Short Slot $209

S-100 DIV./696 CORP.

14455 NORTH 79th ST.

SCOTTSDALE, AZ 85260

Inquiry 379 for End-Users.

380 for DEALERS ONLY.

PC-Slave Boards

ADVANCED DIGITAL PC-SLAVE W/256K. 8 MHz 8088CPU, 2 S Ports. RTNX S/W-For Multi-User PC $595ALLOY PC-SLA VE/16 2S6K to 768K RAM CALL

PC-Video/Graphics Boards

STB GRAPHICS PLUS II with Paral. PRT Port $240STB MONO PLUS II with Paral. PRT. Port $155

STB CHAUFFER No Drivers Needed $255

TECMAR GRAPHICS MASTER 16 Color Hi-Res $439TECMAR GRAPHICS TENDER RGB/PRT. PORT $189

Graphics And CAD

PFS Graph CALL

VECTRIX Graphics Systems Utilize 9 Bit Planes andhave 384K RAM to Operate independently of Host VideoController and RAM Memory

VECTRIX VX384A Stand Alone RS232 Co-proc. CALLVECTRIX VX1301 13" RGB Analog Monitor CALL

VECTRIX VX1901 19" RGB Analog Monitor CALL

VECTRIX VX/PCB 512 Col/Pall, of 16,800,000 CALLVECTRIX VXTB 1VX11" Graphics Tablet CALL

PC-Scientific/Industrial Boards

TECMAR BASE BOARD 96 Digital I/O Lines $219

TECMAR DADIO D to A Up to 24 Devices $249

TECMAR IEEE-488 Board $249

TECMAR LABMASTER w/ TM40 PGL Option $865

Monitors & Terminals

TATUNG CM-1322 640X200 RGB-SATISFACTIONGUARANTEED. It Puts Competition to Shamel $395TATUNG CM.1360 Like 1322 with Green & AmberSwitch PLEASE ASK ABOUT OUR "HOT SPARES"LOANER POLICY $410

TATUNG CM-1370 720X480 RGB w/GRN Switch LongPersist Phos. Works w/ STB'e SUPER RES 400 $409TATUNG MM-1222G/A Hi-Res 12"TTL(IBM) $119/125TAXAN MONITORS Call for Low Pifce*

TECMAR 640X480 RGB, GRN Switch Long Phos $519ZENITH ZVM123A (Green) 722A (Amber) $85/$89ZENITH ZVM135 HI-RES RGB w/ Green Switch $449LIBERTY TERMINALS w/Variable Scrolling. Green,Amber 14", DEC Compatibility, Extra Pages of Memory,and Graphics Options at Unbeatable Prices.UNK 725 WYSE50 Compat 14 GRN or AMB $440LINK 125/PC w/ PC Emulating Video & Keybd CALLWYSE 50/75 TERMINALS In Stock $430/$599

SALES 800-528-3138

CUST. SERVICE/TECH. 602-991-787CTELEX 9103806778 SONEHUND

Software

We have Access to all Well Known Brands - ORDERCORRECTLY - SOFTWARE IS NOT RETURNABLE!

Accounting

CORE SOFTWARE'S FASTRAK: A DATA FLEXApplication for all Your Accounting Needs SupportingAll Networks & Operating Systems CALL

Spreadsheets & Integrated Pkgs.

ASHTON-TATE Framework CALL

LOTUS 1-2-3/SYMPHONY $299/$429

MDBS Knowledgeman $319

PFS Plan CALL

SORCIM Supercalc-3 Better Than 1-2-3!!!! $200

Operating Systems & Utilities

BORLAND SideKick Windows & Calculator CALL

COMPUPRO/VIASYN CPM at Affordable Prices

CROMEMCO COMPLETE LINE GOOD ECONOMIESDIGITAL RESEARCH Complete line up to 35% Off

Language And Tools

BD SOFTWARE "C" Compiler 8" SS SD 8 BIT $95

COMPUTER INNOVATIONS C-86 "C" Compiler $299COMPUVIEW VEDIT/VEDIT-PLUS $115/$169

DIGITAL RESEARCH Most Products in Stock CALLLATTICE "C" Compiler (Ask About Options) $290

MICROSOFT Complete Line CALL

Data Base Managers

ASHTON-TATE dBASE II & III BEST PRICE

DATAFLEX FILE/RECORD Locking Multi-User CALLPFS FILE/REPORT CALL

Printers <4 Plotters

BROTHER HR-10 12CPS Daisy w/ TRAC, S&P $265

BROTHER HR-15-XL 17CPS Daisywheel S or P $359

BROTHER HR-35 36 CPS Daisywheel S or P $699

BROTHER M1009 50 CPS Dot Matrix 6.6 Lbs. $189CITIZEN MSP-2S 200/50 CPS 15" ULTRA QUIET $599

EPSON LX80. RX10V*. FX80+, FX100*. LQ1500 CALL

HOUSTON INST. PLOTTERS & DIGITIZERS CALL

OKIDATA New 182 Quiet 120 CPS & 60 CPS CALL

Networking & Switch Boxes

GILTRONIX MANUAL AND AUTOMATIC SWITCHINGUNITS to Fit all of Your SHARED Printer, Terminal,Modem, and Other Peripheral Needs. From $79

INTERCONT. MICRO LAN-PC/LANS-100 $469/$359

Printer Buffers

JOHNATHON FREEMAN UPB 64K FORMERLY TTX inand/or Out Serial and/or Parallel $169

PRACTICAL PERIPH. MICROBUFFER 64K CALL

Modems

HAYES SMART MODEM 1200. RS-232 $449

HAYES SMART MODEM 2400 Universal $669

PRENTICE POPCOM w/ PFS Access C150/X150 $315PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Hayes Compatiblew/ Built-in PWR Supply-RS232 Stand Alone Unit $289OPTIONS FOR PROMODEM 1200 ARE:OPTION: PROCESSOR/64K MEMORY $75/$35

OPTION: ALPHANUMERIC DISPLAY $79

PROMETHEUS 1200A Apple II, II+, lie Card $295

PROMETHEUS 1200 BIPC wl PROCOM S/W $265PROMETHEUS 1200M MAC-PAC w/ Software $329U.S. ROBOTICS COURIER 2400 Baud $499

U.S. ROBOTICS S-100 BOARD 300/1200 $295

U.S. ROBOTICS PC MODEM w/Telpac Software $249U.S. ROBOTICS PC-MODEM With Clock-Cal/Battery,Printer Port. 256K 8, Telpac $459

Communications

MYCROFT LABS MITE AND Ml TE PLUS From $79MICROSTUF CROSS TALK XVI $06

PFS Access ■■■ CALL

Word Processors

MICROPRO WORDSTAR. Etc. CALL

NEWSTAR NEWWORD w/ Money Back Guar. $120OASIS THE WORD PLUS Spell Check, CP/M86 $80PFS WRITE/PROOF CALL/CALL

Diskettes & Cartridges

3M TAPE CARTRIDGES 300XL & 600A in Stock$20.05DYSAN DISKETTES Low Price* From $10.50

DYSAN Hard Disk Cartridges 5'/." & 8" $09/$150

FUJI FILM FLOPPY DISKS Low Price* From $16.50

Power Solutions

FORTRON PC/XT Replacement P/S 140 Watt $149SAFT SPS1000VA/SINE WAVE 1 mSEC Switch CALLSOLA MINI UPS 750 Watt Sine Wave HIGH INRUSH(4500 Watt) 100% Batt. Op. w/o Switch-Over CALLTRIPPLITE SC-425-FC 425 Watts 15-20 Minutes $439TRIPPLITE ISOBAR Line Suppressor-Filters Irom $40TRIPPLITE SB-WOO Watt w/80 Amp/Hr. Battery $695

Testing Devices & Software

DATACOM TRI-STATE RS232 V.24 Breakout $175DYSAN Floppy Analyzers CALL

FLUKE 77 DVM w/ Holster $119

RID-OYMEK FLPY DRV DIAGNOSTIC DISKETTE $25

Chips

We Have Some ol the LOWEST PRICES in the Nation!!64K, 256K, 8087 & 80287 CALL

Hobby Corner

APPLE PASCAL $95

CCS 2870 280 CPU w/ Serial Port $209

DIGIAC 64K Dram w/o Ram. Works for N.S. Horiz $89ITHACA BDS 64K, 6 SIO w/ I, XPU, Pascal from $100MICROSOFT SOFTCARD APPLE II or II+ CP/M $95MORROW AB11 8" SSDD Add-On Drive $495

NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE 8/16 UPGD. W/64K $229NORTHSTAR ADVANTAGE G/MSDOS w/ CP/M $195S-100 EPROM BOARD 16K $89

SYNTECH DATA PROM 100 KIT $89

TRANSEND VB3A (24) Kit Video Board $295

HBfH

■I

'■ .

DEALER SUPPORTVISIT OUR SHOWROOM8:30 AM - 5:00 PM M-F

All mar chandl** new. Advertised price* am cash prepaidonly. MC, Vl*a *P.O'i from qualified firm* ■ add 3%. Wire*, COD'* ($5 mlrt, tea) withCashier* Cheek/MO. & APO'a accepted. Shipping: minimum $4 firsts K».Tax: AZ RES ONLY add 6% tale* tat. All return* *ub|ect to 20% restockingfee. Retail price* slightly higher.

■1

■■

e*W

IDEAL FOR OEM MANUFACTURERS, UNIVERSITIES,RESEARCH LABS ETC.

a •

a

The MegaKifr

BUILD YOUR OWN PC-XT

No Soldering Required - You Only need To Assemble Parts

Learn As You Build - Fully Illustrated Instructions

All Parts Compatable

SYSTEM KIT INCLUDES:MotherBoard

• Fully Assembled andTested Mega-Board

• Mega-Bios Rom

• 256k RAMEnclosure

• Mega-CasePower Supply

• 130 Watt/SwitchingKeyboard

• KeytronicsData Storage

• One DD/DS Floppy DiskDrive

• Disk Drive ControllerCard

ALL ITEMS SOLD SEPARATELY

ALL PARTS TESTED TO BE COMPAT I BLE WITH MEGA-BOARD

12" Color Monitor with RGB

Color Graphic Card

Floppy Disk Drive

10 MBYTE Disk Drive And Controller

20 MBYTE Disk Drive And Controller

Addition Memory Kits

64k-(64k RAMS)

256k-(256k RAMS)

Good Quality/call$129.00$125.00$499.00$700.00

/call/call

High Quality$499.00$250.00$145.00

/call

/call

/call/call

DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CORPORATION

214-607-1382

TERMS: We accept cash, checks,money orders, or purchase orders fromqualified firms and institutions. Pricesand availability subject to change withoutnotice. Shipping and handling chargesextra.

"IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business Machines

408 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

©1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

Inquiry I05

CHOICE OF MAJOR OEM MANUFACTURERS, UNIVERSITIES,

RESEARCH LABS ETC A THOROUGHLY FIELD PROVEN DESIGN.ntot«n^n lmdo t w. H|QH V0LUME PRODUCTION ENGINEERED.

FULL IBM PC-XT* COMPATIBILITY!FULL MEGA-BYTE RAM CAPACITYON MOTHERBOARD!

THOUSANDS

SOLDWORLD WIDE!

DEALERS AND OEM MANUFACTURERSQUANTITY DISCOUNTS AVAILABLE

jr

Standard Key-board Interface

(Full PC compatible)

Eight CompatibleI/O InterfaceConnectors

(Full PC compatible)(compatible with allIBM-PC* plug-in cards)

Special J1Interface

(Allows horizontal mount-ing of compatible expan-sion cards for easy busexpansion and customconfiguring) (Board has62 pin gold plated compat-ible connector)

Hardware Reset

(Overcomes reset flawin PC)

Power Connector

(Full IBM* pinoutcompatible)

8088 Processor

(Same as PC)

8087 NumericProcessor

(Same as PC)

PeripheralSupport Circuits

(Same as PC)

ConfigurationSwitches

(Same as PC)

Extended ROMCapability

(Runs all compatible PCROMS) (Jumper program-mable to accommodate allpopular 8K, 16K, 32K and64K ROM chips and NEWEE ROMS! VPP power pinavailable for EP ROMburning!) (ExternalVPP voltage required)

Speaker/AudioPort

(Same as PC)

Wire Wrap Area

To facilitate special customapplications!

Triple-tested, fullysocketed and assembledwith IC's.

Full Mega-Byte Ram Capacity!On board!

(With parity)

a 256K Bytes using 64K chips

a 1 Mega Bytes using 256K chips

Includes highest quality PC boardwith gold plating, silk screen,solder mask

Board Size 10.5 inch x 13.5 inch

MegaBoard Products On

Display at the following

locations:

Hawaiian Industrial Instruments

1154 Fort Street Mall, Suite 200

Honolulu, Hawaii 96813

808 533-4132

Electronics Projects Inc.

30 Airport Blvd

Mobile, Alabama 36608

FREE! Displaytel™

Exclusive.

Our Commitment to

Microcomputer

Education!

FREE Intel 8088Data Book with eachMega-Board™Order!

ORDER NOW!!!

Fast, friendly service

&CALL: 214-607-1 DTC\

LiFl

<8B

VISA

EURO 1CARD |

J

Immediate shipment!Most instock items shippedsame or next day!

10 Day money back guaranteeif not completely satisfied!

DISPLAY

TELECOMMUNICATIONS

CORPORATION

'IBM and IBM PC are trademarks of International Business MachinesInquiry I05

InterFirst Place

8445 Freeport Parkway, Suite 445

P.O. Box 27

Irving, Texas 75062

(214) 607-1382

Telex 510600176 DTC UD

©1984 Display Telecommunications Corporation

AUGUST I985 -BYTE 409

490 Diskettes

Name Brand Quality

Toll-Free Ordering

Fast Delivery

Call Communications Electronics

Diskette order desk

800-USA-DISK

In Canada 800-CA1-DISK

Choose your brandChoose your price

Product Description

8" SSSD IBM Compatible 128B/S, 26 Sector

8" SSSD Shugart Compatible, 32 Hard Sector

8" SSDD IBM Compatible(128 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (Unformated)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (256 B/S, 26 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (512 B/S, 15 Sectors)

8" DSDD Soft Sector (1024 B/S, 8 Sectors)

5'A" SSSD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

SV*" SSSD Same as above but bulk product

5V4" SSSD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5Vi" SSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

SV*" SSDD Same as above, but bulk product

5'/4" SSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/4" DSDD Soft Sector w/Hub Ring

5Vi" DSDD Same as above, but bulk product

5'/4" DSDD 10 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

5'/4" DSDD 16 Hard Sector w/Hub Ring

51A" DSDD Soft Sector 96 Tracks per inch

5'A" DS High Density Soft Sectorfor IBM PC AT

3V2" SSDD Soft Sector micro-floppy

Super Diskdiskettes &"„$0.49 each

Wabash

BASF

diskettes U diskettes f«$0.72 each $1.12 each

Memorexdiskettes fr,$1.12 each

Super DiskPirt#

CE quant100 priciper disk |t)

6431-Z6437-Z

6481-Z6487-2

6491-Z6497-Z

6501-Z

0.740.54

0.840.64

0.940.74

1.49

Wiknb

Pirt #

F111-Z

F31A-Z

FI31-Z

FI4A-Z

FI44-Z

F145-Z

F147-Z

Mil A-Z

M1IAB-Z

M41A-Z

MI3A-Z

M13AD-Z

M43A-Z

M14A-Z

MI4AB-Z

M44A-Z

MS4A-Z

MI6A-Z

MIBA-Z

CI3A-Z

CE quint.100 priceper disk [S|

1.591.791.892.092.092.092.090.890.790.890.990.890.991.090.991.091.092.493.992.74

CE quintBASF 100 price

Pert # per disk IS)

54974-Z

54980-Z

1.24

1.44

54112-Z

2.99

MemorexPari #

3062-Z3015-Z3090-Z3102-Z

3104-Z

3481-Z

3491-Z

3S0I-Z5500-Z6100-Z

CE quit

100 priceper disk |S|

1.841.942.192.59

2.59

1.24

1.69

2.493.992.49

_ mm •• Ulltimi wimnty

ror more intormation F.,«ni.i...s.MrDi,k«ii

about this brand call: KHXWJiffi

410 B YTE • AUGUST 1985

UMlai wimntyFir Mil lllf n Wikiil call

800-323-9868

ll lllillll 312-593-6363

Ulelimi winintyFir Mil III! ■■ IASF all

800-343-4600

ll Mimekititti 617-271-4000

Ulellme wimntyFir Mn lid •■ Miniirn till

800-448-1422

Moidiy-Frtiiy 9im-4p» ETInquiry 60

Now... name brand quality at CE prices

Now, you can buy all of yourdiskettesfrom CE at prices lessthan "unbranded" generic diskettes. Your data is valuable,so why take chances using a diskette that could be sounreliable that the manufacturer refuses to put their nameon it. Compare our prices on our world famous namebrand diskettes to what you are currently buying. To saveyou even more, CE also offers bulk product where 100diskettes are packed in the same box without envelopes orlabels. Since we save packaging costs, these savings arepassed on to you. Diskette envelopes are also availablefrom CE. These super strong and tear resistant Tyvek®envelopes are only $15.00 per 100 pack. Use order* TE-5for a 100 pack of 51A" diskette envelopes.

Quantity Discounts Available

Our diskettes are packed 10 disks to a carton and 5 or 10cartons to a case. The economy bulk pack is packaged 100disks to a case without envelopes or labels. Please order onlyin increments of 100 units for quantity 100 pricing. With theexception of bulk pack, we are also willing to accommodateyour smaller orders. Quantities less than 100 units are availablein increments of 10 units at a 20% surcharge above our 100unit price. Quantity discounts are also available. Order 200or more disks at the same time and deduct 1%; 300 or moresaves you 2%; 400 or more saves 3%; 500 or more saves 4%;1,000 or more saves 5%; 2,000 or more saves 6%; 3,000 ormore saves 7%, 5,000 or more saves 8%, 7,500 or more saves9% and 10,000 or more disks earns you a 10% discount off oursuper low quantity 100 price. Almost all our diskettes areimmediately available from CE. Our efficient warehousefacilities are equipped to help us get you the quality productyou need, when you need it. If you need further assistance tofind the flexible diskette that's right for you, call the appropriatemanufacturers compatibility hotline telephone number listedat the bottom of this ad.

Verbatimdiskettes &

diskettes

$1.17 each $1.17 each

VerbatimPirt#

CE quint100 pricepar disk IS)

Fu]iPirt #

FDIS-128H-Z

CE quint100 pries

per disk IS]

1.94

TDKdiskettes &".$1.17 each

TDKPart #

Fl-S-Z

CE quint100 priceper disk IS]

2.34

Buy your diskettes from CE with confidence

To get the fastest delivery of you r diskettes, phone your order directly toourorder desk and charge it to yourcredit card. Written purchase ordersare accepted from approved government agencies and most well ratedfirms at a 10% surcharge for net 10 billing. For maximum savings, yourorder should be prepaid. All sales are subject to availability, accept-ance and verification. All sales are final. All prices are in U.S. dollars.Prices, terms and specifications are subject to change without notice.Out of stock items will be be placed on backorder or substituted forequivalent product at no extra cost to you unless CE is instructeddifferently. A$5.00 additional handling fee will be charged for all orderswith a merchandise total under $50.00. All shipments are F.O.B. CEwarehouse in Ann Arbor, Michigan. COD terms are available, in U.S.UPS areas for $5.00 extra, and are payable with cash or certified check

For shipping charges add $8.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 8-inch diskettes, or $6.00 per 100 diskettes and/or anyfraction of 100 51A-inch or31/2-inch diskettes for U.P.S. ground shippingand handling in the continental U.S. UPS 2nd day air rates are threetimes continental U.S. rates. For Canada, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Alaska,or APO/FPO delivery, shipping is three times the continental U.S. rate.

Mail orders to: Communications Electronics, Box 1045,Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 U.S.A. If you have a Visa or MasterCard, you may call and place a credit card order. Order toll-freein the U.S. Dial 800-USA-DISK. In Canada, order toll-free bycalling 800-CA1-DISK. If you are outside the U.S. or in Michigandial 313-973-8888. WUI telex anytime671 -0155. Ordertoday.

Copyright © 1985 Communications Electronics Inc. Ad #061585-Z

0

COMMUNICATIONSELECTRONICS INC.Computer Products Division

Box 1045 D Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106-1045 U.S.A.Call toll-free 800-USA-DISK or outside U.S.A. 313-973-8888

3Mdiskettes t.$1.21 each

3MPart #

8SSSD-Z

CE quant100 priceper disk (SI

1.89

Kodakdiskettes ck$1.30 each

KodakPart #

108-4284-Z

CE quant100 priceper disk IS]

2.39

Dysan

diskettes :.".$1.53 each

DysmPart*

800501-Z

CE quint100 pricepsr disk |S]

2.39

FD2D-Z

2.89

FZD-S-Z

2.89

8SSDD-ZBDSDD-Z

2.392.74

134-7376-Z125-3763-Z

2.693.14

800605-Z800803-Z

2.693.14

F02D-I024-Z

2.89

F20-S1024-Z

B0SDD-I024-Z

2.74

126-3789-Z

3.14

800839-Z

3.14

28820-Z

1.29

MD1D-Z

1.29

Ml D-S-Z

1.29

SSSDD-RH-Z

1.34

111-1806-Z

1.44

801IB7-Z

1.69

28821-Z

1.69

MD2D-Z

1.69

H2D-S-Z

1.69

5DSDD-RH-Z

177-3688-Z

1.74

802060-Z

2.49

MD2D-96TPI-Z

2.79

M2DX-S-ZM2HD-S-Z

1.994.99

50S0D-96RH-Z

5DSH0-96-Z

3SSMD-Z

2.794.992.99

130-4344-Z198-480B-Z1Z7-3362-Z

3.69 802067-Z

5.89 802914-Z

3.24 807B2I-Z

^3_69J4.993.24

Lifetime warrantyFir Mil lite •■ Vorbitla cell

800-538-8589

le Cilllarala 408-245-4400Inquiry 60

Lifetime warrantyFtr mii Ills ei Fi|l call

800-223-6535

In Ne» Tort 212-736-3335

Lifetime warrantyFir Mre life ll TDK cill

800-645-6571

la NawTerk 516-625-0100

Ulatlma warrantyFir mora Info ll 3M call

800-328-9438

In Minnesota 612-736-9524

Lifetime warrantyFir Mre life la Kodak call

313-967-1600

Monday-Friday 10im-4nm ET

Llfellme warrantyFir win life ii Dys» till

800-552-2211

la California 408-970-6096

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 411

DISK DRIVES

'iWmi

ssa

FREE Disk Tub with Every order Over $20 — Holds 60 5%" Disks

Hard Disk

• 10 Meg Hard Disk

• w/IBM controller

$475

Apple Compatible Drives

Micro sci

A-2orA-20FullHT S 159

controller 60

ecu

FD525A Slimline for HE $ 129

FD525CforllC 139

FD555A Fully Compatible Full Ht .....$ 139

Hard Disk

lOMegw/cont.Spwrsupply S 995

5Va" Disk DrivesTeac

FD55A.160K S 99

FD55B, 360K 95

FD55F, Quad Density 129

All Teac's are Half Heignts

Tandon

TM1CO-2.360K S 99

TM101-4, Quad Density 269

Mitsubishi

4851,360KV2 Height S 129

4853, Quad Den. y2 Height 139

Hard Disk

lOMegw/lBMController $ 499

8" Disk Drives

Siemens

FDD-100-8SglSide $ 129

FDD-200-8DblSide 189

Sanyo

y2Height360K S 89

Tandon

848-1 E.SglSide,VSHt S 279

848-2E, Dbl Side, 1/2 Ht 379

Mitsubishi

M2894-63,Dbl./Dbl S 399

M2896-63,Dbl./Dbl.1/2Ht 399

51/4" & 8"Power Supply & Cabinets

JMR SVt"

Singlecabinetw/pwr S

Dual Thinline Cab w/pwr

Dual Cabinets Power

All have 6 month Warranty

JMR 8"

Sgl.Cabinetw/pwr&fan S

Dualw/pwrfor2thinlines 239

Dualw/pwr&fan 279

798989

229

PRINTERS

Brother HR-15XL

• 18CPS

• Letter Quality

$349

LX-80

RX-80I120CPS)RX-80FTRX-100 +FX-80 +FX-100 +LQ1500

Epson

We WillBeat all Pricing

JX-80

We are an Authorized Dealer

229669

Brother Dist by Dynax

HR15XL.12CPS S 349

HR25.25CPS 625

HR35.36CPS 835

Okidata

OKI182 QOtf* .

0KI84P ,„9V^^

OKI84S „NV)<3 £ftC** 749

OKI192 rft#V aNI^ 359

OKI193.T 585

OKI MATE20Color Printer 239

A B SWITCHBOX

Par.orSer $ 69

PRINTER INTERFACES

Fourth Dimension

Card&Cable(ForApple) S 45

Microtek

DumplingcX(Crapplercompatible) S 75

Dumpling CXexpto64K 145

DumplingGXl6Kw/16Kexpto64K. 160

Okidata Options

Tractor for 82 & 92 $ 59

Serial interface 85

Orange Micro

Crappler + S 84

crappler + W/16K 149

Epson Accessories

Epson Serial Interface S 99

LetterWriterNCQKit 59

lx-80 or fx-80 Tractor 39

Taxan 425

• Hi-Res Color• Switchable to Green

$389

Amdek

300C, Hi-ResCreen S 125

300A, Hi-ResAmber 134

310A, Monochrome Amber 158

300Hi-ResColorComp 275

500 RGB Composite 399

DVM Board for Apple RGB 119

Taxan

425COlorRGB S 389

440Ultra Hi-Res 519

Stand

Tilts Turn Stand S 15

ComputerComponentsUnlimited

A California Corporation

No surcharge for credit cards

All Prices Reflect a cash,

pre-Paid Discount

This Ad Supersedes All Others

Princton Graphics

MAX12, Monochrome Amber S 169

HX12,RGBCOlOr 449

SR-l2w/DoublerBoard 775

IBM

Monochrome Green S 239

ColorHi-Res S59

Zenith

ZVM122 S 95

ZVM123 95

BMC

12AUW Hi-Res Green $ 79

Customer service & Technical

(213)618-0487

sales Desk

<800) 847-1718

Outside California

(213)618-0477

inside California

SYSTEMS

IBM XT

• One 360K Drive• One 10 Meg Hard Disk

$2595

IBM AT

• Enhanced

$4495

Apple

IIECPU S 790

Macintosh 1895

HcPortable 899

Compaq

Portable (PC Compatible) 2, 360K Drives

256K of Memory $1899

Compaq + w/lOMeg 3300

Deskprol 1995

Deskpro2 2250

Deskpro 3 3900

Deskpro4 Call

IBM

PC256K,2Drives $1499

XTW/10Meg,256K 2595

Additional Memory 64K 9

ATStandardConfig Call

ATw/20meg Call

Add $50 for Configurations & Testing

MODEMS

US Robotics

• 2400 Baud• Hayes compatible

$569

Hayes

Micro Modem he $ 169

300Baud 169

1200B IBM internal 349

1200 379

2400 Baud 599

Anchor Automation

Mark xil, 1200 Baud $ 219

Mark X, 300 Baud Stand alone 149

Express 1200 Baud 269

Prometheus

Promodem $ 289

Prol200AApplelntw/sw 329

PrOl200BIBMIntW/SW 299

ProMacw/cable&sw 379

No.CCable 12

Alpha Disp. 89

Options Proc 89

U.S. Robotics

Password $ 219

Courier 2400 Baud 569

IBM & APPLE ACCY'S

64K upgrades

• Nine 4164,200ns

• 1 Year Warranty• Nine to a Set

$6.95

APPLE EXTRAS

flIC

ZEngine S 119

CPM3.0Card 240

ecu

RF Modulator $ 9

Fanw/Surge 34

16K Mem. Card lyr war $ 45

Micro Max

Viewmax80,80col. card $ 135

Viewmax80E(FforllE)64K 120

Micro soft

Premium soft card HE $ 369

SoftCard(Z80)w/64K 279

Micro Tek

Serial interface $ 89

IBM EXTRASAst Research

SixPack+ W/384K $ 299

Hercules

Colorcard $ 149

craphicscard 304

Helix Technology

Memory Board 0-K to 512K . ...<0-K)$ 119

IBM

Monochrome Adapter $ 219

ColorCard 225

Paradise Systems

Multi-display Card $ 329

NewModularcard 260

5 Pack Multifunction 160

Quadram

Quadlink $ 349

64K upgrade AT upgrade

64K Of Mem... $6.95 200ns...$89

Ports , „

Parallel $ 79

Serial 79

ecu

Color Graphics Card S 119

Everex „ _„

Graphics Edge $ 329

CCU Multifunction Card

Par. & Ser. Ports w/64K exp 384K

Clock, Calendar, SftwrS Manuals .. $ 155

W/384K 209

8087'S

8087-2 $ 149

8087-3 109

8087-6 99

51/4" DISKETTES

CCU

Sgl/Dbl reinforced hub. .$11 I00for100

Dbl/Dbl reinforced hub . 13 lOOforHO

Not Bulk Packed

Dysan

Sgl/Dbl $33 I00for300

Dbl/Dbl 39 100for370

verbatim

Sgl/Dbl $26 I00for240

Dbl/Dbl 36 100for340

8" Diskettes Available — call

DISK ACCESSORIES

Verbatim

8" or 51A" Head Cleaning Kit S 9

Flip Tub

5W Holds 60 disks, plexiglass $ 9

Inquiry 61

RETAIL STORES:

11976 Aviation Blvd.inglewood, CA 90304

16129 Hawthorne Blvd., Suite ELawndale, CA 90260

MAIL ORDER:

P.O. Box 1936Hawthorne, CA 90250

Retail Hours:

10 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon.-Fri.

10 a.m. - 3 p.m. Sat.

aii merchandise new we accept mc visa wireTransfer COD Call Certified Check PO s fromqualified firms apo accepted Shipping MinimumS<J 50 first 5 pounds Tax California Res only add6' 1% sales tax All returns suDiect to 15°* restock-ing charge Advertised prices for Mail Order onlyRetail prices slightly higher

Prices SuDiect to Change

Customer Service Hours:

10 a.m. - 4 p.m. Mon.-Fri.

John Aurentz

(213)618-0487

Mail Order Hours:

8 a.m. - 6 p.m. Mon.-Fri.

10 a.m. - 3 p.m. Sat.

(800)847-1718 (213)618-0477

(OutsideCalifornia) (insideCalifornia)

California Digital

17700 Figueroa Street • Carson, California 90248

XEROX

SUNRISE COMPUTER

10 Function Keys

MicroCassette

Microphone for Speaker• Telephone and Recorder

|

MonitorOutput

The Xerox Sunrise 1810 is by far the best value we have ever seen in amicro computer. This is a self contained battery and AC operatedportable. The Sunrise was originally prices at S2995. Xerox has sinceelected to drop the computer from their product list. California Digital haspurchased all the remaining inventory and is making the unit available ata fraction of its original cost.

This portable features a built in 80 column liquid crystal display, alongwith both RF monitor and television outputs. The internal 300/1200baud modem includes an auto dial telephone assembly. The units hasboth Centronics parallel and a serial port programmable to 19,200 baud.The self contained micro cassette is capable of capturing data from thekeyboard as well as doubling as an recorder for dictating messages.

An optional dual floppy disk drive module, pictured above, is availablefor only $219. (when purchased with the Sunrise 1810). Also available,for $59 is an 80 column printer that mounts in the drive module. TheSunrise features a CP/M operating system which allows the operatortouse any CP/M program in Xerox 5'A" disk format and over 5000 CP/Mprograms available in public domain.

PRINTERS

MATRIX PRINTERS

StarGemmi-iOXl20char<sec STR-GiOX

Star Gemini-15X. 100char/scc 15 paper STRGI5X

Star Gemini Delia 10.160 Char/sec STR-D10

ToshibaPi35t. I92ch»r*sec tettwquality TOS-1351

Okid.ua(J2Aserial.1 parallel9'/ papot OKI-82A

Okid.ila92Aparallel interlace. 160 char/sec OKJ-92A

Ok.daia 83A & parallel 15 paper OKI-63A

Okidata84A& parallel 15' paper OKI-84A

EpsruU.X-80 10 120Char/sec. EPS LXBQ

EiiMinFXBOFT. 10 160 char /r.oc wild graph! rax EPS-FX80

Epson FX100FT 15' 160 char./see wilh graphlrax EPS-FX100

EpsonLQ!500. 1f> corcspondencequality EPS-LQ1500

Epson JXBOColor pr.nlor EPSJXBO

Prownler 8510 parallel 9'; paper PRO-8510P

Prowrilor II. parallel 15 paprr graphics PRO-2P

Dataproducts 0-600-3, band printer 600 LPM DPSB600

Piintioni. KlIX) linjh :;iii>cd prrnlcr 300 lines per minute PTX-P300

Prmimm* PG00 ultra hioh speed 600 lines pet minute PTX-P600

WORD PROCESSING PRINTERS

Slarwnlrjr F16 parallel..I0char/sec PRO-FlOP

NEC86I0 55cli,ii".iTiiii(l.'..I'lMliniertace NEC-8S10

NfX8H30 55 ch.ir/sec. par I interface. NEC-8B30

NUC3!i50 popular printer designed lor Itie IBM/PC NEC-3550

r-if C?0i>0 designed lor IBM/PC 20 char/sec pari NEC-2O50

Silver Heed EXP'jOO. 14 char/sec par I interlace SRD'EXP500

Silver Reed EXP550 17 Char/sec pari interlace. SRD-EXP550

Diablo 630 -10 char, son serial DBL-630Diablo620.propnrlionalspac»i(j.!iorz(Jvor( lab 20cps DBL-620

Juhi6100. Iflchar 'sec JUK-6100

Juki 6300.40 char /sec JUK-6300

Comru* Cn:.' 5* buffer, proportional spacing, pat I CRX-CR2P

TERMINALS

Freedom 100. spin screen, deiatchablekeyboard UB-FiOO 495.00

Oumo 102 green phosphor lermmal QUM-102 539.00

Ampoi Dialogue 125 green screen. APX-D125G 675.00

Ampex Dralouge 175 amber screen, two page, lunc keys APX-D175A 719.00

Wyso50. 14 "green phosphor WYS-50 595.00

Wyso 300, Eighl color rJsplay. Split screen WYS-3O0 1159.00

Zemin 29 lermmal. VT52 compatible detatch.ble keyboard 2TH-Z29 765 00

Televideo9l0 Plus, block mode TVI-910P 575.00

Toltwdoo 925. deiatchable keyboard. 22 (unciion keys TVI-925 759.00

Tolevideo 950, graphic char.spli! screen. 22 lunc TVI-950 950.00

Tela video 970.14 green. 132 column. European TVI-970 1095.00

24900365 00359 001495.00299.0037900549 00929 00239.00399.00599 001079 00579.00329.00599.0T6985.0139950157950r

499.001659 001659.001599.00689 00319.00429.001569.0076900399.00699.00395.0C

1200 BAUD

UNIVERSALDATA

£ ^m^M ^^m Tne compact desktop

• U m ^^W modem designed la oblam all lis operatingU V ^W power entirely from the telephone line thus™ ^ ^ eliminating the needtoconnect toanexter-

nal AC power source. NOT Hayes compatible but the ideal 1200 baudmodern to connect to any CRT terminal or computer when accessingdial up databases.

The Universal Data Division of Motorla original suggested list price onthe 212/LP was S 495. but California Digital is offering at only S119.

The Team 212A offers all the features of the Hayes Smart Modem1200 lor a fraclion ol the price. Now is your opportunity to purchase a1200 baud modem at the price of a 300 baud modem,

69 004!W oo

223 00159 00259 00

35 00319 00279 00239 00

69 00429 00399 00229 00279 00199 00495 00

49 00119.00199 00

Hayes Smarimodem 2400 baud modemFujilsu 2400' 1200 baud auto overyltimoTeam 1200 Hayes CompalfcloWolldata same as QUBIE 1200 baud IBM .niemaiCTS 212AH 1200 baud, auto dial

Terminal software lor CTS 212AHPromeiheus 1200super loaiuresPromelheus 12000 inlernal PCSignalman Mark 12. 1200 baud. Hayes com pal ibliSignalman Mark VI. 300 baud internal PCHayes Smart Modem 1200 baud, auto answer, auiHayes 1200Bloruse wilhlhe IBM/PC. 1200 baudHayes Smarimodem. 300 baud only, auto answerHayes Mioomodem II, 103 Apple direct conneelHayes Chronograph, nme & dalePenril 300/1200 industrial qualityUniversal Data 103JLP. line power, autoanswerUniversal Dala 212LP. lull 1200 baud duplex, lineUniversal Dala 212A. 1200 baud, industrial Line

HYS-2400

FUJ-1935D

TEM-SM1200

WLF-PC212A

CTS-212AH

CTS-212SFT

PRM-PI200

PHM-P1200B

SGL-MK12

SGL-MK6

HYS-2I2AD

HYS-1200B

HYS'103AD

HYS-MM2

HYSCHR232

PEN-I2AD

UDS-103LP

UDS-212LP

UDS>212A

PLOTTER

The Comrex Comscriber I is the ideal solution to make short work of translating financial anc

numeric data into a graphic presentation.Many ready to run programs such as Lotus 1-2-3

Visi-on and Apple business graphics already support this plotter

The Comscriber I features programmable paper sizes up to 8'.? by 120 inches, 6 inch pe

second plot speed and 0.004" step size.Easy to implement Cenironics interface allows lh>

Comscriber I immediate use with the printer port of most personal computers

The Comscriber I is manufactured for Comrex by Ihe Enter Computer Corporation. Th

plotter is marketed by Heath Kit and also sold under Enters own "Sweet P" Label. This i

your opportunity to purchase a plotter which was originally priced at 5795 for only S219.

Also available is a support package which includes demonstration software, interface cable

a multicolor pen assortment and a variety of paper and transparency material.

NEC RGB

COLOR

MONITOR

V59

The NEC JC-1401D is a 13" medium/high resolution RGB monitor suitable for use with lh(Sanyo MBC-550/555 or Ihe IBM/PC. The monitor features a resolution of 400 dots by 24(lines. Colors available are Red, Green, Blue. Yellow. Cyan. Magenta, Black and While.The NEC monitor carries Ihe Lillon-Monroe label and was originally scheduled for use irtheir "Office of the Future" equipment. A change in Monroe's markelmg strategy has mad<these units excess inventory which were sold to California Digital We are offering thesi"new" RGB monitors at a fraction of their original cost Sanyo compatible NEC-1401/SIBM/P/CComputercompatibleNEC-1401/PC

TOLL FREE ORDER LINE

(800)421-5041

TECHNICAL & CALIFORNIA

(213)217-0500

California Digital

17700 Figueroa Street » Carson, California 90248

F10 DAISY WHEEL PRINTER

LETTERQUALITY

3

J

The TEC F-10 Daisy Wheel printer is the perfect answer to a rea-sonablly priced 40 character word processing printer. While thisprinter is " extremely" similar to C.ltoh's F-10/40 Starwriter printer.Legal counsel for the C.ltoh Company have advised us that weshould refrain from referring to the TEC printer as a Starwriter.This 40 character per second printer auto installs with Wordstar andPerfect Writer. Features extensive built-in word processing func-tions that allow easy adaptability and reduced software complexity.Industry standard Centronics interface provides instant compatibil-

ity with all computers equiped with a parallel printer port. The TEC

F-10 accepts paper up to 15 inches in width.

These printers were originally priced to sell at over $1400. Through a

special arrangment California Digital has purchase these units from

a major computer manufacturer and is offering these printers at a

fraction of their original cost.

Options available include tractor feed, buffered memory and an

assortment of printer cables for a variety of computers.

ROULETTE

FREE

California Digital is ottering this S19.95 valueRoulette game with clock calendar absolutelyFREE with any purchase over $50.To receive your FREE Rouletle game your ordermust be placed by mail belore the end of thismonlh. payment must accompany your order andthe FREE Roufelin game must be requested.

DUAL SHUGART

SUBSYSTEM

'239

The dual Shugart subsystem features

Iwo SA465 (96 ipi) 5'V double sideddisk drives. Also supplied within Ihesubsystem is 50 watt power supplyand a shielded signal cable.

MEMORY

4164 SSSHSf 150ns

Quantity

100 •

99

DYNAMIC MEMORY

4164tS0ns 64K 128 refresh

41256 150ns. 256K

4116 150ns. 16K

4116200ns.16K

4128 lor IBM/AT

DP6400 dynamic conlroller

ICM-1164150

ICM-41256150ICM-1116150ICM-41162001CM-J1261S0ICT-B409

211.02 200ns. IK slot2IL02 450ns. IK slal2112 450ns . 2K slat..2114 300ns. IK x J4044TMS 450ns. 4K :5257 300ns. 4K x 16116 P4 200ns. 2Ki6116 P3 150ns. 2K i

2708450ns. IK x 82716 450ns. 2Kx 82716TMS 450ns. Tfi-vollage2732 450ns. 4Kx 82764 350ns 8K x 8?7128 350ns 16K IB

STATIC MEMORY

ICM-2IL02200ICM-21L02450ICM-2112450ICM-2114300ICM-4 044450ICH-5257300ICM-61 11,200ICM-6116150

EPROMS

ICE 2708

ICE-27I6

ICE-2716TMS

ICE-2732

ICE-2764

ICE-27128

1.656.75

35.00

3.252.25

3.85

7.653.755.757.35

6.251.451.456.3529.00

3.556.256.95

Shugart

These"6.7 Megabyte drivesare new units recently re-leased by the Shugart divisionof Xerox. The Shugart 604 isfully 506 industry compatible.Each drive is tested beforeshipment and is supplied witha 90 day warranty. SHU-604

Five Inch Winchester Hard Disk Drives

FUJITSU M2235AS 27 Meg. 899 859

RODIME RO-208 53 Meg. 1589 1493

MAXTOR XT10140 140 Meg. 3895 3785

SHUGART 712 13 Meg. Vi Ht 495 465

SHUGART 604 6.7 Meg. 99 89

TANDON 502 10 Meg. 419 395

TANDON 503 19 Meg. 695 675

SEAGATE 225 25 Meg. 695 625

TEAC

55B

48TPI

One Two Ten

Five Inch Double Sided Drives

TEAC FD55B half height 99 95 89

TEAC FD55F 96 TPI, half ht. 119 115 109CONTROL DATA 9409 PC 169 159 155

SHUGARTSA455 Half Height 99 95 89SHUGART SA465'/2Ht.96TPI 99 95 89TANDON 100-2 full height 129 125 119

TANDON 101-4 96TPI full ht. 199189179MITSUBISHI 4851 half height 139 135 129MITSUBISHI 4853 96/TPIV2 Ht. 155 149 139MITSUBISHI 4854 8" elec. 295 285 275QUME 142 half height 119 105 99

Eight Inch Single Sided DrivesSHUGART 801R

SIEMENS FDD 100-8 119 115 109

TANDON 848E-1 Half Height 369 359 349

Eight Inch Double Sided Drives

SHUGART SA851RQUME 842 "QUME TRACK 8"TANDON 848E-2 Half HeightREMEX RFD-4000MITSUBISHI M2896-63 Vi Ht.

495 485 475319 319 313459 447 435219 219 209459 449 409

VISA

Shipping: First five pounds $3.00, each additional pound $.50.Foreign orders: 10% shipping, excess will be refunded.California residents add 6'/2% sales tax. • COD's discouraged.Open accounts extended to state supported educational institu-tions and companies with a strong "Dun & Bradstreet" rating.

AUGUST 1985 • BYTE

!&CFig;|>

6e

Mmut

to

S&S5 LIQUIDATION

Retail Value $5000Save up to 60%

ACP PRICE

NOW ONLY!

10 Mb $449.00

HARD DISK

w/Controller for IBM PC and

Compatibles.

At This Price, Supply

Is Limited.

$

2095

00

Color 14" RGB Included10 Mb Hard Disk

ACP is proud to make this one-time Ispecial offer for a complete IBM PC™ Com-patible Computer System. This is by far themost significant bargain that we at ACPhave offered in our 10 year history. This |system was successfully designed and manufactured to exceed IBM's PC™ in terms of quality, ex-pansion modularity and capability, aesthetic appearance, and performance.The system design utilizes the latest in state-of-the-art technology including:

• VLSI - Large Scale Integration Circuit Design • High Quality 100 Watt Switching Supply |

• Ergonomic CRT Design with Tilt Screen • Complete Integrated System

• Professional Molded Packaging and Design • Microsoft Compatible Mouse FunctionThe system is not a Taiwan or Korean knock-off. Each component is specifically designed and specified

to meet the highest performance and reliability standards in the industry. It represents the best that Japanesecraftsmen have to offer and you will be equally proud to own one of your own. ACP has a limited quantityof these systems in several different configurations. IBM PC-DOS™ v1.1/2.1, MS-DOS™ v2.11 and Con-current v3.1 compatible. We have found no known incompatibility with any IBM PC application. Our technical istaff has 8.5 Megabytes of various MS-DOS software packages installed including Lotus 1-2-3 and FlightSimulator. Each system comes complete with a 90 day warranty.

ACP Base System Consists of:

• (1) 360K DD/DS Floppy Disk Drive

• Mouse with Software

• 256K Memory Expandable to 640Kon the Motherboard

• Deluxe Keyboard with LEDs

• Serial Port and Parallel Port

• Color or Monochrome Controller

• 4.77MHz, 8088 CPU

• 100 Watt Switching Supply w/Fan

• Three Expansion Slots

• Optional 6 Slot Expansion Chassiswith Power Supply (add $399)

Base System A (as above) $995.00

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Est IBM List* Your Price

SYSTEM A

Base System (see left) PC with360K Floppy, Keyboard & Mouse.

$210000 $995.00

SYSTEM B

Base System (see left) plus Add'l360K Floppy Drive

$2295 00 $1099.00

SYSTEM C

Base System plus 12" Green Monitorwith Detachable Tilt/Swival Base.

$2575oo$-|3gg.oo

SYSTEM D

Base System plus 12" Color Monitorwith Detachable Tilt/Swival Base.

$2995 00 $1699.00

SYSTEM E

Base System plus Clr Monitor, 10MbHard Disk and Boot Diagnostics.

$5000 .oo $2095.00

SYSTEM F

Base System plus 80 Col. x 25 LineLCD Screen

m $1299.00

'Assumes required add-in boards to provide same capacity

IBM PC is a trademark of IBM Corp.

LQP PRINTER SPECIAL

Major Manufacturer

Daisy Wheel Model 620

Letter Quality Printer

with Serial Interface.

Perfect for IBM PC and

Compatibles. Prints 25cps and

comes with 90 day warranty.

List $1495

$

495

OO

PC UPGRADE SPECIAL

$1000

SET OF (9) 64KRAMS

45'

SET OF (9) 256K RAMS$5.95 128K PIGGYBACKS

IBM Brand ASYNCH

INTERFACE CARD

List $100 ACP $49.95

5 Mb EXTERNAL

Sharp IBM Look-a-like w/contr. forIBM PC. Sub-Sys Price:$429.00External Enclosure Add $195.00

Internal w/controllerSub-System Price: $299.00

DELUXE JOYSTICK$11.95

Compatible w/Atari2600, 400, 800, VIC-20/64 and Apple. Apple re-quires optional cableadapter. Add $2.95

APPLE DISK DRIVE$115.00

High quality % highdrive for Apple II, II+ ,He or lie. Apple lie re-quires optional cableadapter. Add $10.00

illl^ii^iiiE:

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiiiii

ai^

i

UPS POWER SUPPLY

Bach Up Power for your IBM,

Apple or Compatible

UPS-PC 200 Walls (277.00

UPS-XT 425 Wans 455.00

UPS-AT 1000 Walls 975 00

AD PRINTER SWITCH

An AB Switch Allows uso ol two printers withyour compiiler system. We slock over IS dif-fered I conllguralions

AB Switch (Centronics} SS9.00

AB Switch I.OG25) 59.00

COLOR VIDEO CARDS

Planlronica Color Plus 5375.00

IBM Colo* Card 227.00

IBM Mono Card w/paraJIsl 219.00

STB Graphics Plus 389.00

Paradse MuKidisplay Card 345.00

Everc Graphics Edge 345.00

DRIVE CABINETS

IBM Style Hard disk with power

supply and Ian Si95 00

Dual Hard Disk w/povrer sup S tan 295 00

Dual SV< " Full Height vertical mounl 65 00

Dual SV<" Full Height honronta) mount 99 00

Dual 5Vi" Thinlino w/powur sup & tan 60,00Single 5V. " Full Height w/powcr sup 4 Ian 56.00Single 5 V." Thinhne w/powor Eup & (an 60 00

PERSYST CARDS

Persyst Mono Combo — NEWI S335.00

Persyst Color Combo — NEWI 335.00

Porsyst Qob Board 445.00

Persyst Shortpo't Color Call

Persyst Mini Mono Call

Persysi * I Time Spectrum w/64K 179 95

Petsysl 192K Rainbow DEC Card 149 95

SPECIAL BUY

Ihugert IA 4004 14" 2*ltb Hard tX.k

$499.00

MODEM SPECIAL

INTERSIL STD-BUS BOARDS

69.9579.9599.9539 95

300 119.95

270 119.95

Z60CPU

Z80 Untv CPU

B085 CPU

16K CMOS RAM

18K Static RAM

I (IK CMOS RAM

ZBC PIO tO mating)

Universal PIO

Oplo Para Input

Floppy Controller

SASI (DMA) WINI Intf

Opio-lso InputSPST Relay

DPDT Relay

Arithmetic

EPROM Prog/amor

Sync/Asyne

Unrv Sync/Async

REMDACS 31S 14!

12 Bit AID 720 261

CAPACITORS

OtuF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 100/$!

.1 uF DISC BYPASS CAPACITOR 10Q7(

OtuF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100/11

t uF MONOLITHIC CAPACITOR 100/1'

CORCOM EMI FILTER

STO CORCOM 3 Conductor Filter S<

Line Cord lot Obove — 6 loot 1

Una Cord 2 Conductor — 6 lootLino Cord 3 Conductor — 6 loot

ISB3I0OISB3I01ISB3110ISB32IGISB321SISB32201SB33MISB33311SB33401SB3400ISB3410ISB3500

IS83520ISB3521ISB3600IS93610ISB3700ISB37IIISB3720ISB3830

8995

149.9579.9569.95

MUFFIN FANS

Over 10,000 in lioch

Tonna1 TA-300Fan NEW! S9 95

Torm 4 66" Mullm Fan NEW! 12.95

12VDCFan NEW! 19.95

Finger Guards added I -49

Power Cords Added 1.49

IC SOCKETS

6 Pin ST/LP14 Pin ST/LP16 Pin ST/LP18 Pin ST/LP20 Pin ST/LP22 Pin ST/LP24 Pin ST/LP28 Pin ST/LP36 Pin ST/LP40 Pin ST/LP64 Pin ST/LP

I 49 J .40

WIREWRAP {GOLD)

6 Pin WW/3L

14 Pin WW/3L

16 Pm WW/3L 65 .55

18 Pin WW/31 86 .77

20 Pin WW/3L 99 .96

22PinWW/3L 1.19 1.13

24 Pin WW/3L 1.25 1.17

28PinWW/3L 1.49 1.39

40 Pin WW/3L 1.B9 1.75

TEXTOOUZIF ZERO INSERTION

16 Pm 16 75 24 Ptn 17.65 28 Pin $8 95

(We Stock All Type* of Socket!)

TRANSISTORS/DIODES

PN2222A 7/S1.00 2N3904 11/S1 I

PN2369A 5/1.00 2N3906

PN918

2N221BA

2N2219A

2N2905

2N2907

2N3055

21/3565

2M3772

TIP29ATIP30ATIP31ATIP32A1N41481N7511N40021N4004MPQ2232

25/1 005/1.0012/1 00

OPTO ISOLATORS

MCT-2

MCT-6

MCT-66

MCA255

4N26

4N27

4N28

4N334N354N374N38TIL117SPX334N25

t .09 S .08

SPECIAL VALUES!

MCM6870S EPROM

6116/2016-l50mS

DQ-25P Male

DB-25S Female

2732A-2

27T6DC-450mS

2764-*S0mS

CALL ACP FOR ALL YOURVOLUME IC REQUIREMENTS

S995

10/19.9510/17.5010719.9510/29 9510/24 6010/29 95

EDGE CONNECTORS

S-100STS-100 WW44 Pin ST44 Pin WW72 Pm ST72 Pm WW

$3.95 S3 25

D-SUBMINIATURE

DB25S (Female

S3.10

OB25P (Male)

240

Hood J1 25

Mtg H/W $ 99

DE37S (Female)

S5.95

DE37P (Male)

5.25

Hood 91,75

Mtg H/W S .99

DD50S (Female)

S8.95

D050P (Male)

6.00

Hood $3 25

Mtg H/W S .99

(OTHER STYLES IN CATALOG)

CENTRONICS

IDC 36 Pin Mala

IDC 36 Pin Female

Sokwr 36 Pm Male

Solder 36 Pin Female

(CALL TOLL FREE FOR IDC's)

IDC CONNECTORS

IDC TYPE

ACP NO

NUMBER OF CONTACTS10 20 26 34 40 50

Solder Header

IDHxxS

.79

1.20

1.65

2.10

2.40

300

R1 Anglo Soldor Header

IDHxxSR

.79

1.20

1.65

2.10

2.40

3.00

Ribbon Header Socket

IDSxx

.75

.95

1.35

1.50

1.65

2.10

Ribbon Header

IDMxx

-

B2S

5.95

6.75

7.25

8.25

Ribbon Edgecard

IDExx

1.70

2.15

2.50

2.60

3.70

3.95

Wire wrap Header

IDHxxVV

1.80

2.90

3.75

4.25

4.95

6.50

R1 Anglo W/W Header

IDHxxWR

1.99

3.10

4.10

4.20

4.60

7.15

NOTE: To order insert number ol contacts in place ol xx in ACP port number.ORDER QUANTITY OF 50pca (mixed) AND TAKE AN ADDITTIONAL 10W OFF.

OKIDATA PRINTERS

Okimalo 20 Color PrinterPlug-N-Print tor Oktdata 20OkKJata 182 (I20cps. Graphics)Onidata I92(i60cps. Graphics)Okidota 193 (160cpB. 15" Paper)Okidata 92 (ISOcps. Graphics)Okidata 93(160cpS. 15" Paper)

5490034900

599 00

Okidata 64 (2O0cps. Parallel)

Okidsia 84 (2O0cps, Serial)

Trector lor Okidata 192

Tractor lor Okidata 92

2K Serial Board lor Okidata 192/193

2K Serial Board lor Okidata 92793

54.0069 0099 00

66000

68000L10

6600

6810

S 285

6820

3 75

6821

6828

14 50

6640

12.75

6645

11.95

8203

82058212

Z80-CPU

ZBO-CTC

Z80-DART

280-OMA

ZBO-PIO

ZBO-SIOA)

zao-sio/1zeo-sio/2

Z80-SIO/9

295

6224

490

8226

995

8226

24 50

8237

29 95

8237-5

17 50

8238

6243

6 75

8250

675

8251

26 95

B251A

23.95

8253

37 95

8255

325

8255A

1 95

8257

5860 7.90

8B75 8.75

6660 2.20

68047 22.95

82758279B2328283

6748

67496755A

27.9524.5024.5034.06

4 0Mm 'B"6 0MHi

DISK CONTROLLERS

UPD765I24 95

1797

S21 95

6843

S28.95

1771 1595

2791

32 95

8272

1995

1791 22 75

2793

32 95

1691

8.95

1793 21 50

2795

32 95

2143

895

1795 21 SO

2797

27 95

9218

1295

CRT CONTROLLERS

6845 S1195

6275 S

26 50 1 TMS9918

S39 50

68B4S 1795

7220

1495 6350

39.95

6847 11 50

5027

795 6545

14.95

46505 14 75

5037

21 95 1 6002

19 95

68047 1950

NEC7220 Graphics

34 95

UARTS/USARTS

1602B S3 95 1 2350 S

895 1 1M6403

S 8.75

1013A 3.95 8250

050 TMS5501

14.95

1015A 6 75 I IM6402

7.75 1 2651

8.95

EPROMS

1702 (imS) J 3 90

2732A-4 (450nS)

S 4 50

2706 (4S0nS) 3.65

2732A <250nS)

6 95

2758 (5V) 5.50

2732A-2 (200nS)

8 95

2716(450nS) 3 75

2764 |450nS)

4.50

2716 (3S0nS) 5.50

2764 (250nS)

6.50

2516 (5V) 5.50

2764 (2O0nS)

8.50

TMS2716 7.50

TMS2564 (450nS)

9.95

TMS2532 5 60

MCM68764 (450nS

19 95

2732 (450nS) 4.60

MCMS8766 (350nS

21.95

2732 (2S0nS) 6.00

27128-3 (300nS)

950

2732 (200nS)

800

27128 (2

50nS)

15 95

S8.95 I 27C64

STATIC RAMS

101 (450nSIIL02 (450nS)(450nS)IL02-2 (250nS)

11 (450nS)

12 (450nS)14 (4S0nS)l4L-4(450n) 1I4L-3 (300n) 1I4L-2 (200n) 1»7 (55nS)

4044-4 (450nS)4044-3 (300nS)4044-2 (200nS)UPD410 (lOOnS)5101 (CMOS)

SI.89

MK4116 14.95

.M

TMM2016-2 l200nS) 3 10

.79

TMM2016-15(IS0h) 3 95

1 39

TMM2016-1 (lOOnS) 3 00

2.75

HM6116P-4 (200nS) 4.75

2-75

HM611EP-3(l50nS) 3 25

1.45 B/9.50

HM6116P2(120tlS) 5 75

69 8/12.50

HM6I16LP-4 (LP) 3 60

79 6/13.30

HM6118LP-3(LP) 3.95

89 8/13.90

HM6116LP-2<LP) 3.95

Z6132(3Q0nS) 32 95

3.25

HM6264P-15|150) 14 95

3.75

HM6264LP-15[LP) 16.95

4.35

74 S 183 (35nS) 1.B5

3.75

93415 (50nS) 3 95

3.50

93425 ISOnS) 3 95

DYNAMIC RAMS

t.29 8/ 9

4027(250nS) SI 29

1103 (300nS) 794116N-2(150nS)4tl6N-3(200nS)

4116N-4(250fiS) 69 8/ 5.99

4!64N-t50(150n) 1.59 9/11.95

4164N-200(200n) 149 9/10 00

4l64N-120(120nS) 6.25

TMS4164(l50nS) 5.95

TMS4406 (200nS) S8 95

TMS4416 (150nS) S7 75

41256-150 (150n) 8.95

41256-200 (200n) 7 95

TMS4050 pOOnS) 1.85

TMS4060 |300nS) 1.85

MM5260 (300nS) 1.85

UPD411 (300nS| 1 85

MM5298 <250nS) I 65

DISK SPECIAL (ibm pc dsod)

$4J°° Sr" WOW!

■ EACH Hub Rings

PACKAGE Tyvac Cover Supply Limited

OF 25 "ajor Mlgr

SV." Dlf KETTISVERBATIM 52501 SS/DDVERBATIM 550-01 DS/DD (IBM)MAXELL MD-1 SS/DO (All)MAXELL MD-2 DS/DD (IBM)MAXELL DISKS 'or AT (96tpi)0VSAN 104/10 SSJDD (All)DVSAN 104/2D OS/DO (IBM)ACP SS7DD (All)ACP DS/DO (IBM|3V\- DISKETTE!VERBATIM 5W MF350(MAC)MAXELL 3W MICRODISK (MAC)8" D4SKETTVSVERBATIM 8" SS/DDVERBATIM 8" DS/ODDYSAN 8" SS/DDDYSAN B" DS/DO

27.95199524 95

46.9527.35

34.95

32 00 29 00

2895 2695

3895 36.95

3295 3095

49.95 4795

5U" DISKTUB

$8.95

3V." DISK

$14.95

HEAD CLEANINGKfT—SW" or ■

$9.95

40024008

4007

40084009

4022

4023402440254027

4031 3.25

4032 2.15

4034 1.91

4035 .794037 1.95

4040 .75

4041 .75

4042 .65

4043 .85

4044 .694048 80

4047 .89

4048 .99

4049 .35

4050 34

4051 .75

4052 .75

4053 .75

4055 395

4056 2.95

4070407140724073407540784077■id /a

4094 2.954096 190

4099 1.85

45054506

4507

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4520

4555

4556

4568

80C95

80C97

MC14408

MC14409

MC14410

MCM

74C0O S

20

74C02

."1

74C04

,'■■»

74C08

l'i

74C10

38

74C74 S.65 I 74C161 J1.15 I74C373 S2.3574CB5 1.89 74C175 1.15 74C374 2.3574C90 1.15 74C240 1.89 74C901 .5974C93 1.15 I 74C244 1 B9 l?4C922 4 45MORE 74C IN STOCK — ALSO IN CATALOG

LM108AH

S3 95

LM300H

99

LM301N

.35

LM304H

LM305H

.95

LM306H

4.75

LM307N

.40

LM308CN

.65

LM310CN

1 85

LM311CN

.62

LM3I2H

1.75

LM31BCN

1.45

LM31BH

1 55

LM319N

1.19

LM320 (MO VRs)

LM324N

.55

LM339N

.95

LM340(S«

VRs)

LM348N

.95

LM358CN

65

LM359

1 75

LM360N

2.95

LM370N

4.95

LM373N

395

LM376N

3 75

LM377N

1.90

LM380CN

85

LM380N

1.05

LM381N

1 59

LM382N

1.35

LM363N

1 95

LM384N

1 75

LM386N

89

LM387N

1 29

LM389N

1.15

LM392N

.69

LM723N

.48

LM723H

.65

NE531

2.85

NE555

35

NE556

65

NE558

149

NE561

23 50

NE564

2.85

LM565

.95

LM566

1.45

LM567

B5

NE570

385

NE571

290

LINEAR

NE590 S2.4

NE592 27

LM709N .5

LM709H 1.9

LM710 .6

LM711 7

LM715 3.9

LM723N 5

LM723H .7.

LM733 9

LM739 1ft

LM741CN .3

LM741H 4i

LM741N .2

LM747 ,8r

LM748 .5!

LM10I4 1.1:

LM1303 19"

LM1310 1.4:

MC1330 1.6:

MC1349 1.8!

MC1350 1.1:

MC1356 16!

MC1372 8.7:

LM1414 1.5'

LM1556H 29!

LM1800 2 3

LM1812 8.11

LM1B30 3.4i

LM1871 5.4!

LM1B72 5.4!

LMI877 32i

LM1S89 l.9i

LM1896 1 71

ULN2001 1.9:

ULN20O3 1.4!

XR2206 3.7!

XR2207 2.91

XR2208 2.41

XR22I1 3 7!

LM2877P 2.0

LM2B7BP 22!

LM2900 6

LM2901 9!

LM2903 .6!

LM2907 2.4!

LM2917 2 8!

LM3900 .5!

LM3905 1 1!

LM3909

LM39I4

LM3915

LM3916

MC4024

MC4044

RC4131

RC4136

RC4151

CA3023

CA3039

CA3048

CA3059

CA3060

CA3065

CA3080

CA3081

CA3082

CA3083

CA3088

CA3089

CA3096

CA3130

CA3140

CA3146

CA3160

LM13080

LM13600

LM13700

LF347

LF351

LF353

LF3SS

LF356

LF357

TI071CP

TL072CP

TL074CN

TL061CP

TL084CN

TL494

TL496

TL497

MC3423

MC3453

MC3456

MC3459

MC3469

MC3470

VOLTAGE REGULATORS

.69

8. 12. IS. 24V

12, IS, 24V

78L0S. 12. 15V.

65

79L05. 12. 15

7BM06C

89

LM309K....

7BMG/79MG

1.49

LM317H/K

78HQ5KC

. 8.75

LM323K

12, 15. 24V

1.29

LM337KLM338K

790ST Also

.79

LM350T

8. 12. 15. 24V

LM350K

1.39

SPECIAL PURPOSE CHIPS

MC14411

J11.50

BR1941

11.50

34702

12 50

5016

1495

B116

10.50

5307

10 50

MC4024

375

8038

3.75

5369

3.50

58167

12 25

56174

S11.25

5832

3.75

AY52376

11.50

AY53600

11 50

2513-0011

9.50

2513-002L

950

UPD7201

27.95

3341

4.50

11C90

13.25

MC15906

2.95

AY38910AY3B912

SSI-263Vol rax

SP1000 Speech S9 95 TR1863 5V UART S4 25

DATA AQUISITION

AOCD800 S

14.95

AOC0804

3.45

DAC08O6

1.90

AOC0809

445

ADC0816

■ 4 25

AD7S23JN

1.99

ADC0817 (9.75

DAC0800 4.75

DACOfloa 2.85

DAC1020 7.95

DAC1022 5.B5

LF353N 1.99

I408L6 S

1408L8

DAC100

DAC08

DAC01

LF13201N

EXPANSION MEMORY

64K UPGRADE (Set of 9)$10.00

256KRAMS(Seiofg) $45.00

CABLES/ACCESSORIES

IBM PARALLEL (Shielded)

IBM SERIAL (Shielded)

KEYBOARD EXTENSION

RS232 GENDER CHANGER Male-Male

RS232 GENDER CHANGER Female-Female

NULL MODEM ADAPTOR

"Vi'DISK DRIVE

IBM PC

Coiio. DS/DO Disk Drive

*89"

HITECH SPECIALS

AMD7910

300/1200 BAUD MODEM IC

(199

TOLL FREE

800-854-8230

Calif. Residents714-558-8813

OURPOLICY

Inquiry 10

•NO surcharge for VISA or Mastercard.•NO sales tax. * All shipments Insured.•Your card is Not charged until we ship.•Same day FEDEX shipment is available.•Volume purchasing agreements available.•Government agencies, corporate and

Institutional PO's accepted.•Orders subject to availability.•All items have manufacturer warranty.

Some warranties up to 5 years.•Pricing subject to change w/o notice.•Returns or cancellations may be subject

to restocking fee.

•ACP Retail Store pricing may vary.•We are not responsible for typos.

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74LS32

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74LS40

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74152

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BYTE • AUGUST I985

DISK DRIVES

Half HeightIBM Compatible

ONE YEARWARRANTY

40 tr. DS/DD $89.00

80 tr. DS/DD $99.00

1.2 meg. floppy CALL

Enclosures and mounting kitsSpecial bracketed pair pricing

STOCK

SHIP

fP ALLIED MICRO DEVICES

2809 Boardwalk, Ann Arbor, Ml 48104

(313) 996-1282:TX 2907707 AMEL

•Manufactured by SANYO

DOUBLE

THEOPTION CAPACITY

OF YOUR IBM PERSONAL COMPUTER

PC-XTRA

• DIRECT EXTENSION OFIBM PC BUS

• NO SOFTWARE CHANGES

• NO HARDWARE MODIFICATION

• STYLING CONSISTENT WITH IB!

Add altlrtoMSWCial options thai you've beenwanting without worrying about tilting your-plug-In and back panel space

DEALER INQI

*549 °°" FOB. SANTA ANA " —

■CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS ADD B'b SALES TAX

P C HORIZONS, INC.

1701 E. Edlnger, Ste. A6, Santa Ana, CA 92680(714) 953-5396

Monitor MoverGives Back the Desk

• Models to fit most CRT's

• Rotates 360° on base

• Adjustable height

• Support tray swivels and tilts

• Holds up to 50 lbs

• Clamp, screw and wall mountings

Lirffekliiiiiii

P.O. Box 8056

Grand Rapids, Ml 49508

(616) 241-4040

Inquiry 14

Inquiry 238

Inquiry 178

Maxell Floppy Disks

The Mini-Diskswith maximum quality.

Dealer inquiriesinvited CO.D'saccepted. CallFREE (800) 235-4137.

PACIFIC EXCHANGES

100 Foothill Blvd.. San LuisSan Luis Obispo. CA 93401.In Cal. call (800) 592-5935 or(805)543-1037

SV4' FLOPPYMOTORS

Now BuehlerOEM replace-ment spindle motors for allmajor 51/4-inch, full-heightfloppy disk drives areavailable for fast delivery.Built to exact OEM size, per-formance and quality stan-dards. Pulleys included.

For details and prices,contact:

Buehler Services, Inc.P.O. Box A, Hwy 70-EKinston, NC 28501Phone: 919/522-4300

(HayesCompatible) MUUtlVI \J> 1 I "

COMPLETE KIT $120

(including case,components, l.C.)

10 DAYS MONEY BACK GUARANTEE

(Allow 3 Weeks Delivery)

IBM-xTorAPPLEIIe$210EA.

(96% compatible, new or replacement)

MOTHERBOARD

(64K, no Rom. Tested. 30 days guarantee)

FOR IBM: 'Control Card $70

'Printer or Game Card $30

'Color Graphic Card $1 05

BEST PRICES FOR APPLE/IBM CARDS

Write for Price List — Dealer Welcome

CONCORD Technology Inc. Ph.: (604) 879-355547 W. Broadway, Van., B.C. Canada V5Y 1P1

Inquiry 240

Inquiry 81

I.B.M. Compatible

Case $

65.00

Motherboard (256K RAM space,

RAM not included)

280.00

Color Graphic Adapter

50.00

floppy Disk Driver Controller Card

75.00

Plotter (4 colore)

495.00

Computer (2 DD Drivers, Color Graphic Adapter,

256ft RAM Case, Keyboard and 135 W Rower Supply)

1,000.00

Keyboard

100.00

APPLE Compatible

Z 80 Card

40.00

80 Column Card

50.00

l.C. Tester

90.00

Pal Writer Card

299.00

Graphic Pad Card (includes graphic program)

220.00

Prom 8200 Programmer (Fast Universal Type

Iprom b Prom Programmer)for Iprom: 2716-27512; 2516-25512; (No Adapter Needed)

for Prom: 63xx, TISxx, HSxx, 18Sxx, 2iSxx, 28Sxx,

82Sxx, STSxx,

Include RS232 Interface lC's Available

CALL NOW (312) 280-7610

Telex 280208 HFFMN INT CGO

DIST. WANTED

HOFFMAN INT'L

600 N McClurg Ct. Ste. 3C9AChicago, Illinois 60611

Macintosh"

Call for prices on other Macintosh products.

m PC'S LIMITED

OVrttNTUU, OaOUSOMLY, CU1 .-MO-4U-91S0.

7IOI N. L—, (MOO, Anlla, T.iu 71751II <■*!< far tMMcd HPPMt Ml koMt ltm,

jfJ^USS^ Ad number 407 A

^m Cill Kchnitil .upport lur (Morn lutborluilno number no ill wirrinl, .«■| f rrpJlrv *n) u mult crura nrlorn <ut>|<" <" » ">^ rtll«Wn| f«- [ ■

Osborne

As available only! Very limited quantity.

Important:All-,',iv call tocheck availa-bility beforeordering.

To fix yourself,or for parts.Complete, butknown notworking.

Guarantedays. Maor tefurbding onExch/Repair

Bd for 30t be new, depen-

Outright

Main Board OS-1

S49

$79

$159

Main Board Exec.

S159

$139

$299

Battery Pack, 40 Watt

—

$49

[Double Density Kit *'

|" Includes board, cabt

. docume

ntation 8,

$79

disk

5" CRT (Grn/White)

$9.95

$19

$29

7" CRT (Amber)

S19

$49

$99

15" CRT, no case

$85

Drive Analog Card

$9.95

$29

$59

Drive Mechanism

$25

$59

Power Supply

$4.95

$24

$29

Keyboard (No enclos.)

$19

—

$99

Shipping charged on all orders

Computer Parts Mart 415-493-59303200 Park Blvu * Palo Alto * CA 94306

Inquiry I45

Inquiry 244

Inquiry 75

IBM PC

256k, 2 floppies (360k)

IBM PC 20 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)20 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

IBM PC 10 + 10

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)10 MB HD & 10 MB Tape Backup

IBM PC 10 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)10 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

EXCLUSIVELY FOR IBM PC

IBM PC 30 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)30 MB Hard Disk (auto boot)

IBM PC 20 + 20

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)20 MB HD&20 MB Tape Backup

IBM XT

256k, 2 floppies (360k)

IBM XT 20 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)20 MB Hard Disk

IBM XT 10 + 10

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)10 MB HD & 10 MB Tape Backup

IBM XT 10 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)10 MB Hard Disk

IBM PC 30 MB

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)30 MB Hard Disk

IBM XT 20 + 20

256k, 1 or 2 floppies (360k)20 MB HD& 20 MB Tape Backup'

IBM AT 20 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies(360k/1.2 MB), 20 MB HD

IBM AT 40 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies(360k/1.2 MB), 40 MB HD

Call for the latest prices for your customconfiguration. All systems are configuredand tested at no extra cost and comeonly with Compumail's 90 day warranty.

IBM AT 80 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies(360k/1.2 MB), 80 MB HD

IBM AT 140 MB

512k, 1 or 2 floppies(360k/1.2MB), 140MBHD

• PRICE WAR • ca^s LAST

WITH YOUR BEST QUOTES

PRINTERS

EPSON FX-80+. $339 FX-100+... $459

LX-80/HI-80/JX-80 $219/5359/5469

Tractor LX-80/FX-80/HI-80 ... 550/560/570LQ 1500 Parallel/Serial .... $899/$969

LO Tract/Sing/Dual Shi Fdr .. $70/$450/$750

LX-90 w/Par Interlace & Tractor $279

SQ-2000 CALL

OKIDATA TOO LOW TO QUOTE

OKiMATE 20 w/IBM Plug & Print

182-P/182-IBM 192-P/192-IBM

193-P/193-IBM 84-P/84-IBM

192 Tractor... $70 84 Sht Fdr. . $390

TOSHIBA 1340P/351P $519/$1099

351 Tractor/Sht Fdr $190/$790

JUKI 6100/6300 $349/$679

6100/6300 Tractor/Sht Fdr $150/5250

5510P(160cps). $369 5510 Color Kit. $150

BROTHER HR-10/HR-15XL $299/$349

HR-15 Trac/Kybrd/Sht Fdr.. ,$110/$160/$190

HR-25P/HR-35P $449/$649

HR-25/35 Tractor/Sht Fdr $120/$200

2024L LQ/Graphics-24 pin, 160/80 cps. $8992024L Sht Fdr-Narrow/Wide ... ,$220/$29O

TWINRITER 5 World's First Dot Matrix &

Daisy Wheel combined in ONE $999

TWINRITER 5 Trac/Sht Fdr $250/1350

C. ITOH ProWriter Jr w/NLO $229

8510BPI. . $309 8510SEP + NLQ.S399

8510SCEP+NLQ.$469 1550-EP $429

1550SEP+NLQ $539 1550SCEP+NLQ.$639

24LQP $999 A10-30SP $439

Y10-20P $399 A10 Tractor $160

F10-40P $899 F10-55P $1099

F10Tractor/Sht Fdr $190/$290

CX-4800P 4 Pen Plotter $449

QUME LetterPro 20P(20cps) $399

20PTrac/Sht Fdr $150/5390

SPRINT 1140 + /1155+ $1299/$1399

SPRINT Interface Module $80

SPRINT Trac/Sht Fdr $210/$690

PANASONIC KX-P3151 LQ (22cps) $469

KX-P1090/91/92/93. . $179/$249/$349/$449STAR MICRONIX Power Type/SB-10..$329/CALL

SG-10/SG-15 (120cps) $239/$389

SD-10/SD-15 (160cps) $349/$459

SR-10/SR-15(200cps) $499/5599

NEC PINWRITER P-2/P-3 $499/$699

Sht Fdr tor P-2/P-3 $350/5420

2050/3550/8850 $649/$999/$1399

SPINWRITER Trac/Sht Fdr $190/5790

ELF360Par(16cps) $419

DIABLO Advantage D-25 $529

630API. , $1599 630ECS-IBM. ..$1799Trac/Mech Single Bin Sht Fdr ... $230/$470CITIZEN: 18 months manufacturer warranty

MSP-10/15 (160/40cps) $319/5479

MSP-20/25 (200/50cps) $469/5639

LEGEND CPVII $949 1200 $279

880/1380/1385 $229/5299/5359

ANADEX9620B/9625B-PLUS. . $1199/51299

9725B COLOR $1399

WP6000/OP6500 52299/52569

Anadex Tractor/Sht Fdr 5150/5950

SILVER REED Letter Quality Printers400/500/550/770 . $249/5329/5399/5739

FLOPPY/HARD DISKS DISPLAY CARDS

CDC/PANASONIC/TANDON/TEAC

Half Ht DSDD 'REDUCED' -$92-

(Warranteed for IBM PCs only) 10+ -$BS-

CDC/TANDON Full Ht DSDD 599

HARD DISKS for IBM PC/XT10 MB Inl w/Controller... 'REDUCED'.. .-$499-tOMBExtw/Controller. REDUCED'.. ^699-20 MB Int w/Controller... 'REDUCED'.. .-$599-20 MB Ext w/Controller... 'REDUCED'.. -$?99-33 MB Int w/Controller. REDUCED'.. -$849-33 MB Ext w/Controller... REDUCED' . .-$+949 •44 MB Int w/Controller REDUCED'.. -$+949-44 MB Ext w/Controller . .'REDUCED' .-$+249--

70 MB Int or Ext w/Controller CALL

140 MB Inl or Ext w/Controller CALL

HARD DISKS FOR IBM PC AT CALL

CORE ATplus 20.30.40.56.72 & 144 MB.. CALLBACKUP for IBM PC/XT10 MB Int/Ext ..'REDUCED' . $499/$669-20 MB Int/Ext. . . 'REDUCED'. . $599/3749-

40/60 MB Int/Ext CALL

TALL GRASS NEW PC/T FORMAT

25/35 MB w/60 MB Backup.. $2599/53399

50/80 MB w/60 MB Backup $4299/55499

60 MB Tape Backup only CALL

Controller. $140 Cartridge (60 MB) .. $40EVEREX 10/20 MB Int w/Conl $579/5699EXCEL450045MB B/U-Int/Ext. 5949/5999APEX MEG-1000 100MB Tape B/U-EXT $1399EXTERNAL EXPANSION SYSTEMS.... CALLINTEROYNE TAPE BACKUP10 MB Int/Ext . . 'REDUCED'. r$499V*669-20 MB Int/Ext . . 'REDUCED' . -$599/$f49 -IRWIN MAGNETICS TAPE RACKUP REDUCED

IOMEGA Bernoulli Box 10 + 10 CALL

AMPEX PC Megastore CALL

EMULEX JAVELIN HD & BACKUP CALL

PWR SUPPLY 130/150 Watts. •> $89/$+29.

MULTI-FUNCTION CARDS

AST SIXPAK 0-K $239 384K.. . $279

AST Advantage 0-K $399

ORCHID Blossom 0-K... $169 384K.. . $209

ORCHID Eccell (up to 4 MB) CALL

TECMAR Captain 0-K.. $179 384K...S219

MAESTRO AT w/Treasure Chest Best Price

INTEL Above Board (up to 4 MB) CALL

PARADISE 5-Pack 0-K... 5159 384K.. .5199

BT6 Plus w/64k $179 384k.. $209

IDS B-512 0-K 5179 384k.. 5219

P/S/G Ports, Clock/Cal & sockets for 512k

QUADBOARD 0-K 5189 384K... 5229

Silver Quadboard: 0-K to 640k CALL

Gold Quadboard: Multifunction & Color... .CALL

Quadmeg-AT (up to 4 MB) CALL

Quadport-AT/Expansion Kit CALL

INSTALL RAM & test brd for PC/AT . $20/$<10

HERCULES MonoGraphics. $279 Color. $149

EVEREX The Edge Best Price Ever

Graphics Edge Even Better Price

AST Monograph Plus $339/5369

Preview for Mono Graphics 5279

Graphpackw/64k 5549

PERSYST Short Color/Mini Mono S159/CALLColor Combo: Multifunction & Color... from 5299Mono Combo: Multifunction & Mono, .from $299PERSYST BoB Board. $339 w/TAXAN 440. $799

QUADRAM Quadcolor I $179

Gold Quadboard: Multifunction & Color.. CALL

STB Chauffer CALL

PARADISE Modular Brd from $269

IDS B-450 Mono. Color & Par Port $239

TECMAR Graphics Master $429

G Master w/TECMAR Color Monitor $939

G Master w/AMDEK 710 Color Monitor. . $899

GENOA Spectrum Best Price

MYLEX Chairman $399

SIGMA COLOR 400 (specify Monitor) .... $479

COLOR 400 w/PGSSR-12 $999

COLOR 400 w/TAXAN 440 $939

3 Button PC Mouse w/PC Paint Add $100

MONITORS

PGS MAX-12E/HX-12/HX-12E .5169/5419/5499

HX-9/HX-9E/SR-12 5419/5499/5549

SR-12w/Scan Doubler 5699

SR-12w/Sigma400 5999

TAXAN COMPOSIT 115 Green/116 Amber 5129

MONO 121 Gr/122Amb $139/5149

COLOR410/411/420 5289/5299/5359

COLOR 420L/425/440 S369/5369/$489

COLOR 440 w/TAXAN 555 RGB Card $749

COLOR 440 w/Persyst BoB Brd 5799

COLOR 440 w/Sigma 400 $939

AMDEK 300G/300A/310A(M). $139/$149/$159COLOR 300/500/600 ....$239/5349/5419710 5489 w/Tecmar Graphics Master.. 5899

OUADRAM AMBERCHROME 5149

ROLAND MB-142 14" Mono B/W 5289

TECMAR Cotor 5529 w/Graphics Master. $939TILT/SWIVEL Monitor Pedestal 530

SPECIAL ITEMS

IRMA, IRMAIette. IRMAIine, IRMAprinl

Emulates 3278, 3279CXI: PCOX Emulates 3274, 3278. 3279FORTE: PJ Card Emulates 3278, 3279, 3287

3270PC, 278RJE, 3780RJE (Specify)AST 3780, 5251/11, 5251/12, BSC, SNA, PCOX

ORCHID PCnet Plus Complete Line CALL

OBERON OMNI READER Optical Character Reader

w/IBM Interface Software CALL

POLAROID Palette 51249

COMPANY POLICY: Min. order $100. Prices & availability subjecl to change We ship UPS only. Shipping/handling charges vary.Pros reflect cash cfcccunt on prepakt orders. Add 1 % to COD orders, 3% tor MC/VISA & 5% lor AMEX. COD requires rasherscheck. All merchandise sow is new and all sales are final. Refused shipments subject lo 20% charge (Min SfiO). Products shipped infactory cartons come wilh manufacturer warranty. For others, including IBM systems, call teen support to return au!h,# for warrantyrepairs Non-detedw items relumed as detectfw subjecl to 10% service charge (Mm $50) Not responsible lor hardware or softwarecompaiiMJy ol any product. No open acct PC's or toeign orders. No showroom, demonstraticre a walkHn sales. Pasonal or companychecks take 3 weeks 10 dear FOR ADVANCE PAYMENTS or PICKUP: PLEASE CALL FIRST FOR WORKORDER t.

MODEMS

EasyOata 12B 300/1200 Bd Int w/PCTalk III., $199

HAYES 1200 B w/SmartCom II $329

HAYES 1200 Ext. w/o Software . $349Smartcomll $99 NEW 2400 Bd Ext $589

P0PC0MC-100/X-100w/ostt . $269/5289POPCOM Action Pack Int w/PFS.Access.. .5289POPCOM Action Pack Ext w/PFS:Access $299

AST Reach! 1200 Bd short card w/Crosstalk 5379PROMETHEUS PROMODEM 1200 Ext. 5279Options Processor .589 w/Modem 575

Alphanum Display 589 w/Modem 575

PROMODEM 1200 Ext + Both Options.. 5419

Comm Buffer lor 1200 Ext CALL

PROMODEM 1200 B Intw/MITEsoftware. $249

DUADMODEM II shortcard w/Crosstalk XVI CALL2400 Bd Upgrade Kit for Quadmodem II CALL

Ven-Tel Half Card w/Crosstalk XVI 5379

1200 Plus Exl w/o software 5349

BIZCOMP IntelliModem EXT $319

ST/XL/XT $289/5319/5359

WATSON Integrated Voice Data Modem . CALL

MISC. ADD ONS

64KRAMSet $7 10+ Sets $6 50+... $5256K RAM Set $35 10+Sets 533 50+ 53080B7 5mhz for IBM PC REDUCED' -S99-80287-3 5mhz for IBM AT 'REDUCED' -$239-ORCHIDPCturbow/128k. -$579-^640k. -$769-QUADRAM QUADsprint REDUCED'. . -$499-MICROWAY'S Fastbreak/# Smasher CALL

CABLE Parallel. 6ft. 520 Serial. 6 ft... $25

Keyboard Extension, 6 ft $10

MAXELL MD-2 DSDD 10+ Boxes ... . $18

FLOPPY Drive Controller $109

FLOPPY Controller W/P.S.G&Clock/Cal. $199

HAYES Transet 1000 CALL

MOUSE SYSTEMS PC Mouse w/PC Paint. $129MICROSOFT MOUSE w/PC Paintbrush

Bus/Serial....'. $129/5139

KEYTRONIC KB 5151 5165 AT Upgrade Kit 515

KB5153Tw/TouchPad CALL

ABC Switch Box: Allows 3 Computers to share

1 printer/peripheral & vice versa . . CALLCOMPUTER ACCESSORIES P1-2-3 $299

POWER DIRECTOR P2(5). . $89 P12(6) $129KENSINGTON Master Piece (5 outlets).. $89KENSINGTON Universal Printer Stand $20

PC Keyboard Storage Drawer $89

STANDBY PWR SUPPLY w/surge protection200 Watts $269 300 Watts . CALL

800 Watts (Sine Wave) $679

TILT/SWIVEL Monitor Pedestal $30

PWR SUPPLY 130/150 Watts. . 4, .580/5120

CALL FOR OUR WEEKLYUNADVERTISED SPECIALS

AMERICANEXPRESS

COMPU

406-C CONSTITUTION AVE., CAMARILLO, CA 93010

805-987-7015

WHEN ORDERING PLEASE REFER TO AD #B802

422 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Lotus™ User?

Free Mail Order Catalog for LotusSoftware users, includes:

■ Lotus Programs

■ Lotus Enhancement Software

■ Books and Training Aids

■ Hardware and Utilities

We are a unique mail order companyspecializing in Lotus related products.

4-5-6 WORLD

Dept. A-108

PO. Box 22657

Santa Barbara, CA 93121

(800) 524-5678 Toll Free

(805) 564-2424 In California

Your definitive Lotus enhancement source

68701 /705PROGRAMMER

28 and 40 PIN Packages

•Single Switch Operation

•LED Status Displays

•Copies from 2732

•Self Contained

Many features are included toinsure trouble free operation. Canbe used with Logical DevicesPP8 or Prompro-XP to eliminatethe need for the intermediateEPROM.

SEE OUR AD ON PAGE 24.

LOGICAL DEVICES, INC

Order Toll Free1-800-EE1-PROM

'BAR CODE READER

• IBM PC/XT COMPATIBLE (AND MOST CLONES)

• CONNECTS BETWEEN KEYBOARD AND THE PC

• NO CARD SLOT REQUIRED/SIMPLE INTERCONNECT

• NO CUSTOM SOFTWARE DRIVERS REQUIRED

• HIGH FIRST READ RATE

• READS DOT MATRIX & PRINTED BAR CODE LABELS

• CODE 3 OF 9. INTERLEAVED 2 OF 5. UPC

• AUTOMATIC BAR CODE SELECTION

• AUDIO AND VISUAL INDICATORS

• READS HIGH, MED. AND LOW DENSITY LABELS

• SWITCH SELECTABLE OPTIONS <£/% A J-

• SELF-TEST DIAGNOSTICS 3*199 ea.

PC/MS DOS BAR CODE PRINTING SOFTWARE S79 ea.

AMERICAN MICROSYSTEMS

_P.O. BOX 830551, RICHARDSON. TX. 75080

»(817)834-9659 —- I MASTERCARD AND VISA ACCEPTED ■■

Inquiry 2

Inquiry I8l

DADki

• Multi-user Database!

• Powerful!

• Multiple OperatingSystem Compatibility!

• Attractive DealerPricing!

• Full Dealer Support!

Dataflex is <i trademark of D.iw Atu'ss

Dealer Inquiries Invited

24000 Telegraph Rodd

Southfield. Michigan 48034 USA

(3I3J 352-2345

INTERACTIVE VIDEOTAPE CONTROLLER

Interface card that allowsyour IBM PC to control Pana-sonic video tape players.Works with the McGraw-HillInteractive Authoring System.For only $995 you can beproducing interactive videoprograms.

For more information call

David Ayala

McGraw-Hill Training Systems

1-800-421-0833

In California call1-800-662-6222

MM McGRAW-HILL

Km I Trail lii m S\ stems

m

Apple II -l- Paper Tape I/O Is This Easy

10101011010001010:.:.:.:.::.::.:.:.::.:.:01010101010010100.:.:.:.:.::.:..:.::.:.:One minute you're without, the next you'reup and running! Just plug into your APPLEII PLUS. A neat and complete package.

• Model 600-1 Punch — 50cps, rugged

• Model 605 Reader — 150cps

• Parallel Interface Board/Cable

• Data Handling Program

Code conversion available. TRS-80 pack-age soon. ADDMASTER CORP. 416 Juni-pero Serra Dr., San Gabriel, CA 91776 *213/285-1121.

Inquiry 58

Inquiry 8

EPROM

PROGRAMMER

APROTEK 1000

ONLY

0 fJBrV $265°°

B U1— COMPLETE WITH

PERSONALITYMODULE11 7 AC POWER-RS232-6 BAUD RATES - HANDSHAKE TO HOSTALLOWS READ, WRITE, VERIFY 8, COPY

Comes complete with CPM, IBM and AppleBASIC Driver Program Listings. Driver Programson Disk only $20.00.

Programs the following 5 Volt 24 or 28 pindevices: 2716 series through 27256. 25xx series.68764 plus others. Please Specify PersonalityModule desired with order. Additional PersonalityModules only $ 15.00 ea. Full 1 year warranty.

TO ORDER: CALL 1-8O0/962-5800 OR WRITE

APROTEK

1071 A AVENIDA ACASO ■ Add

CAMARILLO. CA 93010 $4.00 Shipping-USA

Into: 18051987 2454 VISA or MC Add 3'

SUPERCOPYFOR IBM PC

Powerful utility copier, it allows making ofbackups of any diskette for IBM PC and com-patibles.

Very compact, it replaces the Diskcopywithout virtually losing any space. Its menuoffers easy access to functions such as pro-tection against copies from a diskette: anal-ysis diagnosis; parameter modification anderasing of the target diskette.

Available in English, French and Spanishwith instructions included in the diskette.

Frequently updated, its price is $30 eachor $15 for orders of ten or more. This productis provided for the purpose of enabling youto make archival copies only.

N.Y. residents add sales tax.Send check or money order to:

Yetiware

P.O. Box 1368

New York, NY 10025

212-222-6682

IBM PC is a trademark of IBM Corporation.

WE WANT DEALERS.

FREE SOFTWARE

FROM THE PUBLIC DOMAIN

User Group Software isn't copyrighted, so no fees topay! 1000's of CP/M and IBM software programs in.COM and source code to copy yourself! Games,business, utilities! All FREE!

Rent Buy

IBMPC-SIG 1-370 Dlsksldes 400. 800.

IBMPC-BLUE 1-116 Dlsksldes 145. 375.

SIG/M UG 1-222 Dlsksldes 130. 625.

CP/M UG 1-92 Dlsksldes 45. 250.

PICO NET 1-34 Dlsksldes 25. 100.

KAYPRO UG 1-39 Dlsksldes 45. 90.

EPSON UG 1-39 Dlsksldes 45. 90.

Commodore CBM 1-28 Dlsksldes.. 25. 65.

Public Domain User Group Catalog Disk $5 pp.

(payment in advance, please)Rental is for 7 days after receipt, 3 days grace to

return. Use a credit card, no disk deposit.

Shipping, handling & insurance $9.50 per library.

(619) 941-0925 Orders & Technical (9 to 5)

(619) 727-1015 24 Hr. 3 Mln. Info Recording

Have your credit card readyl

National Public Domain Software

1533 Avohill Dr. ^^m

Vista, CA 92083

BBB fAM EX

Inquiry 22

Inquiry 346

Inquiry 226

4164HK2IT,c9/9.95

41258 "■KB"" 3.95

STATIC RAMS

2101

5101

2102-1

2102L-4| 2102L-2

2125

2111

2111L

2112

2114

2114-25

2114L-4

2114L-3

2114L-2

2114L-15

TC5514

2141

2147

2148

TMS4044-4

TMS4044-3

TMS4044-2

TMS40L44-2

UPD410

MK411Si TMM2016-200

TMM2016-150

TMM2016-100

HM6116 4

HM6116-3

HM6116-2

HM6116LP-4

HM16116LP-3

HM6116LP-2I TC5516

TMS4016

Z-6132

HM6264P-15

HM6264LP-15

HM6264LP-12

LP Low power

256x4256x41024x41024x11024x11024x1256x4256x4256x41024x41024x41024x41024x41024x41024x41024x44096x14096x11024x44096x14096x14096x14096x14096x11024x82048x82048x82048x82048x82048x62048x82048x82048x82048x82048x82048x84096x88192x88192x88192x8

(450ns)

(450ns)(cmos)

(450ns)

|450ns|(LP)

(250ns)(LP)

(45ns)

(450ns)

l450ns)(LP)

|450ns)

(450ns)

|250ns)

(450ns)|LP|

(300nsl(LP)

|200ns)(LP)

|150ns)(LP)

(650ns)(cmos)

(200ns)

(55ns)

(70ns)

(450ns)

(300ns|

1200 ns)

|200ns)|LP)

(100ns)

(250nsl

|200ns)

(150ns)

(100ns)

(200ns)(cmos)

(150ns)(cmos)

(120ns)(cmos)

(200nsHcmos)(LP>

(150ns)lcmos)|LP)

|120ns)|<:mos)|LP)

|250ns)(cmos)

(200ns)

(300ns)(Qstat)

I150ns)(cmos)

(150ns)(cmos)(LP)

(120ns)|cmos)(LP)

1.95

3.95

.89

.99

1.45

2.95

2.49

2.95

2.99

8/9.95

8/10.95

8/12.95

8/13.45

8/13.95

8/19.95

4.95

2.95

4.95

4.95

3.49

3.99

4.49

4.95

3.95

9.95

3.25

3.75

4.75

3.69

3.95

5.95

3.95

4.25

6.95

9.95

6.95

34.95

7.75

7.95

9.50

EPROMS

1702270827582716-627162716-1T1WS2516TMS2716TOIS253227322732A-42732A-352732A2732A-227642764-2502764-200TMS2564MCM68764MCM6876627128-3027128272565V>Singk>

256x81024x81024x82048x82048x82048x82048x82048x84096x84096x84096x84096x84096x84096x88192x88192x88192x88192x88192x88192x816384x816384x832768x85 Volt Supply

(1us|(450ns)|450ns)|5V||650ns)(450ns)(5V)(350ns)(5V||450ns||5U||450ns)(450ns||5VI|450ns)|5V)(450ns||5V)|21V PGM)|350ns||5V)|21V PGM)|250ns)(5V)(21VPGM)|200ns)(5V)|21V PGM)(450ns)(5V||250ns)(5V|(200ns)(5VI(450ns)|5V)(450ns)(5V||24 pin)(350nsl(5V)|24 pin)(300ns)|5V)|250ns||5V)(250ns||5V)21V PGM= Program at 21

4.50

3.95

5.95

2.95

3.50

4.95

4.95

7.95

4.95

3.95

4.95

4.95

6.95

10.95

3.75

3.95

6.95

10.95

24.95

42.95

5.95

5.95

12.95

Volts

Q5tat=Quasi-Static

DYNAMIC RAMS

TMS4027 4096x1

2107 4096x1

MM5280 4096x1

TMS4050 4096x1

UPD411 4096x1

TMS4060 4096x1

MK4108 8192x1

MM5298 8192x1

4116-300 16384x1

4116-250 16384x1

4116-200 16384x1

4116-150 16384x1

4116-120 16384x1

2118 16384x1

MK4332 32768x1

4164-200 65536x1

4164-150 65536x1

4164-120 65536x1

MCM6665 65536x1

I TMS4164-20 65536x1

TMS4164-15 65536x14164 REFRESH 65536x1

| TMS4416-20 16384x4

TMS4416-15 16384x4

41128-150 131072x1

41256-200 262144x1

41256-150 262144x15v=Single 5 Volt Supply

(250ns) 1.99

(200ns) 1.95

(300ns) 1.95

(300ns) 1.95

|300ns) 1.95

(300ns) 1.95

(200ns) .49

(250ns) .49

(300ns) 8/6.95

(250ns| 8/6.95

(200ns) 8/8.95

(150ns) 8/10.95

1120ns) 8/12.95

(150ns|(5y) 4.95

(200ns) 9.95

|200nsl|5v) 9/9.95

(150ns)|5v) 9/9.95

|120ns)(5v) 3.9S

|200ns|(5v) 4.95

|200ns)(5V) 4.25

(150ns)|5v) 4.95(150ns)|5V)(REFRESH) 8.95

(200nsl|5V) 8.95

(1S0ns)(Sv) 9.95

|150ns)(5v) 13.95

|200ns)(5v) 3.95

(150ns)(5v) 3.95REFRESH=Pin 1 Refresh

• •••HIGH-TECH****

27256 $12.95

• 32K x 8 EPROM

• SINGLE 5 VOLT SUPPLY

• SINGLE LOCATION &

HIGH SPEED PROGRAMMING

• 250ns ACCESS TIME

• •••SPOTLIGHT****.

ORDER TOLL FREE

800-538-5000800-662-6279

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

Z-80

2.5 MHz

Z80-CPU

2.49

Z80-CTC

2.95

Z80-DART

7.95

Z80-DMA

8.95

Z80-PIO

2.95

ZSO-SIO/0

9.95

Z80-SIO/1

9.95

Z80-SIO/2

9.95

Z80-SIO/9

9.96

4.0 MHz

Z80A-CPU

2.95

Z80A-CTC

3.95

Z80A-DART

8.95

Z80A-DMA

9.95

Z80A-PIO

3.95

Z80A-SIO/0

10.95

Z80A-SIO/1

10.95

Z80A-SIO/2

10.95

Z80A-SIO/9

10.95

6.0 MHz

Z80B-CPU

8.95

Z80B-CTC

9.95

Z80B-PIO

9.95

Z80B-DART

19.95

Z80B-SIO/0

29.95

Z80B-SIO/2

29.95

ZILOG

Z6132

34.95

. Z8671

39.95

' 6500

1.0 MHz

6502

4.95

65C02ICMOS) 12.95

6504

6.95

6505

8.95

6507

9.95

6520

2.95

6522

5.49

6S32

9.95

6545

9.95

6551

9.95

2.0 MHz

6502A

5.95

6520A

5.95

6522A

9.95

6S32A

11.95

6545A

12.95

6S51A

11.95

3.0 MHz

6502B

8.95

UARTS

AY5-1013| AY3-1015

PT1472| TR1602

2350

2651

IM6402

IM6403

UPD7201. INS8250

3.956.959.953.959.958.957.958.9519.9510.95 ,

6800

I 68000-8 39.95

6800 2.95

6802 7.95

6803 19.95

6808 13.90

6809 8.956809E 8.95

6810 2.95

6820 2.95

6821 2.956828 14.956840 12.95

6843 34.95

6844 25.95

6845 12.956847 11.956850 3.256852 5.756860 7.956875 6.956880 2.256883 22.9568047 24.95

| 68488 19.95

6800=1 MHz

68B00 10.95

68B02 11.95

68B09E 11.95

6BB09 11.95

68B10 5.95

68B21 5.95

68B40 19.95

68B45 19.95

68B50 5.95

68B00 2 MHz

8000

8031

29.95

8035

5.95

8039

5.95

INS 8060

17.95

INS 8073

49.95

8080

3.95

8085

4.95

8085A-2

11.95

8086

24.95

8087-2

139.95

8087-3

129.00

8088

19.95

8088-2

21.95

8089

69.95

8155

6.95

8155-2

7.95

8156

6.95

8185

29.95

8185-2

39.95

8741

29.95

8748

24.95

8749

39.95

8755

24.95

MISC.

TMS99531TMS99532ULN200332423341MC3470MC3480MC348711C9095H902513-001 up.2513-002 low

9.9529.951.297.954.954.959.002.9513.957.959.959.95 ,

8200

8202

24.95

8203

39.95

8205

3.50

8212

1.80

8214

3.85

8216

1.75

8224

2.25

8226

1.80

8228

3.49

8237

13.95

8237-5

15.95

8238

4.49

8243

4.45

8250

10.95

8251

3.95

8251A

4.49

8253

6.95

8253-5

7.95

8255

4.49

8255-5

5.25

8257

7.95

8257-5

8.95

8259

6.90

8259-5

7.50

8271

79.95

8272

19.95

8274

39.95

8275

29.95

8279

6.95

8279-5

7.95

8282

6.50

8283

6.50

8284

5.50

8286

6.50

8287

6.50

8288

14.95

8289

49.95

8292

14.95 J

CRYSTALS

32.768 KHz

1.95

1.0 MHz

3.95

1.8432

3.95

2.0

2.95

2.097152

2.95

2.4576

2.95

3.2768

2.95

3.579545

2.95

4.0

2.95

4.032

2.95

5.0

2.95

5.0688

2.95

5.185

2.95

5.7143

2.95

6.0

2.95

6.144

2.95

6.5536

2.95

8.0

2.95

10.0

2.95

10.738635

2.95

14.31818

2.95

15.0

2.95

16.0

2.95

17.430

2.95

18.0

2.95

18.432

2.95

20.0

2.95

22.1184

2.95

24.0

2.95

I 32.0

2.95

[GENERATORS!BIT RATE

MC14411

BR1941

4702

COM5016

COM8116

MM5307

11.9511.95 t12.9516.9510.9510.95 I

FUNCTION

MC4024LM566XR2206I 8038

3.951.49 I3.753.95 ,

CRT

CONTROLLERS

6845

12.95

68B45

19.95

6847

11.95

68047

24.95

HD46505SP

15.95

MC1372

6.95

8275

29.95

7220

39.95

CRT6027

19.95

CRT5037

34.95

TMS9918A

39.95

DP8350

49.95

DISK

CON 1KU11XK5

1771

15.95

1791

23.95

1793

23.95

1795

23.95

1797

23.95

2791

39.95

2793

39.95

2795

39.95

2797

39.95

6843

34.95

8272

19.95

UPD765

19.95

MB8876

29.95

MB8877

34.95

1691

7.95

2143

7.95

CRYSTAL

OSCILLATORS

1.0MHz 7.95

8.0

7.95

1.8432 7.95

10.0

7.95

2.0 7.95

12.0

7.95

2.4576 7.95

15.0

7.95

2.5 7.95

16.0

7.95

4.0 7.95

18.432

7.95

5.0688 7.95

20.0

7.95

6.0 7.95

24.0

7.95

6.144 7.95

.s.

NC

74LS00

74LS0O

.24

74LS190

.89

74LS01

.25

74LS191

.89

74LS02

.25

74LS192

.79

74LS03

.25

74LS193

.79

74LS04

.24

74LS194

.69

74LS05

.25

74LS195

.69

74LS08

.28

74LS196

.79

74LS09

.29

74LS197

.79

74LS10

.25

74LS221

.89

74LS11

.35

74LS240

.95

74 LSI 2

.35

74LS241

.99

74LS13

.45

74LS242

.99

74LS14

.59

74LS243

.99

74LS15

.35

74LS244

1.29

74LS20

.25

74LS245

1.49

74LS21

.29

74LS247

.75

74LS22

.25

74LS248

.99

74LS26

.29

74LS249

.99

74LS27

.29

74LS251

.59

74LS28

.35

74LS253

.59

74LS30

.25

74LS257

.59

74LS32

.29

74LS258

.59

74LS33

.55

74LS259

2.75

74LS37

.35

74LS260

.59

74LS38

.35

74LS261

2.25

74LS40

.25

74LS266

.55

74LS42

.49

74LS273

1.49

74LS47

.75

74LS275

3.35

74LS48

.75

74LS279

.49

74LS49

.75

74LS280

1.98

74LS51

.25

74LS283

.69

74LS54

.29

74LS290

.89

74LS55

.29

74LS293

.89

74LS63

1.25

74LS295

.99

74LS73

.39

74LS298

.89

74LS74

.35

74LS299

1.75

74LS75

.39

74LS322

5.95

74LS76

.39

74LS323

3.50

74LS78

.49

74LS324

1.75

74LS83

.60

74LS348

2.50

74LS85

.69

74LS352

1.29

74LS86

.39

74LS353

1.29

74LS90

.55

74LS363

1.35

74LS91

.89

74LS364

1.95

74LS92

.55

74LS365

.49

74LS93

.55

74LS366

.49

74LS95

.75

74LS367

.45

74LS96

.89

74LS368

.45

74LS107

.39

74LS373

1.39

74LS109

.39

74LS374

1.39

74LS112

.39

74LS375

.95

74LS113

.39

74LS377

1.39

74LS114

.39

74LS378

1.18

74LS122

.45

74LS379

1.35

74LS123

.79

74LS385

3.90

74LS124

2.90

74LS386

.45

74LS125

.49

74LS390

1.19

74LS126

.49

74LS393

1.19

74LS132

.59

74LS395

1.19

74LS133

.59

74LS396

1.89

74LS136

.39

74LS399

1.49

74LS137

.99

74LS424

3.95

74LS138

.55

74LS447

.95

74LS139

.55

74LS490

1.95

74LS145

1.20

74LS540

1.95

74LS147

2.49

74LS541

1.95

74LS148

1.35

74LS624

3.99

74LS151

.55

74LS640

2.20

74LS153

.55

74LS645

2.20

74LS154

1.90

74LS668

1.69

74LS155

.69

74LS669

1.89

74LS156

.69

74LS670

1.49

74LS157

.65

74LS674 14.95

74LS158

.59

74LS682

3.20

74LS160

.69

74LS683

3.20

74LS161

.65

74LS684

3.20

74LS162

.69

74LS685

3.20

74LS163

.65

74LS688

2.40

74LS164

.69

74LS689

3.20

74LS165

.95

81LS95

1.49

74LS166

1.95

81LS96

1.49

74LS168

1.75

81LS97

1.49

74LS169

1.75

81LS98

1.49

74LS170

1.49

25LS25184.13

74LS173

.69

25LS2521 2.80

74LS174

.55

25LS2538 3.74

74LS175

.55

25LS2569 2.80

74LS181

2.15

26LS31

2.19

74LS189

8.95

26LS32

2.19

EffSJDR Microdevices

■ ■ 1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

Copyright 1985 JDR MIc

KEYBOARDCHIPS

| AYS-2376 11.95

AY5-3600STD 11.95

[AY5-3600PRO 11.95 1

CLOCKCIRCUITS

MM5314 4.95

MM5369 1.95MM5369-EST 1.95

MM5375 4.95

MM58167 8.95

MM58174 11.95

I MSM5832 3.95 .

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUEHOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERINGTERMS: Minimum order $10.00. For shipping and handling includeS2.50 lor UPS Ground and S3.50 1or UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. andforeign orders may require additional shipping charges - pleasecontact our sales department tor the amount. CA. residents mustinclude 6% sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents Include 6Vi%. Allmerchandise is warranted lor 90 days unless otherwise stated. Pricesare subject to change without notice. We are not responsible lortypographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and tosubstitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

424 BYTE' AUGUST 1985

Inquiry 162

HM6264P-158K&sn?™7.75

SSI263 SYNTHESIZER 39.95

74S00

CMOS

74S0074S02

I 74S0374S0474S0574S0874S0974S1074S1174S1574S2074S2274S3074S3274S3774S3874S4074S5174S6474S6574S7474S8S74S8674S11274S11374S11474S12474S13274S133

i 74S134

74007401740274037404

I 740574067407740874097410741174127413741474167417742074217422742374257426742774287430

| 7432'7433743774387439

| 744074427443744474457446744774487450745174537454746074707472747374747475747674807481

.7482

.35.35.35.35.35.35.40

.35

.40

.40

.50

1.99

.50

.50

.50

.55

2.75

1.24

.19.19.19.25.29.29.24.19.19

.35.49

.19.35

.29.29.29.45.19.29.45.29.29

.49.65.69.69.69.69

.23.35

1.10.95

74S13574S13874S13974S14074S15174S15374S15774S15874S16174S16274S16374S16874S16974S17474S17574S18074S18174S18274S18874S18974S19474S19574S19674S19774S20174S22574S22674S24074S24174S244

.95

.95

.95

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

3.95

3.95

.95

.95

11.95

3.95

2.95

1.95

6.95

1.49

1.49

1.49

1.49

6.95

7.95

3.99

2.20

2.20

2.20

7400

7483

7485

7486

7489

7490

7491

7492

7493

7494

7495

7496

7497

74100

74105

74107

74109

74110

74111

74116

74120

74121

74122

74123

74125

74126

74128

74132

74136

74141

74142

74143

74144

74145

74147

74148

74150

74151

74152

74153

74154

74155

74156

74157

74159

74160

74161

74162

74163

74164

74165

74166

74167

74170

.35

2.15

.35

.40

.50

.35

.65

.55

.70

2.75

1.75

1.14

.30

.45

.45

.55

1.55

1.20

.29

.45

.49

.45

.45

.55

.45

.50

.65

2.95

4.95

2.95

.60

1.75

1.20

1.35

.55

.65

.55

1.25

.75

.65

.55

1.65

.85

.69

.85

.85

1.00

2.96

1.65

TRANSISTORS

2N918

.50

2N3772

.85

MPS918

.25

2N3903

.25

2N2102

.75

2N3904

.10

2N2218

.50

2N3906

.10

2N2218A

.50

2N4122

.25

2N2219

.50

2N4123

.25

2N2219A

.50

2N4249

.25

2N2222

.25

2N4304

.75

PN2222

.10

2N4401

.25

MPS2369

.25

2N4402

.25

2N2484

.25

2N4403

.25

2N2905

.50

2N4857

00

2N2907

.25

PN4916

.25

PN2907

.13

2N5086

.25

2N3055

.79

PN5129

.25

3055T

.69

PN5139

25

2N3393

.30

2N5209

.25

2N3414

.25

2N6028

.35

2N3563

.40

2N6043

.75

2N3S65

.40

2 N 6045

75

PN3565

.25

MPS-A05

.25

MPS3638

.25

MPS A06

.25

MPS3640

.25

MPS-A13

.40

PN3643

.25

MPS-A55

.25

PN3644

.25

MPU-131

.99

MPS3704

.15

TIP29

.65

MPS3706

.15

TIP31

.75

TIP32

.79

74S25174S25374S25774S25874S26074S27374S27474S27574S28074S28374S28774S28874S28974S29974S30174S37374S37474S38174S38774S39974S41274S47074S47174S47274S47474S57074S57174S57387S181

7417274173741747417574176741777417874179741807418174182741847418574189741907419174192741937419474195741967419774198741997422174246742477424874249742517425974265742737427674278742797428374284742857429074293742987435174365743667436774368743767439074393744257442674490

.95.95.792.4519.9519.951.953.291.901.906.987.356.952.452.457.951.952.952.986.954.954.954.952.952.959.9516.25

5.95

.75

.89

.89

.89

.75

1.15

1.75

.75

2.25

.75

2.00

2.00

2.99

1.15

1.15

.79

.79

.85

.85

.79

.75

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.35

1.25

1.85

1.95

.75

2.25

1.35

1.95

1.25

3.11

.75

2.00

3.75

3.75

.95

.75

.85

2.25

.65

.65

.65

.65

2.20

1.75

1.35

3.15

.85

2.55

4000

4001

4002

4006

4007

4008

4009

4010

4011

4012

4013

4014

4015

4016

4017

4018

4019

4020

4021

4022

4023

4024

4025

4026

4027

4028

4029

4030

4034

4035

4040

4041

4042

4043

4044

4046

4047

4048

4049

4050

4051

4052

4053

4060

4066

4068

4069

4070

4071

4072

4073

4075

4076

4077

4078

4081

4082

4085

4086

4093

4094

4098

4099

14409

14410

14411

14412

14419

14433

14490

4502

4503

4507

4508

4510

4511

4512

4514

4515

4516

4518

4519

4520

4521

4522

4526

4527

4528

4529

.25.89.29.95.39.45

.38.79

.69.79.39.75.79.79.29.65.29

1.65.45.69.79.39

1.95

.75.69.85.79.85.95.69.35.35.791.99.79.89.39

.35

.29

.29

.29

.29

.79

.59

.29

.29

.29

.95

.95

.49

2.99

2.49

1.95

12.95

12.95

11.95

12.95

7.95

14.95

4.95

.95

.65

1.25

1.95

.85

.85

.85

1.25

1.79

1.55

.89

.39

.79

4.99

1.25

1.25

1.95

1.19

2.95

4531

4532

4538

4539

4541

4543

4553

4555

4556

4558

4560

4569

4581

4582

4584

4585

45151

4702

4724

74C00

74C02

74C04

74C08

74C10

74C14

74C20

74C30

74C32

74C42

74C48

74C73

74C74

74C76

74C83

74C85

74C86

74C89

74C90

74C93

74C95

.95

1.95

1.95

1.95

2.64

1.19

5.79

.95

.95

2.45

4.25

3.49

1.95

1.95

.75

.75

12.95

12.95

1.50

.35

.35

.35

.35

.35

.59

.35

.35

.39

1.29

1.99

.65

.65

.80

1.95

1.95

.39

4.50

1.19

1.75

.99

74C150 5.7574C151 2.2574C154 3.2574C157 1.7574C160 1.1974C161 1.1974C162 1.1974C163 1.1974C164 1.3974C165 2.0074C173 .7974C174 1.1974C175 1.1974C192 1.4974C193 1.4974C195 1.3974C200 5.7574C221 1.7574C244 2.2574C373 2.4574C374 2.4574C901 .3974C902 .8574C903 .8574C905 10.9574C906 .9574C907 1.0074C908 2.0074C909 2.7574C910 9.9574C911 8.9574C912 8.9574C914 1.9574C915 1.1974C918 2.7574C920 17.9574C921 15.9574C922 4.4974C923 4.9574C925 5.9574C926 7.9574C927 7.9574C928 7.9574C929 19.9580C95 .8580C96 .9580C97 .9580C98 1.20

HIGH SPEED CMOS

V now family of high speed CMOS logic featuringJ the speed of low power Schottky (8ns typical gate prop-agation delay), combined with the advantages of CMOS:very low power consumption, superior noise immunity,| and improved output drive.

74HC00

74HC: Operate at CMOS logic levels and are idealI lor new. all-CMOS designs.

74HCO0

74HC02

74HC04

74HC08

74HC10

74HC11

74HC14

74HC20

74HC27

74HC30

74HC32

74HC51

74HC74

74HC75

74HC85

74HC86

74HC93

74HC125

74HC132

74HC138

74HC139

74HC151

74HC153

74HC154

74HC157

74HC161

74HC164

74HC166

74HC174

.59

.59

.59

.59

.79

.59

.59

.59

.69

.59

.75

.85

1.35

.69

1.19

1.19

1.19

.99

.99

.89

.89

2.49

.89

1.15

1.25

2.95

.99

74HC175

74HC193

74HC194

74HC195

74HC238

74HC240

74HC241

74HC242

74HC243

74HC244

74HC245

74HC251

74HC257

74HC259

74HC273

74HC299

74HC367

74HC373

74HC374

74HC393

74HC4017

74HC4020

74HC4024

74HC4040

74HC4049

74HC4050

74HC4060

74HC4511

74HC4538

.991.251.041.091.351.891.891.891.891.891.89.89.851.391.894.99.992.292.291.391.991.391.591.39.89.891.292.392.29

74HCT: Direct, dropcan be intermixed with74HCT00 .69

74HCT0274HCT0474HCT0874HCT1074HCT1174HCT1474HCT2074HCT2774HCT3074HCT3274HCT5174HCT7474HCT7574HCT8574HCT8674HCT9374HCT12574HCT13274HCT13874HCT13974HCT15174HCT15374HCT15474HCT15774HCT16174HCT16474HCT166[ 74HCT174

74HCT00

.69.69

.85

.951.49

.791.291.291.291.151.151.051.052.99

.991.291.393.051.09

in replacements lor LS TTLand741 S in the same circuit.

74HCT175 1.09

74HCT193

74HCT194

74HCT195

74HCT238

74HCT240

74HCT241

74HCT242

74HCT243

74HCT244

74HCT245

74HCT251

74HCT257

74HCT259

74HCT273

74HCT299

74HCT367

74HCT373

74HCT374

74HCT393

74HCT4017

74HCT4020

74HCT4024

74HCT4040

74HCT4049

74HCT4050

74HCT4060

74HCT4511

74HCT4538

1.391.191.291.492.192.192.192.192.192.191.09

.991.592.095.251.092.492.491.592.191.591.791.59

.99

.991.492.692.59 ,

BSPECTRONICSCORPORATION

EPROM ERASERS

PE-14PE-14TPE-24TPL-265TPH-125T. PR-320T

Capacity IntensityChip (uW/Cm'|9 8.000

8.0009,6009.60017,00017,000

1230

$83.00S119.00S175.00S255.00$349.00S595.00

ICSOCKETS

1-99 100.13 .11

8 PIN ST14 PIN ST16 PIN ST18 PIN ST20 PIN ST22 PIN ST24 PIN ST28 PIN ST40 PIN ST64 PIN ST 4-25CALL

ST»SOLDERTAIL

.17 .13.20 .18

.30 .27.30 .27

8 PIN14 PIN16 PIN18 PIN20 PIN22 PIN24 PIN28 PIN40 PIN

WW .59 .49WW .69 .52WW .69 .58WW .99 .90WW 1.09 .98WW 1.39 1.28WW 1.49 1.35WW 1.69 1.49WW 1.99 1.80

INTERFACE

8T26

1.59

8T28

1.98

8T95

.89

8T96

.89

8T97

.89

8T98

.89

DM8131

2.95

DP8304

2.29

DS8833

2.25

DS8835

1.99

DS8836

.99

DS8B37

1.65

DS8838

1.30

INTERSIL

ICL7106

9.95

ICL7107

12.95

ICL7660

2.95

ICL8038

3.95

ICM7207A

5.59

ICM7208

15.95

DATAACCT

ADC0800 15.55ADC0804 3.49ADC0809 4.49ADC0816 14.95ADC0817 9.95ADC0831DAC0800DAC0806DAC0808DAC1020DAC1021OAC1022MC1408L6 1.95MC1408L8 2.95

8.954.491.952.958.257.955.95

901

9304

)0 ^

.95

9316

1.00

9328

1.49

9334

2.50

9368

3.95

9401

9.95

9601

.75

9602

1.50

9637

2.95

96S02

1.95 ,

SOUNDCHIPS

76477 3.95

76488 5.95

76489 8.95SSI-263 39.95AY3-8910 12.95AY3-8912 12.95MC3340 1.49SP1000 39.00

OPTO-ISOLATORS

EXAR

XB2206XR2207XR2208XH2211XR2240

3.753.753.755.253.25 ,

4N264N274N284N334N354N37MCT-2. MCT-6

1.001.10.691.751.251.251.001.50

MCA-7

MCA-255

IL-1

ILA-30

ILO.74

H11C5

TIL-111

TIL-113

4.251.751.251.252.751.251.001.75 ,

WW=WIREWRAP

Dear Sir,

Just wanted to say thank you for ship-ping my order on time . I will continue todo business with you because of the pro-fessional courtesy you have shown me .

—Rcge* Secuta

VOLTAGE

REGULATORS

TO-220 CASE PACKAGE

7805T

.75

7905T

.85

7808T

.75

7908T

.85

7812T

.75

7912T

.85

7815T

.75

7915T

.85

7824T

.75

7924T

.85

TO-3 CASE PACKAGE

7805K

1.39

7905K

1.49

7812K

1.39

7912K

1.49

7815K

1.39

7915K

1.49

7824K

1.39

7924K

1.49

T0-92 CASE PACKAGE

78L05

.69

79L05

.79

78L12

.69

79L12

.79

78L15

.69

79L15

.79

OTHER VOLTAGE REGS

78M05C

5volt

Viamp TO-220

.35

LM323K

5volt

3amp TO-3

4.95

LM338K

Adj.

5amp TO-3

3.95

78H05K

5vort

5amp TO-3

9.95

78H12K

12voH5amp TO-3

9.95

78P05K

5volt

lOamp TO-3

14.95

L UA78S4C

FAIRCHILD DIP

1.95

LINEAR

LM301

.34

NE570

3.95

LM301H

.79

NE571

2.95

LM307

.45

NE590

2.50

UVI308

.69

NE592

.98

LM308H

1.15

UW709

.59

LM309H

1.95

LM710

.75

LM309K

1.25

LM711

.79

LM310

1.75

LM723

.49

LM311

.64

LM723H

.55

LM311H

.89

LM733

.98

LM312H

1.75

LM741

.35

LM317K

3.95

LM741N-14 .35

LN1317T

1.19

LNI741H

.40

LM318

1.49

LM747

.69

LM318H

1.59

LM748

.59

LM319H

1.90

LM1014

1.19

LM319

1.25

LNI1303

1.95

LM320 soe7900

LM1310

1.49

LM322

1.65

MCI 330

1.69

UW323K

4.95

MC1349

1.89

LM324

.59

MC1350

1.19

UVI329

.65

MC1358

1.69

LM331

3.95

MC1372

6.95

LM334

1.19

UVJ1414

1.59

LM335

1.40

UW1458

.59

LM336

1.75

LM1488

.69

LM337T

1.95

LM1489

.69

LM337K

3.95

LM1496

.85

LM338K

3.95

LM1558H

3.10

LM339

.99

LM1800

2.37

LM340 seo7800

LM1812

8.25

UVI348

.99

LM1830

3.50

LM350K

4.95

LM1871

5.49

LM350T

4.60

UVI1872

5.49

LM358

.69

LM1877

3.52

LM359

1.79

UVI1889

1.95

LM376

3.75

LM1896

1.75

LM377

1.95

ULN2003

1.29

LM378

2.50

XR2206

3.75

LM379

4.50

LM2877

2.05

LM380

.89

LM2878

2.25

LM380N8 1.10

LM2900

.85

LM381

1.60

LM2901

1.00

UVJ382

1.60

MPQ2907

1.95

UV1383

1.95

LM2917

2.95

LM384

1.95

MC3487

2.95

LM386

.89

LM3900

.59

LM387

1.40

LM3905

1.25

LM389

1.35

LM3909

.98

LM390

1.95

LM3911

2.25

UW392

.69

LM3914

3.95

LM393

129

LM3915

3.95

LM394H

4.60

LM3916

3.95

LM399H

5.00

MC4024

3.95

NE531

2.95

MC4044

4.50

NE555

.34

RC4136

1.25

NE556

.65

RC4151

3.95

NE558

1.50

LM4250

1.75

NE564

2.95

LM4500

325

UVI565

.99

RC4558

.69

LM566

1.49

LM13600

1.49

LM567

.89

LM13700

1.45

H=TO-5 CAN, K=TO-3, T=TO-220

RCA

CA3023

2.75

CA3083

1.55

CA3039

1.29

CA3086

.80

CA3046

1.25

CA3089

2.99

CA3059

2.90

CA3096

3.49

CA3060

2.90

CA3130

1.30

CA3065

1.75

CA3140

1.15

CA3080

1.10

CA3146

1.85

CA3081

1.65

CA3160

1.19

CA3082

1.65

CA3183

.99

Tl

TL494

4.20

75365

1.95

TL496

1.65

75450

.59

TL497

3.25

75451

.39

75107

1.49

75452

■39

75108

1.49

75453

.39

75110

1.95

75454

.39

75150

1.95

75477

1.29

7515475160

1.954.95

7549175492

.79.79

75188

1.25

75493

.89

75189

125

75494

.89

BIFET

TL066

.99

LF347

2.19

TL071

.79

LF351

.60

TL072

1.00

LF353

1.00

TL074

2.19

LF355

1.10

TL081

.79

LF356

1.10

TL082

1.19

LF357

1.40

TL083

1.19

LF411

1.29

TL084

2.19

LF412

1.99 J

^Copyright 19B5 JDR Mlcrode

Inquiry 162

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 425

DB25S FEMALE SOLDER CUP

BARGAIN HUNTERS CORNER12VDC CAR CLOCK

$4.95

• EASY TO READ 14" FLUORESCENTDISPLAY

• DESIGNED FOR USE IN AUTOS

• HOURS/MIN. SET SWITCHESMOUNTED ON BOARD

SPECIAL ENDS 8/31/85

2.25 DB25P

HARD TO FIND"SNAPABLE" HEADERS

J Can easily be snapped apart to make| any size header, all with .1" centers

1x40 STRAIGHT LEAD .99

1x40 RIGHT ANGLE 1.49

2x40 STRAIGHT LEAD 2.49

| 2x40 RIGHT ANGLE 2.99

SHORTING BLOCKS

_____ SPACED AT. 1" CENTERS

•9 *~~l IDEAL FOR DISK DRIVES

111 I OR ANY .1" HEADER

1> 5/1

DIPSWITCHES

4 POSITION

5 POSITION

6 POSITION

7 POSITION

8 POSITION,10 POSITION 1.29

.95

RS232MALE SOLDER CUP

RFMODULATOR

(ASTECUM1082)

QUANTITIES LIMITED

• PRESETTOCHANNEL3

• USE TO BUILD TV-COMPUTER INTERFACE

• t5 VOLT OPERATION

$6.95

VIDEO RFOUT

EDGECARDCONNECTORS

S-100 3.95S-100 4.95

S-100 STS-100 WW72 PIN ST72 PIN WW62 PIN ST IBM PC 4.9550 PIN ST APPLE 4.9544 PIN STI 44 PIN WW

6.957.95

2.954.95 ,

36 PIN CENTRONICS

IDCEN36 RIBBON CABLE MALE 8.95

IDCEN36/F RIBBON CABLE FEMALE 8.95

l CEN36 SOLDER CUP MALE 7.95

DIP CO

NNECTORS

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

8

14

IB

18

20

22

24

28

40

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLEDST IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxST

.99

.99

.99

1.69

1.89

1.89

1.99

2.49

2.99

HIGH RELIABILITY TOOLEDWW IC SOCKETS

AUGATxxWW

1.30

1.80

2.10

2.40

2.50

2.90

3.15

3.70

5.40

COMPONENT CARRIES(DIP HEADERS)

ICCxx

.49

.59

.69

.99

.99

.99

.99

1.09

1.49

RIBBON CABLEDIP PLUGS (IDC)

IDPxx

.95

.95

1.75

2.95

EMI FILTER

* MAJOR MANUFACTURER

• LOW COST ^~

^-*

• FITS LC IIP BELOW tftk

X^f

$4.95 V^j

y

LINE CORDS

LC-2 2 CONDUCTOR 6 ft

.39

LC-3 3 CONDUCTOR 6 ft

.99

LC-HP 3CONDUCTORWITHSTANDARD

FEMALE SOCKET 6 ft

1.49

LC-CIR CIGARETTE LIGHTER

PLUG WITH 6 FOOT CORD

2.95

MUFFIN FANS

4.68" SQUARE

14.95

3"SQUARE

14.95

RESISTORS

V. WATT 5% CARBON FILM

ALL STANDARD VALUES

FROM 1 OHM TO 10 MEG OHM

50 PIECES SAME VALUE .02

100 PIECES SAME VALUE .02

. 1000 PIECES SAME VALUE .01

BYPASS CAPS

.01 /if DISC

100/S6.00

.01/if MONOLITHIC

100/S12.00

.1 /if DISC

100/S8.00

1 /if MONOLITHIC

100/S15.00

1N7511N7591N41481N40011N40041N5402KBP02KBP04MDA980-1MDA9&0-2MDA990-2I VM48

DIODES

5.1 VOLT ZENER12.0 VOLT ZENER[1N914ISWITCHING50PIV 1A400PIV RECTIFIER200PIV 3A200PIV 1.5A BRIDGE400PIV 1.5A BRIDGE50PIV 12A BRIDGE100PIV 12A BRIDGE100PIV 27A BRIDGEDIP-BRIDGE

.25

.25

25/1.00

12/1.00 |

10/1.00

.25

.45

.55

1.95

2.25

2.49

TO-220TO-220TO-3TO-220TO 3

HEAT SINKS

SCREW ONCLIP ONSCREW ONINSULATORINSULATOR

.95

10/1.0010/1.00

FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW

SWITCHES

SPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON 1.25

DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-ON 1.50

DPDT MINI-TOGGLE ON-OFF-ON 1.75SPST MINI-PUSHBUTTON N.O.

SPST MINI.PUSHBUTTON N.C. .39

.BCD OUT 10 POSITION 6 PIN DIP 1.95,

1.0/il

CAPACITORS

TANTALUM

15V .40 -47//I 35V .50

1SV .70 1.0 35V .45

15V .80 2.2 35 V .65

15V 1.35 4.7 35V .85

35V .40 10 35V 1.00

82

100

220

50V50V50V50V50V50V50V50V50V50V50V

DISC

.05 560

.05.05

.05.05

680820001,-1.0015.0022.005.01.02.05

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V

50V .07

12V .10

.05

.05

.05.07

MONOLITHIC

01/il 50V .14 -1/il 50V .18

.047/il 50V .15 .47/if 50V .25

ELECTROLYTIC

i/ii

2.2

4.7

10

47

100

220

470

2200

25V .14

35V .15

50V .15

50V .15

35V .18

16V .1835V25V16V

.20.30.60

COMPUTERGRADE

I 44,000/if 30V 3.95

1/il

4.7

10

10

22

47

100

100

220

330

500

1000

2200

6000

AXIAL50V16V16V50V .1616V .1450V .2015V .2035V25V16V16V16V16V16V

14

.30

.42.60

HP5082-7760

MAN-72

MAN 74

FND-357|359|

FND-5001503)

FND-507{510)

LED DISPLAYS

.43

CC

CA

CC .3"

CC .375"

CC .5"

CA .5"

L TIL-311 4x7HEXW/LOGIC .270'

1.29.99.991.251.491.499.95 ,

DIFFUSED LEDS

1-99.10

JUMBO RED T1V.

JUMBO GREEN T1>/.

JUMBO YELLOW T1U

MOUNTING HDW T1%S

MINI RED T1

MINI GREEN T1

MINI YELLOW T1

RECT RED 2x5mm

RECT GREEN 2x5mm .30 .27

. RECT YELLOW 2>5mm .30 .27

D-SUBMIIMIATURE

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

9

15

25

37

50

SOLDER CUP

MALE

DBxxP

1.19

1.59

1.90

2.85

4.25

FEMALE

DBxxS

1.50

1.85

2.25

3.90

5.25

RIGHT ANGLEPC SOLDER

MALE

DBxxPR

1.65

2.20

3.00

4.83

FEMALE

DBxxSR

2.18

3.03

3.00

6.19

WIRE WRAP

MALE

DBxxPWW

1.69

2.56

3.89

5.60

FEMALE

DBxxSWW

2.76

4.27

6.84

9.95

IDC RIBBON CABLE

MALE

IDBxxP

2.95

3.96

4.75

6.95

FEMALE

IDBxxS

3.25

4.29

5.25

7.95

HOODS

BLACK

HOOD-B

.99

GREY

HOODxx

.89

.99

.99

1.09

1.19

MOUNTING HARDWARE-$1.00

FOR ORDERING INSTRUCTIONS SEE IDC CONNECTORS BELOW

IDC CONNECTORS

IDB375

/-(_!

J-\

DB37S

TEXTOOLZERO INSERTION FORCESOCKETS AND RECEPTACLES

SCREWDRIVER CLAMPECONO ZIF

LEVER CLAMPZIF SOCKET

WW RECEPTACLESZIF RECEPTACLE

TYPE

CONTACTS

14

16

24

28

40

ECONO ZIF

4.95

6.75

7.75

9.95

ZIF SOCKET

4.95

4.95

5.95

6.95

9.95

ZIF RECEPTACLE

8.25

8.75

9«

10.50

12.75

DESCRIPTION

ORDER BY

CONTACTS

10

20

26

34

40

50

SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxS

.82

1.29

1.68

2.20

2.58

3.24

RIGHT ANGLE SOLDER HEADER

IDHxxSR

.85

1.35

1.76

2.31

2.72

3.39

WW HEADER

IDHxxW

1.86

2.98

3.84

4.50

5.28

6.63

RIGHT ANGLE WW HEADER

IDHxxWR

2.05

3.28

4.22

4.45

4.80

7.30

RIBBON HEADER SOCKET

IDSxx

.79

.99

1.39

1.59

1.99

2.55

RIBBON HEADER

IDMxx

5.50

6.25

7.00

7.50

6.56

RIBBON EDGE CARD

IDExx

1.75

2.25

2.65

2.75

3.80

3.95

ORDERING INSTUCTIONS: INSERT THE NUMBER OF CONTACTS IN THE POSITION MARKED W OF THE•ORDER Br PART NUMBER LISTED. EXAMPLE: A 10 PIN RIGHT ANGLE HOLDER STYLE WOULD BE IDH10SR

*SJDR Microdevices1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

RIBBON CABLE

CONTACTS

SINGLE COLOR

COLOR CODED

1'

10'

1'

10'

10

.18

1.60

.83

7.30

16

.28

2.50

1.00

8.80

20

.36

3.20

1.25

11.00

25

.45

4.00

1.32

11.60

26

.46

4.10

1.32

11.60

34

61

5.40

1.65

14.50

40

.72

6.40

1.92

16.80

50

.89

7.50

2.50

22.00

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUEHOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order S10.00. For shipping and handling includeS2.50 lor UPS Ground and S3.50 (or UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. andforeign orders may require additional shipping charges - pleasecontact our sales department tor the amount. CA. residents mustinclude 6°/o sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents include 6W/0. Allmerchandise is warranted for 90 days unless otherwise staled. Pricesare subject to change without notice. We are not responsible (ortypographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and tosubstitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

Copyright 1985 JDR Mlcrode

426 BYTE • AUGUST 1985

Inquiry I63

IBM PC PROTOTYPE CARD

WITH DECODING LAYOUT

WIRE WRAPPROTOTYPE CARDS

FR-4 EPOXY GLASS LAMINATEWITH GOLD-PLATED EDGE-CARD FINGERS

DISK DRIVES

TANDON

$119.95S99.95

,BMPR2 IBM

BOTH CARDS HAVE SILK SCREENED LEGENDS

AND INCLUDES MOUNTING BRACKET

IBM-PR1 WITH -5V AND GROUND PLANE .... $27.95

IBM-PR2 AS ABOVE WITH DECODING LAYOUT $29.95

S-100

P100-1 BARE - NO FOIL PADS $15.15

P100-2 HORIZONTAL BUS S21.80

P100-3 VERTICAL BUS $21.80

P100-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE S22.75

APPLE

P500-1 BARE - NO FOIL PADS S15.15

P500 3 HORIZONTAL BUS $22.75

P500-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS PER HOLE $21.80

7060-45 FOR APPLE lie AUX SLOT S30.00

GENERAL PURPOSE

22/44 PIN EDGE-CARD (. 156" SPACING)

P441 1 BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0" S9.45

P441 3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5" X 6.0" S13.95

P441-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 6.0" S14.20

P442-1 BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" X 9.0" .... S10.40

P442-3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5" X 9.0" S14.20

P442-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" $13.50

36/72 PIN EDGE-CARD (.V SPACING)

P721 1 BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" X 6.0" $9.45

| P721-3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 6.0" SI 3.25

P721-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x6.0" $14.20

P7221 BARE - NO FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" .... S10.40

I P722-3 VERTICAL BUS 4.5" x 9.0" S14.20

P722-4 SINGLE FOIL PADS 4.5" x 9.0" $15.15

BARE GLASS BOARDS EXTENDER

NO EDGE-CARD FINGERS OR FOIL CARDS

P25x45 2.5" X 4.5" $2.40 IBM S45.00

P45x65 4.5" x 6.5" $4.70 APPLE $45.00

P45X85 4.5" x 8.5" $6.20 MULTIBUS $86.00

P45X170 4.5" x 17.0" S11.35

kP85x170 8.5" x 17.0" $18.95

TM 100-1 5V."(FOR IBM) SS DDTNI 100-2 5'/." IFOR IBM) DS/DD

MPI

MPI-B52 5V«" (FOR IBM) OS/DD

TEAC

FD-55B '/j HEIGHT DS/DDFD-55F V, HEIGHT DS/OUAD

SHUGART

SA 400L 5'//' (40 TRACK) SS/DDSA460 5V." (80 TRACK) DS/QUAD

8" DISK DRIVES

FD100-8 BY SIEMENS. SHUGART 801 EQUIV.

SS/DD S129.00

FD200-8 BY SIEMENS. SHUGART 851 EQUIV.

DS/DD $180.00

JFORMAT-2 $49.95

SUPPORT FOR QUAD DENSITY DRIVESFROM TALL TREE SYSTEMS

$89.95

S89.95$99.95

$199.95

S199.95

TANDON TM100-2

PLEASE INCLUDE SUFFICENT AMOUNT FOR SHIPPING ON ABOVE ITEMS

DISK DRIVECABINETS

CABINET #1 $29.95

• Fits one full height 5V«"disk drive

• Color matches Apple

CABINET #2 $79.00

• Fits one full height 5Vi"disk drive

• Complete with power supply, switch,line cord, fuse and standard powerconnector

• Please specify Grey or Tan

CABINET #3 $89.95

• Fits two half height 5W'disk drives

• Complete with power supply, switch,line cord, fuse and standard powerconnectors

8" DISK DRIVE CABINETSALSO AVAILABLE-PLEASE CALL

PLEASE INCLUDE SUFFICIENTAMOUNT FOR SHIPPING ON ABOVE ITEMS

SWITCHINGPOWER SUPPLIES

PS-IBM

$99.95

' FOR IBM PC-XT COMPATIBLE

i 130 WATTS

■ «5V(5)15A, +12V@>4.2A

-5V@.5A. -12V@.5AI ONE YEAR WARRANTY

PSA

$49.95

■ USE TO POWER APPLE TYPE

SYSTEMS' +5V @ 4A, *12V @ 2.5A

-5V<5>.5A. -12V(5>.5A• APPLE POWER CONNECTOR

OK INDUSTRIES

EX-1 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

• ONE PIECE METAL CONSTRUCTION

• EASILY EXTRACTS 8-24 PIN DEVICES

• LOW COST S2.19

EX-2 IC EXTRACTION TOOL

• EXTRACTS 24-40 PIN DEVICES> HEAVY DUTY METAL CONSTRUCTION

• GROUND LUGS FOR MOS EXTRACTIONS

• EASY ONE HAND OPERATION S12.74

IC INSERTION TOOLS

INS 1416 lor 14-16 pin IC's S5.15

MOS 1416 for 14-16 pin IC's $10.92

MOS 2428 for 24-28 pin IC's $10.92

MOS-40 for 40 pin IC's S12.43

u

PS-3

$39.95

AS USED IN APPLE IIIt5VS>4A. *12V@2.5A-5V @ .25A, -12V <o> .30A.15.5" x 4.5" x 2". .884 LBS.

PS-ASTEC

$19.95

WIRE WRAP WIRE

PRECUTAND STRIPPED

Note: 1 inch of insulation is stripped oneach end. A 3.5" wire has onlv 1 -5" of insu-lation.

LENGTH QUANTITY

(INCHES) 100 500 1000

2.5

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

9.510

1.601.601.651.751.801.851.902.002.302.402.502.602.652.702.802.90

4.704.705.005.405.756.106.506.857.808.208.558.959.309.8010.0010.50

8.208.208.909.6010.3011.0011.7512.5014.3015.0515.8516.6017.4018.1518.9519.70

TRANSFORMERSFRAME STYLE

4.955.957.9510.957.95

3.954.955.956.95

DC ADAPTER

6. 9. 12V DC SELECTABLE WITH. UNIVERAL ADAPTER 8.95

12.6V AC

2 AMP

12.6V AC CT

2 AMP

12.6 V AC CT

4 AMP

12.6V AC CT

8 AMP 1

25.2V AC CT

2 AMP

PLUG CASE STYLE

12V AC

250ma

12V AC

500ma

12V AC

1 AMP

12V AC

2 AMP

CAN POWER TWO 5V." FDDS*5V(g)2.5A, VI2V<5) 2A-12V (S ,1A

*5V (ffi 5A IF H2V IS NOT USED6.3" X 4.0" X 1.9"

MICROCOMPUTER

HARDWARE

HANDBOOK

FROM ELCOMP $14.95

Over 800 pages of manufacturer'sdata sheets on the most commonlyused IC's- TTL - 74, 74LS & 74F

* CMOS

* Voltage regulators

* Memory- RAM, ROM, EPROM

> CPU'S - 6800, 6500, Z80,8080, 8085 & 8086/8

> MPU Support 8t Interface,6800, 6500, Z80, 8200, etc.

MOS series insertion tools have metal constuctionand include grounding lug for CMOS applications.

BW-630 WIRE WRAP GUN

. BATTERY POWERED-USES 2 Nl CAD

C CELLSINOT INCLUDED)• POSITIVE INDEXING. ANTI-OVERWRAP DEVICE $41.55

WSU-30 WIRE WRAP TOOLS rfn

• WRAPS. STRIPS. AND UNWRAPS

• WSU-30M WRAPS AN EXTRA TURN OFINSULATION

WSU-30 S8.84/WSU-30M $10.14WIRE WRAP TERMINALS

INS 1*116 INS-2428

WWT-1WWT-2WWT-3WWT-4INS-1

SLOTTEDSINGLE SIDEDIC SOCKETDOUBLE SIDEDINSERTION TOOL

25/S7.06

25/S4.25

25/S7.06

25/2.80

S3.64

VISA

PRECUT ASSORTMENTIN ASSORTED COLORS $27.50

100ea:5.5", 6". 6.5", 7"250ea: 2.5". 4.5". 5"500ea: .3", 3.5". 4"

SPOOLS

100 feet $4.30 250 feet S7.25500 feet $13.25 1000 feet S21.95Please specify color:Blue, Black, Yellow or Red

GE NICKEL-CADMIUMRECHARGABLE BATTERIES

Nl CAD CHARGER PACKAGE

AAA CELLS

QTY. 2

$11.71

AA CELLS

QTY. 2

$11.71

C CELLS

QTY. 2

$13.21

D CELLS

QTY. 2

$13.21

9 VOLT

QTY. 1

$13.21

BATTERIES ONLY

AAA CELLS

PKG. 2

S6.07 pr.

AA CELLS

PKG. 1

S3.03 ea.

C CELLS

PKG. 1

S3.78 ea.

DCELLS

PKG. 1

$3.78 ea.

9 VOLT

PKG. 1

$7.57 ea.

ORDER TOLL FREE

(CALIFORNIA RESIDENTS)

20 MHz DUALTRACEOSCILLOSCOPE

UNSURPASSED QUALITY AT AN UNBEATABLE PRICE

• BAND WIDTH- DC: DC TO 20MH> (-3db)

AC: 1 OHz TO 20MHz |-3dbl

■ SWEEP TIME- .2/jSEC TO .5 SEC/DIV ON 20 RANGES

. VERT./HORZ. DEFLECTION: 5mV TO 20V/DIV ON 20 RANGES

• COMPLETE MANUAL AND HIGH QUALITY

HOOK-ON PROBES INCLUDED <^OOOQC

• INPUT IMPEDANCE: 1 MEGOHM 903S.9D

■ TV VIDEO SYNC FILTER ..,,_. . „,,„„.-,.. X, Y AND Z AXIS OPERATION WITH PROBES

■ 110/220 VOLT 50/60H1 OPERATION

. COMPONENT TESTER _, „ , _.,_«_.._

■ LP CONSUMPTION-19 WATTS FULL ONE YEAR

■ BUILT IN CALIBRATOR WARRANTY

• AUTOMATIC OR TRIGGERED TIMEBASE

WIRE DISPENSER

• WITH 50' ROLL OF WIRE

• BUILT IN PLUNGER CUTS WIRE■ BUILT IN STRIPPER STRIPES 1"

• REFILLABLE

WD-30 $6.50 WD-30TRI $9.50

Specify Blue, white. With 50' of each:Yellow or Red Red, Blue and White

SOCKET-WRAP I.D.™

• SUPS OVER WIRE WRAP PINS

• IDENTIFIES PIN NUMBERS ON WRAPSIDE OF BOARD

• CAN WRITE ON PLASTIC; SUCH AS IC *

<a 6

INS

PARTH

PCK. OF

PRICE

8

IDWRAP 08

10

1.95

14

IDWRAP 14

10

1.95

16

IDWRAP 16

10

1.95

18

IDWRAP 18

5

1.95

20

IDWRAP 20

5

1.95

22

IDWRAP 22

5

1.95

?4

IDWRAP 24

5

1.95

28

IDWRAP 28

5

1.95

40

IDWRAP 40

5

1.95

PLEASE ORDER BY NUMBER OFPACKAGES (PCK. OF|

MULTIMETER PEN

AUTO RANGING, POLARITY & DECIMAL!

• LARGE 3Vr DIGIT DISPLAY

• DATA HOLD SWITCH FREEZES READING. FAST, AUDIBLE CONTINUITY TEST. LOW BATTERY INDICATOR> OVERLOAD PROTECTION. ONLY1'/."x6'/."xV4"

• DC VOLTS .1mV-500V

• AC VOLTS 1mV-500V

• .1 OHM 20 MEG OHMS

■ WEIGHS ONLY 2.3 OUNCES

• LOW PARTS COUNT-CUSTOM 80 PIN LSI INSURES RELIABILITY

• INCLUDES MANUAL. BATTERIES, SOFT CASE, 2 PROBE TIPS.AND ALLIGATOR CLIP

ONLY$49.95

Copyright 19BS JDR Microde

Inquiry 163

AUGUST 1985 -BYTE 427

TEAC FD-55B DS/DD HALF HEIGHT FOR IBM PC $89.95

EPROM PROGRAMMER

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

■ ■■■ ■ ■■ "

RP525$79.95

• DUPLICATE OR BURN ANY STANDARD

27xx SERIES EPROMi EASY TO USE MENU-DRIVEN SOFTWARE

INCLUDED

MENU SELECTION FOR 2716, 2732, 2732A,

2764 & 27128. HIGH SPEED WRITE ALGORITHM. LED INDICATORS FOR ACTIVITY- NO EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLY REQUIRED

DISK DRIVES

FOR APPLE COMPUTERS

nan

BAL-525$119.95

Vi HEIGHT-ALPS MECHANISM100% APPLE COMPATIBLEFULL 1 YEAR WARRANTY

M

BAL-500$139.95

TEAC MECHANISM- DIRECT DRIVE100% APPLE COMPATIBLEFULL 1 YEAR WARRANTY

\ ^\

v \

•rwnmimm^tl

:.■■■■■.::■:■:■■■

JDRAP-135$129.95

* FULL HT. SHUGART MECHANISM

* DIRECT REPLACEMENT FOR APPLEDISK II

* SIX MONTH WARRANTY

DISK DRIVE ACCESSORIES

DISK CONTROLLER CARDAPPLE lie ADAPTOR CABLE

$49.95$19.95

NEW FOR APPLE lie

^~\ MITAC

'^Z^p^^r^D AD'uu

l^aCT $139.95

100% APPLE lie COMPATIBLE,READY TO PLUG IN W/ SHIELDEDCABLE & MOLDED 19 PIN CONNECTORFAST, RELIABLE SLIMLINEDIRECT DRIVE* SIX MONTH WARRANTY

MM 00MULTIFUNCTION CARD

FOR IBM PC/XT

DISKETTE FILE

ALL THE FEATURES OF AST'S 6-PACK+AT HALF THE PRICE!

* 0-384K RAM

* SERIAL PORT

* PARALLEL PORT

* GAME PORTSOFTWARE INCLUDED

ONE YEAR WARRANTY

$129.95

TAXAN MODEL 415

RGB VISION III MONITOR

ORIGINALLY MADE FOR ACORN COMPUTER

* 18 Mhz BANDWIDTH

* 640 x 262 PIXEL RESOLUTION

* 16 COLORS WITH INTENSITY CONTROL

* 12 INCH BLACK MATRIX

* IBM AND LOTUS COMPATIBLE

ONLY$299.95

RGB MONITOR CABLE FOR IBMCOLOR DISPLAY ADAPTOR

■ SAME AS IBM COLOR CARD

. SUPPORTS COMPOSITE OR RGB MONITOR

MODEM

FOR APPLE OR IBM

INCLUDES ASCII PRO-EZ MENU DRIVEN SOFTWARE(AT LEAST A SI 00.00 VALUE IN ITSELF!|

* FCC APPROVED

* BELL SYSTEM 103 COMPATIBLE

* 300 BUAD

* AUTO-DIAL/AUTO-ANSWER« DIRECT CONNECT

* INCLUDES AC ADAPTOR

ONLY $69.95

PLEASE SPECIFYAPPLE OR IBM WHEN ORDERING

16K RAM CARD $39.95FOR APPLE 11+

* 2 YEAR WARRANTY

* EXPAND YOUR 48K APPLE TO 64K

* USE IN PLACE OF APPLE LANGUAGECARD

BARE PC CARD AND INSTRUCTIONS $9.95

$8.95

IF PURCHASEDWITH 50 DISKETTESOR MORE

$9.95 IF PURCHASED ALONEHOLDS 70 5WDISKETTES,WITH ROOMTO SPARE

NASHUA DISKETTES

51/4" BULK PACKAGEDDS/DD WITH HUB RINGS

$.89ea. $.95ea. $.99ea.

QTY 250

QTY 100

VER8ATIM DATALIFE DISKETTES

SS/DD SOFT SECTOR S29.95

SS/DD 10 SECTOR HARD $29.95DS/DD SOFT SECTOR $34.95

MONITOR STAND

MODEL DS-12

TILTS AND SWIVELSTO PROVIDEOPTIMUM VIEWINGANGLE, REDUCES. OPERATOR FATIGUE

IDM COMPATIBLEPOWER SUPPLIES

130 WATT$99.95

.-«=-„■»

9«-

XT COMPATIBLE

« +5V@15A. +12(5>4.2A

-5@>.5A, -12(3 .5A« UPGRADE YOUR PC, POWERS HARD DISK

• POWER CABLES FOR 4 FDDs

• ONE YEAR WARRANTY

• SWITCH ON SIDE (FITS IBM CASE)

100 WATT$89.95

• SWITCH ON REAR

• FOR USE IN OTHERIBM TYPE MACHINES

• AVAILABLE IN 100WOR 130W VERSIONS

• 90 DAY WARRANTY

130 WATT MODEL

$99.95.

lib JDR Microdevices

■ ■ 1224 S. Bascom Avenue, San Jose, CA 95128800-538-5000 • 800-662-6279 (CA) • (408) 995-5430FAX (408) 275-8415 • Telex 171-110

Copyright 1985 JDR Microdevices

RETAIL STORE - 1256 S. BASCOM AVENUEHOURS: M-W-F, 9-5 TU-TH, 9-9 SAT, 10-3

PLEASE USE YOUR CUSTOMER NUMBER WHEN ORDERING

TERMS: Minimum order S 10.00. For shipping and handling includeS2.50 (or UPS Ground and S3.50 (or UPS Air. Orders over 1 lb. andforeign orders may require additional shipping charges - pleasecontact our sales department for the amount. CA. residents mustinclude 6% sales tax. Bay Area and LA residents include 6Vi%. Allmerchandise is warranted lor 90 days unless otherwise stated. Pricesare subject to change without notice. We are not responsible lortypographical errors. We reserve the right to limit quantities and tosubstitute manufacturer. All merchandise subject to prior sale.

APPLE IS A TRADEMARK OF APPLE COMPUTER CO.

428 BYTE • AUGUST I985

Inquiry I64

UNCLASSIFIED ADS

WANTED: Operation California, an internationalorganization active in African famine relief, needsdonation of full system for supply acquisition, moni-toring use of donations, and donor lists. OperationCalifornia Inc., 7615W Melrose Ave., Los Angeles.CA 90046. (213) 658-8876.

WANTED: Nonprofit organization for cultural supportto foreign-born adopted children and moral supportto parents seeks donation of computer equipmentand peripherals for national office. Parents andFriends of the Nest, POB 235, West Nyack. NY10994, |9I4| 358-6452.

NEEDED: Tax-deductible computers, peripherals, andpublic-domain software sought by nonprofit univer-sity sponsoring a volunteer group of graduatingMBAs to help improve managerial skills and eco-nomic conditions in developing nations. RonRobbins. 806 North Fourth St., Fairfield, IA 525 56.(5151 472-9464

WANTED: Nonprofit training program for develop-mentally disabled adults seeks tax-deductible dona-tion of IBM PC with printer for educational and ad-ministrative purposes. Will pay shipping, lohnSchiermeister. Tri-City Care Inc.. 15 1st St. SE. POB423. Stanley. ND 58784, (701) 628-2990.

NEEDED: Missionary, responsible for introduction ofcomputer system in Christian publishing organiza-tion, needs books, magazines, or information aboutUNIX. C. office automation, computer-assisted trans-lation, and typesetting. Ingo Haake, POB 1688,90000 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil.

WANTED: Nonprofit charitable organization that usesTRS-80 equipment in every aspect seeks contribu-tions of additional equipment. Robert Epstein. Cam-bridge Center for Behavioral Studies. 11 Ware St.,Cambridge, MA 02138, (617] 495-9020 (collect).

WANTED: Housebound child with juvenile arthritisseeks computer, lohanna Avella. 112 Denton Ave..Lynbrook. NY 11563. (516] 599-7425.

WANTED: Student in research and experimentationin computer science seeks correspondence aboutMacintosh or Apple lie. Henry E. lara Melgarejo, LasLilas 0483. Pob. Imperial, Temuco Ixa. Region, Chile.

WANTED: Low-income older student needs Atari 800or 800XL with disk drive and color monitor. Can payup to S300. Conciere Taylor, Apt, 6B, 67-08 ParsonsBlvd. Flushing. NY 11365.

WANTED: Graduate student seeks correspondencein microcomputer field to discuss hardware/softwaretrends with reference to engineering/scientific ap-plications. Also need help in obtaining magazinesand public-domain software. Can provide someremuneration, Malcolm Silberman. ! 5 Villa Savoy,Savoy Estates, 2090. lohannesburg. South Africa.

WANTED: Public-domain dictionary (i.e., word list)good for use in word games. Also, public-domaininformation or software for playing crosswordgames from PC to PC Will pay expense or send disk.Steven Alexander, Apt. 300. 905 Union St..Brooklyn. NY 11215.

WANTED: BYTE. December 1984 Richard Boehmer,134 Beechwood Rd„ Braintree, MA 02184.

WANTED: Tractor-feed adapter and cut-sheet feederfor Comrex CR-I ComRiter wide-carriage daisy-wheelprinter. Bob Hall, 24621 Highway 29, Middletown.CA 95461.

FOR SALE: Franklin Ace 1200. 64K RAM. two drives,Z80 CPU with added 64 K RAM, 80-column card.serial and parallel ports. Amdek Color 1 monitor,Kraft joystick, speech synthesizer, magazines,manuals, and more. Excellent condition. I will payshipping: S2400 or best offer. Brian Gimelson. ThePeddie School. Hightstown, NJ 08520.

FOR SALE: Two Siemens FDD 100-8 8-inch SS/DDfloppy-disk drives. Includes power supply andenclosure. System has 9 months light usage. $200.Darrow Kirkpatrick, POB 1049. Carpinteria. CA93013. (805) 684-8307. days.

FOR SALE: HP 41CV calculator (needs repair).82104A card reader, XFUNCTIONS/XMEM module,XMEM module. Circuit Analysis Pac ROM, 82059Brecharger. 120 magnetic cards. High level Math solu-tions book, keyboard-overlay kit: everything as is:SI 50, DwightW, Hughes. 413 East St. Andrew Ave,Forrest City, AR 72335, (501) 633-8415.

FOR SALE: Tektronix 4052A graphics computer sys-

tem, 64K, communications backpack (Option 1),tapes, and manuals. Excellent condition. Well belowS5950 list price. David F. Rogers, 817 Holly DriveE. Route 10. Annapolis. MD 21401. (301) 757-5724.

FOR SALE: Three Okidata 82/92 tractors unused: S20each. NEC modems. 2400/4800 bps, good condi-tion. Hector Saviotti. 29 Cheryl lane Dr.. Waterbury,CT 06705, (203) 753-1058. evenings or weekends.

FOR SALE: Memory upgrade board that brings 8KPET 2001 to 64K: S35. Also. Texas Instruments Silent700 RIO thermal printer (friction feed, RS-232C.80-column): originally S895. asking S300 or bestoffer. Call F. G Volpicelli. (914) 738-1071.

NEEDED: An Insight Enterprises EQ-4 single-boardcomputer user to solve a problem. Can pay for thehelp. Write to Pablo Gaggino, Arturo Bas 146, Cor-doba 5000, Argentina.

FOR SALE: Tektronix dual floppy-disk unit Model4922 with two 8-inch Memorex SS/SD drives, con-troller cards, and power supply in one cabinet. Allmanuals. Best offer or trade, lohn Strupat, 77Elmwood Ave., London, Ontario N6C 1)4, Canada.

WANTED: Teacher needs nonworking Commodoreprinters and disk drives (1520, 152 5. 1526. and1540-1541). If donated, will pay shipping. If selling,please state lowest price. Send SASE for reply. CarlBogardus. Chaparral Elementary School. 1220 BirchDr., Las Cruces, NM 88001,

TRADE: TI-99/4A software written by me for your Tluser-written software. Also homebrew attachmentsfor Tl, designs, ideas for software projects, etc, CraigLewis, 2940 Callendar Rd„ Rome. OH 44085.

NEEDED: Incarcerated computer science studentsstudying toward AA degree seek typewriters andanything that may aid in rehabilitation. Robert W.Mallette HI and Gerald D. Fuller, Maryland Peniten-tiary. 954 Forrest St., Baltimore, MD 21202.

FOR SALE: Xerox 820: S12 5. TVT-lll: S75. 18-slot God-bout motherboard: S30. Thinker Toys ATE tape: $5.Wamco CPU-I (8080): S50. Wamco EPM-1 ROMboard (no ROM]: S2 5. Five Wamco MEM-1 RAMboards (no RAMs): $2 5 each. More assorted equip-ment available. Warren E. Greenberg. 145 CottageRd.. West Roxbury, MA 02132.

FOR SALE: Sharp PC-I500A pocket computer with8K RAM. Commodore VIC-20 with 16K RAM plusDatasette. Must sell: mint condition: best offer. PeterSutter. 4125 North Monticello. Chicago, IL 60618.

FOR SALE: Back issues of BYTE: July, August, andDecember 1978: February through December 1979:and lanuary through March, and lune 1980. $4 anissue. Vlad Kievsky. 5904-9 Stevens Forest Rd., Co-lumbia. MD 21045.

FOR SALE: Digital Letterprinter Model 100-PC, high-speed, heavy-duty dot-matrix printer with tractorfeed: 6 months old and hardly used: original crating,instructions, etc.: $750. Michael Bach, 2115Frederick Ave.. Kalamazoo. Ml 49008, (616)385-7074, days, or 344-8289, evenings.

WANTED: Sets of the magazines 77 99er. Home Com-puter, and Personal Computer. Will trade or sell earlyissues of Kilobaud and Interface. Merle Vogt, POB 14 5,Von Ormy. TX 78073.

FOR SALE: NEC APC-H12 color-graphics board with128K RAM expansion memory for the NEC APCH03 color computer. New. unused, and in originalbox. $575 including UPS in the continental U.S.Howard D. Roney. 4840 Andrea Dr NW. Salem. OR97304. (503) 378-1826, after 6 p.m.

UNCLASSIFIED ADS MUST be noncommercial fromreaders who have computer equipment to buy. sell, or tradeon a onetime basis. All requests for donated computerequipment must be from nonprofit organizations. Programsto be exchanged must be written by the individual or bein the public domain. Ads must be typed double-spaced,contain 50 words or less, and include full name and ad-dress. This is a free service; ads are printed as space per-mits BYTE reserves the right to reject any unclassifiedad that does not meet these criteria. When you submityour ad (BYTE. Unclassified Ads. POB 372. Hancock.NH 03449), allow at least four months for it to appear.

FOR SALE: BYTE, May 1977 through October 1983and a few issues before May 1977, Buyer pays ship-ping. Dave Lamb, 3 501 Kingston Circle, Ft. Collins.CO 80525. (3031 223-7131.

FOR SALE: TI-99/4A. disk controller and drive,peripheral expansion box, extended memory card,and more. Never used. Paid $7 50: asking $500 orbest offer. Bruce Ransom. 13278 Paramount Dr.,Saratoga. CA 95070. (408] 741-1492. evenings.

FOR SALE: Micromint MPX-16 single-board computersystem, MPX-17 IBM keyboard interface, and more.$900. Lee W. Sorensen. 6555 Lawndale Lane, MapleGrove, MN 55369, (612) 420-2425,

FOR SALE: ICs including eight 4116s, 68000. two4802s, TTL, and CMOS, Also over 500 miscella-neous components including transistors, ceramicresistors, metal film and carbon resistors, diodes,and capacitors. Most new, ail marked. $1000 value:asking $300 firm. T. Atiyeh. 6 Munnisunk Dr..Simsbury. CT 06070. (203) 651-0819.

FOR SALE: DEC Rainbow 100 unit with keyboard,black-and-white monitor, owners manual, new:$1200, lames Guilford, POB 15060, Cleveland. OH44115. (216) 961-0462.

FOR SALE: TI-99/4A computer with expansion box.32K card. RS-232C. disk drive, speech synthesizer,and more: $1000 plus shipping. Bill Stefek, 36Sedgwick, Oswego, IL 60543, (312) 554-8256.

WANTED: PC Magazine, volume 1. numbers 1, 2. and6. W. A, Winshall, 3 Ferndale Rd„ Weston, MA02193. (617) 235-5360.

FOR SALE: Breadboard interface for TRS-80 Modell/lll: plugs into expansion slot and has on-boardlogic probe, 8-trace scope multiplexer, cables, andmanuals: $2 50. Also, HUH TRS-80 to S-100 busadapter: $3 5. U.S. postal money order only. I willpay shipping. Steve Griffith. POB B39708, ButteAve.. Florence, AZ 85232.

WANTED: Users of Timex Sinclair 1000 for corre-spondence and practical information sharing. Wishto form club. A.M. Bailey, c/o POB 161815.Sacramento. CA 95816-1815.

FOR SALE: North Star Horizon S-100 bus mainframe(12 slots) with Z80. two serial and two parallel ports.MS&C DMB6400 64K DRAM, SDS Versafloppy-ll diskcontroller, cabinet and power supply with two Sei-mens FDD 100-8 8-inch floppy drives, Heathkit H-19terminal, and Epson MX-80 printer: S2 500. Send SASE.Richard Palmer. 72 Alda Dr., Poughkeepsie, NY 12603,

WANTED: Software driver (8080 code] for HeuristicsSpeechLab Model 20S (S-100 model]. The manufac-turer's out of business, and the board's ROM is notworking. Will pay postage, cost of disk or photo-copying, etc. Bud Stolker. 101 South Whiting St.#1506. Alexandria, VA 22304, (703) 370-2242.

FOR SALE: LA34 DECwriter IV printer/terminal,mounted on matching stand (on casters) with out-put/input trays, complete with optional tractor,manual, cable, and ribbons, perfect condition: $450,Paul Morgenstern, 59 Vernon St, Waltham. MA02154, (617] 894-9120.

FOR SALE: DEC Rainbow I00A with 2 56K. two 400Kdrives, monitor, keyboard, one communication port,one parallel port, all cables, and manuals. Asking$2350 or best offer, lirayu TT-eraprasert, 385 NorthRockvale #8, Azusa, CA 91702, (818) 334-1185.

WANTED: Atari 800XL owner would like to corre-spond with other Atari users to explore its capabil-ities and potential by exchanging information, ideas,advice, and public-domain or user-written programs.Ferit Saracoglue, MD, Gazi Mustafa Kemal Bulvari,No: 120/19, Maltepe, Ankara, Tlirkey.

FOR SALE: Two 1MSAI VDP 80s with 64 K RAM, two8-inch disk drives. Excellent condition. Best offer.A. M. Agapos, POB 3 52, Dauphin Island. AL 36528.(205) 460-7171 or 861-7326.

FOR SALE: Complete set of BYTE, first issue throughpresent. Excellent condition. Best offer. Marleneladavaia, Suite 410, 5725 Paradise Dr„ CorteMadera, CA 9492 5: (415] 924-0840,

FOR SALE: Sage II computer with Qume QVT-211 GXamber graphics terminal, 500K 150-ns RAM, twolow-profile 640K floppies, RS-232C port. IEE-488port. Centronics parallel port, modem port, allmanuals, and more. Originally $5700: asking $4 500.Wayne Britton, 3800 McKinley, Piano. TX 75023. ■

AUGUST 1985

IYTE 429

BOMB

BYTE's Ongoing Monitor Box

ARTICLE* PAGE ARTICLE AUTHOR(S)

1 9 Microbytes staff

2 39 What's New staff

3 49 Book Reviews Bharath. Sklar

Welch. Kirwan

4 70 Ask BYTE Ciarcia

5 83 The Amiga Personal Computer. . . Williams,

Edwards,Robinson

6 104 Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar: Build the

BASIC-52 Computer/Controller Ciarcia

7 120 The DSI-32 Coprocessor Board.

Part I: The Hardware Marshall.

Scolaro, Rand.King. Williams

8 138 Programming Project:

Context-Free Parsing

of Arithmetic Expressions Amsterdam

9 151 Prolog Goes to Work Cuadrado.

Cuadrado

ARTICLE*

10II

1213

141516

17

1920

2122

PACE ARTICLE AUTHOR(S)

161 Logic Programming Kowalski

181 Declarative Languages:

An Overview Eisenbach,

Sadler

201 Program Transformation Darlington

219 Functional Programming Using FP. .Harrison,

Khoshnevisan

2 3 5 A Hope Tutorial Bailey

266 The Tandy 1000 Malloy

275 IBM Pascal 2.00 Finan

293 Computing at Chaos Manor:

The West Coast Computer Faire. . . Pournelle

331 BYTE |apan: COMDEX in Japan Raike

341 BYTE U.K.: Declarative Update. . . . Pountain355 According to Webster:

Greetings and Agitations Webster

369 BYTE West Coast:

New Microprocessor Chips Robinson

378 BYTELINES Libes

BOMB Results

PERFECT PRODUCT PREDOMINATES

In the May BYTE lerry Pournelle took Computing at Chaos Manor "InSearch of the Perfect Product." The readers gave it the blue ribbon. Insecond place is Gregg Williams's product description of "The AT&T UNIXPC." The continuation of Ciarcia's Circuit Cellar project on how to "Buildthe Home Run Control System, Part 2: The Hardware" came in third.In fourth place is "Multiprocessing: An Overview" written by Rich

Krajewski. And winner of the S100 prize is Alan Finger, author of thefifth-placed review of the "IBM PC AT." Next in line is Computers andLaw coauthored by Robert G. Sterne and Perry Saidman. Their studyof "The Sale of Computer Products" placed sixth. Ask BYTE, conductedby Steve Ciarcia, won seventh place. In eighth place, and the winner ofthe S50 bonus, is lerry Grady's review of "The Compaq Deskpro."

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Page No.

34923456789103603611314

1718192021

22

2324

252627

28

3133

34

353637383940414243

52

46

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49503685354

565758

606162

63646567

1ST PLACE SYSTEMS 400

4-5-6 WORLD 423

A.ST. RESEARCH 19

AST RESEARCH 19

AB COMPUTERS 284

AB COMPUTERS 285

ABC DATA PRODUCTS 404

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ALF PRODUCTS. INC 58

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AMERICAN SEMICONDUCTOR . 394

AMPRO COMPUTERS INC 166

APPARAT INC 392

APPLE COMPUTER INC CM. I

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APROTEK 423

ARK ELECTRONICS PRODUCTS.241

ASHTONTATE 379

AT&T COMMUNICATIONS . 176. 177AT&T INFORMATION SYS.. 288. 289

AT&T INFORMATION SYS 351

ATKINS ASSOCIATES 305

AUTOMATION FACILITIES CORP.. 26AUTOMATION FACILITIES CORP.. 26

AVOCET 99

AWESOME TECHNOIOCY, INC. 394

B&B ELECTRONICS 392

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BAY TECHNICAL ASSOC 23

BDS CORPORATION 249

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BITTNER ELECTRONICS 392

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BORLAND INTL 45

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BUSINESS TOOLS INC 377

BYTE BACK ISSUES 388

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CI. COMPUTERS 320

C.I. COMPUTERS 320

CALIF. DIGITAL 414. 415

CALIF. SCIENTIFIC SFTW. 404

CAPITAL EQUIPMENT CORP.. . 114

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CHORUS DATA SYSTEMS 306

CIVIL COMPUTING CORP 402

CODEX CORPORATION 251

COEFFICIENT SYS. CORP 159

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COMMODORE BUSN MACHINES 137COMMUNICATIONS ELECTR.4I0. 411COMP. COMPNTS. UNLTD. .412. 413

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Inquiry No.

Page No.

68 COMPUTER FRIENDS 190

69 COMPUTER HUT OF N.E . . 375

70 COMPUTER INNOVATIONS 308

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85 COSMOS 298

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87 CUSTOM COMP. TECH 388

88 CUSTOM COMP. TECH 389

355 CYMA CORPORATION 345

356 CYMA CORPORATION 345

89 DAC SOFTWARE INC 25

383 DATA SPEC 216

384 DATA SPEC 216

385 DATA SPEC 244

386 DATA SPEC 244

92 DATA TRANSLATION INC 52

93 DATABROKERS 394

94 DATASOUTH COMP CORP ... 247

95 DAYNA COMM 46, 47

96 DELUXE COMP FORMS 230

97 DIGI DATA CORP. 307

98 DIGITAL RESEARCH COMPUTERS214

99 DIGITALK 354

348 DISK MERCHANT 50

101 DISKETTE CONNECTION 253

103 DISKWORLDI. INC 387

363 DISKWORLDI. INC 396

104 DISKWORLDI. INC 406

105 DISPLAY TELECOMMNTNS 408. 409

374 DITRON CORP. 404

373 DIVERSIFIED COMPUTER SYS. . 400

106 DOKAY COMP PROD. INC 403

107 DOW IONES NEWS RETRIEVAL . 67

108 EASTMAN KODAK CO. 135

109 ECOSOFT 158

110 ELECTRONIC PROTECriON DEV 304

111 ELEXOR INC 402

• ELLIS COMPUTING INC 76

• EPSON AMERICA 78. 79

113 EVEREX SYSTEMS 48

114 EXPRESS BUSINESS SOFTWARE. 117

115 EXPRESS COMPUTER INC. .. . 224

116 EXPRESS SYSTEMS INC 12.13

117 EXSEL INC 394

119 FIRST CLASS PERIPHERALS ... 165

120 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING .... 234

121 FLAGSTAFF ENGINEERING . 234

122 FORTRON. INC 401

123 FORTRON. INC 401

124 FOX AND GELLER INC 342

125 FOX SOFTWARE INC .... 281■ FRANKLIN MINT 343

126 FUNK SOFTWARE 264

128 GENERAL COMPUTER . . . 366. 367

130 GENERAL TECHNOLOGY 318

131 GENF.SIS MICROSYSTEMS 233

132 GENICOM 167

Inquiry No.

Page No.

133 CIIT-ORD COMP SYS 5

134 GOLD HILL COMPUTERS ... 150351 GOLDEN BOW SYSTEMS 250

135 CTEK INC 300

136 H&E COMPUTRONICS 229

366 HAMMER COMP. SYS 372

137 HARMONY VIDEO & COMP. .216

138 HAYES MICROCOMR PROD328. 329369 HAYES MICROCOMR PROD 359

139 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . 129

140 HERCULES COMPUTER TECH. . 131

141 HEWLETT-PACKARD 257

142 HEWLETT-PACKARD 325

143 HEWLETT-PACKARD 327

144 HI TECH EQUIP. CORP. 402

145 HOFFMAN INTL 421

146 HOLMES & COMPANY 350

147 HOUSTON 1NSTR/BAUSCH&LOMB 97

148 IBEX COMP. CORP. 394

• IBM CORP INSERT 32 A-D

150 IBM CORP. 102. 103

152 IBM/SMALL SYS. DIV. 259. 260. 261365 IC EXPRESS 54

153 INFOCOM 36. 37

154 INTEGRAND 226

156 INTERFACE INC 31

157 INTERFACE INC 31

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• INTERFACE TECH CORP. 301

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158 IOMEGA 353

372 IC INFORMATION SYSTEMS ... 287

159 IADE COMP PROD. . .418, 419. 420

161 IAMECO ELECTRONICS 68. 69

162 IDR MICRODEVICES INC. .424. 425

163 IDR MICRODEVICES INC. .426. 427

164 IDR MICRODEVICES INC 428

165 10HN WILEY & SONS 75

166 KADAK PRODUCTS 240

347 KEA SYSTEMS LTD. 394

167 KEITHLEY DAC 22

168 KIMTRON CORP. 223

375 KRUECER TECHNOLOGY INC. . 405

376 KRUEGER TECHNOLOGY INC. . 405

170 I-COM INC 344

171 LABORATORY M1CROSYS 62

• LANCLEY-ST. CLAIR 392

172 LARK SOFTWARE 172

173 LATTICE. INC 184

174 LEARNING TECHNOLOGY INST. 232

175 LEO ELECTRONICS 392

176 LEVEL 5 RESEARCH 188

177 I.EVIEN INSTRUMENT CO. 352

178 LINTEK INC 421

179 LOCKHEED-GETEX 277

180 LOGICAL DEVICES 24

181 LOGICAL DEVICES 423

332 LOGIC PROGRAMMING ASSOC. . 54

389 IJOGIC SOFT INSERT 112 AB

182 LOCICWARE 53

■ LOGITECH INC 294

184 LOMAS DATA PRODUCTS 357

• LOI'US DEVELOPMENT . . . 198. 199

185 I.YBEN COMP. SYS 404

186 LYCO COMPUTER 332

187 MACMILLAN SOFTWARE 217

188 MACROFECH INTL 246

189 MANX SOFTWARE SYS 55

190 MARK WILLIAMS CO. 51

191 MARYMAC INDUSTRIES INC . . 398

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Inquiry No.

Page No.

192193194195127

197198199200201202203387388206

207208209210211377378

213214215216217

219

220221222225381382226227228229230231

23223476235236357358359238240241

242243244352245246247248249250251252253254255

masterbyte comp. of n.y . 356

mathworks, the 168

maxell data products 7

maynard electronics . 15

mcgraw-hill/

future computing 368

mcgraw-hill training sys . 423megatel computer tech .58

mercedf:s-benz of na 311

merritt comp. product's .392

mei enterprises inc 60

micray electronics 323

micro data base sys 224

micro design intl 252

micro mart. inc 56, 57

micro products. inc 399

microcomputer accessories . 209

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MICROGRAFX 35

MICROMINT INC 362

MICRON TECHNOLOGY 400

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MICROPRO INTL 61

MICROPROCESSORS UNLTD. . .398

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MICROSHOP 393

MICROSHOP 393

MICROSOFT CORP. 91

MICROSOFT CORP. 93

MICROSOFT CORP 95

MICROSOFT PRESS 38

MICROSTUF. INC 245

MICROWAY 240

MICROWAY 101

MICROWAY 371

MIDWEST MICRO-PERIPHERALS ... 34

MIX SOFTWARE 173

MOTEL COMPUTERS LTD 404

MTI SYSTEMS CORP. 212

MULTI-TECH SYSTEMS 273

MULTITECH ELECTRONICS .364

N.B.S. INC 232

NANTUCKET 295

NANTUCKET 295

NATL PUBLIC DOMAIN SFTW ... 423NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS . ... 98

NEC HOME ELECTR. USA 160

NEC INFORMATION SYS Clll

NEWSNET INC 16

NICOLET PARATRONICS 30

NORTH HILLS CORP. 398

NORTH HILLS CORP. 400

OKIDATA 338. 339

OLDEN 72

OPUS COMP PROD 18

ORCHID TECHNOLOGY 225

ORION INSTRUMENTS 324

ORYX SYSTEMS 189

ORYX SYSTEMS 189

ORYX SYSTEMS 189

PC. HORIZONS. INC 421

PACIFIC EXCHANGES 421

PANASONIC SENIOR PARTNER. .63

PASCOM 218

PC NETWORK 312. 313

PCS LIMITED 334

PCS LIMITED 421

PFZGASUS DATA 250

PERMA POWER ELECTRONICS 158

PERSOFT INC 8

PINNACLE SYSTEMS. INC 231

PRECISION DATA 392

PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS . .203

PRINCETON GRAPHIC SYS 330

PRIORITY ONE 397

PRO CODE INTERNATIONAL 170

PROGRAMMERS SHOP 292

QIC RESEARCH 255

QUA TECH INC 392

AUGUST 1985 'BYTE 431

READER SERVICE

Inquiry No.

Page No.

256 QUADRAM CORP. 169

259 QUALITY PRINTERS 402

260 QUANT SYSTEMS 398

261 QUANTEK CORP. 183

262 QUANTEK CORP. 183

263 QUBIE 194

264 QUBIE 194

265 QUBIE 195

266 QUBIE 195

267 QUBIE 196

268 QUBIE 196

269 QUBIE 197

270 QUBIE 197

271 QUELO 402

• OUICKVIEW SYSTEMS 315'

272 RADIO SHACK CIV

273 RAINBOW TECHNOLOGIES 400

274 RAMADA INNS 187

275 RATIONAL SYSTEMS 142

276 RELATIONAL DATABASE SYS.... 74

277 RING KING VISIBLES. INC 32

279 ROLAND CORP. 243

280 ROSE ELECTRONICS 402

281 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 50

379 SI00 DIV. 696 CORP. 407

380 S-100 DIV. 696 CORP. 407

283 SAB-LINK, INC 398

284 SAEEWARE 398

285 SATELLITE SOFTWARE 82

Inquiry No.

Page No.

286287288289290

295296297298299300301302303304

305306307308309310311312

SCOTTSDALE SYSTEMS 71

SECURITY MICROSYS. CONSULT400

SEMIDISK SYSTEMS 239

SHAPE MAGNETRONICS 310

SILICON SPECIALTIES 175

SILICON SPECIALTIES 175

SILVER FOX 4

SLR SYSTEMS 400

SOFTLINE CORP. 65

SOFTSTYLE INC., 30

SOFTWARE GALORE ......... 162

SOFTWARE GALORE 162

SOFTWARE LINK. THE 274

SOFTWARE MASTERS 238

SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS INC... .215

SOLUTION SYSTEMS 272

SOLUTION SYSTEMS 272

SOLUTIONWARE CORP. 398

SONY CORP. OF AMERICA 118. 119SOURCE TELECOMPUTING CORP

OF AMERICA 373

SOUTHERN PACIFIC USA INC. . 360

SPECTRUM SOFTWARE 163

SPRUCE TECHNOLOGY CORP.. . 180

STRIDE MICRO 346

STRIDE MICRO 347

STSC INC 191

STSC INC 297

SUMMIT SOFTWARE TECHN. INC 314

Inquiry No.

Page No.

313314370315316317318319320321

112

322323367324325326327328329330331

334

SUNNYVALE COMMUNICATIONS365

SUNTRONICS CO. INC 390

SUPREME COMPANY 404

SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT. 348, 349

TALLGRASS TECH 20, 21

TATUM LABS 394

TATUNG 156

TATUNG 156

TAXAN CORP. 221

TAXAN CORP. 221

TEAM TECH INC 185

TEKTRONIX INC 237

TELEVIDEO SYSTEMS 282

TEXAS INSTRUMENTS II

TIGERTRON1CS 400

TINNEY. ROBERT GRAPHICS. . .336

TRANSEC SYSTEMS. INC 253

TSF 394

TURBOPOWER SOFTWARE .... 374

U.S. ROBOTICS 333

U.S. ROBOTICS 335

U.S. ROBOTICS 337

UN1SOURCE 17

VEN-TEL INC 27

VERTEX SYSTEMS 299

VERTEX SYSTEMS 299

VIASYN 213

VLM COMPUTER ELECTR 404

VOTRAX. INC 174

Inquiry No.

Page No.

335 WAREHOUSE DATA PRODUCTS . 77

336 WATCOM PRODUCTS INC 211

337 WESTERN COMPUTER 64

338 WESTERN COMPUTER 64

339 WINTEK CORP. 73

340 WINTEK CORP. 402

341 WORKMAN & ASSOCIATES 404

342 XEROX CORP 178, 179

343 XEROX CORP. 309

344 XEROX CORP. 302

345 XOR CORP. 321

346 YETIWARE 423

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But reliability is only part of the story. There's much more. Our printers work with everypopular PC. With more leading software programs. And with more forms handlers to makepaperwork a snap.

So no matter what your printing needs—and no matter what size your budget—NEC hasa printer for you. Our full line of Spinwriter® printers, for low to high speed letter quality printing.And our versatile Pinwriter™ and Color Pinwriter printers, for high resolution dot matrix printing.

To find out more about NEC printers, call 1-800-343-4418 (in Mass. 617-264-8635).Or write: NEC Information Systems, Department 1610,1414 Massachusetts Ave., Boxborough, MA 01719.

^IECPRINTERS.^HEYONLYSTOPWHENY0UWA^^,THEMTO.CaC

Computers and Communications

Spinwriter is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation. Pinwriter is a trademark of NEC Corporation.

NEC

NEC Information Systems, Inc.

Inquiry 229

TANDY..

Clearly Superior"

We edged out the competition with theTandy® 2000, giving you the performanceof IBM's PC AT for only $ 1599.

■ i11

V' I

Like the IBM® PC AT, theTandy 2000 offers two tothree times the speed and twotimes the disk storage ofIBM's PC. The Tandy 2000also offers twice the graphicsresolution, with twice the col-ors of the IBM PC, for colorcharts and graphs that arenothing short of spectacular.

You'll see the difference us-ing popular programs like Lo-tus 1-2-3® and SuperCalc3®The Tandy 2000 racesthrough spreadsheets andgraphs the results with razor-sharp precision.

At $3999, a PC AT is $2400more than a 2-disk, 256KTandy 2000. In fact, you canget a complete Tandy 2000system with color monitorand graphics for $2622.90—still over $1000 less than anAT without a monitor!

If you're thinking an ATcosts more because of thesupport IBM is famous for,think again.

We offer a free customersupport "hotline" IBM's tele-phone support will cost you$40. Per call. We also offer on-site customer support and

training in major markets.Something IBM doesn't offerat all to it's PC AT owners.

So come in and find out howyour business can lease aTandy 2000 system for only$90 per month*. And get theedge on your competition.

i

Available at over 1200

Radio Shack Computer Centers and at

participating Radio Shack stores and dealers.

Radio /hack

COMPUTER CENTERS

A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

•Commercial lease for a Tandy 2000 with color monitor and graphics, plus applicable use/sales tax. Tandy 2000 prices apply at Radio Shack Computer Centers and rarhcipahng stores and dealers. Lotus 1-2-3 is a registered trademarkof Lotus Development Corp. SuperCalc3 is a registered trademark of Sorcim/IUS. IBM and the IBM logo are registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. Pricing and service availability as of 5/1/85.

Inquiry 272